INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING
THE VIENNA CONVENTION
ON CONSULAR RELATIONS
(PARAGUAY vUNITED STATES OF AMERICA)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES
ORDEROF 9 APRIL 1998
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFSET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE RELATIVE
À LA CONVENTION DE VIENNE
SUR LES RELATIONS CONSULAIRES
(PARAGUAY c. ÉTATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCEDU 9 AVRIL 1998 Officia1citati:n
Vienna Conventionon ConsularRelations
(Paraguay v. UnitedStates of America), Provisional Measures,
Order of 9 April1998, C.J. Reports 1998, p. 248
Mode officielde citation:
Conventionde Viennesur les relations consulaires
(Paraguay c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique),mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du9 avril 1998, C.I.J. Recueil1998,248
Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 No devente: 704
ISBN 92-1-070768-0 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
1998 YEAR 1998
GeneralList
No.99
CASE CONCERNING
THE VIENNA CONVENTION
ON CONSULAR RELATIONS
(PARAGUAY v.UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES
ORDER
Present: Vice-President WEERAMANTRA Yc,ting President; President
SCHWEBEL J;udges ODA, BEDJAOUIG , UILLAUME R,ANJEVA,
HERCZEGH,SHI, FLEISCHHAUER K,OROMA, VERESHCHETIN,
HIGGINSP ,ARRA-ARANGUREK N, OIJMANRS,EZEK;Registrar
VALENCIA-OSPINA.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of thee of the Court and to
Articles 73, 74and 75 of thees of Court,
Having regard to the Application filed in the Registry of the Court on
3 April 1998, whereby the Republic of Paraguay (hereinafter "Para-
guay") instituted proceedings against the United States of America
inafter "the United States") for "violations of the Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations [of 24 April 19631"(hereinafterthe "Vienna Conven-
tion")allegedly committed by the United States, Makes thefollowing Order:
1. Whereas, in its aforementioned Application, Paraguay bases the
jurisdiction of the Court on Article 36, paragraph 1,of the Statute of the
Court and on Article 1 of the Optional Protocol concerning the Compul-
sory Settlement of Disputes, which accompaniesthe Vienna Convention
on Consular Relations ("the Optional Protocol");
2. Whereas, in the Application, itis stated that in 1992the authorities
of the Commonwealth of Virginia arrested a Paraguayan national,
Mr. Ange1 Francisco Breard; whereas it is maintained that he was
charged, tried, convicted of culpable homicide and sentenced to death
by a Virginia court (the Circuit Court of Arlington County) in 1993,
without having been informed, as is required under Article 36, subpara-
graph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention, of his rights under that provision;
whereas it is specifiedthat among these rights are the right to request that
the relevantconsular officeof the State of which he isnational be advised
of his arrest and detention, and the right to communicate with that
office; and whereas itis also alleged that the authorities of the Common-
wealth of Virginia also did notadvise the Paraguayan consular officersof
Mr. Breard's detention, and that those officerswere only able to render
assistanceto him from 1996,whenthe Paraguayan Government learnt by
its own means that Mr. Breard was imprisoned in the United States;
3. Whereas, in the Application, Paraguay states that Mr. Breard's sub-
sequent petitions before federal courts in order to seek a writ of habeas
corpusfailed,the federal court of first instance having, on the basis of the
doctrine of "procedural default", denied him the right to invoke the
Vienna Convention for the first time before that court, and the inter-
mediate federal appellate court having confirmed that decision; whereas,
consequently, the Virginia court that sentenced Mr. Breard to the death
penalty set an execution date of 14 April 1998; whereas Mr. Breard,
having exhausted al1means of legal recourse available to him as of right,
petitioned the United States Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari,
requesting it to exercise its discretionary power to review the decision
given by the lower federal courts and to grant a stay of his execution
pending that review, and whereas, while this request is still pending
before the Supreme Court, it is however rare for that Court to accede to
such requests; and whereas Paraguay stated, moreover, that it brought
proceedings itself before the federal courts of the United States as early
as 1996,with a view to obtaining the annulment of the proceedings ini-
tiated against Mr. Breard, but both the federal court of first instance and
the federal appellate court held that they had no jurisdiction in the case
because it was barred by a doctrine conferring "sovereign immunity" on
federated states; whereas Paraguay also filed a petition for a writ of cer-
tiorari in the Supreme Court, which is also still pending; and whereas
Paraguay furthermore engaged in diplomatic efforts with the Govern-ment of the United States and sought the good officesof the Department
of State;
4. Whereas,in its Application, Paraguay maintainsthat by violating its
obligations under Article36,subparagraph 1 (b), of the ViennaConvention,
the United Statesprevented Paraguayfrom exercisingthe consular functions
provided for in Articles 5 and 36 of the Convention and specificallyfor
ensuring the protection of its interests and of those of its nationals in the
United States; whereas Paraguay States that it was not able to contact
Mr. Breardnor to offerhimthenecessaryassistance,and whereasaccordingly
Mr. Breard "madea numberof objectivelyunreasonabledecisionsduringthe
criminal proceedings against him, which wereconducted without transla-
tion" ;and "did not comprehendthe fundamental differencesbetween the
criminaljustice systemsof the United States and Paraguay"; and whereas
Paraguay concludesfrom this that it is entitledto restitutioinintegrum,that
isto say "the re-establishment ofthe situationthat existed beforethe United
States failed toprovide the notifications . . required by the Convention";
5. Whereas Paraguay requests the Court to adjudge and declare as
follows :
"(1) that the United States, in arresting, detaining, trying, convict-
ing, and sentencing Angel Francisco Breard, as described in the
preceding statement of facts, violated its international legal
obligations to Paraguay, in its own right and in the exerciseof
its right of diplomaticprotection of its national, as provided by
Articles 5 and 36 of the Vienna Convention;
(2) that Paraguay is therefore entitled to restitutio in integrum;
(3) that the United States isunder an international legalobligation
not to apply the doctrine of 'procedural default', or any other
doctrine of its internal law, so as to preclude the exerciseof the
rights accorded under Article 36 of the Vienna Convention;
and
(4) that the United States isunder an international legal obligation
to carry out in conformity with the foregoing international
legal obligations any future detention of or criminal proceed-
ings against Ange1Francisco Breard or any other Paraguayan
national in its territory, whether by a constituent, legislative,
executive,judicial or other power, whether that power holds a
superior or a subordinate position in the organization of the
United States, and whether that power's functions are of an
international or internal character;
and that, pursuant to the foregoinginternational legal obligations,
(1) any criminal liability imposed on Ange1Francisco Breard in
violation of international legal obligations is void, and should
6 be recognized as void by the legal authorities of the United
States;
(2) the United States should restore the status quo ante, that is, re-
establishthe situation that existed before the detention of, pro-
ceedings against, and conviction and sentencing of Paraguay's
national in violation of the United States' international legal
obligations took place; and
(3) the United States should provide Paraguay a guarantee of the
non-repetition of the illegal acts";
6. Whereas, on 3 April 1998,after having filed its Application, Para-
guay also submitted an urgent request for the indication of provisional
measures in order to protect its rights, pursuant to Article 41 of the Stat-
ute of the Court and to Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court;
7. Whereas, in its request for the indication of provisional measures,
Paraguay refers to the basis of jurisdiction of the Court invoked in its
Application, and to the facts set out and the submissions made therein;
and whereas it reaffirms in particular that the United States has violated
its obligations under the Vienna Convention and must restore the status
quo ante;
8. Whereas, in its request for the indication of provisional measures of
protection, Paraguay statesthat, on 25February 1998,the Circuit Court of
Arlington County, Virginia, ordered that Mr. Breard be executed on
14April 1998;whereas it emphasizesthat "[tlheimportance and sanctityof
an individual human lifeare wellestablishedin international law" and "[als
recognizedby Article6of the International Covenant on Civiland Political
Rights, everyhuman being has the inherent right to lifeand this right shall
be protected by law"; and whereasParaguay states in the following terms
the grounds for its request and the possible consequencesof its dismissal:
"Under the grave and exceptionalcircumstances of this case, and
giventhe paramount interest of Paraguay in the lifeand liberty of its
nationals, provisional measures are urgently needed to protect the
life of Paraguay's national and the ability of this Court to order the
relief to which Paraguay is entitled: restitution in kind. Without the
provisional measures requested, the United States will execute
Mr. Breard before this Court can consider the merits of Paraguay's
claims, and Paraguay will be forever deprived of the opportunity to
have the status quo ante restored in the event of a judgment in its
favour" ;
9. Whereas Paraguay asks that, pending final judgment in this case,
the Court indicate :
"(a) that the Government of the United States take the measures
necessary to ensure that Mr. Breard not be executed pending
the disposition of this case;
(b) that the Government of the United States report to the Court the actions it has taken in pursuance of subparagraph (a)
immediately above and the results of those actions; and
(c) that the Government of the United States ensure that no
action istaken that might prejudice the rights of the Republic
of Paraguay with respect to any decision this Court may
render on the merits of the case";
and whereas it asks the Court moreover to consider its request as a mat-
ter of the greatest urgency "in viewof the extreme gravity and immediacy
of the threat that the authorities. . will execute a Paraguayan citizen";
10. Whereas, on 3 April 1998, the Ambassador of Paraguay to the
Netherlands addressed a letter to the President of the Court requesting
the Court to fix an early date for a hearing on his Government's request
for provisional measures, asking the Member of the Court who, in
accordance with the provisions of Article 13,paragraph 1,and Article 32,
paragraph 1,of the Rules of Court, would exercisethe functions of Presi-
dent in the case to "cal1upon the United States of America to ensure that
Mr. Breard is not put to death before the Court's ruling on Paraguay's
request for provisional measures"; and indicating that he had been
appointed as Agent of Paraguay for the purposes of the case;
11. Whereas, on 3 April 1998,the date on which the Application and
the request for provisional measures were filedin the Registry, the Regis-
trar advised the Government of the United States of the filing of those
documents. communicated the text of them to that Government bv fac-
simileand 'sentit a certified copy of the Application, in accordance with
Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court and Article 38, para-
graph 4, of the Rules of Court, together with a certified copyof the request
for the indication of provisional measures, in accordance with Article 73,
paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; and whereas the Registrar also sent
the Government of the United States a copy of the letter addressed that
day to the President of the Court by the Agent of Paraguay;
12. Whereas, by identicalletters dated 3April 1998,the Vice-President
of the Court addressed both Parties in the following terms:
"Exercising the functions of the presidency in terms of Articles 13
and 32 of the Rules of Court, and acting in conformity with Ar-
ticle 74, paragraph 4, of the said Rules, 1hereby draw the attention
of both Parties to the need to act in such a way as to enable any
Order the Court will make on the request for provisional measures
to have its appropriate effects";
and whereas, at a meeting held the same day with the representatives of
both Parties, he advised them that the Court would hold public hearings
on 7 April 1998at 10a.m., in order to afford the Parties the opportunity
of presenting their observations on the request for provisional measures; 13. Whereas, by a letter dated 5April 1998,receivedin the Registry on
6 April 1998, the Ambassador of the United States to the Netherlands
informed the Court of the appointment of an Agent and a Co-Agent of
his Government for the case;
14. Whereas, pending the notification under Article 40, paragraph 3,
of theStatute of the Court and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, by trans-
mission of the printed text, in two languages, of the Application to the
Members of the United Nations and to other States entitled to appear
before the Court, the Registrar, on 6 April 1998,informed those States of
the filing of the Application and of its subject-matter, and of the request
for the indication of provisional measures;
15.Whereas, on 6 April 1998, the Registrar, in accordance with
Article 43 of theRules of Court, addressed the notification provided for
in Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute to the States, other than the
Parties to the dispute, which on the basis of information supplied by the
Secretary-General of the United Nations as depositary appeared to be
parties to the Vienna Convention and to the Optional Protocol;
16. Whereas, at the public hearings held on 7 April 1998,in accord-
ance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, oral statements
on the request for the indication of provisional measures were presented
by the Parties:
On behalf of Paraguay: H.E. Mr. Manuel Maria Caceres,
Mr. Donald Francis Donovan,
Mr. Barton Legum,
Dr. JoséEmilio Gorostiaga;
On behalfof the United States: Mr. David R. Andrews,
Ms Catherine Brown,
Mr. John R. Crook,
Mr. Michael J. Matheson;
and whereas at the hearings a question was put by a Member of the
Court, to which a reply was given orally and in writing;
17. Whereas, at the hearings, Paraguay reiterated the line of argument
set forth in its Application and its request for the indication of provi-
sional measures ;
18. Whereas at the hearing, the United Statesargued that Mr. Breard's
guilt was wellestablished, and pointed out that the accused had admitted
his guilt, which Paraguay did not dispute; whereas it recognized that
Mr. Breard had not beeninformed, at the time of his arrest and trial, of his
rightsunder Article 36, subparagraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention,
and indicated to the Court that this omission was not deliberate; whereas
it nonetheless maintained that the person concerned had had al1neces-sary legal assistance, that he understood English well and that the assist-
ance of consular officerswould not have changedthe outcome of the pro-
ceedings brought against him in any way; whereas, referring to state
practice in these matters, it stated that the notification provided for by
Article 36, subparagraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention is unevenly
made, and that when a claim is made for failure to notify, the only con-
sequenceis that apologies are presented by the Government responsible;
and whereas it submitted that the automatic invalidation of the proceed-
ings initiated and the return to the status quo ante as penalties for the
failure to notify not only find no support in State practice, but would be
unworkable;
19. Whereas the United States also indicated that the State Depart-
ment had done everything in its power to help the Government of Para-
guay as soon as it was informed of the situation in 1996; and whereas it
stated that when, on 30 March 1998,Paraguay advised the Government
of the United States of its intention to bring proceedings before the Court
if the United States Government did not take steps to initiate consulta-
tion and to obtain a stay of execution for Mr. Breard, the Government of
the United States had emphasized inter alia that a stay of execution
depended exclusivelyon the United States Supreme Court and the Gov-
ernor of Virginia;
20. Whereas the United States furthermore maintained that Para-
guay's contention that the invalidation of the sentence of a person who
had not been notified pursuant to Article 36, subparagraph 1 (b), of the
Vienna Convention could be required under that instrument, has no
foundation in the relevant provisions, their travaux préparatoiresor the
practice of States, and that, in the event, Mr. Breard has not been preju-
diced by the absence of notification; and whereas it pointed out that pro-
visional measures should not be indicated where it appears that the
Applicant's argument will not enable it to be successfulon the merits;
21. Whereas the United States also stated that, when the Court indi-
cates provisional measures under Article 41 of its Statute, it must take the
rights of each of the Parties into consideration and ensure that it main-
tains a fair balance in protecting those rights; whereas that would not be
the case if it acceded to Paraguay's request in these proceedings; and
whereas the measures requested by Paraguay would prejudice the merits
of the case;
22. Whereasthe United States finally allegedthat the indication of the
provisional measures requested by Paraguay would be contrary to the
interests of the Statesvarties to the Vienna Convention and to those of
the international community as a whole as well as to those of the Court,
and would in particular be such as seriously to disrupt the criminal jus-
tice systemsof the Statesparties to the Convention, giventhe risk of pro-
liferation of cases; and whereas it stated in that connection that States
have an overriding interest in avoiding external judicial interventionwhich would interfere with the execution of a sentence passed at the end
of an orderly process meeting the relevant human rights standards;
23. Whereas on a request for the indication of provisional measures
the Court need not, before deciding whether or not to indicate them,
finally satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction on the merits of the case, but
whereas it may not indicate them unless the provisions invoked by the
Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which thejurisdiction
of the Court might be founded;
24. Whereas Article 1 of the Optional Protocol, which Paraguay
invokes as the basis ofjurisdiction of the Court in this case, is worded as
follows :
"Disputes arising out of the interpretation or application of the
Convention shall lie within the compulsoryjurisdiction of the Inter-
national Court of Justiceand may accordingly be brought before the
Court by an application made by any party to the dispute being a
party to the present Protocol" ;
25. Whereas, according to the information communicated by the
Secretary-General of the United Nations as depositary,Paraguay and the
United States are parties to the Vienna Convention and to the Optional
Protocol, in each case without reservation;
26. Whereas Articles II and III of the aforementioned Protocol pro-
vide that within a period of two months after one party has notified the
other of the existenceof a dispute, the parties may agree to resort not to
the International Court of Justice but to an arbitration tribunal or alter-
natively first to conciliation; but whereas these Articles
"when read in conjunction with those of Article 1and with the Pre-
amble to the Protocols, make it crystal clear that they are not to be
understood as layingdown a precondition of the applicability of the
precise and categorical provision contained in Article 1establishing
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court in respect of disputes
arising out of the interpretation or application of the Vienna Con-
vention ..." (UnitedStates Diplomaticand ConsularStaff in Tehran,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1980, pp. 25-26);
27. Whereas, in its Application and at the hearings, Paraguay stated
that the issues in dispute between itself and the United States concern
Articles5 and 36of the Vienna Convention and fa11within the compulsory
sjurisdiction of the Court under Article 1 of the Optional Protocol; and
whereas it concluded from this that the Court has the jurisdiction neces-
sary to indicate the provisional measures requested; 28. Whereas at the hearing, the United States contended, for its part,
that Paraguay had not established that the Court had jurisdiction in
these proceedings, even prima facie; whereas it argued that there is no
dispute between the Parties as to the interpretation of Article 36,ubpara-
graph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention and nor is there a dispute as to its
application, since the United States recognizes that the notification pro-
vided for was not carried out; whereas the United States maintained
that the objections raised by Paraguay to the proceedings brought
against its national do not constitute a dispute concerning the inter-
pretation or application of the Vienna Convention; and whereas it added
that there was no entitlement to restitutio in integrum under the terms of
that Convention;
29. Whereas the United Statesmoreover indicated to the Court that it
had expressed its regret to Paraguay for the failure to notify Mr. Breard
of his right to consular access, engaged in consultations with Paraguay
on the matter and taken steps to ensure future compliance with its obli-
gations under the Vienna Convention at both the federal and state level;
30. Whereas Paraguay asserts that it is nevertheless entitled to resti-
tutio in integrum, that any criminal liability currently imposed on
Mr. Breard should accordingly be recognized as void by the legalauthori-
ties of the United States and that the status quo ante should be restored
in that Mr. Breard should have the benefit ofthe provisions of the Vienna
Convention in any renewed proceedings brought against him, no objec-
tion to his continued detention meanwhile being made by Paraguay;
whereas however the United States believes that these measures are not
required by the Vienna Convention, would contravene the understanding
underlying the adoption of Article 36 as well as the uniform practice of
States, and would put this Court in a position of acting as a universal
supreme court of criminal appeals;
31. Whereas there exists a dispute as to whether the relief sought by
Paraguay is a remedy available under the Vienna Convention, in particu-
lar in relation to Articles 5 and 36 thereof; and whereas this is a dispute
arising out of the application of the Convention within the meaning of
Article 1of the Optional Protocol concerningthe Compulsory Settlement
of Disputes of 24 April 1963;
32. Whereas the United States claimed nevertheless that prima facie
there is no jurisdiction for the Court in this case as Paraguay has no
legally cognizable claim to the relief it seeks nor any prospect ultimately
of prevailing on the merits, because no prejudice to Mr. Breard has
occurred ;
33. Whereas the existence of the relief sought by Paraguay under the
Convention can only be determined at the stage of the merits; andwhereas the issue of whether any such remedy is dependent upon evi-
dence of prejudice to the accused in his trial and sentence can equally
only be decided upon at the merits;
34. Whereasthe Court finds that, prima facie, it hasjurisdiction under
Article 1of the aforesaid Optional Protocol to decide the dispute between
Paraguay and the United States;
35. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
under Article 41 of its Statute is intended to preserve the respectiverights
of the parties pending its decision, and presupposes that irreparable
prejudice shall not be caused to rights which are the subject of a dispute
in judicial proceedings; whereas it follows that the Court must be con-
cerned to preserve by such measures the rights which may subsequently
be adjudged by the Court to belong either to the Applicant, or to the
Respondent; and whereas such measures are only justified if there is
urgency ;
36. Whereas the Court willnot order interim measuresin the absenceof
"irreparable prejudice . .. to rights which are the subject of dispute .. ."
(Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Interim Protection, Order of
22 June 1973, 1.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 103; UnitedStates Diplomatic and
Consular Staff in Tehran, Provisional Measures, Order of 15 December
1979, I.C.J. Reports 1979, p. 19,para. 36; Application of the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishmentof the Crime of Genocide, Provisional
Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, 1.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 19,para. 34) ;
37. Whereasthe execution of Mr. Breard is ordered for 14April 1998;
and whereas such an execution would render it impossible for the Court
to order the reliefthat Paraguay seeksand thus causeirreparable harm to
the rights it claims;
38. Whereasthe issuesbefore the Court in this casedo not concern the
entitlement of the federal states within the United States to resort to the
death penalty for the most heinous crimes; and whereas, further, the
function of this Court is to resolve international legal disputes between
States, inter alia when they arise out of the interpretation or application
of international conventions, and not to act as a court of criminal appeal;
39. Whereas, in the light of the aforementioned considerations, the
Court finds that the circumstances require it to indicate, as a matter of
urgency,provisional measures in accordance with Article41 of its Statute;
40. Whereas measures indicated by the Court for a stay of execution
would necessarilybe provisional in nature and would not in any way pre-judge findings the Court might make on the merits; and whereas the
measures indicated would preserve the respective rights of Paraguay and
of the United States; and whereas it is appropriate that the Court, with
the CO-operationof the Parties,ensure that any decision on the merits be
reached with al1possible expedition;
41. For these reasons,
Unanimously ,
1. Indicates the following provisional measures:
The United States should take al1measures at its disposa1 to ensure
that Angel Francisco Breard is not executed pending the final decision in
these proceedings, and should inform the Court of al1the measures which
it hastaken in implementation of this Order;
II. Decides, that, until the Court has given its final decision, it shall
remain seisedof the matters which form the subject-matter of this Order.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this ninth day of April, one thousand nine
hundred and ninety-eight,in three copies, one of which will be placed in
the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government
of the Republic of Paraguay and the Government of the United States of
America, respectively.
(Signed) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY,
Vice-President.
(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.
President SCHWEBE and Judges ODAand KOROMa Append declara-
tions to the Order of the Court.
(Initialled) C.G.W.
(Initialled) E.V.O.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING
THE VIENNA CONVENTION
ON CONSULAR RELATIONS
(PARAGUAY vUNITED STATES OF AMERICA)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES
ORDEROF 9 APRIL 1998
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFSET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE RELATIVE
À LA CONVENTION DE VIENNE
SUR LES RELATIONS CONSULAIRES
(PARAGUAY c. ÉTATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCEDU 9 AVRIL 1998 Officia1citati:n
Vienna Conventionon ConsularRelations
(Paraguay v. UnitedStates of America), Provisional Measures,
Order of 9 April1998, C.J. Reports 1998, p. 248
Mode officielde citation:
Conventionde Viennesur les relations consulaires
(Paraguay c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique),mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du9 avril 1998, C.I.J. Recueil1998,248
Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 No devente: 704
ISBN 92-1-070768-0 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
1998 YEAR 1998
GeneralList
No.99
CASE CONCERNING
THE VIENNA CONVENTION
ON CONSULAR RELATIONS
(PARAGUAY v.UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES
ORDER
Present: Vice-President WEERAMANTRA Yc,ting President; President
SCHWEBEL J;udges ODA, BEDJAOUIG , UILLAUME R,ANJEVA,
HERCZEGH,SHI, FLEISCHHAUER K,OROMA, VERESHCHETIN,
HIGGINSP ,ARRA-ARANGUREK N, OIJMANRS,EZEK;Registrar
VALENCIA-OSPINA.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of thee of the Court and to
Articles 73, 74and 75 of thees of Court,
Having regard to the Application filed in the Registry of the Court on
3 April 1998, whereby the Republic of Paraguay (hereinafter "Para-
guay") instituted proceedings against the United States of America
inafter "the United States") for "violations of the Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations [of 24 April 19631"(hereinafterthe "Vienna Conven-
tion")allegedly committed by the United States, COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 1998 1998
Rôle général
9avri1998 no99
AFFAIRE RELATIVE
À LA CONVENTION DE VIENNE
SUR LES RELATIONS CONSULAIRES
DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE
Présents: M. WEERAMANTv RYe,-présidentf,aisant fonction deprésident
en l'affaire; M. SCHWpr, sident de laCour; MM. ODA,
BEDJAOUGI, ILLAUMRA,NJEVAE, RCZEGHH,I,FLEISCHHAUER,
KOROMV A, RESHCHEMTIN,HIGGINSM,M. PARRA-ARANGUREN,
KOOIJMANRSE,ZEK,ges; M. VALENCIA-OSPgef,r.
La Cour internationale de Justice,
Ainsi composée,
Aprèsdélibéré nhambre du conseil,
Vu lesarticles 41 et 48 du Statut de la Cour et les articles 73, 74et 75
de son Règlement,
Vu la requête enregisau Greffe de la Cour levril 1998, par
laquellela Républiquedu Paraguay (ci-aprèsdénle «Paraguay»)
a introduit une instance contre les Etats-Unis d'Amérique (ci-après dé-
nommésles «Etats-Unis») en raison de «violations de la convention de
Vienne[du24avril9631surlesrelationsconsulaires»(ci-aprèsdénommée
la ({conventionde Vienne)))qui aurcommisespar lesEtats-Unis, Makes thefollowing Order:
1. Whereas, in its aforementioned Application, Paraguay bases the
jurisdiction of the Court on Article 36, paragraph 1,of the Statute of the
Court and on Article 1 of the Optional Protocol concerning the Compul-
sory Settlement of Disputes, which accompaniesthe Vienna Convention
on Consular Relations ("the Optional Protocol");
2. Whereas, in the Application, itis stated that in 1992the authorities
of the Commonwealth of Virginia arrested a Paraguayan national,
Mr. Ange1 Francisco Breard; whereas it is maintained that he was
charged, tried, convicted of culpable homicide and sentenced to death
by a Virginia court (the Circuit Court of Arlington County) in 1993,
without having been informed, as is required under Article 36, subpara-
graph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention, of his rights under that provision;
whereas it is specifiedthat among these rights are the right to request that
the relevantconsular officeof the State of which he isnational be advised
of his arrest and detention, and the right to communicate with that
office; and whereas itis also alleged that the authorities of the Common-
wealth of Virginia also did notadvise the Paraguayan consular officersof
Mr. Breard's detention, and that those officerswere only able to render
assistanceto him from 1996,whenthe Paraguayan Government learnt by
its own means that Mr. Breard was imprisoned in the United States;
3. Whereas, in the Application, Paraguay states that Mr. Breard's sub-
sequent petitions before federal courts in order to seek a writ of habeas
corpusfailed,the federal court of first instance having, on the basis of the
doctrine of "procedural default", denied him the right to invoke the
Vienna Convention for the first time before that court, and the inter-
mediate federal appellate court having confirmed that decision; whereas,
consequently, the Virginia court that sentenced Mr. Breard to the death
penalty set an execution date of 14 April 1998; whereas Mr. Breard,
having exhausted al1means of legal recourse available to him as of right,
petitioned the United States Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari,
requesting it to exercise its discretionary power to review the decision
given by the lower federal courts and to grant a stay of his execution
pending that review, and whereas, while this request is still pending
before the Supreme Court, it is however rare for that Court to accede to
such requests; and whereas Paraguay stated, moreover, that it brought
proceedings itself before the federal courts of the United States as early
as 1996,with a view to obtaining the annulment of the proceedings ini-
tiated against Mr. Breard, but both the federal court of first instance and
the federal appellate court held that they had no jurisdiction in the case
because it was barred by a doctrine conferring "sovereign immunity" on
federated states; whereas Paraguay also filed a petition for a writ of cer-
tiorari in the Supreme Court, which is also still pending; and whereas
Paraguay furthermore engaged in diplomatic efforts with the Govern- Rend l'ordonnance suivante:
1. Considérant que, dans sa requête susmentionnéel,e Paraguay fonde
la compétencede la Cour sur le paragraphe 1de l'article 36 du Statut de
la Cour et l'article premier du protocole de signature facultative concer-
nant le règlementobligatoire des différendsqui accompagne la conven-
tion de Vienne sur les relations consulaires (ci-aprèsdénomméle «proto-
cole de signature facultative)));
2. Considérant que, dans cette requête,il est indiquéqu'en 1992 les
autorités de 1'Etat de Virginie ont arrêté un ressortissant paraguayen,
M. Ange1Francisco Breard; qu'il estsoutenu que celui-ci a étéaccusé,
jugé,déclaré coupabled'homicidevolontaire et condamné à la peine capi-
tale par unejuridiction de Virginie(Circuit Court du comté'Arlington)en
1993,sans avoir étéinformé,comme l'exigel'alinéab) du paragraphe 1
de l'article 36 de la convention de Vienne, de ses droits aux termes de cet
alinéa;qu'il est précisque, parmi cesdroits, figurent le droit pour l'inté-
resséde demander que le poste consulairecompétent de 1'Etatdont il est
le ressortissant soit averti de son arrestation et de sa détention, et son
droit de communiquer avec ledit poste; et qu'il est également alléguque
les autorités de1'Etatde Virginie n'ont pas davantage aviséles fonction-
naires consulairesparaguayens compétentsde la détention de M. Breard,
et que ceux-cin'ont étéen mesure delui fournir une assistance qu'à partir
de 1996, lorsque le Gouvernement du Paraguay apprit par ses propres
moyens que M. Breard était emprisonné auxEtats-Unis;
3. Considérant que, dans ladite requête,le Paraguay expose que les
recours ultérieurement formés par M. Breard devant lesjuridictions fédé-
rales en vued'obtenir en sa faveur une ordonnance d'habeas corpusn'ont
pas abouti, le tribunal fédéral de première instance ayant, sur la base
d'une doctrine dite de la ((carence procédurale)) (procedural default),
dénié à l'intéressle droit d'invoquer pour la première foisdevant lui la
convention de Vienne, et la cour d'appel fédérale de première instance
ayant confirmécette décision;qu'en conséquence lajuridiction de Virginie
qui avait condamné M. Breard à la peine capitalea fixéau 14avril 1998la
date de l'exécution de l'intéressé; que. Breard, ayant épuisé toutes les
voies de recours juridiques auxquelles il avait droit, a saisi la Cour
suprêmedes Etats-Unis d'une demande d'ordonnance de certiorari, la
priant d'exercerson pouvoir discrétionnairede réexaminerla décision des
juridictions fédéralesinférieureest de déciderqu'il serait sursisn exé-
cution pendant cet examen; et que, bien que cette demande soit encore
pendante devant la Cour suprêmei,l est cependantrare que celle-ciaccède
à des demandes de cette nature; et considérantque le Paraguay exposeen
outre qu'il a lui-même saisiles juridictions fédéralesdes Etats-Unis dès
1996, à l'effetd'obtenir l'annulation des procéduresengagéesà l'encontre
de M. Breard, mais que tant letribunal fédéral de premièrienstance que la
cour d'appel fédéraleont décidé qu'ils n'avaient pas compétencedans
cette affaire eu égard à une doctrine conférant une ((immunitésouve-
raine))aux Etats fédérés q;u'il a également soumis unedemanded'ordon-ment of the United States and sought the good officesof the Department
of State;
4. Whereas,in its Application, Paraguay maintainsthat by violating its
obligations under Article36,subparagraph 1 (b), of the ViennaConvention,
the United Statesprevented Paraguayfrom exercisingthe consular functions
provided for in Articles 5 and 36 of the Convention and specificallyfor
ensuring the protection of its interests and of those of its nationals in the
United States; whereas Paraguay States that it was not able to contact
Mr. Breardnor to offerhimthenecessaryassistance,and whereasaccordingly
Mr. Breard "madea numberof objectivelyunreasonabledecisionsduringthe
criminal proceedings against him, which wereconducted without transla-
tion" ;and "did not comprehendthe fundamental differencesbetween the
criminaljustice systemsof the United States and Paraguay"; and whereas
Paraguay concludesfrom this that it is entitledto restitutioinintegrum,that
isto say "the re-establishment ofthe situationthat existed beforethe United
States failed toprovide the notifications . . required by the Convention";
5. Whereas Paraguay requests the Court to adjudge and declare as
follows :
"(1) that the United States, in arresting, detaining, trying, convict-
ing, and sentencing Angel Francisco Breard, as described in the
preceding statement of facts, violated its international legal
obligations to Paraguay, in its own right and in the exerciseof
its right of diplomaticprotection of its national, as provided by
Articles 5 and 36 of the Vienna Convention;
(2) that Paraguay is therefore entitled to restitutio in integrum;
(3) that the United States isunder an international legalobligation
not to apply the doctrine of 'procedural default', or any other
doctrine of its internal law, so as to preclude the exerciseof the
rights accorded under Article 36 of the Vienna Convention;
and
(4) that the United States isunder an international legal obligation
to carry out in conformity with the foregoing international
legal obligations any future detention of or criminal proceed-
ings against Ange1Francisco Breard or any other Paraguayan
national in its territory, whether by a constituent, legislative,
executive,judicial or other power, whether that power holds a
superior or a subordinate position in the organization of the
United States, and whether that power's functions are of an
international or internal character;
and that, pursuant to the foregoinginternational legal obligations,
(1) any criminal liability imposed on Ange1Francisco Breard in
violation of international legal obligations is void, and should
6nance de certiorari à la Cour suprême,qui est égalementpendante; et
qu'ila en outre engagéuneaction diplomatiqueauprès du Gouvernement
des Etats-Unis et sollicitéles bons officesdu département d'Etat;
4. Considérant que,dans sa requête,le Paraguay soutient qu'enmécon-
naissant leurs obligationsauxtermesde l'alinéab) du paragraphe 1de l'ar-
ticle 36de la convention de Vienne,les Etats-Unisl'ont empêché d'exercer
lesfonctionsconsulairesprévuesaux articles 5et 36de la convention,et tout
spécialementd'assurerla protection de sesintérête st de ceuxde sesressor-
tissants aux Etats-Unis; qu'il souligne qu'il n'apu contacter M. Breard
ni lui fournir l'assistancenécessai,t qu'en conséquencc eelui-cia ((prisun
certain nombre de décisionsd'un caractèreobjectivement déraisonnable
tout au long de la procédurepénaleengagéecontre lui, qui a étémenéesans
traduction», et«n'a pas comprisles différencesfondamentales qui existent
entre les systèmesde justice pénaleaux Etats-Unis et au Paraguay));et
que le Paraguay en conclut qu'il a droit à une restitutio in integrum,
c'est-à-dire au ((rétablissementde la situation qui existait avant que les
Etats-Unis manquent de procéder aux notifications requises));
5. Considérant quele Paraguay prie la Cour de dire et juger que:
«1) en arrêtant,détenant, jugeant, déclarant coupableet condam-
nant M. Ange1Francisco Breard, dans les conditions indiquées
dans l'exposé desfaits qui précède,lesEtats-Unis ont violéleurs
obligations juridiques internationales envers le Paraguay, en
son nom propre et dans l'exercicedu droit qu'a cet Etat d'assu-
rer la protection diplomatique de son ressortissant, ainsi qu'il
est prévuaux articles 5 et 36 de la convention de Vienne;
2) le Paraguay en conséquencea droit à une restitutio in integrum;
3) les Etats-Unis ont l'obligation juridique internationale de ne
pas appliquer la doctrine dite de la ((carenceocédurale))(pro-
cedural default), ni aucune autre doctrine de son droit interne,
d'une manièrequiait pour effet de faire obstacle à l'exercicedes
droits conféréspar l'article 36 de la convention de Vienne;
4) les Etats-Unis ont l'obligation juridique internationale d'agir
conformément aux obligations juridiques internationales sus-
mentionnéesdans le cas où, à l'avenir, ils placeraient en déten-
tion M. Ange1 Francisco Breard ou tout autre ressortissant
paraguayen sur leur territoire ou engageraientune action pénale
à leur encontre, que cet acte soit entrepris par un pouvoir cons-
titué, législatif, exécutif, judiciaireou autre, que ce pouvoir
occupe une place supérieure ou subordonnée dans l'organisa-
tion desEtats-Unis et que lesfonctionsde cepouvoir présentent
un caractère international ou interne;
et que, conformément aux obligations juridiques internationales
susmentionnées :
1) toute responsabilité pénale attribuée à M. Ange1 Francisco
Breard en violation d'obligations juridiques internationales est be recognized as void by the legal authorities of the United
States;
(2) the United States should restore the status quo ante, that is, re-
establishthe situation that existed before the detention of, pro-
ceedings against, and conviction and sentencing of Paraguay's
national in violation of the United States' international legal
obligations took place; and
(3) the United States should provide Paraguay a guarantee of the
non-repetition of the illegal acts";
6. Whereas, on 3 April 1998,after having filed its Application, Para-
guay also submitted an urgent request for the indication of provisional
measures in order to protect its rights, pursuant to Article 41 of the Stat-
ute of the Court and to Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court;
7. Whereas, in its request for the indication of provisional measures,
Paraguay refers to the basis of jurisdiction of the Court invoked in its
Application, and to the facts set out and the submissions made therein;
and whereas it reaffirms in particular that the United States has violated
its obligations under the Vienna Convention and must restore the status
quo ante;
8. Whereas, in its request for the indication of provisional measures of
protection, Paraguay statesthat, on 25February 1998,the Circuit Court of
Arlington County, Virginia, ordered that Mr. Breard be executed on
14April 1998;whereas it emphasizesthat "[tlheimportance and sanctityof
an individual human lifeare wellestablishedin international law" and "[als
recognizedby Article6of the International Covenant on Civiland Political
Rights, everyhuman being has the inherent right to lifeand this right shall
be protected by law"; and whereasParaguay states in the following terms
the grounds for its request and the possible consequencesof its dismissal:
"Under the grave and exceptionalcircumstances of this case, and
giventhe paramount interest of Paraguay in the lifeand liberty of its
nationals, provisional measures are urgently needed to protect the
life of Paraguay's national and the ability of this Court to order the
relief to which Paraguay is entitled: restitution in kind. Without the
provisional measures requested, the United States will execute
Mr. Breard before this Court can consider the merits of Paraguay's
claims, and Paraguay will be forever deprived of the opportunity to
have the status quo ante restored in the event of a judgment in its
favour" ;
9. Whereas Paraguay asks that, pending final judgment in this case,
the Court indicate :
"(a) that the Government of the United States take the measures
necessary to ensure that Mr. Breard not be executed pending
the disposition of this case;
(b) that the Government of the United States report to the Court nulle et doit être reconnuecomme nulle par les autoritéslégales
des Etats-Unis;
2) les Etats-Unis doivent restaurer le statu quo ante, c'est-à-dire
rétablirla situation qui existait avant les actes de détention, de
poursuite, de déclaration de culpabilitéet de condamnation du
ressortissant du Paraguay commis en violation des obligations
juridiques internationales des Etats-Unis;
3) les Etats-Unis doivent donner au Paraguay la garantie que de
tels actes illicitesne se reproduironts»;
6. Considérant que, le 3 avril 1998,après avoir déposésa requête,le
Paraguay a égalementprésentéune demande urgente en indication de
mesures conservatoires à l'effet de protéger ses droits, en se référaàt
l'article41 du Statut et aux articles 73, 74et 75du Règlementde la Cour;
7. Considérant que,dans sa demande en indication de mesures conser-
vatoires, le Paraguay seréfère la base dejuridiction de la Cour invoquée
dans sa requête, ainsi qu'aux faitsqui y sont exposéset aux conclusions
qui y sont formulées; et qu'il réaffirme enparticulier que les Etats-Unis
ont manqué à leurs obligations en vertu de la convention de Vienne et
doivent rétablir le statu quo ante;
8. Considérant que, dans sa demande en indication de mesures conser-
vatoires, le Paraguay rappelle que, le 25 février1998,laircuit Courtdu
comté d'Arlington, en Virginie, a ordonnéque M. Breard soit exécuté le
14avril 1998;qu'il souligne que: (([ll'importanceet le caractère sacré de
la vie humaine sont des principes bien établisdu droit international)) et
que «[c]omme le reconnaît l'article 6 du pacte international relatif aux
droits civils et politiques, le droit la vie est inhérentà la personne
humaine et ..doit être protégépar la loi)); et qu'il expose ences termes
les motifs de la demande et les conséquences éventuellesde son rejet:
«Dans les circonstances graves et exceptionnelles de la présente
affaireet eu égardàl'intérêt primordial quele Paraguay attache àla
vie età la liberté de ses ressortissants, il est urgent d'indiquer des
mesures conservatoires pour protégerla vie du ressortissant para-
guayen et sauvegarder le pouvoir de la Cour d'ordonner la mesure à
laquelle le Paraguay a droit: le rétablissementde l'état dechoses
antérieur.Si lesmesures conservatoiresdemandéesne sont pas indi-
quées,les Etats-Unis exécuteront M. Breard avant que la Cour
puisse examiner lebien-fondédes prétentionsdu Paraguay et celui-ci
seraà jamais privéde la possibilitéd'obtenir le rétablissementde la
situation antérieure si la Cour venait se prononcer en sa faveur));
9. Considérant que le Paraguay prie la Cour d'indiquer, en attendant
l'arrêtdéfinitifen l'instance, des mesures tendant ce que :
«a) le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis prenne lesmesures nécessaires
pour faire en sorte que M. Breard ne soit pas exécutétant que
la décisionn'aura pas été rendueen la présente instance;
b) le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis porte à la connaissance de la the actions it has taken in pursuance of subparagraph (a)
immediately above and the results of those actions; and
(c) that the Government of the United States ensure that no
action istaken that might prejudice the rights of the Republic
of Paraguay with respect to any decision this Court may
render on the merits of the case";
and whereas it asks the Court moreover to consider its request as a mat-
ter of the greatest urgency "in viewof the extreme gravity and immediacy
of the threat that the authorities. . will execute a Paraguayan citizen";
10. Whereas, on 3 April 1998, the Ambassador of Paraguay to the
Netherlands addressed a letter to the President of the Court requesting
the Court to fix an early date for a hearing on his Government's request
for provisional measures, asking the Member of the Court who, in
accordance with the provisions of Article 13,paragraph 1,and Article 32,
paragraph 1,of the Rules of Court, would exercisethe functions of Presi-
dent in the case to "cal1upon the United States of America to ensure that
Mr. Breard is not put to death before the Court's ruling on Paraguay's
request for provisional measures"; and indicating that he had been
appointed as Agent of Paraguay for the purposes of the case;
11. Whereas, on 3 April 1998,the date on which the Application and
the request for provisional measures were filedin the Registry, the Regis-
trar advised the Government of the United States of the filing of those
documents. communicated the text of them to that Government bv fac-
simileand 'sentit a certified copy of the Application, in accordance with
Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court and Article 38, para-
graph 4, of the Rules of Court, together with a certified copyof the request
for the indication of provisional measures, in accordance with Article 73,
paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; and whereas the Registrar also sent
the Government of the United States a copy of the letter addressed that
day to the President of the Court by the Agent of Paraguay;
12. Whereas, by identicalletters dated 3April 1998,the Vice-President
of the Court addressed both Parties in the following terms:
"Exercising the functions of the presidency in terms of Articles 13
and 32 of the Rules of Court, and acting in conformity with Ar-
ticle 74, paragraph 4, of the said Rules, 1hereby draw the attention
of both Parties to the need to act in such a way as to enable any
Order the Court will make on the request for provisional measures
to have its appropriate effects";
and whereas, at a meeting held the same day with the representatives of
both Parties, he advised them that the Court would hold public hearings
on 7 April 1998at 10a.m., in order to afford the Parties the opportunity
of presenting their observations on the request for provisional measures; Cour lesmesures qu'ilaura prisesen applicationde l'alinéaa) ci-
dessus ainsi que les suitesqui auront été donnéesà cesmesures;
c) le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis fasse en sorte qu'ilne soit pris
aucune mesure qui puisse porter atteinte aux droits de la Répu-
blique du Paraguay en ce qui concerne toute décisionque la
Cour pourrait prendre sur le fond de l'affaire));
et qu'il prie en outre la Cour d'examiner sademande avec la plus grande
urgence «eu égard à l'extrêmegravité et à l'imminence de la menace
d'exécutiond'un citoyen paraguayen));
10. Considérant que,le 3 avril 1998,l'ambassadeur du Paraguay aux
Pays-Bas a adresséau présidentde la Cour une lettre demandant à la
Cour de fixer une date rapprochéepour la tenue d'une audience sur la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoiresde son gouvernement;
priant lemembre delaCour qui,conformémentauxdispositionsdes para-
graphes 1 des articles 13 et 32 du Règlement, exercerait la présidence
pour l'affaire,de faire usage des pouvoirs que lui confèrele paragraphe 4
de l'article 74 du Règlementet d'«invite[r] les Etats-Unis d'Amérique à
faire en sorte que M. Breard ne soit pas exécutéavant que la Cour statue
sur la demande ainsi présentée)); et indiquant qu'il avait étédésigné
comme agent du Paraguay aux fins de l'affaire;
11. Considérant que, le 3 avril 1998, date à laquelle la requête et la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires ont étédéposéesau
Greffe.,leureffiera aviséleGouvernement des Etats-Unis du dévôtde ces
documents,lui en a communiquéletexte par télécopie et lui a adresséune
copie certifiéeconforme de la requête,en application du paragraphe 2 de
l'article 40 du Statut et du paragraphe 4 de l'article 38 du Règlement,
ainsi qu'une copie certifiéeconforme de la demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires, en application du paragraphe 2 de l'article73 du
Règlement; et considérant quele greffiera égalementfait tenir au Gou-
vernement des Etats-Unis une copie de la lettre adresséele même jour au
président dela Cour par l'agent du Paraguay;
12. Considérant que,par des lettres identiques en date du 3 avril 1998,
le vice-président dela Cour s'est adresséaux deux Parties dans lestermes
suivants :
((Exerçantla présidencede la Cour en vertu des articles 13 et 32
du Règlement dela Cour,et agissantconformémentaux dispositions
du paragraphe 4 de l'article74 dudit Règlement,j'appelle par la pré-
sente l'attention des deux Parties sur la nécessitd'agir de manière
que toute ordonnance de la Cour sur la demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires puisse avoir les effets voulus;
et que, àla réunion qu'il a tenuele même jour avec les représentantsdes
deux Parties, il a avisé ceux-cide ce que la Cour tiendrait des audiences
publiques le 7 avril 1998 à 10 heures aux fins de donner aux Parties la
possibilitéde présenter leurs observations sur la demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires; 13. Whereas, by a letter dated 5April 1998,receivedin the Registry on
6 April 1998, the Ambassador of the United States to the Netherlands
informed the Court of the appointment of an Agent and a Co-Agent of
his Government for the case;
14. Whereas, pending the notification under Article 40, paragraph 3,
of theStatute of the Court and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, by trans-
mission of the printed text, in two languages, of the Application to the
Members of the United Nations and to other States entitled to appear
before the Court, the Registrar, on 6 April 1998,informed those States of
the filing of the Application and of its subject-matter, and of the request
for the indication of provisional measures;
15.Whereas, on 6 April 1998, the Registrar, in accordance with
Article 43 of theRules of Court, addressed the notification provided for
in Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute to the States, other than the
Parties to the dispute, which on the basis of information supplied by the
Secretary-General of the United Nations as depositary appeared to be
parties to the Vienna Convention and to the Optional Protocol;
16. Whereas, at the public hearings held on 7 April 1998,in accord-
ance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, oral statements
on the request for the indication of provisional measures were presented
by the Parties:
On behalf of Paraguay: H.E. Mr. Manuel Maria Caceres,
Mr. Donald Francis Donovan,
Mr. Barton Legum,
Dr. JoséEmilio Gorostiaga;
On behalfof the United States: Mr. David R. Andrews,
Ms Catherine Brown,
Mr. John R. Crook,
Mr. Michael J. Matheson;
and whereas at the hearings a question was put by a Member of the
Court, to which a reply was given orally and in writing;
17. Whereas, at the hearings, Paraguay reiterated the line of argument
set forth in its Application and its request for the indication of provi-
sional measures ;
18. Whereas at the hearing, the United Statesargued that Mr. Breard's
guilt was wellestablished, and pointed out that the accused had admitted
his guilt, which Paraguay did not dispute; whereas it recognized that
Mr. Breard had not beeninformed, at the time of his arrest and trial, of his
rightsunder Article 36, subparagraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention,
and indicated to the Court that this omission was not deliberate; whereas
it nonetheless maintained that the person concerned had had al1neces- 13. Considérant que, par lettre du 5 avril 1998, reçue au Greffe le
6 avril 1998, l'ambassadeur des Etats-Unis aux Pays-Bas a informéla
Cour de la désignation d'un agent et d'un coagentde son gouvernement
aux fins de l'affaire;
14. Considérantque,enattendant quelacommunicationprévue aupara-
graphe 3 de l'article40 du Statuteà l'article42 du Règlementde la Cour
ait été effectuépear transmission du texte imprimé, en deuxlangues, de la
requête auxMembres des Nations Unies et aux autres Etats admis à ester
devant la Cour, le greffier a, le 6 avril 1998,informéces Etats du dépôt
de la requête et de son objet, ainsi que de la demande en indication de
mesuresconservatoires;
15. Considérant que,le 6 avril 1998,le greffier, conformément à l'ar-
ticle 43 du Règlement dela Cour, a adresséla notification prévueau pa-
ragraphe l de l'article 63 du Statut aux Etats, autres que les Parties au
litige, qui sont apparus comme étantpartiesà la convention de Vienne et
au protocole de signature facultative, selon les informations communi-
quéespar le Secrétairegénéralde l'organisation des Nations Unies en
tant que dépositaire;
16. Considérant que, lors des audiences publiques tenues le 7 avril
1998 conformémentau paragraphe 3 de l'article 74du Règlement, des
observations orales sur la demande en indication de mesures conserva-
toires ont étéprésentéespar les Parties:
Au nom du Paraguay: S. Exc. M. Manuel Maria Caceres,
M. Donald Francis Donovan,
M. Barton Legum,
M. JoséEmilio Gorostiaga;
Au nom des Etats-Unis: M. David R. Andrews,
MmeCatherine Brown,
M. John R. Crook,
M. Michael J. Matheson;
et considérantqu'à l'audienceune question a étéposéepar un membre de
la Cour, à laquelle il a été répondu oralement et parécrit;
17. Considérantqu'à l'audience le Paraguay a réitérél'argumentation
développéedans sa requête etsa demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires;
18. Considérantqu'àl'audiencelesEtats-Unisont fait valoir que la cul-
pabilitéde M. Breard étaitbien établieet ont soulignéque l'accuséavait
admis sa culpabilité,ce que ne conteste pas le Paraguay; qu'ils ont re-
connu que M. Breard n'avait pas étéinformé,lorsqu'il avait été arrêté et
jugé,de sesdroits aux termes de l'alinéa) du paragraphe 1de l'article36
de la convention de Vienne, et ont fait observer à la Cour que cette
omission n'était pas délibéréqeu;'ilsont toutefois soutenu que l'intéressésary legal assistance, that he understood English well and that the assist-
ance of consular officerswould not have changedthe outcome of the pro-
ceedings brought against him in any way; whereas, referring to state
practice in these matters, it stated that the notification provided for by
Article 36, subparagraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention is unevenly
made, and that when a claim is made for failure to notify, the only con-
sequenceis that apologies are presented by the Government responsible;
and whereas it submitted that the automatic invalidation of the proceed-
ings initiated and the return to the status quo ante as penalties for the
failure to notify not only find no support in State practice, but would be
unworkable;
19. Whereas the United States also indicated that the State Depart-
ment had done everything in its power to help the Government of Para-
guay as soon as it was informed of the situation in 1996; and whereas it
stated that when, on 30 March 1998,Paraguay advised the Government
of the United States of its intention to bring proceedings before the Court
if the United States Government did not take steps to initiate consulta-
tion and to obtain a stay of execution for Mr. Breard, the Government of
the United States had emphasized inter alia that a stay of execution
depended exclusivelyon the United States Supreme Court and the Gov-
ernor of Virginia;
20. Whereas the United States furthermore maintained that Para-
guay's contention that the invalidation of the sentence of a person who
had not been notified pursuant to Article 36, subparagraph 1 (b), of the
Vienna Convention could be required under that instrument, has no
foundation in the relevant provisions, their travaux préparatoiresor the
practice of States, and that, in the event, Mr. Breard has not been preju-
diced by the absence of notification; and whereas it pointed out that pro-
visional measures should not be indicated where it appears that the
Applicant's argument will not enable it to be successfulon the merits;
21. Whereas the United States also stated that, when the Court indi-
cates provisional measures under Article 41 of its Statute, it must take the
rights of each of the Parties into consideration and ensure that it main-
tains a fair balance in protecting those rights; whereas that would not be
the case if it acceded to Paraguay's request in these proceedings; and
whereas the measures requested by Paraguay would prejudice the merits
of the case;
22. Whereasthe United States finally allegedthat the indication of the
provisional measures requested by Paraguay would be contrary to the
interests of the Statesvarties to the Vienna Convention and to those of
the international community as a whole as well as to those of the Court,
and would in particular be such as seriously to disrupt the criminal jus-
tice systemsof the Statesparties to the Convention, giventhe risk of pro-
liferation of cases; and whereas it stated in that connection that States
have an overriding interest in avoiding external judicial interventionavait bénéficiéde toute l'assistance judiciaire nécessaire,qu'il compre-
nait bien la langue anglaise et que l'assistance de fonctionnaires consu-
laires n'aurait rien changé au résultat des procédures engagéescontre
lui; que, se référant la pratique des Etats en la matière, ils ont exposé
que la notification prévue à l'alinéab) du paragraphe 1de l'article 36
est inégalement effectuée, et que, lorsqu'une réclamation est élevée
pour défaut de notification, la seule conséquence est la présentation
d'excuses par le gouvernement responsable; et qu'ils ont conclu que
l'invalidation automatique des procédures engagées et le retour au
statu quo ante comme sanctions du défaut de notification, non seule-
ment ne trouvent aucun appui dans la pratique étatique, mais seraient
impossible à réalise;
19. ConsidérantquelesEtats-Unis ont égalementindiquéque ledépar-
tement d7Etat avait fait tout ce qui était en son pouvoir pour aider le
Gouvernement du Paraguay dès qu'ilavait été mis au courant de la situa-
tion en 1996;et qu'ils ont préciséque lorsque, le 30 mars 1998,le Para-
guay avait aviséle Gouvernement des Etats-Unis de son intention de
saisir la Cour si celui-ci ne prenait pas des mesures pour engager des
consultations et obtenir un sursisà l'exécutionde M. Breard, ledit gou-
vernement avaitnotamment soulignéquel'obtention d'untel sursisdépen-
dait exclusivement de la Cour suprêmedes Etats-Unis et du gouverneur
de Virginie;
20. Considérant que les Etats-Unis ont par ailleurs soutenu que la
thèsedu Paraguay, selon laquelle l'invalidation de toute condamnation
d'une personne n'ayant pas reçu la notification prévue à l'alinéab) du
paragraphe 1 de l'article 36 de la convention de Vienne pourrait être
requise aux termes de celle-ci,ne trouve aucun fondementdans les textes
pertinents, leurs travaux préparatoires ou la pratique des Etats, et qu'en
l'occurrence M. Breard n'a pas subi de préjudicedu fait de l'absence de
notification; et qu'ilsont soulignéque des mesures conservatoires ne doi-
vent pas êtreindiquées lorsqu'ilappert que la thèsedu demandeur ne lui
permettra pas d'avoir gain de cause au fond;
21. Considérant que les Etats-Unis ont encore exposéque, lorsque la
Cour indique des mesures conservatoires en vertu de l'article 41 de son
Statut, elle doit prendre en considération les droits de chacune des
Parties, et veillerassurer un juste équilibredans la protection de ceux-
ci; que tel ne serait pas le cas si elle accédait demande du Paraguay
en l'espèce;et que lesmesures sollicitéespar le Paraguay préjugeraientdu
fond de l'affaire;
22. Considérant que les Etats-Unis ont enfin allégué que l'indication
des mesures conservatoires demandéespar le Paraguay serait contraire
auxintérêtd ses Etats parties la convention de Vienne, àceux dela com-
munauté internationale dans son ensemble, aussi bien qu'à ceux de la
Cour, et serait en particulier de naturebouleverser les systèmes de jus-
tice pénaledes Etats parties à la convention, compte tenu du risque de
multiplication des recours; et qu'ils ont précisécet égardque les Etats
ont un intérêitmpérieux à être soustraitsà toute intervention judiciairewhich would interfere with the execution of a sentence passed at the end
of an orderly process meeting the relevant human rights standards;
23. Whereas on a request for the indication of provisional measures
the Court need not, before deciding whether or not to indicate them,
finally satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction on the merits of the case, but
whereas it may not indicate them unless the provisions invoked by the
Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which thejurisdiction
of the Court might be founded;
24. Whereas Article 1 of the Optional Protocol, which Paraguay
invokes as the basis ofjurisdiction of the Court in this case, is worded as
follows :
"Disputes arising out of the interpretation or application of the
Convention shall lie within the compulsoryjurisdiction of the Inter-
national Court of Justiceand may accordingly be brought before the
Court by an application made by any party to the dispute being a
party to the present Protocol" ;
25. Whereas, according to the information communicated by the
Secretary-General of the United Nations as depositary,Paraguay and the
United States are parties to the Vienna Convention and to the Optional
Protocol, in each case without reservation;
26. Whereas Articles II and III of the aforementioned Protocol pro-
vide that within a period of two months after one party has notified the
other of the existenceof a dispute, the parties may agree to resort not to
the International Court of Justice but to an arbitration tribunal or alter-
natively first to conciliation; but whereas these Articles
"when read in conjunction with those of Article 1and with the Pre-
amble to the Protocols, make it crystal clear that they are not to be
understood as layingdown a precondition of the applicability of the
precise and categorical provision contained in Article 1establishing
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court in respect of disputes
arising out of the interpretation or application of the Vienna Con-
vention ..." (UnitedStates Diplomaticand ConsularStaff in Tehran,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1980, pp. 25-26);
27. Whereas, in its Application and at the hearings, Paraguay stated
that the issues in dispute between itself and the United States concern
Articles5 and 36of the Vienna Convention and fa11within the compulsory
sjurisdiction of the Court under Article 1 of the Optional Protocol; and
whereas it concluded from this that the Court has the jurisdiction neces-
sary to indicate the provisional measures requested;extérieure qui entraverait l'exécutiond'une décisionde justice prise sui-
vant des procédures régulièresrépondant aux critères pertinents en
matièrede droits de l'homme;
23. Considérant qu'en présence d'unedemande en indication de me-
suresconservatoiresla Cour n'apas besoin, avant de déciderd'indiquerou
non de tellesmesures, de s'assurerd'une manièredéfinitivequ'ellea com-
pétencequant au fond de l'affaire, mais qu'ellene peut cependant indi-
quer cesmesures que si les dispositions invoquéespar le demandeur sem-
blent prima facie constituer une base sur laquelle la compétencede la
Cour pourrait être fondée;
24. Considérant quel'article premierdu protocole de signature facul-
tative, que leParaguay invoque comme base de la compétencede la Cour
dans la présente affaire,est ainsi libellé:
«Les différends relatifsà l'interprétationou à l'application de la
convention relèventde la compétenceobligatoire de la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice,qui,àce titre, pourra êtresaisiepar une requête
de toute partie au différendqui sera elle-mêmepartie au présentpro-
tocole));
25. Considérantque,selonlesinformations communiquéespar leSecré-
taire général del'organisation des Nations Unies en tant que dépositaire,
le Paraguay et les Etats-Unis sont parties la convention de Vienne et au
protocole de signature facultative,dans chaque cas sans réserve;
26. Considérantque lesarticles II et III du protocole susmentionnépré-
voient que les parties peuvent convenir, dans un délaide deux mois après
notification par une partieà l'autre qu'il existe un litige, d'adopter d'un
commun accord,au lieudu recours àla Cour internationale de Justice,une
procéduredevant un tribunal d'arbitrage ou de recourir tout d'abordà une
procédure deconciliation; mais que si letexte de ces articles
«est examinéen mêmetemps que celui de l'article1et du préambule
des protocoles, il tombe sous le sens qu'il ne faut pas y voir une
condition préalable àl'applicabilitéde la disposition préciseet caté-
gorique de l'article1 qui prévoit la compétenceobligatoire de la
Cour pour connaître des différends relatifs à l'interprétation ouà
l'application de la convention de Vienne..»(Personnel diplomatique
et consulaire des Etats-Unis à Téhéran, arrêC t,.I.J. Recueil 1980,
p. 25-26);
27. Considérant que, dans sa requête et à l'audience, le Paraguay a
exposéque lesquestions en litigeentre lui-même et lesEtats-Unis d'Amé-
rique concernent lesarticles 5et 36de la conventionde Vienne et relèvent
de la compétenceobligatoire de la Cour en vertu de l'article premier
du protocole de signature facultative; et qu'il en a conclu que la Cour
dispose de la compétence nécessairepour indiquer les mesures conser-
vatoires demandées ; 28. Whereas at the hearing, the United States contended, for its part,
that Paraguay had not established that the Court had jurisdiction in
these proceedings, even prima facie; whereas it argued that there is no
dispute between the Parties as to the interpretation of Article 36,ubpara-
graph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention and nor is there a dispute as to its
application, since the United States recognizes that the notification pro-
vided for was not carried out; whereas the United States maintained
that the objections raised by Paraguay to the proceedings brought
against its national do not constitute a dispute concerning the inter-
pretation or application of the Vienna Convention; and whereas it added
that there was no entitlement to restitutio in integrum under the terms of
that Convention;
29. Whereas the United Statesmoreover indicated to the Court that it
had expressed its regret to Paraguay for the failure to notify Mr. Breard
of his right to consular access, engaged in consultations with Paraguay
on the matter and taken steps to ensure future compliance with its obli-
gations under the Vienna Convention at both the federal and state level;
30. Whereas Paraguay asserts that it is nevertheless entitled to resti-
tutio in integrum, that any criminal liability currently imposed on
Mr. Breard should accordingly be recognized as void by the legalauthori-
ties of the United States and that the status quo ante should be restored
in that Mr. Breard should have the benefit ofthe provisions of the Vienna
Convention in any renewed proceedings brought against him, no objec-
tion to his continued detention meanwhile being made by Paraguay;
whereas however the United States believes that these measures are not
required by the Vienna Convention, would contravene the understanding
underlying the adoption of Article 36 as well as the uniform practice of
States, and would put this Court in a position of acting as a universal
supreme court of criminal appeals;
31. Whereas there exists a dispute as to whether the relief sought by
Paraguay is a remedy available under the Vienna Convention, in particu-
lar in relation to Articles 5 and 36 thereof; and whereas this is a dispute
arising out of the application of the Convention within the meaning of
Article 1of the Optional Protocol concerningthe Compulsory Settlement
of Disputes of 24 April 1963;
32. Whereas the United States claimed nevertheless that prima facie
there is no jurisdiction for the Court in this case as Paraguay has no
legally cognizable claim to the relief it seeks nor any prospect ultimately
of prevailing on the merits, because no prejudice to Mr. Breard has
occurred ;
33. Whereas the existence of the relief sought by Paraguay under the
Convention can only be determined at the stage of the merits; and 28. Considérant qu'à l'audienceles Etats-Unis ont pour leur part sou-
tenu que le Paraguay n'avait pas établi la compétencede la Cour en
l'espèce, même prima facie; qu'ils ont fait valoir qu'il n'existe entre les
Parties aucun différendquant à l'interprétation de l'alinéab) du para-
graphe 1de l'article 36de la convention de Vienne et qu'iln'en existepas
davantage quant à son application, dèslors que lesEtats-Unis reconnais-
sent que la notification qui y est prévuen'a pas été effectuée;u'ils ont
soutenu que les objections que le Paraguay élève à l'encontre des procé-
dures engagéescontre son ressortissant ne sauraient être constitutives
d'un différendrelatifàl'interprétation ouàl'application de la convention
de Vienne; et qu'ils ont ajouté qu'aucun droit à restitutio in integrum
n'existe aux termes de ladite convention;
29. Considérant queles Etats-Unis ont en outre fait savoir à la Cour
qu'ils ont expriméleurs regrets au Paraguay pour avoir omis d'informer
M. Breard de son droit à communiquer avecsesautorités consulaires,ont
mené desconsultations avec le Paraguay sur la question et pris des me-
sures pour faire en sorte qu'à l'avenir les obligations que leur impose la
conventionde Vienne soient respectéesaussi bien au niveau fédéralqu'au
niveau des Etats;
30. Considérant quele Paraguay soutient qu'il n'en a pas moins droit
à une restitutio in integrum, que toute responsabilité pénale imputée
actuellement à M. Breard devrait en conséquenceêtre reconnuecomme
nulle par les autorités légalesdes Etats-Unis et que le statu quo ante
devrait être rétabli our que M. Breard puisse bénéficiedres dispositions
de la convention de Vienne dans toute nouvelle procédurejudiciaire qui
pourrait êtreengagéecontre lui, étant entendu qu'aucune objection à
l'égard deson maintien en détentionne serait élevée dans l'intervallepar
le Paraguay; considérant toutefois que les Etats-Unis estiment que ces
mesures ne sont pas prescrites par la convention de Vienne, qu'elles
seraientcontrairesà l'interprétationqui prévalait lorsque l'article 36a été
adopté, ainsi qu'à la pratique uniforme des Etats, et placeraient la Cour
dans une position qui lui conféreraitle rôle d'une cour suprêmeuniver-
selle enmatière de recours criminels;
31. Considérant qu'ilexiste un différendsur la question de savoir si la
solution recherchéepar le Paraguay figureparmi lesmesures possibles en
vertu de la convention de Vienne, en particulier au regard des disposi-
tions des articles et 36 de cette convention; et qu'il s'agit là d'un diffé-
rend relatif l'application de la convention au sensde l'article premierdu
protocole de signature facultativeconcernant le règlementobligatoire des
différendsdu 24 avril 1963;
32. Considérant que les Etats-Unis estiment néanmoinsqu'il n'existe
pas de compétence prima facie de la Cour dans la présente affaireétant
donné quela solutionrecherchéepar leParaguay n'estpas fondéeen droit
et que le Paraguay n'a pas la moindre possibilitéd'obtenir finalement gain
de cause sur le fond, parce queM. Breard n'a subi aucun préjudice;
33. Considérant quela question de savoir si la solution recherchéepar
le Paraguay est possible en vertu de la convention ne peut être tranchéewhereas the issue of whether any such remedy is dependent upon evi-
dence of prejudice to the accused in his trial and sentence can equally
only be decided upon at the merits;
34. Whereasthe Court finds that, prima facie, it hasjurisdiction under
Article 1of the aforesaid Optional Protocol to decide the dispute between
Paraguay and the United States;
35. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
under Article 41 of its Statute is intended to preserve the respectiverights
of the parties pending its decision, and presupposes that irreparable
prejudice shall not be caused to rights which are the subject of a dispute
in judicial proceedings; whereas it follows that the Court must be con-
cerned to preserve by such measures the rights which may subsequently
be adjudged by the Court to belong either to the Applicant, or to the
Respondent; and whereas such measures are only justified if there is
urgency ;
36. Whereas the Court willnot order interim measuresin the absenceof
"irreparable prejudice . .. to rights which are the subject of dispute .. ."
(Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Interim Protection, Order of
22 June 1973, 1.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 103; UnitedStates Diplomatic and
Consular Staff in Tehran, Provisional Measures, Order of 15 December
1979, I.C.J. Reports 1979, p. 19,para. 36; Application of the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishmentof the Crime of Genocide, Provisional
Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, 1.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 19,para. 34) ;
37. Whereasthe execution of Mr. Breard is ordered for 14April 1998;
and whereas such an execution would render it impossible for the Court
to order the reliefthat Paraguay seeksand thus causeirreparable harm to
the rights it claims;
38. Whereasthe issuesbefore the Court in this casedo not concern the
entitlement of the federal states within the United States to resort to the
death penalty for the most heinous crimes; and whereas, further, the
function of this Court is to resolve international legal disputes between
States, inter alia when they arise out of the interpretation or application
of international conventions, and not to act as a court of criminal appeal;
39. Whereas, in the light of the aforementioned considerations, the
Court finds that the circumstances require it to indicate, as a matter of
urgency,provisional measures in accordance with Article41 of its Statute;
40. Whereas measures indicated by the Court for a stay of execution
would necessarilybe provisional in nature and would not in any way pre-qu'au stadedu fond; qu'ilen est de mêmedu point de savoir sil'adoption
de tellesmesures est subordonnée à la preuve que l'accuséa subi un pré-
judice lors de son jugement et de sa condamnation;
34. Considérant que la Cour conclut qu'ellea prima facie compétence
en vertu de l'article premier du protocole de signaturefacultative susmen-
tionné pour se prononcer sur le différendentre le Paraguay et les Etats-
Unis :
35. Considérant quele pouvoir d'indiquer des mesures conservatoires
que la Cour tient de l'article41 de son Statut a pour objet de sauvegarder
le droit de chacune des parties en attendant qu'elle rende sa décision,et
présuppose qu'unpréjudiceirréparablene doit pas êtrecauséaux droits
en litige dans une procédurejudiciaire; qu'il s'ensuit que la Cour doit se
préoccuper de sauvegarder par de telles mesures les droits que l'arrêt
qu'elleaura ultérieurement à rendre pourrait éventuellementreconnaître,
soit au demandeur, soit au défendeur; et considérant quede telles me-
sures ne sont justifiéesque s'ily a urgence;
36. Considérant que la Cour n'indiquera pas des mesures conserva-
toires si«un préjudiceirréparable[n'estpas] causé aux droits en litige))
(Essais nucléaires(Australie c. France), mesures conservatoires, ordon-
nance du 22 juin 1973, C.Z.J. Recueil 1973, p. 103; Personnel diploma-
tique et consulaire des Etats-Unis à Téhéran, mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 15 décembre 1979, C.I.J. Recueil 1979, p. 19, par. 36;
Application dela conventionpour la préventionet la répressiondu crime
de génocide,mesures conservatoires,ordonnance du 8 avril 1993, C.I.J.
Recueil 1993,p. 19,par. 34);
37. Considérantque l'ordre d'exécution de M. Breard a été donné pour
le 14avril 1998;et qu'une telle exécutionrendrait impossible l'adoption
de la solution demandéepar le Paraguay et porterait ainsi un préjudice
irréparable aux droits revendiquéspar celui-ci;
38. Considérantque les questions portées devant la Cour en l'espèce
ne concernent pas le droit des Etats fédéréqsui composent les Etats-Unis
de recourir à la peine de mort pour les crimes les plus odieux; et consi-
dérant en outre que la fonction de la Cour est de réglerdes différends
juridiques internationaux entre Etats, notamment lorsqu'ils découlent de
l'interprétation ou de l'applicationde conventionsinternationales, et non
pas d'agir en tant que cour d'appel en matière criminelle;
39. Considérant que, compte tenu des considérations susmentionnées,
la Cour conclut que les circonstances exigent qu'elle indique d'urgence
des mesures conservatoires,conformément à l'article 41 de son Statut;
40. Considérant quedes mesuresindiquéespar la Cour aux finsd'obte-
nir un sursis à l'exécution prévueseraient nécessairement de naturejudge findings the Court might make on the merits; and whereas the
measures indicated would preserve the respective rights of Paraguay and
of the United States; and whereas it is appropriate that the Court, with
the CO-operationof the Parties,ensure that any decision on the merits be
reached with al1possible expedition;
41. For these reasons,
Unanimously ,
1. Indicates the following provisional measures:
The United States should take al1measures at its disposa1 to ensure
that Angel Francisco Breard is not executed pending the final decision in
these proceedings, and should inform the Court of al1the measures which
it hastaken in implementation of this Order;
II. Decides, that, until the Court has given its final decision, it shall
remain seisedof the matters which form the subject-matter of this Order.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this ninth day of April, one thousand nine
hundred and ninety-eight,in three copies, one of which will be placed in
the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government
of the Republic of Paraguay and the Government of the United States of
America, respectively.
(Signed) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY,
Vice-President.
(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.
President SCHWEBE and Judges ODAand KOROMa Append declara-
tions to the Order of the Court.
(Initialled) C.G.W.
(Initialled) E.V.O.conservatoire et ne préjugeraient en rien les conclusions auxquelles la
Cour pourrait aboutir sur le fond; et que de tellesmesures préserveraient
les droits respectifs du Paraguay et des Etats-Unis; et considérant qu'il
convient que la Cour, avec la coopérationdes Parties, fasse en sorte que
toute décisionsur le fond soit rendue avec la plus grande céléritépos-
sible;
41. Par ces motifs,
LACOUR,
àl'unanimité,
1.Indique àtitre provisoire les mesures conservatoires suivantes:
Les Etats-Unis doivent prendre toutes les mesures dont ils disposent
pour que M. Angel Francisco Breard ne soit pas exécutétant quela déci-
sion définitive enla présenteinstance n'aura pas été rendue, et doivent
porter à la connaissance de la Cour toutes les mesures qui auront été
prises en application de la présente ordonnance.
II. Décideque,jusqu'à ce que la Cour rende sa décision définitivee,lle
demeurera saisiedesquestions qui font l'objet dela présenteordonnance.
Fait en anglaiset en français, le texte anglaisfaisant foi, au Palaisde la
Paix, àLa Haye, le neuf avril mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-dix-huit, en trois
exemplaires,dont l'un restera déposéauxarchives de la Cour et lesautres
seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la Républiquedu
Paraguay et au Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amérique.
Le vice-président,
(Signé) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA.
M. SCHWEBEpL r, sident de la Cour, et MM. ODAet KOROMA j,ges
joignent des déclarationsà l'ordonnance.
(Paraphé) C.G.W
(Paraphé) E.V.O.
Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures
Order of 9 April 1998