Judgment of 16 April 2013

Document Number
149-20130416-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

DIFFÉREND FRONTALIER

(BURKINA FASO/NIGER)

ARRÊT DU 16 AVRIL 2013

2013

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

FRONTIER DISPUTE

(BURKINA FASO/NIGER)

JUDGMENT OF 16 APRIL 2013

6 CIJ1042.indb 1 8/04/14 08:34 Mode officiel de citation :
Différend frontalier (Burkina Faso/Niger),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 44

Official citation :

Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 44

o
N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 1042
ISBN 978-92-1-071157-9

6 CIJ1042.indb 2 8/04/14 08:34 16 AVRIL 2013

ARRÊT

DIFFÉREND FRONTALIER

(BURKINA FASO/NIGER)

FRONTIER DISPUTE

(BURKINA FASO/NIGER)

16 APRIL 2013

JUDGMENT

6 CIJ1042.indb 3 8/04/14 08:34 44

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs

Chronology of the Procebdure 1-10

I. Historical and Factuabl Background 11-34

II. The Request concerninbg the Two Sectors Runninbg, in the
North, from the Heights of N’Gouma to the Tong-Tonbg
Astronomic Marker and, bin the South, from the Begin -

ning of the Botou Bend tbo the River Mekrou 35-59
A. The request of Burkina Faso 35-38

B. The position of Niger 39-40
C. Consideration by the Court 41-59

III. The Course of the Sectiobn of the Frontier Remaibning
in Dispute 60-112

A. Applicable law 60-69
B. The course of the frontier 70-112

1. The course of the frontier between the Tong-Tong and

Tao astronomic markers 72-79
2. The course of the frontier between the Tao astronomic
marker and the River Sirba at Bossébangou 80-99

3. The course of the frontier in the area of Bossébangou 100-107
4. The course of the southern part of the frontier 108-112

IV. Nomination of Experts 113

Operative Clause 114

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6 CIJ1042.indb 45 8/04/14 08:34 45

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2013 2013
16 April
General List
16 April 2013 No. 149

FRONTIER DISPUTE

(BURKINA FASO/NIGER)

Historical and factual background.

Arrêté of 31 August 1927 and its Erratum of 5 October 1927 — Agreement and
Protocol of Agreement of 28 March 1987 — Work of the Joint Technical Com ­
mission on Demarcation of the Frontier — Special Agreement — Exchange of let ­
ters on the delimited sectors of the frontier.

*

Request concerning the two demarcated sectors of the frontier.
Power of the Court to ascertain whether final submissions remain within ▯the
limits of a special agreement — Interpretation of points 1 and 3 of the final sub
missions of Burkina Faso — Interpretation of Article 2, point 2, of the Special
Agreement — Request to place on record in the dispositif of the Court’s Judgment

the Parties’ agreement concerning demarcated sectors of the frontier— Absence
of a dispute — Request not compatible with the Court’s judicial function.

*

Course of the section of the frontier remaining in dispute.
Applicable law — Article 6 of the Special Agreement — Article 38, para ­
graph 1, of the Statute — Principle of intangibility of boundaries inherited from
colonization — Agreement of 28 March 1987 — Arrêté as clarified by its Erratum
is the instrument to be applied for delimitation of the boundary— Map of the
Institut géographique national de France (IGN map) — No other document

“accepted by joint agreement of the Parties”.
Course of the frontier between Tong­Tong and Tao astronomic markers —
Location of Tao astronomic marker — Arrêté not sufficient to determine the
course of the frontier — Irrelevance of Vibourié marker — Frontier follows
straight line.

5

6 CIJ1042.indb 47 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 46

Course of the frontier between the Tao astronomic marker and the “Riv▯er Sirba
at Bossébangou” — Meaning of the expression “River Sirba at Bossébangou” —
Reference to straight lines in Arrêté for other sectors — Relevance of the Decree
of 28 December 1926 on the basis of which the Arrêté was issued — Colonial
practice with respect to villages of Bangaré, Petelkolé and Oussal▯tane not rele

vant — Arrêté cannot be interpreted as drawing a straight line in this sector —
Arrêté not sufficient to determine the course of the fronti— Frontier follows
IGN map.
Course of the frontier in the area of Bossébangou and beyond — Frontier
reaches median line of the River Sirba — Frontier then follows the River Sirba —

Arrêté not sufficient to determine point where frontier leaves the River Sirba▯ and
course of frontier beyond that point — Recourse to the IGN map — Say paral ­
lel — Intersection of River Sirba and Say parallel — Meridian passing through
this point.

Course of the southern part of the frontier — No agreement or acquiescence of
the Parties — Clarity of the Arrêté — Frontier follows straight line.

*

Nomination of experts.

JUDGMENT

Present: President Tomka ;Vice­President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges Owada,
Abraham, Keith, Bennouna,b Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade,
Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue, Donboghue, Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhabndari ;
Judges ad hoc Mahiou, Daudet ; Registrar Couvreur.

In the case concerning the frontier dispute,

between

Burkina Faso,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Jérôme Bougouma, Minister for Territorial Administration, Decen -
tralization and Security,
as Agent ;

H.E. Ms Salamata Sawadogo/Tapsoba, Minister of Justice and Keeper of the
Seals,
H.E. Mr. Frédéric Assomption Korsaga, Ambassador of Burkina Faso to the

Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Co-Agents ;

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6 CIJ1042.indb 49 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 47

H.E. Mr. Alain Edouard Traoré, Minister of Communication, Government
Spokesman,
as Special Adviser ;

Ms Joséphine Kouara Apiou/Kaboré, Director-General of Territorial Admin -
istration,

Mr. Claude Obin Tapsoba, Director-General of the Geographical Institute of
Burkina,
Mr. Benoît Kambou, Professor at the University of Ouagadougou,
Mr. Pierre Claver Hien, Historian, Researcher at the National Science anbd
Technology Research Centre,

as Deputy-Agents ;

Mr. Mathias Forteau, Professor at the University of Paris Ouest, Nanterrbe-La
Défense, Member of the International Law Commission,
Mr. Alain Pellet, Professor at the University of Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La
Défense, former Chairman of the International Law Commission, associ -
ate member of the Institut de droit international,

Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin, Professor at the University of Paris Ouest, Nan -
terre-La Défense, Director of the Centre de droit international de Nanterreb
(CEDIN), member of the Paris Bar (Cabinet Sygna partners),

as Counsel and Advocates ;
Mr. Halidou Nagabila, Surveying Engineer,
Mr. André Bassolé, Geomatics Expert,

Mr. Dramane Ernest Diarra, Civil Administrator,
Maître Benoît Sawadogo, Avocat à la Cour,
Maître Héloïse Bajer-Pellet, member of the Paris Bar,
Mr. Romain Pieri, International Law Researcher,

Mr. Ludovic Legrand, Researcher at the Centre de droit international de b
Nanterre (CEDIN), Lawyer (Cabinet Sygna partners),
Mr. Simplice Honoré Guibila, Director-General of Legal and Consular
Affairs,
Mr. Daniel Bicaba, Minister-Counsellor, Embassy of Burkina Faso in Brussels,

as Advisers,

and

the Republic of Niger,

represented by
H.E. Mr. Mohamed Bazoum, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Co-oper -
ation, African Integration and Nigeriens Abroad, Chairman of the Sup -

port Committee to Counsel for Niger,
as Head of Delegation and Agent ;

H.E. Mr. Abdou Labo, Minister of State for the Interior, Public Security,
Decentralization and Religious Affairs,

as Co-Agent ;
H.E. Mr. Karidio Mahamadou, Minister of National Defence,
H.E. Mr. Marou Amadou, Minister of Justice, Keeper of the Seals, Govern -

ment Spokesman,
as Deputy Co-Agents ;

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Mr. Sadé Elhadji Mahaman, Curator of Archives and Libraries, Co-ordinator
of the Permanent Secretariat of the Support Committee to Counsel for Niger,

as Deputy Agent ;
Mr. Jean Salmon, Professor emeritus of the Université libre de Bruxelbles,
member of the Institut du droit international, Member of the Permanent

Court of Arbitration,
as Lead Counsel ;

Mr. Maurice Kamto, Professor agrégé of Public Law, member of the Pbaris
Bar, former Dean of the Faculty of Law and Political Science at the Uni -
versity of Yaoundé II, Member and former Chairman of the Internationabl

Law Commission, associate member of the Institut de droit international,b
Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration,
Mr. Pierre Klein, Professor of Law at the Université libre de Bruxelles,
Deputy-Director of the Centre of International Law,

Mr. Amadou Tankoano, Professor of International Law, former Dean of the b
Faculty of Economic and Legal Science, Lecturer and Researcher at Abdou b
Moumouni University in Niamey,

as Counsel ;
Ms Martyna Falkowska, Researcher at the Centre of International Law, Uni -

versité libre de Bruxelles,
as Assistant ;

General Maïga Mamadou Youssoufa, Governor of the Region of Tillabébri,
Mr. Amadou Tcheko, Director-General of Legal and Consular Affairs at the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Co-operation, African Integration and Nige -

riens Abroad, Deputy Co-ordinator of the Support Committee to Counsel
for Niger,
Col. (retired) Mahamane Koraou, Permanent Secretary to the National
Boundaries Commission, member of the Support Committee to Counsel
for Niger,

Mr. Mahamane Laminou Amadou Maouli, Magistrat, Rapporteur of the
Support Committee to Counsel for Niger,
Mr. Hassimi Adamou, Chief Surveyor, Director-General of the National
Geographical Institute of Niger (NGIN), member of the Support Commit -

tee to Counsel for Niger,
Mr. Hamadou Mounkaila, Chief Surveyor at the National Boundaries Com -
mission, member of the Support Committee to Counsel for Niger,

Mr. Mahamane Laminou, Chief Surveyor, Expert at the National Geograph-
ical Institute of Niger (NGIN), member of the Support Committee to
Counsel for Niger,
Mr. Soumaye Poutia, Magistrat, member of the Support Committee to Coun -

sel for Niger,
Mr. Idrissa Yansambou, Director of the National Archives of Niger, membebr
of the Support Committee to Counsel for Niger,
Mr. Belko Garba, Surveyor, member of the Support Committee to Counsel

for Niger,
General Yayé Garba, Ministry of National Defence, member of the Suppobrt
Committee to Counsel for Niger,

8

6 CIJ1042.indb 53 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 49

Mr. Seydou Adamou, Technical Adviser to the Minister of State for Foreigbn
Affairs, Co-operation, African Integration and Nigeriens Abroad,

Mr. Abdou Abarry, Director-General of Bilateral Relations, Ministry of For-

eign Affairs, Co-operation, African Integration and Nigeriens Abroad,

Col. Harouna Djibo Hamani, Director of Military Co-operation and
Peace-Keeping Operations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Co-operation,
African Integration and Nigeriens Abroad,

as Experts ;

Mr. Ado Elhadji Abou, Minister-Counsellor, Embassy of Niger in Brussels,
Mr. Chitou Boubacar, Protocol Officer, Embassy of Niger in Brussels,
Mr. Salissou Mahamane, Accountant of the Support Committee to Counsel
for Niger,
Mr. Abdoussalam Nouri, Principal Secretary, Permanent Secretariat of theb

Support Committee to Counsel for Niger,
Ms Haoua Ibrahim, Secretary, Permanent Secretariat of the Support Com -
mittee to Counsel for Niger,

as Support Staff,

The Court,

composed as above,

after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment :

1. By a joint letter of notification dated 12 May 2010 and filed in the Registry
of the Court on 20 July 2010, Burkina Faso and the Republic of Niger (herein -

after “Niger”) transmitted to the Registrar a Special Agreement bbetween the
two States which was signed at Niamey on 24 February 2009 and entered into
force on 20 November 2009, whereby the Governments of the two States agreed
to submit to the Court the frontier dispute between them over a section bof their

common boundary. Attached to this letter were the Protocol of Exchange obf the
Instruments of Ratification of the Special Agreement and an exchange obf Notes
placing on record the agreement (“entente”) between the two States on the
delimited sectors of the frontier, dated 29 October and 2 November 2009.
2. The text of the Special Agreement reads as follows :

“The Government of Burkina Faso and the Government of the Republic
of Niger, hereinafter referred to as the ‘Parties’ ;

Whereas, by agreements signed at Niamey on 23 June 1964 and at Oua -
gadougou on 28 March 1987, the two Governments agreed to mark out
their common boundary and to that end created a Joint Technical Commis -
sion on Demarcation ;

Whereas Articles 1 and 2 of the Agreement of 28 March 1987 provide as
follows :

‘Article 1

The frontier between the two States shall run from the heights of
N’Gouma, situated to the north of the Kabia ford, to the intersectionb of

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6 CIJ1042.indb 55 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 50

the former boundary of the cercles of Fada and Say with the course of
the Mekrou, as described in the Arrêté [order] of 31 August 1927, as
clarified by the Erratum of 5 October 1927.

Article 2

The frontier shall be demarcated by boundary markers following the
course described by Arrêté 2336 of 31 August 1927, as clarified by Erra -
tum 2602/APA of 5 October 1927. Should the Arrêté and Erratum not
suffice, the course shall be that shown on the 1:200,000-scale map of the
Institut géographique national de France, 1960 edition, and/or any otbher

relevant document accepted by joint agreement of the Parties’ ;

Whereas thanks to the work of the Joint Technical Commission
on Demarcation established pursuant to these provisions, the Parties have
been able to reach agreement in respect of the following sectors of the bfron -
tier :

(a) from the heights of N’Gouma to the astronomic marker of Tong-Tong;
(b) from the beginning of the Botou bend to the River Mekrou ;

Whereas the two Parties accept the results of the work carried out in those
sectors as definitive ;

Desirous of resolving this dispute once and for all in the spirit of fraternity b
between brotherly peoples and neighbourliness characterising their relations

and in compliance with the principle of the intangibility of frontiers ibnher-
ited from colonization ;
Thus applying Article 8 of the Agreement of 28 March 1987 referred to

above ;
Have agreed as follows :

Article 1
Referral to the International Court of Justice

1. The Parties submit the dispute defined in Article 2 below to the Inter -
national Court of Justice.
2. Each of the Parties will exercise the right conferred upon it by Arti -
cle 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute of the Court to choose a judge ad
hoc.

Article 2

Subject of the Dispute

The Court is requested to :

1. determine the course of the boundary between the two countries in the
sector from the astronomic marker of Tong-Tong (latitude 14° 25´ 04˝ ;N
longitude 00° 12´ 47˝ E) to the beginning of the Botou bend (lati -
tude 12° 36´ 18˝ N ; longitude 01° 52´ 07˝ E) ;
2. place on record the Parties’ agreement [“leur entente”] on the results

of the work of the Joint Technical Commission on Demarcation
of the Burkina Faso-Niger boundary with regard to the following sec -
tors :

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(a)the sector from the heights of N’Gouma to the astronomic marker
of Tong-Tong ;
(b)the sector from the beginning of the Botou bend to the River
Mekrou.

Article 3

Written Proceedings

1. Without prejudice to any question as to the burden of proof, the Partiesb
request the Court to authorize the following procedure for the written

pleadings :

(a)a Memorial filed by each Party not later than nine (9) months after
the seising of the Court ;
(b)a Counter-Memorial filed by each Party not later than nine
(9) months after exchange of the Memorials ;
(c) any other written pleading whose filing, at the request of either

of the Parties, shall have been authorized or directed by the Court.

2. Pleadings submitted to the Registrar of the Court shall not be trans -
mitted to the other Party until the Registrar has received the corre -
sponding pleading from that Party.

Article 4

Oral Proceedings

The Parties shall agree, with approval from the Court, on the order in
which they are to be heard during the oral proceedings ; if the Parties fail
to agree, the order shall be prescribed by the Court.

Article 5

Language of the Proceedings

The Parties agree that their written pleadings and their oral argument
shall be presented in the French language.

Article 6

Applicable Law

The rules and principles of international law applicable to the dispute b
are those referred to in Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the
International Court of Justice, including : the principle of the intangibility
of boundaries inherited from colonization and the Agreement of

28 March 1987.
Article 7

Judgment of the Court

1. The Parties accept the Judgment of the Court given pursuant to this
Special Agreement as final and binding upon them.

2. From the day on which the Judgment is rendered, the Parties shall have
eighteen (18) months in which to commence the work of demarcating
the boundary.

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3. In case of difficulty in the implementation of the Judgment, either Parbty
may seise the Court pursuant to Article 60 of its Statute.
4. The Parties request the Court to nominate, in its Judgment, three
(3) experts to assist them as necessary in the demarcation.

Article 8

Entry into Force

The present Special Agreement is subject to ratification. It shall entber into
force on the date on which the last notice of ratification is receivedb.
The Parties nevertheless agree to apply Article 10 of this Special Agree -
ment as from the date of signing.

Article 9

Registration and Notification

1. The present Special Agreement shall be registered with the Secretariat
of the United Nations pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the
United Nations by the more diligent party.
2. In accordance with Article 40 of the Statute of the Court, this Special

Agreement shall be notified to the Registrar of the Court by a joint
letter from the Parties.
3. If such notification is not effected in accordance with the precedinbg
paragraph within one month from the entry into force of the present
Special Agreement, it shall be notified to the Registrar of the Court bby

the more diligent Party.
Article 10

Special Undertaking

Pending the Judgment of the Court, the Parties undertake to maintain
peace, security and tranquillity among the populations of the two Statesb in
the frontier region, refraining from any act of incursion into the dispubted
areas and organizing regular meetings of administrative officials and tbhe

security services.
With regard to the creation of socio-economic infrastructure, the Parties
undertake to hold preliminary consultations prior to implementation.

In witness whereof, the present Special Agreement, drawn up in two orig -
inal copies, has been signed by the plenipotentiaries.

Done at Niamey, 24 February 2009.”

3. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 3, of the Statute of the Court
and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, the Registrar transmitted copies of the
joint letter of notification, the Special Agreement, the Protocol of Ebxchange of
the Instruments of Ratification and the exchange of Notes placing on rbecord the

agreement (“entente”) between the two States on the delimited sectors of the
frontier, dated 29 October and 2 November 2009, to the Secretary-General of
the United Nations, the Members of the United Nations and other States enti -
tled to appear before the Court.
4. By letter of 24 September 2010, the Agent of Burkina Faso notified the

Court that his Government had chosen Mr. Jean-Pierre Cot to sit as judge
ad hoc in the case. By letter of 4 August 2010, the Agent of Niger notified the
Court that his Government had chosen Mr. Ahmed Mahiou to sit as judge

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ad hoc in the case. Following the resignation of Mr. Cot, the Agent of
Burkina Faso notified the Court by letter of 25 April 2012 that its Government
had chosen Mr. Yves Daudet.
5. By Order of 14 September 2010, the Court fixed 20 April 2011 as the

time-limit for the filing of a Memorial by each Party and 20 January 2012 as the
time-limit for the filing of a Counter-Memorial by each Party. The Memorials
and Counter-Memorials were duly filed within the time-limits thus fixed. The
Parties then informed the Court that they did not consider it necessary bto sub -
mit additional written pleadings, but that they wished to reserve the ribght to

produce further documents if required, under Article 56 of the Rules of Court.
No request for the production of such documents has been received by theb
Court.

6. In accordance with Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the

Court, after ascertaining the views of the Parties, decided that copies bof the
pleadings and documents annexed should be made accessible to the public on
the opening of the oral proceedings.
7. Hearings were held from Monday 8 to Wednesday 17 October 2012, dur -
ing which the Court heard the oral arguments and replies of :

For Burkina Faso : H.E. Mr. Jérôme Bougouma,
Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin,

Mr. Claude Obin Tapsoba,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Mathias Forteau.

For Niger : H.E. Mr. Mohamed Bazoum,
Mr. Amadou Tankoano,
Mr. Jean Salmon,
Mr. Maurice Kamto,
Mr. Pierre Klein.

8. At the hearings, Members of the Court put questions to the Parties, to
which replies were given orally and in writing, in accordance with Articble 61,
paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court. As provided for in Article 72 of the Rules

of Court, each Party presented written observations on the replies receibved from
the other.

*

9. In the written proceedings, the following submissions were presented by b
the Parties :

On behalf of the Government of Burkina Faso,

in the Memorial :

“5.1. In view of all the above considerations, Burkina Faso requests bthe
Court to adjudge and declare that the frontier between Burkina Faso and
the Republic of Niger follows the course described hereafter :

1. from the heights of N’Gouma to the Tong-Tong astronomic marker,
the frontier takes the following course : a series of straight lines con
1
necting the following points in turn : Mount N’Gouma
(Lat. 14° 54´ 46.0˝ N ; Long. 00° 14´ 36.4˝ E), Kabia ford

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(Lat. 14° 53´ 09.8˝ N ; Long. 00° 13´ 06.3˝ E), Mount Arwaskoye

(Lat. 14° 50´ 44.7˝ N ; Long. 00° 10´ 35.8˝ E), Mount Bellé Banguia
(Lat. 14° 45´ 05.2˝ N ; Long. 00° 14´ 09.6˝ E), Takabougou
(Lat. 14° 37´ 54.5˝ N ; Long. 00° 10´ 16.1˝ E), Mount Douma Fendé
(Lat. 14° 32´ 00.6˝ N; Long. 00° 09´ 42.1˝ E) and the Tong-Tong astro-

nomic marker (Lat. 14° 24´ 53.2˝ N ; Long. 00° 12´ 51.7˝ E) ;

1The co-ordinates which follow are those adopted in the record of the work
of the Joint Survey Mission of the erected markers, 3 July 2009, Ann. MBF 101.
The co-ordinates were measured by GPS.

2. from the Tong-Tong astronomic marker to the beginning of the Botou
bend, the frontier takes the following course :

— a straight line as far as the Tao astronomic marker (Lat. 14° 03´ 04.;˝ N
Long. 00° 22´ 51.8˝ E)2;

2
The co-ordinates of this point were measured by GPS by Burkina. The
co-ordinates of this marker on the Clarke 1880 ellipsoid are : Lat. 14° 03´ 13˝ N ;
Long. 00° 22´ 53˝ E.

— from that point, a straight line up to the point where the frontier reacbhes
the River Sirba at Bossébangou (Lat. 13° 21´ 06.5˝ N ; Long. 01°
17´ 11.0˝ E)3;

3The co-ordinates of this point, and the following ones, are given on the

Clarke 1880 ellipsoid.

— from that point, the frontier follows the right bank of the River Sirba,b
from east to west, up to the point on the right bank with the co-

ordinates: Lat. 13° 19´ 53.5˝ N ; Long. 01° 07´ 20.4˝ E ;
— from that point, the frontier follows the line on the 1:200,000-scale map
of the Institut géographique national de France, 1960 edition, as farb as
the point with the co-ordinates : Lat. 13° 22´ 30.0˝ N ; Long.

00° 59´ 40.0˝ E ;
— from that point, the frontier runs south in a straight line, ending at tbhe
intersection of the right bank of the River Sirba with the Say parallel b
(Lat. 13° 06´ 10.7˝ N ; Long. 00° 59´ 40.0˝ E) ;

— from that point, the frontier runs in a straight line up to the beginninbg
of the Botou bend (Tyenkilibi) (Lat. 12° 36´ 19.2˝ N ; Long.
01° 52´ 06.9˝ E).

4The co-ordinates of this point, and the following ones, are those adopted in

the record of the work of the Joint Survey Mission of the markers erected,
3 July 2009, Ann. MBF 101. The co-ordinates were measured by GPS
(WGS84 ellipsoid).

3. from the beginning of the Botou bend as far as the River Mekrou, the

frontier takes the following course :

— a series of straight lines connecting the following points in turn : Jackal
Mountain (Lat. 12° 41 33.1˝ N ; Long. 01° 55´ 43.9˝ E), Laguil
(Lat. 12° 41´ 31.9˝ N ; Long. 01° 57´ 01.3˝ E) and Nonbokoli
(Lat. 12° 44´ 12.9˝ N ; Long. 01° 58´ 47.0˝ E) ;

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6 CIJ1042.indb 65 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 55

— from the latter point, the frontier follows the median line of the Dan -
tiabonga marigot, passes to the south of Dantiandou and then follows
the line of the Yoga Djoaga hills as far as the confluence of the Dyambon
gou and Dantiabonga rivers (Lat. 12° 43´ 15.1˝; Long. 02° 05´ 14.9˝ E);

— from that point, the frontier follows the median line of the River
Dyamongou as far as the confluence of the Dyamongou marigot and
the Boulel Fouanou (Lat. 12° 43´ 44.0˝ N ; Long. 02° 06´ 23.9˝ E ;
— from that point, the frontier runs in a series of straight lines connectbing the

following points in t: Boulel (Lat.12°42´15.1˝N; Long. 02°06´53.3˝E),
Boulel East (Teylinga) (Lat. 12° 41´ 09.; Long. 02° 09´ 43.2˝ E), Dyap
ionga North (Lat. 12° 39´ 42.3˝ N ; Long. 02° 09´ 37.3˝ E), Dyapionga
South (Lat. 12° 38´ 55.4˝ N ; Long. 02° 09´ 08.1˝ E), Kanleyenou
(Lat. 12° 37´ 21.7˝ N; Long. 02° 11´ 57.1˝ E), Niobo Farou (Caiman Pool)

(Lat. 12° 35´ 19.6˝ N; Long. 02° 13´ 23.9˝ E), the eastern crests of Mount
Tambouadyoaga (Lat. 12° 31´ 19.7˝ N; Long. 02° 13´ 48.0˝ E), Banindy
ididouana (Lat.12°27´52.7˝N; Long.02°16´27.2˝E) and the confluence
of the Banindyidi Fouanou and Tapoa Rivers (Lat. 12° 25´ 30.5˝ N ;

Long. 02° 16´ 40.6˝ E);
— from the latter of those points, the frontier follows the median line ofb
the River Tapoa as far as the point where it intersects with the former b
boundary of the Fada and Say cercles 5(Lat. 12° 21´ 04.88˝ N ;
Long. 02° 04´ 12.77˝ E) ;

5 The co-ordinates of the following points are those adopted in the record of
the meeting to ascertain the co-ordinates of the unmarked points in Sector B,
15 October 2009, Ann. MBF 105. They were derived from the IGN France

1:200,000-scale map (Clarke 1880).

— from the latter point, the frontier runs in a straight line, correspondibng
to the former boundary of the Fada and Say cercles, up to the point
where it intersects with the River Mekrou (Lat. 11° 54´ 07.83˝ N ;

Long. 02° 24´ 15.25˝ E).

5.2. Pursuant to Article 7, paragraph 4, of the Special Agreement, Bur
kina Faso further requests the Court, in its Judgment, to nominate threeb
experts to assist the Parties as necessary for the purposes of demarcatibon.”

in the Counter-Memorial :

“5.1. In view of all the considerations contained in its Memorial andb in
the present Counter-Memorial, Burkina Faso stands by the submissions set
forth in paragraphs 5.1 and 5.2 of its Memorial in their entirety and requests

the Court to find in its favour and to reject any contrary submissionsb from
the Republic of Niger.”

On behalf of the Government of Niger,
in the Memorial :

“The Republic of Niger requests the Court to adjudge and declare that

the frontier between the Republic of Niger and Burkina Faso in the Tébra
sector takes the following course :

— starting from the Tong-Tong astronomic marker (co-ordinates :
14° 25´ 04˝ N, 00° 12´ 47˝ E) ;

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6 CIJ1042.indb 67 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 56

— from that point : a straight line as far as the Vibourié marker (co-ordi -
nates: 14° 21´ 44˝ N, 00° 16´ 25˝ E) ;
— from that point : a straight line as far as the Tao astronomic marker
(co-ordinates: 14° 03´ 02.2˝ N, 00° 22´ 52.1˝ E) ;

— from that point the frontier follows the 1960 IGN line (Téra sheet) as
far as the point having co-ordinates 14° 01´ 55˝ N, 00° 24´ 11˝ E ;
— from that point, it runs in a straight line to the frontier point on the
new Téra-Dori road (co-ordinates : 14° 00´ 04.2˝ N, 00° 24´ 16.3˝ E) ;
— it then meets a river arm at the point with co-ordinates 13° 59´ 03˝ N,

00° 25´ 12˝ E. The frontier then passes through a frontier point called
Baobab (13° 58´ 38.9˝ N, 00° 26´ 03.5˝ E), then follows the IGN line,
leaving Tindiki (13° 57´ 15.4˝ N, 00° 26´ 23.6˝ E) to Niger, as far as the
break in the line of crosses north of Ihouchaltane (Oulsalta) on the
1960 IGN map (Sebba sheet), at the point with co-ordinates

13° 55´ 54˝ N, 00° 28´ 21˝ E ;
— from this point the frontier follows the loop formed by the river to theb
west as far as the point having co-ordinates 13° 55´ 32˝ N, 00° 27´ 07˝ E,
and passes through a point situated on the Sidibébé-Kalsatouma road
having co-ordinates 13° 52´ 32.8˝ N, 00° 28´ 13.5˝ E. From that point,

it rejoins the IGN line at the point having co-ordinates 13° 53´ 24˝ N,
00° 29´ 58˝ E, which it follows as far as the break in the line of crosses
at the point having co-ordinates 13° 52´ 04˝ N, 00° 31´ 00˝ E ;
— the frontier then turns to the south again as far as the point having
co-ordinates 13° 48´ 55˝ N, 00° 30´ 23˝ E situated on the arm of the

river to the west of Komanti, passes through a point south-west of Ouro
Toupé (Kamanti) with co-ordinates 13° 46´ 31˝ N, 00° 30´ 27˝ E, then
to the north of Ouro Sabou to a point on the arm of the tributary of
the Tyekol Dyongoytol whose co-ordinates are 13° 46´ 18˝ N,
00° 32´ 47˝ E. The frontier then follows this tributary until its conflu -

ence with the Tyekol Dyongoytol at the point having co-ordinates
13° 46´ 51˝ N, 00° 35´ 53˝ E. From there it follows the 1960 IGN line
until it reaches the level of Bangaré (Niger) on the River Folko atb the
point having co-ordinates 13° 46´ 22.5˝ N, 00° 37´ 25.9˝ E ;
— from that point the frontier follows the IGN line, following the water -

courses where there are no crosses, passing between Kolangoldagabé
(Burkina Faso) (co-ordinates 13° 43´ 52.3˝ N, 00° 36´ 14.5˝ E) and
Lolnando (Niger) (co-ordinates 13° 43´ 50.3˝ N, 00° 36´ 49.0˝ E). The
line leaves the hamlet known as Kolnangol Nore Ole to Niger, Gourel
Manma to Burkina Faso and Pate Bolga to Niger ;

— the frontier then follows the 1960 IGN line (Sebba sheet) as far as the
point with co-ordinates 13° 37´ 20˝ N, 00° 50´ 47˝ E and then to the
point with co-ordinates 13° 34´ 47˝ N, 00° 58´ 20˝ E, leaving to Burkina
Faso the current site of Hérou Bouléba and to Niger that of Hérbou
Boularé ;

— from there it follows the IGN line, connecting the gaps betwe-n con
tinuous sections with straight lines, as far as the tripoint of the formber
boundaries of the cercles of Say, Tillabéry and Dori (co-ordinates
13° 29´ 08˝ N, 01° 01´ 00˝ E) ;

— from that point, the frontier runs in a straight line as far as the poinbt
having co-ordinates 13° 04´ 52˝ N, 00° 55´ 47˝ E, then from that point
a straight line passing through a point situated 4 km to the south-west
of Dogona with co-ordinates 13° 01´ 44˝ N, 01° 00´ 25˝ E, as far as the

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6 CIJ1042.indb 69 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 57

frontier marker with co-ordinates 12° 37´ 55.7˝ N, 01° 34´ 40.7˝ E, and
finally from there to the point fixed by agreement between the Partibes,
the co-ordinates of which are the following: 12° 36´ 18˝ N, 01° 52´ 07˝ E.”

in the Counter-Memorial :

“The Republic of Niger requests the Court to adjudge and declare that
the frontier between the Republic of Niger and Burkina Faso takes the
following course :

In the Téra sector :

— starting from the Tong-Tong astronomic marker (co-ordinates :
14° 25´ 04˝ N, 00° 12´ 47˝ E) ;
— from that point : a straight line as far as the Vibourié marker (co-ordi

nates: 14° 21´ 44˝ N, 00° 16´ 25˝ E) ;
— from that point : a straight line as far as the Tao astronomic marker
(co-ordinates: 14° 03´ 02.2˝ N, 00° 22´ 52.1˝ E) ;
— from that point the frontier follows the 1960 IGN line (Téra sheet) as
far as the point having co-ordinates 14° 01´ 55˝ N, 00° 24´ 11˝ E ;

— from that point, it runs in a straight line to the frontier point on the
new Téra-Dori road (co-ordinates: 14° 00´ 04.2˝ N, 00° 24´ 16.3˝ E) (to
the west of Petelkolé) ;
— from that point, it runs in a straight line to the point with co-ordinates
13° 59´ 03˝ N, 00° 25´ 12˝ E ; and reaches the IGN line (at the point

with co-ordinates 13° 58´ 38.9˝ N, 00° 26´ 03.5˝ E), which it follows as
far as the break in the line of crosses north of Ihouchaltane (Oulsaltab
on the 1960 IGN map, Sebba sheet), at the point with co-ordinates
13° 55´ 54˝ N, 00° 28´ 21˝ E ;
— from this point the frontier skirts Ihouchaltane (Oulsalta), passing

through the points with co-ordinates 13° 54´ 42˝ N, 00° 26´ 53.3˝ E, then
13° 53´ 30˝ N, 00° 28´ 07˝ E ;
— from that point, it rejoins the IGN line (at the point having co-ordinates
13° 53´ 24˝ N, 00° 29´ 58˝ E), which it follows as far as the tripoint of
the former boundaries of the cercles of Say, Tillabéry and Dori (co-or
dinates 13° 29´ 08˝ N, 01° 01´ 00˝ E).

Where there are gaps in the course of the IGN line, these will be fillbed by

straight lines or, where there is a watercourse, by following its bed.

In the Say sector :
— starting from the tripoint of the former boundaries of the cercles of

Say, Tillabéry and Dori (co-ordinates 13° 29´ 08˝ N, 01° 01´ 00˝ E), the
frontier runs in a straight line as far as the point having co-ordinates
13° 04´ 52˝ N, 00° 55´ 47˝ E (where it cuts the River Sirba at the level
of the Say parallel), then from that point a straight line passing throbugh
a point situated 4 km to the south-west of Dogona with co-ordinates

13° 01´ 44˝ N, 01° 00´ 25˝ E, as far as the frontier marker with co-or
dinates 12° 37´ 55.7˝ N, 01° 34´ 40.7˝ E, and finally from there to the
point fixed by agreement between the Parties, the co-ordinates of which
are the following : 12° 36´ 18˝ N, 01° 52´ 07˝ E.”

10. At the oral proceedings, the following final submissions were presentebd
by the Parties :

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6 CIJ1042.indb 71 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 58

On behalf of the Government of Burkina Faso,
At the hearing of 15 October 2012 :

The submissions read at the hearing were identical to those presented byb
Burkina Faso in its written pleadings.

On behalf of the Government of Niger,
At the hearing of 17 October 2012 :

The submissions read at the hearing were identical to those presented byb
Niger in its Counter-Memorial, with the exception of the following paragraph
which was added :

“In accordance with Article 7, paragraph 4, of the Special Agreement,
Niger also requests the Court to nominate, in its Judgment, three expertbs
to assist our two countries as necessary in the demarcation of the commobn
frontier.”

* * *

I. Historical and Factuabl Background

11. The Court will begin with a brief description of the historical and

factual background to the present case.
12. The frontier dispute between the Parties is set within a historical
context marked by the accession to independence of the countries that
were formerly part of French West Africa. From the beginning of the

century up to the entry into force of the French Constitution of 27 Octo -
ber 1946, the territorial administration of French West Africa was cen -
tralized. It was headed by a governor-general and divided into colonies,
whose creation or abolition fell within the executive power of the Frencbh

Republic. Each of these colonies was headed by a “colonial governor”
with the title of “lieutenant-governor”. The colonies were themselves
made up of basic units called cercles which were administered by com ­
mandants de cercle ; the creation and abolition of the cercles were the sole
prerogative of the governor-general, who decided their overall extent.

Each cercle in turn was composed of subdivisions, administered by chefs
de subdivision. Finally, the subdivisions comprised cantons, which grouped
together a number of villages. The creation and abolition of subdivisions
and cantons within any particular cercle came within the jurisdiction

of the lieutenant-governor of the colony of which the cercle formed part
(see Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 569, para. 31).

13. By a Decree dated 18 October 1904, the purpose of which was to
reorganize the administration of French West Africa, the President of thbe
French Republic established the Colony of Haut-Sénégal et Niger. This
newly created colony was composed of cercles, which were under civil

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6 CIJ1042.indb 73 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 59

administration, as well as an area under military administration called the
“Military Territory of Niger”.
14. By an Arrêté of the Governor-General of French West Africa
dated 21 June 1909, Dori cercle, part of the Military Territory of Niger,
was incorporated into the Civil Territory of Haut-Sénégal et Niger. By an

Arrêté 1f 22 June 1910, the region of Timbuktu and parts of Gao, Till -
abéry and Djerma cercles which also belonged to the Military Territory
of Niger were incorporated into the Civil Territory of Haut-Sénégal et
Niger to form the cercles of Timbuktu (sedentary and nomadic popula -
tions), Gourma and Say. The cantons of Tillabéry situated on the right

bank of the River Niger were also incorporated into Dori cercle.

15. On 7 September 1911, the President of the French Republic issued
a further Decree which separated the Military Territory of Niger from thbe

Colony of Haut-Sénégal et Niger and established it as a separate admin -
istrative subdivision under the authority of the Governor-General of
French West Africa.
16. By virtue of a Decree of the President of the French Republic dated
1 March 1919, the cercles of Gaoua, Bobo-Dioulasso, Dédougou, Ouaga -

dougou, Dori, Say and Fada N’Gourma, which had until then been part
of Haut-Sénégal et Niger, were established as a separate colony with the
name of Upper Volta.
17. By a Decree of the President of the French Republic dated

4 December 1920, the Military Territory of Niger was turned into the
Territory of Niger, with effect from 1 January 1921. It was then made an
autonomous colony by Decree of 13 October 1922.
18. By a Decree of the President of the French Republic dated
28 December 1926, certain territories belonging to the Colony of Upper

Volta, namely “Say cercle, with the exception of Gourmantché Botou
canton”, and “[t]he cantons of Dori cercle which were formerly part of the
Military Territory of Niger in the Téra and Yatacala regions, and [whbich]
were detached from it by the Arrêté of the Governor-General of 22 June
1910” (see paragraph 14 above), were incorporated into the Colony of

Niger. The Decree also provided that an Arrêté of the Governor-General
“shall determine the course of the boundary of the two Colonies in thbis
area”.
19. On 31 August 1927, the Governor-General ad interim of French

West Africa issued an Arrêté intended to “[fix] the boundaries of the Col -
onies of Upper Volta and Niger”. The text of that Arrêté read as follows :

“Article 1
The boundaries of the Colonies of Niger and Upper Volta shall

henceforth be determined as follows :

1
Also referred to by the Parties as Tillabéri.

19

6 CIJ1042.indb 75 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 60

1. Boundaries between the Tillabéry cercle and Upper Volta :

This boundary is determined to the north by the current boun -
dary with Sudan (Gao cercle) as far as the heights of N’Gourma,

and to the west by a line passing through the Kabia ford, Mount
Darouskoy and Mount Balébanguia, west of the ruins of the vil -
lage of Tokébangou, and Mount Doumafondé, which then turns
[‘s’infléchit’] towards the south-east, leaving the ruins of
Tong-Tong to the east and descending in a north-south direction,

cutting the Téra-Dori motor road to the west of the Ossolo Pool,
until it then joins the River Sirba (boundary of Say cercle), near
to and to the south of Boulkalo.

2. Boundaries between the Say cercle and Upper Volta :

The villages of Botou canton are excluded from this boundary.
To the north and to the east, by the current boundary with
Niger (Niamey cercle), from Sorbohaoussa to the mouth of the
River Mekrou.

To the north-west, by the River Sirba from its mouth as far as
the village of Bossébangou. From this point a salient, including
on the left bank of the Sirba the villages of Alfassi, Kouro, Taka -
lan and Tankouro.
To the south-west, a line starting approximately from the Sirba

at the level of the Say parallel and running as far as the Mekrou.
To the south-east, by the Mekrou from that point as far as its
confluence with the Niger.

3. Boundaries of Botou canton :

To the west : the furthest point is marked by the intersection of
the Fada-Say road with the former boundary of the two cercles
and the Tiéguelofonou marigot. That point is located 1,200 m
west of the village of Tchenguiliba.
From that point, the boundary turns back up towards the

north, running in a straight line in a marked SSW-NNE direction.
It passes approximately 2 km west of the village of Berni-Oueli
and terminates in the north approximately 2 km south of the vil -
lage of Vendou Mama at the top of the northernmost spur of the
Héni-Djoari (Gourma) massif or Jackal Mountain.
To the north : the boundary runs in a marked west-east direc -

tion. It passes 1 km south of Mount Tambado Djoaga, follows the
course of the Dantiabonga marigot, passes south of Dantiandou,
follows the line of the Yoga Djoaga hills as far as the confluence of
the Dantiabouga and Diamoungou marigots, and continues along
the latter up to the confluence of the Diamoungou and Boulelfo -

nou marigots approximately 5 km north of the latter village.
To the north-east: the boundary follows the crests of the Djoa -
pienga hills up to the source of the Boulelfonou marigot, runs up

20

6 CIJ1042.indb 77 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 61

the north slope of the Tounga Djoaga massif and terminates at
the point known as Niobo-Farou (Caiman Pool), a sort of broad

basin, which is traversed during the dry season by the track from
Botou to Fombonou.
To the east : the boundary follows the eastern crests of the
Tounga Djoaga massif and runs towards the River Tapoa in a pre-
cise north-south direction. It passes approximately 5km east of the
village of Royori (a relatively dispersed farming village) and reachesb
the Tapoa at a point which it is not possible to define precisely.

To the south-east and to the south : the boundary follows the
course of the Tapoa upstream until it meets the former boundary
of the Fada and Say cercles.
This endpoint cannot be defined, as the southern region of
Botou is completely empty, and virtually unexplored.

Article 2

The Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Volta and Niger are respon -
sible for implementing the present Arrêté, which shall be recorded,
published and publicized in all appropriate quarters.”

20. The Arrêté was the subject of an Erratum dated 5 October 1927,
which stated as follows :

“Article 1 of the Arrêté of 31 August 1927 fixing the boundaries of
the Colonies of Niger and Upper Volta, published in the Official Jour ­
nal of French West Africa No. 1201, of 24 September 1927, page 638,
should read as follows :

Article 1

The boundaries of the Colonies of Niger and Upper Volta are
determined as follows :

A line starting from the heights of N’Gouma, passing through the
Kabia ford (astronomic point), Mount Arounskoye and Mount
Balébanguia, to the west of the ruins of the village of Tokebangou,
Mount Doumafende and the Tong-Tong astronomic marker; this line

then turns [‘s’infléchit’] towards the south-east, cutting the Téra-Dori
motor road at the Tao astronomic marker located to the west of the
Ossolo Pool, and reaching the River Sirba at Bossébangou. It almost
immediately turns back up towards the north-west, leaving to Niger,
on the left bank of that river, a salient which includes the villages ofb
Alfassi, Kouro, Tokalan, and Tankouro ; then, turning back to the

south, it again cuts the Sirba at the level of the Say parallel.
From that point the frontier, following an east-south-east direction,
continues in a straight line up to a point located 1,200 m to the west
of the village of Tchenguiliba.
From that point it turns back up in a straight line that runs in a

marked SSW-NNE direction ; it passes approximately 2 km west of
the village of Birniouoli and, approximately 2 km to the south of the

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6 CIJ1042.indb 79 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 62

village of Vendou Mama, reaches the top of the northernmost spur
of the Heni-Djouri (Gourma) massif or Jackal Mountain.

Running then in a west-east direction, it passes 1 km south of
Mount Tambado Djoaga, follows the course of the Dantiabonga mar ­
igot, passes south of Dantiandou, follows the line of the Yoga Djoaga
hills as far as the confluence of the Dantiabonga and Diamongou

marigots, and runs along the latter as far as the confluence of the
Dialongou and Boulelfonou marigots approximately 5 km north of
the latter village.
From that point, the boundary follows the crests of the Djoapionga
hills as far as the source of the Boulolfonou marigot, runs up the

northern slope of the Tounga and Djoaga massif and terminates at
the point known as Niobo-Farou (Caiman Pool), a sort of broad
basin, which is traversed during the dry season by the track from
Botou to Fombonou.
It is then determined by the eastern crests of the Tounga Djoaga

massif, before running towards the River Tapoa in a precise
north-south direction. It passes approximately 5km east of the village
of Kogori and reaches the Tapoa approximately 4 km south of the
aforementioned village.
It then follows the course of the Tapoa upstream until it meets the

former boundary of the Fada and Say cercles, which it follows as far
as the point where it intersects with the course of the Mekrou.”

21. By a Decree of the President of the French Republic dated 5 Sep -
tember 1932, the Colony of Upper Volta was dissolved and its territory
was divided among Niger, French Sudan and Côte d’Ivoire. Upper Volta
was subsequently reconstituted within its 1932 boundaries by

Law No. 47-1707 of 4 September 1947, which abrogated the Decree of
5 September 1932.
22. In 1958, the Colonies of Upper Volta and Niger became, respec -
tively, the Republic of Upper Volta and the Republic of Niger, members
of the “Community” established by the French Constitution of 1958.

Niger gained independence on 3 August 1960 and Upper Volta on
5 August 1960. On 4 August 1984, Upper Volta took the name Burkina
Faso.
23. Following their independence, the two States concluded the Proto -
col of Agreement of 23 June 1964 concerning the delimitation of their
common frontier. According to that Protocol, it was decided to take as

basic documents for the determination of the frontier the 1927 Arrêté, as
clarified by the Erratum of the same year, and the 1:200,000-scale map
produced by the French Institut géographique national in 1960 (hereibn-
after the “IGN map” or the “1960 map”). The Protocol of Agreement
also established a Joint Commission to demarcate the frontier on the

ground. However, the Joint Commission did not succeed in accomplish -
ing this task.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 81 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 63

24. The negotiation process between the two States over the course of
their common frontier was relaunched in the mid-1980s, resulting in the

conclusion of the Agreement of 28 March 1987 (registered with the
United Nations by Burkina Faso on 7 October 2010 under registration
number I-47964), supplemented by a Protocol of Agreement of the same
date (registered with the United Nations by Burkina Faso on 7 Octo -

ber 2010 under registration number I-47965). According to Article 1 of
the 1987 Protocol of Agreement, the frontier between the two States
“shall run” as described in the Arrêté, as clarified by the Erratum (see
paragraph 64 below). Moreover, according to Article 2, common to both

the Agreement and Protocol of Agreement, that frontier “shall be demabr-
cated” following the course described in the Arrêté, as clarified by the
Erratum. This second provision, relating to demarcation, also added that
“[s]hould the Arrêté and Erratum not suffice, the course shall be that
shown on the [IGN map], and/or any other relevant document accepted

by joint agreement of the Parties”.
25. The 1987 Protocol of Agreement also created a Joint Technical
Commission on Demarcation of the Frontier (hereinafter the “Joint
Technical Commission”) and a Demarcation Fund, and dealt with certaibn

questions concerning the rights of individuals affected by the demarcab -
tion. The Joint Technical Commission began its work in May 1987, and
in March 1988 it set up a field team comprising 42 experts from the two
States to conduct topographical work. The Joint Technical Commission
held a meeting in Niamey in September 1988 to plot on a map the line

resulting from the field surveys carried out by that team of experts. The
Parties disagree as to the results of this meeting. Burkina Faso is of tbhe
view that the report established a “consensual line”, which was labter con-
tested by Niger on the grounds that it was contrary to both the Arrêté

and Erratum. Niger, for its part, maintains that, while the two Parties b
agreed on various proposals for the frontier line in dispute, they neverb
agreed on a “consensual line”. Furthermore, Niger contends that thbe pro -
visional line proposed in 1988 has never been formalized in a binding

legal instrument.

26. At the conclusion of a ministerial consultative and working meet -
ing held in May 1991, the Minister of the Interior of Niger and the Min -

ister for Territorial Administration of Burkina Faso issued a Joint
Communiqué, dated 16 May 1991, which stated that :

“1. From the Tong-Tong astronomic marker to the River Sirba at
Bossébangou, passing through the Tao astronomic marker, the
frontier shall consist of a series of straight lines.
2. From the River Sirba at Bossébangou to the River Mekrou, the

course of the frontier adopted shall be that shown on the [IGN
map].”

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6 CIJ1042.indb 83 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 64

27. At a meeting of the Joint Technical Commission from 2 to
4 November 1994, however, Niger called into question the solution set

forth in the Joint Communiqué on the grounds that it was not consistebnt
with the terms of Articles 1 and 2 of the 1987 Protocol of Agreement.
Burkina Faso contested Niger’s point of view during the same meeting.b
Thereafter, the text of the Joint Communiqué was not submitted to theb
ratification procedure required by Article 7 of the 1987 Agreement.

28. At the fourth ordinary session of the Joint Technical Commission,
in July 2001, it was concluded, inter alia, that :

“1. The frontier was clearly defined from the heights of [Mount]
N’Gouma to the astronomic marker of Tong-Tong, with the
exception of the ruins of Tokébangou, which the frontier passes
to the west. These ruins were not identified in the course of the

survey of the frontier line.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. The frontier was clearly defined from Tchenguiliba to the River

Mékrou, subject to the survey team’s verification of the positiobn
of the village of Kogori.
3. From the Tong-Tong astronomic marker to the River Sirba at
Bossébangou, the phrase ‘this line then turns [‘s’infléchit’] towards
the south-east, cutting the Téra-Dori motor road at the Tao

astronomic marker located to the west of the Ossolo Pool, and
reaching the River Sirba at Bossébangou’ has resulted in two
interpretations :

(a) the frontier is composed of two (2) straight lines :
— from the Tong-Tong astronomic marker to the Tao
astronomic marker ;

— from the Tao astronomic marker to the River Sirba at
Bossébangou.
(b) the frontier consists of a curved line, starting from the

Tong-Tong astronomic marker, passing through the Tao
marker and terminating at the River Sirba at Bossébangou.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. From Bossébangou to Tchenguiliba, the Commission noted prob-

lems of interpretation associated with the failure to identify the
villages referred to in the Erratum and with the identification of
the point at which the frontier again cuts the River Sirba at the
level of the Say parallel. The technical survey team will also visit
the area in order to identify these villages or their 1927 sites. The

villages concerned are Alfassi, Kouro, Tokalan and Tankouro.”
29. The Joint Technical Commission consequently decided to appoint

a field survey team to locate in particular the ruins of the village obf Tok-b
angou and the villages of Kouro, Alfassi, Tokalan, Tankouro and Kogori.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 85 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 65

However, that decision was never implemented, and the differences of
opinion persisted with regard to the course of the frontier between the b

Tong-Tong astronomic marker and a point located 1,200 m to the west of
the village of Tchenguiliba (referred to in the Special Agreement as the
“beginning of the Botou bend”).
30. At a meeting held on 24 February 2009, the Governments of
Burkina Faso and Niger signed the Special Agreement whereby they

agreed to submit the dispute to the Court (see paragraph 1 above).
31. From 23 June to 3 July 2009, experts of the two countries con -
ducted a joint survey mission to record the co-ordinates of the markers
constructed on the Burkina Faso-Niger frontier in the sectors running
from Mount N’Gouma to the Tong-Tong astronomic marker and from
the beginning of the Botou bend to the River Mekrou. The results were

set out in a report signed on 3 July 2009. A second joint mission was car -
ried out in October 2009, in order to ascertain the co-ordinates of the
points which had still to be marked in the two above-mentioned sectors,
namely the point where the course of the Tapoa intersects with the formebr
boundary of Fada and Say cercles, and the point where that boundary

intersects with the course of the Mekrou. The results of this second mis -
sion were set out in a report signed on 15 October 2009.

32. In a letter of 29 October 2009, the Acting Minister for Foreign
Affairs and Regional Co-operation of Burkina Faso proposed to the

Minister for Foreign Affairs and Co-operation of Niger that these two
reports be considered as representing the agreement request between the
two Governments within the meaning of Article 2 of the Special Agree -
ment. The Niger Minister for Foreign Affairs and Co-operation replied in
a letter dated 2 November 2009, in which she confirmed “the agreement
of the Government of Niger to this proposal”, so that the above-men -

tioned letter of 29 October 2009 and her own letter “constitute[d] an
agreement (‘accord’) placing on record the agreement (‘entente’) between
Burkina Faso and the Republic of Niger on the delimited sectors of the
frontier between the two countries”. Niger carried out the internal pbroce-
dure to enable the ratification of the exchange of letters, informed Bburkina

Faso accordingly by a letter of its Minister for Foreign Affairs datedb
13 February 2012 and proposed that the exchange of instruments of rati -
fication take place as soon as possible.
33. As far as the Special Agreement is concerned, the Protocol of
Exchange of the Instruments of its Ratification was signed by represenbta-

tives of the two Governments on 20 November 2009. The Special Agree -
ment itself, which entered into force on the same day, was notified tob the
Court on 20 July 2010. It was accompanied by the above-mentioned
exchange of letters dated 29 October and 2 November 2009, under the
title “Exchange of Notes embodying the agreement of the Parties on thbe
delimited sectors of the frontier” (see paragraph 1 above).

*

25

6 CIJ1042.indb 87 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 66

34. The Parties request the Court to settle the dispute between them
regarding the course of their common frontier between the astronomic

marker of Tong-Tong and the beginning of the Botou bend, on the basis
of Article 2, point 1, of the Special Agreement (see paragraph 2 above)
(see sketch-map No. 1, p. 67). The Court will examine that dispute in
Part III of the present Judgment. Before doing so, it will deal, in Part II
below, with the request submitted to it by Burkina Faso, on the basis ofb

Article 2, point 2, of the Special Agreement, regarding the two sectors of
the frontier which have already been demarcated, lying north of the
Tong-Tong astronomic marker and south of the beginning of the Botou
bend (see sketch-map No. 1).

II. The Request concerninbg the Two Sectors Runninbg,
in the North, from the Hebights of N’Gouma
to the Tong-Tong Astronombic Marker and, in the Sobuth,
from the Beginning of thbe Botou Bend to the Riverb Mekrou

A. The Request of Burkina Faso

35. In points 1 and 3 of its final submissions, Burkina Faso requests
the Court to adjudge and declare that its frontier with Niger follows, ibn
the sector situated between the heights of N’Gouma and the Tong-Tong
astronomic marker, and in the sector situated between the beginning of

the Botou bend and the River Mekrou, a course which consists of lines
linking points whose co-ordinates it provides (see the text of the final sub -
missions of Burkina Faso in paragraph 10 above).
36. In submitting this request, Burkina Faso does not claim that there
still exists, at the present time, a dispute between itself and Niger rebgard-

ing these two sectors of their common frontier. It acknowledges that theb
Joint Technical Commission, created by the 1987 Protocol of Agreement,
reached conclusions in 2001 that were accepted by both Parties concern -
ing the two sectors in question, situated respectively in the northern abnd
southern parts of their common frontier. The co-ordinates of the points b

which Burkina Faso requests the Court to adopt in order to draw the
frontier line in these two sectors correspond to those recorded in 2009 bby
the joint mission appointed by the two States and given the task of con -
ducting surveys based on the work of the Joint Technical Commission
relating to the sectors in question.
37. Burkina Faso nevertheless requests the Court to include in the

operative part of its Judgment the line of the common frontier in the twbo
sectors on which the Parties have agreed, so as to endow this line with bthe
force of res judicata. Hence, according to Burkina Faso, the two Parties
will indisputably be bound in accordance with their agreement (“entente”)
on those two sectors, in the same way that they will be bound with regarbd

to the frontier line which the Court will determine with regard to the sbec -
tor that remains in dispute.

26

6 CIJ1042.indb 89 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 67

Sketch Map 1:
PARTIES’CLAIMS AND LINE DEPICTED ONTHE 1960 IGN MAP

Thissketchmaphasbeenpreparedforillustrativepurposesonly

0º 00’ 0º 30’ 1º 00’ 1º 30’ 2º 00’ 2º 30’ 3º 00’

MALI delimited sectors of the frontier
line claimed by Burkina Faso

line claimed by Niger
15º 00’ line shown on the 1960 IGN map 15º 00’
SB : point where the frontier“reach[es] the
Mount N’Gouma
River Sirba at Bossébangou”
P : point 1,200m west ofTchenguiliba,
marking the beginning of the Botou bend

0 20 40 60 80 100km

14º 30’ scale true at 13º30’ N 14º 30’
Tong-Tong astronomic marker WGS84 Ellipsoid and Datum

Tillabéri

Tao astronomic marker

14º 00’ Téra-Dori Téra 14º 00’
motor road Ri
in 1927 ve
r
NIGER Ni
g e
r

a NIAMEY
13º 30’ rb 13º 30’
Si
SB
Bossébangou
r
ve
i Say
R

13º 00’ 13º 00’

BURKINA

FASO

P
12º 30’ 12º 30’

u
k ro
é
Fada N’Gourma M

12º 00’ 12º 00’

r
e
iv
R

11º 30’ 11º 30’
BENIN

11º 00’

0º 00’ 0º 30’ 1º 00’ 1º 30’ 2º 00’ 2º 30’ 3º 00’

27

6 CIJ1042.indb 91 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 68

38. In order to found the Court’s jurisdiction in respect of the two sec -
tors already demarcated by mutual agreement, Burkina Faso relies on

Article 2, point 2, of the Special Agreement, under the terms of which the
Court is requested to :

“2. place on record the Parties’ agreement [‘leur entente’] on the
results of the work of the Joint Technical Commission on Demar -
cation of the Burkina Faso-Niger boundary with regard to the
following sectors :

(a) the sector from the heights of N’Gouma to the astronomic marker
of Tong-Tong ;
(b) the sector from the beginning of the Botou bend to the River
Mekrou.”

B. The Position of Niger

39. Without expressly asking the Court to reject the request made by

Burkina Faso in points 1 and 3 of its final submissions, Niger does not
join in it.
According to Niger, since there already exists an agreement between
the Parties regarding the two sectors in question, there is no need for bthe
Court to include in the operative part of its Judgment a reference to thbose
sectors. Niger indicates that it accepted the inclusion of Article 2, point 2,

in the Special Agreement for the sake of reaching an agreement that
would allow the Court to be seised, and because of Burkina Faso’s insis -
tence on this point. However, it takes the view that the Court should nobte
the agreement in question in the reasoning of its Judgment and settle thbe
only dispute which remains between the Parties, namely that relating to

the part of the frontier in respect of which the Joint Technical Commis -
sion was unable to conclude its work successfully, and on which the Par -
ties have therefore not been able to reach agreement.
40. Consequently, in its final submissions, Niger only requests the Court
to draw the frontier between the two States in the section running from bthe

Tong-Tong astronomic marker to the point which both Parties have identi -
fied as the “beginning of the Botou bend”. Niger’s final subbmissions thus
correspond, in fact, to Article 2, point 1, of the Special Agreement.

C. Consideration by the Court

41. The Court first recalls that even when it is seised on the basis of a b
special agreement concluded between the two States that appear before itb,
it is always required to rule on the final submissions of the parties bas for -
mulated at the close of the oral proceedings. There is no difference ibn this
respect between cases where the Court is seised by means of a unilateralb
application and those where it is seised by a special agreement.

42. However, in cases where the special agreement forms the only basis
of jurisdiction, it goes without saying that any request made by a partyb in

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6 CIJ1042.indb 93 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 69

its final submissions can fall within the jurisdiction of the Court only if it
remains within the limits defined by the provisions of the special agrbee -

ment, a matter which is for the Court to ascertain.
43. In this respect, the Court observes that the request contained in
points 1 and 3 of the final submissions of Burkina Faso does not exactly
correspond to the terms of the Special Agreement. Indeed, Burkina Faso
does not request the Court to “place on record the Parties’ agreembent”

(“leur entente”) regarding the delimitation of the frontier in the two sec -
tors concerned, but rather to delimit itself the frontier according to ab line
that corresponds to the conclusions of the Joint Technical Commission
upon which the two Parties have agreed. Although the final outcome is b
equivalent in substance as regards the line itself, Burkina Faso’s rebquest is
not the same in nature as that contained in Article 2, point 2, of the Spe -

cial Agreement : it is one thing to note the existence of an agreement
between the Parties and to place it on record for them ; it is quite a differ-
ent matter to appropriate the content of that agreement in order to makeb
it the substance of a decision of the Court itself. Taken literally, Burbkina
Faso’s request could therefore be rejected as exceeding the limits ofb the

Court’s jurisdiction as defined by the Special Agreement.
44. It is true, however, that the Court has the power to interpret the
final submissions of the parties in such a way as to maintain them, sob far
as possible, within the limits of its jurisdiction under the Special Agrbee -
ment. In the present case, without dwelling on their precise language, ibt

would be possible to interpret points 1 and 3 of the final submissions of
Burkina Faso as seeking that the Court place on record the agreement of b
the Parties. Taken in that way, this request would remain within the
limits of the jurisdiction which the Special Agreement conferred upon the
Court in the present case.
45. Nevertheless, that would not necessarily be sufficient for the Court

to be able to entertain such a request. It would still have to be verifibed
that the object of this request falls within the Court’s judicial funbction, as
defined by its Statute.
As the Court has already had occasion to state in a different context,b
but in terms that have a general scope :

“even if the Court, when seised, finds that it has jurisdiction, thbe Court
is not compelled in every case to exercise that jurisdiction. There are b

inherent limitations on the exercise of the judicial function which the b
Court, as a court of justice, can never ignore. There may thus be an
incompatibility between the desires of an applicant, or, indeed, of
both parties to a case, on the one hand, and on the other hand the
duty of the Court to maintain its judicial character. The Court itself, b

and not the parties, must be the guardian of the Court’s judicial integ-
rity.” (Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom), Prelim ­
inary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 29.)

46. These considerations are perfectly applicable to the present case,
despite the fact that, unlike in the Northern Cameroons case, the Court

29

6 CIJ1042.indb 95 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 70

has been seised by means of a special agreement. A special agreement
allows the parties to define freely the limits of the jurisdiction, stricto

sensu, which they intend to confer upon the Court. It cannot allow them
to alter the limits of the Court’s judicial function : those limits, because
they are defined by the Statute, are not at the disposal of the partiebs, even
by agreement between them, and are mandatory for the parties just as for

the Court itself.
47. In the light of the foregoing, the Court must determine whether the
object of the request contained in Article 2, point 2, of the Special Agree -
ment falls within the judicial function attributed to the Court by its Statute.
48. In contentious cases, the function of the Court, as defined in Arti -

cle 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute, is to “decide in accordance with inter -
national law such disputes as are submitted to it”. Consequently, the
requests that parties submit to the Court, must not only be linked to a b
valid basis of jurisdiction, but must also always relate to the function of
deciding disputes. As the Court has already indicated, also in a contextb

different from that of the present case :

“The Court, as a court of law, is called upon to resolve existing dis-b
putes between States. Thus the existence of a dispute is the primary
condition for the Court to exercise its judicial function.” (Nuclear Tests
(Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, pp. 270-271,

para. 55 ; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 476, para. 58.)

49. It is for the Court to determine objectively whether there is a dis -
pute, without being bound in that respect by the assertions of the partibes
(ibid., paras. 55 and 58).
50. In the present case, the Court’s task is all the more straightforwardb
since neither of the two Parties claims, or has ever claimed, that a disbpute

continued to exist between them concerning the delimitation of the frontbier
in the two sectors in question on the date when the proceedings were insbti -
tuted — nor that such a dispute has subsequently arisen. The absence of a
dispute is amply confirmed by the documents in the case file. The Spbecial

Agreement, duly ratified by both Parties (see paragraph 33above), states in
the clearest manner that “thanks to the work of the Joint Technical Cbom -
mission on Demarcation . . ., the Parties have been able to reach agreement
[‘s’accorder’] in respect of [these] sectors of the frontier”. It further states
that “the two Parties accept the results of the work carried out in tbhose sec -

tors as definitive”. Article 2, point 2, which was previously cited, provides
that the Court be requested to “place on record the Parties’ agreebment
[‘leur entente’]” on the results of the work of the Commission with regard
to these two sectors. To affirm that the Parties have “reach[ed] agreement”
(“[se sont] accord[ées]”), or that there is an “agreement” (“entente”)

between them, necessarily signifies that there is no longer any dispute
between them on the subject-matter of that “agreement” (“entente”).

30

6 CIJ1042.indb 97 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 71

51. If the Parties have appeared to argue differently, it is on the ques -
tion of whether the “entente” referred to in Article 2, point 2, of the Spe -

cial Agreement has already resulted in an agreement which is legally
binding for the two Parties under international law.
Niger has maintained, in particular in reply to a question put by a
Member of the Court during the hearings, that “[t]he agreement betweebn
the two States on the demarcated sectors was definitively reached”.b It has

however stated that the exchange of letters of 29 October and 2 Novem -
ber 2009 was not yet legally binding between the Parties, but that it was
up to Burkina Faso for its part to follow the necessary ratification pbroce -
dure, should it wish the said agreement to become a binding legal instrub-
ment between itself and Niger.
Burkina Faso has appeared to cast doubt on the existence, at the pres -

ent time, of a legally binding agreement. It has contended that the termb
used in Article 2, point 2, of the Special Agreement is “entente” in French,
which is not precisely synonymous with the word “accord” (agreement),
that it has not yet ratified, in accordance with Article 7 of the 1987 Agree -
ment, the “entente” between the Parties constituted by the exchange of

letters of 29 October and 2 November 2009, and that only once this
entente has been “placed on the record” by the Court will the frontier
dispute “be completely resolved”.
52. In the opinion of the Court, the decisive question is whether a
dispute existed between the Parties concerning these two sectors on the b

date when the proceedings were instituted, and the answer to that ques -
tion is indisputably negative, for the reasons which have just been set b
forth.
53. It matters little, from the point of view of the judicial function of
the Court, whether or not the “entente” reached by the Parties has already
been incorporated into a legally binding instrument. If such an instru -

ment had already entered into force between the Parties, it would not beb
for the Court to record that fact in the operative part of a Judgment,
since such a pronouncement would lie outside its judicial function, whicbh
is to decide disputes. And if the legal instrument embodying the “entente”
had not yet entered into force, it would not be for the Court to substitbute

itself for the Parties: since they both recognize that they have found some
common ground, it is for them, if need be, to take any step which remainbs
necessary for that agreement to enter into force. A judicial decision maby
not be requested in this way as a substitute for the completion of the
treaty-making process between States. Furthermore, since there is an

obligation to comply both with international agreements and with Judg -
ments of the Court, the “force of res judicata” with which, according to
Burkina Faso, the delimitation effected in the two sectors in questionb
would be endowed if the Court acceded to its request would not reinforceb
the binding character of that delimitation.

31

6 CIJ1042.indb 99 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 72

54. Burkina Faso cites two precedents, in which it claims that the Per -
manent Court of International Justice consented to record, in the actualb

operative part of a Judgment, an agreement concluded between the partiesb.
55. However, the Court considers that those precedents are not relevant,
since they both contemplate situations in which an agreement is reached
between the parties during the proceedings, and not a situation in whichb the
dispute had been resolved between the parties before seising the Court.

56. In the Order that it made on 6 December 1930 in the case concern -
ing Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex (Second Phase), the
Permanent Court of International Justice took the view that

“there seems nothing to prevent the Court from embodying in its
judgment an agreement previously concluded between the Parties ; as
a ‘judgment by consent’, though not expressly provided for by the b
Statute, is in accordance with the spirit of that instrument” (P.C.I.J.,
Series A, No. 24, p. 14).

However, as the context of this assertion shows beyond all doubt, the Pebr -
manent Court had in mind the possibility of an agreement which the par -

ties might conclude during the proceedings, pursuant to the particular
terms of the Special Agreement in that case, thereby putting an end to abll
or part of the original dispute between them, i.e., the dispute which the
institution of the proceedings was intended to bring before that Court.

57. The same applies to the Judgment rendered in the case concerning
Société Commerciale de Belgique (Judgment, 1939, P.C.I.J., Series A/B,
No. 78, p. 178). In that case, the Permanent Court stated in the operative
clause that it “not[ed] the agreement between the Parties” with rebgard to
the definitive and obligatory character of the arbitral awards made prbevi -
ously between the Greek Government and the Société commerciale de

Belgique, awards whose execution lay at the heart of the dispute submit -
ted to that Court. The agreement in question was arrived at during the
proceedings, as a consequence of declarations of the Greek Government
acknowledging the obligatory character of the financial awards made
against it, declarations which Belgium treated as “changing the charabcter

of the dispute”, leading it to withdraw part of its original submissibons. In
these circumstances, it is understandable that the Permanent Court for -
mally noted, in the operative part of its Judgment, the agreement arrivebd
at between the Parties during the proceedings, an agreement whose exis -
tence was bound to influence the settlement on the merits of the dispubte

originally brought before the Court.
58. In the circumstances of the present case, it is not necessary for the
Court to rule on such a possibility. What the Special Agreement providesb
for is that the Court should place on record the “entente” reached by the
Parties at the end of their negotiations, before the proceedings were inbsti -
tuted. According to Burkina Faso, this should be included in the opera -

tive part of the Judgment. But for the reasons explained above, the Courbt
considers that such a request is not compatible with its judicial functibon.

32

6 CIJ1042.indb 101 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 73

59. Thus, the only dispute which remained between the Parties on the
date when the proceedings were instituted, and which continues to exist,b

has as its subject-matter the course of the common frontier between the
Tong-Tong marker and the beginning of the Botou bend, that is, the sec -
tor on which the Joint Technical Commission was unable to conclude its
work successfully and in respect of which the Parties have presented theb
Court with different solutions. It is this sector which will be examined in

the remainder of this Judgment ; only this sector will be delimited in the
operative clause of the Judgment.

III. The Course of the Sectiobn of the Frontier

Remaining in Dispute

A. Applicable Law

60. Since the Court is required to rule on the delimitation of the fron -
tier remaining in dispute, it must first determine the relevant applicbable
law.

61. Article 6 of the Special Agreement, entitled “Applicable law”, stip -
ulates :

“The rules and principles of international law applicable to the
dispute are those referred to in Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute
of the International Court of Justice, including : the principle of the
intangibility of boundaries inherited from colonization and the Agree -
ment of 28 March 1987.”

62. The reference to Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the
Court clearly indicates that the rules and principles mentioned in that b

provision of the Statute must be applied to any question that it might bbe
necessary for the Court to resolve in order to rule on the dispute.
63. Amongst the rules of international law applicable to the dispute,
the above-mentioned provision of the Special Agreement highlights “the
principle of the intangibility of boundaries inherited from colonizationb

and the Agreement of 28 March 1987”.
A reference to the principle of intangibility of boundaries inherited
from colonization also appeared in the preamble to the Special Agree -
ment on the basis of which the case concerning the Frontier Dispute
(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) was brought before the Court. The
Chamber of the Court which dealt with the case concluded that it could

not “disregard the principle of uti possidetis juris, the application of which
gives rise to this respect for intangibility of frontiers” (Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 565, para. 20).
The wording used in the Special Agreement in the present case is similarb
to the text of resolution AGH/Res. 16 (I) adopted in Cairo in 1964 at the

first session of the Conference of African Heads of State and Governmebnt,
whereby the Conference declared that all member States of the Organiza -

33

6 CIJ1042.indb 103 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 74

tion of African Unity “solemnly . . . pledge themselves to respect the bor -
ders existing on their achievement of national independence”. Subsequently,

Article 4 (b) of the Constitutive Act of the African Union laid down the
principle of “respect of borders existing on achievement of independebnce”.
The two Parties have consistently invoked in their pleadings either the b
principle of the intangibility of boundaries inherited from colonizationb or
the uti possidetis juris principle. Thus, the Parties referred to the boundar -

ies as they existed between the two French overseas territories in ques -
tion, Niger and Upper Volta, on the dates — which are very close to each
other — on which the two Parties gained independence (3 and
5 August 1960, respectively).
64. In the present case, the Special Agreement provides specific indica -
tions as to the way in which the principle of the intangibility of boundbar-

ies inherited from colonization must be applied. Article 6 of the Special
Agreement requires the application of “the Agreement of 28 March 1987”
(hereinafter the “1987 Agreement”), which binds the two Parties and the
objective of which is, according to its title, “the demarcation of thbe fron -
tier between the two countries”. The first two articles of this Agrbeement

are also reproduced word for word in a recital of the Special Agreement b
(see paragraph 2 above), which demonstrates the importance the Parties
attach to those provisions for the settlement of the dispute between thebm.
They read as follows :

“Article 1
The frontier between the two States shall run from the heights of

N’Gouma, situated to the north of the Kabia ford, to the intersectionb
of the former boundary of the cercles of Fada and Say with the course
of the Mekrou, as described in the Arrêté [order] of 31 August 1927,
as clarified by the Erratum of 5 October 1927.

Article 2
The frontier shall be demarcated by boundary markers following

the course described by Arrêté 2336 of 31 August 1927, as clarified by
Erratum 2602/APA of 5 October 1927. Should the Arrêté and Erra -
tum not suffice, the course shall be that shown on the 1:200,000-scale
map of the Institut géographique national de France, 1960 edition,
and/or any other relevant document accepted by joint agreement of

the Parties.”
In one of the two original texts of the 1987 Agreement, a copy of which
was submitted to the Court by the Parties, the reference to the Arrêté in

Article 1 is not accompanied by a reference to the Erratum. However, that
omission is probably due to an oversight, as demonstrated by the recital of
the Special Agreement which, like the other original text of the same
Agreement, reproduces the words “as clarified by the Erratum of 5 Octo -
ber 1927”. Only with the addition of those words is the text of Article 1

coherent with that of Article 2. Moreover, neither Party contested the fact
that the 1987 Agreement refers to the Arrêté as clarified by its Erratum.

34

6 CIJ1042.indb 105 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 75

65. Although the aim of the 1987 Agreement is the “demarcation of
the frontier” between the two countries through the installation of mbark-

ers, it lays down first of all the criteria that must be applied to debtermine
the “course” of the frontier. Those criteria are thus also relevanbt to the
sectors that the Joint Technical Commission was unable to demarcate.
The 1987 Agreement specifies the acts and documents of the French colo -
nial administration which must be used to determine the delimitation linbe

that existed when the two countries gained independence.
66. In this regard, the 1987 Agreement accords particular importance
to the Arrêté of 31 August 1927, as clarified by its Erratum of 5 Octo -
ber 1927. This is the Arrêté “fixing the boundaries of the Colonies of
Upper Volta and Niger”, issued by the Governor-General of French West
Africa on the basis of a Decree of the President of the French Republic bof

28 December 1926, in which it was indicated : “[a]n Arrêté of the Gover -
nor-General in Standing Committee of the Government Council shall
determine the course of the boundary of the two Colonies in this area”b.
As the Chamber of the Court emphasized in the case concerning the
Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger),

“the uti possidetis juris principle requires not only that reliance be
placed on existing legal titles, but also that account be taken of the

manner in which those titles were interpreted and applied by the com -
petent public authorities of the colonial Power” (Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 148, para. 140).

It follows from the 1987 Agreement that the Arrêté as clarified by its
Erratum is the instrument to be applied for the delimitation of the bounbd -
ary. It has to be interpreted in its context, taking into account the cibrcum -
stances of its enactment and implementation by the colonial authorities.b
As to the relationship between the Arrêté and its Erratum, the Court

observes that, since the purpose of the Erratum is to correct the text obf
the Arrêté retroactively, it forms an integral part of the latter. For that
reason, whenever reference is made to the “Arrêté” in the remainder of
the present Judgment, that will signify, unless otherwise indicated, theb
wording of the Arrêté as amended by the Erratum.

67. Article 2 of the 1987 Agreement provides for the possibility of “the
Arrêté and Erratum not suffic[ing]” and establishes that, in that event,
“the course shall be that shown on the 1:200,000-scale map of the Institut
géographique national de France, 1960 edition” or resulting from “any
other relevant document accepted by joint agreement of the Parties”. bThe

Parties do not consider, however, that they have accepted any relevant
document other than the IGN map. According to the 1987 Agreement,
that map may only be used on an alternative basis, should the Arrêté “not
suffice”. The 1987 Agreement implies that the requirement of having b
recourse to the IGN map should the Arrêté prove insufficient is applica -
ble not only to a delimitation, but also to a demarcation, as both Partibes

acknowledged in their pleadings. It is primarily in relation to the intebrpre -
tation of the wording of Article 2 of the 1987 Agreement and its applica -

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tion to the present dispute that the Parties express differing views. b
Burkina Faso contends that the Arrêté can be considered not to suffice
only in relation to a single section of the frontier, while Niger stressbes the

imprecise and vague nature that it claims characterizes the Arrêté, which
even contains, in its view, certain errors. The questions of interpretatbion
and application that divide the Parties will, in so far as necessary, beb con -
sidered by the Court when it rules on delimitation in the various unmarkbed

sections of the frontier.
68. Although it was drawn up under the auspices of the administration
of French West Africa, the IGN map is not an official document. In the b
case concerning the Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali), the

Chamber of the Court observed that, in general, “[w]hether in frontiebr
delimitations or in international territorial conflicts, maps merely cbonsti -
tute information which varies in accuracy from case to case” (Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 582, para. 54). However, concerning the IGN map

in question, the Chamber considered that, “having regard to the date bon
which the surveys were made and the neutrality of the source” and in ba
situation “where all other evidence is lacking, or is not sufficientb to show
an exact line, the probative value of [this] map becomes decisive” (bibid.,

p. 586, para. 62). In the present case, by virtue of Article 2 of the
1987 Agreement, the line shown on the IGN map is always of decisive
value, where the Arrêté does not suffice. The role thus accorded to the
map may be explained by the fact that, as evidenced by a Note compiled
by the IGN on 27 January 1975, the frontier has been outlined on the

map “in the light of information supplied by the heads of the frontiebr
districts and according to information gathered on the spot from the vilb -
lage chiefs and local people” (ibid., p. 586, para. 61). As Niger points out,
though it draws only partial conclusions in this respect, the IGN map isb

supposed to reflect the colonial effectivités at the critical date. However,
under the 1987 Agreement, the frontier line drawn on the IGN map must
be referred to on a subsidiary basis even if it does not correspond to tbhose
effectivités.
2
69. When recourse is had to the IGN map , it should be borne in mind
that the frontier line is marked on it, according to convention, by discbon -
tinuous lines of crosses. It is nonetheless easy to complete the line byb join -
ing the points where it stops and then starts again. Generally, there isb no

reason not to use straight-line segments for this purpose. However, when
the crosses follow a river or the ridge of a hill, the line must continube
along that river or that ridge.

2 The IGN map was drawn up on the basis of the Clarke 1880 ellipsoid, which was then
in common usage. The Court, for its part, is using the 1984 World Geodetbic System datum
(WGS 84) for the purposes of the present Judgment. Hence, the co-ordinates provided by
the Court for various points of the frontier line have been established bon the basis of the
WGS 84 datum, even where those points are determined by reference to the IGNb map.
Given the scale of the IGN map, the said co-ordinates may be subject to ba certain margin
of error. In any event, the indications given in wording in the Judgmentb shall prevail.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 109 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 77

B. The Course of the Frontier

70. As noted above, in order to determine the course of the frontier,

recourse must first be had to the Arrêté, pursuant to the 1987 Agreement,
referred to in the Special Agreement.
As regards the section of the frontier that remains to be delimited, theb
Arrêté describes in the following terms the new inter-colonial administra -
tive boundary between Niger and Upper Volta that it determines :

“[From the Tong-Tong astronomic marker] this line then turns
[‘s’infléchit’] towards the south-east, cutting the Téra-Dori motor
road at the Tao astronomic marker located to the west of the Ossolo

Pool, and reaching the River Sirba at Bossébangou. It almost imme -
diately turns back up towards the north-west, leaving to Niger, on the
left bank of that river, a salient which includes the villages of Alfassbi,
Kouro, Tokalan, and Tankouro ; then, turning back to the south, it
again cuts the Sirba at the level of the Say parallel.
From that point the frontier, following an east-south-east direction,

continues in a straight line up to a point located 1,200 m to the west
of the village of Tchenguiliba.”

71. Following the line thus described, the Court will examine in turn the
various sections of the frontier which remain in dispute between the Parbt:ies
(1) that which runs from the Tong-Tong astronomic marker to the Tao

astronomic marker ;
(2) that which runs from this latter point to the River Sirba at Bossé-
bangou ;
(3) that which runs from this point to the intersection of the Sirba with
the Say parallel ;

(4) and, lastly, that which runs from this latter point to the point locatedb
1,200 m to the west of the village of Tchenguiliba, which the Special
Agreement refers to as “the beginning of the Botou bend” (see
sketch-map No. 1).

1. The course of the frontier between the Tong­Tong and Tao astronomic
markers

72. The Parties agree that, in accordance with the Arrêté, which in this
regard is deemed to describe the inter-colonial administrative boundary
in force at the critical date of independence, their common frontier conb -

nects the two points at which the Tong-Tong and Tao astronomic mark -
ers are respectively situated. They are also in agreement on the location of
the Tong-Tong astronomic marker, whose co-ordinates are fixed in the
Special Agreement at 14° 25´ 04˝ latitude North and 00° 12´ 47˝ longitude
East. As regards the Tao astronomic marker, the Parties give it slightlyb
different co-ordinates in their final submissions : 14° 03´ 04.7˝ N,

00° 22΄ 51.8˝ E, according to Burkina Faso; 14° 03´ 02.2˝ N, 00° 22´ 52.1˝ E,
according to Niger. It is not necessary for the Court to fix the precibse

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co-ordinates of the Tao astronomic marker ; since the Parties do not dis -
agree on the identification or the location of this marker, it will beb for

them to determine its precise co-ordinates together during the demarca -
tion operations.

73. The Parties disagree as to how to connect the two points at which
the astronomic markers in question are situated. According to

Burkina Faso, these points should be connected by a straight line. Accord -
ing to Niger, the two astronomic markers in question should be connected
by two straight-line segments, one running from the Tong-Tong marker
to the Vibourié marker, situated a few kilometres to the east of the b
straight line claimed by Burkina Faso, the other running from the
Vibourié marker to the Tao marker (see sketch-map No. 1).

74. The Court notes that, in the sector in question, neither Party pro -
poses to adopt the line on the IGN map, which corresponds neither to a
straight line nor to a broken line passing through the Vibourié markebr.
This implies that both Parties consider that the 1927 Arrêté is not insuf -
ficient in this sector. They differ, however, as to its interpretatibon. The

Court also observes that this sector is the only one in which each Partyb
claims a line which would give more territory to the other, so that the bter -
ritory situated in the triangle delimited by the lines proposed by the Pbar -
ties is not claimed by either of them. However, the principle whereby thbe
Court does not rule ultra petita does not prevent it, in this case, from

attributing that territory to one or the other Party, since the Special
Agreement entrusts it with the task of fully determining the course of tbhe
frontier between the Tong-Tong astronomic marker and the beginning of
the Botou bend.
75. Burkina Faso’s argument relies on the idea that, when the author of
the Arrêté indicated that the inter-colonial boundary passed through

two points, without specifying how those two points were connected, he
should be considered to have intended them to be joined by a straight libne.
76. Niger’s argument is primarily based on a Record of Agreement
(“procès­verbal”) of 13 April 1935 established by the Administrator of
Dori cercle and the official responsible for the Téra subdivision, with a

view to settling a land dispute between the inhabitants of Dori and thosbe
of Téra. Referring to the 1927 Arrêté, the two co-signatories assert that, in
1927, the inter-colonial boundary followed “a notional straight line start -
ing from the Tong-Tong astronomic marker and running to the Tao astro-
nomic marker” and state that they have established a marker at Vibourbié

located on that straight line and designed to demarcate the boundary
between the two districts, “in order to prevent any similar further territo -
rial dispute in this area”. According to Niger, even if Vibourié ibs not
located on the course of the straight line connecting Tong-Tong with Tao,
the marker established at Vibourié was, de facto, a marker of the boundary
between the two colonies, thereby constituting an effectivité to be taken

into account by the Court as a means of interpreting the Arrêté in the light
of the subsequent practice of the colonial administrative authorities.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 113 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 79

77. The Court is not convinced by Niger’s arguments. It first notes thabt
the 1935 Record of Agreement was drawn up at a time when Upper Volta

no longer existed, having been dissolved as a separate colony in 1932, sbo
that the boundary that the two administrators sought to define in 1935
was purely internal to one colony (Niger). Only when Upper Volta was
re-established in 1947 within its previous boundaries could the Vibouriéb
marker have acquired a certain relevance on the basis of the effectiveb

practice of the colonial administration as regards the fixing of the
inter-colonial boundary. However, Niger has failed to adduce any evi -
dence to establish that, after 1947, and more specifically at the critical
date of 1960, the Vibourié marker was regarded in practice as markingb
the boundary between Upper Volta and Niger.
78. Above all, it is clear that the establishment of the Vibourié marker b

was the result of a topographical error, because the authors of the Record
of Agreement, who agreed that the Arrêté should be interpreted as draw -
ing a straight line between Tong-Tong and Tao, mistakenly believed that
Vibourié was situated on that straight line (see paragraph 76 above).
While an effectivité may enable an obscure or ambiguous legal title to

be interpreted, it cannot contradict the applicable title.
79. The Court concludes from the foregoing that the colonial adminis -
tration officials interpreted the Arrêté as drawing, in the sector in ques -
tion, a straight line between the Tong-Tong and Tao astronomic markers.
In so far as Niger proposes to take account of the location of the Viboubrié

marker on the basis of the effectivités of the colonial period, it fails to
demonstrate the existence of such an effectivité at the critical date of inde -
pendence, and, furthermore, such an effectivité could not, in any event,
have overridden the legal title constituted by the 1927 Arrêté.
Therefore, a straight line connecting the Tong-Tong and Tao astro -
nomic markers should be regarded as constituting the international fron -

tier between Burkina Faso and Niger in the sector in question.

2. The course of the frontier between the Tao astronomic marker and the

River Sirba at Bossébangou

80. As regards the section of the frontier running from the Tao astro -
nomic marker to the River Sirba at Bossébangou, the Arrêté confines
itself to stating, without any further details, that the “line . . . turns
[‘s’infléchit’] towards the south-east, cutting the Téra-Dori motor road at
the Tao astronomic marker . . ., and reaching the River Sirba at Bossé-

bangou”. The indications on how to connect the Tao marker to “the bRiver
Sirba at Bossébangou” are therefore no more precise than those conbcern -
ing the course of the line connecting the Tong-Tong marker to the Tao
marker, the issue dealt with in the previous paragraphs. The Parties drabw
quite different conclusions from this laconic character of the Arrêté.

81. Burkina Faso, maintaining the line of argument which it has
adopted throughout the proceedings, contends that, since the author of

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6 CIJ1042.indb 115 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 80

the Arrêté did not specify how to connect the two points mentioned by
him in turn, it must be understood that he intended those two points to
be connected by a straight line. It would only be otherwise, according tbo
Burkina Faso, if there were a very particular reason to suppose that that
had not been the intention of the author of the Arrêté, which is not the

case in this instance. According to Burkina Faso, it is therefore a straight
line that must run from the Tao astronomic marker to the River Sirba at b
Bossébangou, just as — and for the same reason — it is a straight line
that constitutes the frontier between the Tong-Tong and Tao astronomic
markers (see sketch-map No. 1).

82. According to Niger, “the Arrêté and Erratum [do] not suffice”
within the meaning of the 1987 Agreement, to which the Special Agree -
ment refers, in the section of the frontier in question, since the Arrêté is
silent on how to connect the two points situated at the ends of that sec -

tion. Consequently, according to Niger, it is necessary in principle to bfol-
low the line as drawn on the 1960 IGN map, which is not a straight line b
but a sinuous one. However, Niger considers that it is necessary to devib -
ate in part from the IGN map in two respects. Firstly, it contends that
there should be a slight deviation to the west of the line shown on the

1960 IGN map in two segments corresponding to the Petelkolé frontier
post and to the Oussaltane 3encampment, so as to leave those two locali -
ties in Niger’s territory, whereas the IGN map locates them on the Upper
Volta side of the inter-colonial boundary. According to Niger, this is to

give precedence to the effectivités as observed at the end of the colonial
period, namely at the critical dates of independence.

Secondly, according to Niger, the frontier line in this sector should nobt
run to Bossébangou, but should descend only as far as a point situated

some 30 km to the north-west of Bossébangou, and from that point turn
towards the south-west, thereby leaving an extensive area around Bossé-
bangou entirely in Niger’s territory. In this regard, the argument pubt for -
ward by Niger amounts to a departure from both the 1927 Arrêté and the
1960 IGN map (see sketch-map No. 1).

83. The Court will begin by considering the question of the endpoint
of the section of the frontier presently under consideration. In this rebgard,
the Court is unable to accept Niger’s position.
84. That position is based essentially on the assertion that the author of

the Arrêté inadvertently departed from the Decree of 28 December 1926,
that he was supposed to implement, by continuing the line as far as “the
River Sirba at Bossébangou” instead of stopping it some 30 km to the
north-west of Bossébangou, at the point where it meets the intersection of
the three cercles of Dori, Tillabéry and Say, in order for it then to turn

towards the south-west. Indeed, according to Niger, by continuing the line
as far as Bossébangou, the author of the Arrêté followed the boundary sep -

3 Also referred to by the Parties as Ihouchaltane, Ouchaltan, Ousalta, Ousbaltan and

Oulsalta.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 117 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 81

arating the cercles of Tillabéry and Say, each of which was situated in Niger,
that being a boundary within one colony, and not the inter-colonial bound -

ary separating Niger and Upper Volta. According to Niger, that was surelby
not his intention, and nor could it have been, given that the Arrêté had to
comply with the terms of the Decree of 28 December 1926. In short, accord -
ing to Niger, the Arrêté is vitiated on this point by a material error which
renders it incompatible with the Decree that it is meant to implement.

85. Whatever the merits of the above analysis, it must be observed
that, on this point, what Niger is asking of the Court is not to interprbet
the Arrêté in order to apply it according to the meaning which must be
attributed to it, but indeed to disregard its clear terms on the groundsb
that it is vitiated by a material error, and that it is perhaps legally bflawed.
As noted above (see paragraphs 64 to 67), the Court is obliged under

the terms of the Special Agreement to apply the 1927 Arrêté, as amended
by its Erratum, unless it is insufficient. The Court can and must interbpret
the Arrêté, in so far as it requires an interpretation, but it cannot disre -
gard it, even on the grounds that it is allegedly contrary to the Decreeb
which constituted the legal basis for its adoption. Consequently, the

Court can only find that the Arrêté, both in its initial version and in that
resulting from the Erratum — the latter being the only relevant one —,
provides expressis verbis that the inter-colonial boundary continues as far
as the River Sirba. If this reference had been the result of a material berror,
the Governor-General could have corrected the error thus made by pub -

lishing a new erratum ; but the fact is that he did not do so. Whether or
not the Arrêté contradicts the Decree because of that alleged mistake is a
question which it is not for the Court to enter into, because, as noted b
above, it is bound by the terms of the Arrêté pursuant to the Special
Agreement. In conclusion, the Court can only find that the frontier libne
necessarily reaches the River Sirba at Bossébangou; the question of where

exactly the frontier reaches the river or the village will be consideredb in
the following subsection (3).

86. The Court now turns to the question of how the “Tao astronomic
marker” is to be connected to “the River Sirba at Bossébangou”b in order

to draw the frontier.
87. Without ruling, from a general point of view, on the value of
Burkina Faso’s argument that “a delimitation text indicating, without
any indication to the contrary, that a line passes through two points is
interpreted as specifying a boundary in the form of a straight line con -

necting those two points”, the Court considers that in this case there are
several reasons not to adopt such an approach.
88. First, it should be observed that, after the section that is currently
being considered, the Arrêté specifies on two occasions that the boundary
defined by it is a straight line. It does so first in the southernmobst part of
the frontier that remains to be delimited, when it states that, from theb

intersection of the Sirba with the Say parallel, the boundary, “follobwing an
east-south-east direction, continues in a straight line up to a point” which

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6 CIJ1042.indb 119 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 82

the Parties describe as the beginning of the Botou bend. It does so subsbe-
quently in the already demarcated section of the frontier situated to thbe

south of the Botou bend, when it states that, from this latter point, thbe
boundary “turns back up in a straight line that runs in a marked SSW-NNE
direction”. It is clear that if it were always true, as Burkina Faso contends,
that the indication of two points, without any further details, must be
interpreted as meaning that those two points are connected by a straight

line, the author of the Arrêté would not have needed to specify in respect
of certain sections of the boundary that they followed a straight line. bThis
is not necessarily enough to exclude the possibility that, in the section here
under consideration, the inter-colonial boundary followed a straight line
(as is indeed the case in the section running from the Tong-Tong astro -
nomic marker to the Tao astronomic marker, examined above). Neverthe-

less, the fact that the provisions specifying that certain sections consbist of
straight lines appear in the same document as those providing no preciseb
details in respect of other sections, weakens Burkina Faso’s argument that
the latter provisions, solely by virtue of that lack of detail, should neces -
sarily be interpreted as drawing a straight line.

89. Secondly, the Court considers that account should be taken of the
fact that the Arrêté was issued on the basis of the Decree of the President
of the French Republic of 28 December 1926 “transferring the adminis -
trative centre of the Colony of Niger and providing for territorial chanbges
in French West Africa”. This Decree thus constitutes an important ele -

ment of the context within which the Arrêté was issued.
90. In this connection, it should be noted that the object of the Decree
of 28 December 1926 was twofold.
In the first place, its raison d’être was to transfer certain cercles and
cantons from the Colony of Upper Volta to the Colony of Niger (see
paragraph 18 above).

It then empowered the Governor-General of French West Africa to
draw the new inter-colonial boundaries between Niger and Upper Volta.

91. The task entrusted to the Governor-General was therefore to plot
the new inter-colonial boundary by drawing the implications of the trans -

fers effected, that is to say, by respecting the pre-existing boundaries of
the districts, to the extent that they could be determined.
92. The Governor-General, seeking to identify the boundaries of the
districts moved by the Decree, delegated to the Lieutenant-Governors of
Upper Volta and Niger the task of demarcating on the ground the bound -

aries of the cantons and cercles in question. Thus on 2 February 1927,
Mr. Lefilliatre, Inspector of Administrative Affairs, representing the Lbieu -
tenant-Governor of Upper Volta, and Mr. Brévié, Lieutenant-Governor
of Niger, signed a Record of Agreement. As regards the section of the
frontier running from Tao to Bossébangou, this Record uses a wording b
that was reproduced in identical terms in the Arrêté of the Governor-Gen -

eral of 31 August 1927, and which is not substantially different from that
which appears in the Erratum of 5 October 1927. However, the colonial

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6 CIJ1042.indb 121 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 83

administrators responsible for the matter were aware of the inadequacy
of that wording, which failed to indicate the line by which Tao and

Bossébangou were to be joined. This is evidenced by the fact that, dubring
the months which followed, the Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Volta
continued to ask the officials under his authority for additional inforbma-
tion that would make it possible to define precisely the inter-colonial
boundary. In particular, by a telegram/letter of 27 April 1927, that is to

say two and a half months after the Lefilliatre-Brévié Record of Agree -
ment was drawn up, the Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Volta asked the
commandants of Dori and Fada cercles to provide him with “precise
information to enable [the] preparation [of the] Arrêté général fixing new
boundaries” between the two colonies, emphasizing that it was “essential
that [the] course be determined on [the] ground” so as to avoid any “bneed

[for] subsequent correction”, and that the “[r]esults [of the] worbk [be] rec -
ognized and accepted by [the] Heads [of] both adjacent colonies” with a
view to their “be[ing] forwarded [to] Dakar”.
As noted above, the Arrêté of 31 August 1927 reproduced the imprecise
wording of the Record of Agreement of 2 February 1927, and the Erra -

tum of 5 October of the same year provided no further details. The uncer-
tainty as to the course of the inter-colonial boundary persisted, as
demonstrated by the subsequent colonial practice (see paragraphs 94-95
below).
93. The Court concludes from the foregoing that the Governor-General

sought, with the assistance of the Lieutenant-Governors of the two colonies,
to determine the inter-colonial boundary by identifying those pre-existing
boundaries of the cercles and cantons for which there is no indication that
they followed a straight line in the sector in question. The Court obserbves
that, in such a case, it would have been easy to plot this line on a mapb.
This contradicts Burkina Faso’s argument that the Arrêté’s silence in

the sector in question as to how to connect the two points mentioned in
the text must be understood as signifying that the Governor-General
intended the inter-colonial boundary to be represented by a straight line.

94. Thirdly, account should be taken of the practice followed by the

colonial authorities concerning the implementation of the Arrêté with
respect to the village of Bangaré. According to Niger, this village, bsituated
approximately in the middle of the sector in question and of some impor -
tance, was consistently regarded as belonging to Niger during the colonibal
period, and in any event at the critical dates of independence. Niger nebv -

ertheless observes that the straight line advocated by Burkina Faso would
leave Bangaré on the Burkina side of the frontier.
95. The Court notes that, although the documents in the case file which
are contemporaneous with the 1927 Arrêté do not clearly establish that
the village of Bangaré was regarded at that time as belonging to Nigebr,
there are sufficient subsequent documents to establish that, during theb

relevant colonial period and until the critical date of independence,
Bangaré was administered by the authorities of the Colony of Niger.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 123 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 84

This consideration supports the conclusion that the 1927 Arrêté should
not be interpreted, and in fact was not interpreted in the colonial peribod,

as drawing a straight line between Tao and Bossébangou.
96. The Court concludes from all of the foregoing that thA e rrêté must be
regarded as “not suffic[ient]”, within the meaning of the 1987 Agreement, in
respect of the sector running from the Tao astronomic marker to the Rivebr
Sirba at Bossébangou. Indeed, the Court concludes that, in the sectorb in

question, a correct interpretation of the Arrêté does not provide for a
straight-line solution. However, the Court does not have information
enabling it to define another line on the basis of the Arrêté. In such circum -
stances, the Special Agreement, by referring to Article 2 of the 1987 Agree -
ment, requires the Court to adopt “the course . . . shown on the 1:200,000-scale

map of the Institut géographique national de France, 1960 edition”b.
97. Niger has also emphasized the case of two other localities with
regard to which the effectivités of the colonial period should in its view be
taken into account : namely Petelkolé and Oussaltane (see paragraph 82
above). These two cases are different from that of Bangaré. The twbo

localities in question are situated not only on the Burkinabe side of thbe
straight line proposed by Burkina Faso, as is Bangaré, but crucially bthey
are also situated on the Burkinabe side of the inter-colonial boundary as
drawn on the 1960 IGN map. According to Niger, however, they were in
fact administered by Niger during the colonial period, and in order to

take account of the effectivités, the line on the IGN map should be shifted
slightly eastwards in the two segments where these localities are situated,
so as to leave them on the Niger side.
98. While it is true, as a general rule, that for the purposes of the uti
possidetis principle, the effectivités as established at the critical date may
serve to compensate for the absence of a legal title or to complete a debfec -

tive title, that does not hold in the present case, because of the termsb of
the Special Agreement, which provides that the 1987 Agreement forms
part of the applicable law. Should the Arrêté not suffice, which is the case
in the sector in question, the 1987 Agreement requires the Court to apply
the line shown on the 1960 IGN map, instead of referring to the effectivi ­

tés, even if there were to be some discrepancy between those effectivités
and the line on the map. It has already been noted above (see para -
graph 66) that the effectivités of the colonial period could, up to a certain
point, be of use in interpreting the Arrêté, to the extent that they may
reflect the colonial administration’s interpretation and implementabtion of
that Arrêté. However, once it has been concluded that the Arrêté is insuf -

ficient, and in so far as it is insufficient, the effectivités can no longer play
a role in the present case ; in particular, they cannot justify a shifting of
the line shown on the 1960 IGN map.

Accordingly, the Court cannot uphold Niger’s claims regarding Petel -

kolé and Oussaltane.
99. In conclusion, the Court finds that, in the sector of the frontier thabt
runs from the Tao astronomic marker to “the River Sirba at Bosséban -

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6 CIJ1042.indb 125 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 85

gou”, the line shown on the 1:200,000-scale IGN map, 1960 edition,
should be adopted (see sketch-map No. 2, p. 86).

3. The course of the frontier in the area of Bossébangou

100. In order to complete the determination of the frontier line coming
from the Tao astronomic marker, it is necessary to specify its endpoint b
where it reaches “the River Sirba at Bossébangou”. It is establbished that
this village is situated a few hundred metres from the river, on its right
bank. Burkina Faso maintains that the endpoint of the frontier in this

section is located where the straight-line segment which runs from Tao to
Bossébangou intersects with the right bank of the Sirba close to thatb vil -
lage. Niger does not take a view on the matter, on account of its argu -
ment that the frontier line from Tao does not continue as far as the Sirbba,
but turns towards the south-west at the tripoint between the cercles of
Dori, Say and Tillabéry, some 30 km before it reaches that river (see

sketch-map No. 1).
101. According to the description in the Arrêté, it is clear that the fron-
tier line ends at the River Sirba and not at the village of Bossébangbou.
The endpoint of the frontier in this section must therefore be situated bin
the Sirba or on one of its banks. The use of the verb “reach” (“atteindre”)
in the Arrêté does not suggest that the frontier line crosses the Sirba com -

pletely, meeting its right bank. It is true that, in describing a subseqbuent
section of the frontier, the Arrêté states that the line “again cuts” (“coupe
de nouveau”) the Sirba so as to reach its right bank. That could suggest
that the frontier has “cut” the river once already close to Bossébbangou,
and would argue in favour of the endpoint of the frontier in this sectiobn
being situated on the right bank of the Sirba. However, it is significbant

that, in describing the relevant section of the frontier, the Arrêté uses the
verb “reach” rather than “cut”. Furthermore, if the endpointb of the fron-
tier were situated on the right bank of the Sirba close to Bossébangou, the
line would have to “cut” the Sirba a second time at an intermediate loca -
tion in order, this time, to cross from the right bank to the left bank b
before “cutting it again” in the other direction. But nothing of tbhat nature

is mentioned in the Arrêté.
Moreover, there is no evidence before the Court that the River Sirba in b
the area of Bossébangou was attributed entirely to one of the two colbo -
nies. In this regard, the Court notes that the requirement concerning
access to water resources of all the people living in the riparian villabges is
better met by a frontier situated in the river than on one bank or the

other.
Accordingly, the Court concludes that, on the basis of the Arrêté, the
endpoint of the frontier line in the region of Bossébangou is locatedb in the
River Sirba. This endpoint is more specifically situated on the median line
because, in a non-navigable river with the characteristics of the Sirba,

that line best meets the requirements of legal security inherent in the b
determination of a boundary.

45

6 CIJ1042.indb 127 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 86

14º 00’ 13º 50’ 13º 40’ 13º 30’ 13º 20’
1º 20’ 1º 20’

a
b Bossébangou
ri SB
S

25km r
e v
i
1º 10’ 20 R 1º 10’

15

10
scale true at 13º30’ N
WGS84 Ellipsoid and Datum

5

1º 00’ 1º 00’
0

SB : poCnutrwseheortheefronntiteierra“sr[eesd] tbhieveCroSuirrtba at Bossébangou”

0º 50’ 0º 50’

NIGER

Téra

Sketch Map 2:

0º 40’ 0º 40’
FASO

Bangaré
BURKINA

ThisTéra-Dori motornpreparedforillustrativepurposesonly
0º 30’ 0º 30’

Oussaltane
Tao astronomic marker

Petelkolé
0º 20’ 0º 20’

14º 00’ 13º 50’ 13º 40’ 13º 30’ 13º 20’
COURSE OFTHE FRONTIER FROMTHETAO ASTRONOMIC MARKERTOTHE POINTWHERE IT“REACH[ES]THE RIVER SIRBA AT BOSSÉBANGOU”

46

6 CIJ1042.indb 129 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 87

102. In its original wording, the Arrêté situated the meeting-point of
the frontier line from Tao with the River Sirba further downstream and

stated that this line “then joins the River Sirba”. It was clear, according
to that wording, that the frontier was supposed to follow that river
upstream for a certain distance. The language of the Erratum is less clebar.
However, since it specifies that, after reaching the Sirba, the frontiber line
“almost immediately turns back up towards the north-west”, it can be

concluded that the Erratum did not seek to amend the Arrêté entirely on
this point and that it therefore implies that the line must follow the Sbirba
for a short distance. Burkina Faso contends that, in this section, the fron -
tier should be situated on the right bank of the river, in accordance wibth
its argument concerning the endpoint of the frontier close to Bossébabn -
gou. For its part, Niger refers to the median line or the thalweg. For tbhe

reasons given in the previous paragraph, the Court considers that the
frontier follows the median line of the Sirba.
103. The corrected wording of the Arrêté, according to which the fron -
tier line “almost immediately turns back up towards the north-west”,
does not establish the precise point at which that line leaves the Riverb

Sirba in order to “[turn] back up”. There is no indication in the btext in
that regard except for the fact that the point is located close to Bosséban -
gou. Similarly, once the frontier leaves the Sirba, its course is indicabted in
the Arrêté in a manner that makes it impossible to establish the line accu -
rately. It can only be concluded, therefore, that the Arrêté does not suffice

to determine the frontier line in this section. The Parties are agreed obn
this point. Niger departs from the text of the Arrêté and the line on the
IGN map, arguing that, after the tripoint, the frontier consists of a
straight-line segment running in a south-westerly direction. Burkina Faso
refers to the subsidiary criterion laid down in Article 2 of the 1987 Agree -
ment. According to that provision, it is indeed necessary, as Burkina Faso

contends, to refer to the IGN map in order to define precisely the point
where the frontier line leaves the River Sirba and “turns back up towbards
the north-west” and the course that it must follow after that point.
104. According to the Arrêté, the frontier line, after turning up towards
the north-west, “turn[s] back to the south, . . . [and] again cuts the Sirba at

the level of the Say parallel”. The line thus described follows a prebcise
north-south direction. Once the place where it again cuts the Sirba has been
determined, the meridian passing through that place can be followed north -
wards until the parallel running through the point where the line drawn bon
the IGN map turns back to the south. Niger contends, however, that the

place where the Say parallel joins the Sirba is not a precise point. Theb Court
observes that whereas, in its original wording, theArrêté referred to “a line
starting approximately from the Sirba at the level of the Say parallel”b, the
text of the Erratum is much more categorical in this respect and thus cabn -
not be regarded as insufficient. It refers to the intersection between bthe pa -r
allel passing through Say and the River Sirba. It can even be deduced that

this point, called point I on sketch-maps Nos. 3 (p. 89) and 4 (p. 91), is
located on the right bank of the Sirba (at the point with geographic cob-

47

6 CIJ1042.indb 131 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 88

ordinates 13º 06´ 12.08˝ N ; 00º 59´ 30.9˝ E), since, according to the Erra -
tum, the frontier line coming from the north cuts the river here before

continuing towards the south-east.
105. According to the Arrêté, which was not amended in this respect
by the Erratum, the frontier line in this area leaves to Niger “a salbient,
including on the left bank of the Sirba the villages of Alfassi, Kouro, b
Takalan and Tankouro”. Alfassi and Kouro have apparently been moved, b

but they lie in Niger’s territory, both where they are situated now abnd
where they were in 1927, regardless of the frontier line proposed for thbis
area. The locations of Takalan (Tokalan, according to the Erratum) andb
Tankouro are in dispute. No clear evidence as to their position has beenb
submitted to the Court. Moreover, Niger has observed that “it is . . . very
likely that these two latter villages simply disappeared during the peribod

contemporary with the adoption of the 1927 Erratum”. Therefore, no
conclusion can be drawn from the hypothetical location of those two vil -
lages with regard to the determination of the frontier line.

106. The frontier thus drawn from the area of Bossébangou to the

point where the Say parallel cuts the River Sirba forms what might be
termed a “salient”, in accordance with the description contained ibn the
Arrêté. However, Niger acknowledges that the frontier line which it pro -
poses does not, for its part, “create a salient in this area”.
107. The Court concludes that the frontier line, after reaching the

median line of the River Sirba while heading towards Bossébangou, at bthe
point with geographic co-ordinates 13° 21´ 15.9˝ N; 01° 17´ 07.2˝ E, called
point SB on sketch-maps 1, 2, 3 and 4, follows that line upstream until its
intersection with the IGN line, at the point with geographic co-ordi -
nates 13° 20´ 01.8˝ N ; 01° 07´ 29.3˝ E, called point A on sketch-maps 3
and 4. From that point, the frontier line follows the IGN line, turning up

towards the north-west until the point, with geographic co-ordinates
13° 22´ 28.9˝ N; 00° 59´ 34.8˝ E, called point B on sketch-map 3, where
the IGN line markedly changes direction, turning due south in a straightb
line. As this turning point B is situated some 200 m to the east of the
meridian which passes through the intersection of the Say parallel with b

the River Sirba, the IGN line does not cut the River Sirba at the Say
parallel. However, the Arrêté expressly requires that the boundary line
cut the River Sirba at the Say parallel. The frontier line must thereforbe
depart from the IGN line as from point B and, instead of turning there,
continue due west in a straight line until the point, with geographic

co-ordinates 13° 22´ 28.9˝ N ; 00° 59´ 30.9˝ E, called point C on
sketch-maps 3 and 4, where it reaches the meridian which passes through
the intersection of the Say parallel with the right bank of the River Sibrba.
The frontier line then runs southwards along that meridian until the saibd
intersection, at the point with geographic co-ordinates 13° 06´ 12.08˝ N;
00° 59´ 30.9˝ E, called point I on sketch-maps Nos. 3 and 4.

48

6 CIJ1042.indb 133 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 89

Sketch Map 3:
COURSE OFTHE FRONTIER FROMTHE POINTWHERE IT“REACH[ES]THE RIVER SIRBA AT

BOSSÉBANGOU” TOTHE INTERSECTION OFTHE RIVER SIRBAWITHTHE SAY PARALLEL

Thissketchmaphasbeenpreparedforillustrativepurposesonly

1º 00’ 1º 10’

BURKINA
C B FASO

SB
S irb a
A ive r Bossébangou
13º 20’ R 13º 20’

Alfassi
(1960 IGN map)the

1º 00’
13º 23’

0 0,5 1km
C B

IGN line

Enlargement of the area
around points B and C

a
irb
S
13º 10 13º 10
r NIGER
ve
Ri
0 5 10 15 20 25km

scale true at 13º30’ N
WGS84 Ellipsoid and Datum
Sayparallel(13º06’12.08”N)
I
course of the frontier as decided by the Court
SB : point where the frontier“reach[es] the River Sirba at Bossébangou”

A : Intersection of the median line of the River Sirba with the IGN line
B : Point where the IGN line turns south
C : Point where the frontier line reaches the meridian which passes
through the intersection of the Say parallel with the right bank of
the River Sirba

I : intersection of the River Sirba with the Say parallel

13º 00’ 13º 00’

1º 00’ 1º 10’

49

6 CIJ1042.indb 135 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 90

4. The course of the southern part of the frontier

108. The intersection of the River Sirba with the Say parallel is the

starting-point of another section of the frontier. According to the Arrêté,
“[f]rom that point the frontier, following an east-south-east direction,
continues in a straight line up to a point located 1,200 m to the west of
the village of Tchenguiliba”. This latter point has been identifiedb in a con -
sistent manner by the Parties, since it marks the start of the southern
section of the already demarcated portion of the frontier.

109. Niger relies on colonial and postcolonial effectivités to infer theb
existence of an implicit agreement between the Parties or of an acquies -
cence that the line in this section of the frontier is divided into two bseg -
ments following slightly different directions. The intermediate point bis
said to be indicated by a frontier marker sited on the road between Oua -

gadougou and Niamey. Burkina Faso maintains that it “has never
agreed” on this with Niger and disputes the use of two straight-line seg -
ments in this area (see sketch-map No. 1). The evidence placed before the
Court regarding the conduct of the Parties in respect of this section ofb the
frontier does not allow it to conclude that there is an agreement or acqbui-

escence relating not only to the location of the frontier marker in quesb -
tion on the road between Ouagadougou and Niamey, but also to the
determination of a frontier line running for some 130 km. Therefore, the
Court does not need to consider the extent to which the general criteriab
for delimitation laid down in the 1987 Agreement would be affected by an

agreement reached between the Parties regarding a particular section of b
the frontier.
110. The Arrêté specifies that, in this section, the frontier “continues in
a straight line”. It is precise in that it establishes that the frontbier line is a
straight-line segment between the intersection of the Say parallel with the

Sirba and the point located 1,200 m to the west of the village of Tchen -
guiliba. It cannot therefore be said that the Arrêté does not suffice with
respect to this section of the frontier.
111. The Court concludes that, in this section of the frontier, the line
consists of a straight-line segment between the intersection of the Say par-

allel with the right bank of the River Sirba and the beginning of the Bobtou
bend.

*

112. Having determined the course of the frontier between the two

countries (see sketch-map No. 4), as the Parties requested of it, the Court
expresses its wish that each Party, in exercising its authority over theb por-
tion of the territory under its sovereignty, should have due regard to tbhe
needs of the populations concerned, in particular those of the nomadic obr
semi-nomadic populations, and to the necessity to overcome difficulties

that may arise for them because of the frontier. The Court notes the
co-operation that has already been established on a regional and bilateral b

50

6 CIJ1042.indb 137 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 91

Sketch Map 4:
COURSE OFTHE FRONTIER AS DECIDED BYTHE COURT

Thissketchmaphasbeenpreparedforillustrativepurposesonly

0º 10’ 0º 20’ 0º 30’ 0º 40’ 0º 50’ 1º 00’ 1º 10’ 1º 20’ 1º 30’ 1º 40’ 1º 50’

Tong-Tong astronomic marker

14º 20’ 14º 20’

Tillabéri

14º 10’ 14º 10’

Tao astronomic marker

14º 00’ Téra-Dori motor Téra 14º 00’
road in 1927
R
iv
13º 50’ er 13º 50’
N
i
NIGER g e
r
13º 40’ 13º 40’
BURKINA

FASO
13º 30’ a 13º 30’
rb
i
C SB S
A
13º 20’ Bossébangou 13º 20’
er
0 10 20 30 40 50km iv
R
13º 10’ scale true at 13º30’ N 13º 10’
WGS84 Ellipsoid and Datum I Sayparallel(13º06’12.08”N)

13º 00’ 13º 00’

course of the frontier as decided by the Court
SB : point where the frontier“reach[es] the River Sirba
12º 50’
at Bossébangou” 12º 50’
A : Intersection of the median line of the River Sirba with the IGN line

C : Point where the frontier line reaches the meridian which passes through
12º 40’ the intersection of the Say parallel with the right bank of the River Sirba 12º 40’

I : intersection of the River Sirba with the Say parallel P
P : point 1,200m west ofTchenguiliba, marking the beginning of the Botou bend

12º 30’ 12º 30’

0º 10’ 0º 20’ 0º 30’ 0º 40’ 0º 50’ 1º 00’ 1º 10’ 1º 20’ 1º 30’ 1º 40’ 1º 50’

51

6 CIJ1042.indb 139 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 92

basis between the Parties in this regard, in particular under Chapter III
of the 1987 Protocol of Agreement, and encourages them to develop it

further.

IV. Nomination of Experts

113. In Article 7, paragraph 4, of the Special Agreement, the Parties
requested the Court to nominate, in its Judgment, three experts to assisbt
them as necessary in the demarcation of their frontier in the area in dibs -
pute. Both Parties reiterated this request in the final submissions prbe -
sented at the hearings. The Court is ready to accept the task which the b

Parties have thus entrusted to it. However, having regard to the circum -
stances of the present case, the Court is of the opinion that it is inapbpro -
priate at this juncture to make the nominations requested by the Partiesb.
It will do so later by means of an Order, after ascertaining the views obf
the Parties, particularly as regards the practical aspects of the exercibse by

the experts of their functions (see Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Repub ­
lic of Mali), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 648, para. 176).

*
* *

114. For these reasons,

The Court,

(1) Unanimously,
Finds that it cannot uphold the requests made in points 1 and 3 of the

final submissions of Burkina Faso;
(2) Unanimously,

Decides that, from the Tong-Tong astronomic marker, situated at the
point with geographic co-ordinates 14° 24´ 53.2˝ N ; 00° 12´ 51.7˝ E, to

the Tao astronomic marker, the precise co-ordinates of which remain to
be determined by the Parties as specified in paragraph 72 of the present
Judgment, the course of the frontier between Burkina Faso and the
Republic of Niger takes the form of a straight line ;

(3) Unanimously,

Decides that, from the Tao astronomic marker, the course of the
frontier follows the line that appears on the 1:200,000-scale map of the
Institut géographique national (IGN) de France, 1960 edition, (hereinaf -
ter the “IGN line”) until its intersection with the median line obf the River

Sirba at the point with geographic co-ordinates 13° 21´ 15.9˝ N;
01° 17´ 07.2˝ E ;

52

6 CIJ1042.indb 141 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 93

(4) Unanimously,

Decides that, from this latter point, the course of the frontier follows
the median line of the River Sirba upstream until its intersection with the
IGN line, at the point with geographic co-ordinates 13° 20´ 01.8˝ N ;

01° 07´ 29.3˝ E ; from that point, the course of the frontier follows the
IGN line, turning up towards the north-west, until the point, with geo -
graphic co-ordinates 13° 22´ 28.9˝ N ; 00° 59´ 34.8˝ E, where the IGN line
turns south. At that point, the course of the frontier leaves the IGN libne
and continues due west in a straight line until the point, with geographbic

co-ordinates 13° 22´ 28.9˝ N ; 00° 59´ 30.9˝ E, where it reaches the merid -
ian which passes through the intersection of the Say parallel with the
right bank of the River Sirba ; it then runs southwards along that merid -
ian until the said intersection, at the point with geographic co-ordi -
nates 13° 06´ 12.08˝ N ; 00° 59´ 30.9˝ E ;

(5) Unanimously,

Decides that, from this last point to the point situated at the beginning
of the Botou bend, with geographic co-ordinates 12° 36´ 19.2˝ N ;
01° 52´ 06.9˝ E, the course of the frontier takes the form of a straight line ;

(6) Unanimously,

Decides that it will nominate at a later date, by means of an Order,
three experts in accordance with Article 7, paragraph 4, of the Special
Agreement of 24 February 2009.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at

the Peace Palace, The Hague, this sixteenth day of April, two thousand
and thirteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archivbes
of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of
Burkina Faso and the Government of the Republic of Niger, respectively.

(Signed) Peter Tomka,

President.

(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.

Judge Bennouna appends a declaration to the Judgment of the Court ;

Judges Cançado Trindade and Yusuf append separate opinions to the
Judgment of the Court ; Judges ad hoc Mahiou and Daudet append
separate opinions to the Judgment of the Court.

(Initialled) P.T.

(Initialled) Ph.C.

53

6 CIJ1042.indb 143 8/04/14 08:34

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

DIFFÉREND FRONTALIER

(BURKINA FASO/NIGER)

ARRÊT DU 16 AVRIL 2013

2013

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

FRONTIER DISPUTE

(BURKINA FASO/NIGER)

JUDGMENT OF 16 APRIL 2013

6 CIJ1042.indb 1 8/04/14 08:34 Mode officiel de citation :
Différend frontalier (Burkina Faso/Niger),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 44

Official citation :

Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 44

o
N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 1042
ISBN 978-92-1-071157-9

6 CIJ1042.indb 2 8/04/14 08:34 16 AVRIL 2013

ARRÊT

DIFFÉREND FRONTALIER

(BURKINA FASO/NIGER)

FRONTIER DISPUTE

(BURKINA FASO/NIGER)

16 APRIL 2013

JUDGMENT

6 CIJ1042.indb 3 8/04/14 08:34 44

TABLE DES MATIÈRES

Paragraphes

Qualités 1-10

I. Le contexte historiqube et factuel 11-34

II. La demande relative aubx deux secteurs allanbt, au nord,
des hauteurs de N’Goumab à la borne astronomiqbue de
Tong-Tong et, au sud, du débutb de la boucle de Botou àb

la rivière Mékrou 35-59
A. La demande du Burkina Faso 35-38

B. La position du Niger 39-40
C. L’examen par la Cour 41-59

III. Le tracé de la portionb de la frontière demeubrant en litige 60-112

A. Le droit applicable 60-69
B. Le tracé de la frontière 70-112

1. Le tracé de la frontière entre les bornes astronomiques

de Tong-Tong et de Tao 72-79
2. Le tracé de la frontière entre la borne astronomique de
Tao et la rivière Sirba à Bossébangou 80-99

3. Le tracé de la frontière dans la région de Bossébangou 100-107
4. Le tracé de la partie sud de la frontière 108-112

IV. Désignation d’experts 113

Dispositif 114

4

6 CIJ1042.indb 44 8/04/14 08:34 44

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs

Chronology of the Procebdure 1-10

I. Historical and Factuabl Background 11-34

II. The Request concerninbg the Two Sectors Runninbg, in the
North, from the Heights of N’Gouma to the Tong-Tonbg
Astronomic Marker and, bin the South, from the Begin -

ning of the Botou Bend tbo the River Mekrou 35-59
A. The request of Burkina Faso 35-38

B. The position of Niger 39-40
C. Consideration by the Court 41-59

III. The Course of the Sectiobn of the Frontier Remaibning
in Dispute 60-112

A. Applicable law 60-69
B. The course of the frontier 70-112

1. The course of the frontier between the Tong-Tong and

Tao astronomic markers 72-79
2. The course of the frontier between the Tao astronomic
marker and the River Sirba at Bossébangou 80-99

3. The course of the frontier in the area of Bossébangou 100-107
4. The course of the southern part of the frontier 108-112

IV. Nomination of Experts 113

Operative Clause 114

4

6 CIJ1042.indb 45 8/04/14 08:34 45

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

2013 ANNÉE 2013

16 avril
Rôleogénéral 16 avril 2013
n 149

DIFFÉREND FRONTALIER

(BURKINA FASO/NIGER)

Contexte historique et factuel.
Arrêté du 31 août 1927 et son erratum du 5 octobre 1927 — Accord et protocole
d’accord du 28 mars 1987 — Travaux de la commission technique mixte d’aborne ­
ment de la frontière — Compromis — Échange de lettres concernant les secteurs

délimités de la frontière.

*

Demande relative aux deux secteurs abornés de la frontière.
Pouvoir de la Cour de vérifier que les conclusions finales demeurent ▯dans les

limites définies par le compromis — Interprétation des points 1 et 3 des conclusions
finales du Burkina Faso — Interprétation du point 2 de l’article 2 du compromis —
Demande tendant à ce que la Cour donne acte, dans le dispositif de l’▯arrêt, de
l’entente à laquelle les Parties sont parvenues concernant les sec▯teurs abornés de la
frontière — Absence de différend — Demande n’étant pas compatible avec la fonc ­

tion judiciaire de la Cour.

*

Tracé de la portion de la frontière demeurant en litige.
Droit applicable — Article 6 du compromis — Paragraphe premier de l’ar ­

ticle 38 du Statut — Principe de l’intangibilité des frontières héritées de l▯a colo­
nisation — Accord du 28 mars 1987 — Arrêté tel que précisé par son erratum
constituant l’instrument à appliquer pour la délimitation de la▯ frontière —
Carte de l’Institut géographique national de France (carte IGN) — Absence de
tout autre document « accepté d’accord Parties ».

Tracé de la frontière entre les bornes astronomiques de Tong­Tong et de Tao —
Localisation de la borne astronomique de Tao — Arrêté étant insuffisant pour
déterminer le tracé de la frontière — Absence de pertinence de la borne de Vibou
rié — Frontière suivant une ligne droite.

5

6 CIJ1042.indb 46 8/04/14 08:34 45

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2013 2013
16 April
General List
16 April 2013 No. 149

FRONTIER DISPUTE

(BURKINA FASO/NIGER)

Historical and factual background.

Arrêté of 31 August 1927 and its Erratum of 5 October 1927 — Agreement and
Protocol of Agreement of 28 March 1987 — Work of the Joint Technical Com ­
mission on Demarcation of the Frontier — Special Agreement — Exchange of let ­
ters on the delimited sectors of the frontier.

*

Request concerning the two demarcated sectors of the frontier.
Power of the Court to ascertain whether final submissions remain within ▯the
limits of a special agreement — Interpretation of points 1 and 3 of the final sub
missions of Burkina Faso — Interpretation of Article 2, point 2, of the Special
Agreement — Request to place on record in the dispositif of the Court’s Judgment

the Parties’ agreement concerning demarcated sectors of the frontier— Absence
of a dispute — Request not compatible with the Court’s judicial function.

*

Course of the section of the frontier remaining in dispute.
Applicable law — Article 6 of the Special Agreement — Article 38, para ­
graph 1, of the Statute — Principle of intangibility of boundaries inherited from
colonization — Agreement of 28 March 1987 — Arrêté as clarified by its Erratum
is the instrument to be applied for delimitation of the boundary— Map of the
Institut géographique national de France (IGN map) — No other document

“accepted by joint agreement of the Parties”.
Course of the frontier between Tong­Tong and Tao astronomic markers —
Location of Tao astronomic marker — Arrêté not sufficient to determine the
course of the frontier — Irrelevance of Vibourié marker — Frontier follows
straight line.

5

6 CIJ1042.indb 47 8/04/14 08:34 46 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

Tracé de la frontière entre la borne astronomique de Tao et la «▯ rivière Sirba à
Bossébangou » — Sens de l’expression « rivière Sirba à Bossébangou » — Arrêté
faisant référence à des lignes droites pour d’autres secteurs — Pertinence du décret

du 28 décembre 1926, sur la base duquel a été pris l’arrêté — Absence de perti ­
nence de la pratique coloniale relative aux villages de Bangaré, Pete▯lkolé et Ous ­
saltane — Arrêté ne pouvant être interprété comme traçant une l▯igne droite dans
ce secteur — Arrêté étant insuffisant pour déterminer le tracé de la ▯frontière —

Frontière suivant le tracé de la carte IGN.
Tracé de la frontière dans la région de Bossébangou et au­delà — Frontière
atteignant la ligne médiane de la rivière Sirba — Frontière suivant ensuite la
rivière Sirba — Arrêté étant insuffisant pour établir le point où la fro▯ntière quitte
la rivière Sirba ainsi que le tracé de la frontière au­delà de ce point — Recours à

la carte IGN — Parallèle de Say — Point d’intersection entre la rivière Sirba et le
parallèle de Say — Méridien passant par ce point.
Tracé de la partie sud de la frontière — Absence d’accord entre les Parties ou
d’acquiescement de leur part — Clarté de l’arrêté — Frontière se prolongeant en

ligne droite.

*

Désignation d’experts.

ARRÊT

Présents : M. Tomka,président ; M.Sepúlveda-Amor,vice­président ; MM.Owa-
da, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade,
Yusuf, Greenwood, M mesXue, Donoghue, M. Gaja, M me Sebu-

tinde, M. Bhandari, juges ; MM.Mahiou, Daudet, juges ad hoc ;
M. Couvreur,greffier.

En l’affaire du différend frontalier,

entre

le Burkina Faso,
représenté par

S. Exc. M. Jérôme Bougouma, ministre de l’administration territoriale, de bla
décentralisation et de la sécurité,

comme agent ;
me
S. Exc. M Salamata Sawadogo/Tapsoba, ministre de la justice, garde des
sceaux,
S. Exc. M. Frédéric Assomption Korsaga, ambassadeur du Burkina Faso
auprès du Royaume des Pays-Bas,

comme coagents ;

6

6 CIJ1042.indb 48 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 46

Course of the frontier between the Tao astronomic marker and the “Riv▯er Sirba
at Bossébangou” — Meaning of the expression “River Sirba at Bossébangou” —
Reference to straight lines in Arrêté for other sectors — Relevance of the Decree
of 28 December 1926 on the basis of which the Arrêté was issued — Colonial
practice with respect to villages of Bangaré, Petelkolé and Oussal▯tane not rele

vant — Arrêté cannot be interpreted as drawing a straight line in this sector —
Arrêté not sufficient to determine the course of the fronti— Frontier follows
IGN map.
Course of the frontier in the area of Bossébangou and beyond — Frontier
reaches median line of the River Sirba — Frontier then follows the River Sirba —

Arrêté not sufficient to determine point where frontier leaves the River Sirba▯ and
course of frontier beyond that point — Recourse to the IGN map — Say paral ­
lel — Intersection of River Sirba and Say parallel — Meridian passing through
this point.

Course of the southern part of the frontier — No agreement or acquiescence of
the Parties — Clarity of the Arrêté — Frontier follows straight line.

*

Nomination of experts.

JUDGMENT

Present: President Tomka ;Vice­President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges Owada,
Abraham, Keith, Bennouna,b Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade,
Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue, Donboghue, Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhabndari ;
Judges ad hoc Mahiou, Daudet ; Registrar Couvreur.

In the case concerning the frontier dispute,

between

Burkina Faso,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Jérôme Bougouma, Minister for Territorial Administration, Decen -
tralization and Security,
as Agent ;

H.E. Ms Salamata Sawadogo/Tapsoba, Minister of Justice and Keeper of the
Seals,
H.E. Mr. Frédéric Assomption Korsaga, Ambassador of Burkina Faso to the

Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Co-Agents ;

6

6 CIJ1042.indb 49 8/04/14 08:34 47 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

S. Exc. M. Alain Edouard Traoré, ministre de la communication, porte-
parole du Gouvernement,

comme conseiller spécial ;
M meJoséphine Kouara Apiou/Kaboré, directrice générale de l’administration
du territoire,

M. Claude Obin Tapsoba, directeur général de l’Institut géographique du
Burkina Faso,
M. Benoît Kambou, professeur à l’Université de Ouagadougou,
M. Pierre Claver Hien, historien, chercheur au centre national de la recherche

scientifique et technologique,
comme agents adjoints ;

M. Mathias Forteau, professeur à l’Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La
Défense, membre de la Commission du droit international,
M. Alain Pellet, professeur à l’Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Débfense,

ancien président de la Commission du droit international, membre assobcié
de l’Institut de droit international,
M. Jean-Marc Thouvenin, professeur à l’Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La
Défense, directeur du Centre de droit international de Nanterre, avocbat au
barreau de Paris (cabinet Sygna Partners),

comme conseils et avocats ;

M. Halidou Nagabila, ingénieur topographe,
M. André Bassolé, expert en géomatique,
M. Dramane Ernest Diarra, administrateur civil,
M eBenoît Sawadogo, avocat à la Cour,
e
M Héloïse Bajer-Pellet, avocat au barreau de Paris,
M. Romain Pieri, chercheur en droit international,
M. Ludovic Legrand, chercheur au Centre de droit international de Nanterre
(CEDIN), juriste (cabinet Sygna Partners),

M. Simplice Honoré Guibila, directeur général des affaires jubridiques et
consulaires,
M. Daniel Bicaba, ministre conseiller à l’ambassade du Burkina Fasbo à Bruxelles,

comme conseillers,

et

la République du Niger,
représentée par

S. Exc. M. Mohamed Bazoum, ministre d’Etat, ministre des affaires étran -
gères, de la coopération, de l’intégration africaine et des bNigériens à l’exté-
rieur, président du comité d’appui aux conseils du Niger,

comme chef de délégation et agent ;
S. Exc. M. Abdou Labo, ministre d’Etat, ministre de l’intérieur, de la sébcurité

publique, de la décentralisation et des affaires religieuses,
comme coagent ;

S. Exc. M. Karidio Mahamadou, ministre de la défense nationale,
S. Exc. M. Marou Amadou, ministre de la justice, garde des sceaux, porte-
parole du gouvernement,

comme coagents adjoints ;

7

6 CIJ1042.indb 50 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 47

H.E. Mr. Alain Edouard Traoré, Minister of Communication, Government
Spokesman,
as Special Adviser ;

Ms Joséphine Kouara Apiou/Kaboré, Director-General of Territorial Admin -
istration,

Mr. Claude Obin Tapsoba, Director-General of the Geographical Institute of
Burkina,
Mr. Benoît Kambou, Professor at the University of Ouagadougou,
Mr. Pierre Claver Hien, Historian, Researcher at the National Science anbd
Technology Research Centre,

as Deputy-Agents ;

Mr. Mathias Forteau, Professor at the University of Paris Ouest, Nanterrbe-La
Défense, Member of the International Law Commission,
Mr. Alain Pellet, Professor at the University of Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La
Défense, former Chairman of the International Law Commission, associ -
ate member of the Institut de droit international,

Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin, Professor at the University of Paris Ouest, Nan -
terre-La Défense, Director of the Centre de droit international de Nanterreb
(CEDIN), member of the Paris Bar (Cabinet Sygna partners),

as Counsel and Advocates ;
Mr. Halidou Nagabila, Surveying Engineer,
Mr. André Bassolé, Geomatics Expert,

Mr. Dramane Ernest Diarra, Civil Administrator,
Maître Benoît Sawadogo, Avocat à la Cour,
Maître Héloïse Bajer-Pellet, member of the Paris Bar,
Mr. Romain Pieri, International Law Researcher,

Mr. Ludovic Legrand, Researcher at the Centre de droit international de b
Nanterre (CEDIN), Lawyer (Cabinet Sygna partners),
Mr. Simplice Honoré Guibila, Director-General of Legal and Consular
Affairs,
Mr. Daniel Bicaba, Minister-Counsellor, Embassy of Burkina Faso in Brussels,

as Advisers,

and

the Republic of Niger,

represented by
H.E. Mr. Mohamed Bazoum, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Co-oper -
ation, African Integration and Nigeriens Abroad, Chairman of the Sup -

port Committee to Counsel for Niger,
as Head of Delegation and Agent ;

H.E. Mr. Abdou Labo, Minister of State for the Interior, Public Security,
Decentralization and Religious Affairs,

as Co-Agent ;
H.E. Mr. Karidio Mahamadou, Minister of National Defence,
H.E. Mr. Marou Amadou, Minister of Justice, Keeper of the Seals, Govern -

ment Spokesman,
as Deputy Co-Agents ;

7

6 CIJ1042.indb 51 8/04/14 08:34 48 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

M. Sadé Elhadji Mahaman, conservateur des archives et bibliothèques, coor -
donnateur du secrétariat permanent du comité d’appui aux conseibls du Niger,

comme agent adjoint ;
M. Jean Salmon, professeur émérite de l’Université libre de Bruxellebs, membre
de l’Institut de droit international, membre de la Cour permanente d’barbi-

trage,
comme conseil principal ;

M. Maurice Kamto, professeur agrégé de droit public, avocat au barreau de
Paris, ancien doyen de la faculté des sciences juridiques et politiques de
l’Université de Yaoundé II, membre et ancien président de lab Commission

du droit international, membre associé de l’Institut de droit international,
membre de la Cour permanente d’arbitrage,
M. Pierre Klein, professeur de droit et directeur adjoint du Centre de droibt
international de l’Université libre de Bruxelles,

M. Amadou Tankoano, professeur de droit international, enseignant-
chercheur et ancien doyen de la faculté des sciences économiques ebt juri -
diques de l’Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey,

comme conseils ;
M me Martyna Falkowska, chercheur au Centre de droit international de l’Unb -i

versité libre de Bruxelles,
comme assistante des conseils ;

le général Maïga Mamadou Youssoufa, gouverneur de la région de Tillabéri,
M. Amadou Tcheko, directeur général des affaires juridiques et consulairesb
au ministère des affaires étrangères, de la coopération, de l’intégration

africaine et des Nigériens à l’extérieur, coordonnateur adjobint du comité
d’appui aux conseils du Niger,
le colonel Mahamane Koraou, secrétaire permanent de la commission natio -
nale des frontières, membre du comité d’appui aux conseils du Niger (en
retraite),

M. Mahamane Laminou Amadou Maouli, magistrat, rapporteur du comité
d’appui aux conseils du Niger,
M. Hassimi Adamou, ingénieur géomètre principal, directeur général dbe l’Ins -
titut géographique national du Niger, membre du comité d’appui baux

conseils du Niger,
M. Hamadou Mounkaila, ingénieur géomètre principal à la commis -
sion nationale des frontières, membre du comité d’appui aux conseilsb du
Niger,

M. Mahamane Laminou, ingénieur géomètre principal, expert à l’Institubt
géographique national du Niger, membre du comité d’appui aux cobnseils
du Niger,
M. Soumaye Poutia, magistrat, membre du comité d’appui aux conseils du

Niger,
M. Idrissa Yansambou, directeur des archives nationales du Niger, membre
du comité d’appui aux conseils du Niger,
M. Belko Garba, ingénieur géomètre, membre du comité d’appui aux cbonseils

du Niger,
le général Yayé Garba, ministère de la défense nationale, membre du comité
d’appui aux conseils du Niger,

8

6 CIJ1042.indb 52 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 48

Mr. Sadé Elhadji Mahaman, Curator of Archives and Libraries, Co-ordinator
of the Permanent Secretariat of the Support Committee to Counsel for Niger,

as Deputy Agent ;
Mr. Jean Salmon, Professor emeritus of the Université libre de Bruxelbles,
member of the Institut du droit international, Member of the Permanent

Court of Arbitration,
as Lead Counsel ;

Mr. Maurice Kamto, Professor agrégé of Public Law, member of the Pbaris
Bar, former Dean of the Faculty of Law and Political Science at the Uni -
versity of Yaoundé II, Member and former Chairman of the Internationabl

Law Commission, associate member of the Institut de droit international,b
Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration,
Mr. Pierre Klein, Professor of Law at the Université libre de Bruxelles,
Deputy-Director of the Centre of International Law,

Mr. Amadou Tankoano, Professor of International Law, former Dean of the b
Faculty of Economic and Legal Science, Lecturer and Researcher at Abdou b
Moumouni University in Niamey,

as Counsel ;
Ms Martyna Falkowska, Researcher at the Centre of International Law, Uni -

versité libre de Bruxelles,
as Assistant ;

General Maïga Mamadou Youssoufa, Governor of the Region of Tillabébri,
Mr. Amadou Tcheko, Director-General of Legal and Consular Affairs at the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Co-operation, African Integration and Nige -

riens Abroad, Deputy Co-ordinator of the Support Committee to Counsel
for Niger,
Col. (retired) Mahamane Koraou, Permanent Secretary to the National
Boundaries Commission, member of the Support Committee to Counsel
for Niger,

Mr. Mahamane Laminou Amadou Maouli, Magistrat, Rapporteur of the
Support Committee to Counsel for Niger,
Mr. Hassimi Adamou, Chief Surveyor, Director-General of the National
Geographical Institute of Niger (NGIN), member of the Support Commit -

tee to Counsel for Niger,
Mr. Hamadou Mounkaila, Chief Surveyor at the National Boundaries Com -
mission, member of the Support Committee to Counsel for Niger,

Mr. Mahamane Laminou, Chief Surveyor, Expert at the National Geograph-
ical Institute of Niger (NGIN), member of the Support Committee to
Counsel for Niger,
Mr. Soumaye Poutia, Magistrat, member of the Support Committee to Coun -

sel for Niger,
Mr. Idrissa Yansambou, Director of the National Archives of Niger, membebr
of the Support Committee to Counsel for Niger,
Mr. Belko Garba, Surveyor, member of the Support Committee to Counsel

for Niger,
General Yayé Garba, Ministry of National Defence, member of the Suppobrt
Committee to Counsel for Niger,

8

6 CIJ1042.indb 53 8/04/14 08:34 49 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

M. Seydou Adamou, conseiller technique du ministre d’Etat, ministre des
affaires étrangères, de la coopération, de l’intégratiobn africaine et des Nigé
riens à l’extérieur,
M. Abdou Abarry, directeur général des relations bilatérales au ministèbre des

affaires étrangères, de la coopération, de l’intégratiobn africaine et des Nigé
riens à l’extérieur,
le colonel Harouna Djibo Hamani, directeur de la coopération militaire, des
opérations et du maintien de la paix au ministère des affaires ébtrangères, de
la coopération, de l’intégration africaine et des Nigériens bà l’extérieur,

comme experts ;

M. Ado Elhadji Abou, ministre conseiller à l’ambassade du Niger à Bruxelles,
M. Chitou Boubacar, chargé du protocole à l’ambassade du Niger à Bruxeblles,
M. Salissou Mahamane, agent comptable du comité d’appui aux conseils du
Niger,
M. Abdoussalam Nouri, secrétaire principal au secrétariat permanent du

memité d’appui aux conseils du Niger,
M Haoua Ibrahim, secrétaire au secrétariat permanent du comité d’appbui
aux conseils du Niger,

comme personnel d’appui,

La Cour,

ainsi composée,

après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
rend l’arrêt suivant :

1. Par une lettre de notification conjointe datée du 12 mai 2010 et déposée au
Greffe de la Cour le 20 juillet 2010, le Burkina Faso et la République du Niger

(dénommée ci-après le « Niger») ont fait tenir au greffier un compromis entre
les deux Etats, signé à Niamey le 24 février 2009 et entré en vigueur le
20 novembre 2009, par lequel les gouvernements de ces deux Etats sont conve -
nus de soumettre à la Cour le différend frontalier qui les opposbe sur un secteur

de leur frontière commune. A cette lettre étaient joints le protocbole d’échange
des instruments de ratification du compromis et un échange de notes consacrant
l’entente entre les deux Etats sur les secteurs délimités de lab frontière en dates
des 29 octobre et 2 novembre 2009.
2. Le texte du compromis est le suivant :

« Le Gouvernement du Burkina Faso et le Gouvernement de la Répu -
blique du Niger, ci-après dénommés les « Parties»;

Considérant que, par accords signés à Niamey le 23 juin 1964 et à Ouaga -
dougou le 28 mars 1987, les deux gouvernements ont convenu de matéria -
liser leur frontière commune et ont procédé à cet effet àb la création d’une
commission technique mixte d’abornement ;

Considérant que les articles 1 et 2 de l’accord du 28 mars 1987 précisaient
ce qui suit :

«Article premier

La frontière entre les deux Etats va des hauteurs du N’Gouma, situbées
au nord du gué de Kabia, jusqu’à l’intersection de l’ancibenne limite des

9

6 CIJ1042.indb 54 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 49

Mr. Seydou Adamou, Technical Adviser to the Minister of State for Foreigbn
Affairs, Co-operation, African Integration and Nigeriens Abroad,

Mr. Abdou Abarry, Director-General of Bilateral Relations, Ministry of For-

eign Affairs, Co-operation, African Integration and Nigeriens Abroad,

Col. Harouna Djibo Hamani, Director of Military Co-operation and
Peace-Keeping Operations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Co-operation,
African Integration and Nigeriens Abroad,

as Experts ;

Mr. Ado Elhadji Abou, Minister-Counsellor, Embassy of Niger in Brussels,
Mr. Chitou Boubacar, Protocol Officer, Embassy of Niger in Brussels,
Mr. Salissou Mahamane, Accountant of the Support Committee to Counsel
for Niger,
Mr. Abdoussalam Nouri, Principal Secretary, Permanent Secretariat of theb

Support Committee to Counsel for Niger,
Ms Haoua Ibrahim, Secretary, Permanent Secretariat of the Support Com -
mittee to Counsel for Niger,

as Support Staff,

The Court,

composed as above,

after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment :

1. By a joint letter of notification dated 12 May 2010 and filed in the Registry
of the Court on 20 July 2010, Burkina Faso and the Republic of Niger (herein -

after “Niger”) transmitted to the Registrar a Special Agreement bbetween the
two States which was signed at Niamey on 24 February 2009 and entered into
force on 20 November 2009, whereby the Governments of the two States agreed
to submit to the Court the frontier dispute between them over a section bof their

common boundary. Attached to this letter were the Protocol of Exchange obf the
Instruments of Ratification of the Special Agreement and an exchange obf Notes
placing on record the agreement (“entente”) between the two States on the
delimited sectors of the frontier, dated 29 October and 2 November 2009.
2. The text of the Special Agreement reads as follows :

“The Government of Burkina Faso and the Government of the Republic
of Niger, hereinafter referred to as the ‘Parties’ ;

Whereas, by agreements signed at Niamey on 23 June 1964 and at Oua -
gadougou on 28 March 1987, the two Governments agreed to mark out
their common boundary and to that end created a Joint Technical Commis -
sion on Demarcation ;

Whereas Articles 1 and 2 of the Agreement of 28 March 1987 provide as
follows :

‘Article 1

The frontier between the two States shall run from the heights of
N’Gouma, situated to the north of the Kabia ford, to the intersectionb of

9

6 CIJ1042.indb 55 8/04/14 08:34 50 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

cercles de Fada et Say avec le cours de la Mékrou, telle que décribte par
l’arrêté du 31 août 1927, précisé par son erratum du 5 octobre 1927.

Article 2

La frontière sera matérialisée par des bornes frontières conbformément
au tracé décrit par l’arrêté 2336 du 31 août 1927, précisé par son erra -
tum 2602/APA du 5 octobre 1927. En cas d’insuffisance de l’arrêté et de
son erratum, le tracé sera celui figurant sur la carte au 1/200 000 de l’Ins-
titut géographique national de France, édition 1960, et/ou de tout autre

document pertinent accepté d’accord Parties »;

Considérant que les travaux de la commission technique mixte d’aborne -
ment créée en application de ces textes ont permis aux Parties de bs’accorder
sur les secteurs suivants de la frontière :

a) des hauteurs du N’Gouma à la borne astronomique de Tong-Tong ;
b) du début de la boucle de Botou jusqu’à la rivière Mékrou ;

Considérant que les deux Parties acceptent comme définitifs les résultats
des travaux effectués sur lesdits secteurs ;

Désireux de régler définitivement ce différend dans un esprit de frbaternité
entre peuples frères et de bon voisinage qui caractérise leurs relbations, et

dans le respect du principe de l’intangibilité des frontières hbéritées de la
colonisation ;
Faisant ainsi application de l’article 8 de l’accord du 28 mars 1987 pré -

cité ;
Sont convenus de ce qui suit :

Article premier
Saisine de la Cour internationale de Justice

1. Les Parties soumettent le différend défini à l’article 2 ci-dessous à la Cour
internationale de Justice.
2. Chacune des Parties exercera le droit que lui confère le paragraphe 3 de
l’article 31 du Statut de la Cour de procéder à la désignation d’un jubge
ad hoc.

Article 2

Objet du différend

La Cour est priée de :

1. déterminer le tracé de la frontière entre les deux pays dans leb secteur
allant de la borne astronomique de Tong-Tong (latitude 14° 25´ 04˝ N ;
longitude 00° 12´ 47˝ E) au début de la boucle de Botou (lati -
tude 12° 36´ 18˝ N ; longitude 01° 52´ 07˝ E) ;
2. donner acte aux Parties de leur entente sur les résultats des travauxb de

la commission technique mixte d’abornement de la frontière Bur -
kina Faso-Niger en ce qui concerne les secteurs suivants :

10

6 CIJ1042.indb 56 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 50

the former boundary of the cercles of Fada and Say with the course of
the Mekrou, as described in the Arrêté [order] of 31 August 1927, as
clarified by the Erratum of 5 October 1927.

Article 2

The frontier shall be demarcated by boundary markers following the
course described by Arrêté 2336 of 31 August 1927, as clarified by Erra -
tum 2602/APA of 5 October 1927. Should the Arrêté and Erratum not
suffice, the course shall be that shown on the 1:200,000-scale map of the
Institut géographique national de France, 1960 edition, and/or any otbher

relevant document accepted by joint agreement of the Parties’ ;

Whereas thanks to the work of the Joint Technical Commission
on Demarcation established pursuant to these provisions, the Parties have
been able to reach agreement in respect of the following sectors of the bfron -
tier :

(a) from the heights of N’Gouma to the astronomic marker of Tong-Tong;
(b) from the beginning of the Botou bend to the River Mekrou ;

Whereas the two Parties accept the results of the work carried out in those
sectors as definitive ;

Desirous of resolving this dispute once and for all in the spirit of fraternity b
between brotherly peoples and neighbourliness characterising their relations

and in compliance with the principle of the intangibility of frontiers ibnher-
ited from colonization ;
Thus applying Article 8 of the Agreement of 28 March 1987 referred to

above ;
Have agreed as follows :

Article 1
Referral to the International Court of Justice

1. The Parties submit the dispute defined in Article 2 below to the Inter -
national Court of Justice.
2. Each of the Parties will exercise the right conferred upon it by Arti -
cle 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute of the Court to choose a judge ad
hoc.

Article 2

Subject of the Dispute

The Court is requested to :

1. determine the course of the boundary between the two countries in the
sector from the astronomic marker of Tong-Tong (latitude 14° 25´ 04˝ ;N
longitude 00° 12´ 47˝ E) to the beginning of the Botou bend (lati -
tude 12° 36´ 18˝ N ; longitude 01° 52´ 07˝ E) ;
2. place on record the Parties’ agreement [“leur entente”] on the results

of the work of the Joint Technical Commission on Demarcation
of the Burkina Faso-Niger boundary with regard to the following sec -
tors :

10

6 CIJ1042.indb 57 8/04/14 08:34 51 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

a) le secteur allant des hauteurs du N’Gouma à la borne astronomique b
de Tong-Tong ;
b) le secteur allant du début de la boucle de Botou jusqu’à la rivbière
Mékrou.

Article 3

Procédure écrite

1. Sans préjuger d’aucune question relative à la charge de la preuve, les
Parties prient la Cour d’autoriser la procédure suivante au regardb des

pièces de procédure écrite :

a) un mémoire soumis par chacune des Parties au plus tard neu(f9) mois
après la saisine de la Cour ;
b) un contre-mémoire soumis par chacune des Parties au plus tard
neuf (9) mois après l’échange des mémoires ;
c) toutes autres pièces de procédure écrite dont le dépôt, àb la demande

de l’une ou l’autre des Parties, aura été autorisé par lab Cour ou
prescrit par celle-ci.

2. Les pièces de la procédure écrite déposées auprès du gbreffier de la Cour
ne seront transmises à l’autre Partie que lorsque le greffier aurba reçu de
ladite Partie les pièces de procédure correspondantes.

Article 4

Procédure orale

Les Parties conviendront, avec l’approbation de la Cour, de l’ordrbe dans
lequel elles seront entendues au cours de la procédure orale ; à défaut d’ac -
cord entre les Parties, cet ordre sera celui que prescrira la Cour.

Article 5

Langue de la procédure

Les Parties conviennent que leurs pièces de procédure écrite etb leurs plai -
doiries seront présentées en langue française.

Article 6

Droit applicable

Les règles et principes du droit international qui s’appliquent aub diffé -
rend sont ceux énumérés au paragraphe premier de l’article 38 du Statut de
la Cour internationale de Justice, y compris le principe de l’intangibbilité des
frontières héritées de la colonisation et l’accord du 28 mars 1987.

Article 7

Arrêt de la Cour

1. Les Parties acceptent, comme définitif et obligatoire pour elles-mêmes,
l’arrêt rendu par la Cour en application du présent compromis.

2. A partir du prononcé de l’arrêt, les Parties disposent de dix-huit (18) mois
pour commencer les travaux de démarcation de la frontière.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 58 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 51

(a)the sector from the heights of N’Gouma to the astronomic marker
of Tong-Tong ;
(b)the sector from the beginning of the Botou bend to the River
Mekrou.

Article 3

Written Proceedings

1. Without prejudice to any question as to the burden of proof, the Partiesb
request the Court to authorize the following procedure for the written

pleadings :

(a)a Memorial filed by each Party not later than nine (9) months after
the seising of the Court ;
(b)a Counter-Memorial filed by each Party not later than nine
(9) months after exchange of the Memorials ;
(c) any other written pleading whose filing, at the request of either

of the Parties, shall have been authorized or directed by the Court.

2. Pleadings submitted to the Registrar of the Court shall not be trans -
mitted to the other Party until the Registrar has received the corre -
sponding pleading from that Party.

Article 4

Oral Proceedings

The Parties shall agree, with approval from the Court, on the order in
which they are to be heard during the oral proceedings ; if the Parties fail
to agree, the order shall be prescribed by the Court.

Article 5

Language of the Proceedings

The Parties agree that their written pleadings and their oral argument
shall be presented in the French language.

Article 6

Applicable Law

The rules and principles of international law applicable to the dispute b
are those referred to in Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the
International Court of Justice, including : the principle of the intangibility
of boundaries inherited from colonization and the Agreement of

28 March 1987.
Article 7

Judgment of the Court

1. The Parties accept the Judgment of the Court given pursuant to this
Special Agreement as final and binding upon them.

2. From the day on which the Judgment is rendered, the Parties shall have
eighteen (18) months in which to commence the work of demarcating
the boundary.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 59 8/04/14 08:34 52 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

3. En cas de difficulté d’exécution de l’arrêt, l’une oub l’autre des Parties
saisira la Cour conformément à l’article 60 de son Statut.
4. Les Parties prient la Cour de désigner dans son arrêt trois (3) experts
qui les assisteront en tant que de besoin aux fins de la démarcatiobn.

Article 8

Entrée en vigueur

Le présent compromis est soumis à ratification. Il entrera en vibgueur à la
date de réception de la dernière notification de ratification.b
Les Parties conviennent toutefois d’appliquer, dès la signature, l’ar -
ticle 10 du présent compromis.

Article 9

Enregistrement et notification

1. Le présent compromis sera enregistré au Secrétariat général des Nations
Unies en application de l’article 102 de la Charte des Nations Unies
à l’initiative de la Partie la plus diligente.
2. En application de l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour, le présent compromis

sera notifié au greffier de la Cour par une lettre conjointe des Pbarties.

3. Si cette notification n’est pas effectuée conformément au pbaragraphe
précédent dans le délai d’un mois suivant l’entrée en vigueur du présent
compromis, celui-ci sera notifié au greffier de la Cour par la Partie la

plus diligente.
Article 10

Engagement spécial

En attendant l’arrêt de la Cour, les Parties s’engagent à prbéserver la
paix, la sécurité et la quiétude au sein des populations des debux Etats dans
la région frontalière, en s’abstenant de tout acte d’incursibon dans les zones
litigieuses et en organisant des rencontres régulières des responsbables admi -

nistratifs et des services de sécurité.
Pour les réalisations d’infrastructures socio-économiques, les Parties
s’engagent à mener des concertations préalables avant leur miseb en œuvre.

En foi de quoi, le présent compromis établi en deux exemplaires origi -
naux a été signé par les plénipotentiaires.

Fait à Niamey, le 24 février 2009. »

3. Conformément au paragraphe 3 de l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour et à
l’article 42 du Règlement, le greffier a transmis copie de la lettre de notifibcation
conjointe, du compromis, du protocole d’échange des instruments deb ratification
et de l’échange de notes consacrant l’entente entre les deux Etbats sur les secteurs

délimités de la frontière, en dates des 29 octobre et 2 novembre 2009, au Secré -
taire général des Nations Unies, aux Membres des Nations Unies et aux autres
Etats admis à ester devant la Cour.

4. Par lettre du 24 septembre 2010, l’agent du Burkina Faso a notifié à la

Cour la désignation par son gouvernement de M. Jean-Pierre Cot pour siéger en
qualité de juge ad hoc. Par lettre du 4 août 2010, l’agent du Niger a notifié à la
Cour la désignation par son gouvernement de M. Ahmed Mahiou pour siéger en

12

6 CIJ1042.indb 60 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 52

3. In case of difficulty in the implementation of the Judgment, either Parbty
may seise the Court pursuant to Article 60 of its Statute.
4. The Parties request the Court to nominate, in its Judgment, three
(3) experts to assist them as necessary in the demarcation.

Article 8

Entry into Force

The present Special Agreement is subject to ratification. It shall entber into
force on the date on which the last notice of ratification is receivedb.
The Parties nevertheless agree to apply Article 10 of this Special Agree -
ment as from the date of signing.

Article 9

Registration and Notification

1. The present Special Agreement shall be registered with the Secretariat
of the United Nations pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the
United Nations by the more diligent party.
2. In accordance with Article 40 of the Statute of the Court, this Special

Agreement shall be notified to the Registrar of the Court by a joint
letter from the Parties.
3. If such notification is not effected in accordance with the precedinbg
paragraph within one month from the entry into force of the present
Special Agreement, it shall be notified to the Registrar of the Court bby

the more diligent Party.
Article 10

Special Undertaking

Pending the Judgment of the Court, the Parties undertake to maintain
peace, security and tranquillity among the populations of the two Statesb in
the frontier region, refraining from any act of incursion into the dispubted
areas and organizing regular meetings of administrative officials and tbhe

security services.
With regard to the creation of socio-economic infrastructure, the Parties
undertake to hold preliminary consultations prior to implementation.

In witness whereof, the present Special Agreement, drawn up in two orig -
inal copies, has been signed by the plenipotentiaries.

Done at Niamey, 24 February 2009.”

3. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 3, of the Statute of the Court
and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, the Registrar transmitted copies of the
joint letter of notification, the Special Agreement, the Protocol of Ebxchange of
the Instruments of Ratification and the exchange of Notes placing on rbecord the

agreement (“entente”) between the two States on the delimited sectors of the
frontier, dated 29 October and 2 November 2009, to the Secretary-General of
the United Nations, the Members of the United Nations and other States enti -
tled to appear before the Court.
4. By letter of 24 September 2010, the Agent of Burkina Faso notified the

Court that his Government had chosen Mr. Jean-Pierre Cot to sit as judge
ad hoc in the case. By letter of 4 August 2010, the Agent of Niger notified the
Court that his Government had chosen Mr. Ahmed Mahiou to sit as judge

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6 CIJ1042.indb 61 8/04/14 08:34 53 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

qualité de juge ad hoc. Suite à la démission de M. Cot, l’agent du Burkina Faso,
par lettre du 25 avril 2012, a notifié à la Cour la désignation par son gouverne -
ment de M. Yves Daudet.
5. Par ordonnance du 14 septembre 2010, la Cour a fixé au 20 avril 2011 la

date d’expiration du délai pour le dépôt du mémoire de chbacune des Parties et
au 20 janvier 2012 la date d’expiration du délai pour le dépôt du contre-
mémoire de chacune des Parties. Les mémoires et les contre-mémoires ont été
dûment déposés dans les délais ainsi fixés. Les Partiesb ont ensuite fait savoir à la
Cour qu’elles estimaient que la présentation de nouvelles piècebs de procédure

écrite n’était pas nécessaire, mais souhaitaient se réserbver le droit de produire, le
cas échéant, des documents nouveaux en application de l’articleb 56 du Règle -
ment. Aucune demande tendant à la production de tels documents n’ab été adres -
sée à la Cour.
6. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 53 de son Règlement, la Cour

a décidé, après s’être renseignée auprès des Parties, que des exemplaires des
pièces de procédure et des documents annexés seraient rendus accessibles au
public à l’ouverture de la procédure orale.
7. Des audiences ont été tenues du lundi 8 au mercredi 17 octobre 2012, au
cours desquelles ont été entendus en leurs plaidoiries et réponbses:

Pour le Burkina Faso : S. Exc. M. Jérôme Bougouma,
M. Jean-Marc Thouvenin,

M. Claude Obin Tapsoba,
M. Alain Pellet,
M. Mathias Forteau.

Pour le Niger : S. Exc. M. Mohamed Bazoum,
M. Amadou Tankoano,
M. Jean Salmon,
M. Maurice Kamto,
M. Pierre Klein.

8. A l’audience, des questions ont été posées aux Parties par dbes membres de
la Cour, auxquelles il a été répondu oralement et par écrit bconformément au
paragraphe 4 de l’article 61 du Règlement. Chacune des Parties a présenté des

observations écrites sur les réponses de l’autre Partie, conforbmément à l’ar -
ticle 72 du Règlement.

*

9. Dans la procédure écrite, les conclusions ci-après ont été présentées par les
Parties :

Au nom du Gouvernement du Burkina Faso,

dans le mémoire :

«5.1. Compte tenu de l’ensemble des considérations qui précèdbent, le
Burkina Faso prie la Cour de dire et juger que la frontière entre le Bur -
kina Faso et la République du Niger suit le tracé ci-après :

1) des hauteurs de N’Gouma à la borne astronomique de Tong-Tong, la

frontière suit le tracé suivant : une sé1ie de segments de droite reliant
successivement les points suivants : le mont N’Gouma (lat. :
14° 54´ 46,0˝ N ; long. : 00° 14´ 36,4˝ E), le gué de Kabia (lat. :

13

6 CIJ1042.indb 62 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 53

ad hoc in the case. Following the resignation of Mr. Cot, the Agent of
Burkina Faso notified the Court by letter of 25 April 2012 that its Government
had chosen Mr. Yves Daudet.
5. By Order of 14 September 2010, the Court fixed 20 April 2011 as the

time-limit for the filing of a Memorial by each Party and 20 January 2012 as the
time-limit for the filing of a Counter-Memorial by each Party. The Memorials
and Counter-Memorials were duly filed within the time-limits thus fixed. The
Parties then informed the Court that they did not consider it necessary bto sub -
mit additional written pleadings, but that they wished to reserve the ribght to

produce further documents if required, under Article 56 of the Rules of Court.
No request for the production of such documents has been received by theb
Court.

6. In accordance with Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the

Court, after ascertaining the views of the Parties, decided that copies bof the
pleadings and documents annexed should be made accessible to the public on
the opening of the oral proceedings.
7. Hearings were held from Monday 8 to Wednesday 17 October 2012, dur -
ing which the Court heard the oral arguments and replies of :

For Burkina Faso : H.E. Mr. Jérôme Bougouma,
Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin,

Mr. Claude Obin Tapsoba,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Mathias Forteau.

For Niger : H.E. Mr. Mohamed Bazoum,
Mr. Amadou Tankoano,
Mr. Jean Salmon,
Mr. Maurice Kamto,
Mr. Pierre Klein.

8. At the hearings, Members of the Court put questions to the Parties, to
which replies were given orally and in writing, in accordance with Articble 61,
paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court. As provided for in Article 72 of the Rules

of Court, each Party presented written observations on the replies receibved from
the other.

*

9. In the written proceedings, the following submissions were presented by b
the Parties :

On behalf of the Government of Burkina Faso,

in the Memorial :

“5.1. In view of all the above considerations, Burkina Faso requests bthe
Court to adjudge and declare that the frontier between Burkina Faso and
the Republic of Niger follows the course described hereafter :

1. from the heights of N’Gouma to the Tong-Tong astronomic marker,
the frontier takes the following course : a series of straight lines con
1
necting the following points in turn : Mount N’Gouma
(Lat. 14° 54´ 46.0˝ N ; Long. 00° 14´ 36.4˝ E), Kabia ford

13

6 CIJ1042.indb 63 8/04/14 08:34 54 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

14° 53´ 09,8˝ N ; long. : 00° 13´ 06,3˝ E), le mont d’Arkwaskoye (lat. :
14° 50´ 44,7˝ N ; long. : 00° 10´ 35,8˝ E), le mont Bellé Banguia (lat. :
14° 45´05,2˝ N; long.: 00°14´ 09,6˝ E), Takabougou (lat.: 14°37´ 54,5˝ N;
long.: 00° 10´ 16,1˝ E), le mont Douma Fendé (lat. : 14° 32´ 00,6˝ N ;

long.: 00° 09´ 42,1˝ E) et la borne astronomique de Tong-Tong (lat. :
14° 24´ 53,2˝ N ; long.: 00° 12´ 51,7˝ E) ;

1
Les coordonnées qui suivent sont celles retenues par le procès-verbal des
travaux de la mission conjointe de relevé des bornes construites du 3b juillet 2009,
annexe MBF 101. Il s’agit de coordonnées relevées au GPS.

2) de la borne astronomique de Tong-Tong au début de la boucle de Botou,

la frontière suit le tracé suivant :

— une ligne droite jusqu’à la borne astronomique de Tao (lat. :
14° 03´ 04,7˝ N ; long.: 00° 22´ 51,8˝ E) 2 ;

2 Les coordonnées de ce point ont été relevées au GPS par le Bburkina. Les

coordonnées de cette borne sur l’ellipsoïde de Clarke de 1880 sbont : lat. :
14° 03´ 13˝ N; long.: 00° 22´ 53˝ E.

— de ce point, une ligne droite jusqu’au point où la frontière atbteint la
3
rivière Sirba à Bossébangou (lat.: 13° 21´ 06,5˝ N; long.: 01° 17´ 11,0˝ E) ;

3 Les coordonnées de ce point, ainsi que des suivants, sont données bsur

l’ellipsoïde de Clarke de 1880.

— de ce point, la frontière suit d’est en ouest la rive droite de lab rivière
Sirba jusqu’au point situé sur sa rive droite, de coordonnées : lat. :

13° 19´ 53,5˝ N ; long.: 01° 07´ 20,4˝ E ;
— de ce point, la frontière suit le tracé figurant sur la carte [abu] 1/200 000
de l’Institut géographique national de France, édition 1960, jusqu’au
point de coordonnées : lat.: 13° 22´ 30,0˝ N ; long.: 00° 59´ 40,0˝ E ;

— de ce point, la frontière suit une ligne droite de direction sud aboubtissant
à l’intersection de la rive droite de la rivière Sirba et du pabrallèle de Say

(lat.: 13° 06´ 10,7˝ N ; long.: 00° 59´ 40,0˝ E) ;
— de ce point, la frontière suit une ligne droite jusqu’au début bde la boucle
de Botou (Tyenkilibi) (lat. : 12° 36´ 19,2˝ N ; long.: 01° 52´ 06,9˝ E) 4;

4
Les coordonnées de ce point, ainsi que des suivants, sont celles retebnues par
le procès-verbal des travaux de la mission conjointe de relevé des bornes constbruites
du 3 juillet 2009, annexe MBF 101. Il s’agit de coordonnées relevées au GPS b(ellip-
soïde WGS84).

3) du début de la boucle de Botou jusqu’à la rivière Mékrou,b la frontière
suit le tracé suivant :

— une série de segments de droite reliant successivement les points sui -
vants: le mont du Chacal (lat. : 12° 41´ 33,1˝ N ; long.: 01° 55´ 43,9˝ E),

Laguil (lat.: 12° 41´ 31,9˝ N ; long.: 01° 57´ 01,3˝ E) et Nonbokoli (lat. :
12° 44´ 12,9˝ N ; long.: 01° 58´ 47,0˝ E) ;

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6 CIJ1042.indb 64 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 54

(Lat. 14° 53´ 09.8˝ N ; Long. 00° 13´ 06.3˝ E), Mount Arwaskoye

(Lat. 14° 50´ 44.7˝ N ; Long. 00° 10´ 35.8˝ E), Mount Bellé Banguia
(Lat. 14° 45´ 05.2˝ N ; Long. 00° 14´ 09.6˝ E), Takabougou
(Lat. 14° 37´ 54.5˝ N ; Long. 00° 10´ 16.1˝ E), Mount Douma Fendé
(Lat. 14° 32´ 00.6˝ N; Long. 00° 09´ 42.1˝ E) and the Tong-Tong astro-

nomic marker (Lat. 14° 24´ 53.2˝ N ; Long. 00° 12´ 51.7˝ E) ;

1The co-ordinates which follow are those adopted in the record of the work
of the Joint Survey Mission of the erected markers, 3 July 2009, Ann. MBF 101.
The co-ordinates were measured by GPS.

2. from the Tong-Tong astronomic marker to the beginning of the Botou
bend, the frontier takes the following course :

— a straight line as far as the Tao astronomic marker (Lat. 14° 03´ 04.;˝ N
Long. 00° 22´ 51.8˝ E)2;

2
The co-ordinates of this point were measured by GPS by Burkina. The
co-ordinates of this marker on the Clarke 1880 ellipsoid are : Lat. 14° 03´ 13˝ N ;
Long. 00° 22´ 53˝ E.

— from that point, a straight line up to the point where the frontier reacbhes
the River Sirba at Bossébangou (Lat. 13° 21´ 06.5˝ N ; Long. 01°
17´ 11.0˝ E)3;

3The co-ordinates of this point, and the following ones, are given on the

Clarke 1880 ellipsoid.

— from that point, the frontier follows the right bank of the River Sirba,b
from east to west, up to the point on the right bank with the co-

ordinates: Lat. 13° 19´ 53.5˝ N ; Long. 01° 07´ 20.4˝ E ;
— from that point, the frontier follows the line on the 1:200,000-scale map
of the Institut géographique national de France, 1960 edition, as farb as
the point with the co-ordinates : Lat. 13° 22´ 30.0˝ N ; Long.

00° 59´ 40.0˝ E ;
— from that point, the frontier runs south in a straight line, ending at tbhe
intersection of the right bank of the River Sirba with the Say parallel b
(Lat. 13° 06´ 10.7˝ N ; Long. 00° 59´ 40.0˝ E) ;

— from that point, the frontier runs in a straight line up to the beginninbg
of the Botou bend (Tyenkilibi) (Lat. 12° 36´ 19.2˝ N ; Long.
01° 52´ 06.9˝ E).

4The co-ordinates of this point, and the following ones, are those adopted in

the record of the work of the Joint Survey Mission of the markers erected,
3 July 2009, Ann. MBF 101. The co-ordinates were measured by GPS
(WGS84 ellipsoid).

3. from the beginning of the Botou bend as far as the River Mekrou, the

frontier takes the following course :

— a series of straight lines connecting the following points in turn : Jackal
Mountain (Lat. 12° 41 33.1˝ N ; Long. 01° 55´ 43.9˝ E), Laguil
(Lat. 12° 41´ 31.9˝ N ; Long. 01° 57´ 01.3˝ E) and Nonbokoli
(Lat. 12° 44´ 12.9˝ N ; Long. 01° 58´ 47.0˝ E) ;

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6 CIJ1042.indb 65 8/04/14 08:34 55 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

— de ce dernier point, la frontière suit la ligne médiane du marigotb de
Dantiabonga, passe au sud de Dantiandou et longe les monts Yoga
Djoaga jusqu’à l’intersection des rivières Dyamongou et Dantbiabongou
(lat.: 12° 43´ 15,1˝ N ; long.: 02° 05´ 14,9˝ E) ;

— de ce point, la frontière suit la ligne médiane de la rivière dbe Dyamongou
jusqu’au confluent du marigot Dyamongou et de Boulel Fouanou (lat. :
12° 43´ 44,0˝ N ; long.: 02° 06´ 23,9˝ E) ;
— de ce point, la frontière suit une série de segments de droite relbiant suc -

cessivement les points suivants : Boulel (lat. : 12° 42´ 15,1˝ N ; long. :
02° 06´ 53,3˝ E), Boulel Est (Teylinga) (lat. : 12° 41´ 09,5˝ N ; long.
02° 09´ 43,2˝ E), Dyapionga Nord (lat. : 12° 39´ 42,3˝ N ; long. :
02° 09´ 37,3˝ E), Dyapionga Sud (lat. : 12° 38´ 55,4˝ N; long. :
02° 09´ 08,1˝ E), Kanleyenou (lat:. 12° 37´ 21,7˝ N; long.: 02° 11´ 57,1˝ E),

Niobo Farou (mare des Caïmans) (lat. : 12° 35´ 19,6˝ N ; long. :
02° 13´ 23,9˝ E), les crêtes est du mont Tambouadyoaga (lat. :
12° 31´ 19,7˝ N ; long. : 02° 13´ 48,0˝ E), Banindyididouana (lat. :
12° 27´ 52,7˝ N; long.: 02° 16´ 27,2˝ E) et l’intersection des rivières Banin -

dyidi Fouanou et Tapoa (lat.: 12° 25´ 30,5˝ N ; long.: 02° 16´ 40,6˝ E) ;
— du dernier de ces points, la frontière suit la ligne médiane de lab rivière
Tapoa jusqu’au point d’intersection avec l’ancienne limite des bcercles de
Fada et de Say 5 (lat.: 12° 21´ 04,88˝ N ; long.: 02° 04´ 12,77˝ E) ;

5 Les coordonnées des points qui suivent sont celles retenues dans le pbro -
cès-verbal de réunion pour l’extraction des coordonnées de points nbon bornés
du secteur B du 15 octobre 2009, annexe MBF 105. Elles ont été extraites de la

carte au 1/200 000 de l’IGN France (Clarke 1880).

— de ce dernier point, la frontière suit une ligne droite, correspondanbt à
l’ancienne limite des cercles de Fada et de Say, jusqu’au point d’binter -
section avec la rivière Mékrou (lat. : 11° 54´ 07,83˝ N ; long. :

02° 24´ 15,25˝ E).

5.2. Conformément à l’article 7, paragraphe 4, du compromis, le Bur -
kina Faso prie par ailleurs la Cour de désigner dans son arrêt trois exbperts
qui assisteront les Parties en tant que de besoin aux fins de la débmarcation».

dans le contre-mémoire :

«5.1. Compte tenu de l’ensemble des considérations de son mémoirbe et
du présent contre-mémoire, le Burkina Faso persiste intégralement dans les
conclusions énoncées aux paragraphes 5.1 et 5.2 de son mémoire et prie la

Cour de les lui adjuger et rejeter toute conclusion contraire de la Répu -
blique du Niger. »

Au nom du Gouvernement du Niger,
dans le mémoire :

«La République du Niger prie la Cour de dire et juger que la frontièbre

entre la République du Niger et le Burkina Faso dans le secteur de Téra
suit le tracé suivant :

— partant de la borne astronomique de Tong-Tong (coordonnées :
14° 25´ 04˝ N ; 00° 12´ 47˝ E) ;

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6 CIJ1042.indb 66 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 55

— from the latter point, the frontier follows the median line of the Dan -
tiabonga marigot, passes to the south of Dantiandou and then follows
the line of the Yoga Djoaga hills as far as the confluence of the Dyambon
gou and Dantiabonga rivers (Lat. 12° 43´ 15.1˝; Long. 02° 05´ 14.9˝ E);

— from that point, the frontier follows the median line of the River
Dyamongou as far as the confluence of the Dyamongou marigot and
the Boulel Fouanou (Lat. 12° 43´ 44.0˝ N ; Long. 02° 06´ 23.9˝ E ;
— from that point, the frontier runs in a series of straight lines connectbing the

following points in t: Boulel (Lat.12°42´15.1˝N; Long. 02°06´53.3˝E),
Boulel East (Teylinga) (Lat. 12° 41´ 09.; Long. 02° 09´ 43.2˝ E), Dyap
ionga North (Lat. 12° 39´ 42.3˝ N ; Long. 02° 09´ 37.3˝ E), Dyapionga
South (Lat. 12° 38´ 55.4˝ N ; Long. 02° 09´ 08.1˝ E), Kanleyenou
(Lat. 12° 37´ 21.7˝ N; Long. 02° 11´ 57.1˝ E), Niobo Farou (Caiman Pool)

(Lat. 12° 35´ 19.6˝ N; Long. 02° 13´ 23.9˝ E), the eastern crests of Mount
Tambouadyoaga (Lat. 12° 31´ 19.7˝ N; Long. 02° 13´ 48.0˝ E), Banindy
ididouana (Lat.12°27´52.7˝N; Long.02°16´27.2˝E) and the confluence
of the Banindyidi Fouanou and Tapoa Rivers (Lat. 12° 25´ 30.5˝ N ;

Long. 02° 16´ 40.6˝ E);
— from the latter of those points, the frontier follows the median line ofb
the River Tapoa as far as the point where it intersects with the former b
boundary of the Fada and Say cercles 5(Lat. 12° 21´ 04.88˝ N ;
Long. 02° 04´ 12.77˝ E) ;

5 The co-ordinates of the following points are those adopted in the record of
the meeting to ascertain the co-ordinates of the unmarked points in Sector B,
15 October 2009, Ann. MBF 105. They were derived from the IGN France

1:200,000-scale map (Clarke 1880).

— from the latter point, the frontier runs in a straight line, correspondibng
to the former boundary of the Fada and Say cercles, up to the point
where it intersects with the River Mekrou (Lat. 11° 54´ 07.83˝ N ;

Long. 02° 24´ 15.25˝ E).

5.2. Pursuant to Article 7, paragraph 4, of the Special Agreement, Bur
kina Faso further requests the Court, in its Judgment, to nominate threeb
experts to assist the Parties as necessary for the purposes of demarcatibon.”

in the Counter-Memorial :

“5.1. In view of all the considerations contained in its Memorial andb in
the present Counter-Memorial, Burkina Faso stands by the submissions set
forth in paragraphs 5.1 and 5.2 of its Memorial in their entirety and requests

the Court to find in its favour and to reject any contrary submissionsb from
the Republic of Niger.”

On behalf of the Government of Niger,
in the Memorial :

“The Republic of Niger requests the Court to adjudge and declare that

the frontier between the Republic of Niger and Burkina Faso in the Tébra
sector takes the following course :

— starting from the Tong-Tong astronomic marker (co-ordinates :
14° 25´ 04˝ N, 00° 12´ 47˝ E) ;

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6 CIJ1042.indb 67 8/04/14 08:34 56 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

— de ce point : un segment de droite jusqu’à la borne de Vibourié (coor -
données: 14° 21´ 44˝ N ; 00° 16´ 25˝ E) ;
— de ce point: un segment de droite jusqu’à la borne astronomique de Tao
(coordonnées: 14° 03´ 02,2˝ N ; 00° 22´ 52,1˝ E) ;

— de ce point la frontière suit la ligne IGN 1960 (feuille Téra) jbusqu’au
point de coordonnées 14° 01´ 55˝ N ; 00° 24´ 11˝ E ;
— de ce point, elle rejoint en ligne droite le point frontière sur la nbouvelle
route Téra-Dori (coordonnées : 14° 00´ 04,2˝ N ; 00° 24´ 16,3˝ E) ;
— elle rejoint ensuite un bras de rivière au point de coordonnées

13° 59´ 03˝ N ; 00° 25´ 12˝ E. La frontière passe ensuite par un point
frontière dit Baobab (13° 58´ 38,9˝ N ; 00° 26´ 03,5˝ E), puis elle suit la
ligne IGN laissant Tindiki (13° 57´ 15,4˝ N ; 00° 26´ 23,6˝ E) au Niger,
jusqu’au moment où les croisillons deviennent discontinus au nord b
d’Ihouchaltane (Oulsalta) sur la carte IGN 1960 (feuille Sebba) au point

de coordonnées 13° 55´ 54˝ N ; 00° 28´ 21˝ E ;
— de ce point, la frontière suit la boucle formée par la rivière bà l’ouest
jusqu’au point de coordonnées 13° 55´ 32˝ N ; 00° 27´ 07˝ E, passe par
un point situé sur la route Sidibébé-Kalsatouma au point de coordon -
nées 13° 52´ 32,8˝ N ; 00° 28´ 13,5˝ E ; de ce point, elle rejoint la ligne

IGN au point de coordonnées 13° 53´ 24˝ N ; 00° 29´ 58˝ E qu’elle suit
jusqu’au moment où les croisillons deviennent discontinus au pointb de
coordonnées 13° 52´ 04˝ N ; 00° 31´ 00˝ E ;
— la limite revient ensuite au sud jusqu’au point de coordonnées
13° 48´ 55˝ N ; 00° 30´ 23˝ E situé sous le bras de rivière à l’ouest de

Komanti; passe par un point au sud-ouest de Ouro Toupé (Kamanti)
de coordonnées 13°46´ 31˝ N; 00°30´ 27˝ E; puis au nord de OuroSabou
sur le bras de rivière affluent du Tyekol Dyongoytol dont les coordon-
nées sont : 13° 46´ 18˝ N ; 00° 32´ 47˝ E. La frontière suit ensuite cet
affluent jusqu’à sa confluence avec le Tyekol Dyongoytol au point de

coordonnées 13° 46´ 51˝ N ; 00° 35´ 53˝ E ; de là, la ligne IGN 1960
jusqu’à la hauteur de Bangaré (Niger) sur la rivière Folkob au point de
coordonnées 13° 46´ 22,5˝ N ; 00° 37´ 25,9˝ E ;

— de ce point, la frontière suit le cours de la ligne IGN passant par lbes

cours d’eau là où il y a absence de croisillons, entre Kolangolbdagabé
(Burkina Faso) (coordonnées 13° 43´ 52,3˝ N ; 00° 36´ 14,5˝ E) et Lol -
nando (Niger) (coordonnées 13° 43´ 50,3˝ N; 00° 36´ 49,0˝ E). La ligne
laisse les lieux-dits de Kolnangol Nore Ole au Niger, de Gourel Manma
au Burkina Faso, et de Pate Bolga au Niger ;

— la frontière suit ensuite la ligne IGN 1960 (feuille Sebba) jusqu’au point
de coordonnées 13° 37´ 20˝ N ; 00° 50´ 47˝ E pour atteindre le point de
coordonnées 13° 34´ 47˝ N; 00° 58´ 20˝ E, laissant au Burkina Faso le
site actuel de Hérou Bouléba et au Niger celui de Hérou Boularé ;

— de là, la ligne IGN en comblant par des segments de droite les inter-
ruptions entre segments continus jusqu’au point triple des anciennes b
limites des cercles de Say, Tillabéry et Dori (coordonnées 13°b 29´ 08˝ N ;
01° 01´ 00˝ E) ;

— de ce point, la frontière suit une ligne droite jusqu’au point de bcoordon -
nées 13° 04´ 52˝ N ; 00° 55´ 47˝ E, puis de ce point une ligne droite pas -
sant par un point situé à 4 kilomètres au sud-ouest de Dogona de
coordonnées 13° 01´ 44˝ N ; 01° 00´ 25˝ E pour atteindre ensuite le

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6 CIJ1042.indb 68 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 56

— from that point : a straight line as far as the Vibourié marker (co-ordi -
nates: 14° 21´ 44˝ N, 00° 16´ 25˝ E) ;
— from that point : a straight line as far as the Tao astronomic marker
(co-ordinates: 14° 03´ 02.2˝ N, 00° 22´ 52.1˝ E) ;

— from that point the frontier follows the 1960 IGN line (Téra sheet) as
far as the point having co-ordinates 14° 01´ 55˝ N, 00° 24´ 11˝ E ;
— from that point, it runs in a straight line to the frontier point on the
new Téra-Dori road (co-ordinates : 14° 00´ 04.2˝ N, 00° 24´ 16.3˝ E) ;
— it then meets a river arm at the point with co-ordinates 13° 59´ 03˝ N,

00° 25´ 12˝ E. The frontier then passes through a frontier point called
Baobab (13° 58´ 38.9˝ N, 00° 26´ 03.5˝ E), then follows the IGN line,
leaving Tindiki (13° 57´ 15.4˝ N, 00° 26´ 23.6˝ E) to Niger, as far as the
break in the line of crosses north of Ihouchaltane (Oulsalta) on the
1960 IGN map (Sebba sheet), at the point with co-ordinates

13° 55´ 54˝ N, 00° 28´ 21˝ E ;
— from this point the frontier follows the loop formed by the river to theb
west as far as the point having co-ordinates 13° 55´ 32˝ N, 00° 27´ 07˝ E,
and passes through a point situated on the Sidibébé-Kalsatouma road
having co-ordinates 13° 52´ 32.8˝ N, 00° 28´ 13.5˝ E. From that point,

it rejoins the IGN line at the point having co-ordinates 13° 53´ 24˝ N,
00° 29´ 58˝ E, which it follows as far as the break in the line of crosses
at the point having co-ordinates 13° 52´ 04˝ N, 00° 31´ 00˝ E ;
— the frontier then turns to the south again as far as the point having
co-ordinates 13° 48´ 55˝ N, 00° 30´ 23˝ E situated on the arm of the

river to the west of Komanti, passes through a point south-west of Ouro
Toupé (Kamanti) with co-ordinates 13° 46´ 31˝ N, 00° 30´ 27˝ E, then
to the north of Ouro Sabou to a point on the arm of the tributary of
the Tyekol Dyongoytol whose co-ordinates are 13° 46´ 18˝ N,
00° 32´ 47˝ E. The frontier then follows this tributary until its conflu -

ence with the Tyekol Dyongoytol at the point having co-ordinates
13° 46´ 51˝ N, 00° 35´ 53˝ E. From there it follows the 1960 IGN line
until it reaches the level of Bangaré (Niger) on the River Folko atb the
point having co-ordinates 13° 46´ 22.5˝ N, 00° 37´ 25.9˝ E ;
— from that point the frontier follows the IGN line, following the water -

courses where there are no crosses, passing between Kolangoldagabé
(Burkina Faso) (co-ordinates 13° 43´ 52.3˝ N, 00° 36´ 14.5˝ E) and
Lolnando (Niger) (co-ordinates 13° 43´ 50.3˝ N, 00° 36´ 49.0˝ E). The
line leaves the hamlet known as Kolnangol Nore Ole to Niger, Gourel
Manma to Burkina Faso and Pate Bolga to Niger ;

— the frontier then follows the 1960 IGN line (Sebba sheet) as far as the
point with co-ordinates 13° 37´ 20˝ N, 00° 50´ 47˝ E and then to the
point with co-ordinates 13° 34´ 47˝ N, 00° 58´ 20˝ E, leaving to Burkina
Faso the current site of Hérou Bouléba and to Niger that of Hérbou
Boularé ;

— from there it follows the IGN line, connecting the gaps betwe-n con
tinuous sections with straight lines, as far as the tripoint of the formber
boundaries of the cercles of Say, Tillabéry and Dori (co-ordinates
13° 29´ 08˝ N, 01° 01´ 00˝ E) ;

— from that point, the frontier runs in a straight line as far as the poinbt
having co-ordinates 13° 04´ 52˝ N, 00° 55´ 47˝ E, then from that point
a straight line passing through a point situated 4 km to the south-west
of Dogona with co-ordinates 13° 01´ 44˝ N, 01° 00´ 25˝ E, as far as the

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6 CIJ1042.indb 69 8/04/14 08:34 57 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

poteau frontière aux coordonnées 12° 37´ 55,7˝ N ; 01° 34´ 40,7˝ E, et
enfin de là le point fixé par accord entre les Parties dont lebs coordonnées
sont les suivantes : 12° 36´ 18˝ N ; 01° 52´ 07˝ E. »

dans le contre-mémoire :

«La République du Niger prie la Cour de dire et juger que la frontièbre
entre la République du Niger et le Burkina Faso suit le tracé suivant :

Dans le secteur de Téra :

— partant de la borne astronomique de Tong-Tong (coordonnées :
14° 25´ 04˝ N ; 00° 12´ 47˝ E) ;
— de ce point : un segment de droite jusqu’à la borne de Vibourié (coor -

données: 14° 21´ 44˝ N ; 00° 16´ 25˝ E) ;
— de ce point: un segment de droite jusqu’à la borne astronomique de Tao
(coordonnées: 14° 03´ 02,2˝ N ; 00° 22´ 52,1˝ E) ;
— de ce point, la frontière suit la ligne IGN 1960 (feuille Téra) jusqu’au
point de coordonnées 14° 01´ 55˝ N ; 00° 24´ 11˝ E ;

— de ce point, elle rejoint en ligne droite le point frontière sur la nbouvelle
route Téra-Dori (coordonnées : 14° 00´ 04,2˝ N ; 00° 24´ 16,3˝ E) (à
l’ouest de Petelkolé) ;
— de ce point, elle rejoint en ligne droite le point de coordonnées
13° 59´ 03˝ N ; 00° 25´ 12˝ E ; et atteint la ligne IGN (au point de coor -

données 13° 58´ 38,9˝ N; 00° 26´ 03,5˝ E), qu’elle suit jusqu’au moment
où les croisillons deviennent discontinus au nord d’Ihouchaltane (bOul -
salta sur la carte IGN 1960, feuille Sebba) au point de coordonnées
13° 55´ 54˝ N ; 00° 28´ 21˝ E ;
— de ce point, la frontière contourne Ihouchaltane (Oulsalta) en passbant

par les points de coordonnées 13° 54´ 42˝ N ; 00° 26´ 53,3˝ E, puis
13° 53´ 30˝ N ; 00° 28´ 07˝ E ;
— de ce dernier point, elle rejoint la ligne IGN (au point de coordonnées
13° 53´ 24˝ N ; 00° 29´ 58˝ E), qu’elle suit jusqu’au point triple des
anciennes limites des cercles de Say, Tillabéry et Dori (coordonnées

13° 29´ 08˝ N ; 01° 01´ 00˝ E).
Là où le tracé de la ligne IGN présente des interruptions, ces dernières

seront comblées par des segments de droite ou, lorsqu’il y a des cbours
d’eau, en en suivant le lit.

Dans le secteur de Say :
— partant du point triple des anciennes limites des cercles de Say, Tillabbéry

et Dori (coordonnées 13° 29´ 08˝ N ; 01° 01´ 00˝ E), la frontière suit une
ligne droite jusqu’au point de coordonnées 13° 04´ 52˝ N ; 00° 55´ 47˝ E
(coupure de la Sirba à hauteur du parallèle de Say), puis de ce bpoint une
ligne droite passant par un point situé à 4 kilomètres au sud-ouest de
Dogona de coordonnées 13° 01´ 44˝ N ; 01° 00´ 25˝ E pour atteindre

ensuite le poteau frontière aux coordonnées 12° 37´ 55,7˝ N ;
01° 34´ 40,7˝ E, et enfin de là le point fixé par accord entre les Parties
dont les coordonnées sont les suivantes : 12° 36´ 18˝ N ; 01° 52´ 07˝ E. »

10. A l’audience, les conclusions finales ci-après ont été présentées par les
Parties :

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6 CIJ1042.indb 70 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 57

frontier marker with co-ordinates 12° 37´ 55.7˝ N, 01° 34´ 40.7˝ E, and
finally from there to the point fixed by agreement between the Partibes,
the co-ordinates of which are the following: 12° 36´ 18˝ N, 01° 52´ 07˝ E.”

in the Counter-Memorial :

“The Republic of Niger requests the Court to adjudge and declare that
the frontier between the Republic of Niger and Burkina Faso takes the
following course :

In the Téra sector :

— starting from the Tong-Tong astronomic marker (co-ordinates :
14° 25´ 04˝ N, 00° 12´ 47˝ E) ;
— from that point : a straight line as far as the Vibourié marker (co-ordi

nates: 14° 21´ 44˝ N, 00° 16´ 25˝ E) ;
— from that point : a straight line as far as the Tao astronomic marker
(co-ordinates: 14° 03´ 02.2˝ N, 00° 22´ 52.1˝ E) ;
— from that point the frontier follows the 1960 IGN line (Téra sheet) as
far as the point having co-ordinates 14° 01´ 55˝ N, 00° 24´ 11˝ E ;

— from that point, it runs in a straight line to the frontier point on the
new Téra-Dori road (co-ordinates: 14° 00´ 04.2˝ N, 00° 24´ 16.3˝ E) (to
the west of Petelkolé) ;
— from that point, it runs in a straight line to the point with co-ordinates
13° 59´ 03˝ N, 00° 25´ 12˝ E ; and reaches the IGN line (at the point

with co-ordinates 13° 58´ 38.9˝ N, 00° 26´ 03.5˝ E), which it follows as
far as the break in the line of crosses north of Ihouchaltane (Oulsaltab
on the 1960 IGN map, Sebba sheet), at the point with co-ordinates
13° 55´ 54˝ N, 00° 28´ 21˝ E ;
— from this point the frontier skirts Ihouchaltane (Oulsalta), passing

through the points with co-ordinates 13° 54´ 42˝ N, 00° 26´ 53.3˝ E, then
13° 53´ 30˝ N, 00° 28´ 07˝ E ;
— from that point, it rejoins the IGN line (at the point having co-ordinates
13° 53´ 24˝ N, 00° 29´ 58˝ E), which it follows as far as the tripoint of
the former boundaries of the cercles of Say, Tillabéry and Dori (co-or
dinates 13° 29´ 08˝ N, 01° 01´ 00˝ E).

Where there are gaps in the course of the IGN line, these will be fillbed by

straight lines or, where there is a watercourse, by following its bed.

In the Say sector :
— starting from the tripoint of the former boundaries of the cercles of

Say, Tillabéry and Dori (co-ordinates 13° 29´ 08˝ N, 01° 01´ 00˝ E), the
frontier runs in a straight line as far as the point having co-ordinates
13° 04´ 52˝ N, 00° 55´ 47˝ E (where it cuts the River Sirba at the level
of the Say parallel), then from that point a straight line passing throbugh
a point situated 4 km to the south-west of Dogona with co-ordinates

13° 01´ 44˝ N, 01° 00´ 25˝ E, as far as the frontier marker with co-or
dinates 12° 37´ 55.7˝ N, 01° 34´ 40.7˝ E, and finally from there to the
point fixed by agreement between the Parties, the co-ordinates of which
are the following : 12° 36´ 18˝ N, 01° 52´ 07˝ E.”

10. At the oral proceedings, the following final submissions were presentebd
by the Parties :

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6 CIJ1042.indb 71 8/04/14 08:34 58 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

Au nom du Gouvernement du Burkina Faso,
à l’audience du 15 octobre 2012 :

Les conclusions lues à l’audience étaient identiques à cellebs présentées par le
Burkina Faso dans ses écritures.

Au nom du Gouvernement du Niger,
à l’audience du 17 octobre 2012 :

Les conclusions lues à l’audience étaient identiques à cellebs présentées par le
Niger dans son contre-mémoire, à l’exception du paragraphe ci-après qui a été
ajouté :

«Conformément à l’article 7, paragraphe 4, du compromis, le Niger prie
également la Cour de désigner dans son arrêt trois experts qui bassisteront
nos deux pays, en tant que de besoin, aux fins de la démarcation de la fron-
tière commune. »

* * *

I. Le contexte historiqube et factuel

11. La Cour commencera par décrire brièvement le contexte historique

et factuel de la présente affaire.
12. Le différend frontalier entre les Parties s’inscrit dans un contbexte
historique marqué par l’accession à l’indépendance des pabys qui rele -
vaient autrefois de l’Afrique occidentale française. Dès le débbut du siècle

et jusqu’à l’entrée en vigueur de la Constitution française du 27 octobre
1946, l’Afrique occidentale française a été dotée d’unbe organisation admi -
nistrative territoriale centralisée. Placée sous l’autorité bd’un gouverneur
général, elle était divisée en colonies dont la création bet la suppression

étaient du ressort du pouvoir exécutif de la République française; à la tête
de chaque colonie se trouvait un « gouverneur des colonies » portant le
titre de «lieutenant-gouverneur». Les colonies étaient elles-mêmes consti-
tuées de circonscriptions de base appelées cercles, lesquels étbaient admi -
nistrés par des commandants de cercle ; la création et la suppression des

cercles relevaient exclusivement du gouverneur général, qui en fibxait
l’étendue globale. Chaque cercle était à son tour composéb de subdivisions
administrées par des chefs de subdivision. Enfin, les subdivisions compre -
naient des cantons, regroupant plusieurs villages. La création et la sup -

pression de subdivisions et de cantons à l’intérieur d’un cebrcle déterminé
étaient de la compétence du lieutenant-gouverneur de la colonie dont ce
cercle faisait partie (voir Différend frontalier (Burkina Faso/République du
Mali), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1986, p. 569, par. 31).

13. Par un décret en date du 18 octobre 1904 visant à réorganiser
l’administration de l’Afrique occidentale française, le président de la
République française créa la colonie du Haut-Sénégal et Niger. Cette
nouvelle colonie était composée de cercles d’administration civbile ainsi

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6 CIJ1042.indb 72 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 58

On behalf of the Government of Burkina Faso,
At the hearing of 15 October 2012 :

The submissions read at the hearing were identical to those presented byb
Burkina Faso in its written pleadings.

On behalf of the Government of Niger,
At the hearing of 17 October 2012 :

The submissions read at the hearing were identical to those presented byb
Niger in its Counter-Memorial, with the exception of the following paragraph
which was added :

“In accordance with Article 7, paragraph 4, of the Special Agreement,
Niger also requests the Court to nominate, in its Judgment, three expertbs
to assist our two countries as necessary in the demarcation of the commobn
frontier.”

* * *

I. Historical and Factuabl Background

11. The Court will begin with a brief description of the historical and

factual background to the present case.
12. The frontier dispute between the Parties is set within a historical
context marked by the accession to independence of the countries that
were formerly part of French West Africa. From the beginning of the

century up to the entry into force of the French Constitution of 27 Octo -
ber 1946, the territorial administration of French West Africa was cen -
tralized. It was headed by a governor-general and divided into colonies,
whose creation or abolition fell within the executive power of the Frencbh

Republic. Each of these colonies was headed by a “colonial governor”
with the title of “lieutenant-governor”. The colonies were themselves
made up of basic units called cercles which were administered by com ­
mandants de cercle ; the creation and abolition of the cercles were the sole
prerogative of the governor-general, who decided their overall extent.

Each cercle in turn was composed of subdivisions, administered by chefs
de subdivision. Finally, the subdivisions comprised cantons, which grouped
together a number of villages. The creation and abolition of subdivisions
and cantons within any particular cercle came within the jurisdiction

of the lieutenant-governor of the colony of which the cercle formed part
(see Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 569, para. 31).

13. By a Decree dated 18 October 1904, the purpose of which was to
reorganize the administration of French West Africa, the President of thbe
French Republic established the Colony of Haut-Sénégal et Niger. This
newly created colony was composed of cercles, which were under civil

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6 CIJ1042.indb 73 8/04/14 08:34 59 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

que d’une zone sous administration militaire, le « territoire militaire du
Niger ».
14. Par un arrêté du gouverneur général de l’Afrique occidentbale fran-
çaise en date du 21 juin 1909, le cercle de Dori, qui faisait partie du terri -
toire militaire du Niger, fut incorporé au territoire civil du Haut-Sénégal

et Niger. Par un arrêté en date du 22 juin 1910, la ré1ion de Tombouctou
ainsi qu’une partie des cercles de Gao, Tillabéry et Djerma, qui dépen -
daient également du territoire militaire du Niger, furent rattachébs au
territoire civil du Haut-Sénégal et Niger pour former les cercles de Tom -
bouctou (sédentaire et nomade), Gourma et Say. Les cantons de Tillabbéry

situés sur la rive droite du fleuve Niger furent par ailleurs incorbporés au
cercle de Dori.
15. Le 7 septembre 1911, le président de la République française prit
un nouveau décret qui eut pour effet de détacher le territoire militaire du

Niger de la colonie du Haut-Sénégal et Niger et de l’ériger en subdivision
administrative distincte relevant du gouverneur général de l’Afbrique
occidentale française.
16. En application d’un décret du président de la République frabnçaise
en date du 1 ermars 1919, les cercles de Gaoua, Bobo-Dioulasso, Dédou -

gou, Ouagadougou, Dori, Say et Fada N’Gourma, qui faisaient
jusqu’alors partie du Haut-Sénégal et Niger, furent regroupés pour for -
mer une colonie distincte, baptisée Haute-Volta.
17. Par un décret du président de la République française en datbe du

4 décerbre 1920, le territoire militaire du Niger fut transformé, avec effet
au 1 janvier 1921, en territoire du Niger, avant de devenir une colonie
autonome en application d’un décret du 13 octobre 1922.
18. Par un décret du président de la République française en datbe du
28 décembre 1926, certains territoires qui faisaient partie de la colonie de

la Haute-Volta, à savoir «[l]e cercle de Say, à l’exception du canton Gour -
mantché-de-Botou», ainsi que « [l]es cantons du cercle de Dori, qui rele -
vaient autrefois du territoire militaire du Niger, dans la région de bTéra et
de Yatacala, et qui [avaient] été détachés [de celui-ci] par l’arrêté du gou -
verneur général du 22 juin 1910 » (voir paragraphe 14 ci-dessus), furent

rattachés à la colonie du Niger. Le décret prévoyait égalbement qu’un
arrêté du gouverneur général « déterminerait le tracé de la limite des deux
colonies dans cette région ».
19. Le 31 août 1927, le gouverneur général par intérim de

l’Afrique occidentale française prit un arrêté ayant pour obbjet de « fix[er]
les limites des colonies de la Haute-Volta et du Niger ». Le texte de cet
arrêté était rédigé comme suit :

«Article premier
Les limites des colonies du Niger et de la Haute-Volta sont déter -

minées désormais comme suit :

1
Egalement dénommé par les Parties Tillabéri.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 74 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 59

administration, as well as an area under military administration called the
“Military Territory of Niger”.
14. By an Arrêté of the Governor-General of French West Africa
dated 21 June 1909, Dori cercle, part of the Military Territory of Niger,
was incorporated into the Civil Territory of Haut-Sénégal et Niger. By an

Arrêté 1f 22 June 1910, the region of Timbuktu and parts of Gao, Till -
abéry and Djerma cercles which also belonged to the Military Territory
of Niger were incorporated into the Civil Territory of Haut-Sénégal et
Niger to form the cercles of Timbuktu (sedentary and nomadic popula -
tions), Gourma and Say. The cantons of Tillabéry situated on the right

bank of the River Niger were also incorporated into Dori cercle.

15. On 7 September 1911, the President of the French Republic issued
a further Decree which separated the Military Territory of Niger from thbe

Colony of Haut-Sénégal et Niger and established it as a separate admin -
istrative subdivision under the authority of the Governor-General of
French West Africa.
16. By virtue of a Decree of the President of the French Republic dated
1 March 1919, the cercles of Gaoua, Bobo-Dioulasso, Dédougou, Ouaga -

dougou, Dori, Say and Fada N’Gourma, which had until then been part
of Haut-Sénégal et Niger, were established as a separate colony with the
name of Upper Volta.
17. By a Decree of the President of the French Republic dated

4 December 1920, the Military Territory of Niger was turned into the
Territory of Niger, with effect from 1 January 1921. It was then made an
autonomous colony by Decree of 13 October 1922.
18. By a Decree of the President of the French Republic dated
28 December 1926, certain territories belonging to the Colony of Upper

Volta, namely “Say cercle, with the exception of Gourmantché Botou
canton”, and “[t]he cantons of Dori cercle which were formerly part of the
Military Territory of Niger in the Téra and Yatacala regions, and [whbich]
were detached from it by the Arrêté of the Governor-General of 22 June
1910” (see paragraph 14 above), were incorporated into the Colony of

Niger. The Decree also provided that an Arrêté of the Governor-General
“shall determine the course of the boundary of the two Colonies in thbis
area”.
19. On 31 August 1927, the Governor-General ad interim of French

West Africa issued an Arrêté intended to “[fix] the boundaries of the Col -
onies of Upper Volta and Niger”. The text of that Arrêté read as follows :

“Article 1
The boundaries of the Colonies of Niger and Upper Volta shall

henceforth be determined as follows :

1
Also referred to by the Parties as Tillabéri.

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1. Limites entre le cercle de Tillabéry et la Haute-Volta :

Cette limite est déterminée au nord par la limite actuelle avec leb
Soudan (cercle de Gao) jusqu’à la hauteur de N’Gourma, à l’ouest

par une ligne passant au gué de Kabia, mont de Darouskoy, mont
de Balébanguia, à l’ouest des ruines du village de Tokébangobu,
mont de Doumafondé, qui s’infléchit ensuite vers le sud-est
laissant à l’est les ruines Tong-Tong pour descendre dans une
direction nord-sud en coupant la piste automobile de Téra à Dori,

à l’ouest de la mare d’Ossolo pour aller rejoindre ensuite la
rivière Sirba (limite du cercle de Say) aux environs et au sud de
Boulkalo.

2. Limites entre le cercle de Say et la Haute-Volta :

Sont exceptés de cette limite les villages du canton de Botou.
Au nord et à l’est par la limite actuelle avec le Niger (cercle dbe
Niamey), de Sorbohaoussa à l’embouchure de la Mékrou.

Au nord-ouest par la rivière Sirba depuis son embouchure
jusqu’au village de Bossébangou. A partir de ce point un saillant,b
comprenant sur la rive gauche de la Sirba les villages de Alfassi,
Kouro, Takalan, Tankouro.
Au sud-ouest une ligne partant approximativement de la Sirba

à hauteur du parallèle de Say pour aboutir à la Mékrou.
Au sud-est, par la Mékrou de ce point jusqu’à son confluent
avec le Niger.

3. Limites du canton de Botou :

A l’ouest : limite extrême matérialisée par l’intersection de la
route de Fada-Say avec l’ancienne limite des deux cercles et le
marigot Tiéguelofonou. Ce point est situé à 1200 mètres ouest du
village de Tchenguiliba.
De ce point la limite remonte vers le nord suivant une direction

rectiligne et sensiblement orientée S.-S.-O. N.-N.-E.
Elle passe à environ deux kilomètres O. du village de Bernioueli
et se termine au nord à environ deux kilomètres sud du village de
Vendou Mama au sommet de l’éperon le plus au Nord du massif
de Héni-Djoari (Gourma) ou montagne des Chacals.
Au nord : cette limite est sensiblement orientée ouest-est. Elle

passe à un kilomètre sud du mont Tambado Djoaga, suit le cours
du marigot de Dantiabonga, passe au sud de Dantiandou, longe
les monts Yoga Djoaga jusqu’au confluent des marigots de Dan -
tiabouga et Diamoungou, continue sur ce dernier jusqu’au
confluent des marigots de Diamoungou et de Boulelfonou à envi -

ron cinq kilomètres au Nord de ce dernier village.
Au nord-est : la limite suit les crêtes des monts Djoapienga
jusqu’à la source du marigot de Boulelfonou, remonte la pente

20

6 CIJ1042.indb 76 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 60

1. Boundaries between the Tillabéry cercle and Upper Volta :

This boundary is determined to the north by the current boun -
dary with Sudan (Gao cercle) as far as the heights of N’Gourma,

and to the west by a line passing through the Kabia ford, Mount
Darouskoy and Mount Balébanguia, west of the ruins of the vil -
lage of Tokébangou, and Mount Doumafondé, which then turns
[‘s’infléchit’] towards the south-east, leaving the ruins of
Tong-Tong to the east and descending in a north-south direction,

cutting the Téra-Dori motor road to the west of the Ossolo Pool,
until it then joins the River Sirba (boundary of Say cercle), near
to and to the south of Boulkalo.

2. Boundaries between the Say cercle and Upper Volta :

The villages of Botou canton are excluded from this boundary.
To the north and to the east, by the current boundary with
Niger (Niamey cercle), from Sorbohaoussa to the mouth of the
River Mekrou.

To the north-west, by the River Sirba from its mouth as far as
the village of Bossébangou. From this point a salient, including
on the left bank of the Sirba the villages of Alfassi, Kouro, Taka -
lan and Tankouro.
To the south-west, a line starting approximately from the Sirba

at the level of the Say parallel and running as far as the Mekrou.
To the south-east, by the Mekrou from that point as far as its
confluence with the Niger.

3. Boundaries of Botou canton :

To the west : the furthest point is marked by the intersection of
the Fada-Say road with the former boundary of the two cercles
and the Tiéguelofonou marigot. That point is located 1,200 m
west of the village of Tchenguiliba.
From that point, the boundary turns back up towards the

north, running in a straight line in a marked SSW-NNE direction.
It passes approximately 2 km west of the village of Berni-Oueli
and terminates in the north approximately 2 km south of the vil -
lage of Vendou Mama at the top of the northernmost spur of the
Héni-Djoari (Gourma) massif or Jackal Mountain.
To the north : the boundary runs in a marked west-east direc -

tion. It passes 1 km south of Mount Tambado Djoaga, follows the
course of the Dantiabonga marigot, passes south of Dantiandou,
follows the line of the Yoga Djoaga hills as far as the confluence of
the Dantiabouga and Diamoungou marigots, and continues along
the latter up to the confluence of the Diamoungou and Boulelfo -

nou marigots approximately 5 km north of the latter village.
To the north-east: the boundary follows the crests of the Djoa -
pienga hills up to the source of the Boulelfonou marigot, runs up

20

6 CIJ1042.indb 77 8/04/14 08:34 61 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

nord du massif de Tounga Djoaga et se termine au point dit

Niobo-Farou (mare aux Caïmans), sorte de large cuvette que tra -
verse en saison sèche le chemin de Botou à Fombonou.

A l’est: la limite suit les crêtes est du massif de Tounga Djoaga
et se dirige vers la Tapoa suivant une direction exactement
nord-sud. Elle passe à environ cinq kilomètres est du village de

Royori [sic] (village de culture assez étendu) et rejoint la Tapoa
en un point qu’il n’est pas possible de définir exactement.
Au sud-est et au sud : la limite suit le cours de la Tapoa, qu’elle
remonte jusqu’au point où elle rencontre l’ancienne limite des
cercles de Fada et de Say.
Ce point extrême ne peut être défini, la région sud de Botou

étant absolument déserte et presque inconnue.

Article 2
Les lieutenants-gouverneurs de la Haute-Volta et du Niger sont
chargés de l’exécution du présent arrêté, qui sera enrbegistré, publié et
communiqué partout où besoin sera. »

20. L’arrêté fit l’objet d’un erratum daté du 5 octobre 1927, qui était
libellé comme suit :

«L’article premier de l’arrêté du 31 août 1927 fixant les limites des
colonies du Niger et de la Haute-Volta, publié au Journal officiel
de l’Afrique occidentale française n o 1201, du 24 septembre 1927,

page 638, doit se lire comme suit :

Article premier
Les limites des colonies du Niger et de la Haute-Volta sont déter -
minées comme suit :

Une ligne partant des hauteurs de N’Gouma, passant au gué de

Kabia (point astronomique), au mont d’Arounskoye, au mont
de Balébanguia, à l’ouest des ruines du village de Tokebangou, au
mont de Doumafende et à la borne astronomique de Tong-Tong ;
cette ligne s’infléchit ensuite vers le sud-est pour couper la piste auto-
mobile de Téra à Dori à la borne astronomique de Tao, situéeb à

l’ouest de la mare d’Ossolo, et atteindre la rivière Sirba à Bosséban -
gou. Elle remonte presque aussitôt vers le nord-ouest, laissant au
Niger, sur la rive gauche de cette rivière, un saillant comprenant lebs
villages de Alfassi, Kouro, Tokalan, Tankouro ; puis, revenant au
sud, elle coupe de nouveau la Sirba à hauteur du parallèle de Say.b

De ce point la frontière, suivant une direction est-sud-est, se pro -
longe en ligne droite jusqu’à un point situé à 1200 mètres ouest du
village de Tchenguiliba.
De ce point, elle remonte suivant une direction rectiligne sensible -
ment orientée S.-S.-O. N.-N.-E.; elle passe à environ deux kilomètres

à l’ouest du village de Birniouoli pour atteindre, à environ debux kilo -

21

6 CIJ1042.indb 78 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 61

the north slope of the Tounga Djoaga massif and terminates at
the point known as Niobo-Farou (Caiman Pool), a sort of broad

basin, which is traversed during the dry season by the track from
Botou to Fombonou.
To the east : the boundary follows the eastern crests of the
Tounga Djoaga massif and runs towards the River Tapoa in a pre-
cise north-south direction. It passes approximately 5km east of the
village of Royori (a relatively dispersed farming village) and reachesb
the Tapoa at a point which it is not possible to define precisely.

To the south-east and to the south : the boundary follows the
course of the Tapoa upstream until it meets the former boundary
of the Fada and Say cercles.
This endpoint cannot be defined, as the southern region of
Botou is completely empty, and virtually unexplored.

Article 2

The Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Volta and Niger are respon -
sible for implementing the present Arrêté, which shall be recorded,
published and publicized in all appropriate quarters.”

20. The Arrêté was the subject of an Erratum dated 5 October 1927,
which stated as follows :

“Article 1 of the Arrêté of 31 August 1927 fixing the boundaries of
the Colonies of Niger and Upper Volta, published in the Official Jour ­
nal of French West Africa No. 1201, of 24 September 1927, page 638,
should read as follows :

Article 1

The boundaries of the Colonies of Niger and Upper Volta are
determined as follows :

A line starting from the heights of N’Gouma, passing through the
Kabia ford (astronomic point), Mount Arounskoye and Mount
Balébanguia, to the west of the ruins of the village of Tokebangou,
Mount Doumafende and the Tong-Tong astronomic marker; this line

then turns [‘s’infléchit’] towards the south-east, cutting the Téra-Dori
motor road at the Tao astronomic marker located to the west of the
Ossolo Pool, and reaching the River Sirba at Bossébangou. It almost
immediately turns back up towards the north-west, leaving to Niger,
on the left bank of that river, a salient which includes the villages ofb
Alfassi, Kouro, Tokalan, and Tankouro ; then, turning back to the

south, it again cuts the Sirba at the level of the Say parallel.
From that point the frontier, following an east-south-east direction,
continues in a straight line up to a point located 1,200 m to the west
of the village of Tchenguiliba.
From that point it turns back up in a straight line that runs in a

marked SSW-NNE direction ; it passes approximately 2 km west of
the village of Birniouoli and, approximately 2 km to the south of the

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mètres au sud du sud du village de Vendou Mama, le sommet de

l’éperon le plus au nord du massif de Heni-Djouri (Gourma) ou
montagne des Chacals.
S’orientant ensuite d’ouest en est, elle passe à un kilomètrbe au sud
du mont Tambado Djoaga, suit le cours du marigot de Dantiabonga,
passe au sud de Dantiandou, longe les monts Yoga Djoaga jusqu’au

confluent des marigots de Dantiabouga et de Diamongou, longe ce
dernier jusqu’au confluent des marigots de Dialongou et de Boulelfob -
nou à environ cinq kilomètres au nord de ce dernier village.

De ce point la limite suit les crêtes des monts Djoapionga jusqu’àb

la source du marigot de Boulolfonou, remonte la pente nord du mas-
sif de Tounga et Djoaga [et] se termine au point dit Niobo-Farou
(mare aux Caïmans), sorte de large cuvette que traverse en saison
sèche le chemin de Botou à Fombonou.

Elle est ensuite déterminée par les crêtes est du massif de Toubnga
Djoaga, puis elle se dirige vers la Tapoa suivant une direction exac -
tement nord-sud. Elle passe à environ cinq kilomètres à l’est du village
de Kogori et rejoint la Tapoa à quatre kilomètres environ au sud du

village précité.
Elle remonte ensuite le cours de la Tapoa jusqu’au point où elle
rencontre l’ancienne limite des cercles de Fada et de Say, qu’elleb suit
jusqu’à son intersection avec le cours de la Mékrou. »

21. Par un décret du président de la République française en datbe du

5 septembre 1932, la colonie de la Haute-Volta fut dissoute, et son terri -
toire réparti entre les colonies du Niger, du Soudan français et dbe la Côte
d’Ivoire. Par la suite, la colonie de la Haute-Volta fut reconstituée dans
ses limites de 1932 par la loi n o47-1707 du 4 septembre 1947, qui abro -
geait le décret du 5 septembre 1932.

22. En 1958, les colonies de la Haute-Volta et du Niger devinrent, res -
pectivement, la République de Haute-Volta et la République du Niger,
toutes deux étant membres de la « Communauté» établie par la Constitu-
tion française de 1958. Le Niger accéda à l’indépendance le 3 août 1960 et
la Haute-Volta, le 5 août 1960. Le 4 août 1984, cette dernière prit le nom

de Burkina Faso.
23. A la suite de leur accession à l’indépendance, les deux Etats
conclurent le protocole d’accord du 23 juin 1964 concernant la délimita -
tion de leur frontière commune, aux termes duquel il fut convenu que bles
documents de base à retenir à cette fin seraient l’arrêtéb de 1927, tel que

précisé par son erratum de la même année, et la carte au 1/2b00 000 éta-
blie par l’Institut géographique national de France en 1960 (ci-après la
«carte IGN » ou la « carte de 1960 »). Le protocole d’accord établit par
ailleurs une commission paritaire pour matérialiser la frontière sbur le
terrain. Ladite commission ne parvint toutefois pas à accomplir cetteb

tâche.

22

6 CIJ1042.indb 80 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 62

village of Vendou Mama, reaches the top of the northernmost spur
of the Heni-Djouri (Gourma) massif or Jackal Mountain.

Running then in a west-east direction, it passes 1 km south of
Mount Tambado Djoaga, follows the course of the Dantiabonga mar ­
igot, passes south of Dantiandou, follows the line of the Yoga Djoaga
hills as far as the confluence of the Dantiabonga and Diamongou

marigots, and runs along the latter as far as the confluence of the
Dialongou and Boulelfonou marigots approximately 5 km north of
the latter village.
From that point, the boundary follows the crests of the Djoapionga
hills as far as the source of the Boulolfonou marigot, runs up the

northern slope of the Tounga and Djoaga massif and terminates at
the point known as Niobo-Farou (Caiman Pool), a sort of broad
basin, which is traversed during the dry season by the track from
Botou to Fombonou.
It is then determined by the eastern crests of the Tounga Djoaga

massif, before running towards the River Tapoa in a precise
north-south direction. It passes approximately 5km east of the village
of Kogori and reaches the Tapoa approximately 4 km south of the
aforementioned village.
It then follows the course of the Tapoa upstream until it meets the

former boundary of the Fada and Say cercles, which it follows as far
as the point where it intersects with the course of the Mekrou.”

21. By a Decree of the President of the French Republic dated 5 Sep -
tember 1932, the Colony of Upper Volta was dissolved and its territory
was divided among Niger, French Sudan and Côte d’Ivoire. Upper Volta
was subsequently reconstituted within its 1932 boundaries by

Law No. 47-1707 of 4 September 1947, which abrogated the Decree of
5 September 1932.
22. In 1958, the Colonies of Upper Volta and Niger became, respec -
tively, the Republic of Upper Volta and the Republic of Niger, members
of the “Community” established by the French Constitution of 1958.

Niger gained independence on 3 August 1960 and Upper Volta on
5 August 1960. On 4 August 1984, Upper Volta took the name Burkina
Faso.
23. Following their independence, the two States concluded the Proto -
col of Agreement of 23 June 1964 concerning the delimitation of their
common frontier. According to that Protocol, it was decided to take as

basic documents for the determination of the frontier the 1927 Arrêté, as
clarified by the Erratum of the same year, and the 1:200,000-scale map
produced by the French Institut géographique national in 1960 (hereibn-
after the “IGN map” or the “1960 map”). The Protocol of Agreement
also established a Joint Commission to demarcate the frontier on the

ground. However, the Joint Commission did not succeed in accomplish -
ing this task.

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24. Le processus de négociation entre les deux Etats quant au tracé de
leur frontière commune fut relancé au milieu des années 1980, ce qui

conduisit à la conclusion de l’accord du 28 mars 1987 (enregistré aux
Nations Unies par le Burkina Faso le 7 octobre 2010, sous le numéro d’en-
registrement I-47964), complété par un protocole d’accord du mbême jour
(enregistré aux Nations Unies par le Burkina Faso le 7 octobre 2010, sous

le numéro d’enregistrement I-47965). Aux termes de l’article pbremier du
protocole d’accord de 1987, la frontière entre les deux Etats devait «suivre
le tracé » décrit dans l’arrêté, tel que précisé par son errbatum (voir para -
graphe 64 ci-après). L’article 2 — commun à l’accord et au protocole d’ac-

cord — prévoyait en outre que cette frontière «sera[it] matérialisée par des
bornes frontières», conformément au tracé décrit par l’arrêté, prébcisé par
son erratum. Cette deuxième disposition, afférente à la débmarcation, pré-
cisait également que, «[e]n cas d’insuffisance de l’arrêté et de son erratum,
le tracé sera[it] celui figurant sur la [carte IGN] et/ou tout autrbe document

pertinent, accepté d’[un commun] accord [par les] Parties».
25. Par ailleurs, le protocole d’accord de 1987 institua une commission
technique mixte d’abornement de la frontière (ci-après la « commission
technique mixte») ainsi qu’un fonds, et régla certaines questions relatives

aux droits des populations affectées par les opérations de démarcation.
La commission technique mixte commença ses travaux en mai 1987 et
constitua, en mars 1988, une équipe composée de quarante-deux experts
issus des deux Etats et chargée de conduire des travaux topographiquebs
sur le terrain. En septembre 1988, la commission technique mixte se réu -

nit à Niamey pour procéder au report, sur une carte, du tracé rbésultant
des travaux de reconnaissance effectués sur le terrain par ladite ébquipe
d’experts. Les Parties divergent sur les résultats de cette réubnion. Le Bur-
kina Faso considère que le procès-verbal établit un « tracé consensuel »

qui a ultérieurement fait l’objet d’une remise en question de la part du
Niger au motif qu’il aurait été contraire à l’arrêtéb et à l’erratum. Le Niger,
pour sa part, soutient que, si les Parties se sont, à différentsb moments,
entendues sur des propositions de tracé de la frontière litigieuseb, elles ne

se sont jamais accordées sur un « tracé consensuel». Au surplus, le Niger
prétend que la proposition de tracé provisoire de 1988 n’a jamabis été for-
malisée dans un instrument juridique contraignant.
26. Au terme d’une rencontre ministérielle de concertation et de travabil
tenue en mai 1991, le ministre de l’intérieur du Niger et le ministre de

l’administration territoriale du Burkina Faso publièrent un communiqué
conjoint daté du 16 mai 1991, dans lequel était indiqué ce qui suit :

«1. De la borne astronomique de Tong-Tong à la rivière Sirba à Bos -
sébangou en passant par la borne astronomique de Tao, la fron -
tière est constituée par des segments de droite[s].
2. De la rivière Sirba à Bossébangou à la rivière Mékrou,b il a été

adopté le tracé de la frontière tel qu’[il] figure sur la b[carte IGN].»

23

6 CIJ1042.indb 82 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 63

24. The negotiation process between the two States over the course of
their common frontier was relaunched in the mid-1980s, resulting in the

conclusion of the Agreement of 28 March 1987 (registered with the
United Nations by Burkina Faso on 7 October 2010 under registration
number I-47964), supplemented by a Protocol of Agreement of the same
date (registered with the United Nations by Burkina Faso on 7 Octo -

ber 2010 under registration number I-47965). According to Article 1 of
the 1987 Protocol of Agreement, the frontier between the two States
“shall run” as described in the Arrêté, as clarified by the Erratum (see
paragraph 64 below). Moreover, according to Article 2, common to both

the Agreement and Protocol of Agreement, that frontier “shall be demabr-
cated” following the course described in the Arrêté, as clarified by the
Erratum. This second provision, relating to demarcation, also added that
“[s]hould the Arrêté and Erratum not suffice, the course shall be that
shown on the [IGN map], and/or any other relevant document accepted

by joint agreement of the Parties”.
25. The 1987 Protocol of Agreement also created a Joint Technical
Commission on Demarcation of the Frontier (hereinafter the “Joint
Technical Commission”) and a Demarcation Fund, and dealt with certaibn

questions concerning the rights of individuals affected by the demarcab -
tion. The Joint Technical Commission began its work in May 1987, and
in March 1988 it set up a field team comprising 42 experts from the two
States to conduct topographical work. The Joint Technical Commission
held a meeting in Niamey in September 1988 to plot on a map the line

resulting from the field surveys carried out by that team of experts. The
Parties disagree as to the results of this meeting. Burkina Faso is of tbhe
view that the report established a “consensual line”, which was labter con-
tested by Niger on the grounds that it was contrary to both the Arrêté

and Erratum. Niger, for its part, maintains that, while the two Parties b
agreed on various proposals for the frontier line in dispute, they neverb
agreed on a “consensual line”. Furthermore, Niger contends that thbe pro -
visional line proposed in 1988 has never been formalized in a binding

legal instrument.

26. At the conclusion of a ministerial consultative and working meet -
ing held in May 1991, the Minister of the Interior of Niger and the Min -

ister for Territorial Administration of Burkina Faso issued a Joint
Communiqué, dated 16 May 1991, which stated that :

“1. From the Tong-Tong astronomic marker to the River Sirba at
Bossébangou, passing through the Tao astronomic marker, the
frontier shall consist of a series of straight lines.
2. From the River Sirba at Bossébangou to the River Mekrou, the

course of the frontier adopted shall be that shown on the [IGN
map].”

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27. Lors d’une réunion de la commission technique mixte, tenue du 2
au 4 novembre 1994, le Niger remit cependant en cause la solution énon -

cée dans le communiqué conjoint, au motif qu’elle n’était pas conforme
aux prévisions des articles 1 et 2 du protocole d’accord de 1987. Le Bur -
kina Faso a contesté, au cours de la même réunion, le point de vue dbu
Niger. Par la suite, le texte du communiqué conjoint ne fut pas soumibs à
la procédure de ratification requise par l’article 7 de l’accord de 1987.

28. Lors de sa quatrième session ordinaire, tenue en juillet 2001, la
commission technique mixte parvint entre autres aux conclusions sui -
vantes :

«1) Des hauteurs de N’Gouma à la borne astronomique de Tong-
Tong, la frontière a été définie sans ambiguïté àb l’exception des
ruines de Tokébangou à l’ouest desquelles passe la ligne frontibère.
Ces ruines n’ont pas été identifiées au moment de la reconnais -

sance du tracé.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) De Tchenguiliba à la rivière Mékrou, la frontière a étéb définie sans

ambiguïté sous réserve de vérifier la position du village de Kogori
par l’équipe de reconnaissance.
3) De la borne astronomique de Tong-Tong à la rivière Sirba à Bos -
sébangou, l’expression «cette ligne s’infléchit ensuite vers le sud-est
pour couper la piste automobile de Téra à Dori à la borne astrob-

nomique de Tao, située à l’ouest de la mare d’Ossolo, et atteindre
la rivière Sirba à Bossébangou » a donné lieu à deux interpréta -
tions :

a) la frontière est constituée par deux (2) segments de droite :
— de la borne astronomique de Tong-Tong à la borne astro -
nomique de Tao ;

— de la borne astronomique de Tao à la rivière Sirba à Bos -
sébangou.
b) la frontière est constituée par une ligne courbe partant de la

borne astronomique de Tong-Tong, passant par celle de Tao
et aboutissant à la rivière Sirba à Bossébangou.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) De Bossébangou à Tchenguiliba, la commission a constaté des

difficultés d’interprétation liées à la non-identification des villages
cités dans l’erratum et à la compréhension du point où lab ligne
frontière coupe de nouveau la Sirba à hauteur du parallèle de Sbay.
L’équipe technique de reconnaissance se rendra également dans lba
zone pour identifier ces villages ou leurs sites de 1927. Il s’agitb des

villages d’Alfassi, Kouro, Tokalan et Tankouro. »
29. La commission technique mixte décida en conséquence de consti -

tuer une équipe de reconnaissance afin, notamment, de localiser surb le te- r
rain les ruines du village de Tokébangou, ainsi que les villages de Kbouro,

24

6 CIJ1042.indb 84 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 64

27. At a meeting of the Joint Technical Commission from 2 to
4 November 1994, however, Niger called into question the solution set

forth in the Joint Communiqué on the grounds that it was not consistebnt
with the terms of Articles 1 and 2 of the 1987 Protocol of Agreement.
Burkina Faso contested Niger’s point of view during the same meeting.b
Thereafter, the text of the Joint Communiqué was not submitted to theb
ratification procedure required by Article 7 of the 1987 Agreement.

28. At the fourth ordinary session of the Joint Technical Commission,
in July 2001, it was concluded, inter alia, that :

“1. The frontier was clearly defined from the heights of [Mount]
N’Gouma to the astronomic marker of Tong-Tong, with the
exception of the ruins of Tokébangou, which the frontier passes
to the west. These ruins were not identified in the course of the

survey of the frontier line.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. The frontier was clearly defined from Tchenguiliba to the River

Mékrou, subject to the survey team’s verification of the positiobn
of the village of Kogori.
3. From the Tong-Tong astronomic marker to the River Sirba at
Bossébangou, the phrase ‘this line then turns [‘s’infléchit’] towards
the south-east, cutting the Téra-Dori motor road at the Tao

astronomic marker located to the west of the Ossolo Pool, and
reaching the River Sirba at Bossébangou’ has resulted in two
interpretations :

(a) the frontier is composed of two (2) straight lines :
— from the Tong-Tong astronomic marker to the Tao
astronomic marker ;

— from the Tao astronomic marker to the River Sirba at
Bossébangou.
(b) the frontier consists of a curved line, starting from the

Tong-Tong astronomic marker, passing through the Tao
marker and terminating at the River Sirba at Bossébangou.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. From Bossébangou to Tchenguiliba, the Commission noted prob-

lems of interpretation associated with the failure to identify the
villages referred to in the Erratum and with the identification of
the point at which the frontier again cuts the River Sirba at the
level of the Say parallel. The technical survey team will also visit
the area in order to identify these villages or their 1927 sites. The

villages concerned are Alfassi, Kouro, Tokalan and Tankouro.”
29. The Joint Technical Commission consequently decided to appoint

a field survey team to locate in particular the ruins of the village obf Tok-b
angou and the villages of Kouro, Alfassi, Tokalan, Tankouro and Kogori.

24

6 CIJ1042.indb 85 8/04/14 08:34 65 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

d’Alfassi, de Tokalan, de Tankouro et de Kogori. Cette décision neb fut
cependant jamais mise en œuvre, et les divergences de vues persistèbrent

quant au tracé de la frontière entre la borne astronomique de Tongb-Tong
et un point situé à 1200 mètres à l’ouest du village de Tchenguiliba (dési -
gné dans le compromis comme le « début de la boucle de Botou »).
30. Lors d’une réunion tenue le 24 février 2009, les Gouvernements du
Burkina Faso et du Niger signèrent le compromis par lequel ils enten -

daient saisir la Cour de leur différend (voir paragraphe 1 ci-dessus).
31. Entre le 23 juin et le 3 juillet 2009, des experts des deux pays
conduisirent une mission conjointe de relevé des coordonnées des bbornes
construites sur la frontière entre le Burkina Faso et le Niger dans le sec -
teur allant du mont N’Gouma à la borne astronomique de Tong-Tong et
dans celui allant du début de la boucle de Botou jusqu’à la rivbière Mékrou.

Les résultats furent consignés dans un procès-verbal signé le 3 juillet 2009.
En octobre 2009 fut menée une seconde mission conjointe aux fins de
déterminer les coordonnées des points qui n’avaient pas encore bété bornés
dans les deux secteurs susmentionnés, à savoir le point d’interbsection
entre le cours de la Tapoa et l’ancienne limite des cercles de Fada ebt de

Say, et le point d’intersection entre ladite limite et le cours de lab Mékrou.
Les résultats de cette seconde mission firent l’objet d’un prbocès-verbal
signé le 15 octobre 2009.
32. Dans une lettre du 29 octobre 2009, le ministre par intérim des
affaires étrangères et de la coopération régionale du Burkbina Faso pro -

posa à son homologue nigérienne de considérer ces deux procèbs-verbaux
comme représentant l’entente entre les deux gouvernements au sens bde
l’article 2 du compromis. La ministre nigérienne répondit par une lettre
datée du 2 novembre 2009 dans laquelle elle confirmait « l’accord du
Gouvernement nigérien avec cette proposition », de sorte que la lettre
susvisée du ministre burkinabé et la sienne « constitu[ai]ent un accord

consacrant l’entente du Burkina Faso et de la République du Niger sur
les secteurs délimités de la frontière entre les deux pays». Le Niger a effec-
tué la procédure interne visant à permettre la ratification de l’échange de
lettres, en a informé le Burkina Faso par une lettre de son ministre bdes
affaires étrangères en date du 13 février 2012 et a proposé que l’échange

des instruments de ratification ait lieu le plus tôt possible.

33. En ce qui concerne le compromis, le protocole d’échange des ins -
truments de sa ratification fut signé par les représentants des bdeux gou -

vernements le 20 novembre 2009. Le compromis lui-même, entré en
vigueur le même jour, fut notifié à la Cour le 20 juillet 2010. Il était
accompagné de l’échange de lettres susmentionné des 29 octobre et
2 novembre 2009 sous l’intitulé « Echange de notes consacrant l’entente
des parties sur les secteurs délimités de la frontière » (voir paragraphe 1
ci-dessus).

*

25

6 CIJ1042.indb 86 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 65

However, that decision was never implemented, and the differences of
opinion persisted with regard to the course of the frontier between the b

Tong-Tong astronomic marker and a point located 1,200 m to the west of
the village of Tchenguiliba (referred to in the Special Agreement as the
“beginning of the Botou bend”).
30. At a meeting held on 24 February 2009, the Governments of
Burkina Faso and Niger signed the Special Agreement whereby they

agreed to submit the dispute to the Court (see paragraph 1 above).
31. From 23 June to 3 July 2009, experts of the two countries con -
ducted a joint survey mission to record the co-ordinates of the markers
constructed on the Burkina Faso-Niger frontier in the sectors running
from Mount N’Gouma to the Tong-Tong astronomic marker and from
the beginning of the Botou bend to the River Mekrou. The results were

set out in a report signed on 3 July 2009. A second joint mission was car -
ried out in October 2009, in order to ascertain the co-ordinates of the
points which had still to be marked in the two above-mentioned sectors,
namely the point where the course of the Tapoa intersects with the formebr
boundary of Fada and Say cercles, and the point where that boundary

intersects with the course of the Mekrou. The results of this second mis -
sion were set out in a report signed on 15 October 2009.

32. In a letter of 29 October 2009, the Acting Minister for Foreign
Affairs and Regional Co-operation of Burkina Faso proposed to the

Minister for Foreign Affairs and Co-operation of Niger that these two
reports be considered as representing the agreement request between the
two Governments within the meaning of Article 2 of the Special Agree -
ment. The Niger Minister for Foreign Affairs and Co-operation replied in
a letter dated 2 November 2009, in which she confirmed “the agreement
of the Government of Niger to this proposal”, so that the above-men -

tioned letter of 29 October 2009 and her own letter “constitute[d] an
agreement (‘accord’) placing on record the agreement (‘entente’) between
Burkina Faso and the Republic of Niger on the delimited sectors of the
frontier between the two countries”. Niger carried out the internal pbroce-
dure to enable the ratification of the exchange of letters, informed Bburkina

Faso accordingly by a letter of its Minister for Foreign Affairs datedb
13 February 2012 and proposed that the exchange of instruments of rati -
fication take place as soon as possible.
33. As far as the Special Agreement is concerned, the Protocol of
Exchange of the Instruments of its Ratification was signed by represenbta-

tives of the two Governments on 20 November 2009. The Special Agree -
ment itself, which entered into force on the same day, was notified tob the
Court on 20 July 2010. It was accompanied by the above-mentioned
exchange of letters dated 29 October and 2 November 2009, under the
title “Exchange of Notes embodying the agreement of the Parties on thbe
delimited sectors of the frontier” (see paragraph 1 above).

*

25

6 CIJ1042.indb 87 8/04/14 08:34 66 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

34. Les Parties demandent à la Cour de régler le différend qui lebs

oppose au sujet du tracé de leur frontière commune entre la borne bastro-
nomique de Tong-Tong et le début de la boucle de Botou, sur la base du
point 1 de l’article 2 du compromis (voir paragraphe 2 ci-dessus) (voir
croquis n o 1, p. 67). La Cour examinera ce différend dans la section III du
présent arrêt. Auparavant, elle se penchera, dans la section II ci-après,

sur la demande que lui présente le Burkina Faso, sur la base du point 2
de l’article 2 du compromis, au sujet des deux secteurs déjà abornés
de la frontière, ceux qui se trouvent au nord de la borne astronomique
de Tong-Tong et au sud du début de la boucle de Botou (voir croquis
n o1).

II. La demande relative aubx deux secteurs
allant, au nord, des hauteurs de N’Gouma à lba borne

astronomique de Tong-Tong et, au sud, du début
de la boucle de Botou àb la rivière Mékrou

A. La demande du Burkina Faso

35. Aux points 1 et 3 de ses conclusions finales, le Burkina Faso
demande à la Cour de dire et juger que sa frontière avec le Niger bsuit,

pour le secteur situé entre les hauteurs de N’Gouma et la borne astrono -
mique de Tong-Tong, et pour celui situé entre le début de la boucle de
Botou et la rivière Mékrou, un tracé constitué par des lignebs reliant des
points dont il indique les coordonnées (voir au paragraphe 10 ci-dessus le

texte des conclusions finales du Burkina Faso).
36. En présentant cette demande, le Burkina Faso ne prétend pas qu’il
existerait encore, à l’heure actuelle, un différend entre luib-même et le Niger
concernant ces deux secteurs de leur frontière commune. Il reconnaîbt que
la commission technique mixte, instituée par le protocole d’accordb de 1987,

est parvenue en 2001 à des conclusions acceptées par les deux Parties en ce
qui concerne les deux secteurs en cause, situés respectivement dans lba par -
tie nord et dans la partie sud de leur frontière commune. Les coordonbnées
des points que le Burkina Faso demande à la Cour de retenir pour tracer
la ligne frontière dans ces deux secteurs correspondent à celles qbui ont été

relevées en 2009 par la mission conjointe désignée par les deuxb Etats et
chargée de procéder aux relevés sur la base des travaux de la cbommission
technique mixte relatifs aux secteurs en cause.
37. Le Burkina Faso prie néanmoins la Cour d’incorporer dans le dis -
positif de son arrêt le tracé de la frontière commune dans les bdeux sec -

teurs au sujet desquels les Parties se sont entendues, de telle sorte qube ce
tracé soit revêtu de l’autorité de la chose jugée. Ainsi,b selon le Bur -
kina Faso, les deux Parties seront indiscutablement liées conformément bà
leur entente concernant ces deux secteurs, de la même manière qu’belles
seront liées à l’égard du tracé de la frontière que débterminera la Cour en

ce qui concerne le secteur au sujet duquel il subsiste un différendb.

26

6 CIJ1042.indb 88 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 66

34. The Parties request the Court to settle the dispute between them
regarding the course of their common frontier between the astronomic

marker of Tong-Tong and the beginning of the Botou bend, on the basis
of Article 2, point 1, of the Special Agreement (see paragraph 2 above)
(see sketch-map No. 1, p. 67). The Court will examine that dispute in
Part III of the present Judgment. Before doing so, it will deal, in Part II
below, with the request submitted to it by Burkina Faso, on the basis ofb

Article 2, point 2, of the Special Agreement, regarding the two sectors of
the frontier which have already been demarcated, lying north of the
Tong-Tong astronomic marker and south of the beginning of the Botou
bend (see sketch-map No. 1).

II. The Request concerninbg the Two Sectors Runninbg,
in the North, from the Hebights of N’Gouma
to the Tong-Tong Astronombic Marker and, in the Sobuth,
from the Beginning of thbe Botou Bend to the Riverb Mekrou

A. The Request of Burkina Faso

35. In points 1 and 3 of its final submissions, Burkina Faso requests
the Court to adjudge and declare that its frontier with Niger follows, ibn
the sector situated between the heights of N’Gouma and the Tong-Tong
astronomic marker, and in the sector situated between the beginning of

the Botou bend and the River Mekrou, a course which consists of lines
linking points whose co-ordinates it provides (see the text of the final sub -
missions of Burkina Faso in paragraph 10 above).
36. In submitting this request, Burkina Faso does not claim that there
still exists, at the present time, a dispute between itself and Niger rebgard-

ing these two sectors of their common frontier. It acknowledges that theb
Joint Technical Commission, created by the 1987 Protocol of Agreement,
reached conclusions in 2001 that were accepted by both Parties concern -
ing the two sectors in question, situated respectively in the northern abnd
southern parts of their common frontier. The co-ordinates of the points b

which Burkina Faso requests the Court to adopt in order to draw the
frontier line in these two sectors correspond to those recorded in 2009 bby
the joint mission appointed by the two States and given the task of con -
ducting surveys based on the work of the Joint Technical Commission
relating to the sectors in question.
37. Burkina Faso nevertheless requests the Court to include in the

operative part of its Judgment the line of the common frontier in the twbo
sectors on which the Parties have agreed, so as to endow this line with bthe
force of res judicata. Hence, according to Burkina Faso, the two Parties
will indisputably be bound in accordance with their agreement (“entente”)
on those two sectors, in the same way that they will be bound with regarbd

to the frontier line which the Court will determine with regard to the sbec -
tor that remains in dispute.

26

6 CIJ1042.indb 89 8/04/14 08:34 67 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

Croquis n°1:

PRÉTENTIONS DES PARTIES ET LIGNE FIGURANT SUR LA CARTE IGN DE 1960

Cecroquisaétéétabliàseulefind’illustration

0º 00’ 0º 30’ 1º 00’ 1º 30’ 2º 00’ 2º 30’ 3º 00’

secteurs abornés de la frontière
MALI
ligne revendiquée par le Burkina Faso
ligne revendiquée par le Niger
15º 00’ ligne figurant sur la carte IGN de 1960 15º 00’

Mont N’Gouma SB : point où la frontière «attein[t] la rivière Sirba
à Bossébangou»
P : point situé à 1200 mètres à l’ouest deTchenguiliba

marquant le début du boucle de Botou

0 20 40 60 80 100km
14º 30’ échelle précise à 13°30’ N 14º 30’
Borne astronomique deTong-Tong Datum et Ellipsoïde WGS 84

Tillabéri

Borne astronomique deTao

14º 00’ Piste automobile de Téra F 14º 00’
Téra à Dori en 1927 le
u
v e
N
NIGER ig
e r
a
b NIAMEY
13º 30’ ir 13º 30’
S
SB
Bossébangou
re

iv Say
R

13º 00’ 13º 00’

BURKINA

FASO

P
12º 30’ 12º 30’

o u
ék r
M
Fada N’Gourma

12º 00’ 12º 00’
r
è
i
iv
R

11º 30’ BÉNIN 11º 30’

11º 00’

0º 00’ 0º 30’ 1º 00’ 1º 30’ 2º 00’ 2º 30’ 3º 00’

27

6 CIJ1042.indb 90 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 67

Sketch Map 1:
PARTIES’CLAIMS AND LINE DEPICTED ONTHE 1960 IGN MAP

Thissketchmaphasbeenpreparedforillustrativepurposesonly

0º 00’ 0º 30’ 1º 00’ 1º 30’ 2º 00’ 2º 30’ 3º 00’

MALI delimited sectors of the frontier
line claimed by Burkina Faso

line claimed by Niger
15º 00’ line shown on the 1960 IGN map 15º 00’
SB : point where the frontier“reach[es] the
Mount N’Gouma
River Sirba at Bossébangou”
P : point 1,200m west ofTchenguiliba,
marking the beginning of the Botou bend

0 20 40 60 80 100km

14º 30’ scale true at 13º30’ N 14º 30’
Tong-Tong astronomic marker WGS84 Ellipsoid and Datum

Tillabéri

Tao astronomic marker

14º 00’ Téra-Dori Téra 14º 00’
motor road Ri
in 1927 ve
r
NIGER Ni
g e
r

a NIAMEY
13º 30’ rb 13º 30’
Si
SB
Bossébangou
r
ve
i Say
R

13º 00’ 13º 00’

BURKINA

FASO

P
12º 30’ 12º 30’

u
k ro
é
Fada N’Gourma M

12º 00’ 12º 00’

r
e
iv
R

11º 30’ 11º 30’
BENIN

11º 00’

0º 00’ 0º 30’ 1º 00’ 1º 30’ 2º 00’ 2º 30’ 3º 00’

27

6 CIJ1042.indb 91 8/04/14 08:34 68 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

38. Pour fonder la compétence de la Cour en ce qui concerne les deux
secteurs déjà abornés d’un commun accord, le Burkina Faso s’appuie sur

le point 2 de l’article 2 du compromis, aux termes duquel la Cour est priée
de :

«2. donner acte aux Parties de leur entente sur les résultats des tra -
vaux de la commission technique mixte d’abornement de la
frontière Burkina Faso-Niger en ce qui concerne les secteurs sui -
vants :

a) le secteur allant des hauteurs de N’Gouma à la borne astrono -
mique de Tong-Tong ;
b) le secteur allant du début de la boucle de Botou jusqu’à la rivbière
Mékrou. »

B. La position du Niger

39. Sans demander expressément à la Cour de rejeter la demande for -

mulée par le Burkina Faso aux points 1 et 3 de ses conclusions finales, le
Niger ne s’y associe pas.
Selon le Niger, puisqu’il existe déjà un accord entre les Partibes concer -
nant les deux secteurs en cause, il serait inutile que la Cour incorporeb
dans le dispositif de son arrêt une mention relative à ces secteurbs. Le
Niger indique qu’il a accepté l’inclusion dans le compromis du bpoint 2 de

l’article 2 par souci de parvenir à un accord permettant la saisine de la
Cour, et en raison de l’insistance sur ce point du Burkina Faso. Il est
cependant d’avis que la Cour devrait constater cette entente dans lesb
motifs de son arrêt et régler le seul différend subsistant enbtre les Parties,
celui qui est relatif à la portion de la frontière au sujet de laquelle la com -

mission technique mixte n’a pu conclure ses travaux avec succès etb les
Parties, en conséquence, n’ont pu parvenir à s’entendre.

40. Aussi, dans ses conclusions finales, le Niger demande-t-il seulement à
la Cour de tracer la frontière entre les deux Etats dans la partie qui va de la

borne astronomique de Tong-Tong au point que les deux Parties ont identi -
fié comme le « début de la boucle de Botou ». Les conclusions finales du
Niger correspondent ainsi, en réalité, au point1 de l’article2 du compromis.

C. L’examen par la Cour

41. La Cour rappelle d’abord que, même lorsqu’elle est saisie sur lba
base d’un compromis conclu entre les deux Etats qui se présentent bdevant
elle, elle est toujours appelée à statuer sur les conclusions finales des par -
ties telles qu’elles ont été formulées au terme de la procébdure orale. Il n’y
a pas de différence à cet égard entre le cas où la Cour esbt saisie par voie
de requête unilatérale et celui où elle l’est en vertu d’bun compromis.

42. Cependant, dans le cas où le compromis constitue la seule base de
compétence, il va de soi que toute demande formulée par une partieb dans

28

6 CIJ1042.indb 92 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 68

38. In order to found the Court’s jurisdiction in respect of the two sec -
tors already demarcated by mutual agreement, Burkina Faso relies on

Article 2, point 2, of the Special Agreement, under the terms of which the
Court is requested to :

“2. place on record the Parties’ agreement [‘leur entente’] on the
results of the work of the Joint Technical Commission on Demar -
cation of the Burkina Faso-Niger boundary with regard to the
following sectors :

(a) the sector from the heights of N’Gouma to the astronomic marker
of Tong-Tong ;
(b) the sector from the beginning of the Botou bend to the River
Mekrou.”

B. The Position of Niger

39. Without expressly asking the Court to reject the request made by

Burkina Faso in points 1 and 3 of its final submissions, Niger does not
join in it.
According to Niger, since there already exists an agreement between
the Parties regarding the two sectors in question, there is no need for bthe
Court to include in the operative part of its Judgment a reference to thbose
sectors. Niger indicates that it accepted the inclusion of Article 2, point 2,

in the Special Agreement for the sake of reaching an agreement that
would allow the Court to be seised, and because of Burkina Faso’s insis -
tence on this point. However, it takes the view that the Court should nobte
the agreement in question in the reasoning of its Judgment and settle thbe
only dispute which remains between the Parties, namely that relating to

the part of the frontier in respect of which the Joint Technical Commis -
sion was unable to conclude its work successfully, and on which the Par -
ties have therefore not been able to reach agreement.
40. Consequently, in its final submissions, Niger only requests the Court
to draw the frontier between the two States in the section running from bthe

Tong-Tong astronomic marker to the point which both Parties have identi -
fied as the “beginning of the Botou bend”. Niger’s final subbmissions thus
correspond, in fact, to Article 2, point 1, of the Special Agreement.

C. Consideration by the Court

41. The Court first recalls that even when it is seised on the basis of a b
special agreement concluded between the two States that appear before itb,
it is always required to rule on the final submissions of the parties bas for -
mulated at the close of the oral proceedings. There is no difference ibn this
respect between cases where the Court is seised by means of a unilateralb
application and those where it is seised by a special agreement.

42. However, in cases where the special agreement forms the only basis
of jurisdiction, it goes without saying that any request made by a partyb in

28

6 CIJ1042.indb 93 8/04/14 08:34 69 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

ses conclusions finales ne peut relever de la compétence de la Courb que si
elle demeure dans les limites définies par les dispositions du compbromis,

ce qu’il appartient à la Cour de vérifier.
43. A cet égard, la Cour relève que la demande formulée aux points 1
et 3 des conclusions finales du Burkina Faso ne cadre pas exactement
avec les termes du compromis. Le Burkina Faso ne demande pas à la
Cour, en effet, de «donner acte aux Parties de leur entente» concernant la

délimitation de la frontière dans les deux secteurs concernés, bmais plutôt
de délimiter elle-même la frontière selon un tracé qui correspondrait aux
conclusions de la commission technique mixte auxquelles les deux Partiesb
ont donné leur accord. Quoique le résultat final soit en substanbce équiva-
lent pour ce qui est du tracé lui-même, la demande du Burkina Faso n’est
pas de même nature que celle que prévoit le compromis dans son artbicle 2,

point 2: une chose est, en effet, de constater l’existence d’un accord bentre
les parties et de leur en donner acte, autre chose est de s’appropriebr le
contenu de cet accord pour en faire la substance d’une décision deb la
Cour elle-même. Prise à la lettre, la demande du Burkina Faso pourrait
donc être rejetée comme excédant les limites de la compétencbe de la Cour

telles que définies par le compromis.
44. Il est vrai cependant que la Cour a le pouvoir d’interpréter les
conclusions finales des parties de manière à les maintenir, dansb la mesure
du possible, dans les limites de sa compétence résultant du comprobmis.
En l’espèce, il serait possible d’interpréter les points 1 et 3 des conclusions

finales du Burkina Faso, sans s’arrêter à leur lettre même, comme tendant
en réalité à ce que la Cour donne acte aux Parties de leur entebnte. Ainsi
comprise, cette demande resterait dans les limites de la compétence qbue le
compromis a conférée à la Cour dans la présente affaire.

45. Toutefois, cela ne serait pas nécessairement suffisant pour que la

Cour puisse accueillir une telle demande. Encore faudrait-il vérifier que
l’objet de celle-ci se rattache à la fonction judiciaire de la Cour telle qu’elle
est définie par son Statut.
Ainsi que la Cour a déjà eu l’occasion de le dire dans un contexte diffé -
rent, mais en des termes ayant une portée générale :

«même si, une fois saisie, elle estime avoir compétence, la Cour n’best
pas toujours contrainte d’exercer cette compétence. Il y a des limbita-

tions inhérentes à l’exercice de la fonction judiciaire dont lab Cour, en
tant que tribunal, doit toujours tenir compte. Il peut ainsi y avoir
incompatibilité entre, d’un côté, les désirs d’un demabndeur ou même
des deux parties à une instance et, de l’autre, le devoir de la Cobur de
conserver son caractère judiciaire. C’est à la Cour elle-même et non pas

aux parties qu’il appartient de veiller à l’intégrité de bla fonction judi-
ciaire de la Cour. » (Cameroun septentrional (Cameroun c. Royaume­
Uni), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1963, p. 29.)

46. Ces considérations sont parfaitement transposables à la présentbe
affaire, en dépit du fait que, à la différence de l’affbaire du Cameroun sep ­

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its final submissions can fall within the jurisdiction of the Court only if it
remains within the limits defined by the provisions of the special agrbee -

ment, a matter which is for the Court to ascertain.
43. In this respect, the Court observes that the request contained in
points 1 and 3 of the final submissions of Burkina Faso does not exactly
correspond to the terms of the Special Agreement. Indeed, Burkina Faso
does not request the Court to “place on record the Parties’ agreembent”

(“leur entente”) regarding the delimitation of the frontier in the two sec -
tors concerned, but rather to delimit itself the frontier according to ab line
that corresponds to the conclusions of the Joint Technical Commission
upon which the two Parties have agreed. Although the final outcome is b
equivalent in substance as regards the line itself, Burkina Faso’s rebquest is
not the same in nature as that contained in Article 2, point 2, of the Spe -

cial Agreement : it is one thing to note the existence of an agreement
between the Parties and to place it on record for them ; it is quite a differ-
ent matter to appropriate the content of that agreement in order to makeb
it the substance of a decision of the Court itself. Taken literally, Burbkina
Faso’s request could therefore be rejected as exceeding the limits ofb the

Court’s jurisdiction as defined by the Special Agreement.
44. It is true, however, that the Court has the power to interpret the
final submissions of the parties in such a way as to maintain them, sob far
as possible, within the limits of its jurisdiction under the Special Agrbee -
ment. In the present case, without dwelling on their precise language, ibt

would be possible to interpret points 1 and 3 of the final submissions of
Burkina Faso as seeking that the Court place on record the agreement of b
the Parties. Taken in that way, this request would remain within the
limits of the jurisdiction which the Special Agreement conferred upon the
Court in the present case.
45. Nevertheless, that would not necessarily be sufficient for the Court

to be able to entertain such a request. It would still have to be verifibed
that the object of this request falls within the Court’s judicial funbction, as
defined by its Statute.
As the Court has already had occasion to state in a different context,b
but in terms that have a general scope :

“even if the Court, when seised, finds that it has jurisdiction, thbe Court
is not compelled in every case to exercise that jurisdiction. There are b

inherent limitations on the exercise of the judicial function which the b
Court, as a court of justice, can never ignore. There may thus be an
incompatibility between the desires of an applicant, or, indeed, of
both parties to a case, on the one hand, and on the other hand the
duty of the Court to maintain its judicial character. The Court itself, b

and not the parties, must be the guardian of the Court’s judicial integ-
rity.” (Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom), Prelim ­
inary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 29.)

46. These considerations are perfectly applicable to the present case,
despite the fact that, unlike in the Northern Cameroons case, the Court

29

6 CIJ1042.indb 95 8/04/14 08:34 70 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

tentrional, la Cour a été saisie en vertu d’un compromis. Le compromis
permet aux parties de définir librement les limites de la compétbence,

stricto sensu, qu’elles entendent conférer à la Cour. Il ne saurait leur perb-
mettre de modifier les limites de la fonction judiciaire de la Cour: celles-ci,
parce qu’elles sont définies par le Statut, ne sont pas à la bdisposition des
parties même d’accord entre elles, et s’imposent à elles combme elles s’im -

posent à la Cour elle-même.
47. C’est à la lumière de ce qui précède que la Cour doit débterminer si
l’objet de la demande mentionnée au point 2 de l’article 2 du compromis
se rattache à la fonction judiciaire attribuée à la Cour par sobn Statut.
48. En matière contentieuse, la fonction de la Cour, telle qu’elle estb

définie à l’article 38, paragraphe 1, du Statut, est de « régler conformé -
ment au droit international les différends qui lui sont soumis ». Il en
résulte que les demandes que les parties soumettent à la Cour ne dboivent
pas seulement pouvoir se rattacher à une base de compétence valideb, mais
doivent aussi toujours se rapporter à la fonction de règlement desb diffé -

rends. Comme la Cour l’a déjà indiqué, également dans un bcontexte diffé-
rent de celui de la présente affaire :

«La Cour, comme organe juridictionnel, a pour tâche de résoudre
des différends existant entre Etats. L’existence d’un différend est
donc la condition première de l’exercice de sa fonction judiciaireb. »
(Essais nucléaires (Australie c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974,

p. 270-271, par. 55 ; Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle­Zélande c. France),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 476, par. 58.)

49. C’est à la Cour qu’il appartient de constater objectivement l’bexis -
tence d’un différend, sans être liée à cet égard parb les affirmations des
parties (ibid., par. 55 et 58).
50. En l’espèce, la tâche de la Cour est d’autant plus aisée bqu’aucune
des deux Parties ne prétend, et n’a jamais prétendu, qu’il sbubsistait entre

elles un différend relativement à la délimitation de la frontière dans les
deux secteurs en cause à la date de l’introduction de l’instancbe — ni d’ail -
leurs qu’un tel différend serait apparu par la suite. L’absenbce de différend
est amplement confirmée par les pièces du dossier. Le compromis,b dûment

ratifié par les deux Parties (voir paragraphe 33 ci-dessus), indique, de la
façon la plus claire, que «les travaux de la commission technique mixte …
d’abornement … ont permis aux parties de s’accorder sur les secteurs [en
cause] de la frontière ». Il indique aussi que « les deux Parties acceptent
comme définitifs les résultats des travaux effectués sur lebsdits secteurs ».

Son article 2, point 2, déjà cité, prévoit que la Cour soit priée de « donner
acte aux Parties de leur entente » sur les résultats des travaux de la com -
mission concernant ces deux secteurs. Dire que les parties se sont « accor-
dées», qu’elles sont parvenues à une « entente», c’est nécessairement
signifier qu’aucun différend ne les oppose plus sur ce qui faibt l’objet de

cette « entente ».

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6 CIJ1042.indb 96 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 70

has been seised by means of a special agreement. A special agreement
allows the parties to define freely the limits of the jurisdiction, stricto

sensu, which they intend to confer upon the Court. It cannot allow them
to alter the limits of the Court’s judicial function : those limits, because
they are defined by the Statute, are not at the disposal of the partiebs, even
by agreement between them, and are mandatory for the parties just as for

the Court itself.
47. In the light of the foregoing, the Court must determine whether the
object of the request contained in Article 2, point 2, of the Special Agree -
ment falls within the judicial function attributed to the Court by its Statute.
48. In contentious cases, the function of the Court, as defined in Arti -

cle 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute, is to “decide in accordance with inter -
national law such disputes as are submitted to it”. Consequently, the
requests that parties submit to the Court, must not only be linked to a b
valid basis of jurisdiction, but must also always relate to the function of
deciding disputes. As the Court has already indicated, also in a contextb

different from that of the present case :

“The Court, as a court of law, is called upon to resolve existing dis-b
putes between States. Thus the existence of a dispute is the primary
condition for the Court to exercise its judicial function.” (Nuclear Tests
(Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, pp. 270-271,

para. 55 ; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 476, para. 58.)

49. It is for the Court to determine objectively whether there is a dis -
pute, without being bound in that respect by the assertions of the partibes
(ibid., paras. 55 and 58).
50. In the present case, the Court’s task is all the more straightforwardb
since neither of the two Parties claims, or has ever claimed, that a disbpute

continued to exist between them concerning the delimitation of the frontbier
in the two sectors in question on the date when the proceedings were insbti -
tuted — nor that such a dispute has subsequently arisen. The absence of a
dispute is amply confirmed by the documents in the case file. The Spbecial

Agreement, duly ratified by both Parties (see paragraph 33above), states in
the clearest manner that “thanks to the work of the Joint Technical Cbom -
mission on Demarcation . . ., the Parties have been able to reach agreement
[‘s’accorder’] in respect of [these] sectors of the frontier”. It further states
that “the two Parties accept the results of the work carried out in tbhose sec -

tors as definitive”. Article 2, point 2, which was previously cited, provides
that the Court be requested to “place on record the Parties’ agreebment
[‘leur entente’]” on the results of the work of the Commission with regard
to these two sectors. To affirm that the Parties have “reach[ed] agreement”
(“[se sont] accord[ées]”), or that there is an “agreement” (“entente”)

between them, necessarily signifies that there is no longer any dispute
between them on the subject-matter of that “agreement” (“entente”).

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51. Si les Parties ont paru soutenir des thèses différentes, c’esbt sur la
question de savoir si l’« entente» à laquelle se réfère l’article 2, point 2, du

compromis a d’ores et déjà donné naissance à un accord juridiquement
contraignant pour les deux Parties en vertu du droit international.
Le Niger a soutenu, en réponse notamment à la question posée par un
membre de la Cour à l’audience, que « l’accord intervenu entre les deux
Etats sur les secteurs abornés était définitivement acquis ». Il a toutefois

précisé que l’échange de lettres des 29 octobre et 2 novembre 2009 ne fai -
sait pas encore droit entre les Parties mais qu’il ne tenait qu’aub Bur -
kina Faso d’accomplir à son tour la procédure de ratification requbise s’il
voulait que ledit accord devienne un instrument juridique contraignant
entre lui et le Niger.
Le Burkina Faso a paru mettre en doute l’existence, à l’heure actuelle,

d’un accord juridiquement contraignant. Il a fait valoir que le terme
employé à l’article 2, point 2, du compromis est celui d’« entente», qui
n’est pas exactement synonyme d’« accord», qu’il n’a pas encore ratifié,
conformément à l’article 7 de l’accord de 1987, l’« entente» entre les Par -
ties constituée par l’échange de lettres des 29 octobre et 2 novembre 2009,

et que ce n’est que lorsque la Cour aura « pris acte » de cette entente que
le différend frontalier sera « complètement réglé».

52. Aux yeux de la Cour, la question déterminante est celle de savoir
s’il existait à la date d’introduction de l’instance un différend entre

les Parties concernant ces deux secteurs, et à cette question la réponbse
est indiscutablement négative pour les raisons qui viennent d’être bexpo -
sées.
53. Peu importe, du point de vue de la fonction judiciaire de la Cour,
que l’«entente» à laquelle les Parties sont parvenues ait été déjà ibncorpo -
rée dans un instrument juridiquement contraignant ou ne le soit pas

encore. A supposer qu’un tel instrument soit d’ores et déjà bentré en
vigueur entre les Parties, il n’appartiendrait pas à la Cour de lebur
en donner acte dans le dispositif d’un arrêt, car un tel prononcé bserait
étranger à sa fonction judiciaire consistant à régler des dibfférends. Et,
à supposer que l’instrument juridique consacrant l’« entente» ne soit

pas encore entré en vigueur, il n’appartiendrait pas à la Cour de se
substituer aux Parties : puisque celles-ci reconnaissent l’une et l’autre
qu’elles ont trouvé un terrain d’accord, il leur appartient, sib besoin est,
d’accomplir les démarches qui seraient encore nécessaires pour que
l’accord entre en vigueur. Une décision judiciaire ne peut pas être

ainsi sollicitée comme un substitut à l’accomplissement des formali -
tés nécessaires à l’entrée en vigueur d’un accord entre Etats. Au demeu -
rant, puisqu’il existe une obligation de respecter tant les accords
interétatiques que les arrêts de la Cour, l’« autorité de la chose jugée »
dont serait prétendument revêtue, selon le Burkina Faso, la délimitation
opérée dans les deux secteurs en cause si la Cour faisait droit à la

demande de cet Etat ne renforcerait pas le caractère obligatoire de ladite
délimitation.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 98 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 71

51. If the Parties have appeared to argue differently, it is on the ques -
tion of whether the “entente” referred to in Article 2, point 2, of the Spe -

cial Agreement has already resulted in an agreement which is legally
binding for the two Parties under international law.
Niger has maintained, in particular in reply to a question put by a
Member of the Court during the hearings, that “[t]he agreement betweebn
the two States on the demarcated sectors was definitively reached”.b It has

however stated that the exchange of letters of 29 October and 2 Novem -
ber 2009 was not yet legally binding between the Parties, but that it was
up to Burkina Faso for its part to follow the necessary ratification pbroce -
dure, should it wish the said agreement to become a binding legal instrub-
ment between itself and Niger.
Burkina Faso has appeared to cast doubt on the existence, at the pres -

ent time, of a legally binding agreement. It has contended that the termb
used in Article 2, point 2, of the Special Agreement is “entente” in French,
which is not precisely synonymous with the word “accord” (agreement),
that it has not yet ratified, in accordance with Article 7 of the 1987 Agree -
ment, the “entente” between the Parties constituted by the exchange of

letters of 29 October and 2 November 2009, and that only once this
entente has been “placed on the record” by the Court will the frontier
dispute “be completely resolved”.
52. In the opinion of the Court, the decisive question is whether a
dispute existed between the Parties concerning these two sectors on the b

date when the proceedings were instituted, and the answer to that ques -
tion is indisputably negative, for the reasons which have just been set b
forth.
53. It matters little, from the point of view of the judicial function of
the Court, whether or not the “entente” reached by the Parties has already
been incorporated into a legally binding instrument. If such an instru -

ment had already entered into force between the Parties, it would not beb
for the Court to record that fact in the operative part of a Judgment,
since such a pronouncement would lie outside its judicial function, whicbh
is to decide disputes. And if the legal instrument embodying the “entente”
had not yet entered into force, it would not be for the Court to substitbute

itself for the Parties: since they both recognize that they have found some
common ground, it is for them, if need be, to take any step which remainbs
necessary for that agreement to enter into force. A judicial decision maby
not be requested in this way as a substitute for the completion of the
treaty-making process between States. Furthermore, since there is an

obligation to comply both with international agreements and with Judg -
ments of the Court, the “force of res judicata” with which, according to
Burkina Faso, the delimitation effected in the two sectors in questionb
would be endowed if the Court acceded to its request would not reinforceb
the binding character of that delimitation.

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54. Le Burkina Faso cite deux précédents dans lesquels la Cour perma-

nente de Justice internationale aurait accepté, selon lui, de donner bacte,
dans le dispositif même d’un arrêt, d’un accord conclu entreb les parties.
55. Mais la Cour estime que ces précédents ne sont pas pertinents, carb
l’un et l’autre visent l’hypothèse d’un accord qui seraitb intervenu entre les
parties en cours d’instance, et non l’hypothèse dans laquelle lbe différend

avait été résolu entre les parties avant même la saisine de bla Cour.
56. Dans l’ordonnance qu’elle a rendue le 6 décembre 1930 en l’affaire
des Zones franches de la Haute­Savoie et du Pays de Gex (deuxième
phase), la Cour permanente de Justice internationale a estimé

«que … rien ne semble s’opposer à ce que la Cour englobe dans son
arrêt un accord préalablement intervenu entre les Parties ; que le
«jugement d’accord», sans être expressément prévu par le Statut, est
o
conforme à l’esprit de celui-ci » (C.P.J.I. série A n 24, p. 14).

Mais, comme le montre sans doute possible le contexte de cette affirma -
tion, la Cour permanente avait à l’esprit l’éventualité db’un accord que les
parties auraient conclu en cours d’instance, conformément aux termbes
particuliers du compromis conclu dans cette affaire, mettant ainsi fin à
tout ou partie du différend qui les opposait initialement, c’estb-à-dire de

celui que l’introduction de l’instance avait pour objet de soumettbre à cette
Cour.
57. Il en va de même de l’arrêt rendu en l’affaire Société commerciale
de Belgique (arrêt, 1939, C.P.J.I. série A/B n o78, p. 178). Dans cette
affaire, la Cour permanente a, dans le dispositif de son arrêt, prébcisé

qu’elle « constat[ait] l’accord des Parties » en ce qui concerne le caractère
définitif et obligatoire des sentences arbitrales précédemmenbt rendues
entre le Gouvernement hellénique et la Société commerciale de Bbelgique,
sentences dont l’exécution était au cœur du différend sboumis à cette Cour.
C’est en cours d’instance que l’accord en question était intervenu, en

conséquence de déclarations du Gouvernement hellénique reconnaissant
le caractère obligatoire des sentences ayant prononcé des condamnabtions
pécuniaires à son égard, déclarations dont la Belgique a considéré qu’elles
«modifiaient le caractère du différend », la conduisant à retirer une partie
de ses conclusions initiales. Dans ces conditions, on comprend que la

Cour permanente ait formellement constaté, dans le dispositif de son b
arrêt, l’accord intervenu entre les Parties en cours d’instanceb, accord dont
l’existence ne pouvait qu’influer sur le règlement au fond dub différend ini -
tialement soumis à la juridiction.
58. Dans les circonstances de l’espèce, il n’est pas nécessaire bque la

Cour se prononce sur une telle hypothèse. Ce que prévoit le comprobmis,
c’est que la Cour donne acte de l’entente à laquelle les Partiebs sont parve -
nues à l’issue de leurs négociations, avant l’introduction dbe l’instance.
Selon le Burkina Faso, cette mention devrait figurer dans le dispositibf de
l’arrêt. Mais, pour les raisons exposées plus haut, la Cour estime qu’une

telle demande n’est pas compatible avec sa fonction judiciaire.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 100 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 72

54. Burkina Faso cites two precedents, in which it claims that the Per -
manent Court of International Justice consented to record, in the actualb

operative part of a Judgment, an agreement concluded between the partiesb.
55. However, the Court considers that those precedents are not relevant,
since they both contemplate situations in which an agreement is reached
between the parties during the proceedings, and not a situation in whichb the
dispute had been resolved between the parties before seising the Court.

56. In the Order that it made on 6 December 1930 in the case concern -
ing Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex (Second Phase), the
Permanent Court of International Justice took the view that

“there seems nothing to prevent the Court from embodying in its
judgment an agreement previously concluded between the Parties ; as
a ‘judgment by consent’, though not expressly provided for by the b
Statute, is in accordance with the spirit of that instrument” (P.C.I.J.,
Series A, No. 24, p. 14).

However, as the context of this assertion shows beyond all doubt, the Pebr -
manent Court had in mind the possibility of an agreement which the par -

ties might conclude during the proceedings, pursuant to the particular
terms of the Special Agreement in that case, thereby putting an end to abll
or part of the original dispute between them, i.e., the dispute which the
institution of the proceedings was intended to bring before that Court.

57. The same applies to the Judgment rendered in the case concerning
Société Commerciale de Belgique (Judgment, 1939, P.C.I.J., Series A/B,
No. 78, p. 178). In that case, the Permanent Court stated in the operative
clause that it “not[ed] the agreement between the Parties” with rebgard to
the definitive and obligatory character of the arbitral awards made prbevi -
ously between the Greek Government and the Société commerciale de

Belgique, awards whose execution lay at the heart of the dispute submit -
ted to that Court. The agreement in question was arrived at during the
proceedings, as a consequence of declarations of the Greek Government
acknowledging the obligatory character of the financial awards made
against it, declarations which Belgium treated as “changing the charabcter

of the dispute”, leading it to withdraw part of its original submissibons. In
these circumstances, it is understandable that the Permanent Court for -
mally noted, in the operative part of its Judgment, the agreement arrivebd
at between the Parties during the proceedings, an agreement whose exis -
tence was bound to influence the settlement on the merits of the dispubte

originally brought before the Court.
58. In the circumstances of the present case, it is not necessary for the
Court to rule on such a possibility. What the Special Agreement providesb
for is that the Court should place on record the “entente” reached by the
Parties at the end of their negotiations, before the proceedings were inbsti -
tuted. According to Burkina Faso, this should be included in the opera -

tive part of the Judgment. But for the reasons explained above, the Courbt
considers that such a request is not compatible with its judicial functibon.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 101 8/04/14 08:34 73 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

59. Ainsi, le seul différend qui subsistait entre les Parties à la dbate d’in-
troduction de l’instance, et qui subsiste encore, a pour objet le trabcé de la

frontière commune entre la borne de Tong-Tong et le début de la boucle
de Botou, soit le secteur au sujet duquel la commission technique mixte b
n’a pas pu conclure ses travaux avec succès et pour lequel les Parbties sou -
mettent à la Cour des solutions divergentes. C’est ce secteur qui bdonnera
lieu à l’examen auquel il va être procédé dans la suite dbu présent arrêt; lui

seul sera délimité dans le dispositif de l’arrêt.

III. Le tracé de la portionb de la frontière

demeurant en litige

A. Le droit applicable

60. La Cour devant se prononcer sur la délimitation de la frontière qubi
reste en litige, il lui incombe d’abord de déterminer le droit appblicable à
ce sujet.

61. L’article 6 du compromis, intitulé « Droit applicable», stipule:

«Les règles et principes du droit international qui s’appliquent aub
différend sont ceux énumérés au paragraphe premier de l’article 38
du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice, y compris le principe
de l’intangibilité des frontières héritées de la colonisabtion et l’accord
du 28 mars 1987. »

62. Le renvoi au paragraphe premier de l’article 38 du Statut de la
Cour indique clairement que les règles et principes mentionnés danbs cette

disposition du Statut doivent être appliqués à toute question qbu’il serait
nécessaire pour la Cour de trancher afin de se prononcer sur le diffbérend.
63. Parmi les règles du droit international applicables au différend,
la disposition susvisée du compromis met en exergue « le principe de
l’intangibilité des frontières héritées de la colonisationb et l’accord du

28 mars 1987 ».
Un renvoi au principe de l’intangibilité des frontières héribtées de la
colonisation figurait également dans le préambule du compromis sbur la
base duquel avait été soumise à la Cour l’affaire du Différend frontalier
(Burkina Faso/République du Mali). La Chambre de la Cour chargée de

connaître de l’affaire en avait conclu qu’elle ne pouvait pasb « écarter le
principe de l’uti possidetis juris dont l’application a précisément pour
conséquence le respect des frontières héritées » (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1986,
p. 565, par. 20).
La formule utilisée dans le compromis en l’espèce est similaireb au texte
de la résolution AGH/Rés. 16 (I) adoptée au Caire en 1964 à la première

session de la conférence des chefs d’Etat et de gouvernement africbains,
selon laquelle tous les Etats membres de l’Organisation de l’unitéb afri -

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6 CIJ1042.indb 102 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 73

59. Thus, the only dispute which remained between the Parties on the
date when the proceedings were instituted, and which continues to exist,b

has as its subject-matter the course of the common frontier between the
Tong-Tong marker and the beginning of the Botou bend, that is, the sec -
tor on which the Joint Technical Commission was unable to conclude its
work successfully and in respect of which the Parties have presented theb
Court with different solutions. It is this sector which will be examined in

the remainder of this Judgment ; only this sector will be delimited in the
operative clause of the Judgment.

III. The Course of the Sectiobn of the Frontier

Remaining in Dispute

A. Applicable Law

60. Since the Court is required to rule on the delimitation of the fron -
tier remaining in dispute, it must first determine the relevant applicbable
law.

61. Article 6 of the Special Agreement, entitled “Applicable law”, stip -
ulates :

“The rules and principles of international law applicable to the
dispute are those referred to in Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute
of the International Court of Justice, including : the principle of the
intangibility of boundaries inherited from colonization and the Agree -
ment of 28 March 1987.”

62. The reference to Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the
Court clearly indicates that the rules and principles mentioned in that b

provision of the Statute must be applied to any question that it might bbe
necessary for the Court to resolve in order to rule on the dispute.
63. Amongst the rules of international law applicable to the dispute,
the above-mentioned provision of the Special Agreement highlights “the
principle of the intangibility of boundaries inherited from colonizationb

and the Agreement of 28 March 1987”.
A reference to the principle of intangibility of boundaries inherited
from colonization also appeared in the preamble to the Special Agree -
ment on the basis of which the case concerning the Frontier Dispute
(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) was brought before the Court. The
Chamber of the Court which dealt with the case concluded that it could

not “disregard the principle of uti possidetis juris, the application of which
gives rise to this respect for intangibility of frontiers” (Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 565, para. 20).
The wording used in the Special Agreement in the present case is similarb
to the text of resolution AGH/Res. 16 (I) adopted in Cairo in 1964 at the

first session of the Conference of African Heads of State and Governmebnt,
whereby the Conference declared that all member States of the Organiza -

33

6 CIJ1042.indb 103 8/04/14 08:34 74 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

caine «s’engagent à respecter les frontières existant au moment où bils ont
accédé à l’indépendance ». Par la suite, l’article 4 b) de l’Acte constitutif

de l’Union africaine a énoncé le principe du « respect des frontières exis -
tant au moment de l’accession à l’indépendance ».
Les deux Parties ont constamment invoqué dans leurs écritures et pblai -
doiries soit le principe de l’intangibilité des frontières hébritées de la colo -
nisation, soit le principe de l’uti possidetis juris. Elles se réfèrent ainsi aux

frontières telles qu’elles existaient entre les deux territoires fbrançais
d’outre-mer en cause, celui du Niger et celui de la Haute-Volta, aux dates,
très rapprochées entre elles, auxquelles les deux Parties ont accébdé à l’in -
dépendance (respectivement le 3 et le 5 août 1960).
64. Dans la présente espèce, le compromis fournit, par ailleurs, des
indications spécifiques quant à la manière dont le principe de l’intangibi -

lité des frontières héritées de la colonisation doit êtreb appliqué. En effet,
l’article 6 du compromis commande d’appliquer « l’accord du 28 mars
1987» (dénommé ci-après l’« accord de 1987 »), qui lie les deux Parties et
qui vise, d’après son titre, à « la matérialisation de la frontière entre les
deux pays». Les deux premiers articles de cet accord sont aussi reproduits

textuellement dans un considérant du compromis (voir paragraphe 2
ci-dessus), ce qui démontre l’importance que les Parties attachent àb ces
dispositions pour le règlement du différend qui les oppose. Ils bsont ainsi
libellés :

«Article premier
La frontière entre les deux Etats va des hauteurs de N’Gouma,

situées au nord du gué de Kabia, jusqu’à l’intersection de l’ancienne
limite des cercles de Fada et de Say avec le cours de la Mékrou, telle
que décrite par l’arrêté du 31 août 1927, précisé par son erratum du
5 octobre 1927.

Article 2
La frontière sera matérialisée par des bornes frontières conformé -

ment au tracé décrit par l’arrêté 2336 du 31 août 1927, précisé par
son erratum 2602/APA du 5 octobre 1927. En cas d’insuffisance
de l’arrêté et de son erratum, le tracé sera celui figurant sbur la carte
au 1/200 000 de l’Institut géographique national de France, édi -
tion 1960, et/ou de tout autre document pertinent, accepté d’accord

Parties. »
Dans l’un des deux textes originaux de l’accord de 1987 soumis en b
copie à la Cour par les Parties, la référence à l’arrêbté dans l’article premier

n’est pas complétée par une mention de l’erratum. Toutefois,b cette omis -
sion est vraisemblablement due à une inadvertance, comme le démontbre le
considérant du compromis qui, à l’instar de l’autre texte original du même
accord, reproduit les mots « précisé par son erratum du 5 octobre 1927 ».
Seul cet ajout rend le texte de l’article premier cohérent avec celui de l’ar -

ticle 2. D’ailleurs, aucune des Parties n’a contesté le fait que l’accord
de 1987 renvoie à l’arrêté tel que précisé par son erratubm.

34

6 CIJ1042.indb 104 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 74

tion of African Unity “solemnly . . . pledge themselves to respect the bor -
ders existing on their achievement of national independence”. Subsequently,

Article 4 (b) of the Constitutive Act of the African Union laid down the
principle of “respect of borders existing on achievement of independebnce”.
The two Parties have consistently invoked in their pleadings either the b
principle of the intangibility of boundaries inherited from colonizationb or
the uti possidetis juris principle. Thus, the Parties referred to the boundar -

ies as they existed between the two French overseas territories in ques -
tion, Niger and Upper Volta, on the dates — which are very close to each
other — on which the two Parties gained independence (3 and
5 August 1960, respectively).
64. In the present case, the Special Agreement provides specific indica -
tions as to the way in which the principle of the intangibility of boundbar-

ies inherited from colonization must be applied. Article 6 of the Special
Agreement requires the application of “the Agreement of 28 March 1987”
(hereinafter the “1987 Agreement”), which binds the two Parties and the
objective of which is, according to its title, “the demarcation of thbe fron -
tier between the two countries”. The first two articles of this Agrbeement

are also reproduced word for word in a recital of the Special Agreement b
(see paragraph 2 above), which demonstrates the importance the Parties
attach to those provisions for the settlement of the dispute between thebm.
They read as follows :

“Article 1
The frontier between the two States shall run from the heights of

N’Gouma, situated to the north of the Kabia ford, to the intersectionb
of the former boundary of the cercles of Fada and Say with the course
of the Mekrou, as described in the Arrêté [order] of 31 August 1927,
as clarified by the Erratum of 5 October 1927.

Article 2
The frontier shall be demarcated by boundary markers following

the course described by Arrêté 2336 of 31 August 1927, as clarified by
Erratum 2602/APA of 5 October 1927. Should the Arrêté and Erra -
tum not suffice, the course shall be that shown on the 1:200,000-scale
map of the Institut géographique national de France, 1960 edition,
and/or any other relevant document accepted by joint agreement of

the Parties.”
In one of the two original texts of the 1987 Agreement, a copy of which
was submitted to the Court by the Parties, the reference to the Arrêté in

Article 1 is not accompanied by a reference to the Erratum. However, that
omission is probably due to an oversight, as demonstrated by the recital of
the Special Agreement which, like the other original text of the same
Agreement, reproduces the words “as clarified by the Erratum of 5 Octo -
ber 1927”. Only with the addition of those words is the text of Article 1

coherent with that of Article 2. Moreover, neither Party contested the fact
that the 1987 Agreement refers to the Arrêté as clarified by its Erratum.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 105 8/04/14 08:34 75 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

65. Bien que l’accord de 1987 ait pour objet la « matérialisation de la
frontière» entre les deux pays par l’installation de bornes, il énonce abvant

tout les critères qui doivent être appliqués pour déterminerb le « tracé» de
la frontière. Ces critères sont donc pertinents aussi pour les secbteurs que
la commission technique mixte n’a pas réussi à aborner. L’acbcord de 1987
précise quels actes et documents de l’administration coloniale frabnçaise
doivent être utilisés pour déterminer la ligne de délimitatibon existant au

moment de l’accession des deux pays à l’indépendance.
66. A cet égard, l’accord de 1987 attribue une importance particulière
à l’arrêté du 31 août 1927, tel qu’il a été précisé par son erratum du
5 octobre 1927. Il s’agit de l’arrêté « fixant les limites des Colonies de la
Haute-Volta et du Niger », édicté par le gouverneur général de
l’Afrique occidentale française sur la base d’un décret du pbrésident de la

République française du 28 décembre 1926, dans lequel il était indiqué :
«[u]n arrêté du Gouverneur général en Commission permanente dbu
Conseil de Gouvernement déterminera le tracé de la limite des deuxb colo -
nies dans cette région ». Comme la Chambre de la Cour l’a souligné dans
l’affaire du Différend frontalier (Bénin/Niger),

«le principe de l’uti possidetis juris suppose non seulement de se réfé -
rer aux titres juridiques en vigueur, mais aussi de prendre en compte

la manière dont ces titres étaient interprétés et appliquébs par les auto-
rités publiques … de la puissance coloniale» (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2005,
p. 148, par. 140).

Il résulte de l’accord de 1987 que l’arrêté, tel que précisé par son erratum,
constitue l’instrument à appliquer pour la délimitation de la fbrontière. Il
doit être interprété dans son contexte, en tenant compte des cibrconstances
de son adoption et de son exécution par les autorités coloniales. bPour ce
qui est des rapports entre l’arrêté et son erratum, la Cour relbève que, dès

lors que l’erratum a pour objet de corriger rétroactivement le texbte de
l’arrêté, il s’incorpore à ce dernier. C’est pourquoi,b dans la suite du pré -
sent arrêt, chaque fois qu’il sera question de l’« arrêté», il s’agira, sauf
indication contraire, de l’arrêté dans la rédaction que lui ba donnée l’erra -
tum.

67. L’article 2 de l’accord de 1987 envisage l’hypothèse d’une « insuffi -
sance de l’arrêté et de son erratum » et établit que, dans ce cas, « le tracé
sera celui figurant sur la carte [au] 1/200 000 de l’Institut géographique
national de France, édition 1960» ou résultant de « tout autre document
pertinent, accepté d’accord Parties ». Les Parties ne considèrent toutefois

pas avoir accepté de document pertinent autre que la carte IGN. D’baprès
l’accord de 1987, cette carte n’entre en jeu qu’à titre subsidiaire, en cas
d’«insuffisance» de l’arrêté. L’accord de 1987 implique que l’exigencbe de
recourir à la carte IGN quand l’arrêté se révèle insuffibsant est applicable
non seulement à la délimitation mais aussi à la démarcation,b ainsi que les
deux Parties l’ont admis dans leurs écritures et plaidoiries. C’est surtout

quant à l’interprétation de la formule qui figure à l’abrticle 2 de l’accord de
1987 et à son application au présent différend que les Partiebs expriment

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6 CIJ1042.indb 106 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 75

65. Although the aim of the 1987 Agreement is the “demarcation of
the frontier” between the two countries through the installation of mbark-

ers, it lays down first of all the criteria that must be applied to debtermine
the “course” of the frontier. Those criteria are thus also relevanbt to the
sectors that the Joint Technical Commission was unable to demarcate.
The 1987 Agreement specifies the acts and documents of the French colo -
nial administration which must be used to determine the delimitation linbe

that existed when the two countries gained independence.
66. In this regard, the 1987 Agreement accords particular importance
to the Arrêté of 31 August 1927, as clarified by its Erratum of 5 Octo -
ber 1927. This is the Arrêté “fixing the boundaries of the Colonies of
Upper Volta and Niger”, issued by the Governor-General of French West
Africa on the basis of a Decree of the President of the French Republic bof

28 December 1926, in which it was indicated : “[a]n Arrêté of the Gover -
nor-General in Standing Committee of the Government Council shall
determine the course of the boundary of the two Colonies in this area”b.
As the Chamber of the Court emphasized in the case concerning the
Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger),

“the uti possidetis juris principle requires not only that reliance be
placed on existing legal titles, but also that account be taken of the

manner in which those titles were interpreted and applied by the com -
petent public authorities of the colonial Power” (Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 148, para. 140).

It follows from the 1987 Agreement that the Arrêté as clarified by its
Erratum is the instrument to be applied for the delimitation of the bounbd -
ary. It has to be interpreted in its context, taking into account the cibrcum -
stances of its enactment and implementation by the colonial authorities.b
As to the relationship between the Arrêté and its Erratum, the Court

observes that, since the purpose of the Erratum is to correct the text obf
the Arrêté retroactively, it forms an integral part of the latter. For that
reason, whenever reference is made to the “Arrêté” in the remainder of
the present Judgment, that will signify, unless otherwise indicated, theb
wording of the Arrêté as amended by the Erratum.

67. Article 2 of the 1987 Agreement provides for the possibility of “the
Arrêté and Erratum not suffic[ing]” and establishes that, in that event,
“the course shall be that shown on the 1:200,000-scale map of the Institut
géographique national de France, 1960 edition” or resulting from “any
other relevant document accepted by joint agreement of the Parties”. bThe

Parties do not consider, however, that they have accepted any relevant
document other than the IGN map. According to the 1987 Agreement,
that map may only be used on an alternative basis, should the Arrêté “not
suffice”. The 1987 Agreement implies that the requirement of having b
recourse to the IGN map should the Arrêté prove insufficient is applica -
ble not only to a delimitation, but also to a demarcation, as both Partibes

acknowledged in their pleadings. It is primarily in relation to the intebrpre -
tation of the wording of Article 2 of the 1987 Agreement and its applica -

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6 CIJ1042.indb 107 8/04/14 08:34 76 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

des opinions divergentes. Le Burkina Faso soutient que l’arrêtéb ne peut
être considéré comme insuffisant que par rapport à une seulbe portion de
la frontière, alors que le Niger insiste sur le caractère imprébcis et peu clair
qui serait propre à l’arrêté, lequel contiendrait même, sbelon lui, certaines

erreurs. Les questions d’interprétation et d’application qui dibvisent les
Parties seront, en tant que de besoin, examinées par la Cour quand elble se
prononcera sur la délimitation dans les différentes portions nonb abornées
de la frontière.

68. Bien qu’elle ait été établie sous les auspices de l’adminbistration de
l’Afrique occidentale française, la carte IGN n’est pas un docubment offi -
ciel. Dans l’affaire du Différend frontalier (Burkina Faso/République du
Mali), la Chambre de la Cour a observé qu’en général, « [e]n matière de
délimitation de frontières ou de conflit territorial internationbal, les cartes

ne sont que de simples indications, plus ou moins exactes selon les cas »
(arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1986, p. 582, par. 54). La Chambre a toutefois consi -
déré, à propos de la carte IGN en question, que, « en tenant compte de la
date à laquelle les levés [avaient] été effectués et de la neutralité de la

source» et dans l’hypothèse où «toutes les autres preuves [faisaient] défaut
ou ne suffis[aient] pas pour faire apparaître un tracé précis,b la valeur pro -
bante de [cette] carte dev[enait] déterminante» (ibid., p. 586, par. 62). Dans
la présente affaire, par l’effet de l’article 2 de l’accord de 1987, le tracé

figurant sur la carte IGN a toujours une valeur déterminante, dèbs lors qu’il
y a insuffisance de l’arrêté. Le rôle ainsi attribué àb la carte peut s’expliquer
par le fait que, comme l’atteste une note établie par l’IGN le 27 jan -
vier 1975, la frontière a été tracée sur la carte « d’après les renseignements
fournis par les chefs des circonscriptions frontalières et d’aprèbs les rensei -

gnements recueillis sur le terrain auprès des chefs de villages et deb popula -
tions » (ibid., p. 586, par. 61). Ainsi que le relève le Niger, qui n’en tire
cependant que des conséquences partielles, la carte IGN est censée refléter
les effectivités coloniales à la date critique. Toutefois, confobrmément à

l’accord de 1987, la ligne frontière tracée sur la carte IGN s’bimpose à titre
subsidiaire même si elle ne correspond pas à ces effectivitésb.
69. Lorsqu’il est fait recours à la carte IGN , il faut tenir compte du fait
que, sur celle-ci, la ligne frontière est figurée, par convention, par des croib -

sillons discontinus. Il est néanmoins aisé de compléter la lignbe en rejoi -
gnant les points où elle s’arrête et recommence. D’une manièbre générale, il
n’y a pas de raison pour ne pas adopter à cette fin des segmentsb de droite.
Cependant, quand les croisillons suivent une rivière ou la crête db’une col -
line, la ligne doit continuer le long de cette rivière ou de cette crbête.

2 La carte IGN a été dressée sur la base de l’ellipsoïde de Clarke 1880, alors en usage.
La Cour utilise pour sa part comme datum aux fins du présent arrêt le système géodésique
mondial de 1984 (WGS 84). Ainsi, les coordonnées fournies ci-après pour différents points
de la ligne frontière ont été établies, même quand ces pobints sont déterminés par référence
à la carte IGN, sur la base du système WGS 84.
Etant donné l’échelle de la carte IGN, lesdites coordonnées bpeuvent être affectées d’une
certaine marge d’erreur.En tout état de cause, les mentions littérales de l’arrêt dobivent prévaloir.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 108 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 76

tion to the present dispute that the Parties express differing views. b
Burkina Faso contends that the Arrêté can be considered not to suffice
only in relation to a single section of the frontier, while Niger stressbes the

imprecise and vague nature that it claims characterizes the Arrêté, which
even contains, in its view, certain errors. The questions of interpretatbion
and application that divide the Parties will, in so far as necessary, beb con -
sidered by the Court when it rules on delimitation in the various unmarkbed

sections of the frontier.
68. Although it was drawn up under the auspices of the administration
of French West Africa, the IGN map is not an official document. In the b
case concerning the Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali), the

Chamber of the Court observed that, in general, “[w]hether in frontiebr
delimitations or in international territorial conflicts, maps merely cbonsti -
tute information which varies in accuracy from case to case” (Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 582, para. 54). However, concerning the IGN map

in question, the Chamber considered that, “having regard to the date bon
which the surveys were made and the neutrality of the source” and in ba
situation “where all other evidence is lacking, or is not sufficientb to show
an exact line, the probative value of [this] map becomes decisive” (bibid.,

p. 586, para. 62). In the present case, by virtue of Article 2 of the
1987 Agreement, the line shown on the IGN map is always of decisive
value, where the Arrêté does not suffice. The role thus accorded to the
map may be explained by the fact that, as evidenced by a Note compiled
by the IGN on 27 January 1975, the frontier has been outlined on the

map “in the light of information supplied by the heads of the frontiebr
districts and according to information gathered on the spot from the vilb -
lage chiefs and local people” (ibid., p. 586, para. 61). As Niger points out,
though it draws only partial conclusions in this respect, the IGN map isb

supposed to reflect the colonial effectivités at the critical date. However,
under the 1987 Agreement, the frontier line drawn on the IGN map must
be referred to on a subsidiary basis even if it does not correspond to tbhose
effectivités.
2
69. When recourse is had to the IGN map , it should be borne in mind
that the frontier line is marked on it, according to convention, by discbon -
tinuous lines of crosses. It is nonetheless easy to complete the line byb join -
ing the points where it stops and then starts again. Generally, there isb no

reason not to use straight-line segments for this purpose. However, when
the crosses follow a river or the ridge of a hill, the line must continube
along that river or that ridge.

2 The IGN map was drawn up on the basis of the Clarke 1880 ellipsoid, which was then
in common usage. The Court, for its part, is using the 1984 World Geodetbic System datum
(WGS 84) for the purposes of the present Judgment. Hence, the co-ordinates provided by
the Court for various points of the frontier line have been established bon the basis of the
WGS 84 datum, even where those points are determined by reference to the IGNb map.
Given the scale of the IGN map, the said co-ordinates may be subject to ba certain margin
of error. In any event, the indications given in wording in the Judgmentb shall prevail.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 109 8/04/14 08:34 77 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

B. Le tracé de la frontière

70. Comme il vient d’être dit, en vue de déterminer le tracé de la fron -

tière, c’est d’abord à l’arrêté qu’il convient dbe se référer, en vertu de l’ac -
cord de 1987 auquel renvoie le compromis.
En ce qui concerne la partie de la frontière qui reste à délimibter, l’arrêté
décrit ainsi la nouvelle limite administrative intercoloniale du Nigebr et de

la Haute-Volta qu’il détermine :
«[A partir de la borne astronomique de Tong-Tong] cette ligne
s’infléchit ensuite vers le sud-est pour couper la piste automobile de

Téra à Dori à la borne astronomique de Tao, située à l’bouest de la
mare d’Ossolo, et atteindre la rivière Sirba à Bossébangou. Elle
remonte presque aussitôt vers le nord-ouest, laissant au Niger, sur la
rive gauche de cette rivière, un saillant comprenant les villages de b
Alfassi, Kouro, Tokalan, Tankouro ; puis, revenant au sud, elle

coupe de nouveau la Sirba à hauteur du parallèle de Say.
De ce point la frontière, suivant une direction est-sud-est, se pro -
longe en ligne droite jusqu’à un point situé à 1200 mètres ouest du
village de Tchenguiliba. »

71. En suivant le tracé ainsi décrit, la Cour examinera successivementb
les différentes portions de frontière qui restent en litige entrbe les Parties:

1) celle qui va de la borne astronomique de Tong-Tong à la borne astro -
nomique de Tao ;
2) celle qui va de ce dernier point jusqu’à la rivière Sirba à Bossé -

bangou ;
3) celle qui va de ce point à l’intersection entre la Sirba et le parballèle de
Say ;
4) enfin, celle qui va de ce dernier point au point situé à 1200 mètres à
l’ouest du village de Tchenguiliba, que le compromis désigne commeb
o
le «début de la boucle de Botou » (voir croquis n 1).

1. Le tracé de la frontière entre les bornes astronomiques de Tong­Tong et

de Tao

72. Les Parties s’accordent à considérer que, conformément à bl’arrêté
qui est réputé décrire à cet égard la limite administrative intercoloniale en
vigueur à la date critique des indépendances, leur frontière commune relie
les deux points où se situent respectivement les bornes astronomiquesb de
Tong-Tong et de Tao. Elles sont également d’accord pour définir la loca -

lisation de la borne astronomique de Tong-Tong, dont le compromis fixe
les coordonnées à 14° 25´ 04˝ de latitude nord et 00° 12´ 47˝ de longitude
est. En ce qui concerne la borne astronomique de Tao, les Parties lui attri -
buent, dans leurs conclusions finales, des coordonnées légèrebment diffé -
rentes: 14° 03´ 04,7˝ de latitude nord et 00° 22´ 51,8˝ de longitude est pour

le Burkina Faso ; 14° 03´ 02,2˝ de latitude nord et 00° 22´ 52,1˝ de longi -

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6 CIJ1042.indb 110 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 77

B. The Course of the Frontier

70. As noted above, in order to determine the course of the frontier,

recourse must first be had to the Arrêté, pursuant to the 1987 Agreement,
referred to in the Special Agreement.
As regards the section of the frontier that remains to be delimited, theb
Arrêté describes in the following terms the new inter-colonial administra -
tive boundary between Niger and Upper Volta that it determines :

“[From the Tong-Tong astronomic marker] this line then turns
[‘s’infléchit’] towards the south-east, cutting the Téra-Dori motor
road at the Tao astronomic marker located to the west of the Ossolo

Pool, and reaching the River Sirba at Bossébangou. It almost imme -
diately turns back up towards the north-west, leaving to Niger, on the
left bank of that river, a salient which includes the villages of Alfassbi,
Kouro, Tokalan, and Tankouro ; then, turning back to the south, it
again cuts the Sirba at the level of the Say parallel.
From that point the frontier, following an east-south-east direction,

continues in a straight line up to a point located 1,200 m to the west
of the village of Tchenguiliba.”

71. Following the line thus described, the Court will examine in turn the
various sections of the frontier which remain in dispute between the Parbt:ies
(1) that which runs from the Tong-Tong astronomic marker to the Tao

astronomic marker ;
(2) that which runs from this latter point to the River Sirba at Bossé-
bangou ;
(3) that which runs from this point to the intersection of the Sirba with
the Say parallel ;

(4) and, lastly, that which runs from this latter point to the point locatedb
1,200 m to the west of the village of Tchenguiliba, which the Special
Agreement refers to as “the beginning of the Botou bend” (see
sketch-map No. 1).

1. The course of the frontier between the Tong­Tong and Tao astronomic
markers

72. The Parties agree that, in accordance with the Arrêté, which in this
regard is deemed to describe the inter-colonial administrative boundary
in force at the critical date of independence, their common frontier conb -

nects the two points at which the Tong-Tong and Tao astronomic mark -
ers are respectively situated. They are also in agreement on the location of
the Tong-Tong astronomic marker, whose co-ordinates are fixed in the
Special Agreement at 14° 25´ 04˝ latitude North and 00° 12´ 47˝ longitude
East. As regards the Tao astronomic marker, the Parties give it slightlyb
different co-ordinates in their final submissions : 14° 03´ 04.7˝ N,

00° 22΄ 51.8˝ E, according to Burkina Faso; 14° 03´ 02.2˝ N, 00° 22´ 52.1˝ E,
according to Niger. It is not necessary for the Court to fix the precibse

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6 CIJ1042.indb 111 8/04/14 08:34 78 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

tude est pour le Niger. Il n’est pas nécessaire à la Cour de fibxer précisé -

ment les coordonnées de la borne astronomique de Tao ; les Parties
n’étant pas en désaccord sur l’identification et l’emplacement de cette
borne, il leur appartiendra, dans le cadre des opérations de démarbcation,
d’en relever ensemble les coordonnées exactes.
73. Le désaccord entre les Parties porte sur la manière de relier les bdeux

points où se situent les bornes astronomiques en question. Pour le Bubr -
kina Faso, ces points doivent être reliés par une ligne droite. Pour leb
Niger, les deux bornes astronomiques en cause doivent être reliéesb par
deux segments de droite, l’un allant de la borne de Tong-Tong à la borne
de Vibourié, située à quelques kilomètres à l’est de lba ligne droite revendi -

quée par le Burkina Faoo, l’autre allant de la borne de Vibourié à celle de
Tao (voir croquis n 1).
74. La Cour note que, dans le secteur en cause, aucune des deux Par -
ties ne propose de retenir le tracé de la carte IGN, qui ne corresponbd ni à
la ligne droite, ni à une ligne brisée passant par la borne de Vibourié. Cela

implique que l’une et l’autre estiment que pour ce secteur l’arbrêté de 1927
n’est pas entaché d’insuffisance. Elles divergent toutefois subr son interpré -
tation. La Cour remarque également que ce secteur est le seul dans lebquel
chaque Partie revendique un tracé qui donnerait plus d’étendue au terri -
toire de l’autre, de telle sorte que le territoire situé dans le tbriangle déli -

mité par les lignes proposées par les Parties n’est revendiquéb par aucune
d’elles. Toutefois le principe selon lequel la Cour ne statue pas ultra petita
ne fait pas obstacle, en l’espèce, à ce qu’elle attribue ce bterritoire à l’une
ou à l’autre Partie, dès lors que le compromis lui donne pour mbission de
déterminer l’emplacement de la frontière de façon complètbe entre la borne

astronomique de Tong-Tong et le début de la boucle de Botou.
75. La thèse du Burkina Faso repose sur l’idée selon laquelle, lorsque
l’auteur de l’arrêté a indiqué que la limite intercoloniable passait par deux
points, sans préciser de quelle façon ces deux points étaient rbeliés entre eux,
il devait être réputé avoir voulu dire qu’ils l’étaienbt par une ligne droite.

76. La thèse du Niger est principalement fondée sur un procès-verbal
établi le 13 avril 1935 entre l’administrateur du cercle de Dori et le res -
ponsable de la subdivision de Téra, en vue de régler un litige surbvenu, au
sujet d’un terrain, entre les habitants de Dori et ceux de Téra. Sbe référant
à l’arrêté de 1927, les deux cosignataires affirment que la limite intercolo -

niale passait, en 1927, « par une droite idéale partant de la borne astrono-
mique de Tong-Tong et allant à la borne astronomique de Tao » et
déclarent implanter une borne à Vibourié se situant sur cette lbigne droite
et destinée à matérialiser la limite entre les deux circonscripbtions, « afin
de prévenir tout retour de contestation territoriale analogue dans ces

parages». Selon le Niger, même si Vibourié ne se situe pas sur le tracbé de
la ligne droite reliant Tong-Tong à Tao, la borne implantée à Vibourié a
marqué de fait la limite entre les deux colonies, ce qui constitue unbe effec -
tivité que la Cour devrait prendre en compte en tant que moyen d’ibnter -
préter l’arrêté à la lumière de la pratique subséqubente des autorités

administratives coloniales.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 112 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 78

co-ordinates of the Tao astronomic marker ; since the Parties do not dis -
agree on the identification or the location of this marker, it will beb for

them to determine its precise co-ordinates together during the demarca -
tion operations.

73. The Parties disagree as to how to connect the two points at which
the astronomic markers in question are situated. According to

Burkina Faso, these points should be connected by a straight line. Accord -
ing to Niger, the two astronomic markers in question should be connected
by two straight-line segments, one running from the Tong-Tong marker
to the Vibourié marker, situated a few kilometres to the east of the b
straight line claimed by Burkina Faso, the other running from the
Vibourié marker to the Tao marker (see sketch-map No. 1).

74. The Court notes that, in the sector in question, neither Party pro -
poses to adopt the line on the IGN map, which corresponds neither to a
straight line nor to a broken line passing through the Vibourié markebr.
This implies that both Parties consider that the 1927 Arrêté is not insuf -
ficient in this sector. They differ, however, as to its interpretatibon. The

Court also observes that this sector is the only one in which each Partyb
claims a line which would give more territory to the other, so that the bter -
ritory situated in the triangle delimited by the lines proposed by the Pbar -
ties is not claimed by either of them. However, the principle whereby thbe
Court does not rule ultra petita does not prevent it, in this case, from

attributing that territory to one or the other Party, since the Special
Agreement entrusts it with the task of fully determining the course of tbhe
frontier between the Tong-Tong astronomic marker and the beginning of
the Botou bend.
75. Burkina Faso’s argument relies on the idea that, when the author of
the Arrêté indicated that the inter-colonial boundary passed through

two points, without specifying how those two points were connected, he
should be considered to have intended them to be joined by a straight libne.
76. Niger’s argument is primarily based on a Record of Agreement
(“procès­verbal”) of 13 April 1935 established by the Administrator of
Dori cercle and the official responsible for the Téra subdivision, with a

view to settling a land dispute between the inhabitants of Dori and thosbe
of Téra. Referring to the 1927 Arrêté, the two co-signatories assert that, in
1927, the inter-colonial boundary followed “a notional straight line start -
ing from the Tong-Tong astronomic marker and running to the Tao astro-
nomic marker” and state that they have established a marker at Vibourbié

located on that straight line and designed to demarcate the boundary
between the two districts, “in order to prevent any similar further territo -
rial dispute in this area”. According to Niger, even if Vibourié ibs not
located on the course of the straight line connecting Tong-Tong with Tao,
the marker established at Vibourié was, de facto, a marker of the boundary
between the two colonies, thereby constituting an effectivité to be taken

into account by the Court as a means of interpreting the Arrêté in the light
of the subsequent practice of the colonial administrative authorities.

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77. La Cour n’est pas convaincue par les arguments du Niger. Elle
relève d’abord que le procès-verbal de 1935 a été établi à une époque où la

Haute-Volta n’existait plus, ayant été supprimée en 1932 en tant que colo-
nie distincte, de telle sorte que la limite que les deux administrateurs cher -
chaient à préciser en 1935 était purement interne à une colonie (le Niger).
C’est seulement lorsque la Haute-Volta a été rétablie en 1947 dans ses
limites antérieures que la borne de Vibourié aurait pu acquérirb une cer -

taine pertinence au titre de la pratique effective de l’administratbion colo -
niale concernant la fixation de la limite intercoloniale. Mais le Nigebr n’a
pas fourni d’élément probant de nature à établir qu’apbrès 1947, et plus
précisément à la date critique de 1960, la borne de Vibourié était considé -
rée en pratique comme marquant la limite entre la Haute-Volta et le Niger.
78. Surtout, il est patent que l’implantation de la borne de Vibourié

résulte d’une erreur topographique, les auteurs du procès-verbal, qui
étaient d’accord pour interpréter l’arrêté comme ayantb entendu tracer une
ligne droite entre Tong-Tong et Tao, ayant cru à tort que Vibourié se
situait sur cette ligne droite (voir paragraphe 76 ci-dessus).
Or, si une effectivité peut permettre d’interpréter un titre juridique obs -

cur ou ambigu, elle ne saurait contredire le titre applicable.
79. La Cour conclut de ce qui précède que les fonctionnaires de l’abdmi -
nistration coloniale interprétaient l’arrêté, dans le secteubr en cause, comme
ayant entendu tracer une ligne droite entre les bornes astronomiques de
Tong-Tong et de Tao. Dans la mesure où le Niger propose de retenir l’emb -

placement de la borne de Vibourié au titre des effectivités de lba période co - lo
niale, il ne démontre pas l’existence d’une telle effectivitéb à la date critique
des indépendances, et au surplus une telle effectivité n’aurabit pas pu, en tout
état de cause, l’emporter sur le titre juridique que constitue l’barrêté de 1927.
Il y a lieu, en conséquence, de retenir la ligne droite reliant les
bornes astronomiques de Tong-Tong et de Tao comme constituant la

frontière internationale entre le Burkina Faso et le Niger dans le secteur
en cause.

2. Le tracé de la frontière entre la borne astronomique de Tao et la rivière

Sirba à Bossébangou

80. En ce qui concerne la partie de la frontière allant de la borne astrob -
nomique de Tao à la rivière Sirba à Bossébangou, l’arrêbté se borne à ind- i
quer, sans autre précision, que la « ligne s’infléchit … vers le sud-est pour
couper la piste automobile de Téra à Dori à la borne astronomiqbue de
Tao …, et atteindre la rivière Sirba à Bossébangou ». On ne trouve donc

pas davantage d’indication précise quant à la manière de relbier la borne
de Tao à « la rivière Sirba à Bossébangou » qu’on n’en trouve concernant
le tracé de la ligne reliant la borne de Tong-Tong à celle de Tao, question
examinée au point précédent. Les Parties tirent de ce laconismeb de l’arrêté
des conclusions tout à fait différentes.

81. Le Burkina Faso, fidèle à la ligne de plaidoirie qu’il a adoptée toutb
au long des débats, soutient que, puisque l’auteur de l’arrêbté n’a pas pré -

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6 CIJ1042.indb 114 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 79

77. The Court is not convinced by Niger’s arguments. It first notes thabt
the 1935 Record of Agreement was drawn up at a time when Upper Volta

no longer existed, having been dissolved as a separate colony in 1932, sbo
that the boundary that the two administrators sought to define in 1935
was purely internal to one colony (Niger). Only when Upper Volta was
re-established in 1947 within its previous boundaries could the Vibouriéb
marker have acquired a certain relevance on the basis of the effectiveb

practice of the colonial administration as regards the fixing of the
inter-colonial boundary. However, Niger has failed to adduce any evi -
dence to establish that, after 1947, and more specifically at the critical
date of 1960, the Vibourié marker was regarded in practice as markingb
the boundary between Upper Volta and Niger.
78. Above all, it is clear that the establishment of the Vibourié marker b

was the result of a topographical error, because the authors of the Record
of Agreement, who agreed that the Arrêté should be interpreted as draw -
ing a straight line between Tong-Tong and Tao, mistakenly believed that
Vibourié was situated on that straight line (see paragraph 76 above).
While an effectivité may enable an obscure or ambiguous legal title to

be interpreted, it cannot contradict the applicable title.
79. The Court concludes from the foregoing that the colonial adminis -
tration officials interpreted the Arrêté as drawing, in the sector in ques -
tion, a straight line between the Tong-Tong and Tao astronomic markers.
In so far as Niger proposes to take account of the location of the Viboubrié

marker on the basis of the effectivités of the colonial period, it fails to
demonstrate the existence of such an effectivité at the critical date of inde -
pendence, and, furthermore, such an effectivité could not, in any event,
have overridden the legal title constituted by the 1927 Arrêté.
Therefore, a straight line connecting the Tong-Tong and Tao astro -
nomic markers should be regarded as constituting the international fron -

tier between Burkina Faso and Niger in the sector in question.

2. The course of the frontier between the Tao astronomic marker and the

River Sirba at Bossébangou

80. As regards the section of the frontier running from the Tao astro -
nomic marker to the River Sirba at Bossébangou, the Arrêté confines
itself to stating, without any further details, that the “line . . . turns
[‘s’infléchit’] towards the south-east, cutting the Téra-Dori motor road at
the Tao astronomic marker . . ., and reaching the River Sirba at Bossé-

bangou”. The indications on how to connect the Tao marker to “the bRiver
Sirba at Bossébangou” are therefore no more precise than those conbcern -
ing the course of the line connecting the Tong-Tong marker to the Tao
marker, the issue dealt with in the previous paragraphs. The Parties drabw
quite different conclusions from this laconic character of the Arrêté.

81. Burkina Faso, maintaining the line of argument which it has
adopted throughout the proceedings, contends that, since the author of

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cisé de quelle manière il convenait de relier les deux points qu’bil a men -
tionnés successivement, il faut comprendre qu’il entendait que cesb deux
points fussent reliés par une ligne droite. Il n’en irait autremenbt, selon le
Burkina Faso, que s’il existait une raison très particulière de supposebr que

telle n’avait pas été l’intention de l’auteur de l’arrêté, ce qui n’est pas le
cas en l’espèce. C’est donc, selon le Burkina Faso, une ligne droite qui
doit aller de la borne astronomique de Tao jusqu’à la rivière Sbirba à Bos -
sébangou, tout comme — et pour la même raison que — c’est une ligne

droite qui constitue la frontière entre leo bornes astronomiques de
Tong-Tong et de Tao (voir croquis n 1).
82. Selon le Niger, il y a « insuffisance de l’arrêté et de son erratum »,
au sens de l’accord de 1987 auquel renvoie le compromis, en ce qui
concerne la portion de frontière considérée, dès lors que l’arrêté est silen -

cieux quant à la manière dont les deux points qui se situent aux ebxtrémités
de la portion en cause doivent être reliés entre eux. En conséquence, selon
le Niger, il y a lieu de suivre en principe la ligne telle que tracéeb sur la
carte IGN de 1960, qui n’est pas une ligne droite mais une ligne sinubeuse.

Cependant, le Niger estime qu’il y a lieu de s’écarter partiellbement de la
carte IGN à deux égards. En premier lieu, il soutient qu’il conbvient de
s’écarter légèrement vers l’ouest de la ligne représenbtée sur la carte IGN
de 1960 sur deux segments correspondant au poste frontière de Petelkoblé
3
et au campement d’Oussaltane , afin de laisser ces deux localités en terri -
toire nigérien alors que la carte IGN les situe du côté voltaïbque de la
limite intercoloniale. Il s’agirait de faire prévaloir à cet ébgard, selon le
Niger, les effectivités telles qu’elles pouvaient être constabtées à la fin de la
période coloniale, c’est-à-dire à la date critique des indépendances.

En second lieu, selon le Niger, la ligne frontière ne doit pas aller bdans
ce secteur jusqu’à Bossébangou, mais doit descendre seulement jbusqu’à
un point situé à une trentaine de kilomètres au nord-ouest de Bosséban -
gou, et à partir de ce point s’infléchir vers le sud-ouest, laissant ainsi une

large région autour de Bossébangou entièrement en territoire nibgérien. A
cet égard, la thèse soutenue par le Niger revient à s’écabrter à la fois de
l’arrêté de 1927 et de la carte IGN de 1960 (voir croquis n o 1).
83. La Cour commencera par examiner la question du point terminal

de la portion de la frontière présentement considérée. Elle bne saurait, à cet
égard, faire sienne la position du Niger.
84. Celle-ci repose, en substance, sur l’affirmation selon laquelle l’au -
teur de l’arrêté se serait écarté involontairement du débcret du 28 décembre
1926 qu’il était supposé mettre en œuvre, en prolongeant la bligne jusqu’à

«la rivière Sirba à Bossébangou » au lieu de l’interrompre à une trentaine
de kilomètres au nord-ouest de Bossébangou, au point d’intersection des
trois cercles de Dori, de Tillabéry et de Say, pour l’infléchbir ensuite vers le
sud-ouest. En effet, selon le Niger, en prolongeant la ligne jusqu’àb Bossé -

bangou, l’auteur de l’arrêté a suivi la limite séparant lbes cercles de Til -

3 Egalement dénommée par les Parties Ihouchaltane, Ouchaltan, Ousaltba, Ousaltan et
Oulsalta.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 116 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 80

the Arrêté did not specify how to connect the two points mentioned by
him in turn, it must be understood that he intended those two points to
be connected by a straight line. It would only be otherwise, according tbo
Burkina Faso, if there were a very particular reason to suppose that that
had not been the intention of the author of the Arrêté, which is not the

case in this instance. According to Burkina Faso, it is therefore a straight
line that must run from the Tao astronomic marker to the River Sirba at b
Bossébangou, just as — and for the same reason — it is a straight line
that constitutes the frontier between the Tong-Tong and Tao astronomic
markers (see sketch-map No. 1).

82. According to Niger, “the Arrêté and Erratum [do] not suffice”
within the meaning of the 1987 Agreement, to which the Special Agree -
ment refers, in the section of the frontier in question, since the Arrêté is
silent on how to connect the two points situated at the ends of that sec -

tion. Consequently, according to Niger, it is necessary in principle to bfol-
low the line as drawn on the 1960 IGN map, which is not a straight line b
but a sinuous one. However, Niger considers that it is necessary to devib -
ate in part from the IGN map in two respects. Firstly, it contends that
there should be a slight deviation to the west of the line shown on the

1960 IGN map in two segments corresponding to the Petelkolé frontier
post and to the Oussaltane 3encampment, so as to leave those two locali -
ties in Niger’s territory, whereas the IGN map locates them on the Upper
Volta side of the inter-colonial boundary. According to Niger, this is to

give precedence to the effectivités as observed at the end of the colonial
period, namely at the critical dates of independence.

Secondly, according to Niger, the frontier line in this sector should nobt
run to Bossébangou, but should descend only as far as a point situated

some 30 km to the north-west of Bossébangou, and from that point turn
towards the south-west, thereby leaving an extensive area around Bossé-
bangou entirely in Niger’s territory. In this regard, the argument pubt for -
ward by Niger amounts to a departure from both the 1927 Arrêté and the
1960 IGN map (see sketch-map No. 1).

83. The Court will begin by considering the question of the endpoint
of the section of the frontier presently under consideration. In this rebgard,
the Court is unable to accept Niger’s position.
84. That position is based essentially on the assertion that the author of

the Arrêté inadvertently departed from the Decree of 28 December 1926,
that he was supposed to implement, by continuing the line as far as “the
River Sirba at Bossébangou” instead of stopping it some 30 km to the
north-west of Bossébangou, at the point where it meets the intersection of
the three cercles of Dori, Tillabéry and Say, in order for it then to turn

towards the south-west. Indeed, according to Niger, by continuing the line
as far as Bossébangou, the author of the Arrêté followed the boundary sep -

3 Also referred to by the Parties as Ihouchaltane, Ouchaltan, Ousalta, Ousbaltan and

Oulsalta.

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labéry et de Say, l’un et l’autre situés au Niger, donc une blimite interne à
une colonie, et non la limite intercoloniale séparant le Niger de la b

Haute-Volta. Telle n’était assurément pas son intention, selon le Nigber, et
telle ne pouvait pas être, en outre, son intention étant donné que l’arrêté
devait se conformer aux prescriptions du décret du 28 décembre 1926. En
somme, selon le Niger, l’arrêté est entaché sur ce point d’bune erreur maté -
rielle qui le prive de conformité au décret qu’il entend mettreb en œuvre.

85. Quel que soit le bien-fondé de l’analyse ainsi exposée, force est de
constater que, sur ce point, ce que le Niger demande à la Cour n’ebst pas
d’interpréter l’arrêté pour l’appliquer dans la signifibcation qui doit lui être
attribuée, mais bel et bien d’en écarter les termes clairs au mbotif qu’il
serait entaché d’une erreur matérielle, et peut-être d’un vice juridique.
Or, comme il a été dit plus haut (voir paragraphes 64 à 67), la Cour est

tenue en vertu du compromis d’appliquer l’arrêté de 1927 dans la rédac -
tion que lui a conférée son erratum, à moins qu’il ne soit ebntaché d’insuf-
fisance. Elle peut et elle doit, certes, l’interpréter, dans la bmesure où il
appelle une interprétation, mais elle ne peut pas l’écarter, mêbme au motif
qu’il serait prétendument contraire au décret qui en constituaibt la base

légale. Dès lors, la Cour ne peut que constater que l’arrêté, tant dans sa b
version initiale que dans celle résultant de l’erratum — cette dernière
étant d’ailleurs seule pertinente —, prévoit expressis verbis que la limite
intercoloniale se prolonge jusqu’à la rivière Sirba. Si cette mbention résul -
tait d’une erreur matérielle, il était loisible au gouverneur gbénéral de cor-

riger l’erreur ainsi commise par la publication d’un nouvel erratubm: force
est de constater qu’il n’en a rien fait. Quant à la question deb savoir si, du
fait de cette erreur supposée, l’arrêté se trouve en contradbiction avec le
décret, c’est une question dans laquelle il n’appartient pas àb la Cour d’en -
trer, dès lors que, comme il vient d’être dit, elle est liéeb par les termes de
l’arrêté en vertu du compromis. En conclusion, la Cour ne peut bque

constater que la ligne frontière atteint nécessairement la rivièbre Sirba à
Bossébangou; la question de savoir à quel point exact la frontière atteint
la rivière ou le village sera examinée dans la sous-section suivante (3).
86. La Cour aborde à présent la question de savoir de quelle manière il
convient de relier la « borne astronomique de Tao » à la « rivière Sirba à

Bossébangou» pour tracer la frontière.
87. Sans se prononcer sur la valeur, d’un point de vue général, de bl’ar -
gument du Burkina Faso selon lequel « un acte de délimitation indiquant,
à défaut d’indication contraire, qu’une ligne passe par deuxb points est
interprété comme adoptant une frontière sous forme d’un segmbent de

droite reliant ces deux points », la Cour estime ne pas devoir suivre en
l’espèce une telle approche, pour plusieurs raisons.
88. En premier lieu, il convient de relever que, après le passage qui estb
actuellement en cours d’examen, l’arrêté précise à deubx reprises que la
limite qu’il définit présente un caractère rectiligne. Il ble fait d’abord dans
la partie la plus au sud de la frontière qui reste à délimiter,b lorsqu’il pré -

cise que, à partir du point d’intersection de la Sirba et du paralblèle de Say,
la limite, « suivant une direction est-sud-est, se prolonge en ligne droite

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6 CIJ1042.indb 118 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 81

arating the cercles of Tillabéry and Say, each of which was situated in Niger,
that being a boundary within one colony, and not the inter-colonial bound -

ary separating Niger and Upper Volta. According to Niger, that was surelby
not his intention, and nor could it have been, given that the Arrêté had to
comply with the terms of the Decree of 28 December 1926. In short, accord -
ing to Niger, the Arrêté is vitiated on this point by a material error which
renders it incompatible with the Decree that it is meant to implement.

85. Whatever the merits of the above analysis, it must be observed
that, on this point, what Niger is asking of the Court is not to interprbet
the Arrêté in order to apply it according to the meaning which must be
attributed to it, but indeed to disregard its clear terms on the groundsb
that it is vitiated by a material error, and that it is perhaps legally bflawed.
As noted above (see paragraphs 64 to 67), the Court is obliged under

the terms of the Special Agreement to apply the 1927 Arrêté, as amended
by its Erratum, unless it is insufficient. The Court can and must interbpret
the Arrêté, in so far as it requires an interpretation, but it cannot disre -
gard it, even on the grounds that it is allegedly contrary to the Decreeb
which constituted the legal basis for its adoption. Consequently, the

Court can only find that the Arrêté, both in its initial version and in that
resulting from the Erratum — the latter being the only relevant one —,
provides expressis verbis that the inter-colonial boundary continues as far
as the River Sirba. If this reference had been the result of a material berror,
the Governor-General could have corrected the error thus made by pub -

lishing a new erratum ; but the fact is that he did not do so. Whether or
not the Arrêté contradicts the Decree because of that alleged mistake is a
question which it is not for the Court to enter into, because, as noted b
above, it is bound by the terms of the Arrêté pursuant to the Special
Agreement. In conclusion, the Court can only find that the frontier libne
necessarily reaches the River Sirba at Bossébangou; the question of where

exactly the frontier reaches the river or the village will be consideredb in
the following subsection (3).

86. The Court now turns to the question of how the “Tao astronomic
marker” is to be connected to “the River Sirba at Bossébangou”b in order

to draw the frontier.
87. Without ruling, from a general point of view, on the value of
Burkina Faso’s argument that “a delimitation text indicating, without
any indication to the contrary, that a line passes through two points is
interpreted as specifying a boundary in the form of a straight line con -

necting those two points”, the Court considers that in this case there are
several reasons not to adopt such an approach.
88. First, it should be observed that, after the section that is currently
being considered, the Arrêté specifies on two occasions that the boundary
defined by it is a straight line. It does so first in the southernmobst part of
the frontier that remains to be delimited, when it states that, from theb

intersection of the Sirba with the Say parallel, the boundary, “follobwing an
east-south-east direction, continues in a straight line up to a point” which

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6 CIJ1042.indb 119 8/04/14 08:34 82 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

jusqu’à un point » que les Parties caractérisent comme le début de la
boucle de Botou. Il le fait ensuite, dans la partie déjà abornébe de la fron-

tière située au sud de la boucle de Botou, lorsqu’il préciseb que de ce der -
nier point la limite «remonte suivant une direction rectiligne sensiblement
orientée S.-S.-O. N.-N.-E ». Il est évident que, s’il était toujours vrai,
comme le soutient le Burkina Faso, que l’indication de deux points sans
autre précision devait s’interpréter comme signifiant que ces deux points

sont reliés par une ligne droite, l’auteur de l’arrêté n’baurait pas eu besoin
de spécifier pour certaines portions de la frontière qu’elles suivaient une
ligne droite. Cela ne suffit pas à exclure nécessairement que, dabns le sec -
teur ici considéré, la limite intercoloniale suive une ligne droite (commeb
c’est le cas dans le secteur allant de la borne de Tong-Tong à celle de Tao,
examiné plus haut). Néanmoins, le fait que les dispositions qui pbrécisent

que certaines portions ont un caractère rectiligne se trouvent dans lbe
même acte que celles qui ne comportent, pour d’autres portions, aubcune
précision affaiblit la thèse du Burkina Faso selon laquelle ces dernières
devraient, du seul fait de cette absence de précision, être interpbrétées
nécessairement comme ayant entendu tracer une ligne droite.

89. En deuxième lieu, la Cour estime qu’il faut tenir compte du fait qbue
l’arrêté a été pris sur la base du décret du présidbent de la République
française du 28 décembre 1926 « portant transfèrement du chef-lieu de la
colonie du Niger et modifications territoriales en Afrique occidentale
française». Ce décret constitue ainsi un élément important du contextbe

dans lequel l’arrêté est intervenu.
90. A cet égard, il y a lieu de relever que le décret du 28 décembre 1926
avait un double objet.
Tout d’abord, sa raison d’être était de transférer certains cercles et can -
tons de la colonie de la Haute-Volta vers la colonie du Niger (voir para -
graphe 18 ci-dessus).

Ensuite, il attribuait compétence au gouverneur général de l’bAfri-
que occidentale française pour tracer les nouvelles limites intercolobniales
entre le Niger et la Haute-Volta.
91. La tâche confiée au gouverneur général était donc de trbacer la nou -
velle limite intercoloniale en tirant les conséquences des transfertsb opérés,

c’est-à-dire en respectant les limites des circonscriptions préexistantes,
pour autant qu’elles pouvaient être déterminées.
92. Le gouverneur général, cherchant à identifier les limites desb cir -
conscriptions déplacées, a délégué aux lieutenants-gouverneurs de la
Haute-Volta et du Niger la mission de démarquer sur le terrain les limites b

des cantons et cercles en cause. C’est ainsi que, le 2 février 1927, l’inspec -
teur des affaires administratives Lefilliatre, représentant le libeutenant-
gouverneur de la Haute-Volta, et le lieutenant-gouverneur du Niger
Brévié ont cosigné le procès-verbal de leurs travaux. En ce qui concerne
la portion de frontière allant de Tao à Bossébangou, ce procès-verbal
emploie une formule qui a été reprise à l’identique par l’arrêté du gouver -

neur général du 31 août 1927, et qui n’est pas substantiellement différente
de celle qui figure dans l’erratum du 5 octobre suivant. Mais les adminis -

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6 CIJ1042.indb 120 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 82

the Parties describe as the beginning of the Botou bend. It does so subsbe-
quently in the already demarcated section of the frontier situated to thbe

south of the Botou bend, when it states that, from this latter point, thbe
boundary “turns back up in a straight line that runs in a marked SSW-NNE
direction”. It is clear that if it were always true, as Burkina Faso contends,
that the indication of two points, without any further details, must be
interpreted as meaning that those two points are connected by a straight

line, the author of the Arrêté would not have needed to specify in respect
of certain sections of the boundary that they followed a straight line. bThis
is not necessarily enough to exclude the possibility that, in the section here
under consideration, the inter-colonial boundary followed a straight line
(as is indeed the case in the section running from the Tong-Tong astro -
nomic marker to the Tao astronomic marker, examined above). Neverthe-

less, the fact that the provisions specifying that certain sections consbist of
straight lines appear in the same document as those providing no preciseb
details in respect of other sections, weakens Burkina Faso’s argument that
the latter provisions, solely by virtue of that lack of detail, should neces -
sarily be interpreted as drawing a straight line.

89. Secondly, the Court considers that account should be taken of the
fact that the Arrêté was issued on the basis of the Decree of the President
of the French Republic of 28 December 1926 “transferring the adminis -
trative centre of the Colony of Niger and providing for territorial chanbges
in French West Africa”. This Decree thus constitutes an important ele -

ment of the context within which the Arrêté was issued.
90. In this connection, it should be noted that the object of the Decree
of 28 December 1926 was twofold.
In the first place, its raison d’être was to transfer certain cercles and
cantons from the Colony of Upper Volta to the Colony of Niger (see
paragraph 18 above).

It then empowered the Governor-General of French West Africa to
draw the new inter-colonial boundaries between Niger and Upper Volta.

91. The task entrusted to the Governor-General was therefore to plot
the new inter-colonial boundary by drawing the implications of the trans -

fers effected, that is to say, by respecting the pre-existing boundaries of
the districts, to the extent that they could be determined.
92. The Governor-General, seeking to identify the boundaries of the
districts moved by the Decree, delegated to the Lieutenant-Governors of
Upper Volta and Niger the task of demarcating on the ground the bound -

aries of the cantons and cercles in question. Thus on 2 February 1927,
Mr. Lefilliatre, Inspector of Administrative Affairs, representing the Lbieu -
tenant-Governor of Upper Volta, and Mr. Brévié, Lieutenant-Governor
of Niger, signed a Record of Agreement. As regards the section of the
frontier running from Tao to Bossébangou, this Record uses a wording b
that was reproduced in identical terms in the Arrêté of the Governor-Gen -

eral of 31 August 1927, and which is not substantially different from that
which appears in the Erratum of 5 October 1927. However, the colonial

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trateurs coloniaux en charge du dossier étaient conscients du caractèbre
insuffisant de cette formule, qui n’indiquait pas selon quel tracéb Tao et

Bossébangou devaient être reliés. Cela est démontré par lbe fait que, au
cours des mois qui ont suivi, le lieutenant-gouverneur de la Haute-Volta
a continué à solliciter des fonctionnaires placés sous son autobrité des élé-
ments d’information complémentaires permettant de préciser la lbimite
intercoloniale. En particulier, par un télégramme-lettre du 27 avril 1927,

soit deux mois et demi après l’établissement du procès-verbal Lefilliatre-
Brévié, le lieutenant-gouverneur de la Haute-Volta demandait aux com -
mandants des cercles de Dori et de Fada de lui fournir des « éléments
précis destinés [à] permettre [la] préparation [de l’]arrbêté général portant
fixation [des] nouvelles limites » entre les deux colonies, en insistant sur le
fait qu’il était « indispensable que [le] tracé soit arrêté sur place » afin

d’éviter toute « nécessité de rectification ultérieure », et que les « résultats
[des] travaux [soient] reconnus et acceptés par [les] chefs [des] deubx colo -
nies limitrophes» en vue d’être « transmis [à] Dakar ».
Comme il vient d’être dit, l’arrêté du 31 août 1927 a repris la formule
imprécise du procès-verbal du 2 février précédent, et l’erratum du

5 octobre de la même année n’y a apporté aucune précision sbupplémen -
taire. L’incertitude quant au tracé de la limite intercoloniale a bpersisté,
comme l’a montré la pratique coloniale subséquente (voir paragbraphes 94
et 95 ci-après).
93. La Cour déduit de ce qui précède que le gouverneur générabl a cher -

ché, avec l’aide des lieutenants-gouverneurs des deux colonies, à détermi -
ner la limite intercoloniale en identifiant les limites préexistantes des
cercles et cantons, dont rien n’indique qu’elles suivaient une ligbne droite
dans le secteur considéré. La Cour observe que, en pareil cas, il eût été
facile de reporter cette ligne sur une carte.
Cela contredit la position du Burkina Faso selon laquelle le silence de

l’arrêté dans le secteur considéré, quant à la manièbre de relier les deux
points mentionnés dans le texte, doit être compris comme signifiant que
c’est une ligne droite qui, dans l’intention du gouverneur génébral, devait
figurer la limite intercoloniale.
94. En troisième lieu, il convient de prendre en considération le cas bdu

village de Bangaré, au titre de la pratique suivie par les autoritébs colo -
niales pour l’application de l’arrêté. Selon le Niger, ce vibllage, situé envi -
ron à mi-hauteur du secteur concerné et revêtant une certaine importance,
était considéré de manière constante comme relevant du Niger au cours
de la période coloniale, et en tout cas à la date critique des indbépendances.

Or, le Niger observe que la ligne droite préconisée par le Burkinab Faso
laisserait Bangaré du côté burkinabé de la frontière.
95. La Cour constate que, si les documents versés au dossier qui sont
contemporains de l’arrêté de 1927 n’établissent pas clairement que le vil -
lage de Bangaré était considéré à cette époque comme relevant du Niger,
il existe suffisamment de documents postérieurs pour établir que, pendant

la période coloniale pertinente et jusqu’à la date critique desb indépen -
dances, Bangaré était administré par les autorités de la colbonie du Niger.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 122 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 83

administrators responsible for the matter were aware of the inadequacy
of that wording, which failed to indicate the line by which Tao and

Bossébangou were to be joined. This is evidenced by the fact that, dubring
the months which followed, the Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Volta
continued to ask the officials under his authority for additional inforbma-
tion that would make it possible to define precisely the inter-colonial
boundary. In particular, by a telegram/letter of 27 April 1927, that is to

say two and a half months after the Lefilliatre-Brévié Record of Agree -
ment was drawn up, the Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Volta asked the
commandants of Dori and Fada cercles to provide him with “precise
information to enable [the] preparation [of the] Arrêté général fixing new
boundaries” between the two colonies, emphasizing that it was “essential
that [the] course be determined on [the] ground” so as to avoid any “bneed

[for] subsequent correction”, and that the “[r]esults [of the] worbk [be] rec -
ognized and accepted by [the] Heads [of] both adjacent colonies” with a
view to their “be[ing] forwarded [to] Dakar”.
As noted above, the Arrêté of 31 August 1927 reproduced the imprecise
wording of the Record of Agreement of 2 February 1927, and the Erra -

tum of 5 October of the same year provided no further details. The uncer-
tainty as to the course of the inter-colonial boundary persisted, as
demonstrated by the subsequent colonial practice (see paragraphs 94-95
below).
93. The Court concludes from the foregoing that the Governor-General

sought, with the assistance of the Lieutenant-Governors of the two colonies,
to determine the inter-colonial boundary by identifying those pre-existing
boundaries of the cercles and cantons for which there is no indication that
they followed a straight line in the sector in question. The Court obserbves
that, in such a case, it would have been easy to plot this line on a mapb.
This contradicts Burkina Faso’s argument that the Arrêté’s silence in

the sector in question as to how to connect the two points mentioned in
the text must be understood as signifying that the Governor-General
intended the inter-colonial boundary to be represented by a straight line.

94. Thirdly, account should be taken of the practice followed by the

colonial authorities concerning the implementation of the Arrêté with
respect to the village of Bangaré. According to Niger, this village, bsituated
approximately in the middle of the sector in question and of some impor -
tance, was consistently regarded as belonging to Niger during the colonibal
period, and in any event at the critical dates of independence. Niger nebv -

ertheless observes that the straight line advocated by Burkina Faso would
leave Bangaré on the Burkina side of the frontier.
95. The Court notes that, although the documents in the case file which
are contemporaneous with the 1927 Arrêté do not clearly establish that
the village of Bangaré was regarded at that time as belonging to Nigebr,
there are sufficient subsequent documents to establish that, during theb

relevant colonial period and until the critical date of independence,
Bangaré was administered by the authorities of the Colony of Niger.

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Cette considération conforte la conclusion selon laquelle l’arrêbté
de 1927 ne doit pas être interprété, et ne l’était pas en fabit à l’époque colo-

niale, comme traçant une ligne droite reliant Tao à Bossébangoub.
96. La Cour déduit de l’ensemble des éléments précédents qbue l’arrêté
doit être regardé comme entaché d’« insuffisance», au sens de l’accord
de 1987, en ce qui concerne le secteur allant de la borne astronomique de
Tao à la rivière Sirba à Bossébangou. En effet, la Cour cobnclut que, dans le

secteur en cause, la solution de la ligne droite ne procède pas d’bune inter -
prétation correcte de l’arrêté. Mais elle ne dispose pas desb éléments qui lui
permettraient de définir une autre ligne sur la base de l’arrêbté. En pareil cas,
le compromis, en renvoyant à l’article 2 de l’accord de 1987, impose à la
Cour de retenir «le tracé … figurant sur la carte [au] 1/200 000 de l’Institut

géographique national de France, édition 1960».
97. Le Niger a également insisté sur le cas de deux autres localités au
sujet desquelles, selon lui, les effectivités de la période coloniale devraient
être prises en compte : celles de Petelkolé et d’Oussaltane (voir para -
graphe 82 ci-dessus). Ces deux cas sont d’une nature différente de celui de b

Bangaré. En effet, les deux localités en cause sont situées nbon seulement
du côté burkinabé de la ligne droite proposée par le BurkinaFaso, comme
Bangaré, mais surtout elles sont aussi situées par la carte IGN deb 1960 du
côté burkinabé de la limite intercoloniale. Selon le Niger, cepbendant, elles
étaient en fait administrées par le Niger au cours de la périodbe coloniale,
et il conviendrait donc, pour tenir compte des effectivités, de débplacer

légèrement vers l’est le tracé de la carte IGN dans les deuxb segments où se
situent ces localités, de manière à les laisser du côté nbigérien.
98. S’il est vrai qu’en règle générale, pour l’applicationb du principe de
l’uti possidetis juris, les effectivités telles qu’elles sont établies à la
date critique peuvent servir à suppléer l’absence de titre juridiqueb ou à

compléter un titre lacunaire, il n’en va pas de même dans la prbésente
affaire, en raison des termes du compromis, qui dispose que l’accorbd
de 1987 fait partie du droit applicable. En cas d’insuffisance de l’barrêté, ce
qui est le cas dans le secteur considéré, l’accord de 1987 impobse à la Cour
d’appliquer le tracé de la carte IGN de 1960 au lieu de se référer aux

effectivités, quand bien même il y aurait, entre celles-ci et celui-là, une
certaine discordance. Il a déjà été indiqué plus haut (vboir paragraphe 66)
que les effectivités de la période coloniale pouvaient, jusqu’bà un certain
point, être utiles à l’interprétation de l’arrêté, pour autant qu’elles
permettent de faire apparaître la manière dont cet arrêté a bété interprété
et appliqué par l’administration coloniale. Mais, une fois qu’ibl a été conclu

à l’insuffisance de l’arrêté, et dans la mesure de cette insuffisance, les effec-
tivités ne peuvent plus jouer de rôle en l’espèce ; en particulier, elles ne
sauraient justifier un déplacement du tracé retenu par la carte IGN
de 1960.
C’est pourquoi la Cour ne peut pas accueillir les demandes du Niger

concernant Petelkolé et Oussaltane.
99. En définitive, la Cour conclut que, pour le secteur de la frontièbre
qui va de la borne astronomique de Tao à « la rivière Sirba à Bosséban -

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This consideration supports the conclusion that the 1927 Arrêté should
not be interpreted, and in fact was not interpreted in the colonial peribod,

as drawing a straight line between Tao and Bossébangou.
96. The Court concludes from all of the foregoing that thA e rrêté must be
regarded as “not suffic[ient]”, within the meaning of the 1987 Agreement, in
respect of the sector running from the Tao astronomic marker to the Rivebr
Sirba at Bossébangou. Indeed, the Court concludes that, in the sectorb in

question, a correct interpretation of the Arrêté does not provide for a
straight-line solution. However, the Court does not have information
enabling it to define another line on the basis of the Arrêté. In such circum -
stances, the Special Agreement, by referring to Article 2 of the 1987 Agree -
ment, requires the Court to adopt “the course . . . shown on the 1:200,000-scale

map of the Institut géographique national de France, 1960 edition”b.
97. Niger has also emphasized the case of two other localities with
regard to which the effectivités of the colonial period should in its view be
taken into account : namely Petelkolé and Oussaltane (see paragraph 82
above). These two cases are different from that of Bangaré. The twbo

localities in question are situated not only on the Burkinabe side of thbe
straight line proposed by Burkina Faso, as is Bangaré, but crucially bthey
are also situated on the Burkinabe side of the inter-colonial boundary as
drawn on the 1960 IGN map. According to Niger, however, they were in
fact administered by Niger during the colonial period, and in order to

take account of the effectivités, the line on the IGN map should be shifted
slightly eastwards in the two segments where these localities are situated,
so as to leave them on the Niger side.
98. While it is true, as a general rule, that for the purposes of the uti
possidetis principle, the effectivités as established at the critical date may
serve to compensate for the absence of a legal title or to complete a debfec -

tive title, that does not hold in the present case, because of the termsb of
the Special Agreement, which provides that the 1987 Agreement forms
part of the applicable law. Should the Arrêté not suffice, which is the case
in the sector in question, the 1987 Agreement requires the Court to apply
the line shown on the 1960 IGN map, instead of referring to the effectivi ­

tés, even if there were to be some discrepancy between those effectivités
and the line on the map. It has already been noted above (see para -
graph 66) that the effectivités of the colonial period could, up to a certain
point, be of use in interpreting the Arrêté, to the extent that they may
reflect the colonial administration’s interpretation and implementabtion of
that Arrêté. However, once it has been concluded that the Arrêté is insuf -

ficient, and in so far as it is insufficient, the effectivités can no longer play
a role in the present case ; in particular, they cannot justify a shifting of
the line shown on the 1960 IGN map.

Accordingly, the Court cannot uphold Niger’s claims regarding Petel -

kolé and Oussaltane.
99. In conclusion, the Court finds that, in the sector of the frontier thabt
runs from the Tao astronomic marker to “the River Sirba at Bosséban -

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gou», il y a lieu de retenir le tracé figurant sur la carte au 1/20b0 000 éta-
o
blie par l’IGN dans son édition de 1960 (voir croquis n 2, p. 86).

3. Le tracé de la frontière dans la région de Bossébangou

100. Pour compléter la détermination de la ligne frontière en provenbance
de la borne astronomique de Tao, il est nécessaire de préciser sonb point
d’aboutissement lorsqu’elle atteint «la rivière Sirba à Bossébangou». Il est

constant que ce village se trouve à une distance de quelques centaines de
mètres de la rivière sur sa rive droite. Le Burkina Faso soutient bque le point
d’aboutissement de la frontière dans cette partie est situé làb où le segment de
droite qui rejoint Tao à Bossébangou touche la rive droite de la Sirba près
de ce village. Quant au Niger, il ne se prononce pas sur la question en braison
de sa thèse selon laquelle la ligne frontière en provenance de Taob ne conti -

nue pas jusqu’à la rivière Sirba mais s’infléchit vers ble sud-ouest au point
triple entre les cercles de Dori, Say et Tillabéry, une trentaine de bkilomètres
avant d’atteindre cette rivière (voir croquis n 1).
101. D’après la description de l’arrêté, il est clair que la lbigne frontière
aboutit à la rivière Sirba et non au village de Bossébangou. Leb point ter -

minal de la frontière dans cette partie doit donc être situé dabns la Sirba ou
sur l’une de ses rives. L’utilisation dans l’arrêté du tebrme « atteindre»
n’indique pas que la ligne frontière franchit complètement la Sbirba pour
aboutir à sa rive droite. Il est certes vrai que, en décrivant uneb portion
ultérieure de la frontière, l’arrêté énonce que la ligbne «coupe de nouveau
la Sirba » pour arriver sur sa rive droite. Cela pourrait donner à penser

que la frontière a déjà « coupé» une première fois la rivière près de Bossé-
bangou, et militerait en faveur du placement du point d’aboutissementb de
la frontière dans cette partie sur la rive droite de la Sirba. Toutefbois, il est
significatif que, dans la description de la portion pertinente de la fron -
tière, l’arrêté a recours au verbe « atteindre» plutôt que « couper». En
outre, si le point d’aboutissement de la frontière était situé sur la rive

droite de la Sirba près de Bossébangou, la ligne devrait « couper» une
deuxième fois la Sirba à un endroit intermédiaire pour passer, cette fois,
de la rive droite à la rive gauche avant de la « couper de nouveau » dans
l’autre sens. Or, rien de semblable n’est énoncé dans l’abrrêté.
Par ailleurs, aucun élément n’a été présenté à lba Cour attestant que la

rivière Sirba, dans la région de Bossébangou, aurait été bentièrement attri-
buée à l’une ou l’autre colonie. A cet égard, la Cour relbève que l’exigence
en matière d’accès aux ressources en eau de l’ensemble des populations
des villages riverains est mieux satisfaite par une frontière placébe dans la
rivière plutôt que sur l’une ou l’autre rive.

La Cour en conclut que, sur la base de l’arrêté, le point finbal de la ligne
frontière dans la région de Bossébangou est situé dans la ribvière Sirba.
Plus précisément, l’emplacement de ce point final se trouve sbur la ligne
médiane, puisque, dans une rivière non navigable avec les caractébristiques
de la Sirba, cette ligne répond au mieux aux exigences de sécuritéb juri -

dique propres à la détermination d’une frontière.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 126 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 85

gou”, the line shown on the 1:200,000-scale IGN map, 1960 edition,
should be adopted (see sketch-map No. 2, p. 86).

3. The course of the frontier in the area of Bossébangou

100. In order to complete the determination of the frontier line coming
from the Tao astronomic marker, it is necessary to specify its endpoint b
where it reaches “the River Sirba at Bossébangou”. It is establbished that
this village is situated a few hundred metres from the river, on its right
bank. Burkina Faso maintains that the endpoint of the frontier in this

section is located where the straight-line segment which runs from Tao to
Bossébangou intersects with the right bank of the Sirba close to thatb vil -
lage. Niger does not take a view on the matter, on account of its argu -
ment that the frontier line from Tao does not continue as far as the Sirbba,
but turns towards the south-west at the tripoint between the cercles of
Dori, Say and Tillabéry, some 30 km before it reaches that river (see

sketch-map No. 1).
101. According to the description in the Arrêté, it is clear that the fron-
tier line ends at the River Sirba and not at the village of Bossébangbou.
The endpoint of the frontier in this section must therefore be situated bin
the Sirba or on one of its banks. The use of the verb “reach” (“atteindre”)
in the Arrêté does not suggest that the frontier line crosses the Sirba com -

pletely, meeting its right bank. It is true that, in describing a subseqbuent
section of the frontier, the Arrêté states that the line “again cuts” (“coupe
de nouveau”) the Sirba so as to reach its right bank. That could suggest
that the frontier has “cut” the river once already close to Bossébbangou,
and would argue in favour of the endpoint of the frontier in this sectiobn
being situated on the right bank of the Sirba. However, it is significbant

that, in describing the relevant section of the frontier, the Arrêté uses the
verb “reach” rather than “cut”. Furthermore, if the endpointb of the fron-
tier were situated on the right bank of the Sirba close to Bossébangou, the
line would have to “cut” the Sirba a second time at an intermediate loca -
tion in order, this time, to cross from the right bank to the left bank b
before “cutting it again” in the other direction. But nothing of tbhat nature

is mentioned in the Arrêté.
Moreover, there is no evidence before the Court that the River Sirba in b
the area of Bossébangou was attributed entirely to one of the two colbo -
nies. In this regard, the Court notes that the requirement concerning
access to water resources of all the people living in the riparian villabges is
better met by a frontier situated in the river than on one bank or the

other.
Accordingly, the Court concludes that, on the basis of the Arrêté, the
endpoint of the frontier line in the region of Bossébangou is locatedb in the
River Sirba. This endpoint is more specifically situated on the median line
because, in a non-navigable river with the characteristics of the Sirba,

that line best meets the requirements of legal security inherent in the b
determination of a boundary.

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14º 00’ 13º 50’ 13º 40’ 13º 30’ 13º 20’
1º 20’ 1º 20’

a
b Bossébangou
i
S SB

e
25km r
èi
vi
1º 10’ 20 R 1º 10’

15

10

échDatum et Ellipsoïde WGS 84

5

1º 00’ 1º 00’

0

SB : poTirnaoùdelalafrnotniètirèere«attetleqinuèrienérbaar làaBCoosusrébangou»

0º 50’ 0º 50’

NIGER

Téra
Croquis n°2:

0º 40’ FASO 0º 40’

Bangaré

BURKINA

Cecroquisaétéétabliàseulefind’illustration

0º 30’ Piste automobile de27 0º 30’

Oussaltane
Borne astronomique deTao

Petelkolé
0º 20’ 0º 20’

TRACÉ DE LA FRONTIÈRE DE LA BORNE ASTRONOMIQUE DETAO AU POINT OÙ ELLE «ATTEIN[T] LA RIVIÈRE SIRBA À BOSSÉBANGOU»
14º 00’ 13º 50’ 13º 40’ 13º 30’ 13º 20’

46

6 CIJ1042.indb 128 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 86

14º 00’ 13º 50’ 13º 40’ 13º 30’ 13º 20’
1º 20’ 1º 20’

a
b Bossébangou
ri SB
S

25km r
e v
i
1º 10’ 20 R 1º 10’

15

10
scale true at 13º30’ N
WGS84 Ellipsoid and Datum

5

1º 00’ 1º 00’
0

SB : poCnutrwseheortheefronntiteierra“sr[eesd] tbhieveCroSuirrtba at Bossébangou”

0º 50’ 0º 50’

NIGER

Téra

Sketch Map 2:

0º 40’ 0º 40’
FASO

Bangaré
BURKINA

ThisTéra-Dori motornpreparedforillustrativepurposesonly
0º 30’ 0º 30’

Oussaltane
Tao astronomic marker

Petelkolé
0º 20’ 0º 20’

14º 00’ 13º 50’ 13º 40’ 13º 30’ 13º 20’
COURSE OFTHE FRONTIER FROMTHETAO ASTRONOMIC MARKERTOTHE POINTWHERE IT“REACH[ES]THE RIVER SIRBA AT BOSSÉBANGOU”

46

6 CIJ1042.indb 129 8/04/14 08:34 87 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

102. Dans sa rédaction originelle, l’arrêté plaçait plus en avbal le point

de contact de la ligne frontière en provenance de Tao avec la rivièbre Sirba
et précisait que cette ligne allait « rejoindre ensuite la rivière Sirba ». Il
était clair, selon cette rédaction, que la frontière était censée remonter
cette rivière sur une certaine distance. Le langage de l’erratum ebst moins
net. Toutefois, puisqu’il spécifie que, après avoir atteint lba Sirba, la ligne

frontière « remonte presque aussitôt vers le nord-ouest », on peut retenir
que l’erratum n’a pas entendu corriger l’arrêté entièrement sur ce point et
qu’il implique donc que la ligne doit suivre la Sirba sur une courte bdis -
tance. Le Burkina Faso soutient que, dans cette portion, la frontière
devrait être située sur la rive droite de la rivière, conformébment à la thèse

qu’il défend à propos de l’emplacement du point d’aboutisbsement de la
frontière près de Bossébangou. Le Niger se réfère quant àb lui à la ligne
médiane ou au thalweg. Pour les raisons données au paragraphe prébcé -
dent, la Cour considère que la frontière suit la ligne médiane bde la Sirba.
103. La rédaction corrigée de l’arrêté, d’après laquelleb la ligne frontière

«remonte presque aussitôt vers le nord-ouest », ne permet pas d’établir
avec précision le point où cette ligne quitte la rivière Sirba bpour «remon -
ter». Il n’y a aucune indication à cet égard dans le texte, àb l’exception du
fait qu’il s’agit d’un lieu proche de Bossébangou. De mêmbe, le tracé de la
frontière, une fois que cette dernière quitte la Sirba, est indiqubé dans l’ar -

rêté d’une manière qui ne permet pas d’établir la lignbe avec précision.
Force est donc de conclure que l’arrêté est insuffisant pour dbéterminer la
ligne frontière dans cette partie. Les Parties en conviennent. Le Nigber
s’éloigne du texte de l’arrêté et du tracé de la carte IGN en soutenant
qu’après le point triple la frontière est constituée par un segment de droite

orienté vers le sud-ouest. Le Burkina Faso fait appel au critère subsidiaire
retenu à l’article 2 de l’accord de 1987. D’après cette disposition, il est en
effet nécessaire, ainsi que le soutient le Burkina Faso, de se référer à la
carte IGN pour définir avec précision le point où la ligne frontière quitte
la rivière Sirba pour « remonte[r] … vers le nord-ouest » et le tracé qu’elle

doit suivre à partir de ce point.
104. Selon l’arrêté, la ligne frontière, après être remontébe vers le
nord-ouest, «rev[ient] au sud, … [et] coupe de nouveau la Sirba à hauteur
du parallèle de Say ». La ligne ainsi décrite suit une orientation précise de
direction nord-sud. Une fois déterminé le lieu où elle coupe de nouveau la

Sirba, on peut suivre vers le nord le méridien passant par ce lieu jusqu’au
parallèle passant par le point auquel la ligne tracée sur la carteb IGN revient
vers le sud. Le Niger soutient toutefois que le lieu où le parallèble de Say
rejoint la Sirba n’est pas un point précis. La Cour observe que, ablors que,
dans sa rédaction originelle, l’arrêté se référait à « une ligne partant

approximativement de la Sirba à la hauteur du parallèle de Say », le texte
de l’erratum est beaucoup plus catégorique à cet égard et neb peut être ainsi
considéré comme insuffisant. Il vise le point d’intersection ebntre le parallèle
passant par Say et la rivière Sirba. On peut même en déduire qube ce point,
dénommé point I sur les croquis n os3 (p. 89) et 4 (p. 91), est situé sur la

rive droite de la Sirba (aux coordonnées 13° 06´ 12,08˝ de latitude nord et

47

6 CIJ1042.indb 130 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 87

102. In its original wording, the Arrêté situated the meeting-point of
the frontier line from Tao with the River Sirba further downstream and

stated that this line “then joins the River Sirba”. It was clear, according
to that wording, that the frontier was supposed to follow that river
upstream for a certain distance. The language of the Erratum is less clebar.
However, since it specifies that, after reaching the Sirba, the frontiber line
“almost immediately turns back up towards the north-west”, it can be

concluded that the Erratum did not seek to amend the Arrêté entirely on
this point and that it therefore implies that the line must follow the Sbirba
for a short distance. Burkina Faso contends that, in this section, the fron -
tier should be situated on the right bank of the river, in accordance wibth
its argument concerning the endpoint of the frontier close to Bossébabn -
gou. For its part, Niger refers to the median line or the thalweg. For tbhe

reasons given in the previous paragraph, the Court considers that the
frontier follows the median line of the Sirba.
103. The corrected wording of the Arrêté, according to which the fron -
tier line “almost immediately turns back up towards the north-west”,
does not establish the precise point at which that line leaves the Riverb

Sirba in order to “[turn] back up”. There is no indication in the btext in
that regard except for the fact that the point is located close to Bosséban -
gou. Similarly, once the frontier leaves the Sirba, its course is indicabted in
the Arrêté in a manner that makes it impossible to establish the line accu -
rately. It can only be concluded, therefore, that the Arrêté does not suffice

to determine the frontier line in this section. The Parties are agreed obn
this point. Niger departs from the text of the Arrêté and the line on the
IGN map, arguing that, after the tripoint, the frontier consists of a
straight-line segment running in a south-westerly direction. Burkina Faso
refers to the subsidiary criterion laid down in Article 2 of the 1987 Agree -
ment. According to that provision, it is indeed necessary, as Burkina Faso

contends, to refer to the IGN map in order to define precisely the point
where the frontier line leaves the River Sirba and “turns back up towbards
the north-west” and the course that it must follow after that point.
104. According to the Arrêté, the frontier line, after turning up towards
the north-west, “turn[s] back to the south, . . . [and] again cuts the Sirba at

the level of the Say parallel”. The line thus described follows a prebcise
north-south direction. Once the place where it again cuts the Sirba has been
determined, the meridian passing through that place can be followed north -
wards until the parallel running through the point where the line drawn bon
the IGN map turns back to the south. Niger contends, however, that the

place where the Say parallel joins the Sirba is not a precise point. Theb Court
observes that whereas, in its original wording, theArrêté referred to “a line
starting approximately from the Sirba at the level of the Say parallel”b, the
text of the Erratum is much more categorical in this respect and thus cabn -
not be regarded as insufficient. It refers to the intersection between bthe pa -r
allel passing through Say and the River Sirba. It can even be deduced that

this point, called point I on sketch-maps Nos. 3 (p. 89) and 4 (p. 91), is
located on the right bank of the Sirba (at the point with geographic cob-

47

6 CIJ1042.indb 131 8/04/14 08:34 88 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

00° 59´ 30,9˝ de longitude est), puisque, d’après l’erratum, la ligne frontibère
en provenance du nord coupe la rivière avant de continuer vers le sudb-est.

105. Selon l’arrêté, qui n’a pas été modifié sous cet baspect par l’erratum,
la ligne frontière dans cette région laisse au Niger « un saillant, compre-

nant sur la rive gauche de la Sirba les villages de Alfassi, Kouro, Takablan,
Tankouro». Alfassi et Kouro ont apparemment été déplacés, mais ilbs se
trouvent en territoire nigérien, là où ils sont situés actuebllement comme là
où ils l’étaient en 1927, quelle que soit la ligne frontière ayant été proposée
pour cette région. L’emplacement de Takalan (Tokalan, d’aprèbs l’erra -

tum) et celui de Tankouro sont controversés. Aucun élément cerbtain quant
à leur localisation n’a été soumis à la Cour. Le Niger a bd’ailleurs remarqué
qu’«il est … tout à fait vraisemblable que ces deux derniers villages aient
purement et simplement disparu dans la période contemporaine à l’badop -

tion de l’erratum de 1927 ». On ne peut donc tirer de l’hypothétique
emplacement de ces deux villages aucune conséquence quant à la débtermi -
nation de la ligne frontière.
106. La frontière ainsi tracée entre la région de Bossébangou et ble point
d’intersection du parallèle de Say et de la rivière Sirba formeb ce qu’on

pourrait appeler un « saillant», conformément à la description contenue
dans l’arrêté. Le Niger reconnaît qu’au contraire la lignbe frontière qu’il
propose ne permet pas, quant à elle, de «créer un saillant dans cette zone».
107. La Cour conclut que la ligne frontière, après avoir atteint, en seb

dirigeant vers Bossébangou, la ligne médiane de la rivière Sirbba, au point
de coordonnées 13° 21´ 15,9˝ de latitude nord et 01° 17´ 07,2˝ de longi -
tude est, dénommé point SB sur les croquis n os 1, 2, 3 et 4, suit cette ligne,
en amont, jusqu’à son intersection avec la ligne IGN, au point de coor -
données 13° 20´ 01,8˝ de latitude nord et 01° 07´ 29,3˝ de longitude est,
os
dénommé point A sur les croquis n 3 et 4. A partir de ce point, la ligne
frontière suit la ligne IGN en remontant vers le nord-ouest jusqu’au
point, dénommé point B sur le croquis n o3, de coordonnées 13° 22´ 28,9˝ de
latitude nord et 00° 59´ 34,8˝ de longitude est, où la ligne IGN change
notablement de direction pour se diriger plein sud en suivant un segmentb

de droite. Ce point d’inflexion B étant situé quelque 200 mètres à l’est du
méridien passant par l’intersection du parallèle de Say avec la rivière
Sirba, la ligne IGN ne coupe pas la rivière au parallèle de Say. Obr, l’arrêté
requiert expressément que la ligne frontière coupe la Sirba au nivbeau de

ce parallèle. La ligne frontière doit donc s’écarter de la lbigne IGN à partir
du point B et, au lieu de s’y infléchir, se prolonger en direction plein
ouest, sous la forme d’un segment de droite, jusqu’au point, de cobordon -
nées 13° 22´ 28,9˝ de latitude nord et 00° 59´ 30,9˝ de longitude est, où elle
atteint le méridien passant par l’intersection du parallèle de bSay avec la
os
rive droite de la rivière Sirba, dénommé point C sur les croquis n 3 et 4.
La ligne frontière longe ensuite ce méridien en direction du sud jbusqu’à
ladite intersection, au point de coordonnées 13° 06´ 12,08˝ de latitude
nord et 00° 59´ 30,9˝ de longitude est, dénommé point I sur les croquis
nos 3 et 4.

48

6 CIJ1042.indb 132 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 88

ordinates 13º 06´ 12.08˝ N ; 00º 59´ 30.9˝ E), since, according to the Erra -
tum, the frontier line coming from the north cuts the river here before

continuing towards the south-east.
105. According to the Arrêté, which was not amended in this respect
by the Erratum, the frontier line in this area leaves to Niger “a salbient,
including on the left bank of the Sirba the villages of Alfassi, Kouro, b
Takalan and Tankouro”. Alfassi and Kouro have apparently been moved, b

but they lie in Niger’s territory, both where they are situated now abnd
where they were in 1927, regardless of the frontier line proposed for thbis
area. The locations of Takalan (Tokalan, according to the Erratum) andb
Tankouro are in dispute. No clear evidence as to their position has beenb
submitted to the Court. Moreover, Niger has observed that “it is . . . very
likely that these two latter villages simply disappeared during the peribod

contemporary with the adoption of the 1927 Erratum”. Therefore, no
conclusion can be drawn from the hypothetical location of those two vil -
lages with regard to the determination of the frontier line.

106. The frontier thus drawn from the area of Bossébangou to the

point where the Say parallel cuts the River Sirba forms what might be
termed a “salient”, in accordance with the description contained ibn the
Arrêté. However, Niger acknowledges that the frontier line which it pro -
poses does not, for its part, “create a salient in this area”.
107. The Court concludes that the frontier line, after reaching the

median line of the River Sirba while heading towards Bossébangou, at bthe
point with geographic co-ordinates 13° 21´ 15.9˝ N; 01° 17´ 07.2˝ E, called
point SB on sketch-maps 1, 2, 3 and 4, follows that line upstream until its
intersection with the IGN line, at the point with geographic co-ordi -
nates 13° 20´ 01.8˝ N ; 01° 07´ 29.3˝ E, called point A on sketch-maps 3
and 4. From that point, the frontier line follows the IGN line, turning up

towards the north-west until the point, with geographic co-ordinates
13° 22´ 28.9˝ N; 00° 59´ 34.8˝ E, called point B on sketch-map 3, where
the IGN line markedly changes direction, turning due south in a straightb
line. As this turning point B is situated some 200 m to the east of the
meridian which passes through the intersection of the Say parallel with b

the River Sirba, the IGN line does not cut the River Sirba at the Say
parallel. However, the Arrêté expressly requires that the boundary line
cut the River Sirba at the Say parallel. The frontier line must thereforbe
depart from the IGN line as from point B and, instead of turning there,
continue due west in a straight line until the point, with geographic

co-ordinates 13° 22´ 28.9˝ N ; 00° 59´ 30.9˝ E, called point C on
sketch-maps 3 and 4, where it reaches the meridian which passes through
the intersection of the Say parallel with the right bank of the River Sibrba.
The frontier line then runs southwards along that meridian until the saibd
intersection, at the point with geographic co-ordinates 13° 06´ 12.08˝ N;
00° 59´ 30.9˝ E, called point I on sketch-maps Nos. 3 and 4.

48

6 CIJ1042.indb 133 8/04/14 08:34 89 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

Croquis n°3:

TRACÉ DE LA FRONTIÈRE DEPUIS LE POINT OÙ ELLE «ATTEIN[T] LA RIVIÈRE SIRBA À BOSSÉBANGOU
JUSQU’À L’INTERSECTION DE LA RIVIÈRE SIRBA AVEC LE PARALLÈLE DE SAY

Cecroquisaétéétabliàseulefind’illustration

1º 00’ 1º 10’

BURKINA

C B FASO

SB
b a
S ir
A r e Bossébangou
13º 20’ iviè 13º 20’
Alfassi R
(d'après la carte
IGN de 1960)
1º 00’

13º 23’
0 0,5 1km

C B
ligne IGN

Agrandissement de la zone

autour des points B et C

ba
Sir
13º 10 13º 10
NIGER
re
i
iv 0 5 10 15 20 25km
R échelle précise à 13°30’ N
Datum et Ellipsoïde WGS 84
parallèlede Say(13º06’12.08”N)

I
tracé de la frontière tel que déterminé par la Cour
SB : point où la frontière «attein[t] la rivière Sirba à Bossébangou»
A : point d'intersection de la ligne médiane de la rivière Sirba avec
la ligne IGN
B : point où la ligne IGN se dirige vers le sud

C : point où la ligne frontière atteint le méridien passant par
l’intersection du parallèle de Say avec la rive droite de la rivière Sirba
I : point d'intersection de la rivière Sirba avec le parallèle de Say

13º 00’ 13º 00’

1º 00’ 1º 10’

49

6 CIJ1042.indb 134 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 89

Sketch Map 3:
COURSE OFTHE FRONTIER FROMTHE POINTWHERE IT“REACH[ES]THE RIVER SIRBA AT

BOSSÉBANGOU” TOTHE INTERSECTION OFTHE RIVER SIRBAWITHTHE SAY PARALLEL

Thissketchmaphasbeenpreparedforillustrativepurposesonly

1º 00’ 1º 10’

BURKINA
C B FASO

SB
S irb a
A ive r Bossébangou
13º 20’ R 13º 20’

Alfassi
(1960 IGN map)the

1º 00’
13º 23’

0 0,5 1km
C B

IGN line

Enlargement of the area
around points B and C

a
irb
S
13º 10 13º 10
r NIGER
ve
Ri
0 5 10 15 20 25km

scale true at 13º30’ N
WGS84 Ellipsoid and Datum
Sayparallel(13º06’12.08”N)
I
course of the frontier as decided by the Court
SB : point where the frontier“reach[es] the River Sirba at Bossébangou”

A : Intersection of the median line of the River Sirba with the IGN line
B : Point where the IGN line turns south
C : Point where the frontier line reaches the meridian which passes
through the intersection of the Say parallel with the right bank of
the River Sirba

I : intersection of the River Sirba with the Say parallel

13º 00’ 13º 00’

1º 00’ 1º 10’

49

6 CIJ1042.indb 135 8/04/14 08:34 90 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

4. Le tracé de la partie sud de la frontière

108. Le point d’intersection entre la Sirba et le parallèle de Say est ble

point de départ d’une autre portion de la frontière. D’aprèbs l’arrêté, «[d]e
ce point la frontière, suivant une direction est-sud-est, se prolonge en
ligne droite jusqu’à un point situé à 1200 mètres ouest du village de
Tchenguiliba». Ce dernier point a été identifié d’une manière cobncordante

par les Parties, puisqu’il marque le début du secteur sud de la pabrtie déjà
abornée de la frontière.
109. Le Niger s’appuie sur des effectivités coloniales et postcoloniales
pour en déduire l’existence d’un accord implicite entre les Parbties ou d’un
acquiescement à ce que la ligne dans cette portion de la frontièreb soit bri-

sée en deux segments qui suivraient des orientations légèrementb diffé -
rentes. Le point intermédiaire serait donné par un poteau frontièbre placé
sur la route reliant Ouagadougou à Niamey. Le Burkina Faso soutient
qu’il « ne s’est jamais accordé » avec le Niger en ce sens et conteste le
recours à deux segments de droite pour cette région (voir croquisb n o1).

Les éléments produits quant à l’attitude des Parties à l’bégard de cette por-
tion de la frontière ne permettent pas à la Cour de conclure qu’bil existe un
accord ou un acquiescement qui ait trait non seulement à l’emplacebment
du poteau frontière en cause sur la route entre Ouagadougou et Niameyb,
mais aussi à la détermination d’une ligne frontière s’ébtendant sur

quelque 130 kilomètres. Il n’est donc pas nécessaire pour la Cour de s’ibn-
terroger sur la manière dont les critères énoncés en génébral par l’accord de
1987 aux fins de la délimitation seraient affectés par un accobrd intervenu
entre les Parties pour une portion particulière de la frontière.

110. L’arrêté spécifie que, dans cette partie, la frontière b« se prolonge
en ligne droite ». Il est précis en ce qu’il établit la ligne frontière pbar un
segment de droite entre le point d’intersection du parallèle de Saby avec la
Sirba et le point situé à 1200 mètres ouest du village de Tchenguiliba. On
ne pourrait donc pas prétendre que l’arrêté présente une binsuffisance pour

cette portion de la frontière.
111. La Cour conclut que, dans cette partie de la frontière, la ligne est b
constituée par un segment de droite entre l’intersection du parallbèle
de Say avec la rive droite de la rivière Sirba et le début de la boucble de
Botou.

*

112. Ayant procédé à la détermination du tracé de la frontièbre entre les
deux pays (voir croquis n o4), comme les Parties le lui ont demandé, la

Cour exprime le souhait que chaque Partie, en exerçant son autoritéb sur
le territoire qui relève de sa souveraineté, tienne dûment compbte des
besoins des populations concernées, en particulier des populations
nomades ou semi-nomades, et de la nécessité de surmonter les difficultés
qui pourraient surgir pour ces populations du fait de la frontière. Lba

Cour prend note de la coopération sur une base régionale et bilatébrale qui

50

6 CIJ1042.indb 136 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 90

4. The course of the southern part of the frontier

108. The intersection of the River Sirba with the Say parallel is the

starting-point of another section of the frontier. According to the Arrêté,
“[f]rom that point the frontier, following an east-south-east direction,
continues in a straight line up to a point located 1,200 m to the west of
the village of Tchenguiliba”. This latter point has been identifiedb in a con -
sistent manner by the Parties, since it marks the start of the southern
section of the already demarcated portion of the frontier.

109. Niger relies on colonial and postcolonial effectivités to infer theb
existence of an implicit agreement between the Parties or of an acquies -
cence that the line in this section of the frontier is divided into two bseg -
ments following slightly different directions. The intermediate point bis
said to be indicated by a frontier marker sited on the road between Oua -

gadougou and Niamey. Burkina Faso maintains that it “has never
agreed” on this with Niger and disputes the use of two straight-line seg -
ments in this area (see sketch-map No. 1). The evidence placed before the
Court regarding the conduct of the Parties in respect of this section ofb the
frontier does not allow it to conclude that there is an agreement or acqbui-

escence relating not only to the location of the frontier marker in quesb -
tion on the road between Ouagadougou and Niamey, but also to the
determination of a frontier line running for some 130 km. Therefore, the
Court does not need to consider the extent to which the general criteriab
for delimitation laid down in the 1987 Agreement would be affected by an

agreement reached between the Parties regarding a particular section of b
the frontier.
110. The Arrêté specifies that, in this section, the frontier “continues in
a straight line”. It is precise in that it establishes that the frontbier line is a
straight-line segment between the intersection of the Say parallel with the

Sirba and the point located 1,200 m to the west of the village of Tchen -
guiliba. It cannot therefore be said that the Arrêté does not suffice with
respect to this section of the frontier.
111. The Court concludes that, in this section of the frontier, the line
consists of a straight-line segment between the intersection of the Say par-

allel with the right bank of the River Sirba and the beginning of the Bobtou
bend.

*

112. Having determined the course of the frontier between the two

countries (see sketch-map No. 4), as the Parties requested of it, the Court
expresses its wish that each Party, in exercising its authority over theb por-
tion of the territory under its sovereignty, should have due regard to tbhe
needs of the populations concerned, in particular those of the nomadic obr
semi-nomadic populations, and to the necessity to overcome difficulties

that may arise for them because of the frontier. The Court notes the
co-operation that has already been established on a regional and bilateral b

50

6 CIJ1042.indb 137 8/04/14 08:34 91 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

Croquis n° 4:

TRACÉ DE LA FRONTIÈRETEL QUE DÉTERMINÉ PAR LA COUR

Cecroquisaétéétabliàseulefind’illustration

0º 10’ 0º 20’ 0º 30’ 0º 40’ 0º 50’ 1º 00’ 1º 10’ 1º 20’ 1º 30’ 1º 40’ 1º 50’

Borne astronomique de Tong-Tong

14º 20’ 14º 20’

Tillabéri

14º 10’ 14º 10’

Borne astronomique de Tao

14º 00’ 14º 00’
Piste automobile de Téra
Téra à Dori en 1927 F
le
u
13º 50’ v e 13º 50’
N
NIGER i
g e
13º 40’ r 13º 40’

BURKINA

FASO a
13º 30’ rb 13º 30’
i
S
C SB
13º 20’ A Bossébangou 13º 20’
re

0 10 20 30 40 50km v
échelle précise à 13°30’N Ri
13º 10’ Datum et Ellipsoïde WGS84 13º 10’
I parallèledeSay(13º06’12.08”N)

13º 00’ 13º 00’
tracé de la frontière tel que déterminé par la Cour

SB : point où la frontière attein[t] la rivière Sirba à Bossébangou
A : point d'intersection de la ligne médiane de la rivière Sirba avec
12º 50’ 12º 50’
la ligne IGN
C : point où la ligne frontière atteint le méridien passant par l’intersection

12º 40’ du parallèle de Say avec la rive droite de la rivière Sirba 12º 40’
I : point d'intersection de la rivière Sirba avec le parallèle de Say
P : point situé à 1200 mètres à l’ouest deTchenguiliba marquant le
P
début du boucle de Botou
12º 30’ 12º 30’

0º 10’ 0º 20’ 0º 30’ 0º 40’ 0º 50’ 1º 00’ 1º 10’ 1º 20’ 1º 30’ 1º 40’ 1º 50’

51

6 CIJ1042.indb 138 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 91

Sketch Map 4:
COURSE OFTHE FRONTIER AS DECIDED BYTHE COURT

Thissketchmaphasbeenpreparedforillustrativepurposesonly

0º 10’ 0º 20’ 0º 30’ 0º 40’ 0º 50’ 1º 00’ 1º 10’ 1º 20’ 1º 30’ 1º 40’ 1º 50’

Tong-Tong astronomic marker

14º 20’ 14º 20’

Tillabéri

14º 10’ 14º 10’

Tao astronomic marker

14º 00’ Téra-Dori motor Téra 14º 00’
road in 1927
R
iv
13º 50’ er 13º 50’
N
i
NIGER g e
r
13º 40’ 13º 40’
BURKINA

FASO
13º 30’ a 13º 30’
rb
i
C SB S
A
13º 20’ Bossébangou 13º 20’
er
0 10 20 30 40 50km iv
R
13º 10’ scale true at 13º30’ N 13º 10’
WGS84 Ellipsoid and Datum I Sayparallel(13º06’12.08”N)

13º 00’ 13º 00’

course of the frontier as decided by the Court
SB : point where the frontier“reach[es] the River Sirba
12º 50’
at Bossébangou” 12º 50’
A : Intersection of the median line of the River Sirba with the IGN line

C : Point where the frontier line reaches the meridian which passes through
12º 40’ the intersection of the Say parallel with the right bank of the River Sirba 12º 40’

I : intersection of the River Sirba with the Say parallel P
P : point 1,200m west ofTchenguiliba, marking the beginning of the Botou bend

12º 30’ 12º 30’

0º 10’ 0º 20’ 0º 30’ 0º 40’ 0º 50’ 1º 00’ 1º 10’ 1º 20’ 1º 30’ 1º 40’ 1º 50’

51

6 CIJ1042.indb 139 8/04/14 08:34 92 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

s’est déjà instaurée entre les Parties à ce propos, notambment en vertu du

chapitre III du protocole d’accord de 1987, et les encourage à la dévelop -
per ultérieurement.

IV. Désignation d’expertbs

113. Aux termes du paragraphe 4 de l’article 7 du compromis, les
Parties ont prié la Cour de désigner dans son arrêt trois experbts qui les
assisteront, en tant que de besoin, aux fins de la démarcation de lbeur fro-

tière dans la zone contestée. Les deux Parties, dans les conclusiobns finales
présentées à l’audience, ont réitéré cette demande.b La Cour est prête à
accepter la mission que les Parties lui ont ainsi confiée. Toutefoibs, eu
égard aux circonstances de la présente espèce, la Cour est d’avis qu’il n’y
a pas lieu de procéder pour l’instant à la désignation sollibcitée par les

Parties. Elle y procédera plus tard, par voie d’ordonnance, aprèbs s’être
informée des vues de celles-ci, notamment en ce qui concerne les aspects
pratiques de l’exercice par les experts de leurs fonctions (voir Différend
frontalier (Burkina Faso/République du Mali), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1986,

p. 648, par. 176).

* * *

114. Par ces motifs,
La Cour,

1) A l’unanimité,

Dit qu’elle ne peut accueillir les demandes formulées aux points 1 et 3
des conclusions finales du Burkina Faso ;

2) A l’unanimité,

Décide que, de la borne astronomique de Tong-Tong, située au point
de coordonnées géographiques 14° 24´ 53,2˝ de latitude nord et
00° 12´ 51,7˝ de longitude est, à la borne astronomique de Tao, dont les

coordonnées doivent être déterminées par les Parties, comme bindiqué au
paragraphe 72 du présent arrêt, le tracé de la frontière entre le Burkibna
Faso et la République du Niger prend la forme d’un segment de droibte;

3) A l’unanimité,

Décide que, à partir de la borne astronomique de Tao, le tracé de la
frontière suit la ligne qui figure sur la carte au 1/200 000 éditée en 1960
par l’Institut géographique national (IGN) de France (dénommbée ci-après
la « ligne IGN »), jusqu’à son intersection avec la ligne médiane de la
rivière Sirba au point de coordonnées géographiques 13° 21´ 15,9˝ de lati -

tude nord et 01° 17´ 07,2˝ de longitude est ;

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6 CIJ1042.indb 140 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 92

basis between the Parties in this regard, in particular under Chapter III
of the 1987 Protocol of Agreement, and encourages them to develop it

further.

IV. Nomination of Experts

113. In Article 7, paragraph 4, of the Special Agreement, the Parties
requested the Court to nominate, in its Judgment, three experts to assisbt
them as necessary in the demarcation of their frontier in the area in dibs -
pute. Both Parties reiterated this request in the final submissions prbe -
sented at the hearings. The Court is ready to accept the task which the b

Parties have thus entrusted to it. However, having regard to the circum -
stances of the present case, the Court is of the opinion that it is inapbpro -
priate at this juncture to make the nominations requested by the Partiesb.
It will do so later by means of an Order, after ascertaining the views obf
the Parties, particularly as regards the practical aspects of the exercibse by

the experts of their functions (see Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Repub ­
lic of Mali), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 648, para. 176).

*
* *

114. For these reasons,

The Court,

(1) Unanimously,
Finds that it cannot uphold the requests made in points 1 and 3 of the

final submissions of Burkina Faso;
(2) Unanimously,

Decides that, from the Tong-Tong astronomic marker, situated at the
point with geographic co-ordinates 14° 24´ 53.2˝ N ; 00° 12´ 51.7˝ E, to

the Tao astronomic marker, the precise co-ordinates of which remain to
be determined by the Parties as specified in paragraph 72 of the present
Judgment, the course of the frontier between Burkina Faso and the
Republic of Niger takes the form of a straight line ;

(3) Unanimously,

Decides that, from the Tao astronomic marker, the course of the
frontier follows the line that appears on the 1:200,000-scale map of the
Institut géographique national (IGN) de France, 1960 edition, (hereinaf -
ter the “IGN line”) until its intersection with the median line obf the River

Sirba at the point with geographic co-ordinates 13° 21´ 15.9˝ N;
01° 17´ 07.2˝ E ;

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6 CIJ1042.indb 141 8/04/14 08:34 93 différend frontaliebr (arrêt)

4) A l’unanimité,

Décide que, de ce dernier point, le tracé de la frontière suit la ligne
médiane de la rivière Sirba, en amont, jusqu’à son intersection avec la ligne
IGN, au point de coordonnées géographiques 13° 20´ 01,8˝ de latitude nord

et 01° 07´ 29,3˝ de longitude est; de ce point, le tracé de la frontière suit la
ligne IGN en remontant vers le nord-ouest jusqu’au point, de coordonnées
géographiques 13° 22´ 28,9˝ de latitude nord et 00° 59´ 34,8˝ de longitude
est, où la ligne IGN se dirige vers le sud; à ce point, le tracé de la frontière
quitte la ligne IGN pour se prolonger en direction plein ouest, sous la

forme d’un segment de droite, jusqu’au point, de coordonnées gébogra -
phiques 13° 22´ 28,9˝ de latitude nord et 00° 59´ 30,9˝ de longitude est, où
il atteint le méridien passant par l’intersection du parallèle bde Say avec la
rive droite de la rivière Sirba; puis il longe ce méridien en direction du sud
jusqu’à ladite intersection, au point de coordonnées géograpbhiques
13° 06´ 12,08˝ de latitude nord et 00° 59´ 30,9˝ de longitude est;

5) A l’unanimité,

Décide que, de ce dernier point au point situé au début de la boucle de b
Botou, de coordonnées géographiques 12° 36´ 19,2˝ de latitude nord et
01° 52´ 06,9˝ de longitude est, le tracé de la frontière prend la forme d’un b
segment de droite ;

6) A l’unanimité,

Décide qu’elle désignera ultérieurement, par ordonnance, trois expertbs
conformément au paragraphe 4 de l’article 7 du compromis du 24 fé-
vrier 2009.

Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de

la Paix, à La Haye, le seize avril deux mille treize, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres bseront trans-
mis respectivement au Gouvernement du Burkina Faso et au Gouverne -
ment de la République du Niger.

Le président,

(Signé) Peter Tomka.

Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe Couvreur.

M. le juge Bennouna joint une déclaration à l’arrêt ; MM. les juges

Cançado Trindade et Yusuf joignent à l’arrêt les exposés de leur opi-
nion individuelle ; MM. les juges ad hoc Mahiou et Daudet joignent à
l’arrêt les exposés de leur opinion individuelle.

(Paraphé) P.T.

(Paraphé) Ph.C.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 142 8/04/14 08:34 frontier dispute (judbgment) 93

(4) Unanimously,

Decides that, from this latter point, the course of the frontier follows
the median line of the River Sirba upstream until its intersection with the
IGN line, at the point with geographic co-ordinates 13° 20´ 01.8˝ N ;

01° 07´ 29.3˝ E ; from that point, the course of the frontier follows the
IGN line, turning up towards the north-west, until the point, with geo -
graphic co-ordinates 13° 22´ 28.9˝ N ; 00° 59´ 34.8˝ E, where the IGN line
turns south. At that point, the course of the frontier leaves the IGN libne
and continues due west in a straight line until the point, with geographbic

co-ordinates 13° 22´ 28.9˝ N ; 00° 59´ 30.9˝ E, where it reaches the merid -
ian which passes through the intersection of the Say parallel with the
right bank of the River Sirba ; it then runs southwards along that merid -
ian until the said intersection, at the point with geographic co-ordi -
nates 13° 06´ 12.08˝ N ; 00° 59´ 30.9˝ E ;

(5) Unanimously,

Decides that, from this last point to the point situated at the beginning
of the Botou bend, with geographic co-ordinates 12° 36´ 19.2˝ N ;
01° 52´ 06.9˝ E, the course of the frontier takes the form of a straight line ;

(6) Unanimously,

Decides that it will nominate at a later date, by means of an Order,
three experts in accordance with Article 7, paragraph 4, of the Special
Agreement of 24 February 2009.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at

the Peace Palace, The Hague, this sixteenth day of April, two thousand
and thirteen, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archivbes
of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of
Burkina Faso and the Government of the Republic of Niger, respectively.

(Signed) Peter Tomka,

President.

(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.

Judge Bennouna appends a declaration to the Judgment of the Court ;

Judges Cançado Trindade and Yusuf append separate opinions to the
Judgment of the Court ; Judges ad hoc Mahiou and Daudet append
separate opinions to the Judgment of the Court.

(Initialled) P.T.

(Initialled) Ph.C.

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6 CIJ1042.indb 143 8/04/14 08:34

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 16 April 2013

Links