Judgment of 3 February 2009

Document Number
132-20090203-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES AR|TS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

DEuLIMITATION MARITIME
EN MER NOIRE

(ROUMANIE c. UKRAINE)

ARR|TDU3FE uVRIER 2009

2009

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

MARITIME DELIMITATION
IN THE BLACK SEA

(ROMANIA v. UKRAINE)

JUDGMENT OF 3 FEBRUARY 2009 Mode officiel de citation:
Délimitation maritime en mer Noire (Roumanie c. Ukraine),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2009 ,p.61

Official citation:
Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009 ,p.61

Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 N de vente: 950
ISBN 978-92-1-071059-6 3FEuVRIER 2009

ARRE|T

DuLIMITATION MARITIME

EN MER NOIRE
(ROUMANIE c. UKRAINE)

MARITIME DELIMITATION
IN THE BLACK SEA

(ROMANIA v. UKRAINE)

3 FEBRUARY 2009

JUDGMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs

1. CHRONOLOGY OF THEPROCEDURE 1-13

2. GENERAL GEOGRAPHY 14-16

3. PRELIMINARYLEGAL SSUES 17-42
3.1. Subject-matter of the dispute 17-19

3.2. Jurisdiction of the Court and its scope 20-30
3.3. Applicable law 31-42

4. EXISTINM ARITIMED ELIMITATION BETWEEN TPARTIES(EFFECT OF
THE PROCÈS-VERBAUX OF1949, 1963AND1974,AS WELL AS TH1949
AND 1961 TREATIES BETWEENROMANIA AND THE USSR AND THE
2003 TREATY BETWEEN ROMANIA AND UKRAINE) 43-76

5. RELEVANTC OASTS 77-105

5.1. The Romanian relevant coast 80-88
5.2. The Ukrainian relevant coast 89-105

6. RELEVANTM ARITIMEA REA 106-114

7. DELIMITATIOM ETHODOLOGY 115-122

8. ESTABLISHMENT OF THPROVISIONALEQUIDISTANCELINE 123-154

8.1. Selection of base points 123-149
8.2. Construction of the provisional equidistance line 150-154

9. RELEVANTC IRCUMSTANCES 155-204

9.1. Disproportion between lengths of coasts 158-168
9.2. The enclosed nature of the Black Sea and the delimitations
already effected in the region 169-178

9.3. The presence of Serpents’ Island in the area of delimitation 179-188
9.4. The conduct of the Parties (oil and gas concessions, fishing
activities and naval patrols) 189-198
9.5. Any cutting off effect 199-201
9.6. The security considerations of the Parties 202-204

10. THEL INE OFDELIMITATION 205-209

11. THED ISPROPORTIONALITTEST 210-216

12. THEM ARITIMEBOUNDARY D ELIMITING THCONTINENTALSHELF AND

E XCLUSIVEECONOMIC ZONES 217-218

13. OPERATIVECLAUSE 219

4 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2009 2009
3 February
General List
3 February 2009 No. 132

MARITIME DELIMITATION

IN THE BLACK SEA

(ROMANIA v. UKRAINE)

JUDGMENT

Present: President IGGINS; Vice-PresidentL-KHASAWNEH ; Judges ANJEVA,

SHI,K OROMA ,B UERGENTHAL ,O WADA ,T OMKA ,A BRAHAM ,K EITH,
SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR ,B ENNOUNA ,S KOTNIKOV; Judges ad hoc C OT,
OXMAN ; Registrar OUVREUR.

In the case concerning maritime delimitation in the Black Sea,

between

Romania,

represented by
H.E. Mr. Bogdan Aurescu, Director General, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
Romania, Lecturer, Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest, President of

the Romanian Branch of the International Law Association, member
of the Permanent Court of Arbitration,
as Agent, Counsel and Advocate;

Mr. Cosmin Dinescu, Director General for Legal Affairs, Ministry of For-
eign Affairs of Romania,

as Co-Agent, Counsel and Advocate;
H.E. Mr. Ca˘lin Fabian, Ambassador of Romania to the Kingdom of the
Netherlands,

as Co-Agent;
Mr. James Crawford, S.C., F.B.A., Whewell Professor of International Law,

5 University of Cambridge, member of the Institut de droit international,
Barrister,
Mr. Vaughan Lowe, Q.C., Chichele Professor of International Law, Univer-
sity of Oxford, member of the English Bar, associate member of the Insti-
tut de droit international,
Mr. Alain Pellet, Professor at the University of Paris Ouest, Nanterre-

La Défense, member and former Chairman of the International Law Com-
mission, associate member of the Institut de droit international,
as Senior Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Daniel Müller, Researcher at the Centre de droit international de Nan-
terre (CEDIN), University of Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Défense,
Mr. Simon Olleson, member of the English Bar,

as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Gicu Boros ¸i, Director General, National Agency for Mineral Resources,

Mr. Mihai German, Deputy Director General, National Agency for Mineral
Resources, member of the United Nations Commission on the Limits of
the Continental Shelf,

Mr. Eugen Laurian, Counter-Admiral (retired),
Mr. Octavian Buzatu, Lieutenant Commander (retired),
Mr. Ovidiu Neghiu, Captain, Ministry of Defence of Romania,
as Technical and Cartographic Experts;
Mr. Liviu Dumitru, Head of the Borders and Maritime Delimitation Unit,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania,

Ms Irina Ni(t˘, Second Secretary, Legal Adviser, Embassy of Romania in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Ms Catrinel Brumar, Third Secretary, Borders and Maritime Delimitation
Unit, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania,
Ms Mirela Pascaru, Third Secretary, Borders and Maritime Delimitation
Unit, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania,
Ms Ioana Preda, Third Secretary, Borders and Maritime Delimitation Unit,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania,
Ms Olivia Horvath, Desk Officer, Public Diplomacy Department, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of Romania,

as Advisers,
and

Ukraine,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Volodymyr A. Vassylenko, Adviser to the Minister for Foreign
Affairs of Ukraine, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of
Ukraine, Professor of International Law, National University of Kyiv
Mohyla Academy,
as Agent;
H.E. Mr. Oleksandr M. Kupchyshyn, Ambassador Extraordinary and Pleni-

potentiary of Ukraine, Deputy Foreign Minister of Ukraine,
Mr. Volodymyr G. Krokhmal, Director of the Legal and Treaty Department
of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine,
as Co-Agents;

6 Mr. Rodman R. Bundy, avocat à la Cour d’appel de Paris , member of the
New York Bar, Eversheds LLP, Paris,
Mr. Jean-Pierre Quéneudec, Professor Emeritus of International Law, the
University of Paris I (Panthéon-Sorbonne),
Sir Michael Wood, K.C.M.G., member of the English Bar, member of the

International Law Commission,
Ms Loretta Malintoppi, avocat à la Cour d’appel de Paris , member of the
Rome Bar, Eversheds LLP, Paris,
as Counsel and Advocates;

H.E. Mr. Vasyl G. Korzachenko, Ambassador Extraordinary and Pleni-
potentiary of Ukraine to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Mr. Nick Minogue, Solicitor of the Supreme Court of England and Wales,

Mr. Oleksii V. Ivaschenko, Acting Head of International Law Division,
Legal and Treaty Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
Ukraine,
Mr. Maxime O. Kononenko, First Secretary of the Embassy of Ukraine in
the French Republic,
Ms Mariana O. Betsa, Second Secretary of the Embassy of Ukraine in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,

as Legal Advisers;
Mr. Robin Cleverly, M.A., D. Phil, C. Geol., F.G.S., Law of the Sea Con-
sultant, Admiralty Consultancy Services,
Major General Borys D. Tregubov, Assistant to the Head of the State Bor-

der Protection Service of Ukraine,
as Technical Advisers,

T HE COURT ,

composed as above,
after deliberation,

delivers the following Judgment:
1. On 16 September 2004 Romania filed in the Registry of the Court an
Application dated 13 September 2004, instituting proceedings against Ukraine
concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic
zones of Romania and Ukraine in the Black Sea.

In its Application, Romania seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court on
the provisions of paragraph 4 (h) of the Additional Agreement constituted by
an exchange of letters of 2 June 1997 between the Ministers for Foreign Affairs
of Romania and Ukraine. The Additional Agreement was concluded with ref-
erence to Article 2 of the Treaty on the Relations of Good Neighbourliness and
Co-operation between Romania and Ukraine, signed on 2 June 1997 (herein-
after the “Treaty on Good Neighbourliness and Co-operation”). Both instru-
ments entered into force on 22 October 1997.
2. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Registrar imme-
diately communicated a certified copy of the Application to the Government of
Ukraine; and, in accordance with paragraph 3 of that Article, all States entitled

to appear before the Court were notified of the Application.
3. Pursuant to the instructions of the Court under Article 43 of the Rules of
Court, the Registrar addressed to States parties to the United Nations Conven-

7tion on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 the notifications provided for
in Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court. In addition, the Regis-
trar addressed to the European Community, which is also party to that Con-
vention, the notification provided for in Article 43, paragraph 2, of the Rules of
Court, as adopted on 29 September 2005, and asked that organization whether
or not it intended to furnish observations under that provision. In response, the

Registrar was informed that the European Community did not intend to sub-
mit observations in the case.
4. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either of the Parties, each Party proceeded to exercise its right conferred by
Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the
case. Romania chose Mr. Jean-Pierre Cot and Ukraine Mr. Bernard H. Oxman.

5. By an Order dated 19 November 2004, the Court fixed 19 August 2005
and 19 May 2006, respectively, as the time-limits for the filing of the Memorial
of Romania and the Counter-Memorial of Ukraine; those pleadings were duly
filed within the time-limits so prescribed.
6. By an Order of 30 June 2006, the Court authorized the submission of a
Reply by Romania and a Rejoinder by Ukraine, and fixed 22 December 2006

and 15 June 2007 as the respective time-limits for the filing of those pleadings.
The Reply of Romania was filed within the time-limits thus fixed. By an Order
of 8 June 2007 the Court, at the request of Ukraine, extended to 6 July 2007 the
time-limit for the filing of the Rejoinder. Ukraine duly filed its Rejoinder within
the time-limit as thus extended.

7. By letter dated 23 August 2007 and received in the Registry on 30 August
2007, the Agent of Romania informed the Court that his Government wished
to produce a new document in accordance with Article 56 of the Rules of Court
and provided certain explanations in justification of its request, namely that the
document was necessary “in order to make as complete a disclosure as possible,
both to the Ukrainian Party and to the Court, of material evidence” and that
the “lateness of disclosure” was due to the fact that the document had not been

“filed together with the main archival sources relevant to this matter”. In
response, the Agent of Ukraine informed the Court that his Government did
not consent to the production of the new document, on the grounds that
Romania had not “acted in compliance with Practice Direction IX, since it did
not indicate why it considered it necessary to file this new document now, nor
did it provide an explanation why it did not produce this map at an earlier
stage in these proceedings”. In view of the absence of consent of Ukraine, on
10 December 2007, the Registrar, on the instructions of the Court, requested
that the Government of Romania provide further explanations as to why the
new document should be regarded as necessary. Such additional explanations
were duly submitted by the Government of Romania on 18 December 2007. On
23 January 2008, the Parties were informed that the Court, after considering
the views of the Parties, had decided, pursuant to Article 56, paragraph 2, of

the Rules of Court, to authorize the production by the Government of Roma-
nia of the new document in question.

8. In accordance with Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the
Court decided, after ascertaining the views of the Parties, that copies of the
pleadings and documents annexed would be made available to the public as
from the opening of the oral proceedings.

8 9. Public hearings were held between 2 and 19 September 2008, at which the
Court heard the oral arguments and replies of:

For Romania: H.E. Mr. Bogdan Aurescu,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Cosmin Dinescu,
Mr. James Crawford,
Mr. Vaughan Lowe,
Mr. Daniel Müller,
Mr. Simon Olleson.

For Ukraine: H.E. Mr. Volodymyr A. Vassylenko,
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy,
Sir Michael Wood,
Mr. Jean-Pierre Quéneudec,
Ms Loretta Malintoppi.

10. At the hearings, a judge put questions to the Parties, to which replies
were given orally in accordance with Article 61, paragraph 4, of the Rules of
Court.

*

11. In its Application, the following claims were made by Romania:

“Reserving the right to complement, amend or modify the present
request in the course of the proceedings, Romania requests the Court to
draw in accordance with the international law, and specifically the criteria
laid down in Article 4 of the Additional Agreement, a single maritime
boundary between the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zones
of the two States in the Black Sea.”

12. In the written proceedings, the following submissions were presented by
the Parties:
On behalf of the Government of Romania,

in the Memorial:

“For the reasons set out above, the Government of Romania respect-
fully requests the Court to draw a single maritime boundary dividing the
continental shelf and the exclusive economic zones of Romania and
Ukraine in the Black Sea, having the following description:
— from Point F, at 45°05′21″ N, 30°02′27″ E, on the 12 nm arc sur-
rounding Serpents’ Island, to Point X, at 45°14′20″ N, 30°29′12″ E,

— from Point X in a straight segment to Point Y, at 45°11′59″ N,

30°49′16″ E,
— then on the line equidistant between the Romanian and Ukrainian
adjacent coasts, from Point Y to Point T, at 45°09′45″ N, 31°08′40″ E,

— and then on the line median between the Romanian and Ukrainian
opposite coasts, from Point T to Point Z, at 43°26′50″ N,
31°20′10″ E.”

9in the Reply:

“For the reasons set out in the Memorial, as well as in this Reply,
Romania respectfully requests the Court to draw a single maritime bound-
ary dividing the maritime areas of Romania and Ukraine in the Black Sea,
having the following description:
(a) from Point F, at 45°05′21″ N, 30°02′27″ E, on the 12 nm arc sur-
rounding Serpents’ Island, to Point X, at 45°14′20″ N, 30°29′12″ E,

(b) from Point X in a straight segment to Point Y, at 45°11′59″ N,
30°49′16″ E,
(c) then on the line equidistant between the Romanian and Ukrainian
adjacent coasts, from Point Y to Point T, at 45°09′45″ N,
31°08′40″ E,
(d) and then on the line median between the Romanian and Ukrainian
opposite coasts, from Point T to Point Z, at 43°26′50″ N,
31°20′10″ E.”

On behalf of the Government of Ukraine,
in the Counter-Memorial and Rejoinder:

“In the light of the facts and legal principles set out in [Ukraine’s Counter-
Memorial and Rejoinder], and rejecting Romania’s claims to the con-
trary, Ukraine respectfully submits that the Court adjudge and declare
that the delimitation of the continental shelf and exclusive economic zones
between the Parties is a delimitation line the course of which, employing
the Pulkovo datum (i.e., using the Krasovsky ellipsoid), is as follows:

From the point identified in Article 1 of the 2003 Treaty having the co-
ordinates of 45°05′21″ N; 30°02′27″ E, the delimitation line extends in a
south-easterly direction to Point 2, having the coordinates of 44°54′00″ N;
30°06′00″ E, and thence to Point 3, having the co-ordinates of 43′37″N;
31°05′39″ E, and then continues alongthe same azimuth, until the bound-

ary reaches a point where the interests of third States potentially come into
play.”

13. At the oral proceedings, the following submissions were presented by the
Parties:

On behalf of the Government of Romania,
at the hearing of 16 September 2008:

“Romania respectfully requests the Court to draw a single maritime
boundary dividing the maritime areas of Romania and Ukraine in the
Black Sea, having the following description:

(a) from Point F, at 45°05′21″ N, 30°02′27″ E, on the 12 nm arc sur-
rounding Serpents’ Island, to Point X, at 45°14′20″ N, 30°29′12″ E;

(b) from Point X in a straight segment to Point Y, at 45°11′59″ N,
30°49′16″ E;
(c) then on the line equidistant between the relevant Romanian and

10 Ukrainian adjacent coasts, from Point Y, passing through Point D, at
45°12′10″ N, 30°59′46″ E, to Point T, at 45°09′45″ N, 31°08′40″ E;

(d) and then on the line median between the relevant Romanian and
Ukrainian opposite coasts, from Point T − passing through the
points of 44°35′00″ N, 31°13′43″ E and of 44°04′05″ N,
31°24′40″ E, to Point Z, at 43°26′50″ N, 31°20′10″ E.” 1

On behalf of the Government of Ukraine,
at the hearing of 19 September 2008:

“For the reasons given in Ukraine’s written and oral pleadings, Ukraine
requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the line delimiting the con-
tinental shelf and exclusive economic zones between Ukraine and Roma-

nia is as follows:
(a) from the point (Point 1) identified in Article 1 of the 2003 Treaty
between Ukraine and Romania on the Regime of the Ukrainian-
Romanian State Border, having the co-ordinates of 45°05′21″ N;
30°02′27″ E, the line runs along a straight line to Point 2, having the

co-ordinates of 44°54′00″ N; 30°06′00″ E; then

(b) from Point 2, the line runs along an azimuth of 156° to Point 3,
having the co-ordinates of 43°20′37″ N; 31°05′39″ E; and then con-
tinues along the same azimuth until it reaches a point where the inter-
ests of third States potentially come into play.

The co-ordinates are referenced to the Pulkovo d1tum (i.e., using the
Krasovsky ellipsoid), and all lines are loxodromes.”

*
* *

2. G ENERAL G EOGRAPHY

14. The maritime area within which the delimitation in the present
case is to be carried out is located in the north-western part of the Black

Sea.
15. The Black Sea is an enclosed sea connected with the Mediterra-
nean Sea by the Straits of the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara and the
Bosphorus. The Black Sea is situated between 40°56′ and 46°33′N and

between 27°27′ and 41°42′E. The Crimean Peninsula extends southward
from Ukraine’s mainland into the Black Sea. The Black Sea has a surface
area of some 432,000 sq km and consists of the territorial seas and exclu-
sive economic zones of the coastal States which border it.

16. In the north-western part of the Black Sea, approximately 20 nau-

1See sketch-map No. 1, p. 69, prepared for illustrative purposes only.

11 12tical miles to the east of the Danube delta, is situated a natural feature
called Serpents’ Island. Serpents’ Island is above water at high tide, has a

surface area of approximately 0.17 sq km and a circumference of approxi-
mately 2,000 m.

3. P RELIMINARY L EGAL ISSUES

3.1. Subject-matter of the Dispute

17. The dispute between Romania and Ukraine concerns the establish-
ment of a single maritime boundary delimiting the continental shelf and
exclusive economic zones between the two States in the Black Sea.

18. The two States, when they concluded on 2 June 1997 the Treaty on
Good Neighbourliness and Co-operation, agreed also through the Addi-
tional Agreement (see paragraph 1 above), that they “shall negotiate an

Agreement on the delimitation of the continental shelf and the exclusive
economic zones in the Black Sea” (Additional Agreement, para. 4).
Negotiations for the conclusion of such Agreement were to start “as soon
as possible, during a period of three months from the date of the entering
into force of the Treaty on Good Neighbourliness and Co-operation”

(ibid., para. 4 (g)). The Treaty entered into force on 22 October 1997, the
negotiations on the delimitation of the continental shelf and exclusive
economic zones opened in January 1998, but despite their 24 rounds, the
last being held in September 2004, as well as ten rounds at an expert level,

no delimitation agreement was reached.
19. Under these circumstances, Romania seised the Court on 16 Sep-
tember 2004 by filing, in the Registry of the Court, its Application insti-
tuting proceedings in the present case.

3.2. Jurisdiction of the Court and its Scope

20. Romania invokes as a basis for the Court’s jurisdiction Article 36,
paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court and paragraph 4 (h) of the
Additional Agreement, the latter of which provides:

“If these negotiations shall not determine the conclusion of the
above-mentioned agreement in a reasonable period of time, but not

later than 2 years since their initiation, the Government of Romania
and the Government of Ukraine have agreed that the problem of
delimitation of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic
zones shall be solved by the UN International Court of Justice, at

the request of any of the parties, provided that the Treaty on the
regime of the State border between Romania and Ukraine has
entered into force. However, should the International Court of Jus-
tice consider that the delay of the entering into force of the Treaty
on the regime of the State border is the result of the other Party’s

13 fault, it may examine the request concerning the delimitation of the
continental shelf and the exclusive economic zones before the entry

into force of this Treaty.”
21. It follows from the text of the compromissory clause that two con-
ditions have to be met before either of the Parties is entitled to submit the

case to the Court. The first condition is that no delimitation agreement
should have been concluded “in a reasonable period of time, but not later
than 2 years” since the start of negotiations. No agreement was reached
between the Parties in the six years during which the negotiations were
held (see paragraph 18 above). The second condition, namely that the

Treaty on the Régime of the State Border should have entered into force,
has also been fulfilled. On 17 June 2003, the Treaty between Romania
and Ukraine on the Romanian-Ukrainian State Border Régime, Collabo-
ration and Mutual Assistance on Border Matters (hereinafter the “2003
State Border Régime Treaty”) was signed, and it entered into force on

27 May 2004.
22. The Parties are in agreement that all the conditions for the Court’s
jurisdiction were satisfied at the time of the filing of the Application and
that the Court accordingly has jurisdiction to decide the case. However,
they differ as to the exact scope of the jurisdiction conferred upon the

Court.

*

23. The issue of the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction was raised by
Ukraine in the course of the written proceedings in response to Roma-
nia’s contention that “the initial segment of the boundary separating the
Romanian exclusive economic zone and continental shelf from the

Ukrainian territorial waters around Serpents’ Island” between “Point F”
(Romania’s way of referring to the point of intersection of the territorial
seas of Romania and Ukraine established by the 2003 State Border
Régime Treaty) and “Point X” (the endpoint, according to Romania, of
the agreed boundary on the 12-mile arc around Serpents’ Island) was

established by bilateral agreements. In the view of Romania, “the proper
way for the Court to conduct the delimitation” is to confirm the bound-
ary between these two points and then to proceed to the determination of
the delimitation line in the other segments where the line has not yet been
established by the two States.
24. Ukraine argues that the jurisdiction of the Court is “restricted to

the delimitation of the areas of continental shelf and the exclusive eco-
nomic zones of the Parties”. In its view, the Court has no jurisdiction to
delimit other maritime zones pertaining to either of the Parties and in
particular their respective territorial seas. Ukraine contends that the
“delimitation has to begin at the outer limit of the territorial waters of the

two States” and the line to be drawn by the Court “shall be a line div-
iding exclusively areas of continental shelf and EEZ”. It claims that the
Court is excluded from drawing a line dividing the territorial sea of one

14State from the continental shelf and exclusive economic zone of the other
State. For this reason, Ukraine contends, the Court has no jurisdiction

“for the drawing of a delimitation line as claimed by Romania

between the so-called points F and X along a 12-nautical mile seg-
ment of arc around Serpent’ Island, since that portion of [the] line
would delimit Ukraine’s territorial sea and Romania’s alleged areas
of continental shelf and EEZ”.

Ukraine adds that the Parties’ agreement to confer jurisdiction on the
Court has

“the consequence that the boundaries to be delimited by the Court
must be such that, starting from the agreed terminal point of their
territorial sea boundary, each Party has some zones of continental

shelf and EEZ immediately to the east and south of that agreed ter-
minal point”.
Ukraine notes however that in its view “this jurisdictional question

does not need to be decided because, from Point F, the line proceeds in a
south-easterly direction as a line delimiting areas of continental shelf and
the EEZs appertaining to each of the Parties”.

*
25. Romania argues in response that international courts

“do not consider themselves inhibited from establishing maritime
boundaries separating, on the one hand, the continental shelf (or the

exclusive economic zone) of one party and, on the other hand, other
maritime areas (including the territorial sea) of the other party”.

In any event, in its view, no practical consequences flow from the Parties’
divergent approaches to the Court’s jurisdiction. As there is already a
maritime boundary running along the 12-nautical mile line around Ser-
pents’ Island up to Point X established by bilateral agreements, even if
the Court had no jurisdiction to delimit the continental shelf and exclu-
sive economic zone of one Party from the territorial sea of the other, it

would still have to take into account the agreements in force between
Romania and Ukraine and the resulting maritime boundary. Thus, Roma-
nia concludes that, whether the Court has jurisdiction to perform the
delimitation between Points F and X or not, this will have no influence
on the drawing of a new delimitation line, which in any event will begin

from Point X.

**

15 26. The Court observes that Ukraine is not contending that under
international law, as a matter of principle, there cannot be a delimitation

line separating the territorial sea of one State from the exclusive eco-
nomic zone and the continental shelf of another State. In fact, such a line
was determined by the Court in its latest Judgment on maritime delimita-
tion (see Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Hon-
duras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras), I.C.J. Reports

2007 (II), p. 659. Ukraine rather relies on the terms of paragraph 4 (h)
of the Additional Agreement, which in its view, “suggest[s] that the
Parties did not anticipate that the Court would be called upon to delimit
an all-purpose maritime boundary along the outer limit of Ukraine’s ter-
ritorial sea” around Serpents’ Island.

27. The wording of paragraph 4 (h) of the Additional Agreement that
“the problem of delimitation of the continental shelf and the exclusive
economic zones shall be solved by the . . . International Court of Justice”,
is neutral as to whether these zones must be found on both sides of the
delimitation line throughout its length. The Court is of the view that it
has to interpret the provision of paragraph 4 (h) of the Additional

Agreement conferring jurisdiction on the Court in the light of the object
and purpose of that Agreement and its context.

That Agreement was concluded on the same day as the Treaty on
Good Neighbourliness and Co-operation between Romania and Ukraine,

which in Article 2, paragraph 2, provides:
“The Contracting Parties shall conclude a separate Treaty on the

regime of the border between the two states and shall settle the prob-
lem of the delimitation of their continental shelf and of economic
exclusive zones in the Black Sea on the basis of the principles and
procedures agreed upon by an exchange of letters between the min-
isters of foreign affairs, which shall take place simultaneously with

the signature of the Treaty. The understandings included in this
exchange of letters shall enter into force simultaneously with the
entry into force of this Treaty.”

28. The Additional Agreement specifies the manner in which effect is
to be given to the commitment of both Parties stated in Article 2, para-
graph 2, of the Treaty on Good Neighbourliness and Co-operation
quoted above. The Parties specified, in particular, in paragraph 1 of the
Additional Agreement that a Treaty on the régime of the border between

the two States should be concluded “not later than 2 years from the date
of the entering into force of the Treaty on Good Neighbourliness and
Co-operation”, which took place on 22 October 1997. In paragraph 4 of
the same Agreement, the Parties specified that an Agreement on the
delimitation of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zones in

the Black Sea should be negotiated by the Parties. The Court considers
that the Parties intended that all boundary issues between them, whether
on land or at sea, be resolved in a comprehensive way. Under the narrow

16interpretation of Ukraine, the Court would not “settle the problem of the
delimitation” between the two States were it not to find substantively for

Ukraine.
The Court notes that the State Border Régime Treaty was concluded
on 17 June 2003, i.e., within six years from the entry into force of the
Treaty on Good Neighbourliness and Co-operation, not two as originally
contemplated. The 2003 State Border Régime Treaty, in its Article 1,

describes the boundary line between the two Parties not only on land but
also the line separating their territorial seas, “up to the point of
45°05′21″ north latitude and 30°02′27″ east longitude, which is the
meeting point [of Ukraine’s territorial sea around Serpents’ Island] with
the Romanian State border passing on the outer limit of its territorial

sea”.
29. No agreement on the delimitation of the continental shelf and
exclusive economic zones in the Black Sea was reached. The Parties con-
templated in paragraph 4 (h) of the Additional Agreement that, in such
circumstances, either of them could request this Court to decide the issue
of the delimitation. The Court’s judgment will thus substitute for the

non-existent agreement between the Parties on the delimitation of the
continental shelf and the exclusive economic zones and shall resolve all
such matters which have not been settled by the Parties.

30. In discharging its task, the Court will duly take into account the

agreements in force between the Parties relating to the delimitation of
their respective territorial seas. The Court has no jurisdiction to delimit
the territorial seas of the Parties. Its jurisdiction covers the delimitation
of their continental shelf and the exclusive economic zones. However,
contrary to what has been suggested by Ukraine, nothing hinders that

jurisdiction from being exercised so that a segment of the line may result
in a delimitation between, on the one hand, the exclusive economic zone
and the continental shelf of one State, and, on the other hand, the terri-
torial sea of the other State at its seaward limit.

3.3. Applicable law

31. Both Romania and Ukraine are parties to the 1982 United Nations

Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Romania deposited its
instrument of ratification on 17 December 1996 and Ukraine on 26 July
1999.
Articles 74 and 83 of UNCLOS are relevant for the delimitation of the
exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf, respectively. Their

texts are identical, the only difference being that Article 74 refers to the
exclusive economic zone and Article 83 to the continental shelf. These
Articles provide as follows:

“1. The delimitation of the exclusive economic zone [the conti-
nental shelf] between States with opposite or adjacent coasts shall be
effected by agreement on the basis of international law, as referred

17 to in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice,
in order to achieve an equitable solution.

2. If no agreement can be reached within a reasonable period of
time, the States concerned shall resort to the procedures provided
for in Part XV.
3. Pending agreement as provided for in paragraph 1, the States
concerned, in a spirit of understanding and co-operation, shall make

every effort to enter into provisional arrangements of a practical
nature and, during this transitional period, not to jeopardize or
hamper the reaching of the final agreement. Such arrangements shall
be without prejudice to the final delimitation.
4. Where there is an agreement in force between the States con-

cerned, questions relating to the delimitation of the exclusive eco-
nomic zone [the continental shelf] shall be determined in accordance
with the provisions of the agreement.”

32. Romania states that the Parties concur in the view that the Procès-
Verbaux concluded between Romania and the USSR in 1949, 1963 and
1974 are agreements which are legally binding on the Parties. Romania
contends that these agreements, which establish the initial segment of the
maritime boundary, should be taken into account as agreements relating

to the delimitation within the meaning of Articles 74, paragraph 4, and
83, paragraph 4, of UNCLOS. Another such agreement is the 2003 State
Border Régime Treaty which delimited the maritime boundary up to the
outer limit of the territorial sea at the point of intersection of Romania’s
territorial sea with the 12-nautical mile arc drawn around Serpents’

Island. According to Romania, in any event, the question as to whether
or not the agreements fall within the above-mentioned category is of no
consequence: they are binding on the Parties, and it is for the Court to
ensure their application.
33. Romania argues that the principles recognized by the Parties in the

1997 Additional Agreement are applicable both to the diplomatic
negotiations between the two States and for the purposes of any eventual
settlement of the dispute by the Court. These principles are listed in
paragraph 4 of the 1997 Additional Agreement as follows:

“(a) the principle stated in article 121 of the United Nations Con-
vention on the Law of the Sea of December 10, 1982, as
applied in the practice of states and in international case juris-
prudence;

(b) the principle of the equidistance line in areas submitted to
delimitation where the coasts are adjacent and the principle of
the median line in areas where the coasts are opposite;
(c) the principle of equity and the method of proportionality, as
they are applied in the practice of states and in the decisions of

international courts regarding the delimitation of continental
shelf and exclusive economic zones;

18 (d) the principle according to which neither of the Contracting
Parties shall contest the sovereignty of the other Contracting

Party over any part of its territory adjacent to the zone sub-
mitted to delimitation;
(e) the principle of taking into consideration the special circum-
stances of the zone submitted to delimitation”.

Romania also affirms that the delimitation should be carried out in
accordance with the provisions of UNCLOS.
34. Romania asserts, with regard to the Additional Agreement, that if
the Parties had intended to impose limits on the relevance of the “prin-

ciples and procedures” set out in paragraph 4 therein, that would have
been made clear in the Agreement. Romania contends that its position is
supported by the terms of Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Treaty on Good
Neighbourliness and Co-operation, according to which the Parties “shall
settle the problem of the delimitation of their continental shelf and of

economic exclusive zones in the Black Sea on the basis of the principles
and procedures agreed upon by [the 1997] exchange of letters . . .”.
Romania asserts with reference to this provision that no distinction is
made between, on the one hand, the negotiations and, on the other hand,
the other procedures to which the Parties might have recourse to solve

the problem of delimitation.
35. Romania submits that the Treaty on Good Neighbourliness and
Co-operation and the Additional Agreement enshrine a legal commit-
ment reached between Romania and Ukraine, according to which, in
exchange for the fact that Romania formally confirmed that Serpents’
Island belonged to Ukraine, Ukraine accepted the delimitation principles

laid down by the Additional Agreement for reaching an equitable solu-
tion to the delimitation. In particular, according to Romania, Ukraine
accepted the applicability of Article 121, paragraph 3, of UNCLOS in the
delimitation of the continental shelf and exclusive economic zones, as
interpreted by Romania when signing and ratifying it. The relevant part

of its declaration reads as follows:
“3. Romania states that according to the requirements of equity —
as it results from Articles 74 and 83 of the Convention on the Law of

the Sea — the uninhabited islands without economic life can in no
way affect the delimitation of the maritime spaces belonging to the
mainland coasts of the coastal States.”

Romania contends that, under these circumstances, Ukraine’s accept-
ance of the reference to Article 121 as one of the principles to be applied
in delimitation clearly indicates that the two States agreed in 1997 that
Serpents’ Island could receive no other effect in addition to those effects

already produced by it on the delimitation of the territorial seas of the
two Parties.

*

19 36. Ukraine contends that the Court is obliged to decide disputes in
accordance with international law, as laid down in Article 38, para-

graph 1, of the Statute. In relation to maritime delimitation and as
between the Parties to the present case, “that applicable body of rules of
international law comprises principally the provisions of UNCLOS and
certain specific rules which have become well established in the jurispru-
dence of the Court”.

37. According to Ukraine, the 1997 Additional Agreement is an inter-
national treaty binding upon the Parties, however, “its provisions do not
embody an agreement which relates to the present proceedings”. The
principles enunciated therein were to form the basis on which the Parties
were to negotiate a delimitation agreement, but they were not agreed by

the Parties as applying to the subsequent judicial proceedings. At the
same time Ukraine acknowledges that some of these principles may be
relevant as part of the established rules of international law which the
Court will apply but not as part of any bilateral agreement.
38. Ukraine further argues that the 1949, 1963 and 1974 Procès-
Verbaux and the 1997 Additional Agreement do not constitute agreements

mentioned in Articles 74, paragraph 4, and 83, paragraph 4, of UNCLOS
because they were not agreements delimiting the continental shelf and
exclusive economic zones.
39. With regard to the declaration made by Romania with respect to
Article 121 upon the signature and ratification of UNCLOS, Ukraine

points out the difference between a declaration and a reservation, and
states that a declaration “does not modify the legal effect of the treaty in
question” and does not call for any response from the other Contracting
Parties. Thus, according to Ukraine, the Court does not have to take into
consideration Romania’s declaration. As Ukraine further notes, Roma-

nia claims that the reference to Article 121 of UNCLOS in the Additional
Agreement of 1997, considered to be one of the principles applicable to
the delimitation, demonstrates that Ukraine has thus “accepted the appli-
cability of the third paragraph of Article 121, as interpreted by the
Romanian declaration, to the present situation”; for Ukraine, this asser-

tion is groundless.

**

40. In deciding what will be a single maritime delimitation line, the
Court will duly take into account the agreements in force between the

Parties. Whether the Procès-Verbaux concluded between Romania and
the USSR in 1949, 1963 and 1974 constitute agreements relating to the
delimitation within the meaning of Articles 74, paragraph 4, and 83, para-
graph 4, of UNCLOS, depends on the conclusion the Court will reach on
Romania’s contention that they establish the initial segment of the mari-

time boundary which the Court has to determine. The Court considers
the issue in Section 4 of this Judgment.

20 41. With respect to the principles listed in subparagraphs 4 (a) to (e)

of the Additional Agreement, the Court is of the view that the chapeau of
that paragraph providing that

“[t]he Government of Ukraine and the Government of Romania
shall negotiate an Agreement on the delimitation of the continental
shelf and the exclusive economic zones in the Black Sea, on the basis

of the following principles and procedures” (emphasis added),

suggests that these principles were intended by the Parties to be taken
into account in their negotiations on the maritime delimitation, but do
not constitute the law to be applied by the Court. This does not neces-

sarily mean that these principles would per se be of no applicability in the
present case; they may apply to the extent that they are part of the rele-
vant rules of international law. The Court further notes that the princi-

ples listed in the Additional Agreement were drawn up by the Parties in
1997. The entry into force of UNCLOS as between the Parties in 1999
means that the principles of maritime delimitation to be applied by the
Court in this case are determined by paragraph 1 of Articles 74 and 83

thereof.
42. Finally, regarding Romania’s declaration, quoted in paragraph 35
above, the Court observes that under Article 310 of UNCLOS, a State is

not precluded from making declarations and statements when signing,
ratifying or acceding to the Convention, provided these do not purport to
exclude or modify the legal effect of the provisions of UNCLOS in their
application to the State which has made a declaration or statement. The

Court will therefore apply the relevant provisions of UNCLOS as inter-
preted in its jurisprudence, in accordance with Article 31 of the Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23 May 1969. Romania’s declara-

tion as such has no bearing on the Court’s interpretation.

4. EXISTING M ARITIMED ELIMITATION BETWEEN THE P ARTIES
(E FFECT OF THEPROCÈS -VERBAUX OF 1949, 1963 AND 1974,
AS WELL AS THE1949 AND 1961 TREATIES BETWEEN R OMANIA AND

THE USSR AND THE 2003 TREATY BETWEEN R OMANIA AND UKRAINE )

43. The Court notes that the Parties disagree as to whether there
already exists an agreed maritime boundary around Serpents’ Island for

all purposes. They therefore disagree also on the starting-point of the
delimitation to be effected by the Court. To clarify the issues under dis-
cussion, the Court must distinguish between these two different matters:

firstly, the determination of the starting-point of the delimitation as a
function of the land boundary and territorial sea boundary as already
determined by the Parties; and secondly, whether there exists an agreed
maritime boundary around Serpents’ Island and what is the nature of

21such a boundary, in particular whether it separates the territorial sea of
Ukraine from the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of

Romania, as claimed by the latter and denied by the former.

*

44. Romania explains that a number of agreements were entered into
between Romania and the Soviet Union in relation to their boundary.
The most important is the General Procès-Verbal of 27 September 1949
(hereinafter “the 1949 General Procès-Verbal”), which embodies the
work of the Joint Soviet-Romanian Commission for Delimitation of the

State Border. Romania states the boundary fixed in 1949 was confirmed
in further Soviet-Romanian Procès-Verbaux in 1963 and 1974 and in the
1949 and 1961 Border Treaties between Romania and the USSR. Accord-
ing to Romania, these agreements, “which are binding on Ukraine by
way of succession”, established the first part of the maritime boundary
along the 12-nautical-mile arc around Serpents’ Island. Romania points

out that in the 1997 Additional Agreement and the 2003 State Border
Régime Treaty, Ukraine expressly affirmed the binding character of the
border as agreed in the 1961 Border Régime Treaty between Romania
and the USSR which itself affirmed the applicability of the 1949
Procès-Verbaux.

45. According to Romania, it is clear from the language of the
1949 General Procès-Verbal that the Parties agreed that the boundary
would follow the exterior margin of the 12-mile marine boundary zone

“surrounding” Serpents’ Island. Moreover, Romania continues, the
Agreement effected an “all-purpose delimitation” which was not limited
to an initial short sector in the west.
46. Romania points out that on the sketch-map included in the indi-
vidual 1949 Procès-Verbal relating to border sign 1439, as well as on

map 134 attached to the 1949 General Procès-Verbal, the boundary is
clearly drawn along the 12-nautical-mile arc around Serpents’ Island
until the edge of the said maps. It asserts that the sketch-maps form an
integral part of the Procès-Verbaux and have to be given a corresponding
weight. In its view, regardless of whether they are to scale or are geo-
graphically accurate, the sketch-maps confirm the meaning of the text of

the Procès-Verbaux, namely that the State boundary line extends beyond
border sign 1439 along the 12-mile arc around Serpents’ Island, and that
it has the same character along its entire length.

47. Romania adds that, although the final point of the maritime

boundary between Romania and the USSR was not identified by specific
geographical co-ordinates, the extent of the agreed boundary is fixed by
the language of the 1949 General Procès-Verbal itself. The existence and

22acceptance of the maritime boundary around Serpents’ Island following
the 12-nautical-mile arc until a point situated due east of the island is also

confirmed by various navigation charts issued after 1949 by the USSR
and later Ukraine, as well as by Romania, Bulgaria, France and Ger-
many. These charts, Romania maintains, consistently show the boundary
as extending beyond the last point depicted on map 134, and as having
the same character along its entire length up to a point due east of Ser-

pents’ Island. Romania claims that the position of this point, which it
refers to as “Point X”, coincides on all of these charts: it is located at
approximately 45°14′20″ N and 30°29′12″ E.

48. The last point of the boundary depicted on map 134 cannot be
considered, in Romania’s view, the final point of the boundary because
the short segment of the boundary from border sign 1439 up to the point
where the drawing terminates does not constitute a boundary “surround-
ing” Serpents’ Island as envisaged in the text of the individual 1949 Procès-
Verbal relating to border sign 1439. Romania further argues that the

blank space between the endpoint of the line depicted on map 134 and
the edge of the map is of no relevance and cannot serve as an argument
that this point is the final point of the boundary. Map 134 was intended
to depict the boundary between Points 1438 and 1439, and “the bound-
ary sectors situated both before and beyond point 1438 and 1439 are only

partially depicted”.
49. According to Romania, the fact that there happens to be a close
coincidence between the endpoint of the boundary on map 134 and the
point of intersection of 12-nautical-mile territorial seas of Romania and
Ukraine, identified in the 2003 State Border Régime Treaty, does not

prove that the endpoint of the boundary on map 134 was a final point of
the maritime boundary agreed in 1949. While the endpoint of the bound-
ary on map 134 is at approximately 12 nautical miles from the Sulina
dyke as it exists presently, in 1949 (when the dyke was shorter) this point
was at about 13.4 nautical miles from the Romanian coast. No conclu-

sion as to what was agreed in 1949 is to be drawn from coincidences
resulting from the changing coastal situation.

*

50. Ukraine disagrees that a maritime boundary along the 12-nautical-
mile arc around Serpents’ Island up to Point X was established by the
agreements between Romania and the USSR starting from 1949. It
further argues that both Parties acknowledge that the final point of the
State border was established by the 2003 State Border Régime Treaty,

which means that maritime spaces beyond this point had not previously
been delimited.

23 51. In particular, Ukraine asserts that the text of the 1949 Procès-
Verbaux did not provide for an all-purpose maritime boundary, and neither

did map 134. It notes that in accordance with the settlement recorded in
the 1949 Procès-Verbaux the boundary line between Points 1437 and
1438 “is a true State boundary between the territorial sea and/or internal
waters of Romania and the Soviet Union”. The boundary line running
out to sea from Point 1438 in the direction of Point 1439 was “a true

State boundary between the territorial seas of Romania and the Soviet
Union only as far out as a point 6 nautical miles from the baseline from
which Romania’s territorial sea is measured”. The boundary running
further out to sea beyond the 6-nautical-mile point to Point 1439 and
thereafter following the 12-nautical-mile arc around Serpents’ Island was

the boundary between the Soviet Union’s sovereign territorial sea and the
adjacent high seas. Waters beyond the territorial sea limits were high
seas, which in 1949 meant for Romania the waters beyond 6 nautical
miles (since 1951, when Romania extended the breadth of its territorial
sea, beyond 12 nautical miles), and for the Soviet Union waters
beyond 12 nautical miles.

52. Ukraine argues that neither the 1949 Procès-Verbaux nor any
other agreed text identifies the status of the waters to the south of the
short length of agreed line along the 12-nautical-mile arc around Ser-

pents’ Island. The line agreed in 1949 could not have been intended by
the Parties as a line separating sea areas subject to distinctive régimes
which at that time simply did not exist, i.e., the continental shelf and
exclusive economic zone. Thus, Ukraine asserts that, while the 1949 as
well as the 1963 and 1974 Procès-Verbaux are binding international

agreements, they “are not continental shelf or EEZ delimitation agree-
ments”. It emphasizes that no relevant text provides for the agreed
boundary line to be an “all-purpose” maritime boundary restricting
Ukraine’s (and previously the Soviet Union’s) rights “to any and all cat-
egories of maritime claims beyond that line”.

53. Ukraine contends that “[n]one of the relevant Procès-Verbaux nor
any other agreements say that the agreed boundary extends as far as
Romania’s alleged Point X”, nor give any co-ordinates for such a point.
This conclusion is evident from a reading of their texts.

Ukraine states that map 134 annexed to the 1949 General Procès-
Verbal shows that the relevant part of the 12-mile arc around Serpents’
Island extends on the arc beyond Point 1439 but without however reach-
ing the edge of the map (there is a blank space). Ukraine maintains that

nothing in the text “suggests that the relevant part of the 12-nautical-mile
arc around Serpents’ Island extended to the south-east or east around
Serpents’ Island”, as contended by Romania. According to Ukraine,

24map 134 was intended specifically to show the boundary which had been
agreed in the Procès-Verbal to which it was attached, including the end-

point of the boundary. The final point depicted on map 134 is “within a
very few metres” of the point agreed in the 2003 State Border Régime
Treaty as the point of intersection of the outer limits of Ukraine’s and
Romania’s territorial seas (a difference of 93 m (north) and 219 m (east)).

54. As to the cartographic evidence produced by Romania, Ukraine
replies that none of the maps or sketch-maps contemporaneous with the
1949 Procès-Verbaux show that the agreed boundary extends as far as
Romania’s alleged Point X. Non-contemporaneous maps “are of little or

no evidentiary value as to what was agreed in 1949”. In particular, it
notes that the maps referred to by Romania are unreliable, cannot serve
as a confirmation that there exists an agreed boundary terminating at a
point due east of Serpents’ Island (Point X) and that none of them “has
any substantial legal value”.

**

55. The Court first notes that the Procès-Verbaux of 1949 resulted

from the work of the Joint Soviet-Romanian Border Commission imple-
menting the Protocol to Specify the Line of the State Boundary between
the People’s Republic of Romania and the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics, signed in Moscow on 4 February 1948 (hereinafter “the
1948 Protocol”). It emerged from these negotiations that this Protocol

was primarily aimed at the modification of what had been agreed upon
by the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty between the Allied and Associated Powers
and Romania, which confirmed that the Soviet-Romanian border was
fixed “in accordance with the Soviet-Romanian Agreement of June 28,
1940, and the Soviet-Czechoslovak Agreement of June 29, 1945”.

56. The text of the Peace Treaty has no express provision relating to
Serpents’ Island. However, the 1948 Protocol stipulated where the
national borders between the States should lie as follows:

“1. The State border between Romania and the [USSR], indicated
on the maps annexed to the present Protocol/Annex I and II/, passes
as follows:

(a) in accordance with Annex I:
[the description of the land boundary between Romania and
the USSR];

(b) in accordance with Annex II:
along the River Danube, from Pardina to the Black Sea, leav-
ing the islands of T˘taru Mic, Daleru Mic and Mare, Maican

25 and Limba on the side of the [USSR], and the islands
T˘taru Mare, Cernovca and Babina — on the Romanian side;

Serpents’ Island, situated in the Black Sea, eastwards from the
Danube mouth, is incorporated into the [USSR].”

57. The Procès-Verbal of the Description of the State Boundary dated
27 September 1949, contains a complete description of the demarcation

thus effected in the form of the traversal of the State boundary line from
boundary mark No. 1052 to boundary mark No. 1439, covering both the
land territory in the national border area and the maritime territory up to
Point 1439. It is the description of the border included in this Procès-
Verbal, carried forward into later agreements, that is of importance for

present purposes.
58. According to the General Procès-Verbal describing the whole State
border line, the boundary continues from a defined point near the end of
the river boundary between the two States (Point 1437) for a short dis-
tance along the middle of the channel of the river and then roughly south
south-easterly in a straight line to a buoy anchored in water (Point 1438),

at which point the direction of the boundary line in the Black Sea
changes and continues roughly easterly in a straight line for about
12 miles to a beacon (Point 1439), the final point defined with co-
ordinates stated by the Commission. It is at the point at which the straight
line from Point 1438 intersects with “the exterior margin of the Soviet

maritime boundary line, of 12 miles, surrounding Serpents’ Island”. The
document continues with this sentence: “The State boundary line, from
border sign No. 1439 (beacon), goes on the exterior margin of the marine
boundary zone of 12 miles, leaving Serpents’ Island on the side of the
USSR.”

59. The border lines in the sketch-map included in the individual
Procès-Verbal of border Point 1439 (which includes almost the same
expression as that just quoted) uses the same symbols from the river
mouth (Point 1437) along the line through the coastal waters to Point 1438

and on to Point 1439 and then beyond on the arc around Serpents’
Island, shown for about 5 miles, to the point where the arc ends, at the
margin of the sketch-map included in that Procès-Verbal. The expres-
sions “CCCP” and “URSS” are used on the Soviet side and “PHP” and
“RPR” on the Romanian side, including the short section of the arc.

60. Wording almost identical to that in the 1949 Procès-Verbaux rel-
ating to the line beyond Point 1439, set out at the end of paragraph 58
above, was included in a 1954 Act, signed by authorized officers of the
two countries, relating to the boundary mark No. 1439.

61. In November 1949 and February 1961, Romania and the USSR
concluded treaties on the régime of their border, the latter treaty replac-

26ing the former. Both defined the State border between them by reference
to the earlier agreements including the demarcation documents of Sep-

tember 1949. In terms of the 1961 Treaty, a further demarcation process
was carried out in 1963. While that process involved no modification of
the border sign No. 1439 nor any sketch-map of it, the general descrip-
tion of the border includes a passage similar to that in the earlier docu-
ments with the change that “Soviet marine boundary zone” is replaced by

the “territorial sea of the USSR”: “From the border sign No. 1439 (bea-
con), the State boundary passes on the exterior margin of the 12-mile
territorial sea of the USSR, leaving Serpents’ Island on the USSR side.”

62. Demarcation negotiations were conducted during the 1970s: in the
1974 general Procès-Verbal, the wording from the general 1963 Procès-
Verbal was reprised, while in the 1974 individual Procès-Verbal, the
wording reverted to that of the 1949 general Procès-Verbal. The 1974 indi-
vidual Procès-Verbal included a sketch-map with the same features in
terms of the marking of the various sections of the border and the use of

the terms “CCCP/URSS” and “PHP/RPR” as were used in the sketch-
maps attached to the individual 1949 Procès-Verbal and the individual
1963 Procès-Verbal.
63. The final treaty in the series is the 2003 State Border Régime
Treaty. In the preamble, the Contracting Parties state their desire to

develop relations of collaboration on the basis of the principles and pro-
visions in their Treaty on Good Neighbourliness and Co-operation and
in the Additional Agreement providing principles and processes for delim-
iting the continental shelf and exclusive economic zone. The 2003 Treaty
in Article 1 describes the State border by reference to the 1961 Romania-

USSR Treaty

“as well as . . . all the corresponding demarcation documents, the
maps of the State border . . . the protocols of the border signs with
their draft sketches . . . as well as the documents of verifications of
the State border line . . . in force on 16 July, 1990”,

the date of the adoption of the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of
Ukraine. The final part of the description says that the boundary

“continues, from the border sign 1439 (buoy) on the outer limit of
Ukraine’s territorial waters around the Serpents’ Island, up to the
point of 45°05′21″ north latitude and 30°02′27″ east latitude, which
is the meeting point with the Romanian State border passing on the
outer limit of its territorial sea. The territorial seas of the Contract-

ing Parties measured from the baselines shall permanently have, at
the meeting point of their outer limits, the width of 12 maritime
miles.”

27The Article concludes with these three sentences:

“If objective modifications due to natural phenomena which are
not related to human activities and that make it necessary for these
co-ordinates to be changed are noticed, the Joint Commission shall

conclude new protocols.
The State border line, on its whole length, shall remain un-
changed, unless the Contracting Parties agree otherwise.
The elaboration of the new documents on the State border does
not represent a revision of the existent border between Romania and

Ukraine.”
The definition of the boundary no longer includes the passage about the

boundary “passing” or “going on” the exterior margin of the maritime
zone “from” Point 1439. Rather the boundary continues from that point
“up to” the defined point.

64. In the view of the Court, the argument raised by Romania and
based by it on the words “from” and “goes on the exterior margin of the

marine boundary zone” cannot support Point X as the endpoint of the
agreed boundary (see paragraph 47 above). First, none of the contempo-
raneous maps and sketch-maps arrive anywhere near Point X. Second,
the agreements are about “State borders”, an expression which does not
easily apply to areas beyond territory, including territorial seas. Third,

while, as Ukraine accepts, the 1949 and later agreements do not specify
the endpoint and Point 1439 is not the endpoint, the sketch-map which is
part of the Procès-Verbal for Point 1439 does indicate where that end-
point might be; a clearer and more authoritative indication of that point
appears, if at a slightly different location, in map 134 which is to scale,

unlike the sketch-maps; the map is part of the General Procès-Verbal of
1949 and shows border signs 1438 and 1439 and only a short sector of the
arc beyond the latter. Finally, while other features on map 134 go all the
way to the margin of the map, the point at which the arc ends is short of
the margin of it (it is very close to the point where Romania’s prospective

12-mile territorial sea would intersect with the 12-mile arc around the
island). The gap between the end of the arc on that map and the 2003 co-
ordinates is about 250 m.

65. A major problem with the Romanian thesis is the lack of any sup-
port in the 1948-1949 processes and the resulting agreement for a point to
the east of Serpents’ Island. Apart from the argument based on the words
themselves, the only support for a point to the east of the island to be
discerned in the contemporary (1949) documentation is provided by the

two sketch-maps and map 134. However, they fall a long way short of
Romania’s Point X; further, they produce very different results from
each other, from the sketch-map in the Procès-Verbal for Point 1439 and,

28most importantly, from the end of the arc which appears in the only rele-
vant map in the 1949 Agreement — map 134.

66. The Court concludes that in 1949 it was agreed that from the point
represented by border sign 1439 the boundary between Romania and the
USSR would follow the 12-mile arc around Serpents’ Island, without any

endpoint being specified. Under Article 1 of the 2003 State Border
Régime Treaty the endpoint of the State border between the Parties was
fixed at the point of intersection where the territorial sea boundary of
Romania meets that of Ukraine. The Court will hereinafter refer to this
point as “Point 1”.

*

67. The Court now turns to the question as to whether there exists an
agreed line which divides the territorial sea of Ukraine and the continen-
tal shelf and the exclusive economic zone of Romania, as contended by

the latter.
68. A preliminary issue concerns the burden of proof. As the Court
has said on a number of occasions, the party asserting a fact as a basis of
its claim must establish it (Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu
Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Judgment,

I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 31, para. 45; Application of the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herze-
govina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I) ,
p. 128, para. 204, citingMilitary and Paramilitary Activities in and against
Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and

Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984 , p. 437, para. 101). Ukraine
placed particular emphasis on the Court’s dictum in the case concerning
Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in
the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) that “[t]he establishment of
a permanent maritime boundary is a matter of grave importance and

agreement is not easily to be presumed”Ju(dgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II,
p. 735, para. 253). That dictum, however, is not directly relevant since in
that case no written agreement existed and therefore any implicit agree-
ment had to be established as a matter of fact, with the burden of proof
lying with the State claiming such an agreement to exist. In the present
case, by contrast, the Court has before it the 1949 Agreement and the

subsequent agreements. Rather than having to make findings of fact,
with one or other Party bearing the burden of proof as regards claimed
facts, the Court’s task is to interpret those agreements. In carrying out
that task, the Court must first focus its attention on the terms of those
documents including the associated sketch-maps.

69. The Court notes that Articles 74, paragraph 4, and 83, para-
graph 4, of UNCLOS are relevant to Romania’s contention that a
boundary delimiting the exclusive economic zones and continental shelf

29beyond Point 1, and extending around Serpents’ Island, was established
by the 1949 instruments.

Paragraph 4 of Articles 74 and 83 provides that where there is an
agreement in force between the States concerned, questions relating to
the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf
“shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of that agree-
ment”.

The word “agreement” in paragraph 4 (as elsewhere in the Article)
refers to an agreement delimiting the exclusive economic zone (Article 74)
or the continental shelf (Article 83) referred to in paragraph 1. State prac-
tice indicates that the use of a boundary agreed for the delimitation of
one maritime zone to delimit another zone is effected by a new agree-

ment. This typically occurs when States agree to apply their continental
shelf boundary to the exclusive economic zone. The agreement between
Turkey and the USSR applying the continental shelf boundary to the
exclusive economic zone is one such example. By the same token, if States
intend that their territorial sea boundary limit agreed earlier should later
serve also as the delimitation of the continental shelf and/or the exclusive

economic zones, they would be expected to conclude a new agreement for
this purpose.

70. The 1949 instruments make no reference to the exclusive economic
zone or the continental shelf. Although in 1949 the Truman Proclama-
tion and the claims that it had begun to stimulate were widely known,
neither Party claimed a continental shelf in 1949 nor is there any indica-
tion in the case file that either was preparing to do so. The International

Law Commission (ILC) had yet to begin its work on the law of the sea
which ultimately led to the 1958 Convention on the Continental Shelf
and widespread acceptance of that concept. The concept of an exclusive
economic zone in international law was still some long years away.

The only agreement between the Parties expressly dealing with delimi-
tation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf is the
1997 Additional Agreement. It does not establish a boundary but rather
a process for arriving at one, which is reaching its culmination in these

proceedings. The detailed provisions regarding factors to be taken into
account during the negotiations make no reference to an existing agree-
ment. There was no agreement in 1949 delimiting the exclusive economic
zone or the continental shelf within the meaning of Articles 74 and 83 of
UNCLOS.

71. A further issue that may arise under international law and Arti-
cle 311, paragraph 2, of UNCLOS is whether the USSR could have
renounced in 1949 any rights which it might then or later have had over

30waters beyond the territorial sea. There is no express language of renun-
ciation in the 1949 Treaty on the part of the USSR apart from its agree-

ment to a State frontier with Romania. The express mention of a State
frontier alludes to sovereignty which includes the territorial sea. The
question is whether there is an implied prospective renunciation by the
USSR, in a geographical sense with respect to the area beyond 12 miles,
and in a legal sense with respect to zones not of sovereignty but of func-

tional competence beyond the territorial sea.

72. Romania proffers a variety of maps by Soviet, Ukrainian and

other sources, mostly prepared long after the conclusion of the 1949
instruments. They show hooks or loops around Serpents’ Island with
varying lengths and markings, all extending beyond the point where the
12-mile territorial seas of the Parties meet. Since in the circumstances
there is no question of these maps themselves evidencing a new agree-
ment or an estoppel, the issue is whether any of them evince a correct

understanding of the meaning of the 1949 Treaty.

73. The USSR acquired Serpents’ Island in the context of the overall

territorial settlement that emerged following the Second World War. A
primary USSR objective was to consolidate and stabilize the territorial
settlement by treaty with Romania, including the USSR’s acquisition of
Serpents’ Island.
74. So far as the territorial sea is concerned, the Court notes that a

12-mile zone around Serpents’ Island would have been consistent with
the 12-mile zone that the USSR was claiming generally for its territorial
sea.
75. This understanding of the effect of the textual references to the arc
in the 1949 instruments is set forth in Article 1 of the 2003 State Border

Régime Treaty. That Treaty expressly contemplates the possibility of
future agreed modifications of the co-ordinates of the territorial sea
boundary due to natural phenomena which are not related to human
activities, and provides that “[t]he territorial seas of the Contracting
Parties measured from the baselines shall permanently have, at the meet-
ing point of their outer limits, the width of 12 maritime miles”. Thus, the

12-mile arc around Serpents’ Island will never be penetrated by Roma-
nia’s territorial sea, no matter what changes occur in its coastline or
baselines.

The Court observes further that the 12-mile arc around Serpents’

Island is shown on a map dealing with the State border; this suggests that
that arc represents simply the seaward limit of the territorial sea. Recog-
nition by the USSR in the 1949 instruments that its State border followed

31the outer limit of its territorial sea around Serpents’ Island does not sig-
nify that it thereby gave up any entitlements to maritime areas beyond

that zone.
76. The Court concludes that the 1949 instruments related only to the
demarcation of the State border between Romania and the USSR, which
around Serpents’ Island followed the 12-mile limit of the territorial sea.
The USSR did not forfeit its entitlement beyond the 12-mile limit of its

territorial sea with respect to any other maritime zones. Consequently,
there is no agreement in force between Romania and Ukraine delimiting
between them the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf.

5. R ELEVANT C OASTS

77. The title of a State to the continental shelf and to the exclusive eco-

nomic zone is based on the principle that the land dominates the sea
through the projection of the coasts or the coastal fronts. As the Court
stated in the North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/
Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) cases, “the land is
the legal source of the power which a State may exercise over territorial

extensions to seaward” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969 , p. 51, para. 96).
In the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) case, the
Court observed that “the coast of the territory of the State is the decisive
factor for title to submarine areas adjacent to it” (Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1982, p. 61, para. 73). It is therefore important to determine the

coasts of Romania and of Ukraine which generate the rights of these
countries to the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone,
namely, those coasts the projections of which overlap, because the task of
delimitation consists in resolving the overlapping claims by drawing a
line of separation of the maritime areas concerned.

78. The role of relevant coasts can have two different though closely
related legal aspects in relation to the delimitation of the continental shelf
and the exclusive economic zone. First, it is necessary to identify the rele-

vant coasts in order to determine what constitutes in the specific context
of a case the overlapping claims to these zones. Second, the relevant
coasts need to be ascertained in order to check, in the third and final
stage of the delimitation process, whether any disproportionality exists in
the ratios of the coastal length of each State and the maritime areas fall-

ing either side of the delimitation line.

79. The Court will begin by briefly setting out the Parties’ positions as

to their respective relevant coasts (see sketch-maps Nos. 2 and 3, pp. 91-
92).

32 5.1. The Romanian Relevant Coast

80. Romania invokes the principle that the relevant coast is the coast
that generates the entitlement to maritime zones: that is, the coast whose

projection extends over the area in question, which is the area of overlap
between the zones generated by the coasts of the two States, so as to give
the coastal State the basis for its claim to the area in question. It explains
that

“the criterion for determining the relevance of any given coast is the
actual relation of adjacency or oppositeness between the coasts of
the parties, as well as the ability of those coasts to generate overlap-
ping entitlements”.

81. Romania contends that its coast is composed of two distinct seg-
ments: a short and more or less straight coast from the last point of the
river border with Ukraine to the southern extremity of the Sacalin Penin-

sula, and a longer slightly concave coast from the extremity of the Sacalin
Peninsula to the border with Bulgaria. Romania states that the only
major features in this stretch of coast are the Sulina dyke and the mouth
of the St. George arm of the Danube, located slightly to the north of the
Sacalin Peninsula. The Sacalin Peninsula, which forms a narrow prom-

ontory, is the southern limit of this section. From that peninsula, “the
coast proceeds in a westerly direction until it reaches the Razim Lake, a
brackish Romanian lake separated from the sea by a narrow strip of
land”. The coast then gradually curves to the south, and proceeds in a
broadly southerly direction until it reaches the land border with Bulgaria,
south of Vama Veche.

82. In Romania’s view, the whole Romanian coast is relevant. In par-
ticular, the coastal segment situated between the last point of the land/
river border between Romania and Ukraine and the outer extremity of
the Sacalin Peninsula is relevant for both sectors of the delimitation area
characterized respectively by situations of coastal adjacency and coastal

oppositeness. The segment situated south of the Sacalin Peninsula to the
last point of the Romanian/Bulgarian land border is relevant only for the
sector of the delimitation area characterized by a coastal situation of
oppositeness.
83. The total length of its relevant coast, according to Romania, is

269.67 km (baselines 204.90 km).

*

84. Ukraine notes that Romania divides its coast into two segments:
first of all, from the land boundary with Ukraine down to the Sacalin
Peninsula, and secondly, from that peninsula southwards to the bound-
ary with Bulgaria.

85. Ukraine further contends that “in constructing its claim line,
Romania has double counted a significant part of its coast represented by
the northern sector of that coast”. According to Ukraine, Romania treats

33 34 35the northern sector of its coast as the relevant “adjacent coast” and then
uses its entire coast (i.e., including the northern sector) as the relevant

coast for the purposes of delimitation between the “opposite coasts” —
“in other words, it double counts the 70 km-long stretch of its northern
coast” as relevant for both the “adjacent” maritime boundary and the
“opposite” boundary.

In response, Romania explains that, while its coast has a role to play
both in relation to adjacent coasts and to opposite coasts, in the calcula-
tion of the total length of its relevant coast, each of the segments of its
coast is counted only once.
86. While Ukraine expresses the view that “significant portions of

Romania’s coast actually face south or south-east”, it states that it is
nonetheless prepared to treat all of Romania’s coast as a “relevant coast”
for purposes of the present delimitation because the “projections from
each Party’s coast generate overlapping maritime entitlements and EEZ
entitlements in this part of the Black Sea”.

87. The total length of Romania’s coast, according to Ukraine, is
approximately 258 km taking into account the sinuosities along that
coast. If the coast is measured more generally according to its coastal
front, then the length is 185 km. If Romania’s coast is measured by ref-
erence to Romania’s system of straight baselines, its length would be

approximately 204 km.

**

88. The Court notes that the Parties are in agreement that the whole

Romanian coast constitutes the relevant coast for the purposes of delimi-
tation. The first segment of the Romanian coast, from the last point of
the river boundary with Ukraine to the Sacalin Peninsula, has a dual
characteristic in relation to Ukraine’s coast; it is an adjacent coast with
regard to the Ukrainian coast lying to the north, and it is an opposite

coast to the coast of the Crimean Peninsula. The whole coast of Romania
abuts the area to be delimited. Taking the general direction of its coast
the length of the relevant coast of Romania is approximately 248 km (see
sketch-map No. 4, p. 94).

5.2. The Ukrainian Relevant Coast

89. The Court now turns to the issue of the Ukrainian relevant coast
for the purpose of this delimitation. The Parties take different views on it.

90. Romania asserts that the Ukrainian coast is characterized by a

number of deep indentations and reverses its course sharply several
times, with segments facing one another. From the land/river border with
Romania, the Ukrainian coast proceeds broadly northwards for a short

36 37distance and then in a north-easterly direction until the Nistru/Dniester
Firth. The point where its southern bank meets the coast (referred to by

Romania as “Point S”), according to Romania, marks the end of that
part of Ukraine’s coast which has a relation of adjacency with the Roma-
nian coast. From this point, the Ukrainian coast changes direction pro-
ceeding in a north-north-easterly direction until it reaches Odessa. At
Odessa it initially goes north and then turns eastwards until the coast

reaches the Dnieper Firth. From here the general direction of the coast is
first a southerly one, and then, from the bottom of the Yahorlyts’ka
Gulf, the direction is an easterly one, until it comes to the bottom of the
Karkinits’ka Gulf. The coast then turns back on itself sharply, extending
south-westwards along the southern coast of the Karkinits’ka Gulf, until

it reaches Cape Tarkhankut. The last sector comprises the coast of Cri-
mea between Cape Tarkhankut and Cape Sarych, which is concave, its
general direction being interrupted by a significant protrusion, the western-
most point of which is Cape Khersones. According to Romania, the
Ukrainian coast is composed of eight distinct segments, determined by
marked changes in the direction of the coast.

91. Romania argues that the segments of the Ukrainian coast situated
to the north of the line running from Point S to Cape Tarkhankut do not
project on the area of delimitation or “have a relationship of either adja-
cency or oppositeness with the Romanian coast” and therefore are irrele-
vant for the delimitation. In particular Romania maintains that the

coastline of the Karkinits’ka Gulf, immediately north of the Crimean
Peninsula, should not be counted as a relevant coast, nor “can a closing
line drawn across or anywhere within the Karkinits’ka Gulf be treated as
a surrogate for its irrelevant coast”. Romania adds that such projections
as are made by this northern coast are in fact overtaken by the westward

projections of the Ukrainian coast from Cape Tarkhankut to Cape
Sarych.

92. Romania states that “Serpents’ Island does not form part of the
coastal configuration of the Parties; it constitutes merely a small mari-

time feature situated at a considerable distance out to sea from the coasts
of the Parties”.
93. Thus, in Romania’s view, the relevant Ukrainian coast runs
between the last point of the land/river border between Romania and
Ukraine and Point S, and on the western-facing coast of the Crimean
Peninsula, runs between Cape Tarkhankut and Cape Sarych.

The total length of the relevant Ukrainian coast, as perceived by
Romania, is 388.14 km (baselines 292.63 km).

*

94. Ukraine contends that its own relevant coast is comprised of three
distinct sectors each of which generates an entitlement to a continental

38shelf and an exclusive economic zone in the area subject to delimitation.
The first sector extends from the border with Romania until a point

located just north of Odessa. In the second sector, north of Odessa, the
Ukrainian coast turns to the east and comprises the south-facing littoral
along the north-western part of the Black Sea. The coast then extends
into the Karkinits’ka Gulf. The third sector comprises the western coast
of the Crimean Peninsula from the easternmost point of the Karkinits’ka

Gulf to Cape Sarych. (Both Parties agree that Ukraine’s coast east of
Cape Sarych is not relevant to the present dispute.) This portion of
Ukraine’s coast is characterized by the indentation created by the
Karkinits’ka Gulf and by the less pronounced Gulf of Kalamits’ka. All
three sectors of Ukraine’s coast generate 200-nautical-mile entitlements

which extend over the entire area to be delimited with Romania.

95. Ukraine disagrees that the part of its coast from Point S to Cape
Tarkhankut (630 km long) should be excluded from the relevant coast of
Ukraine, as claimed by Romania. It affirms that the seaward extensions
of the Ukrainian coastal fronts, including the part of Ukraine’s coast

between Point S and Cape Tarkhankut, “converge in a southerly direc-
tion”. Ukraine points out that its south-facing coast, which Romania
seeks to suppress, “generates a 200-nautical-mile entitlement throughout
the area of concern in this case”. Ukraine adds that its entire south-facing
coast generates “a 200 nautical mile continental shelf/EEZ entitlement

that extends well south of the parallel of latitude of the Romanian/
Bulgarian border”, i.e., projecting into the area subject to delimitation with
Romania. Thus Ukraine contends that its coast from Point S to Cape
Tarkhankut is relevant for the purposes of the delimitation between the
Parties.

96. Ukraine claims that Serpents’ Island “forms part of the geographi-
cal context and its coast constitutes part of Ukraine’s relevant coasts”.

97. Ukraine concludes that the total length of its relevant coast is
1,058 km (coastal façade 684 km; baselines 664 km).

**

98. The Court notes that both Parties consider the coast of the Crimean
Peninsula between Cape Tarkhankut and Cape Sarych, as well as the

Ukrainian coast from their common territorial boundary running for a
short distance in a north and subsequently in a north-easterly direction
until the Nistru/Dniester Firth (Romania designates this point as Point S)
as the relevant Ukrainian coast. Their disagreement concerns the coast
extending from this point until Cape Tarkhankut.

99. The Court, in considering the issue in dispute, would recall two
principles underpinning its jurisprudence on this issue: first, that the
“land dominates the sea” in such a way that coastal projections in the

39seaward direction generate maritime claims (North Sea Continental Shelf
(Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/

Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969 , p. 51, para. 96); second,
that the coast, in order to be considered as relevant for the purpose of the
delimitation, must generate projections which overlap with projections
from the coast of the other Party. Consequently “the submarine exten-
sion of any part of the coast of one Party which, because of its geo-

graphic situation, cannot overlap with the extension of the coast of the
other, is to be excluded from further consideration by the Court” (Con-
tinental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1982, p. 61, para. 75).
100. The Court therefore cannot accept Ukraine’s contention that the

coasts of Karkinits’ka Gulf form part of the relevant coast. The coasts of
this gulf face each other and their submarine extension cannot overlap
with the extensions of Romania’s coast. The coasts of Karkinits’ka Gulf
do not project in the area to be delimited. Therefore, these coasts are
excluded from further consideration by the Court. The coastline of
Yahorlyts’ka Gulf and Dnieper Firth is to be excluded for the same rea-

son.
It is to be noted that the Court has drawn a line at the entrance of
Karkinits’ka Gulf from Cape Priboiny (which is the north-western tip of
Tarkhankuts’ky Peninsula, slightly north of Cape Tarkhankut) to the
point that marks the eastern end of the portion of the Ukrainian

northern coast that faces the area to be delimited. This point (whose
co-ordinates are approximately 46°04′38″ N and 32°28′48″ E) lies at
the intersection of the meridian passing through Cape Priboiny with the
northern coast of Karkinits’ka Gulf, east of Zaliznyy Port. The Court
has found it useful to do so with respect to such a significant feature

as Karkinits’ka Gulf, in order to make clear both what coasts will not
be under consideration and what waters will not be regarded as falling
within the relevant area. However, the Court does not include this line
in the calculation of the total length of the Ukrainian relevant coasts,
as the line “replaces” the coasts of Karkinits’ka Gulf which, again, do

not themselves project on the area to be delimited and thus do not gen-
erate any entitlement to the continental shelf and the exclusive economic
zone in that area. Consequently, the line does not generate any entitle-
ment.
101. As for the remaining sectors of the Ukrainian coast between
Point S and Cape Tarkhankut, the Court observes that the north-western

part of the Black Sea (where the delimitation is to be carried out) in its
widest part measures slightly more than 200 nautical miles and its extent
from north to south does not exceed 200 nautical miles. As a result of this
geographical configuration, Ukraine’s south-facing coast generates pro-
jections which overlap with the maritime projections of the Romanian

coast. Therefore, the Court considers these sectors of Ukraine’s coast as
relevant coasts (see sketch-map No. 4, p. 94).
102. The coast of Serpents’ Island is so short that it makes no real dif-

40ference to the overall length of the relevant coasts of the Parties. The
Court will later examine whether Serpents’ Island is of relevance for the

choice of base points (see paragraph 149 below).

103. The length of the relevant coast of Ukraine is approximately
705 km.

**

104. The Court notes that on the basis of its determination of what
constitutes the relevant coasts, the ratio for the coastal lengths between
Romania and Ukraine is approximately 1:2.8.

105. The second aspect mentioned by the Court in terms of the role of
relevant coasts in the context of the third stage of the delimitation proc-
ess (see paragraph 78 above) will be dealt with below in Section 11.

6. R ELEVANT M ARITIME AREA

106. Romania maintains that the relevant area in the north is bor-
dered by the line running from Point S to Cape Tarkhankut. In the
south, the area is bordered by the line equidistant between the adjacent
Romanian and Bulgarian coasts, the median line between the opposite

Romanian and Turkish coasts and the delimitation line agreed upon by
the USSR and Turkey, to which agreement Ukraine has succeeded. In
the south-east the area is bordered by the meridian uniting Cape Sarych
with the delimitation boundary between Ukraine and Turkey. In the west
and in the east the limits of the area are formed by the Romanian and

Ukrainian relevant coasts.
107. According to Romania, the relevant area means all of the waters
generated by projections from the relevant coasts, whether or not claimed
by the other State. Romania states that there are three points of disagree-

ment between the Parties as to the relevant area. First, Romania asserts
that the coasts looking on to the area north of the line between Point S
and Cape Tarkhankut are all Ukrainian, and that none of them are rele-
vant to the delimitation. Second, it states that the south-western limit is
represented by the equidistance line between the adjacent Romanian and

Bulgarian coasts and that to move the line south of this equidistance line
could prejudge potential interests of Bulgaria in this maritime area.
Third, Romania claims that the south-eastern triangle lying between
Ukraine and Turkey also forms part of the relevant area because it is

within a 200-mile projection from the Romanian coasts (see sketch-map
No. 2, p. 91).

*

41 108. Ukraine contends that the western limit of the relevant area cor-
responds to the Romanian coastline between the land boundaries with

Bulgaria and Ukraine and the stretch of the Ukrainian coast extending
from the border with Romania until a point located just north of Odessa.
In the north, the relevant area is bordered by the south-facing Ukrainian
coast. In the east, the relevant area is bordered by the west-facing coast
of the Crimean Peninsula terminating at Cape Sarych. The southern limit

of the relevant area is a line drawn perpendicular from the mainland
coast from the point where the Bulgarian/Romanian land border reaches
the Black Sea until a point between the Romanian and Ukrainian coasts
where the interests of third States potentially come into play. This point
is then connected to Cape Sarych by a straight line which represents the

south-eastern limit of the relevant area.

109. Ukraine contends, as to the three points of disagreement, that all
of its south-facing coast between Point S and Cape Tarkhankut generates
maritime entitlements to a distance of 200 nautical miles and that this
maritime area, accordingly, forms part of the relevant area. Ukraine

further argues that the relevant area should include a sliver of maritime
area situated between the hypothetical equidistance line between Roma-
nia and Bulgaria and a straight line connecting the endpoint of the
Romanian/Bulgarian land boundary and a potential tripoint with Bul-
garia and/or Turkey. Finally, according to Ukraine, a large triangle lying

between Ukraine and Turkey has already been subject to a prior delimi-
tation between the former Soviet Union and Turkey to which Ukraine
has succeeded and therefore does not form part of the relevant area (see
sketch-map No. 3, p. 92).

**

110. The Court observes that the legal concept of the “relevant area”
has to be taken into account as part of the methodology of maritime

delimitation.
In the first place, depending on the configuration of the relevant coasts
in the general geographical context and the methods for the construction
of their seaward projections, the relevant area may include certain mari-
time spaces and exclude others which are not germane to the case in
hand.

Secondly, the relevant area is pertinent to checking disproportionality.
This will be done as the final phase of the methodology. The purpose
of delimitation is not to apportion equal shares of the area, nor indeed
proportional shares. The test of disproportionality is not in itself a
method of delimitation. It is rather a means of checking whether the

delimitation line arrived at by other means needs adjustment because of
a significant disproportionality in the ratios between the maritime areas
which would fall to one party or other by virtue of the delimitation line

42arrived at by other means, and the lengths of their respective coasts.
111. The Court further observes that for the purposes of this final

exercise in the delimitation process the calculation of the relevant area
does not purport to be precise and is approximate. The object of
delimitation is to achieve a delimitation that is equitable, not an equal
apportionment of maritime areas (North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal
Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands),

Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969 , p. 22, para. 18; Maritime Delimitation in
the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1993 , p. 67, para. 64).

112. The Court notes that the delimitation will occur within the

enclosed Black Sea, with Romania being both adjacent to, and opposite
Ukraine, and with Bulgaria and Turkey lying to the south. It will stay
north of any area where third party interests could become involved.

113. As for the area in the north disputed by the Parties as a relevant

area, as explained above (see paragraph 101) the Court has taken the
view that the section of the Ukrainian coast situated to the north of the
line running from Point S to Cape Tarkhankut is a relevant coast for the
purpose of the delimitation exercise. Accordingly, the area lying immedi-
ately south of this coast, but excluding Karkinits’ka Gulf at the mouth of

which the Court has drawn a line (see paragraph 100 above), falls within
the delimitation area.

114. The Court turns now to the southern limit of the relevant area.
The Parties hold different views as to whether the south-western and

south-eastern “triangles” should be included in the relevant area (see
paragraphs 107 and 109 above and sketch-map Nos. 2 and 3, pp. 91-92).
The Court notes that in both these triangles the maritime entitlements of
Romania and Ukraine overlap. The Court is also aware that in the
south-western triangle, as well as in the small area in the western corner

of the south-eastern triangle, entitlements of third parties may come into
play. However where areas are included solely for the purpose of approxi-
mate identification of overlapping entitlements of the Parties to the case,
which may be deemed to constitute the relevant area (and which in due
course will play a part in the final stage testing for disproportionality),
third party entitlements cannot be affected. Third party entitlements

would only be relevant if the delimitation between Romania and Ukraine
were to affect them.

In light of these considerations, and without prejudice to the position
of any third State regarding its entitlements in this area, the Court finds

it appropriate in the circumstances of this case to include both the south-
western and the south-eastern triangles in its calculation of the relevant
area (see sketch-map No. 5, p. 102).

43 7. D ELIMITATION M ETHODOLOGY

115. When called upon to delimit the continental shelf or exclusive
economic zones, or to draw a single delimitation line, the Court proceeds
in defined stages.
116. These separate stages, broadly explained in the case concerning
Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) (Judgment, I.C.J.

Reports 1985, p. 46, para. 60), have in recent decades been specified with
precision. First, the Court will establish a provisional delimitation line,
using methods that are geometrically objective and also appropriate for
the geography of the area in which the delimitation is to take place. So

far as delimitation between adjacent coasts is concerned, an equidistance
line will be drawn unless there are compelling reasons that make this un-
feasible in the particular case (see Territorial and Maritime Dispute
between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v.
Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 745, para. 281). So

far as opposite coasts are concerned, the provisional delimitation line will
consist of a median line between the two coasts. No legal consequences
flow from the use of the terms “median line” and “equidistance line”
since the method of delimitation is the same for both.
117. Equidistance and median lines are to be constructed from the

most appropriate points on the coasts of the two States concerned, with
particular attention being paid to those protuberant coastal points situ-
ated nearest to the area to the delimited. The Court considers elsewhere
(see paragraphs 135-137 below) the extent to which the Court may, when
constructing a single-purpose delimitation line, deviate from the base

points selected by the Parties for their territorial seas. When construction
of a provisional equidistance line between adjacent States is called for,
the Court will have in mind considerations relating to both Parties’ coast-
lines when choosing its own base points for this purpose. The line thus
adopted is heavily dependent on the physical geography and the most

seaward points of the two coasts.
118. In keeping with its settled jurisprudence on maritime delimita-
tion, the first stage of the Court’s approach is to establish the provisional
equidistance line. At this initial stage of the construction of the provi-
sional equidistance line the Court is not yet concerned with any relevant

circumstances that may obtain and the line is plotted on strictly geometri-
cal criteria on the basis of objective data.
119. In the present case the Court will thus begin by drawing a provi-
sional equidistance line between the adjacent coasts of Romania and
Ukraine, which will then continue as a median line between their oppo-

site coasts.
120. The course of the final line should result in an equitable solution
(Articles 74 and 83 of UNCLOS). Therefore, the Court will at the next,
second stage consider whether there are factors calling for the adjustment

or shifting of the provisional equidistance line in order to achieve an
equitable result (Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and

44 45Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judg-
ment, I.C.J. Reports 2002 , p. 441, para. 288). The Court has also made

clear that when the line to be drawn covers several zones of coincident
jurisdictions, “the so-called equitable principles/relevant circumstances
method may usefully be applied, as in these maritime zones this method
is also suited to achieving an equitable result” (Territorial and Maritime

Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nica-
ragua v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 741,
para. 271).
121. This is the second part of the delimitation exercise to which the
Court will turn, having first established the provisional equidistance line.

122. Finally, and at a third stage, the Court will verify that the line (a
provisional equidistance line which may or may not have been adjusted
by taking into account the relevant circumstances) does not, as it stands,
lead to an inequitable result by reason of any marked disproportion

between the ratio of the respective coastal lengths and the ratio between
the relevant maritime area of each State by reference to the delimitation
line (see paragraphs 214-215). A final check for an equitable outcome
entails a confirmation that no great disproportionality of maritime areas
is evident by comparison to the ratio of coastal lengths.

This is not to suggest that these respective areas should be proportion-
ate to coastal lengths — as the Court has said “the sharing out of the
area is therefore the consequence of the delimitation, not vice versa”

(Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen
(Denmark v. Norway), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1993 , p. 67, para. 64).

8. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE P ROVISIONAL E QUIDISTANCE L INE

8.1. Selection of Base Points

123. Romania contends that the base points to take into account
in constructing the provisional equidistance line between the adjacent
coasts of Romania and Ukraine are, on the Romanian coast, the seaward
end of the Sulina dyke, and on the Ukrainian coast, a point on the
island of Kubansky and Cape Burnas. In addition, in Romania’s view,

the base points on the opposite coasts of Romania and Ukraine
are, on the Romanian coast, the seaward end of the Sulina dyke and
the outer end of the Sacalin Peninsula, and on the Ukrainian coast,
Capes Tarkhankut and Khersones. Romania points out that the Sac-

alin Peninsula and the most seaward point of the Sulina dyke are
among the relevant points notified by Romania to the United Nations
under Article 16 of UNCLOS for measuring the breadth of the ter-
ritorial sea.
124. Romania argues that no account should be taken of Serpents’

46Island as a base point for the purposes of constructing the provisional
equidistance line. It claims that Serpents’ Island is a rock incapable of

sustaining human habitation or economic life of its own, “therefore
having no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf, as provided for
in Article 121 (3) of the 1982 UNCLOS”. Romania further points out
that when Ukraine notified the United Nations of the co-ordinates of its
baselines used for measuring the breadth of its territorial sea, it made no

reference at all to Serpents’ Island. In addition, it considers that using
this island as a base point would result in an inordinate distortion of the
coastline.

*

125. Ukraine contends for its part that the relevant base points for the
construction of the provisional equidistance line are situated on the base-
lines of each of the Parties from which the breadth of their territorial sea
is measured. Thus, on the Romanian coast, Ukraine has used the base

points situated on the Sulina dyke and the Sacalin Peninsula. On its own
coasts, it has taken as a reference “the base points situated on Serpents’
Island” and the tip of Cape Khersones. Ukraine indicates, however, that
Romania’s use of a point situated at the seaward tip of the Sulina dyke
has a huge effect on Romania’s provisional equidistance line. It also con-

siders that

“[t]he notion that a protruding, man-made structure can be given a
full effect for purposes of plotting the provisional equidistance line,
while a natural feature — an island [Serpents’ Island] — can simply
be ignored does not comport with a proper application of the law or
with equitable principles”.

126. Ukraine maintains that because Serpents’ Island has a coast, it
follows that it has a baseline. As a result, it states that there are base

points on that baseline that can be used for plotting the provisional equi-
distance line. It points out that, contrary to what Romania claims, “nor-
mal” baselines, defined as the low-water mark around the coast, do not
have to be notified to the United Nations, as straight baselines have to
be. Ukraine therefore contends that given its proximity to the Ukrainian
mainland, Serpents’ Island should clearly be taken into account as one of

the relevant base points for the construction of the provisional equidis-
tance line. It notes that the belt of territorial sea which surrounds Ser-
pents’ Island partly overlaps with the area of territorial sea bordering the
Ukrainian mainland. Consequently, “[t]his island therefore represents
what is commonly termed a coastal island”.

**

47 127. In this stage of the delimitation exercise, the Court will identify
the appropriate points on the Parties’ relevant coast or coasts which

mark a significant change in the direction of the coast, in such a way that
the geometrical figure formed by the line connecting all these points
reflects the general direction of the coastlines. The points thus selected on
each coast will have an effect on the provisional equidistance line that
takes due account of the geography.

128. The Court observes that in this instance, the geography shows
that the capacity of the coasts to generate overlapping titles indicates the
existence of two areas: in one case, the coasts are adjacent; in the other,
they are opposite. In practice, the first conclusion which the Court draws
from this is that, on the Romanian coast, the significant base points from

which the equidistance line and the median line must be established are
the same, since this coast is both adjacent and opposite to the Ukrainian
coast. The second conclusion is that, as the Ukrainian coast consists of
two portions — one adjacent to the Romanian coast, the other opposite
to it — the base points to take into account must be defined separately,
according to whether the adjacent or opposite portion is concerned. The

third conclusion is the identification of a turning-point on the equidis-
tance line where the effects of adjacency give way to those of the coasts
on the opposite side, resulting in a change in the direction of the line.
Lastly, the Court will need to consider the relevance or otherwise of Ser-
pents’ Island in terms of the choice of base points.

129. On the Romanian coast from the border with Bulgaria, the Court
will first consider the Sacalin Peninsula. This is the point at which the
direction followed by the Romanian coast from the border between
Romania and Bulgaria turns almost perpendicularly towards the north.

At this place, the coasts of Romania and Ukraine are opposite one
another. The significance of the Sacalin Peninsula in terms of the choice
of base points is questioned by Ukraine, which describes it as a spit of
sand. However, the Court observes that the peninsula belongs to the
landmass and forms part of the Romanian mainland: its permanent

uncovering at high tide is not contested. The geomorphological features
of the peninsula and its possibly sandy nature have no bearing on the
elements of its physical geography which are relevant for maritime delimi-
tation. For these reasons, the Court considers it appropriate, for the pur-
pose of establishing the provisional equidistance line, to use a base point
on the Sacalin Peninsula (44°50′28″ N and 29°36′52″ E), which happens

to correspond to the point notified by Romania to the United Nations as
a base point pursuant to Article 16 of UNCLOS.

130. The Court will next consider whether any point on the Romanian
coast of the Musura Bay may serve as a base point. The southern head-
land of this bay is the most prominent point of the Romanian coast in the

48direction of the Crimea and is also situated in the area where the coasts
of the two States are adjacent. These two characteristics prompt its selec-

tion for the purpose of establishing the provisional equidistance line.
However, because of the construction on that southern headland of a
7.5 km-long dyke out to sea, which accordingly extends this feature, it is
necessary to choose either the seaward end of the dyke or the end where
it adjoins the mainland.

131. In this respect, the Court observes that the geometrical nature of
the first stage of the delimitation exercise leads it to use as base points
those which the geography of the coast identifies as a physical reality at
the time of the delimitation. That geographical reality covers not only the
physical elements produced by geodynamics and the movements of the

sea, but also any other material factors that are present.

132. In light of the fact that the breadth of the exclusive economic
zone and the continental shelf is measured from the baselines from which
the territorial sea is measured (UNCLOS, Arts. 57 and 76), the Court
first has to consider whether the Sulina dyke could be regarded as “per-

manent harbour works which form an integral part of the harbour sys-
tem”, within the meaning of Article 11 of UNCLOS, which Article the
Court recalls concerns the delimitation of the territorial sea. It reads as
follows:

“For the purpose of delimiting the territorial sea, the outermost
permanent harbour works which form an integral part of the har-
bour system are regarded as forming part of the coast. Off-shore

installations and artificial islands shall not be considered as perma-
nent harbour works.”

133. The permanent nature of the Sulina dyke not having been ques-
tioned, the Court will have to consider whether this structure can be
described as “harbour works” which form “an integral part of the har-
bour system”. The term “works” denotes a combination of apparatus,

structures and facilities installed for a specific purpose. The expression
“harbour works” “which form an integral part of the harbour system” is
not defined in the Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and Con-
tiguous Zone or in UNCLOS; these are generally installations which
allow ships to be harboured, maintained or repaired and which permit or
facilitate the embarkation and disembarkation of passengers and the

loading or unloading of goods.
134. The Court notes, however, that the functions of a dyke are dif-
ferent from those of a port: in this case, the Sulina dyke may be of use in
protecting shipping destined for the mouth of the Danube and for the
ports situated there. The difference between a port and a dyke extending

seawards has previously been discussed in the travaux préparatoires of
Article 8 of the Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contigu-
ous Zone. In 1954, the Special Rapporteur of the ILC observed that

49“dykes used for the protection of the coast constituted a separate prob-
lem and did not come under either Article 9 (ports) or Article 10 (road-

steads)”. Subsequently, the concept of a “dyke” was no longer used, and
reference was made to “jetties” serving to protect coasts from the sea.
The first sentence of Article 11 of UNCLOS corresponds, apart from one
minor change in the wording, to that of Article 8 of the Convention on
the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone. The second sentence, providing

that “permanent harbour works” shall not include “off-shore installa-
tions and artificial islands”, is new. The expert at the 1958 Conference
stated that “harbour works such as jetties [are regarded] as part of . . .
land territory”. It should be noted, however, that the ILC included the
following comment in its report to the General Assembly:

“(3) Where such structures are of excessive length (for instance, a

jetty extending several kilometres into the sea), it may be asked
whether this article [Art. 8] could still be applied . . . As such cases
are very rare, the Commission, while wishing to draw attention to
the matter, did not deem it necessary to state an opinion.” (ILC
Yearbook, 1956, Vol. II, p. 270.)

In the light of the above, the ILC did not, at the time, intend to define

precisely the limit beyond which a dyke, jetty or works would no longer
form “an integral part of the harbour system”. The Court concludes from
this that there are grounds for proceeding on a case-by-case basis, and
that the text of Article 11 of UNCLOS and the travaux préparatoires do
not preclude the possibility of interpreting restrictively the concept of

harbour works so as to avoid or mitigate the problem of excessive length
identified by the ILC. This may be particularly true where, as here, the
question is one of delimitation of areas seaward of the territorial sea.

135. With regard to the use of the Sulina dyke as a base point for the

present delimitation, the Court must consider the relevance of Romania’s
notification to the United Nations under Article 16 of UNCLOS, in
which Romania used the seaward end of the Sulina dyke as a base point
for drawing the baseline for its territorial sea. This choice of base points
was not contested by Ukraine.

136. Article 16 provides that “the base lines for measuring the breadth
of the territorial sea . . . and the lines of delimitation [of the territorial
sea] shall be shown on charts” (paragraph 1) and that “the coastal State
shall deposit a copy of each such chart or list with the Secretary-General
of the United Nations”. Since Article 57 (regarding the breadth of the

exclusive economic zone) and Article 76, paragraph 1, (regarding the
definition of the continental shelf) of UNCLOS stipulate that these mari-
time zones can extend to a distance of 200 nautical miles “from the base-

50lines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured”, the ques-
tion arises as to whether the same seaward end of the Sulina dyke has to

be retained for the purpose of the present delimitation.
137. The Court observes that the issue of determining the baseline for
the purpose of measuring the breadth of the continental shelf and the
exclusive economic zone and the issue of identifying base points for

drawing an equidistance/median line for the purpose of delimiting the
continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone between adjacent/
opposite States are two different issues.
In the first case, the coastal State, in conformity with the provisions of
UNCLOS (Articles 7, 9, 10, 12 and 15), may determine the relevant base

points. It is nevertheless an exercise which has always an international
aspect (see Fisheries (United Kingdom v. Norway), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1951, p. 132). In the second case, the delimitation of the mari-
time areas involving two or more States, the Court should not base itself

solely on the choice of base points made by one of those Parties. The
Court must, when delimiting the continental shelf and exclusive eco-
nomic zones, select base points by reference to the physical geography of
the relevant coasts.
138. As for the specific characteristics of the seaward end of the Sulina

dyke as a relevant base point for constructing the provisional equidis-
tance line, the Court points out that, irrespective of its length, no
convincing evidence has been presented that this dyke serves any direct
purpose in port activities. For these reasons, the Court is not satisfied that

the seaward end of the Sulina dyke is a proper base point for the pur-
poses of the construction of a provisional equidistance line delimiting the
continental shelf and the exclusive economic zones.
139. On the other hand, while the landward end of the dyke may not
be an integral part of the Romanian mainland, it is a fixed point on it.

The land at this point is protected from shifts in the coastline due to
marine processes. As a relevant base point for the purposes of the first
stage of delimitation, it has the advantage, unlike the seaward end of the
dyke, of not giving greater importance to an installation than to the

physical geography of the landmass.
140. For these reasons, the Court is of the opinion that the landward
end of the Sulina dyke where it joins the Romanian mainland should be
used as a base point for the establishment of the provisional equidistance
line.

141. The Court therefore concludes that it will use the Sacalin Penin-
sula (44°50′28″ N and 29°36′52″ E) and the landward end of the Sulina
dyke (45°09′51.9″ N and 29°43′14.5″ E) as base points on the Roma-
nian coast.

*

2Co-ordinates provided by the Parties in Pulkovo datum.

51 142. The Court will now turn to identifying the relevant base points on
Ukraine’s coast, starting with the sector of adjacent coasts.

143. The Court deems it appropriate in this first sector to use the
south-eastern tip of Tsyganka Island on the Ukrainian side, which is the
counterpart of the landward end of the Sulina dyke on the Romanian

side. Its location is significant, because in this area of adjacency it is the
most prominent point on the Ukrainian coast.
144. In this sector of adjacent coasts, the Court needs also to consider
the relevance of the Ukrainian base point situated on the island of Kuban-
sky as a base point for use in constructing the provisional equidistance

line. The Court notes that this base point does not produce any effect on
the equidistance line plotted by reference to the base point on Tsyganka
Island on the Ukrainian coast and the base point on the landward end of
the Sulina dyke on the Romanian coast. This base point is therefore to be

regarded as irrelevant for the purposes of the present delimitation.
145. The Court will now consider the base points on the section of
Ukraine’s coast opposite Romania’s coast.
146. It will start with Cape Tarkhankut, the most seaward point facing
Romania’s coast on the Crimean coast. The Crimean coastline juts out

significantly here, and its configuration makes this cape an appropriate
choice as a relevant base point.
147. Cape Khersones, another point on the Crimean coast where the
land protrudes into the sea, also juts out markedly, though less so than

Cape Tarkhankut. This configuration is sufficient to justify choosing
Cape Khersones as a relevant base point.

148. The Court therefore concludes that it will use Tsyganka Island
(45°13′23.1″ N and 29°45′33.1″ E), Cape Tarkhankut (45°20′50″ N and
3
32°29′43″ E) and Cape Khersones (44°35′04″ N and 33°22′48″ E) as
base points on the Ukrainian coast.

149. Serpents’ Island calls for specific attention in the determination of
the provisional equidistance line. In connection with the selection of base
points, the Court observes that there have been instances when coastal
islands have been considered part of a State’s coast, in particular when a
coast is made up of a cluster of fringe islands. Thus in one maritime

delimitation arbitration, an international tribunal placed base points
lying on the low water line of certain fringe islands considered to consti-
tute part of the very coastline of one of the Parties (Award of the Arbitral
Tribunal in the Second Stage of the Proceedings between Eritrea and

Yemen (Maritime Delimitation) , 17 December 1999, RIAA, Vol. XXII,
pp. 367-368, paras. 139-146). However, Serpents’ Island, lying alone and

3Co-ordinates provided by the Parties in Pulkovo datum.

52some 20 nautical miles away from the mainland, is not one of a cluster of
fringe islands constituting “the coast” of Ukraine.

To count Serpents’ Island as a relevant part of the coast would amount
to grafting an extraneous element onto Ukraine’s coastline; the conse-
quence would be a judicial refashioning of geography, which neither the
law nor practice of maritime delimitation authorizes. The Court is thus of

the view that Serpents’ Island cannot be taken to form part of Ukraine’s
coastal configuration (cf. the islet of Filfla in the case concerning Conti-
nental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1985, p. 13).
For this reason, the Court considers it inappropriate to select any base

points on Serpents’ Island for the construction of a provisional equidis-
tance line between the coasts of Romania and Ukraine. Further aspects
relevant to Serpents’ Island are dealt with at paragraphs 179 to 188
below.

8.2. Construction of the Provisional Equidistance Line

150. Romania argues that the first segment of the maritime boundary
delimiting the maritime areas of the two States situated beyond their ter-
ritorial seas was established by successive agreements between Romania
and the Soviet Union: from the final point of the boundary separating

the territorial seas of the two States at 45°05′21″ N and 30°02′27″ E, the
maritime boundary passes along the 12-nautical-mile arc of the circle
around Serpents’ Island until it reaches a point situated on that arc at
45°14′20″ N and 30°29′12″ E (see Section 4). Romania contends that the
maritime boundary beyond that point was never delimited between Roma-

nia and the USSR or Ukraine. Romania draws a provisional equidis-
tance line from the final point of the land/river boundary between the two
States taking into account the salient base points of the adjacent Roma-
nian and Ukrainian coasts. These are: on the Romanian coast, the sea-
ward end of the Sulina dyke; and on the Ukrainian coast, the island of

Kubansky and Cape Burnas. As the point lying on the arc around Ser-
pents’ Island at 45°14′20″ N and 30°29′12″ E, is not situated on the
equidistance line, but about 2.5 nautical miles to the north, the delimita-
tion of the maritime boundary beyond this point must, in Romania’s
view, start by joining it to the provisional equidistance line. The line thus
drawn passes through the point at 45°11′59″ N and 30°49′16″ E, situ-

ated practically midway between the 12-nautical-mile arc around Ser-
pents’ Island and the tripoint as between the Romanian and Ukrainian
adjacent coasts and the opposite Crimean coast, situated at 45°09′45″ N
and 31°08′40″ E. Romania contends that, from this point southwards,
the delimitation is governed by the opposite Romanian and Ukrainian

coasts.

53 151. Romania calculates the median line taking into account the sali-
ent base points on the relevant opposite coasts of the two States (the sea-

ward end of the Sulina dyke and the outer end of the Sacalin Peninsula
on the Romanian coast, and Capes Tarkhankut and Khersones on the
Ukrainian coast). Romania’s equidistance line in the sector of opposite
coasts thus coincides with the segment of the median line running from,
in the north, the tripoint as between the Romanian and Ukrainian adja-

cent coasts and the opposite Crimean coast to, in the south, the point
beyond which the interests of third States may be affected, which Roma-
nia situates at 43°26′50″ N and 31°20′10″ E.

*

152. Ukraine maintains that the provisional equidistance line must be
constructed by reference to the base points on each Party’s baselines from
which the breadth of its territorial sea is measured. Thus, on the Roma-
nian side, Ukraine uses the base points at the seaward end of the Sulina
dyke and on the Sacalin Peninsula. On its own side, it uses the base

points on Serpents’ Island and at the tip of Cape Khersones. The provi-
sional equidistance line advocated by Ukraine starts at the point of inter-
section of the territorial seas of the Parties identified in Article 1 of the
2003 State Border Régime Treaty (45°05′21″ N and 30°02′27″ E). The
line then runs in a southerly direction until the point at 44°48′24″ N and

30°10′56″ E, after which it turns to run in a south-easterly direction until
the point at 43°55′33″ N and 31°23′26″ E and thereafter continues due
south.

**

153. The Court recalls that the base points which must be used in con-
structing the provisional equidistance line are those situated on the Saca-

lin Peninsula and the landward end of the Sulina dyke on the Romanian
coast, and Tsyganka Island, Cape Tarkhankut and Cape Khersones on
the Ukrainian coast.
154. In its initial segment the provisional equidistance line between the
Romanian and Ukrainian adjacent coasts is controlled by base points
located on the landward end of the Sulina dyke on the Romanian coast

and south-eastern tip of Tsyganka Island on the Ukrainian coast. It runs
in a south-easterly direction, from a point lying midway between these
two base points, until Point A (with co-ordinates 44°46′38.7″ N and
30°58′37.3″ E) where it becomes affected by a base point located on the
Sacalin Peninsula on the Romanian coast. At Point A the equidistance

line slightly changes direction and continues to Point B (with co-
ordinates 44°44′13.4″ N and 31°10′27.7″ E) where it becomes affected by
the base point located on Cape Tarkhankut on Ukraine’s opposite coasts.

54At Point B the equidistance line turns south-south-east and continues to

Point C (with co-ordinates 44°02′53.0″ N and 31°24′35.0″ E), calculated
with reference to base points on the Sacalin Peninsula on the Romanian
coast and Capes Tarkhankut and Khersones on the Ukrainian coast.
From Point C the equidistance line, starting at an azimuth of 185° ′523.5″ ,

runs in a southerly direction. This line remains governed by the base
points on the Sacalin Peninsula on the Romanian coast and Cape Kher-
sones on the Ukrainian coast.

(For the construction of the equidistance line see sketch-maps Nos. 6
and 7, pp. 114-115.)

9. R ELEVANT CIRCUMSTANCES

155. As the Court indicated above (paragraphs 120-121), once the pro-
visional equidistance line has been drawn, it shall “then [consider] whether
there are factors calling for the adjustment or shifting of that line in order
to achieve an ‘equitable result’” (Land and Maritime Boundary between

Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea inter-
vening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002 , p. 441, para. 288). Such factors
have usually been referred to in the jurisprudence of the Court, since the
North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark;

Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) cases, as the relevant circum-
stances (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969 , p. 53, para. 53). Their function is
to verify that the provisional equidistance line, drawn by the geometrical

method from the determined base points on the coasts of the Parties is
not, in light of the particular circumstances of the case, perceived as in-
equitable. If such would be the case, the Court should adjust the line in
order to achieve the “equitable solution” as required by Articles 74, para-

graph 1, and 83, paragraph 1, of UNCLOS.

156. The Parties suggested and discussed several factors which they
consider as the possible relevant circumstances of the case. They arrive at

different conclusions. Romania argues that its provisional equidistance
line achieves the equitable result and thus does not require any adjust-
ment. Ukraine, on the other hand, submits that there are relevant circum-
stances which call for the adjustment of its provisional equidistance line

“by moving the provisional line closer to the Romanian coast”.

4The geographical co-ordinates used by the Parties for the drawing of the equidistance
lines proposed by them are given by reference to Pulkovo datum. The Court, for its part,
has chosen to use WGS 84 datum. The positions of Points A, B and C are given by ref-
erence to that geodetic datum. The equidistance line described in this paragraph is a geo-
detic line and the azimuth given is a geodetic azimuth based on WGS 84 datum.

55 157. Before addressing the relevant circumstances referred to by the
Parties, the Court wishes to recall that the provisional equidistance line it

has drawn in Section 8 above does not coincide with the provisional lines
drawn either by Ukraine or Romania. Therefore, it is this line, drawn by
the Court, and not by Romania or Ukraine, which will be in the focus of
the Court’s attention when analysing what the Parties consider to be the
relevant circumstances of the case.

9.1. Disproportion between Lengths of Coasts

158. The circumstance which Ukraine invokes in order to justify its
claim that the provisional equidistance line should be adjusted by moving
the delimitation line closer to Romania’s coast is the disparity between
the length of the Parties’ coasts abutting on the delimitation area.

*

159. Romania acknowledges that the general configuration of the
coasts may constitute, given the particular geographical context, a rele-
vant circumstance that can be taken into consideration with a view to
adjusting the equidistance line. However, with regard specifically to any
disproportion between the lengths of the Parties’ coasts, Romania notes

that in a maritime delimitation it is rare for the disparities between the
Parties’ coasts to feature as a relevant circumstance. Moreover, in the
present case, there is no manifest disparity in the respective coastal
lengths of Romania and Ukraine.
160. Romania adds that in any event proportionality should be dealt

with “only after having identified the line resulting from the application
of the equitable principles/special circumstances approach”.

161. In conclusion Romania is of the view that the alleged “geographi-
cal predominance of Ukraine in the area” and “the disparity between

coastal lengths” of the Parties should not be considered relevant circum-
stances in the case.

*

162. With regard to the role which may be played by the coastal con-
figuration, Ukraine states that there is a broad margin of appreciation as
to its scope as a relevant circumstance. In the circumstances of the cur-

rent case, Ukraine argues that the coastal configuration clearly shows the
geographical predominance of Ukraine in the relevant area which also
finds an expression in terms of coastal length: the Ukrainian relevant
coast is more than four times longer than the coast of Romania. Ukraine
notes that in almost all maritime delimitation cases dealt with by inter-

national tribunals, “comparison of the lengths of the relevant coasts has
occupied a quite significant place and even played a decisive role in a
number of the decisions taken”. Thus, according to Ukraine, the marked

56 57 58disproportion between lengths of the Parties’ coasts is a relevant circum-
stance to be taken into account in the construction of a delimitation line

and should result in a shifting of the provisional equidistance line in
order to produce an equitable result.

**
163. The Court observes that the respective length of coasts can play

no role in identifying the equidistance line which has been provisionally
established. Delimitation is a function which is different from the appor-
tionment of resources or areas (see North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal
Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Nether-
lands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969 , p. 22, para. 18). There is no prin-

ciple of proportionality as such which bears on the initial establishment
of the provisional equidistance line.
164. Where disparities in the lengths of coasts are particularly marked,
the Court may choose to treat that fact of geography as a relevant cir-
cumstance that would require some adjustments to the provisional equi-

distance line to be made.
165. In the case concerning Land and Maritime Boundary between
Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria; Equatorial Guinea inter-
vening), the Court acknowledged “that a substantial difference in the
lengths of the parties’ respective coastlines may be a factor to be taken
into consideration in order to adjust or shift the provisional delimitation

line” (Judgment, I.C.J. Report 2002 , p. 446, para. 301; emphasis added),
although it found that in the circumstances there was no reason to shift
the equidistance line.
166. In the case concerning Maritime Delimitation in the Area between
Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway), the Court found that

the disparity between the lengths of the coasts of Jan Mayen and Green-
land (approximately 1:9) constituted a “special circumstance” requiring
modification of the provisional median line, by moving it closer to the
coast of Jan Mayen, to avoid inequitable results for both the continental
shelf and the fisheries zone. The Court stated that:

“It should, however, be made clear that taking account of the dis-
parity of coastal lengths does not mean a direct and mathematical

application of the relationship between the length of the coastal
front of eastern Greenland and that of Jan Mayen.” (Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 69, para. 69.)

Then it recalled its observation from the Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya/Malta) case:

“If such a use of proportionality were right, it is difficult indeed to
see what room would be left for any other consideration; for it
would be at once the principle of entitlement to continental shelf

59 rights and also the method of putting that principle into operation.
Its weakness as a basis of argument, however, is that the use of pro-

portionality as a method in its own right is wanting of support in the
practice of States, in the public expression of their views at (in par-
ticular) the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,
or in the jurisprudence.” Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985 ,p .,
para. 58.)

In the latter case, the Court was of the view that the difference in the

lengths of the relevant coasts of Malta and Libya (being in ratio 1:8) “is
so great as to justify the adjustment of the median line” (ibid.,p .,
para. 68; emphasis added). The Court added that “the degree of such
adjustment does not depend upon a mathematical operation and remains
to be examined” (ibid.).
167. The Court further notes that in the Delimitation of the Maritime

Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America)
case, the Chamber considered that “in certain circumstances, the appro-
priate consequences may be drawn from any inequalities in the extent of
the coasts of two States into the same area of delimitation” (Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 313, para. 157; emphasis added). However, it

must be kept in mind that the Chamber did so in the context of discuss-
ing what could be “the equitable criteria that may be taken into consid-
eration for an international maritime delimitation” (ibid., p. 312,
para. 157; emphasis added). It then further elaborated on this point by
stating

“[...] that to take into account the extent of the respective coasts of the

Parties concerned does not in itself constitute either a criterion serv-
ing as a direct basis for a delimitation, or a method that can be used
to implement such delimitation. The Chamber recognizes that this
concept is put forward mainly as a means of checking whether a
provisional delimitation established initially on the basis of other

criteria, and by the use of a method which has nothing to do with
that concept, can or cannot be considered satisfactory in relation to
certain geographical features of the specific case, and whether it is
reasonable or otherwise to correct it accordingly. The Chamber’s views
on this subject may be summed up by observing that a maritime
delimitation can certainly not be established by a direct division of

the area in dispute proportional to the respective lengths of the
coasts belonging to the parties in the relevant area, but it is equally
certain that a substantial disproportion to the lengths of those coasts
that resulted from a delimitation effected on a different basis would
constitute a circumstance calling for an appropriate correction.”

(Ibid., p. 323, para. 185; emphasis added.)

168. In the present case, however the Court sees no such particularly
marked disparities between the relevant coasts of Ukraine and Romania

60that would require it to adjust the provisional equidistance line at this
juncture. Although there is doubtless a difference in the length of the rel-

evant coasts of the Parties, the Court recalls that it previously (see para-
graph 100 above) excluded the coast of Karkinits’ka Gulf (measuring
some 278 km) from further consideration. The Court further notes that it
cannot disregard the fact that a good portion of the Ukrainian coast
which it considers as relevant projects into the same area as other seg-

ments of the Ukrainian coast, thus strengthening but not spatially expand-
ing the Ukrainian entitlement.

9.2. The Enclosed Nature of the Black Sea and the Delimitations
Already Effected in the Region

169. Romania notes that the enclosed nature of the Black Sea is also a
relevant circumstance as part of the wider requirement to take account of
the geographical context of the area to be delimited. According to

Romania, in considering the equitable nature of an equidistance line, the
“general maritime geography” of the Black Sea must be assessed. In
Romania’s view, this geographical factor is to be considered together
with any pre-existing delimitation agreements so that any new delimita-
tion should not dramatically depart from the method previously used in

the same sea between other riparian States in order not to produce an
inequitable result.
170. Romania contends that all the delimitation agreements concluded
in the Black Sea used equidistance as the method for the delimitation of
the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zones. Romania adds

that the lines of delimitation established by two of these agreements end
with provisionally defined segments, the definitive course of which is to
depend on subsequent discussions, and that the reason for this was that
the Parties wished to avoid prejudicing the interests of third parties and
that they had Romania in mind.

171. Romania concludes that the Black Sea’s nature as an enclosed sea
and its rather small size, together with the agreed solutions established in
the delimitation agreements in force, constitute a relevant circumstance
which must be taken into account in the delimitation process for Roma-
nia’s and Ukraine’s maritime areas.

*

172. In Ukraine’s view, there is “no support in law or in the factual
context” for Romania’s arguments regarding the characterization of the
Black Sea as an enclosed sea and the importance of maritime delimitation

agreements previously concluded between certain States bordering the
Black Sea. According to Ukraine, there is no special régime governing
delimitations taking place in an enclosed sea simply because of this

61nature. Ukraine therefore considers that the enclosed character of the
Black Sea “is not by itself a circumstance which ought to be regarded as

relevant for delimitation purposes” and has no bearing on the method of
delimitation to be applied in the present proceedings.
173. Ukraine further notes that in general terms, bilateral agreements
cannot affect the rights of third parties and, as such, the existing mari-
time delimitation agreements in the Black Sea cannot influence the present

dispute.

Ukraine states that only in a limited sense can the presence of third
States in the vicinity of the area to be delimited be considered a relevant
circumstance. However, this has nothing to do with the choice of the

actual method of delimitation or the character of a sea (whether or not it
is enclosed). According to Ukraine, the presence of third States may be
relevant only to the extent that the Court may have to take precautions in
identifying a precise endpoint of the delimitation line so as to avoid
potential prejudice to States situated on the periphery of the delimitation
area.

**

174. The Court recalls that it has intimated earlier, when it briefly
described the delimitation methodology, that it would establish a provi-

sional equidistance line (see paragraph 116 above). This choice was not
dictated by the fact that in all the delimitation agreements concerning the
Black Sea this method was used.
175. Two delimitation agreements concerning the Black Sea were
brought to the attention of the Court. The first agreement, the Agree-

ment concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf in the Black
Sea, was concluded between Turkey and the USSR on 23 June 1978.
Some eight years later, they agreed, through an Exchange of Notes dated
23 December 1986 and 6 February 1987, that the continental shelf
boundary agreed in their 1978 Agreement would also constitute the

boundary between their exclusive economic zones. The westernmost seg-
ment of the line, between two points with co-ordinates 43°20′43″ N and
32°00′00″ E and co-ordinates 43°26′59″ N and 31°20′48″ E, respec-
tively, remained undefined and to be settled subsequently at a convenient
time. After the dissolution of the USSR at the end of 1991, the 1978 Agree-
ment and the Agreement reached through the Exchange of Notes

remained in force not only for the Russian Federation, as the State con-
tinuing the international legal personality of the former USSR, but also
the successor States of the USSR bordering the Black Sea, Ukraine being
one of them.
176. The second agreement is the Agreement between Turkey and Bul-

garia on the determination of the boundary in the mouth area of the
Rezovska/Mutludere River and delimitation of the maritime areas
between the two States in the Black Sea, signed on 4 December 1997. The

62drawing of the delimitation line of the continental shelf and the exclusive
economic zone further to the north-east direction, between geographical

point 43°19′54″ N and 31°06′33″ E and geographical point 43°26′49″ N
and 31°20′43″ E, was left open for subsequent negotiations at a suitable
time.

177. The Court will bear in mind the agreed maritime delimitations

between Turkey and Bulgaria, as well as between Turkey and Ukraine,
when considering the endpoint of the single maritime boundary it is
asked to draw in the present case (see Section 10 below).

178. The Court nevertheless considers that, in the light of the above-

mentioned delimitation agreements and the enclosed nature of the Black
Sea, no adjustment to the equidistance line as provisionally drawn is
called for.

9.3. The Presence of Serpents’ Island in the Area of Delimitation

179. The Parties disagree as to the proper characterization of Serpents’
Island and the role this maritime feature should play in the delimitation
of the continental shelf and the Parties’ exclusive economic zones in the
Black Sea.
180. Romania maintains that Serpents’ Island is entitled to no more

than a 12-nautical-mile territorial sea, and that it cannot be used as a
base point in drawing a delimitation line beyond the 12-mile limit. Roma-
nia claims that Serpents’ Island is a rock incapable of sustaining human
habitation or economic life of its own, and therefore has no exclusive
economic zone or continental shelf, as provided for in Article 121, para-

graph 3, of the 1982 UNCLOS. According to Romania, Serpents’ Island
qualifies as a “rock” because: it is a rocky formation in the geomorpho-
logic sense; it is devoid of natural water sources and virtually devoid of
soil, vegetation and fauna. Romania claims that human survival on the
island is dependent on supplies, especially of water, from elsewhere and

that the natural conditions there do not support the development of eco-
nomic activities. It adds that “[t]he presence of some individuals, . . .
because they have to perform an official duty such as maintaining a light-
house, does not amount to sustained ‘human habitation’”.

181. Romania further argues that Serpents’ Island does not form part

of the coastal configuration of the Parties and that its coast cannot there-
fore be included among Ukraine’s relevant coasts for purposes of the
delimitation.
182. Romania nevertheless admits that in the present case the presence
of Serpents’ Island “with its already agreed belt of 12-nautical-mile

territorial sea” might be a relevant circumstance. It asserts that under
international jurisprudence and State practice, small islands, irrespective of
their legal characterization, have frequently been given very reduced or

63no effect in the delimitation of the continental shelf, exclusive economic
zone or other maritime zones due to the inequitable effect they would

produce. Thus, contends Romania, in the present case the provisional
equidistance line should be drawn between the relevant mainland coasts
of the Parties, with minor maritime formations only being considered at
a later stage as possible relevant circumstances. Romania states that Ser-
pents’ Island, given its location, could be considered as a relevant circum-

stance only in the sector of the delimitation area where the coasts are
adjacent (in other words, the provisional equidistance line would have to
be shifted so as to take into consideration the maritime boundary along
the 12-nautical-mile arc around Serpents’ Island, which “cannot generate
maritime zones beyond 12 nautical miles”). Owing to its remoteness from

the Ukrainian coast of Crimea, Serpents’ Island cannot, according to
Romania, play any role in the delimitation in the area where the coasts
are opposite. In short, Romania considers that, although Serpents’ Island
may qualify as a “special circumstance”, it should not be given any effect
beyond 12 nautical miles.

*

183. Ukraine argues that Serpents’ Island has a baseline which gener-
ates base points for the construction of the provisional equidistance line.
Thus, in Ukraine’s view, the coast of the island constitutes part of
Ukraine’s relevant coasts for purposes of the delimitation and cannot be
reduced to just a relevant circumstance to be considered only at the sec-

ond stage of the delimitation process after the provisional equidistance
line has been established.
184. According to Ukraine, Serpents’ Island is indisputably an “island”
under Article 121, paragraph 2, of UNCLOS, rather than a “rock”.
Ukraine contends that the evidence shows that Serpents’ Island can read-

ily sustain human habitation and that it is well established that it can sus-
tain an economic life of its own. In particular, the island has vegetation
and a sufficient supply of fresh water. Ukraine further asserts that Ser-
pents’ Island “is an island with appropriate buildings and accommoda-
tion for an active population”. Ukraine also argues that paragraph 3 of
Article 121 is not relevant to this delimitation because that paragraph is

not concerned with questions of delimitation but is, rather, an entitle-
ment provision that has no practical application with respect to a mari-
time area that is, in any event, within the 200-mile limit of the exclusive
economic zone and continental shelf of a mainland coast.

**

64 185. In determining the maritime boundary line, in default of any
delimitation agreement within the meaning of UNCLOS Articles 74 and

83, the Court may, should relevant circumstances so suggest, adjust the
provisional equidistance line to ensure an equitable result. In this phase,
the Court may be called upon to decide whether this line should be
adjusted because of the presence of small islands in its vicinity. As the
jurisprudence has indicated, the Court may on occasion decide not to

take account of very small islands or decide not to give them their full
potential entitlement to maritime zones, should such an approach have a
disproportionate effect on the delimitation line under consideration (see
Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1985, p. 48, para. 64; Maritime Delimitation and Territorial

Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain), Merits, Judg-
ment, I.C.J. Reports 2001 , p. 104, para. 219; Territorial and Maritime
Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nica-
ragua v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , pp. 751 et seq.,
paras. 302 et seq.).
186. The Court recalls that it has already determined that Serpents’

Island cannot serve as a base point for the construction of the provisional
equidistance line between the coasts of the Parties, that it has drawn in
the first stage of this delimitation process, since it does not form part of
the general configuration of the coast (see paragraph 149 above). The
Court must now, at the second stage of the delimitation, ascertain whether

the presence of Serpents’ Island in the maritime delimitation area consti-
tutes a relevant circumstance calling for an adjustment of the provisional
equidistance line.
187. With respect to the geography of the north-western part of the
Black Sea, the Court has taken due regard of the fact that Ukraine’s

coast lies on the west, north and east of this area. The Court notes that
all of the areas subject to delimitation in this case are located in the
exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf generated by the
mainland coasts of the Parties and are moreover within 200 nautical
miles of Ukraine’s mainland coast. The Court observes that Serpents’

Island is situated approximately 20 nautical miles to the east of Ukraine’s
mainland coast in the area of the Danube delta (see paragraph 16
above). Given this geographical configuration and in the context of the
delimitation with Romania, any continental shelf and exclusive eco-
nomic zone entitlements possibly generated by Serpents’ Island could
not project further than the entitlements generated by Ukraine’s main-

land coast because of the southern limit of the delimitation area as
identified by the Court (see paragraph 114 and sketch-map No. 5, p. 102).
Further, any possible entitlements generated by Serpents’ Island in an east-
ward direction are fully subsumed by the entitlements generated by the
western and eastern mainland coasts of Ukraine itself. The Court also

notes that Ukraine itself, even though it considered Serpents’ Island to
fall under Article 121, paragraph 2, of UNCLOS, did not extend the rele-
vant area beyond the limit generated by its mainland coast, as a conse-

65quence of the presence of Serpents’ Island in the area of delimitation (see
sketch-map No. 3, p. 92).

In the light of these factors, the Court concludes that the presence of
Serpents’ Island does not call for an adjustment of the provisional equi-
distance line.
In view of the above, the Court does not need to consider whether Ser-
pents’ Island falls under paragraphs 2 or 3 of Article 121 of UNCLOS

nor their relevance to this case.
188. The Court further recalls that a 12-nautical-mile territorial sea
was attributed to Serpents’ Island pursuant to agreements between the
Parties. It concludes that, in the context of the present case, Serpents’
Island should have no effect on the delimitation in this case, other than

that stemming from the role of the 12-nautical-mile arc of its territorial
sea.

9.4. The Conduct of the Parties (Oil and Gas Concessions,

Fishing Activities and Naval Patrols)

189. Ukraine suggests that State activities in the relevant area “consti-
tute a relevant circumstance which operates in favour of the continental
shelf/EEZ claim line proposed by Ukraine”. Ukraine explains that it does
not point to this conduct of the Parties in order to show the existence of
a line arising from a tacit agreement or a modus vivendi. Instead, Ukraine

seeks to assess the claims of the Parties in relation to their actual conduct.
According to Ukraine, it is significant that Romania’s activities, or lack
of them, are “fundamentally inconsistent” with Romania’s argument that
there was a pre-existing maritime delimitation in the disputed area extend-
ing out to “Point X”. Furthermore, Ukraine contends that the lack of

any comparable operations by Romania in the disputed area is incom-
patible with the position taken by Romania in the proceedings before the
Court.

190. Ukraine argues that in 1993, 2001 and 2003 it licensed activities

relating to the exploration of oil and gas deposits within the continental
shelf/exclusive economic zone area claimed by Ukraine in the current
case. It asserts that the existence of these licences demonstrates that
Ukraine, both before and after the 1997 Additional Agreement, author-
ized activities relating to the exploration of oil and gas deposits in areas
of the continental shelf to which Romania lays claim in these proceed-

ings. It adds that prior to 2001, Romania never protested Ukraine’s oil
and gas activities in areas now claimed by Romania.

Ukraine concludes on this point that its oil-related activities are con-
sistent with its delimitation line and should be taken into account together

with the other relevant circumstances, in particular the physical geo-
graphy, in order to achieve an equitable solution.

66 191. Ukraine further argues that the exclusive economic zone and con-
tinental shelf boundary it claims furthermore corresponds generally to

the limit of the Parties exclusive fishing zones “as respected by both
Romania and Ukraine in their administration of fishing in the north-west
part of the Black Sea”. Ukraine emphasizes that it was Ukraine and not
Romania that has been active in policing that part of the area. Ukraine
contends that Romania has neither demonstrated any interest in patrol-

ling the area nor has it objected to the fact that the Ukrainian coastguard
assumed the sole responsibility of intercepting illegal fishing vessels and,
when possible, escorting them out of Ukraine’s exclusive economic zone
and taking any other appropriate measures.

192. With regard to the notion of a critical date introduced by Roma-
nia, Ukraine states that “even assuming that there was a critical date at
all, and that the critical date would have a role to play in maritime
delimitation, it is the date of Romania’s Application: 16 September
2004”.

*

193. Romania does not consider that State activities in the relevant
area, namely licences for the exploration and exploitation of oil and gas
and fishing practices, constitute relevant circumstances. As a matter of

legal principle, effectivités or “State activities” cannot constitute an ele-
ment to be taken into account for the purposes of maritime delimitation.
Romania notes that maritime effectivités can only be taken into account
if they “reflect a tacit agreement” which might constitute a relevant cir-
cumstance for delimitation. In order to come within this “exception” to

the general rule, it notes that only State activities prior to the critical date
may be relevant and that they must be sufficient to prove that “a tacit
agreement or modus vivendi exists”. According to Romania, the effectiv-
ités presented by Ukraine do not reveal the existence of a “de facto line”
or of a “pattern of conduct” proving one way or another an agreement

between the Parties, or acquiescence by Romania relating in any way to
maritime delimitation. These activities cannot therefore constitute an ele-
ment “undermining Romania’s argument regarding the 1949 Procès-
Verbaux”.Romaniaconcludesthatitisevidentfromalltheelementsregard-
ing the “State activities” in the disputed area that Ukraine has “failed to
demonstrate that these State activities comply, in fact or in law, with the

necessary criteria that might transform them into a relevant circumstance
able to have an impact on [the] delimitation”.

194. Romania further recalls that under the 1997 Additional Agree-

ment the two Parties clearly recognized in writing the existence of a dis-
pute regarding the maritime delimitation, and set the framework for
future negotiations to conclude a delimitation agreement. Romania adds

67that the Agreement’s provisions regarding the existence of the dispute
were a mere confirmation of a factual situation that had already existed

for a long time. Thus any oil-related practice occurring after the conclu-
sion of the 1997 Additional Agreement is, in its view, irrelevant in the
present proceedings as the dispute had already crystallized by that date.

195. Romania concludes that Ukraine’s oil concessions practice offers

no support to the latter’s claimed delimitation for the following reasons.
First, the area covered by the Ukrainian concessions “does not even
roughly correspond to its claim in the present proceedings”. Second, two
of the three licences were issued in 2001 and 2003, i.e., after the critical
date of 1997. Moreover, Romania consistently objected to Ukrainian

hydrocarbon activity.

196. With regard to fishing activities, Romania contests that the prac-
tice of the Parties has any bearing on the maritime delimitation in the
present case since neither Party economically depends on fisheries activi-
ties in an area in which pelagic fish stocks are limited; the practice

invoked by Ukraine is recent and only covers a small part of the area in
dispute; and it has always been challenged by Romania and has never
been recognized by third States. With regard to the naval patrols, Roma-
nia submits, even if they could be considered a relevant circumstance,
quod non, all the naval incidents reported by Ukraine are subsequent to

the critical date and as such are in any event irrelevant.

**
197. The Court recalls that it had earlier concluded that there is no
agreement in force between the Parties delimiting the continental shelf

and the exclusive economic zones of the Parties (see paragraph 76 above).
It further notes that Ukraine is not relying on State activities in order
to prove a tacit agreement or modus vivendi between the Parties on the
line which would separate their respective exclusive economic zones and
continental shelves. It rather refers to State activities in order to under-

mine the line claimed by Romania.

198. The Court does not see, in the circumstances of the present case,
any particular role for the State activities invoked above in this maritime
delimitation. As the Arbitral Tribunal in the case between Barbados and

Trinidad and Tobago observed,
“[r]esource-related criteria have been treated more cautiously by the
decisions of international courts and tribunals, which have not gen-

erally applied this factor as a relevant circumstance” (Award of
11 April 2006, RIAA, Vol. XXVII, p. 214, para. 241).

68With respect to fisheries, the Court adds that no evidence has been sub-
mitted to it by Ukraine that any delimitation line other than that claimed

by it would be “likely to entail catastrophic repercussions for the liveli-
hood and economic well-being of the population” (Delimitation of the
Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of
America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984 , p. 342, para. 237).

Since the Court does not consider that the above-mentioned State
activities constitute a relevant circumstance in the present case, the issue
of critical date discussed by the Parties does not require a response from
the Court.

9.5. Any Cutting Off Effect

199. Romania contends that its proposed maritime boundary does
not cut off the entitlements to the continental shelf and to the exclu-
sive economic zone of either Romania or Ukraine. The area attributed
to each Party does not encroach on the natural prolongation of the
other.

Romania argues that Ukraine’s delimitation line leads to a cut-off of
Romania’s maritime entitlements, in particular in the northern sector of
its coast between the Sulina dyke and the Sacalin Peninsula. Romania
states that the delimitation line advocated by Ukraine would make it
extremely difficult for Romania to gain access to the port of Sulina and

the maritime branch of the Danube, which is an important route for the
transit of merchandise. In short, according to Romania, Ukraine’s
claimed line results in a dramatic curtailment of the maritime areas off
the Romanian coast, “as if the projection of every stretch of Ukraine’s
coast run unobstructed in every direction while there is no opposing or
adjacent Romanian territory”.

*

200. According to Ukraine, Romania’s line results in a two-fold cut-
off of Ukraine’s maritime entitlements. First, the maritime entitlements
of Serpents’ Island are dramatically truncated by allocating no continen-

tal shelf and no exclusive economic zone to it. Second, Ukraine’s
south-facing mainland coast is deprived of the area to which it is legally
entitled: “[T]he end result is clearly inequitable and represents a funda-
mental encroachment on continental shelf and exclusive economic areas
that should appertain to Ukraine . . ..” Thus, Ukraine argues that

“Romania’s versions of equidistance produces a marked cut-off effect of
the projection of Ukraine’s coastal front north of the land boundary”.
Moreover Ukraine asserts that

“not only does Romania’s line encroach upon the extension or
projection of Ukraine’s south-east-facing coast — the coast just

69 above the land boundary — it also produces a cut-off effect on
the projection of Ukraine’s south-facing coast lying beyond

Odessa”.
Ukraine argues that its line fully respects the principle of non-

encroachment. It reflects the geographical fact that “Ukraine’s coast
fronting the area to be delimited projects in essentially three directions
while Romania’s coast projects basically in a single direction — south-
eastwards”.

**

201. The Court observes that the delimitation lines proposed by the
Parties, in particular their first segments, each significantly curtail the
entitlement of the other Party to the continental shelf and the exclusive
economic zone. The Romanian line obstructs the entitlement of Ukraine
generated by its coast adjacent to that of Romania, the entitlement

further strengthened by the northern coast of Ukraine. At the same time,
the Ukrainian line restricts the entitlement of Romania generated by its
coast, in particular its first sector between the Sulina dyke and the Sacalin
Peninsula.
By contrast, the provisional equidistance line drawn by the Court

avoids such a drawback as it allows the adjacent coasts of the Parties to
produce their effects, in terms of maritime entitlements, in a reasonable
and mutually balanced way. That being so, the Court sees no reason to
adjust the provisional equidistance line on this ground.

9.6. The Security Considerations of the Parties

202. Romania asserts that there is no evidence to suggest that the
delimitation advanced by it would adversely affect Ukraine’s security
interests, including Serpents’ Island, which has a belt of maritime space

of 12 nautical miles.
In Romania’s view, Ukraine’s delimitation line runs unreasonably
close to the Romanian coast and thus encroaches on the security interests
of Romania.

*

203. Ukraine claims that its line in no way compromises any Roma-
nian security interests because Ukraine’s delimitation line accords to
Romania areas of continental shelf and exclusive economic zone off its
coastline. In this regard Ukraine refers to “the predominant interest
Ukraine has for security and other matters as a function of its geographi-

cal position along this part of the Black Sea on three sides of the coast”
and maintains that Ukraine has been the only Party to police the area
and to prevent illegal fishing and other activities in that area. According

70to Ukraine, its claim is consistent with this aspect of the conduct of the
Parties, whereas Romania’s claim is not.

**

204. The Court confines itself to two observations. First, the legitimate
security considerations of the Parties may play a role in determining the
final delimitation line (see Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/
Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985 , p. 42, para. 51). Second, in the
present case however, the provisional equidistance line it has drawn sub-

stantially differs from the lines drawn either by Romania or Ukraine. The
provisional equidistance line determined by the Court fully respects the
legitimate security interests of either Party. Therefore, there is no need to
adjust the line on the basis of this consideration.

10. T HE L INE OF D ELIMITATION

205. The Court takes note of the fact that Article 1 of the 2003 State
Border Régime Treaty situates the meeting point of the territorial seas of
the Parties at 45°05′21″ N and 30°02′27″ E. This suffices for the fixing
of the starting-point.

Romania and Ukraine have both indicated, in considerable detail, the
course that their respective delimitation lines would then follow beyond
the point fixed by Article 1 of the 2003 State Border Régime Treaty (see
paragraph 13 above and sketch-map No. 1, p. 69). The Court notes that
the Parties’ positions differ in this regard.

206. The delimitation line decided by the Court, for which neither the
seaward end of the Sulina dyke nor Serpents’ Island is taken as a base
point, begins at Point 1 and follows the 12-nautical-mile arc around Ser-
pents’ Island until it intersects with the line equidistant from Romania’s

and Ukraine’s adjacent coasts, as defined above; from there, it follows
that line until it becomes affected by base points on the opposite coasts of
Romania and Ukraine. From this turning point the delimitation line runs
along the line equidistant from Romania’s and Ukraine’s opposite coasts
(for the course of the equidistance line see paragraph 154 above).

207. Romania maintains that the endpoint of the delimitation line is
situated at co-ordinates 43°26′50″ N and 31°20′10″ E (Point Z). It

asserts that drawing the delimitation line up to Point Z does not affect
any possible entitlements of third countries to maritime areas, as Point Z
is “practically the point equidistant to the Romanian, Ukrainian and
Turkish coasts, and is farther to the Bulgarian coast”.
208. Ukraine argues that no endpoint of the delimitation should be

71specified, so as to avoid any encroachment on possible entitlements of
third States; the line would therefore end in an arrow. The line advocated

by Ukraine continues from the point identified by it as Point 3 along the
azimuth 156 until it reaches the point where the interests of third States
potentially come into play.
209. The Court considers that the delimitation line follows the equi-

distance line in a southerly direction until the point beyond which the
interests of third States may be affected.

11. THE D ISPROPORTIONALITY TEST

210. The Court now turns to check that the result thus far arrived at,
so far as the envisaged delimitation line is concerned, does not lead to
any significant disproportionality by reference to the respective coastal

lengths and the apportionment of areas that ensue. This Court agrees
with the observation that

“it is disproportion rather than any general principle of proportion-
ality which is the relevant criterion or factor . . . there can never
be a question of completely refashioning nature . . . it is rather a
question of remedying the disproportionality and inequitable effects

produced by particular geographical configurations or features”
(Anglo-French Continental Shelf Case , RIAA, Vol. XVIII, p. 58,
para. 101).

211. The continental shelf and exclusive economic zone allocations are
not to be assigned in proportion to length of respective coastlines. Rather,
the Court will check, ex post facto, on the equitableness of the delimita-

tion line it has constructed (Delimitation of the maritime boundary
between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau , RIAA, Vol. XIX, pp. 183-184,
paras. 94-95).
212. This checking can only be approximate. Diverse techniques have

in the past been used for assessing coastal lengths, with no clear require-
ments of international law having been shown as to whether the real
coastline should be followed, or baselines used, or whether or not coasts
relating to internal waters should be excluded.
213. The Court cannot but observe that various tribunals, and the

Court itself, have drawn different conclusions over the years as to what
disparity in coastal lengths would constitute a significant disproportion-
ality which suggested the delimitation line was inequitable and still
required adjustment. This remains in each case a matter for the Court’s

appreciation, which it will exercise by reference to the overall geography
of the area.
214. In the present case the Court has measured the coasts according
to their general direction. It has not used baselines suggested by the
Parties for this measurement. Coastlines alongside waters lying behind

72gulfs or deep inlets have not been included for this purpose. These meas-

urements are necessarily approximate given that the purpose of this final
stage is to make sure there is no significant disproportionality.

215. It suffices for this third stage for the Court to note that the ratio

of the respective coastal lengths for Romania and Ukraine, measured as
described above, is approximately 1:2.8 and the ratio of the relevant area
between Romania and Ukraine is approximately 1:2.1.

216. The Court is not of the view that this suggests that the line as
constructed, and checked carefully for any relevant circumstances that
might have warranted adjustment, requires any alteration.

12. THE M ARITIME BOUNDARY D ELIMITING THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
AND EXCLUSIVE E CONOMIC ZONES

217. The Court observes that a maritime boundary delimiting the con-
tinental shelf and exclusive economic zones is not to be assimilated to a

State boundary separating territories of States. The former defines the
limits of maritime zones where under international law coastal States
have certain sovereign rights for defined purposes. The latter defines the

territorial limits of State sovereignty. Consequently, the Court considers
that no confusion as to the nature of the maritime boundary delimiting
the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf arises and will thus
employ this term.

218. The line of the maritime boundary established by the Court
begins at Point 1, the point of intersection of the outer limit of the terri-
torial sea of Romania with the territorial sea of Ukraine around Ser-

pents’ Island as stipulated in Article 1 of the 2003 State Border Régime
Treaty (see paragraph 28 above). From Point 1 it follows the arc of the
12-nautical-mile territorial sea of Serpents’ Island until the arc intersects
at Point 2, with co-ordinates 45°03′18.5″ N and 30°09′24.6″ E, with a

line equidistant from the adjacent coasts of Romania and Ukraine, plot-
ted by reference to base points located on the landward end of the Sulina
dyke and the south-eastern tip of Tsyganka Island. The maritime bound-
5
ary from Point 2 continues along the equidistance line in a south-
easterly direction until Point 3, with co-ordinates 44°46′38.7″ N and
30°58′37.3″ E (Point A of the provisional equidistance line), where the
equidistance line becomes affected by a base point located on the Sacalin

Peninsula.

5For the description of the entire course of the equidistance line, see paragraph 154
above.

73 From Point 3 the maritime boundary follows the equidistance line in a
south-easterly direction to Point 4, with co-ordinates 44°44′13.4″ N and

31°10′27.7″ E (Point B of the provisional equidistance line), where the
equidistance line becomes affected by the base point located on Cape
Tarkhankut on Ukraine’s opposite coast and turns south-south-east.
From Point 4 the boundary traces the line equidistant from the opposite

coasts of Romania and Ukraine until Point 5, with co-ordinates
44°02′53.0″ N and 31°24′35.0″ E) (Point C of the provisional equidis-
tance line), which is controlled by base points on the Sacalin Peninsula
on the Romanian coast and Capes Tarkhankut and Khersones on the
Ukrainian coast, from where it continues along the equidistance line in a

southerly direction starting at a geodetic azimuth of 185°23′54.5″ until
the maritime boundary reaches the area where the rights of third States
may be affected (see sketch-maps Nos. 8 and 9, pp. 132-133).

The geographical co-ordinates for Points 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the single
maritime boundary set out in this paragraph and in the operative clause
(see paragraph 219) are given by reference to WGS 84 datum.

* * *

13. OPERATIVE C LAUSE

219. For these reasons,
T HE COURT ,

Unanimously,

Decides that starting from Point 1, as agreed by the Parties in Article 1
of the 2003 State Border Régime Treaty, the line of the single maritime
boundary delimiting the continental shelf and the exclusive economic

zones of Romania and Ukraine in the Black Sea shall follow the 12-
nautical-mile arc of the territorial sea of Ukraine around Serpents’ Island
until Point 2 (with co-ordinates 45°03′18.5″ N and 30°09′24.6″ E) where
the arc intersects with the line equidistant from Romania’s and Ukraine’s
adjacent coasts. From Point 2 the boundary line shall follow the equidis-

tance line through Points 3 (with co-ordinates 44°46′38.7″ N and
30°58′37.3″ E) and 4 (with co-ordinates 44°44′13.4″ N and
31°10′27.7″ E) until it reaches Point 5 (with co-ordinates 44°02′53.0″ N
and 31°24′35.0″ E). From Point 5 the maritime boundary line shall con-

tinue along the line equidistant from the opposite coasts of Romania and
Ukraine in a southerly direction starting at a geodetic azimuth of
185°23′54.5″ until it reaches the area where the rights of third States may
be affected.

74 75 76 Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at

the Peace Palace, The Hague, this third day of February, two thousand
and nine, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of
the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of Romania and
the Government of Ukraine, respectively.

(Signed) Rosalyn H IGGINS ,

President.

(Signed) Philippe C OUVREUR ,

Registrar.

77

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES AR|TS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

DEuLIMITATION MARITIME
EN MER NOIRE

(ROUMANIE c. UKRAINE)

ARR|TDU3FE uVRIER 2009

2009

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

MARITIME DELIMITATION
IN THE BLACK SEA

(ROMANIA v. UKRAINE)

JUDGMENT OF 3 FEBRUARY 2009 Mode officiel de citation:
Délimitation maritime en mer Noire (Roumanie c. Ukraine),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2009 ,p.61

Official citation:
Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009 ,p.61

Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 N de vente: 950
ISBN 978-92-1-071059-6 3FEuVRIER 2009

ARRE|T

DuLIMITATION MARITIME

EN MER NOIRE
(ROUMANIE c. UKRAINE)

MARITIME DELIMITATION
IN THE BLACK SEA

(ROMANIA v. UKRAINE)

3 FEBRUARY 2009

JUDGMENT TABLE DES MATIÈRES

Paragraphes

1. Q UALITÉS 1-13

2. C ADRE GÉOGRAPHIQUE GÉNÉRAL 14-16

3. Q UESTIONS JURIDIQUES PRÉLIMINAIRES 17-42

3.1. Objet du différend 17-19
3.2. La compétence de la Cour et son étendue 20-30

3.3. Le droit applicable 31-42

4. L A DÉLIMITATION MARITIME EXISTANT ENTRE LES P ARTIES(EFFET DES
PROCÈS-VERBAUX DE 1949, 1963 ET 1974, AINSI QUE DES TRAITÉS
CONCLUS PAR LA R OUMANIE EN 1949 ET 1961 AVEC L’UNION SOVIÉ-
TIQUE ET EN 2003 AVEC L’U KRAINE) 43-76

5. L ES CÔTES PERTINENTES 77-105

5.1. La côte pertinente roumaine 80-88
5.2. La côte pertinente ukrainienne 89-105

6. L A ZONE MARITIME PERTINENTE 106-114

7. L A MÉTHODE DE DÉLIMITATION 115-122

8. E TABLISSEMENT DE LA LIGNE D’ÉQUIDISTANCE PROVISOIRE 123-154

8.1. Choix des points de base 123-149
8.2. Construction de la ligne d’équidistance provisoire 150-154

9. L ES CIRCONSTANCES PERTINENTES 155-204
9.1. La disproportion entre les longueurs des côtes 158-168

9.2. Le caractère fermé de la mer Noire et les délimitations déjà
effectuées dans la région 169-178
9.3. La présence de l’île des Serpents dans la zone de délimitation 179-188
9.4. La conduite des Parties (concessions pétrolières et gazières,
activités de pêche et patrouilles navales) 189-198

9.5. Eventuel effet d’amputation 199-201
9.6. Les considérations des Parties tenant à la sécurité 202-204

10. L A LIGNE DE DÉLIMITATION 205-209

11. V ÉRIFICATION DE ’ABSENCE DE DISPROPORTION 210-216

12. L A FRONTIÈRE MARITIME DÉLIMITANT LE PLATEAU CONTINENTAL ET LES
ZONES ÉCONOMIQUES EXCLUSIVES 217-218

13. D ISPOSITIF 219

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs

1. CHRONOLOGY OF THEPROCEDURE 1-13

2. GENERAL GEOGRAPHY 14-16

3. PRELIMINARYLEGAL SSUES 17-42
3.1. Subject-matter of the dispute 17-19

3.2. Jurisdiction of the Court and its scope 20-30
3.3. Applicable law 31-42

4. EXISTINM ARITIMED ELIMITATION BETWEEN TPARTIES(EFFECT OF
THE PROCÈS-VERBAUX OF1949, 1963AND1974,AS WELL AS TH1949
AND 1961 TREATIES BETWEENROMANIA AND THE USSR AND THE
2003 TREATY BETWEEN ROMANIA AND UKRAINE) 43-76

5. RELEVANTC OASTS 77-105

5.1. The Romanian relevant coast 80-88
5.2. The Ukrainian relevant coast 89-105

6. RELEVANTM ARITIMEA REA 106-114

7. DELIMITATIOM ETHODOLOGY 115-122

8. ESTABLISHMENT OF THPROVISIONALEQUIDISTANCELINE 123-154

8.1. Selection of base points 123-149
8.2. Construction of the provisional equidistance line 150-154

9. RELEVANTC IRCUMSTANCES 155-204

9.1. Disproportion between lengths of coasts 158-168
9.2. The enclosed nature of the Black Sea and the delimitations
already effected in the region 169-178

9.3. The presence of Serpents’ Island in the area of delimitation 179-188
9.4. The conduct of the Parties (oil and gas concessions, fishing
activities and naval patrols) 189-198
9.5. Any cutting off effect 199-201
9.6. The security considerations of the Parties 202-204

10. THEL INE OFDELIMITATION 205-209

11. THED ISPROPORTIONALITTEST 210-216

12. THEM ARITIMEBOUNDARY D ELIMITING THCONTINENTALSHELF AND

E XCLUSIVEECONOMIC ZONES 217-218

13. OPERATIVECLAUSE 219

4 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

2009 ANNÉE 2009
3 février
Rôlo général
n 132 3 février 2009

DE uLIMITATION MARITIME

EN MER NOIRE

(ROUMANIE c. UKRAINE)

ARRÊT

Présents: Mme HIGGIN, président;M.A-K HASAWNEH, vice-président; MMAN-

JEVA,S HI,K OROMA,B UERGENTHAL,O WADA ,T OMKA ,A BRAHAM ,
K EITH,SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR ,B ENNOUNA,S KOTNIKOV, juges; MM. COT,
O XMAN , juges ad hoc; M.OUVREUR , greffier.

En l’affaire relative à la délimitation maritime en mer Noire,

entre

la Roumanie,

représentée par
S. Exc. M. Bogdan Aurescu, directeur général au ministère des affaires étran-
gères de la Roumanie, chargé de cours à la faculté de droit de l’Université

de Bucarest, président de la section roumaine de l’Association de droit
international, membre de la Cour permanente d’arbitrage,
comme agent, conseil et avocat;

M. Cosmin Dinescu, directeur général des affaires juridiques du ministère des
affaires étrangères de la Roumanie,

comme coagent, conseil et avocat;
S. Exc. M. ˘lin Fabian, ambassadeur de Roumanie auprès du Royaume des
Pays-Bas,

comme coagent;
M. James Crawford, S.C., F.B.A., professeur de droit international à l’Uni-

5 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2009 2009
3 February
General List
3 February 2009 No. 132

MARITIME DELIMITATION

IN THE BLACK SEA

(ROMANIA v. UKRAINE)

JUDGMENT

Present: President IGGINS; Vice-PresidentL-KHASAWNEH ; Judges ANJEVA,

SHI,K OROMA ,B UERGENTHAL ,O WADA ,T OMKA ,A BRAHAM ,K EITH,
SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR ,B ENNOUNA ,S KOTNIKOV; Judges ad hoc C OT,
OXMAN ; Registrar OUVREUR.

In the case concerning maritime delimitation in the Black Sea,

between

Romania,

represented by
H.E. Mr. Bogdan Aurescu, Director General, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
Romania, Lecturer, Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest, President of

the Romanian Branch of the International Law Association, member
of the Permanent Court of Arbitration,
as Agent, Counsel and Advocate;

Mr. Cosmin Dinescu, Director General for Legal Affairs, Ministry of For-
eign Affairs of Romania,

as Co-Agent, Counsel and Advocate;
H.E. Mr. Ca˘lin Fabian, Ambassador of Romania to the Kingdom of the
Netherlands,

as Co-Agent;
Mr. James Crawford, S.C., F.B.A., Whewell Professor of International Law,

5 versité de Cambridge, titulaire de la chaire Whewell, membre de l’Institut
de droit international, avocat,
M. Vaughan Lowe, Q.C., professeur de droit international à l’Université
d’Oxford, titulaire de la chaire Chichele, membre du barreau d’Angleterre,

membre associé de l’Institut de droit international,
M. Alain Pellet, professeur à l’Université de Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La
Défense, membre et ancien président de la Commission du droit interna-
tional, membre associé de l’Institut de droit international,
comme conseils principaux et avocats;

M. Daniel Müller, chercheur au Centre de droit international de Nanterre
(CEDIN), Université de Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Défense,
M. Simon Olleson, membre du barreau d’Angleterre,
comme conseils et avocats;

M. Gicu Boros ¸i, directeur général de l’agence nationale des ressources mi-
nières,
M. Mihai German, directeur général adjoint de l’agence nationale des
ressources minières, membre de la Commission des limites du plateau
continental des Nations Unies,
M. Eugen Laurian, contre-amiral (e.r.),
M. Octavian Buzatu, capitaine de corvette (e.r.),
M. Ovidiu Neghiu, capitaine, ministère roumain de la défense,

comme experts techniques et cartographes;
M. Liviu Dumitru, chef de l’unité frontières et délimitation maritime du minis-
tère roumain des affaires étrangères,
M me Irina Ni¸˘, deuxième secrétaire, conseiller juridique à l’ambassade de
Roumanie au Royaume des Pays-Bas,
me
M Catrinel Brumar, troisième secrétaire, unité frontières et délimitation
meritime du ministère roumain des affaires étrangères,
M Mirela Pascaru, troisième secrétaire, unité frontières et délimitation
maritime du ministère roumain des affaires étrangères,
M me Ioana Preda, troisième secrétaire, unité frontières et délimitation mari-
time du ministère roumain des affaires étrangères,
M me Olivia Horvath, responsable du département des relations diplomati-
ques du ministère roumain des affaires étrangères,

comme conseillers,
et

l’Ukraine,
représentée par

S. Exc. M. Volodymyr A. Vassylenko, conseiller du ministre des affaires
étrangères de l’Ukraine, ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire
d’Ukraine, professeur de droit international à l’Académie Mohyla (Uni-
versité nationale de Kiev),
comme agent;

S. Exc. M. Oleksandr M. Kupchyshyn, ambassadeur extraordinaire et pléni-
potentiaire d’Ukraine, vice-ministre des affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine,
M. Volodymyr G. Krokhmal, directeur du département des affaires juridi-
ques et des traités du ministère des affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine,
comme coagents;

6 University of Cambridge, member of the Institut de droit international,
Barrister,
Mr. Vaughan Lowe, Q.C., Chichele Professor of International Law, Univer-
sity of Oxford, member of the English Bar, associate member of the Insti-
tut de droit international,
Mr. Alain Pellet, Professor at the University of Paris Ouest, Nanterre-

La Défense, member and former Chairman of the International Law Com-
mission, associate member of the Institut de droit international,
as Senior Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Daniel Müller, Researcher at the Centre de droit international de Nan-
terre (CEDIN), University of Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Défense,
Mr. Simon Olleson, member of the English Bar,

as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Gicu Boros ¸i, Director General, National Agency for Mineral Resources,

Mr. Mihai German, Deputy Director General, National Agency for Mineral
Resources, member of the United Nations Commission on the Limits of
the Continental Shelf,

Mr. Eugen Laurian, Counter-Admiral (retired),
Mr. Octavian Buzatu, Lieutenant Commander (retired),
Mr. Ovidiu Neghiu, Captain, Ministry of Defence of Romania,
as Technical and Cartographic Experts;
Mr. Liviu Dumitru, Head of the Borders and Maritime Delimitation Unit,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania,

Ms Irina Ni(t˘, Second Secretary, Legal Adviser, Embassy of Romania in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Ms Catrinel Brumar, Third Secretary, Borders and Maritime Delimitation
Unit, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania,
Ms Mirela Pascaru, Third Secretary, Borders and Maritime Delimitation
Unit, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania,
Ms Ioana Preda, Third Secretary, Borders and Maritime Delimitation Unit,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania,
Ms Olivia Horvath, Desk Officer, Public Diplomacy Department, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of Romania,

as Advisers,
and

Ukraine,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Volodymyr A. Vassylenko, Adviser to the Minister for Foreign
Affairs of Ukraine, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of
Ukraine, Professor of International Law, National University of Kyiv
Mohyla Academy,
as Agent;
H.E. Mr. Oleksandr M. Kupchyshyn, Ambassador Extraordinary and Pleni-

potentiary of Ukraine, Deputy Foreign Minister of Ukraine,
Mr. Volodymyr G. Krokhmal, Director of the Legal and Treaty Department
of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine,
as Co-Agents;

6 M. Rodman R. Bundy, avocat à la cour d’appel de Paris, membre du bar-
reau de New York, cabinet Eversheds LLP, Paris,
M. Jean-Pierre Quéneudec, professeur émérite de droit international de
l’Université de Paris I (Panthéon-Sorbonne),

sir Michael Wood, K.C.M.G., membre du barreau d’Angleterre, membre de
me Commission du droit international,
M Loretta Malintoppi, avocat à la cour d’appel de Paris, membre du bar-
reau de Rome, cabinet Eversheds LLP, Paris,
comme conseils et avocats;

S. Exc. M. Vasyl G. Korzachenko, ambassadeur extraordinaire et pléni-
potentiaire d’Ukraine auprès du Royaume des Pays-Bas,
M. Nick Minogue, Solicitor à la Cour suprême d’Angleterre et du pays de
Galles,
M. Oleksii V. Ivaschenko, directeur par intérim de la division du droit inter-
national, département des affaires juridiques et des traités du ministère des
affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine,
M. Maxime O. Kononenko, premier secrétaire à l’ambassade d’Ukraine en

meance,
M Mariana O. Betsa, deuxième secrétaire à l’ambassade d’Ukraine au
Royaume des Pays-Bas,
comme conseillers juridiques;

M. Robin Cleverly, M.A., D. Phil., C. Geol., F.G.S., consultant en droit de
la mer, Admiralty Consultancy Services,
M. Borys D. Tregubov, général de division, assistant du chef du service de
protection des frontières d’Etat de l’Ukraine,
comme conseillers techniques,

L A COUR ,

ainsi composée,
après délibéré en chambre du conseil,

rend l’arrêt suivant:

1. Le 16 septembre 2004, la Roumanie a déposé au Greffe de la Cour une
requête introductive d’instance, datée du 13 septembre 2004, contre l’Ukraine,
concernant la délimitation du plateau continental et des zones économiques
exclusives de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine dans la mer Noire.
Dans sa requête, la Roumanie invoque comme fondement de la compétence
de la Cour les dispositions de l’alinéa h) du paragraphe 4 de l’accord addi-
tionnel résultant de l’échange de lettres du 2 juin 1997 entre les ministres des
affaires étrangères de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine. Cet accord additionnel

a été conclu conformément à l’article 2 du traité de bon voisinage et de coopé-
ration entre la Roumanie et l’Ukraine, signé le 2 juin 1997 (ci-après le «traité
de bon voisinage et de coopération»). Les deux instruments sont entrés en
vigueur le 22 octobre 1997.
2. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut, le greffier a
immédiatement communiqué une copie certifiée conforme de la requête au
Gouvernement de l’Ukraine; en application du paragraphe 3 du même article,
il en a également informé tous les Etats admis à ester devant la Cour.
3. Suivant les instructions données par la Cour en vertu de l’article 43 de son
Règlement, le greffier a adressé les notifications prévues au paragraphe 1 de

7 Mr. Rodman R. Bundy, avocat à la Cour d’appel de Paris , member of the
New York Bar, Eversheds LLP, Paris,
Mr. Jean-Pierre Quéneudec, Professor Emeritus of International Law, the
University of Paris I (Panthéon-Sorbonne),
Sir Michael Wood, K.C.M.G., member of the English Bar, member of the

International Law Commission,
Ms Loretta Malintoppi, avocat à la Cour d’appel de Paris , member of the
Rome Bar, Eversheds LLP, Paris,
as Counsel and Advocates;

H.E. Mr. Vasyl G. Korzachenko, Ambassador Extraordinary and Pleni-
potentiary of Ukraine to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Mr. Nick Minogue, Solicitor of the Supreme Court of England and Wales,

Mr. Oleksii V. Ivaschenko, Acting Head of International Law Division,
Legal and Treaty Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
Ukraine,
Mr. Maxime O. Kononenko, First Secretary of the Embassy of Ukraine in
the French Republic,
Ms Mariana O. Betsa, Second Secretary of the Embassy of Ukraine in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,

as Legal Advisers;
Mr. Robin Cleverly, M.A., D. Phil, C. Geol., F.G.S., Law of the Sea Con-
sultant, Admiralty Consultancy Services,
Major General Borys D. Tregubov, Assistant to the Head of the State Bor-

der Protection Service of Ukraine,
as Technical Advisers,

T HE COURT ,

composed as above,
after deliberation,

delivers the following Judgment:
1. On 16 September 2004 Romania filed in the Registry of the Court an
Application dated 13 September 2004, instituting proceedings against Ukraine
concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic
zones of Romania and Ukraine in the Black Sea.

In its Application, Romania seeks to found the jurisdiction of the Court on
the provisions of paragraph 4 (h) of the Additional Agreement constituted by
an exchange of letters of 2 June 1997 between the Ministers for Foreign Affairs
of Romania and Ukraine. The Additional Agreement was concluded with ref-
erence to Article 2 of the Treaty on the Relations of Good Neighbourliness and
Co-operation between Romania and Ukraine, signed on 2 June 1997 (herein-
after the “Treaty on Good Neighbourliness and Co-operation”). Both instru-
ments entered into force on 22 October 1997.
2. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Registrar imme-
diately communicated a certified copy of the Application to the Government of
Ukraine; and, in accordance with paragraph 3 of that Article, all States entitled

to appear before the Court were notified of the Application.
3. Pursuant to the instructions of the Court under Article 43 of the Rules of
Court, the Registrar addressed to States parties to the United Nations Conven-

7l’article 63 du Statut de la Cour aux Etats parties à la convention des
Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer du 10 décembre 1982. Le greffier a en outre
adressé la notification prévue au paragraphe 2 de l’article 43 du Règlement, tel
qu’adopté le 29 septembre 2005, à la Communauté européenne, qui est aussi
partie à ladite convention, en demandant à cette organisation de lui faire savoir
si elle entendait présenter des observations en vertu de la disposition précitée.

En réponse, la Communauté européenne a fait savoir au greffier qu’elle n’avait
pas l’intention de présenter des observations en l’espèce.
4. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de la nationalité des Parties,
chacune d’elles s’est prévalue du droit que lui confère le paragraphe 3 de l’ar-
ticle 31 du Statut de procéder à la désignation d’un juge ad hoc pour siéger en
l’affaire. La Roumanie a désigné M. Jean-Pierre Cot et l’Ukraine M. Bernard
H. Oxman.
5. Par ordonnance en date du 19 novembre 2004, la Cour a fixé au
19 août 2005 et au 19 mai 2006, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des délais
pour le dépôt du mémoire de la Roumanie et du contre-mémoire de l’Ukraine;
ces pièces ont été dûment déposées dans les délais ainsi prescrits.
6. Par ordonnance en date du 30 juin 2006, la Cour a autorisé la présenta-
tion d’une réplique par la Roumanie et d’une duplique par l’Ukraine, et a fixé

au 22 décembre 2006 et au 15 juin 2007, respectivement, les dates d’expiration
des délais pour le dépôt de ces pièces. La réplique de la Roumanie a été déposée
dans les délais ainsi prescrits. Par ordonnance en date du 8 juin 2007, la Cour,
à la demande de l’Ukraine, a prorogé jusqu’au 6 juillet 2007 la date d’expira-
tion du délai pour le dépôt de la duplique. L’Ukraine a dûment déposé sa
duplique dans le délai ainsi prorogé.
7. Par lettre du 23 août 2007, reçue au Greffe le 30 août 2007, l’agent de la
Roumanie a informé la Cour que son gouvernement souhaitait produire un
nouveau document conformément à l’article 56 du Règlement et a fourni des
explications à l’appui de sa demande, à savoir que ce document était nécessaire
«afin de présenter, de la manière la plus complète possible, tant à la Partie
ukrainienne qu’à la Cour, les éléments de preuve matériels» et que le «caractère
tardif de cette communication» tenait au fait que la carte «n’avait pas été clas-

sée dans les archives principales relatives à cette question». Dans sa réponse,
l’agent de l’Ukraine a informé la Cour que son gouvernement s’opposait à la
production d’un nouveau document par la Roumanie, au motif que celle-ci
n’avait pas «agi conformément à l’Instruction de procédure IX, parce qu’elle
n’avait pas indiqué pour quelles raisons il était, selon elle, nécessaire de déposer
ce nouveau document à ce stade ni expliqué pourquoi elle n’avait pas produit
cette carte à un stade antérieur de l’instance». Vu l’absence de consentement de
l’Ukraine, le greffier a, le 10 décembre 2007, conformément aux instructions de
la Cour, demandé au Gouvernement de la Roumanie d’expliquer plus en détail
les raisons pour lesquelles le nouveau document devrait être considéré comme
nécessaire. Le Gouvernement de la Roumanie a dûment présenté ses explica-
tions supplémentaires le 18 décembre 2007. Le 23 janvier 2008, les Parties ont
été informées que la Cour, après avoir examiné leurs vues respectives, avait

décidé, conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 56 de son Règlement,
d’autoriser le Gouvernement de la Roumanie à produire le nouveau document
en question.
8. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 53 de son Règlement, la Cour
a décidé, après s’être renseignée auprès des Parties, que des exemplaires des
pièces de procédure et des documents annexés seraient rendus accessibles au
public à l’ouverture de la procédure orale.

8tion on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 the notifications provided for
in Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court. In addition, the Regis-
trar addressed to the European Community, which is also party to that Con-
vention, the notification provided for in Article 43, paragraph 2, of the Rules of
Court, as adopted on 29 September 2005, and asked that organization whether
or not it intended to furnish observations under that provision. In response, the

Registrar was informed that the European Community did not intend to sub-
mit observations in the case.
4. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either of the Parties, each Party proceeded to exercise its right conferred by
Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the
case. Romania chose Mr. Jean-Pierre Cot and Ukraine Mr. Bernard H. Oxman.

5. By an Order dated 19 November 2004, the Court fixed 19 August 2005
and 19 May 2006, respectively, as the time-limits for the filing of the Memorial
of Romania and the Counter-Memorial of Ukraine; those pleadings were duly
filed within the time-limits so prescribed.
6. By an Order of 30 June 2006, the Court authorized the submission of a
Reply by Romania and a Rejoinder by Ukraine, and fixed 22 December 2006

and 15 June 2007 as the respective time-limits for the filing of those pleadings.
The Reply of Romania was filed within the time-limits thus fixed. By an Order
of 8 June 2007 the Court, at the request of Ukraine, extended to 6 July 2007 the
time-limit for the filing of the Rejoinder. Ukraine duly filed its Rejoinder within
the time-limit as thus extended.

7. By letter dated 23 August 2007 and received in the Registry on 30 August
2007, the Agent of Romania informed the Court that his Government wished
to produce a new document in accordance with Article 56 of the Rules of Court
and provided certain explanations in justification of its request, namely that the
document was necessary “in order to make as complete a disclosure as possible,
both to the Ukrainian Party and to the Court, of material evidence” and that
the “lateness of disclosure” was due to the fact that the document had not been

“filed together with the main archival sources relevant to this matter”. In
response, the Agent of Ukraine informed the Court that his Government did
not consent to the production of the new document, on the grounds that
Romania had not “acted in compliance with Practice Direction IX, since it did
not indicate why it considered it necessary to file this new document now, nor
did it provide an explanation why it did not produce this map at an earlier
stage in these proceedings”. In view of the absence of consent of Ukraine, on
10 December 2007, the Registrar, on the instructions of the Court, requested
that the Government of Romania provide further explanations as to why the
new document should be regarded as necessary. Such additional explanations
were duly submitted by the Government of Romania on 18 December 2007. On
23 January 2008, the Parties were informed that the Court, after considering
the views of the Parties, had decided, pursuant to Article 56, paragraph 2, of

the Rules of Court, to authorize the production by the Government of Roma-
nia of the new document in question.

8. In accordance with Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the
Court decided, after ascertaining the views of the Parties, that copies of the
pleadings and documents annexed would be made available to the public as
from the opening of the oral proceedings.

8 9. Des audiences publiques ont été tenues du 2 septembre au 19 sep-
tembre 2008, au cours desquelles ont été entendus en leurs plaidoiries et
réponses:

Pour la Roumanie: S. Exc. M. Bogdan Aurescu,
M. Alain Pellet,
M. Cosmin Dinescu,
M. James Crawford,
M. Vaughan Lowe,
M. Daniel Müller,
M. Simon Olleson.

Pour l’Ukraine: S. Exc. M. Volodymyr A. Vassylenko,
M. Rodman R. Bundy,
sir Michael Wood,
M. Jean-Pierre Quéneudec,
M me Loretta Malintoppi.

10. A l’audience, un juge a posé aux Parties des questions, auxquelles celles-
ci ont répondu par oral, conformément au paragraphe 4 de l’article 61 du
Règlement.

*
11. Dans la requête, la demande ci-après a été formulée par la Roumanie:

«Tout en se réservant le droit de compléter, amender ou modifier la pré-
sente requête au cours de l’instance, la Roumanie prie la Cour de tracer
conformément au droit international et, tout spécialement, aux critères
énoncés à l’article 4 de l’accord additionnel, une frontière maritime unique
entre le plateau continental et les zones économiques exclusives des deux
Etats en mer Noire.»

12. Au cours de la procédure écrite, les conclusions suivantes ont été présen-
tées par les Parties:

Au nom du Gouvernement de la Roumanie,
dans le mémoire:

«Pour les raisons exposées ci-dessus, le Gouvernement de la Roumanie
prie respectueusement la Cour de tracer comme suit une frontière maritime
unique délimitant le plateau continental et les zones économiques exclu-
sives de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine en mer Noire:

— à partir du point F, situé par 45°05′21″ de latitude nord et 30°02′27″ de
longitude est, le long d’un arc de 12 milles marins de rayon entourant
l’île des Serpents jusqu’au point X, situé par 45°14′20″ de latitude
nord et 30°29′12″ de longitude est,
— à partir du point X, en ligne droite jusqu’au point Y, situé par
45°11′59″ de latitude nord et 30°49′16″ de longitude est,
— puis, le long de la ligne d’équidistance entre les côtes adjacentes de la
Roumanie et de l’Ukraine, du point Y au point T, situé par 45°09′45″
de latitude nord et 31°08′40″ de longitude est,

— et, enfin, le long de la ligne médiane entre les côtes de la Roumanie
et de l’Ukraine qui se font face, du point T au point Z, situé par
43°26′50″ de latitude nord et 31°20′10″ de longitude est.»

9 9. Public hearings were held between 2 and 19 September 2008, at which the
Court heard the oral arguments and replies of:

For Romania: H.E. Mr. Bogdan Aurescu,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Cosmin Dinescu,
Mr. James Crawford,
Mr. Vaughan Lowe,
Mr. Daniel Müller,
Mr. Simon Olleson.

For Ukraine: H.E. Mr. Volodymyr A. Vassylenko,
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy,
Sir Michael Wood,
Mr. Jean-Pierre Quéneudec,
Ms Loretta Malintoppi.

10. At the hearings, a judge put questions to the Parties, to which replies
were given orally in accordance with Article 61, paragraph 4, of the Rules of
Court.

*

11. In its Application, the following claims were made by Romania:

“Reserving the right to complement, amend or modify the present
request in the course of the proceedings, Romania requests the Court to
draw in accordance with the international law, and specifically the criteria
laid down in Article 4 of the Additional Agreement, a single maritime
boundary between the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zones
of the two States in the Black Sea.”

12. In the written proceedings, the following submissions were presented by
the Parties:
On behalf of the Government of Romania,

in the Memorial:

“For the reasons set out above, the Government of Romania respect-
fully requests the Court to draw a single maritime boundary dividing the
continental shelf and the exclusive economic zones of Romania and
Ukraine in the Black Sea, having the following description:
— from Point F, at 45°05′21″ N, 30°02′27″ E, on the 12 nm arc sur-
rounding Serpents’ Island, to Point X, at 45°14′20″ N, 30°29′12″ E,

— from Point X in a straight segment to Point Y, at 45°11′59″ N,

30°49′16″ E,
— then on the line equidistant between the Romanian and Ukrainian
adjacent coasts, from Point Y to Point T, at 45°09′45″ N, 31°08′40″ E,

— and then on the line median between the Romanian and Ukrainian
opposite coasts, from Point T to Point Z, at 43°26′50″ N,
31°20′10″ E.”

9dans la réplique:

«Pour les raisons exposées dans son mémoire ainsi que dans la présente
réplique, la Roumanie prie respectueusement la Cour de tracer comme suit
une frontière maritime unique délimitant les espaces maritimes de la Rou-
manie et de l’Ukraine en mer Noire:
a) à partir du point F, situé par 45°05′21″ de latitude nord et 30°02′27″ de
longitude est, le long d’un arc de 12 milles marins de rayon entourant
l’île des Serpents jusqu’au point X, situé par 45°14′20″ de latitude

nord et 30°29′12″ de longitude est,
b) à partir du point X, en ligne droite jusqu’au point Y, situé par
45°11′59″ de latitude nord et 30°49′16″ de longitude est,
c) puis, le long de la ligne d’équidistance entre les côtes adjacentes de la
Roumanie et de l’Ukraine, du point Y au point T, situé par 45°09′45″
de latitude nord et 31°08′40″ de longitude est,
d) et, enfin, le long de la ligne médiane entre les côtes de la Roumanie
et de l’Ukraine qui se font face, du point T au point Z, situé par
43°26′50″ de latitude nord et 31°20′10″ de longitude est.»

Au nom du Gouvernement de l’Ukraine,
dans le contre-mémoire et dans la duplique:

«A la lumière des faits et des principes juridiques exposés dans [le
contre-mémoire et la duplique de l’Ukraine], et rejetant les prétentions
contraires de la Roumanie, l’Ukraine prie respectueusement la Cour de
dire et juger que la délimitation du plateau continental et des zones éco-
nomiques exclusives entre les Parties est la ligne de délimitation suivante,
définie par rapport au datum de Pulkovo (c’est-à-dire par rapport à l’ellip-
soïde de Krasovsky):
A partir du point défini à l’article premier du traité de 2003, ayant pour
coordonnées 45º 05′21″ de latitude nord et 30º 02′27″ de longitude est, la
ligne de délimitation s’étend, dans la direction sud-est, jusqu’au point 2,
situé par 44º 54′00″ de latitude nord et 30º 06′00″ de longitude est, et de là
jusqu’au point 3, situé par 43º 20′37″ de latitude nord et 31º 05′39″ de

longitude est, et continue ensuite le long du même azimut, jusqu’à ce que la
frontière atteigne un point où les droits d’Etats tiers sont susceptibles
d’entrer en jeu.»
13. Au cours de la procédure orale, les conclusions ci-après ont été présen-
tées par les Parties:

Au nom du Gouvernement de la Roumanie,
à l’audience du 16 septembre 2008:

«La Roumanie prie respectueusement la Cour de tracer une frontière
maritime unique délimitant les espaces maritimes de la Roumanie et de
l’Ukraine en mer Noire comme suit:

a) à partir du point F, situé par 45°05′21″ de latitude nord et 30°02′27″ de
longitude est, le long de l’arc de 12 milles marins de rayon entourant
l’île des Serpents jusqu’au point X, situé par 45°14′20″ de latitude
nord et 30°29′12″ de longitude est,
b) à partir du point X, en ligne droite jusqu’au point Y, situé par
45°11′59″ de latitude nord et 30°49′16″ de longitude est,
c) puis, le long de la ligne d’équidistance entre les côtes adjacentes perti-

10in the Reply:

“For the reasons set out in the Memorial, as well as in this Reply,
Romania respectfully requests the Court to draw a single maritime bound-
ary dividing the maritime areas of Romania and Ukraine in the Black Sea,
having the following description:
(a) from Point F, at 45°05′21″ N, 30°02′27″ E, on the 12 nm arc sur-
rounding Serpents’ Island, to Point X, at 45°14′20″ N, 30°29′12″ E,

(b) from Point X in a straight segment to Point Y, at 45°11′59″ N,
30°49′16″ E,
(c) then on the line equidistant between the Romanian and Ukrainian
adjacent coasts, from Point Y to Point T, at 45°09′45″ N,
31°08′40″ E,
(d) and then on the line median between the Romanian and Ukrainian
opposite coasts, from Point T to Point Z, at 43°26′50″ N,
31°20′10″ E.”

On behalf of the Government of Ukraine,
in the Counter-Memorial and Rejoinder:

“In the light of the facts and legal principles set out in [Ukraine’s Counter-
Memorial and Rejoinder], and rejecting Romania’s claims to the con-
trary, Ukraine respectfully submits that the Court adjudge and declare
that the delimitation of the continental shelf and exclusive economic zones
between the Parties is a delimitation line the course of which, employing
the Pulkovo datum (i.e., using the Krasovsky ellipsoid), is as follows:

From the point identified in Article 1 of the 2003 Treaty having the co-
ordinates of 45°05′21″ N; 30°02′27″ E, the delimitation line extends in a
south-easterly direction to Point 2, having the coordinates of 44°54′00″ N;
30°06′00″ E, and thence to Point 3, having the co-ordinates of 43′37″N;
31°05′39″ E, and then continues alongthe same azimuth, until the bound-

ary reaches a point where the interests of third States potentially come into
play.”

13. At the oral proceedings, the following submissions were presented by the
Parties:

On behalf of the Government of Romania,
at the hearing of 16 September 2008:

“Romania respectfully requests the Court to draw a single maritime
boundary dividing the maritime areas of Romania and Ukraine in the
Black Sea, having the following description:

(a) from Point F, at 45°05′21″ N, 30°02′27″ E, on the 12 nm arc sur-
rounding Serpents’ Island, to Point X, at 45°14′20″ N, 30°29′12″ E;

(b) from Point X in a straight segment to Point Y, at 45°11′59″ N,
30°49′16″ E;
(c) then on the line equidistant between the relevant Romanian and

10 nentes de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine, du point Y au point T, situé
par 45°09′45″ de latitude nord et 31°08′40″ de longitude est, en pas-
sant par le point D, situé par 45°12′10″ de latitude nord et 30°59′46″

de longitude est,
d) et, enfin, le long de la ligne médiane entre les côtes pertinentes de la
Roumanie et de l’Ukraine qui se font face, du point T au point Z, situé
par 43°26′50″ de latitude nord et 31°20′10″ de longitude est, en pas-
sant par les points respectivement situés par 44°35′00″ de latitude
nord et 31°13′43″ de longitude est et par 44°04′05″ de latitude nord et
31°24′40″ de longitude est.» 1

Au nom du Gouvernement de l’Ukraine,
à l’audience du 19 septembre 2008:

«Pour les motifs exposés dans ses écritures et plaidoiries, l’Ukraine prie
la Cour de dire et juger que la ligne délimitant le plateau continental et les
zones économiques exclusives relevant respectivement de la Roumanie et

de l’Ukraine suit le tracé ci-après:
a) à partir du point défini à l’article premier du traité de 2003 conclu
entre l’Ukraine et la Roumanie sur le régime de la frontière d’Etat
entre les deux pays (le point 1), situé par 45°05′21″ de latitude nord et
30°02′27″ de longitude est, suivant une ligne droite jusqu’au point 2,

situé par 44°54′00″ de latitude nord et 30°06′00″ de longitude est;
puis
b) à partir du point 2, le long d’un azimut de 156°jusqu’au point 3, situé
par 43°20′37″ de latitude nord et 31°05′39″ de longitude est; et le
long du même azimut jusqu’à un point où les droits d’Etats tiers sont
susceptibles d’entrer en jeu.

Les coordonnées sont exprimées par rapport au datum de Pulkovo
(c’est-à-dire par rapport à l’ellipsoïde de Krasovsky), et toutes les lignes
sont des lignes loxodromiques.» 1

*
* *

2. C ADRE GÉOGRAPHIQUE GÉNÉRAL

14. La zone maritime à l’intérieur de laquelle doit être effectuée la déli-
mitation dans la présente affaire se trouve dans la partie nord-ouest de la

mer Noire.
15. La mer Noire est une mer fermée qui communique avec la mer
Méditerranée par le Bosphore, la mer de Marmara et le détroit des Dar-
danelles. Elle est située entre 40°56′et 46°33′de latitude nord et entre

27°27′et 41°42′de longitude est. La péninsule de Crimée s’étend en mer
Noire au sud de l’Ukraine continentale. La mer Noire couvre quelque
432 000 km et est composée des mers territoriales et des zones économi-
ques exclusives des Etats qui la bordent.

16. Dans la partie nord-ouest de la mer Noire, à quelque 20 milles

1 Voir le croquis n 1 (p. 69), établi à seule fin d’illustration.

11 Ukrainian adjacent coasts, from Point Y, passing through Point D, at
45°12′10″ N, 30°59′46″ E, to Point T, at 45°09′45″ N, 31°08′40″ E;

(d) and then on the line median between the relevant Romanian and
Ukrainian opposite coasts, from Point T − passing through the
points of 44°35′00″ N, 31°13′43″ E and of 44°04′05″ N,
31°24′40″ E, to Point Z, at 43°26′50″ N, 31°20′10″ E.” 1

On behalf of the Government of Ukraine,
at the hearing of 19 September 2008:

“For the reasons given in Ukraine’s written and oral pleadings, Ukraine
requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the line delimiting the con-
tinental shelf and exclusive economic zones between Ukraine and Roma-

nia is as follows:
(a) from the point (Point 1) identified in Article 1 of the 2003 Treaty
between Ukraine and Romania on the Regime of the Ukrainian-
Romanian State Border, having the co-ordinates of 45°05′21″ N;
30°02′27″ E, the line runs along a straight line to Point 2, having the

co-ordinates of 44°54′00″ N; 30°06′00″ E; then

(b) from Point 2, the line runs along an azimuth of 156° to Point 3,
having the co-ordinates of 43°20′37″ N; 31°05′39″ E; and then con-
tinues along the same azimuth until it reaches a point where the inter-
ests of third States potentially come into play.

The co-ordinates are referenced to the Pulkovo d1tum (i.e., using the
Krasovsky ellipsoid), and all lines are loxodromes.”

*
* *

2. G ENERAL G EOGRAPHY

14. The maritime area within which the delimitation in the present
case is to be carried out is located in the north-western part of the Black

Sea.
15. The Black Sea is an enclosed sea connected with the Mediterra-
nean Sea by the Straits of the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara and the
Bosphorus. The Black Sea is situated between 40°56′ and 46°33′N and

between 27°27′ and 41°42′E. The Crimean Peninsula extends southward
from Ukraine’s mainland into the Black Sea. The Black Sea has a surface
area of some 432,000 sq km and consists of the territorial seas and exclu-
sive economic zones of the coastal States which border it.

16. In the north-western part of the Black Sea, approximately 20 nau-

1See sketch-map No. 1, p. 69, prepared for illustrative purposes only.

1112 12marins à l’est du delta du Danube, se trouve une formation naturelle
appelée île des Serpents. Elle est découverte à marée haute, sa superficie
2
est d’environ 0,17 km et sa circonférence de quelque 2000 m.

3. Q UESTIONS JURIDIQUES PRÉLIMINAIRES

3.1. Objet du différend

17. Le différend opposant la Roumanie et l’Ukraine porte sur l’éta-
blissement d’une frontière maritime unique délimitant le plateau conti-
nental et les zones économiques exclusives relevant de chacun des deux
Etats en mer Noire.

18. En concluant, le 2 juin 1997, le traité de bon voisinage et de coopé-
ration, la Roumanie et l’Ukraine étaient également convenues, aux termes
de l’accord additionnel (voir paragraphe 1 ci-dessus), de «négoci[er]
un accord relatif à la délimitation du plateau continental et des zones

économiques exclusives des deux Etats en mer Noire» (accord addition-
nel, par. 4). Les négociations à cet effet devaient commencer «dès que
possible, dans un délai de trois mois à compter de la date d’entrée en
vigueur du traité de bon voisinage et de coopération» (ibid., par. 4,
al. g)). Ce traité est entré en vigueur le 22 octobre 1997. Or, malgré vingt-

quatre cycles de négociations sur la délimitation du plateau continental
et des zones économiques exclusives, tenus entre janvier 1998 et sep-
tembre 2004, et dix cycles réunissant des experts, les Parties ne sont par-
venues à aucun accord en matière de délimitation.
19. C’est dans ce contexte que la Roumanie a, le 16 septembre 2004,

saisi la Cour en déposant auprès de son Greffe la requête introductive
d’instance en la présente affaire.

3.2. La compétence de la Cour et son étendue

20. La Roumanie invoque, pour fonder la compétence de la Cour, le

paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 du Statut et l’alinéa h) du paragraphe 4 de
l’accord additionnel, qui se lit ainsi:

«[S]i ces négociations n’aboutissent pas à la conclusion de l’accord
susmentionné dans un délai raisonnable, [soit] au plus tard deux ans
après leur ouverture, le Gouvernement de la Roumanie et le Gou-
vernement de l’Ukraine sont convenus que le problème de la délimi-
tation du plateau continental et des zones économiques exclusives

sera réglé par la Cour internationale de Justice de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies, à la demande de l’une ou l’autre des parties, à condi-
tion que le traité relatif au régime de la frontière d’Etat entre la Rou-
manie et l’Ukraine soit entré en vigueur. Toutefois, la Cour inter-

nationale de Justice pourra connaître de la demande relative à la
délimitation du plateau continental et des zones économiques exclu-

13tical miles to the east of the Danube delta, is situated a natural feature
called Serpents’ Island. Serpents’ Island is above water at high tide, has a

surface area of approximately 0.17 sq km and a circumference of approxi-
mately 2,000 m.

3. P RELIMINARY L EGAL ISSUES

3.1. Subject-matter of the Dispute

17. The dispute between Romania and Ukraine concerns the establish-
ment of a single maritime boundary delimiting the continental shelf and
exclusive economic zones between the two States in the Black Sea.

18. The two States, when they concluded on 2 June 1997 the Treaty on
Good Neighbourliness and Co-operation, agreed also through the Addi-
tional Agreement (see paragraph 1 above), that they “shall negotiate an

Agreement on the delimitation of the continental shelf and the exclusive
economic zones in the Black Sea” (Additional Agreement, para. 4).
Negotiations for the conclusion of such Agreement were to start “as soon
as possible, during a period of three months from the date of the entering
into force of the Treaty on Good Neighbourliness and Co-operation”

(ibid., para. 4 (g)). The Treaty entered into force on 22 October 1997, the
negotiations on the delimitation of the continental shelf and exclusive
economic zones opened in January 1998, but despite their 24 rounds, the
last being held in September 2004, as well as ten rounds at an expert level,

no delimitation agreement was reached.
19. Under these circumstances, Romania seised the Court on 16 Sep-
tember 2004 by filing, in the Registry of the Court, its Application insti-
tuting proceedings in the present case.

3.2. Jurisdiction of the Court and its Scope

20. Romania invokes as a basis for the Court’s jurisdiction Article 36,
paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court and paragraph 4 (h) of the
Additional Agreement, the latter of which provides:

“If these negotiations shall not determine the conclusion of the
above-mentioned agreement in a reasonable period of time, but not

later than 2 years since their initiation, the Government of Romania
and the Government of Ukraine have agreed that the problem of
delimitation of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic
zones shall be solved by the UN International Court of Justice, at

the request of any of the parties, provided that the Treaty on the
regime of the State border between Romania and Ukraine has
entered into force. However, should the International Court of Jus-
tice consider that the delay of the entering into force of the Treaty
on the regime of the State border is the result of the other Party’s

13 sives avant l’entrée en vigueur de ce traité si elle constate que le
retard de l’entrée en vigueur de celui-ci s’est produit par la faute de

l’autre partie.»
21. Il ressort du libellé de la clause compromissoire que deux condi-
tions doivent être réunies pour que l’une ou l’autre Partie puisse saisir la

Cour. La première est qu’aucun accord de délimitation n’ait été conclu
«dans un délai raisonnable, [soit] au plus tard deux ans» après l’ouver-
ture des négociations. Or, en six ans de négociations, les Parties ne sont
parvenues à aucun accord (voir paragraphe 18 ci-dessus). La seconde
condition — que le traité relatif au régime de la frontière d’Etat soit entré

en vigueur — est également remplie: le 17 juin 2003 a été signé le traité
relatif au régime de la frontière d’Etat roumano-ukrainienne, à la colla-
boration et à l’assistance mutuelle en matière de frontière (ci-après
dénommé le «traité de 2003 relatif au régime de la frontière d’Etat»),
lequel est entré en vigueur le 27 mai 2004.

22. Les Parties conviennent que toutes les conditions pour que la Cour
ait compétence étaient réunies au moment du dépôt de la requête et que
la Cour est donc habilitée à connaître de l’affaire. Elles sont cependant en
désaccord sur l’étendue exacte de la compétence ainsi conférée à la Cour.

*

23. La question de l’étendue de la compétence de la Cour a été soule-
vée par l’Ukraine dans le cadre de la procédure écrite, en réponse à la
thèse de la Roumanie selon laquelle «le segment initial de la frontière
séparant la zone économique exclusive et le plateau continental roumains

des eaux territoriales ukrainiennes entourant l’île des Serpents», entre le
«point F» (la Roumanie désigne ainsi le point d’intersection des mers ter-
ritoriales de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine établi par le traité de 2003 rela-
tif au régime de la frontière d’Etat) et le «point X» (point terminal, selon
la Roumanie, de la frontière convenue sur l’arc de 12 milles marins de

rayon autour de l’île des Serpents), a été établi dans le cadre d’accords
bilatéraux. De l’avis de la Roumanie, «pour procéder à la délimitation
des zones maritimes de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine..., il convient» que la
Cour confirme la frontière entre ces deux points, puis s’attache à tracer
les autres segments de ligne non encore établis par les deux Etats.
24. L’Ukraine fait valoir que la compétence de la Cour se borne à «la

délimitation des espaces de plateau continental et des zones économiques
exclusives des Parties». De son point de vue, la Cour n’est pas compé-
tente pour délimiter d’autres zones maritimes appartenant à l’une ou
l’autre des Parties, et notamment leurs mers territoriales respectives.
L’Ukraine soutient que «la Cour doit effectuer sa tâche de délimitation à

partir de la limite extérieure des eaux territoriales des deux Etats» et que
la ligne qu’elle est appelée à tracer «devra délimiter exclusivement les
espaces de plateau continental et les zones économiques exclusives». Elle

14 fault, it may examine the request concerning the delimitation of the
continental shelf and the exclusive economic zones before the entry

into force of this Treaty.”
21. It follows from the text of the compromissory clause that two con-
ditions have to be met before either of the Parties is entitled to submit the

case to the Court. The first condition is that no delimitation agreement
should have been concluded “in a reasonable period of time, but not later
than 2 years” since the start of negotiations. No agreement was reached
between the Parties in the six years during which the negotiations were
held (see paragraph 18 above). The second condition, namely that the

Treaty on the Régime of the State Border should have entered into force,
has also been fulfilled. On 17 June 2003, the Treaty between Romania
and Ukraine on the Romanian-Ukrainian State Border Régime, Collabo-
ration and Mutual Assistance on Border Matters (hereinafter the “2003
State Border Régime Treaty”) was signed, and it entered into force on

27 May 2004.
22. The Parties are in agreement that all the conditions for the Court’s
jurisdiction were satisfied at the time of the filing of the Application and
that the Court accordingly has jurisdiction to decide the case. However,
they differ as to the exact scope of the jurisdiction conferred upon the

Court.

*

23. The issue of the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction was raised by
Ukraine in the course of the written proceedings in response to Roma-
nia’s contention that “the initial segment of the boundary separating the
Romanian exclusive economic zone and continental shelf from the

Ukrainian territorial waters around Serpents’ Island” between “Point F”
(Romania’s way of referring to the point of intersection of the territorial
seas of Romania and Ukraine established by the 2003 State Border
Régime Treaty) and “Point X” (the endpoint, according to Romania, of
the agreed boundary on the 12-mile arc around Serpents’ Island) was

established by bilateral agreements. In the view of Romania, “the proper
way for the Court to conduct the delimitation” is to confirm the bound-
ary between these two points and then to proceed to the determination of
the delimitation line in the other segments where the line has not yet been
established by the two States.
24. Ukraine argues that the jurisdiction of the Court is “restricted to

the delimitation of the areas of continental shelf and the exclusive eco-
nomic zones of the Parties”. In its view, the Court has no jurisdiction to
delimit other maritime zones pertaining to either of the Parties and in
particular their respective territorial seas. Ukraine contends that the
“delimitation has to begin at the outer limit of the territorial waters of the

two States” and the line to be drawn by the Court “shall be a line div-
iding exclusively areas of continental shelf and EEZ”. It claims that the
Court is excluded from drawing a line dividing the territorial sea of one

14affirme que la Cour n’est pas fondée à tracer une ligne séparant la mer
territoriale d’un Etat du plateau continental et de la zone économique

exclusive de l’autre. C’est pourquoi, selon l’Ukraine, la Cour n’est pas
compétente
«pour tracer une ligne de délimitation telle que revendiquée par la

Roumanie entre les points dits F et X le long d’un arc de 12 milles
marins de rayon autour de l’île des Serpents, puisque ce segment de
ligne séparerait la mer territoriale de l’Ukraine d’espaces de plateau
continental et de zone économique exclusive revendiqués par la Rou-
manie».

Elle ajoute que l’accord par lequel les Parties confèrent compétence à la
Cour a

«pour conséquence que les frontières que la Cour est appelée à éta-
blir doivent être telles que, à partir du point terminal convenu de la
frontière de leurs mers territoriales, les Parties possèdent des espaces

de plateau continental et de zone économique exclusive immédiate-
ment à l’est et au sud de ce point terminal convenu».
L’Ukraine indique toutefois que, selon elle, «cette question de compé-

tence n’a pas besoin d’être réglée puisque, à partir du point F, la ligne
suit une direction sud-est et délimite les espaces de plateau continental et
les zones économiques exclusives relevant de chacune des Parties».

*
25. La Roumanie soutient quant à elle que les juridictions inter-

nationales
«ne se considèrent pas incompétentes pour établir les limites mari-
times séparant le plateau continental (ou la zone économique exclu-

sive) d’une partie et les autres zones maritimes (y compris la mer
territoriale) d’une autre partie».

La Roumanie estime que cette divergence de vues entre les Parties quant
à la compétence de la Cour est de toute manière sans incidence pratique.
Une frontière maritime qui suit l’arc de 12 milles marins de rayon autour
de l’île des Serpents jusqu’au point X ayant déjà été établie par des
accords bilatéraux, la Cour, même si elle n’avait pas compétence pour
délimiter le plateau continental et la zone économique exclusive d’une

Partie par rapport à la mer territoriale de l’autre, devrait néanmoins tenir
compte des accords en vigueur entre la Roumanie et l’Ukraine et de la
frontière maritime qui en résulte. Ainsi, conclut la Roumanie, la question
de savoir si la Cour est compétente ou non pour établir une délimitation
entre le point F et le point X n’aura pas d’incidence sur l’établissement

d’une nouvelle ligne de délimitation qui, en tout état de cause, commen-
cera au point X.

**

15State from the continental shelf and exclusive economic zone of the other
State. For this reason, Ukraine contends, the Court has no jurisdiction

“for the drawing of a delimitation line as claimed by Romania

between the so-called points F and X along a 12-nautical mile seg-
ment of arc around Serpent’ Island, since that portion of [the] line
would delimit Ukraine’s territorial sea and Romania’s alleged areas
of continental shelf and EEZ”.

Ukraine adds that the Parties’ agreement to confer jurisdiction on the
Court has

“the consequence that the boundaries to be delimited by the Court
must be such that, starting from the agreed terminal point of their
territorial sea boundary, each Party has some zones of continental

shelf and EEZ immediately to the east and south of that agreed ter-
minal point”.
Ukraine notes however that in its view “this jurisdictional question

does not need to be decided because, from Point F, the line proceeds in a
south-easterly direction as a line delimiting areas of continental shelf and
the EEZs appertaining to each of the Parties”.

*
25. Romania argues in response that international courts

“do not consider themselves inhibited from establishing maritime
boundaries separating, on the one hand, the continental shelf (or the

exclusive economic zone) of one party and, on the other hand, other
maritime areas (including the territorial sea) of the other party”.

In any event, in its view, no practical consequences flow from the Parties’
divergent approaches to the Court’s jurisdiction. As there is already a
maritime boundary running along the 12-nautical mile line around Ser-
pents’ Island up to Point X established by bilateral agreements, even if
the Court had no jurisdiction to delimit the continental shelf and exclu-
sive economic zone of one Party from the territorial sea of the other, it

would still have to take into account the agreements in force between
Romania and Ukraine and the resulting maritime boundary. Thus, Roma-
nia concludes that, whether the Court has jurisdiction to perform the
delimitation between Points F and X or not, this will have no influence
on the drawing of a new delimitation line, which in any event will begin

from Point X.

**

15 26. La Cour relève que l’Ukraine ne défend pas l’idée qu’il ne saurait,
par principe, y avoir en droit international de ligne de délimitation sépa-

rant la mer territoriale d’un Etat de la zone économique exclusive et du
plateau continental d’un autre. De fait, la Cour a établi une ligne de cette
nature dans le dernier arrêt qu’elle a rendu en matière de délimitation
maritime (voir Différend territorial et maritime entre le Nicaragua et le
Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Honduras), C.I.J.

Recueil 2007 (II), p. 659). L’Ukraine se fonde sur les termes de l’ali-
néa h) du paragraphe 4 de l’accord additionnel, dont, selon elle, il ressort
que «les Parties ne prévoyaient pas que la Cour serait appelée à délimiter
une frontière maritime polyvalente le long de la limite extérieure de [s]a
mer territoriale» autour de l’île des Serpents.

27. Le libellé de l’alinéa h) du paragraphe 4 de l’accord additionnel
— aux termes duquel «le problème de la délimitation du plateau conti-
nental et des zones économiques exclusives sera réglé par la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice» — ne donne aucune indication sur la question de
savoir si de tels espaces doivent exister de part et d’autre de la ligne de
délimitation, sur toute la longueur de celle-ci. La Cour estime qu’il lui

faut interpréter l’alinéa h) du paragraphe 4 de l’accord additionnel lui
conférant compétence à la lumière de l’objet et du but de cet accord, ainsi
que de son contexte.
L’accord en question a été conclu le même jour que le traité de bon
voisinage et de coopération entre la Roumanie et l’Ukraine, lequel pré-

voit, au paragraphe 2 de son article 2:
«Les parties contractantes concluront un traité distinct sur le

régime de la frontière entre les deux Etats et [règleront] le problème
de la délimitation de leur plateau continental et des zones économi-
ques exclusives de la mer Noire sur la base des principes et des pro-
cédures convenus par un échange de lettres entre les ministres des
affaires étrangères, effectué lors de la signature du présent traité. Les

accords convenus dans cet échange de lettres entreront en vigueur en
même temps que le présent traité.»

28. L’accord additionnel précise la manière dont il convient de donner
effet à l’engagement pris par les deux Parties au paragraphe 2 de l’ar-
ticle 2 du traité de bon voisinage et de coopération précité. Les Parties
indiquent notamment, au paragraphe 1 de l’accord additionnel, qu’un
traité relatif au régime de la frontière entre les deux Etats devra être

conclu «au plus tard deux ans après la date de l’entrée en vigueur du
traité de bon voisinage et de coopération»; celle-ci est intervenue le
22 octobre 1997. Au paragraphe 4 de ce même instrument, les Parties pré-
cisent qu’elles devront négocier un accord relatif à la délimitation du pla-
teau continental et des zones économiques exclusives en mer Noire. La

Cour considère que les Parties entendaient aboutir à un règlement global
de l’ensemble des questions de frontières, tant terrestres que maritimes,
pendantes entre elles. Selon l’interprétation restrictive de l’Ukraine, la

16 26. The Court observes that Ukraine is not contending that under
international law, as a matter of principle, there cannot be a delimitation

line separating the territorial sea of one State from the exclusive eco-
nomic zone and the continental shelf of another State. In fact, such a line
was determined by the Court in its latest Judgment on maritime delimita-
tion (see Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Hon-
duras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras), I.C.J. Reports

2007 (II), p. 659. Ukraine rather relies on the terms of paragraph 4 (h)
of the Additional Agreement, which in its view, “suggest[s] that the
Parties did not anticipate that the Court would be called upon to delimit
an all-purpose maritime boundary along the outer limit of Ukraine’s ter-
ritorial sea” around Serpents’ Island.

27. The wording of paragraph 4 (h) of the Additional Agreement that
“the problem of delimitation of the continental shelf and the exclusive
economic zones shall be solved by the . . . International Court of Justice”,
is neutral as to whether these zones must be found on both sides of the
delimitation line throughout its length. The Court is of the view that it
has to interpret the provision of paragraph 4 (h) of the Additional

Agreement conferring jurisdiction on the Court in the light of the object
and purpose of that Agreement and its context.

That Agreement was concluded on the same day as the Treaty on
Good Neighbourliness and Co-operation between Romania and Ukraine,

which in Article 2, paragraph 2, provides:
“The Contracting Parties shall conclude a separate Treaty on the

regime of the border between the two states and shall settle the prob-
lem of the delimitation of their continental shelf and of economic
exclusive zones in the Black Sea on the basis of the principles and
procedures agreed upon by an exchange of letters between the min-
isters of foreign affairs, which shall take place simultaneously with

the signature of the Treaty. The understandings included in this
exchange of letters shall enter into force simultaneously with the
entry into force of this Treaty.”

28. The Additional Agreement specifies the manner in which effect is
to be given to the commitment of both Parties stated in Article 2, para-
graph 2, of the Treaty on Good Neighbourliness and Co-operation
quoted above. The Parties specified, in particular, in paragraph 1 of the
Additional Agreement that a Treaty on the régime of the border between

the two States should be concluded “not later than 2 years from the date
of the entering into force of the Treaty on Good Neighbourliness and
Co-operation”, which took place on 22 October 1997. In paragraph 4 of
the same Agreement, the Parties specified that an Agreement on the
delimitation of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zones in

the Black Sea should be negotiated by the Parties. The Court considers
that the Parties intended that all boundary issues between them, whether
on land or at sea, be resolved in a comprehensive way. Under the narrow

16Cour, sauf à lui adjuger ses conclusions, ne «[règlera pas] le problème de
la délimitation» entre les deux Etats.

La Cour note que le traité relatif au régime de la frontière d’Etat a été
conclu le 17 juin 2003, soit près de six ans — au lieu des deux initialement
prévus — après l’entrée en vigueur du traité de bon voisinage et de coo-
pération. Le traité de 2003 relatif au régime de la frontière d’Etat décrit,

en son article premier, la ligne frontière séparant non seulement les ter-
ritoires terrestres des Parties, mais aussi leurs mers territoriales «jusqu’au
point situé par 45°05′21″ de latitude nord et 30°02′27″ de longitude est,
qui est le point de jonction [de la mer territoriale de l’Ukraine entourant
l’île des Serpents] avec la frontière d’Etat de la Roumanie à la limite exté-

rieure de sa mer territoriale».
29. Aucun accord n’a été conclu sur la délimitation du plateau conti-
nental et des zones économiques exclusives en mer Noire. Les Parties
avaient prévu, à l’alinéa h) du paragraphe 4 de l’accord additionnel, que,
dans une telle hypothèse, l’une ou l’autre d’entre elles pourrait soumettre
à la Cour la question de la délimitation. L’arrêt de la Cour viendra ainsi

se substituer à l’accord que les Parties ne sont pas parvenues à conclure
aux fins de délimiter le plateau continental et les zones économiques
exclusives relevant de chacune d’elles, et résoudra toutes les questions de
cet ordre qu’elles n’auront pas réglées.
30. Ce faisant, la Cour tiendra dûment compte des accords en vigueur

entre les Parties relatifs à la délimitation de leurs mers territoriales respec-
tives. La Cour n’est pas compétente pour délimiter les mers territoriales
des Parties; elle l’est en revanche pour délimiter leur plateau continental
respectif et leurs zones économiques exclusives. Contrairement à ce que
l’Ukraine a avancé, rien ne s’oppose cependant à ce que l’exercice de

cette compétence donne lieu à un segment séparant, d’une part, la zone
économique exclusive et le plateau continental d’un Etat et, d’autre part,
la limite extérieure de la mer territoriale de l’autre Etat.

3.3. Le droit applicable

31. La Roumanie et l’Ukraine sont toutes deux parties à la convention

des Nations Unies de 1982 sur le droit de la mer (la «CNUDM»). La
Roumanie a déposé son instrument de ratification le 17 décembre 1996, et
l’Ukraine le 26 juillet 1999.
Les articles 74 et 83 de la CNUDM ont respectivement trait à la déli-
mitation de la zone économique exclusive et à celle du plateau continen-

tal. Leur libellé est identique, si ce n’est que l’article 74 se rapporte à la
zone économique exclusive et l’article 83 au plateau continental. Ces arti-
cles se lisent comme suit:

«1. La délimitation de la zone économique exclusive [du plateau
continental] entre Etats dont les côtes sont adjacentes ou se font face
est effectuée par voie d’accord conformément au droit international

17interpretation of Ukraine, the Court would not “settle the problem of the
delimitation” between the two States were it not to find substantively for

Ukraine.
The Court notes that the State Border Régime Treaty was concluded
on 17 June 2003, i.e., within six years from the entry into force of the
Treaty on Good Neighbourliness and Co-operation, not two as originally
contemplated. The 2003 State Border Régime Treaty, in its Article 1,

describes the boundary line between the two Parties not only on land but
also the line separating their territorial seas, “up to the point of
45°05′21″ north latitude and 30°02′27″ east longitude, which is the
meeting point [of Ukraine’s territorial sea around Serpents’ Island] with
the Romanian State border passing on the outer limit of its territorial

sea”.
29. No agreement on the delimitation of the continental shelf and
exclusive economic zones in the Black Sea was reached. The Parties con-
templated in paragraph 4 (h) of the Additional Agreement that, in such
circumstances, either of them could request this Court to decide the issue
of the delimitation. The Court’s judgment will thus substitute for the

non-existent agreement between the Parties on the delimitation of the
continental shelf and the exclusive economic zones and shall resolve all
such matters which have not been settled by the Parties.

30. In discharging its task, the Court will duly take into account the

agreements in force between the Parties relating to the delimitation of
their respective territorial seas. The Court has no jurisdiction to delimit
the territorial seas of the Parties. Its jurisdiction covers the delimitation
of their continental shelf and the exclusive economic zones. However,
contrary to what has been suggested by Ukraine, nothing hinders that

jurisdiction from being exercised so that a segment of the line may result
in a delimitation between, on the one hand, the exclusive economic zone
and the continental shelf of one State, and, on the other hand, the terri-
torial sea of the other State at its seaward limit.

3.3. Applicable law

31. Both Romania and Ukraine are parties to the 1982 United Nations

Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Romania deposited its
instrument of ratification on 17 December 1996 and Ukraine on 26 July
1999.
Articles 74 and 83 of UNCLOS are relevant for the delimitation of the
exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf, respectively. Their

texts are identical, the only difference being that Article 74 refers to the
exclusive economic zone and Article 83 to the continental shelf. These
Articles provide as follows:

“1. The delimitation of the exclusive economic zone [the conti-
nental shelf] between States with opposite or adjacent coasts shall be
effected by agreement on the basis of international law, as referred

17 tel qu’il est visé à l’article 38 du Statut de la Cour internationale de
Justice, afin d’aboutir à une solution équitable.

2. S’ils ne parviennent pas à un accord dans un délai raisonnable,
les Etats concernés ont recours aux procédures prévues à la par-
tie XV.
3. En attendant la conclusion de l’accord visé au paragraphe 1, les
Etats concernés, dans un esprit de compréhension et de coopération,

font tout leur possible pour conclure des arrangements provisoires de
caractère pratique et pour ne pas compromettre ou entraver pendant
cette période de transition la conclusion de l’accord définitif. Les
arrangements provisoires sont sans préjudice de la délimitation finale.
4. Lorsqu’un accord est en vigueur entre les Etats concernés, les

questions relatives à la délimitation de la zone économique exclusive
[du plateau continental] sont réglées conformément à cet accord.»

32. La Roumanie indique que les Parties s’accordent sur le fait que les
procès-verbaux conclus entre l’Union soviétique et elle-même en 1949,
1963 et 1974 constituent des accords juridiquement contraignants pour
les Parties. Elle soutient que ces accords, qui établissent le segment initial
de la frontière maritime, doivent être pris en considération en tant

qu’accords relatifs à la délimitation au sens du paragraphe 4 des articles
74 et 83 de la CNUDM, et ce au même titre que le traité de 2003 relatif
au régime de la frontière d’Etat, dans lequel la frontière maritime est déli-
mitée jusqu’à la limite extérieure de la mer territoriale, au point où la mer
territoriale de la Roumanie rejoint l’arc des 12 milles marins entourant

l’île des Serpents. En tout état de cause, selon la Roumanie, la question
de savoir si les accords relèvent ou non de cette catégorie est sans consé-
quence: ils sont obligatoires pour les Parties, et il appartient à la Cour
d’en faire application.
33. La Roumanie avance que les principes reconnus par les Parties

dans l’accord additionnel de 1997 sont applicables tant aux négociations
diplomatiques entre les deux Etats qu’aux fins d’un éventuel règlement du
différend par la Cour. Ces principes sont énumérés comme suit au para-
graphe 4 de l’accord additionnel de 1997:

«a) le principe énoncé à l’article 121 de la convention des
Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer du 10 décembre 1982, tel
qu’il est appliqué dans la pratique des Etats et la jurisprudence
internationale;

b) le principe de la ligne d’équidistance dans les zones à délimiter
lorsque les côtes sont adjacentes et le principe de la ligne
médiane lorsque les côtes se font face;
c) le principe de l’équité et la méthode de la proportionnalité, tels
que ceux-ci sont appliqués dans la pratique des Etats et dans

les décisions des instances internationales concernant la déli-
mitation du plateau continental et des zones économiques
exclusives;

18 to in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice,
in order to achieve an equitable solution.

2. If no agreement can be reached within a reasonable period of
time, the States concerned shall resort to the procedures provided
for in Part XV.
3. Pending agreement as provided for in paragraph 1, the States
concerned, in a spirit of understanding and co-operation, shall make

every effort to enter into provisional arrangements of a practical
nature and, during this transitional period, not to jeopardize or
hamper the reaching of the final agreement. Such arrangements shall
be without prejudice to the final delimitation.
4. Where there is an agreement in force between the States con-

cerned, questions relating to the delimitation of the exclusive eco-
nomic zone [the continental shelf] shall be determined in accordance
with the provisions of the agreement.”

32. Romania states that the Parties concur in the view that the Procès-
Verbaux concluded between Romania and the USSR in 1949, 1963 and
1974 are agreements which are legally binding on the Parties. Romania
contends that these agreements, which establish the initial segment of the
maritime boundary, should be taken into account as agreements relating

to the delimitation within the meaning of Articles 74, paragraph 4, and
83, paragraph 4, of UNCLOS. Another such agreement is the 2003 State
Border Régime Treaty which delimited the maritime boundary up to the
outer limit of the territorial sea at the point of intersection of Romania’s
territorial sea with the 12-nautical mile arc drawn around Serpents’

Island. According to Romania, in any event, the question as to whether
or not the agreements fall within the above-mentioned category is of no
consequence: they are binding on the Parties, and it is for the Court to
ensure their application.
33. Romania argues that the principles recognized by the Parties in the

1997 Additional Agreement are applicable both to the diplomatic
negotiations between the two States and for the purposes of any eventual
settlement of the dispute by the Court. These principles are listed in
paragraph 4 of the 1997 Additional Agreement as follows:

“(a) the principle stated in article 121 of the United Nations Con-
vention on the Law of the Sea of December 10, 1982, as
applied in the practice of states and in international case juris-
prudence;

(b) the principle of the equidistance line in areas submitted to
delimitation where the coasts are adjacent and the principle of
the median line in areas where the coasts are opposite;
(c) the principle of equity and the method of proportionality, as
they are applied in the practice of states and in the decisions of

international courts regarding the delimitation of continental
shelf and exclusive economic zones;

18 d) le principe selon lequel ni l’une ni l’autre des parties contrac-
tantes ne peut contester la souveraineté de l’autre sur une

quelconque portion de son territoire adjacente à la zone à déli-
miter;
e) le principe selon lequel les circonstances spéciales de la zone à
délimiter doivent être prises en compte».

La Roumanie affirme également que la délimitation doit être effectuée
conformément aux dispositions de la CNUDM.
34. S’agissant de l’accord additionnel, la Roumanie affirme que, si les
Parties avaient voulu limiter la portée des «principes et procédures»

exposés dans son paragraphe 4, cela aurait été clairement indiqué dans
cet accord. La Roumanie soutient que sa position est étayée par le libellé
du paragraphe 2 de l’article 2 du traité de bon voisinage et de coopéra-
tion, aux termes duquel les Parties «[règleront] le problème de la délimi-
tation de leur plateau continental et des zones économiques exclusives en

mer Noire sur la base des principes et des procédures convenus [dans
l’]échange de lettres [de 1997]». A propos de cette disposition, la Rouma-
nie relève qu’il n’est pas fait de distinction entre les négociations et les
autres procédures auxquelles les Parties pourraient avoir recours pour
résoudre le problème de la délimitation.

35. La Roumanie soutient que le traité de bon voisinage et de coopéra-
tion et l’accord additionnel consacrent un engagement juridique entre
l’Ukraine et elle-même, aux termes duquel elle aurait formellement
confirmé l’appartenance de l’île des Serpents à l’Ukraine, laquelle aurait
en contrepartie accepté les principes de délimitation exposés dans l’accord

additionnel pour aboutir à une solution équitable en la matière. En par-
ticulier, l’Ukraine aurait reconnu l’applicabilité du paragraphe 3 de l’ar-
ticle 121 de la CNUDM aux fins de la délimitation du plateau continental
et des zones économiques exclusives, tel qu’interprété par la Roumanie
lorsqu’elle signa et ratifia le texte de la convention. La partie pertinente

de la déclaration de la Roumanie se lit comme suit:
«3. La Roumanie déclare que, conformément aux exigences de
l’équité telles qu’elles découlent des articles 74 et 83 de la convention

sur le droit de la mer, les îles non habitées et dépourvues de vie éco-
nomique propre ne peuvent affecter d’aucune manière la délimita-
tion des espaces maritimes qui appartiennent aux côtes principales
des Etats riverains.»

La Roumanie prétend que, dans ces circonstances, le fait que l’Ukraine
ait accepté le renvoi à l’article 121 comme l’un des principes à appliquer
à la délimitation indique clairement que, en 1997, les deux Etats sont
convenus que l’île des Serpents ne pouvait se voir attribuer aucun effet

autre que ceux qu’elle produisait déjà sur la délimitation des mers terri-
toriales des deux Parties.

*

19 (d) the principle according to which neither of the Contracting
Parties shall contest the sovereignty of the other Contracting

Party over any part of its territory adjacent to the zone sub-
mitted to delimitation;
(e) the principle of taking into consideration the special circum-
stances of the zone submitted to delimitation”.

Romania also affirms that the delimitation should be carried out in
accordance with the provisions of UNCLOS.
34. Romania asserts, with regard to the Additional Agreement, that if
the Parties had intended to impose limits on the relevance of the “prin-

ciples and procedures” set out in paragraph 4 therein, that would have
been made clear in the Agreement. Romania contends that its position is
supported by the terms of Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Treaty on Good
Neighbourliness and Co-operation, according to which the Parties “shall
settle the problem of the delimitation of their continental shelf and of

economic exclusive zones in the Black Sea on the basis of the principles
and procedures agreed upon by [the 1997] exchange of letters . . .”.
Romania asserts with reference to this provision that no distinction is
made between, on the one hand, the negotiations and, on the other hand,
the other procedures to which the Parties might have recourse to solve

the problem of delimitation.
35. Romania submits that the Treaty on Good Neighbourliness and
Co-operation and the Additional Agreement enshrine a legal commit-
ment reached between Romania and Ukraine, according to which, in
exchange for the fact that Romania formally confirmed that Serpents’
Island belonged to Ukraine, Ukraine accepted the delimitation principles

laid down by the Additional Agreement for reaching an equitable solu-
tion to the delimitation. In particular, according to Romania, Ukraine
accepted the applicability of Article 121, paragraph 3, of UNCLOS in the
delimitation of the continental shelf and exclusive economic zones, as
interpreted by Romania when signing and ratifying it. The relevant part

of its declaration reads as follows:
“3. Romania states that according to the requirements of equity —
as it results from Articles 74 and 83 of the Convention on the Law of

the Sea — the uninhabited islands without economic life can in no
way affect the delimitation of the maritime spaces belonging to the
mainland coasts of the coastal States.”

Romania contends that, under these circumstances, Ukraine’s accept-
ance of the reference to Article 121 as one of the principles to be applied
in delimitation clearly indicates that the two States agreed in 1997 that
Serpents’ Island could receive no other effect in addition to those effects

already produced by it on the delimitation of the territorial seas of the
two Parties.

*

19 36. L’Ukraine fait valoir que la Cour est tenue de trancher les diffé-
rends selon le droit international, conformément au paragraphe 1 de

l’article 38 de son Statut. En matière de délimitation maritime et s’agis-
sant des Parties à la présente instance, «le corps de règles de droit inter-
national applicable comprend principalement les dispositions de la
CNUDM et certaines règles spéciales désormais bien établies par la juris-
prudence de la Cour».

37. Selon l’Ukraine, si l’accord additionnel de 1997 constitue un traité
international liant les Parties, «il ne consacre pas un accord relatif au
présent différend». Les principes y énoncés devaient servir de base aux
Parties pour négocier un accord de délimitation. Les Parties n’ont en
revanche jamais convenu qu’ils devaient s’appliquer dans le cadre de la

procédure judiciaire subséquente. L’Ukraine n’en concède pas moins que
certains de ces principes peuvent être pertinents, en ce qu’ils font partie
des règles établies du droit international appliquées par la Cour et non de
règles issues d’un accord bilatéral.
38. L’Ukraine fait en outre valoir que les procès-verbaux de 1949,
1963 et 1974 et l’accord additionnel de 1997 ne constituent pas des

accords au sens du paragraphe 4 des articles 74 et 83 de la CNUDM,
puisqu’il ne s’agit pas d’accords délimitant le plateau continental et les
zones économiques exclusives.
39. S’agissant de la déclaration faite par la Roumanie à propos de
l’article 121 lors de la signature et de la ratification de la CNUDM,

l’Ukraine fait observer qu’une déclaration et une réserve sont deux choses
distinctes, et soutient qu’une déclaration «ne modifie pas l’effet juridique
du traité en question» et n’appelle pas de réaction des autres parties
contractantes. Ainsi, selon l’Ukraine, la Cour n’a pas à prendre en considé-
ration la déclaration roumaine. Par ailleurs, note-t-elle, la Roumanie

prétend que la référence à l’article 121 de la CNUDM dans l’accord
additionnel de 1997, considéré comme l’un des principes applicables à
la délimitation, atteste que l’Ukraine a ainsi «accept[é] que le troisième
paragraphe de l’article 121, tel qu’interprété par la déclaration roumaine,
p[ût] être appliqué en la présente espèce»; pour l’Ukraine, cette asser-

tion est sans fondement.

**

40. En déterminant ce qu’il faut entendre par ligne unique de délimita-
tion maritime, la Cour tiendra dûment compte des accords en vigueur

entre les Parties. La réponse à la question de savoir si les procès-verbaux
conclus entre la Roumanie et l’Union soviétique en 1949, 1963 et 1974
constituent des accords relatifs à la délimitation au sens du paragraphe 4
des articles 74 et 83 de la CNUDM est fonction de la conclusion à
laquelle la Cour parviendra sur l’argument de la Roumanie selon lequel

ces procès-verbaux établissent le segment initial de la frontière maritime
qu’elle est appelée à déterminer. La Cour examinera cette question à la
section 4 du présent arrêt.

20 36. Ukraine contends that the Court is obliged to decide disputes in
accordance with international law, as laid down in Article 38, para-

graph 1, of the Statute. In relation to maritime delimitation and as
between the Parties to the present case, “that applicable body of rules of
international law comprises principally the provisions of UNCLOS and
certain specific rules which have become well established in the jurispru-
dence of the Court”.

37. According to Ukraine, the 1997 Additional Agreement is an inter-
national treaty binding upon the Parties, however, “its provisions do not
embody an agreement which relates to the present proceedings”. The
principles enunciated therein were to form the basis on which the Parties
were to negotiate a delimitation agreement, but they were not agreed by

the Parties as applying to the subsequent judicial proceedings. At the
same time Ukraine acknowledges that some of these principles may be
relevant as part of the established rules of international law which the
Court will apply but not as part of any bilateral agreement.
38. Ukraine further argues that the 1949, 1963 and 1974 Procès-
Verbaux and the 1997 Additional Agreement do not constitute agreements

mentioned in Articles 74, paragraph 4, and 83, paragraph 4, of UNCLOS
because they were not agreements delimiting the continental shelf and
exclusive economic zones.
39. With regard to the declaration made by Romania with respect to
Article 121 upon the signature and ratification of UNCLOS, Ukraine

points out the difference between a declaration and a reservation, and
states that a declaration “does not modify the legal effect of the treaty in
question” and does not call for any response from the other Contracting
Parties. Thus, according to Ukraine, the Court does not have to take into
consideration Romania’s declaration. As Ukraine further notes, Roma-

nia claims that the reference to Article 121 of UNCLOS in the Additional
Agreement of 1997, considered to be one of the principles applicable to
the delimitation, demonstrates that Ukraine has thus “accepted the appli-
cability of the third paragraph of Article 121, as interpreted by the
Romanian declaration, to the present situation”; for Ukraine, this asser-

tion is groundless.

**

40. In deciding what will be a single maritime delimitation line, the
Court will duly take into account the agreements in force between the

Parties. Whether the Procès-Verbaux concluded between Romania and
the USSR in 1949, 1963 and 1974 constitute agreements relating to the
delimitation within the meaning of Articles 74, paragraph 4, and 83, para-
graph 4, of UNCLOS, depends on the conclusion the Court will reach on
Romania’s contention that they establish the initial segment of the mari-

time boundary which the Court has to determine. The Court considers
the issue in Section 4 of this Judgment.

20 41. En ce qui concerne les principes énumérés aux alinéas a) à e) du

paragraphe 4 de l’accord additionnel, la Cour est d’avis que le chapeau
de ce paragraphe, aux termes duquel

«[l]e Gouvernement de la Roumanie et le Gouvernement de l’Ukraine
négocieront un accord relatif à la délimitation du plateau continental
et des zones économiques exclusives des deux Etats en mer Noire,

sur la base des principes et procédures suivants» (les italiques sont
de la Cour),

donne à penser que, dans l’esprit des Parties, les principes en question
devaient être pris en considération dans le cadre de leurs négociations sur
la délimitation maritime, sans constituer pour autant le droit applicable

par la Cour. Cela ne signifie pas nécessairement que ces principes ne
soient pas en eux-mêmes susceptibles d’application en la présente affaire:
ils peuvent s’appliquer dès lors qu’ils font partie des règles pertinentes du
droit international. La Cour note en outre que les principes énumérés

dans l’accord additionnel ont été élaborés par les Parties en 1997. La
CNUDM étant entrée en vigueur entre les Parties en 1999, ce sont ses
articles 74, paragraphe 1, et 83, paragraphe 1, qui dictent les principes de
délimitation maritime devant être appliqués par la Cour en l’espèce.

42. Enfin, pour ce qui est de la déclaration de la Roumanie citée au
paragraphe 35 ci-dessus, la Cour fait observer que l’article 310 de la
CNUDM n’interdit pas à un Etat de formuler de telles déclarations au
moment où il signe ou ratifie la convention, ou adhère à celle-ci, à condi-

tion que pareilles déclarations ne visent pas à exclure ou modifier l’effet
juridique des dispositions de la CNUDM dans leur application à l’Etat
qui en est l’auteur. Aussi la Cour appliquera-t-elle les dispositions perti-

nentes de la CNUDM telles qu’interprétées dans sa jurisprudence, confor-
mément à l’article 31 de la convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités
du 23 mai 1969. La déclaration de la Roumanie en tant que telle n’a
aucune incidence sur l’interprétation de la Cour.

4. LA DÉLIMITATION MARITIME EXISTANT ENTRE LES P ARTIES
EFFET DES PROCÈS -VERBAUX DE 1949, 1963 ET 1974, AINSI QUE

DES TRAITÉS CONCLUS PAR LA R OUMANIE EN 1949 ET 1961 AVEC
L’UNION SOVIÉTIQUE ET EN 2003 AVEC L’U KRAINE )

43. La Cour note que, les Parties étant en désaccord sur la question de
savoir s’il existe déjà une frontière maritime polyvalente convenue autour
de l’île des Serpents, elles le sont également sur le choix du point de
départ de la délimitation qu’elle doit effectuer. Pour faire la lumière sur

ces questions, la Cour doit les examiner tour à tour. Autrement dit, elle
doit commencer par définir le point de départ de la délimitation en fonc-
tion de la frontière terrestre et de la frontière de la mer territoriale déjà
établies par les Parties; elle doit ensuite rechercher s’il existe une frontière

maritime convenue autour de l’île des Serpents et, dans l’affirmative,

21 41. With respect to the principles listed in subparagraphs 4 (a) to (e)

of the Additional Agreement, the Court is of the view that the chapeau of
that paragraph providing that

“[t]he Government of Ukraine and the Government of Romania
shall negotiate an Agreement on the delimitation of the continental
shelf and the exclusive economic zones in the Black Sea, on the basis

of the following principles and procedures” (emphasis added),

suggests that these principles were intended by the Parties to be taken
into account in their negotiations on the maritime delimitation, but do
not constitute the law to be applied by the Court. This does not neces-

sarily mean that these principles would per se be of no applicability in the
present case; they may apply to the extent that they are part of the rele-
vant rules of international law. The Court further notes that the princi-

ples listed in the Additional Agreement were drawn up by the Parties in
1997. The entry into force of UNCLOS as between the Parties in 1999
means that the principles of maritime delimitation to be applied by the
Court in this case are determined by paragraph 1 of Articles 74 and 83

thereof.
42. Finally, regarding Romania’s declaration, quoted in paragraph 35
above, the Court observes that under Article 310 of UNCLOS, a State is

not precluded from making declarations and statements when signing,
ratifying or acceding to the Convention, provided these do not purport to
exclude or modify the legal effect of the provisions of UNCLOS in their
application to the State which has made a declaration or statement. The

Court will therefore apply the relevant provisions of UNCLOS as inter-
preted in its jurisprudence, in accordance with Article 31 of the Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23 May 1969. Romania’s declara-

tion as such has no bearing on the Court’s interpretation.

4. EXISTING M ARITIMED ELIMITATION BETWEEN THE P ARTIES
(E FFECT OF THEPROCÈS -VERBAUX OF 1949, 1963 AND 1974,
AS WELL AS THE1949 AND 1961 TREATIES BETWEEN R OMANIA AND

THE USSR AND THE 2003 TREATY BETWEEN R OMANIA AND UKRAINE )

43. The Court notes that the Parties disagree as to whether there
already exists an agreed maritime boundary around Serpents’ Island for

all purposes. They therefore disagree also on the starting-point of the
delimitation to be effected by the Court. To clarify the issues under dis-
cussion, the Court must distinguish between these two different matters:

firstly, the determination of the starting-point of the delimitation as a
function of the land boundary and territorial sea boundary as already
determined by the Parties; and secondly, whether there exists an agreed
maritime boundary around Serpents’ Island and what is the nature of

21déterminer la nature d’une telle frontière et, en particulier, si celle-ci
sépare, comme l’affirme la Roumanie, la mer territoriale de l’Ukraine du

plateau continental et de la zone économique exclusive de la Roumanie,
ce que l’Ukraine conteste.

*

44. La Roumanie indique avoir conclu plusieurs accords avec l’Union
soviétique au sujet de la frontière commune entre les deux pays. Le plus
important est le procès-verbal général du 27 septembre 1949 (ci-après
dénommé le «procès-verbal général de 1949»), dans lequel sont consignés
les travaux de la commission mixte soviéto-roumaine chargée de délimi-

ter la frontière d’Etat. La Roumanie déclare que la frontière établie en
1949 a été confirmée dans d’autres procès-verbaux soviéto-roumains en
1963 et 1974 ainsi que dans les traités de 1949 et de 1961 relatifs à la fron-
tière entre son territoire et celui de l’Union soviétique. Selon elle, ces
accords, «qui ont force obligatoire à l’égard de l’Ukraine en vertu du
principe de la succession», établissent la première partie de la frontière

maritime le long d’un arc de 12 milles marins de rayon entourant l’île des
Serpents. La Roumanie relève que, dans l’accord additionnel de 1997 et
dans le traité de 2003 relatif au régime de la frontière d’Etat, l’Ukraine a
expressément confirmé le caractère contraignant de la frontière convenue
dans le cadre du traité de 1961 relatif au régime de la frontière roumano-

soviétique, qui confirmait lui-même l’applicabilité des procès-verbaux
de 1949.
45. Selon la Roumanie, il ressort clairement du libellé du procès-verbal
général de 1949 que les Parties étaient convenues que la frontière suivrait
la limite extérieure de la zone frontière maritime de 12 milles «autour de»

l’île des Serpents. En outre, poursuit la Roumanie, l’accord aurait effec-
tué une «délimitation polyvalente» qui ne se limitait pas à un court seg-
ment initial situé à l’ouest.
46. La Roumanie fait valoir que, sur le croquis joint au procès-verbal
spécifique de 1949 consacré à la borne frontière 1439, de même que sur la

carte 134 annexée au procès-verbal général de 1949, la frontière est clai-
rement tracée le long de l’arc des 12 milles marins entourant l’île des Ser-
pents jusqu’à la limite de la carte. Elle affirme que les croquis en question
font partie intégrante des procès-verbaux et qu’il convient de leur atta-
cher le poids correspondant. Selon elle, qu’ils soient ou non à la bonne
échelle ou fidèles à la géographie, les croquis confirment le sens du texte

des procès-verbaux, à savoir que la ligne constituant la frontière d’Etat se
prolonge au-delà de la borne frontière 1439 le long de l’arc des 12 milles
entourant l’île des Serpents, en conservant le même caractère sur toute sa
longueur.
47. La Roumanie ajoute que, bien que le point terminal de la frontière

maritime entre la Roumanie et l’Union soviétique n’ait pas été défini par
des coordonnées géographiques précises, la longueur de la frontière conve-
nue est fixée par les termes employés dans le procès-verbal général de 1949

22such a boundary, in particular whether it separates the territorial sea of
Ukraine from the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of

Romania, as claimed by the latter and denied by the former.

*

44. Romania explains that a number of agreements were entered into
between Romania and the Soviet Union in relation to their boundary.
The most important is the General Procès-Verbal of 27 September 1949
(hereinafter “the 1949 General Procès-Verbal”), which embodies the
work of the Joint Soviet-Romanian Commission for Delimitation of the

State Border. Romania states the boundary fixed in 1949 was confirmed
in further Soviet-Romanian Procès-Verbaux in 1963 and 1974 and in the
1949 and 1961 Border Treaties between Romania and the USSR. Accord-
ing to Romania, these agreements, “which are binding on Ukraine by
way of succession”, established the first part of the maritime boundary
along the 12-nautical-mile arc around Serpents’ Island. Romania points

out that in the 1997 Additional Agreement and the 2003 State Border
Régime Treaty, Ukraine expressly affirmed the binding character of the
border as agreed in the 1961 Border Régime Treaty between Romania
and the USSR which itself affirmed the applicability of the 1949
Procès-Verbaux.

45. According to Romania, it is clear from the language of the
1949 General Procès-Verbal that the Parties agreed that the boundary
would follow the exterior margin of the 12-mile marine boundary zone

“surrounding” Serpents’ Island. Moreover, Romania continues, the
Agreement effected an “all-purpose delimitation” which was not limited
to an initial short sector in the west.
46. Romania points out that on the sketch-map included in the indi-
vidual 1949 Procès-Verbal relating to border sign 1439, as well as on

map 134 attached to the 1949 General Procès-Verbal, the boundary is
clearly drawn along the 12-nautical-mile arc around Serpents’ Island
until the edge of the said maps. It asserts that the sketch-maps form an
integral part of the Procès-Verbaux and have to be given a corresponding
weight. In its view, regardless of whether they are to scale or are geo-
graphically accurate, the sketch-maps confirm the meaning of the text of

the Procès-Verbaux, namely that the State boundary line extends beyond
border sign 1439 along the 12-mile arc around Serpents’ Island, and that
it has the same character along its entire length.

47. Romania adds that, although the final point of the maritime

boundary between Romania and the USSR was not identified by specific
geographical co-ordinates, the extent of the agreed boundary is fixed by
the language of the 1949 General Procès-Verbal itself. The existence and

22lui-même. L’existence de la frontière maritime autour de l’île des Ser-
pents le long de l’arc de 12 milles marins de rayon jusqu’à un point situé

plein est de l’île et son acceptation seraient également confirmées par
plusieurs cartes de navigation publiées après 1949 par l’Union soviétique
puis par l’Ukraine, ainsi que par la Roumanie, la Bulgarie, la France
et l’Allemagne. La Roumanie indique que la frontière, telle que figurée
sur ces cartes, s’étend systématiquement au-delà du dernier point re-

présenté sur la carte 134 et apparaît comme étant de même nature sur
toute sa longueur, jusqu’à un point situé plein est de l’île des Serpents. La
Roumanie soutient que la position de ce point, dénommé «point X»,
coïncide sur toutes ces cartes: il est situé par 45°14′20″ de latitude nord
et 30°29′12″ de longitude est environ.

48. Le dernier point de la frontière figurant sur la carte 134 ne saurait,
selon la Roumanie, être considéré comme le point terminal, puisque le
court segment de frontière allant de la borne frontière 1439 au point où
se termine le tracé ne constitue pas une frontière «autour de» l’île des
Serpents, comme envisagé dans le texte du procès-verbal spécifique
de 1949 relatif à la borne frontière 1439. La Roumanie fait en outre

valoir que l’espace entre le point terminal de la ligne représentée sur la
carte 134 et le bord de celle-ci n’est pas pertinent et ne peut servir de fon-
dement à la thèse selon laquelle ce point constitue le point terminal de la
frontière. La carte 134 était censée représenter la frontière entre les
points 1438 et 1439, et «les secteurs frontaliers situés en deçà et au-delà

des points 1438 et 1439 ne sont représentés que partiellement».
49. Selon la Roumanie, l’étroite coïncidence relevée entre le point ter-
minal de la frontière sur la carte 134 et le point d’intersection des mers
territoriales de 12 milles marins de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine, défini
dans le traité de 2003 relatif au régime de la frontière d’Etat, ne démontre

pas que le point terminal de la frontière sur la carte 134 soit un point
terminal de la frontière maritime convenue en 1949. Bien que le point ter-
minal de la frontière figurée sur la carte 134 soit situé à environ 12 milles
marins de la digue de Sulina telle qu’elle existe actuellement, ce point se
situait en 1949 (lorsque la digue était plus courte) à environ 13,4 milles

marins de la côte roumaine. Aucune conclusion ne saurait donc être tirée
de coïncidences résultant de l’évolution de la situation côtière en ce qui
concerne l’accord de 1949.

*

50. L’Ukraine conteste qu’une frontière maritime suivant jusqu’à un
point X l’arc de 12 milles marins de rayon entourant l’île des Serpents ait
été établie à la suite d’accords conclus entre la Roumanie et l’Union
soviétique à partir de 1949. Elle soutient par ailleurs que les Parties
conviennent toutes deux que le point terminal de la frontière d’Etat a été

établi par le traité de 2003 relatif au régime de la frontière d’Etat, ce qui
signifie que les espaces maritimes situés au-delà de ce point n’avaient pas
été délimités auparavant.

23acceptance of the maritime boundary around Serpents’ Island following
the 12-nautical-mile arc until a point situated due east of the island is also

confirmed by various navigation charts issued after 1949 by the USSR
and later Ukraine, as well as by Romania, Bulgaria, France and Ger-
many. These charts, Romania maintains, consistently show the boundary
as extending beyond the last point depicted on map 134, and as having
the same character along its entire length up to a point due east of Ser-

pents’ Island. Romania claims that the position of this point, which it
refers to as “Point X”, coincides on all of these charts: it is located at
approximately 45°14′20″ N and 30°29′12″ E.

48. The last point of the boundary depicted on map 134 cannot be
considered, in Romania’s view, the final point of the boundary because
the short segment of the boundary from border sign 1439 up to the point
where the drawing terminates does not constitute a boundary “surround-
ing” Serpents’ Island as envisaged in the text of the individual 1949 Procès-
Verbal relating to border sign 1439. Romania further argues that the

blank space between the endpoint of the line depicted on map 134 and
the edge of the map is of no relevance and cannot serve as an argument
that this point is the final point of the boundary. Map 134 was intended
to depict the boundary between Points 1438 and 1439, and “the bound-
ary sectors situated both before and beyond point 1438 and 1439 are only

partially depicted”.
49. According to Romania, the fact that there happens to be a close
coincidence between the endpoint of the boundary on map 134 and the
point of intersection of 12-nautical-mile territorial seas of Romania and
Ukraine, identified in the 2003 State Border Régime Treaty, does not

prove that the endpoint of the boundary on map 134 was a final point of
the maritime boundary agreed in 1949. While the endpoint of the bound-
ary on map 134 is at approximately 12 nautical miles from the Sulina
dyke as it exists presently, in 1949 (when the dyke was shorter) this point
was at about 13.4 nautical miles from the Romanian coast. No conclu-

sion as to what was agreed in 1949 is to be drawn from coincidences
resulting from the changing coastal situation.

*

50. Ukraine disagrees that a maritime boundary along the 12-nautical-
mile arc around Serpents’ Island up to Point X was established by the
agreements between Romania and the USSR starting from 1949. It
further argues that both Parties acknowledge that the final point of the
State border was established by the 2003 State Border Régime Treaty,

which means that maritime spaces beyond this point had not previously
been delimited.

23 51. L’Ukraine affirme notamment qu’aucune frontière maritime poly-
valente n’est mentionnée dans le texte des procès-verbaux de 1949 ni

n’apparaît sur la carte 134. Elle soutient que, conformément à l’accord
consigné dans les procès-verbaux de 1949, la ligne frontière entre les
points 1437 et 1438 «représente une véritable frontière d’Etat entre la
mer territoriale et/ou les eaux intérieures de la Roumanie et de l’Union
soviétique», la ligne frontière qui s’étend en mer du point 1438 au

point 1439 ne constituant «une véritable frontière d’Etat entre les mers
territoriales roumaine et soviétique que jusqu’à un point situé à 6 milles
marins de la ligne de base à partir de laquelle la mer territoriale de la
Roumanie est mesurée». La ligne qui se poursuit au-delà du point situé à
6 milles marins au large et jusqu’au point 1439, pour suivre ensuite l’arc

de 12 milles marins de rayon entourant l’île des Serpents, constituerait la
frontière entre la mer territoriale relevant de la souveraineté de l’Union
soviétique et la haute mer adjacente. Les eaux situées au-delà de la limite
de la mer territoriale relèveraient de la haute mer, ce qui en 1949 corres-
pondait aux eaux s’étendant, pour la Roumanie, au-delà de 6 milles
marins (12 milles marins depuis 1951, date à laquelle elle a étendu la

largeur de sa mer territoriale) et, pour l’Union soviétique, au-delà
de 12 milles marins.
52. L’Ukraine fait valoir que ni les procès-verbaux de 1949 ni aucun
autre texte ayant donné lieu à un accord entre les Parties ne définissent le
statut des eaux situées au sud de la courte ligne convenue le long de l’arc

des 12 milles entourant l’île des Serpents. La ligne convenue en 1949 ne
pouvait pas, dans l’idée des Parties, avoir pour objet de délimiter des
espaces maritimes soumis à des régimes distincts qui n’existaient tout
simplement pas à l’époque, à savoir le plateau continental et la zone éco-
nomique exclusive. L’Ukraine affirme donc que, si les procès-verbaux

de 1949, ainsi que ceux de 1963 et 1974, constituent des accords interna-
tionaux contraignants, ils «ne sont pas des accords de délimitation du
plateau continental ou des zones économiques exclusives». Elle souligne
qu’aucun texte pertinent ne prévoit que la ligne frontière convenue doive
être une frontière maritime «polyvalente» restreignant les droits de

l’Ukraine (et de l’Union soviétique avant elle) «à une quelconque caté-
gorie d’espaces maritimes au-delà de cette ligne».
53. L’Ukraine soutient qu’«aucun des procès-verbaux pertinents ni
aucun autre accord n’indique que la frontière convenue va jusqu’au
prétendu point X de la Roumanie» ni ne précise les coordonnées de ce
point. Selon elle, cette conclusion ressort clairement du libellé de ces

instruments.
L’Ukraine fait observer que la carte 134 annexée au procès-verbal
général de 1949 montre que la partie pertinente de l’arc des 12 milles
entourant l’île des Serpents se prolonge au-delà du point 1439 sans tou-
tefois atteindre la marge de cette carte (il y a un espace). Elle soutient que

rien dans le texte «ne donne à penser que», contrairement à ce qu’affirme
la Roumanie, «la partie pertinente de l’arc de 12 milles marins de rayon
entourant l’île des Serpents se prolongeait vers le sud-est ou vers l’est de

24 51. In particular, Ukraine asserts that the text of the 1949 Procès-
Verbaux did not provide for an all-purpose maritime boundary, and neither

did map 134. It notes that in accordance with the settlement recorded in
the 1949 Procès-Verbaux the boundary line between Points 1437 and
1438 “is a true State boundary between the territorial sea and/or internal
waters of Romania and the Soviet Union”. The boundary line running
out to sea from Point 1438 in the direction of Point 1439 was “a true

State boundary between the territorial seas of Romania and the Soviet
Union only as far out as a point 6 nautical miles from the baseline from
which Romania’s territorial sea is measured”. The boundary running
further out to sea beyond the 6-nautical-mile point to Point 1439 and
thereafter following the 12-nautical-mile arc around Serpents’ Island was

the boundary between the Soviet Union’s sovereign territorial sea and the
adjacent high seas. Waters beyond the territorial sea limits were high
seas, which in 1949 meant for Romania the waters beyond 6 nautical
miles (since 1951, when Romania extended the breadth of its territorial
sea, beyond 12 nautical miles), and for the Soviet Union waters
beyond 12 nautical miles.

52. Ukraine argues that neither the 1949 Procès-Verbaux nor any
other agreed text identifies the status of the waters to the south of the
short length of agreed line along the 12-nautical-mile arc around Ser-

pents’ Island. The line agreed in 1949 could not have been intended by
the Parties as a line separating sea areas subject to distinctive régimes
which at that time simply did not exist, i.e., the continental shelf and
exclusive economic zone. Thus, Ukraine asserts that, while the 1949 as
well as the 1963 and 1974 Procès-Verbaux are binding international

agreements, they “are not continental shelf or EEZ delimitation agree-
ments”. It emphasizes that no relevant text provides for the agreed
boundary line to be an “all-purpose” maritime boundary restricting
Ukraine’s (and previously the Soviet Union’s) rights “to any and all cat-
egories of maritime claims beyond that line”.

53. Ukraine contends that “[n]one of the relevant Procès-Verbaux nor
any other agreements say that the agreed boundary extends as far as
Romania’s alleged Point X”, nor give any co-ordinates for such a point.
This conclusion is evident from a reading of their texts.

Ukraine states that map 134 annexed to the 1949 General Procès-
Verbal shows that the relevant part of the 12-mile arc around Serpents’
Island extends on the arc beyond Point 1439 but without however reach-
ing the edge of the map (there is a blank space). Ukraine maintains that

nothing in the text “suggests that the relevant part of the 12-nautical-mile
arc around Serpents’ Island extended to the south-east or east around
Serpents’ Island”, as contended by Romania. According to Ukraine,

24l’île». Selon l’Ukraine, la carte 134 visait spécifiquement à figurer la fron-
tière qui avait été convenue dans le procès-verbal auquel elle était jointe,

y compris le point terminal de cette frontière. Le point terminal repré-
senté sur la carte 134 serait «à quelques mètres seulement» du point
convenu dans le traité de 2003 relatif au régime de la frontière d’Etat
comme étant le point d’intersection des limites extérieures des mers ter-
ritoriales de l’Ukraine et de la Roumanie (93 m (au nord) et 219 m (à

l’est) les séparent).
54. Pour ce qui est des éléments de preuve cartographiques produits
par la Roumanie, l’Ukraine fait valoir qu’aucune des cartes ni aucun des
croquis datant de la même époque que les procès-verbaux de 1949 ne pré-
sente la frontière convenue comme allant jusqu’au «point X» de la Rou-

manie. Elle ajoute que les cartes ne datant pas de la même époque «n’ont
guère, voire pas du tout, de valeur probante quant à ce qui a été convenu
en 1949». L’Ukraine affirme notamment que les cartes mentionnées par
la Roumanie ne sont pas fiables, qu’elles ne peuvent pas confirmer l’exis-
tence d’une frontière convenue se terminant par un point situé plein est
de l’île des Serpents (point X) et qu’aucune d’entre elles «n’a de véritable

valeur juridique».

**

55. La Cour relève tout d’abord que les procès-verbaux de 1949 sont

le résultat des travaux d’une commission frontalière mixte soviéto-
roumaine chargée de mettre en Œuvre leprotocole visant à préciser le tracé
de la frontière entre la République populaire de Roumanie et l’Union des
Républiques socialistes soviétiques , signé à Moscou le 4 février 1948 (ci-
après dénommé «le protocole de 1948»). Il ressort de ces négociations

que ce protocole avait pour principal objet de modifier ce qui avait été
convenu dans le cadre du traité de paix signé à Paris en 1947 entre les
puissances alliées et associées et la Roumanie, lequel confirmait que la
frontière soviéto-roumaine était «fixée conformément aux dispositions de
l’accord soviéto-roumain du 28 juin 1940 et à celles de l’accord soviéto-

tchécoslovaque du 29 juin 1945».
56. Le texte du traité de paix ne contient aucune disposition expresse
ayant trait à l’île des Serpents. Le protocole de 1948 prévoyait cependant
comme suit le tracé des frontières nationales entre les deux Etats:

«La frontière d’Etat entre la Roumanie et l’[URSS] figurant sur
les cartes jointes au présent protocole (annexes I et II) suit le tracé
suivant:

a) conformément à l’annexe I:
[description de la frontière terrestre entre la Roumanie et
l’URSS];

b) conformément à l’annexe II:
le long du fleuve du Danube, de Pardina jusqu’à la mer Noire, en
laissant les îles ˘taru Mic, Daleru Mic et Mare, Maican et

25map 134 was intended specifically to show the boundary which had been
agreed in the Procès-Verbal to which it was attached, including the end-

point of the boundary. The final point depicted on map 134 is “within a
very few metres” of the point agreed in the 2003 State Border Régime
Treaty as the point of intersection of the outer limits of Ukraine’s and
Romania’s territorial seas (a difference of 93 m (north) and 219 m (east)).

54. As to the cartographic evidence produced by Romania, Ukraine
replies that none of the maps or sketch-maps contemporaneous with the
1949 Procès-Verbaux show that the agreed boundary extends as far as
Romania’s alleged Point X. Non-contemporaneous maps “are of little or

no evidentiary value as to what was agreed in 1949”. In particular, it
notes that the maps referred to by Romania are unreliable, cannot serve
as a confirmation that there exists an agreed boundary terminating at a
point due east of Serpents’ Island (Point X) and that none of them “has
any substantial legal value”.

**

55. The Court first notes that the Procès-Verbaux of 1949 resulted

from the work of the Joint Soviet-Romanian Border Commission imple-
menting the Protocol to Specify the Line of the State Boundary between
the People’s Republic of Romania and the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics, signed in Moscow on 4 February 1948 (hereinafter “the
1948 Protocol”). It emerged from these negotiations that this Protocol

was primarily aimed at the modification of what had been agreed upon
by the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty between the Allied and Associated Powers
and Romania, which confirmed that the Soviet-Romanian border was
fixed “in accordance with the Soviet-Romanian Agreement of June 28,
1940, and the Soviet-Czechoslovak Agreement of June 29, 1945”.

56. The text of the Peace Treaty has no express provision relating to
Serpents’ Island. However, the 1948 Protocol stipulated where the
national borders between the States should lie as follows:

“1. The State border between Romania and the [USSR], indicated
on the maps annexed to the present Protocol/Annex I and II/, passes
as follows:

(a) in accordance with Annex I:
[the description of the land boundary between Romania and
the USSR];

(b) in accordance with Annex II:
along the River Danube, from Pardina to the Black Sea, leav-
ing the islands of T˘taru Mic, Daleru Mic and Mare, Maican

25 Limba du côté de l’[URSS], et les îles Ta ˘taru Mare, Cernovca et
Babina du côté de la Roumanie;

l’île des Serpents, située en mer Noire, à l’est de l’embouchure du
Danube, est incorporée à l’[URSS].»

57. Le procès-verbal de description de la frontière d’Etat , daté du

27 septembre 1949, comprend une description complète de cette démarca-
tion, laquelle fait courir la ligne frontière d’Etat à partir de la borne fron-
tière n 1052 jusqu’à la borne frontière n 1439, couvrant à la fois le
territoire terrestre relevant du secteur de la frontière terrestre nationale et
le territoire maritime jusqu’au point 1439. C’est la description de la fron-

tière figurant dans ce procès-verbal, reprise dans des accords ultérieurs,
qui importe ici.
58. Selon le procès-verbal général décrivant l’ensemble de la frontière
d’Etat, celle-ci se poursuit sur une courte distance à partir d’un point

défini situé à proximité du point terminal de la frontière fluviale entre
les deux Etats (point 1437), suivant le milieu du chenal du fleuve avant
de prendre plus ou moins une direction sud-sud-est en ligne droite
jusqu’à une bouée (point 1438). A partir de ce point, la ligne frontière
en mer Noire change de direction pour s’orienter plus ou moins vers

l’est en ligne droite sur quelque 12 milles jusqu’à une balise (point 1439),
laquelle constitue le point terminal défini par des coordonnées fixées par
la commission et correspond au point d’intersection de la ligne droite
partant du point 1438 avec «la limite extérieure de la zone frontière

maritime soviétique de 12 milles qui entoure l’île des Serpents». La des-
cription se poursuit de la manière suivante: «[à] partir de la borne fron-
tière n 1439 (balise), la ligne frontière d’Etat suit la limite extérieure de
la zone frontière maritime de 12 milles, laissant l’île des Serpents du côté
de l’URSS».

59. Les lignes frontières représentées sur le croquis figurant dans le
procès-verbal spécifique relatif à la borne frontière 1439 (formulé dans
des termes quasiment identiques à ceux qui viennent d’être cités) repren-
nent les mêmes symboles: à partir de l’embouchure du fleuve (point 1437),

la frontière longe la ligne qui traverse les eaux côtières jusqu’au point 1438
puis continue jusqu’au point 1439 et au-delà sur l’arc qui entoure l’île des
Serpents, dont environ 5 milles sont représentés, jusqu’au point terminal
de l’arc, sur le bord du croquis inclus dans le procès-verbal. Les mentions
«CCCP» et «URSS» sont utilisées du côté soviétique et «PHP» et

«RPR» du côté roumain, y compris de part et d’autre du court segment
de l’arc.
60. Un libellé quasiment identique à celui des procès-verbaux de 1949
se rapportant à la ligne qui s’étend au-delà du point 1439, décrite à la fin

du paragraphe 58 ci-dessus, figure dans une loi de 1954 signée par des
représentants dûment mandatés des deux pays et concernant la borne
frontière n 1439.
61. En novembre 1949 et février 1961, la Roumanie et l’Union sovié-
tique ont conclu des traités sur le régime de leur frontière, le traité de

26 and Limba on the side of the [USSR], and the islands
T˘taru Mare, Cernovca and Babina — on the Romanian side;

Serpents’ Island, situated in the Black Sea, eastwards from the
Danube mouth, is incorporated into the [USSR].”

57. The Procès-Verbal of the Description of the State Boundary dated
27 September 1949, contains a complete description of the demarcation

thus effected in the form of the traversal of the State boundary line from
boundary mark No. 1052 to boundary mark No. 1439, covering both the
land territory in the national border area and the maritime territory up to
Point 1439. It is the description of the border included in this Procès-
Verbal, carried forward into later agreements, that is of importance for

present purposes.
58. According to the General Procès-Verbal describing the whole State
border line, the boundary continues from a defined point near the end of
the river boundary between the two States (Point 1437) for a short dis-
tance along the middle of the channel of the river and then roughly south
south-easterly in a straight line to a buoy anchored in water (Point 1438),

at which point the direction of the boundary line in the Black Sea
changes and continues roughly easterly in a straight line for about
12 miles to a beacon (Point 1439), the final point defined with co-
ordinates stated by the Commission. It is at the point at which the straight
line from Point 1438 intersects with “the exterior margin of the Soviet

maritime boundary line, of 12 miles, surrounding Serpents’ Island”. The
document continues with this sentence: “The State boundary line, from
border sign No. 1439 (beacon), goes on the exterior margin of the marine
boundary zone of 12 miles, leaving Serpents’ Island on the side of the
USSR.”

59. The border lines in the sketch-map included in the individual
Procès-Verbal of border Point 1439 (which includes almost the same
expression as that just quoted) uses the same symbols from the river
mouth (Point 1437) along the line through the coastal waters to Point 1438

and on to Point 1439 and then beyond on the arc around Serpents’
Island, shown for about 5 miles, to the point where the arc ends, at the
margin of the sketch-map included in that Procès-Verbal. The expres-
sions “CCCP” and “URSS” are used on the Soviet side and “PHP” and
“RPR” on the Romanian side, including the short section of the arc.

60. Wording almost identical to that in the 1949 Procès-Verbaux rel-
ating to the line beyond Point 1439, set out at the end of paragraph 58
above, was included in a 1954 Act, signed by authorized officers of the
two countries, relating to the boundary mark No. 1439.

61. In November 1949 and February 1961, Romania and the USSR
concluded treaties on the régime of their border, the latter treaty replac-

261961 remplaçant celui de 1949. Les deux traités définissent la frontière
d’Etat entre les deux pays en se référant à des accords antérieurs, dont les

documents de démarcation de septembre 1949. En application du traité
de 1961, une autre opération de démarcation fut effectuée en 1963. Si
cette opération ne prévoyait pas la modification de la borne frontière
n 1439 et ne contenait aucun croquis la représentant, la description
générale de la frontière comprend un passage similaire à celui qui figure

dans des documents antérieurs, si ce n’est que «la zone frontière maritime
soviétique» est remplacée par «la mer territoriale» de l’Union soviétique:
«[à] partir de la borne frontière n 1439 (balise), la frontière d’Etat suit la
limite extérieure de la mer territoriale de 12 milles de l’URSS, laissant l’île

des Serpents du côté de cette dernière».
62. Des négociations sur la démarcation furent menées dans les
années soixante-dix: le procès-verbal général de 1974 reprend le libellé du
procès-verbal général de 1963, tandis que le procès-verbal spécifique de
1974 revient au libellé du procès-verbal général de 1949. Le procès-verbal

spécifique de 1974 contient un croquis sur lequel la représentation
des divers segments de la frontière et les mentions «CCCP/URSS» et
«PHP/RPR» sont identiques à celles utilisées sur les croquis annexés
aux procès-verbaux spécifiques de 1949 et de 1963.

63. Le dernier traité de la série est celui de 2003, relatif au régime de la
frontière d’Etat. Dans le préambule, les parties contractantes expriment
leur souhait de développer des relations de collaboration sur la base des
principes et dispositions contenus dans leur traité de bon voisinage et de
coopération et dans l’accord additionnel énonçant les principes et procé-

dés de délimitation du plateau continental et de la zone économique
exclusive. A l’article premier, le traité de 2003 décrit la frontière d’Etat
par référence au traité roumano-soviétique de 1961 et

«à tous les documents de démarcation correspondants, les cartes sur
lesquelles figure la frontière d’Etat..., les protocoles relatifs à l’empla-
cement des bornes, avec leurs croquis ... [ainsi qu’aux] docu-

ments ... relatifs à l’inspection de leur frontière commune ... en
vigueur le 16 juillet 1990»,

date de l’adoption de la déclaration sur la souveraineté d’Etat de
l’Ukraine. Dans la dernière partie de la description, il est indiqué que la
frontière

«se prolonge à partir de la borne frontière 1439 (balise) sur la limite
extérieure des eaux territoriales de l’Ukraine autour de l’île des Ser-

pents jusqu’à un point situé par 45°05′21″ de latitude nord
et 30°02′27″ de longitude est, qui est le point de rencontre avec la
frontière d’Etat roumaine passant sur la limite extérieure de sa mer
territoriale. Les mers territoriales des Parties contractantes mesurées

à partir des lignes de base ont en permanence, au point de rencontre
de leurs limites extérieures, une largeur de 12 milles marins.»

27ing the former. Both defined the State border between them by reference
to the earlier agreements including the demarcation documents of Sep-

tember 1949. In terms of the 1961 Treaty, a further demarcation process
was carried out in 1963. While that process involved no modification of
the border sign No. 1439 nor any sketch-map of it, the general descrip-
tion of the border includes a passage similar to that in the earlier docu-
ments with the change that “Soviet marine boundary zone” is replaced by

the “territorial sea of the USSR”: “From the border sign No. 1439 (bea-
con), the State boundary passes on the exterior margin of the 12-mile
territorial sea of the USSR, leaving Serpents’ Island on the USSR side.”

62. Demarcation negotiations were conducted during the 1970s: in the
1974 general Procès-Verbal, the wording from the general 1963 Procès-
Verbal was reprised, while in the 1974 individual Procès-Verbal, the
wording reverted to that of the 1949 general Procès-Verbal. The 1974 indi-
vidual Procès-Verbal included a sketch-map with the same features in
terms of the marking of the various sections of the border and the use of

the terms “CCCP/URSS” and “PHP/RPR” as were used in the sketch-
maps attached to the individual 1949 Procès-Verbal and the individual
1963 Procès-Verbal.
63. The final treaty in the series is the 2003 State Border Régime
Treaty. In the preamble, the Contracting Parties state their desire to

develop relations of collaboration on the basis of the principles and pro-
visions in their Treaty on Good Neighbourliness and Co-operation and
in the Additional Agreement providing principles and processes for delim-
iting the continental shelf and exclusive economic zone. The 2003 Treaty
in Article 1 describes the State border by reference to the 1961 Romania-

USSR Treaty

“as well as . . . all the corresponding demarcation documents, the
maps of the State border . . . the protocols of the border signs with
their draft sketches . . . as well as the documents of verifications of
the State border line . . . in force on 16 July, 1990”,

the date of the adoption of the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of
Ukraine. The final part of the description says that the boundary

“continues, from the border sign 1439 (buoy) on the outer limit of
Ukraine’s territorial waters around the Serpents’ Island, up to the
point of 45°05′21″ north latitude and 30°02′27″ east latitude, which
is the meeting point with the Romanian State border passing on the
outer limit of its territorial sea. The territorial seas of the Contract-

ing Parties measured from the baselines shall permanently have, at
the meeting point of their outer limits, the width of 12 maritime
miles.”

27L’article se conclut sur ces trois phrases:

«Si est constatée l’existence de modifications objectives causées
par des phénomènes naturels, non liées aux activités humaines et
appelant une modification de ces coordonnées, la Commission mixte

dressera de nouveaux protocoles.
La frontière d’Etat, sur toute sa longueur, restera inchangée, sauf
si les parties contractantes en décident autrement.
La production de nouveaux documents relatifs à la frontière d’Etat
ne constitue pas une revision de la frontière existante entre la Rou-

manie et l’Ukraine.»
La définition de la frontière ne contient plus le passage indiquant que

celle-ci «passe par» ou «suit» la limite extérieure de la zone maritime
«à partir» du point 1439. Il est indiqué que la frontière se poursuit
à partir de ce point «jusqu’au» point dont les coordonnées sont
précisées.
64. De l’avis de la Cour, l’argument fondé par la Roumanie sur les
expressions «à partir de» et «suit la limite extérieure de la zone frontière

maritime» ne saurait étayer la thèse selon laquelle le point X constitue le
point terminal de la frontière convenue (voir paragraphe 47 ci-dessus).
Premièrement, aucun des croquis et des cartes de l’époque ne fait passer
la frontière ne fût-ce qu’à proximité du point X. Deuxièmement, les
accords portent sur les «frontières d’Etat», expression qui ne peut que

difficilement s’appliquer à des zones situées au-delà du territoire, y com-
pris les mers territoriales. Troisièmement, si — comme l’Ukraine le
reconnaît — l’accord de 1949 et les accords ultérieurs ne précisent pas le
point terminal et si le point 1439 ne constitue pas ce point terminal, le
croquis qui fait partie du procès-verbal relatif au point 1439 indique bien

où ce point terminal pourrait être; ce point est représenté de manière plus
claire et plus officielle, bien qu’à un emplacement légèrement différent,
sur la carte 134, laquelle est à l’échelle, contrairement aux croquis; cette
carte, qui fait partie du procès-verbal général de 1949, représente les
bornes frontières 1438, 1439 et seulement un court segment de l’arc

au-delà de cette dernière. Enfin, si la carte 134 indique d’autres forma-
tions allant jusqu’à sa marge, l’arc se termine toutefois avant celle-ci
(tout près du point où l’éventuelle mer territoriale de 12 milles de la
Roumanie couperait l’arc de 12 milles de rayon entourant l’île). L’écart
entre le point terminal de l’arc figurant sur cette carte et le point corres-
pondant aux coordonnées de 2003 est de 250 m environ.

65. Le problème majeur posé par la thèse roumaine est que le pro-
cessus de 1948-1949 et l’accord auquel il a abouti ne vont pas dans
le sens d’un point situé à l’est de l’île des Serpents. Parmi les docu-
ments datant de cette époque (1949), mis à part l’argument tiré du
texte lui-même, seuls les deux croquis et la carte 134 suggèrent l’exis-

tence d’un point à l’est de l’île. Ces éléments sont cependant très loin
de confirmer le point X avancé par la Roumanie; en outre, ils produi-
sent des résultats très différents l’un par rapport à l’autre, ainsi que

28The Article concludes with these three sentences:

“If objective modifications due to natural phenomena which are
not related to human activities and that make it necessary for these
co-ordinates to be changed are noticed, the Joint Commission shall

conclude new protocols.
The State border line, on its whole length, shall remain un-
changed, unless the Contracting Parties agree otherwise.
The elaboration of the new documents on the State border does
not represent a revision of the existent border between Romania and

Ukraine.”
The definition of the boundary no longer includes the passage about the

boundary “passing” or “going on” the exterior margin of the maritime
zone “from” Point 1439. Rather the boundary continues from that point
“up to” the defined point.

64. In the view of the Court, the argument raised by Romania and
based by it on the words “from” and “goes on the exterior margin of the

marine boundary zone” cannot support Point X as the endpoint of the
agreed boundary (see paragraph 47 above). First, none of the contempo-
raneous maps and sketch-maps arrive anywhere near Point X. Second,
the agreements are about “State borders”, an expression which does not
easily apply to areas beyond territory, including territorial seas. Third,

while, as Ukraine accepts, the 1949 and later agreements do not specify
the endpoint and Point 1439 is not the endpoint, the sketch-map which is
part of the Procès-Verbal for Point 1439 does indicate where that end-
point might be; a clearer and more authoritative indication of that point
appears, if at a slightly different location, in map 134 which is to scale,

unlike the sketch-maps; the map is part of the General Procès-Verbal of
1949 and shows border signs 1438 and 1439 and only a short sector of the
arc beyond the latter. Finally, while other features on map 134 go all the
way to the margin of the map, the point at which the arc ends is short of
the margin of it (it is very close to the point where Romania’s prospective

12-mile territorial sea would intersect with the 12-mile arc around the
island). The gap between the end of the arc on that map and the 2003 co-
ordinates is about 250 m.

65. A major problem with the Romanian thesis is the lack of any sup-
port in the 1948-1949 processes and the resulting agreement for a point to
the east of Serpents’ Island. Apart from the argument based on the words
themselves, the only support for a point to the east of the island to be
discerned in the contemporary (1949) documentation is provided by the

two sketch-maps and map 134. However, they fall a long way short of
Romania’s Point X; further, they produce very different results from
each other, from the sketch-map in the Procès-Verbal for Point 1439 and,

28par rapport au croquis du procès-verbal relatif au point 1439 et, ce qui
est plus important encore, par rapport au point terminal de l’arc

qui apparaît sur la seule carte pertinente de l’accord de 1949 — la
carte 134.
66. La Cour conclut que, en 1949, il fut convenu qu’à partir du point
représenté par la borne frontière 1439 la frontière entre la Roumanie et
l’Union soviétique suivrait l’arc de 12 milles de rayon entourant l’île des

Serpents, aucun point terminal n’étant spécifié. Aux termes de l’ar-
ticle premier du traité de 2003 relatif au régime de la frontière d’Etat, le
point terminal de la frontière d’Etat entre les Parties a été fixé au point où
la limite de la mer territoriale de la Roumanie rencontre celle de l’Ukraine.
La Cour dénommera ci-après ce point le «point 1».

*

67. La Cour examinera maintenant la question de savoir s’il existe une
ligne convenue séparant la mer territoriale de l’Ukraine du plateau conti-
nental et de la zone économique exclusive de la Roumanie, comme celle-

ci le soutient.
68. Une question préliminaire est celle de la charge de la preuve. Ainsi
que la Cour l’a indiqué à plusieurs reprises, c’est à la partie qui avance un
élément de fait à l’appui de sa prétention qu’il incombe de l’établir (Sou-
veraineté sur Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks et South

Ledge (Malaisie/Singapour), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008 , p. 31, par. 45;
Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime
de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Serbie-et-Monténégro), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2007 (I), p. 128, par. 204, citant l’affaire des Activités militaires
et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. Etats-

Unis d’Amérique), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984 ,
p. 437, par. 101). L’Ukraine a particulièrement insisté sur le dictum de la
Cour en l’affaire du Différend territorial et maritime entre le Nicaragua
et le Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Honduras) , selon
lequel «[l]’établissement d’une frontière maritime permanente est une

question de grande importance, et un accord ne doit pas être présumé
facilement» (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II) , p. 735, par. 253). Ce dictum
n’est toutefois pas directement pertinent en la présente espèce, puisque,
dans l’affaire sus-indiquée, en l’absence d’accord écrit, l’existence d’un
accord tacite devait être établie — c’était là un point de fait —, la charge
de la preuve incombant à l’Etat qui l’invoquait. En la présente espèce, en

revanche, la Cour dispose de l’accord de 1949 et des accords ultérieurs.
Elle n’a donc pas à établir des faits, auquel cas la charge de la preuve
incomberait à la partie qui les invoque, mais à interpréter ces accords. A
cette fin, la Cour doit tout d’abord s’intéresser à leur texte ainsi qu’aux
croquis y annexés.

69. La Cour relève que les paragraphes 4 des articles 74 et 83 de la
CNUDM sont pertinents pour apprécier la position de la Roumanie
selon laquelle les instruments de 1949 ont établi autour de l’île des Ser-

29most importantly, from the end of the arc which appears in the only rele-
vant map in the 1949 Agreement — map 134.

66. The Court concludes that in 1949 it was agreed that from the point
represented by border sign 1439 the boundary between Romania and the
USSR would follow the 12-mile arc around Serpents’ Island, without any

endpoint being specified. Under Article 1 of the 2003 State Border
Régime Treaty the endpoint of the State border between the Parties was
fixed at the point of intersection where the territorial sea boundary of
Romania meets that of Ukraine. The Court will hereinafter refer to this
point as “Point 1”.

*

67. The Court now turns to the question as to whether there exists an
agreed line which divides the territorial sea of Ukraine and the continen-
tal shelf and the exclusive economic zone of Romania, as contended by

the latter.
68. A preliminary issue concerns the burden of proof. As the Court
has said on a number of occasions, the party asserting a fact as a basis of
its claim must establish it (Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu
Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Judgment,

I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 31, para. 45; Application of the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herze-
govina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I) ,
p. 128, para. 204, citingMilitary and Paramilitary Activities in and against
Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and

Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984 , p. 437, para. 101). Ukraine
placed particular emphasis on the Court’s dictum in the case concerning
Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in
the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) that “[t]he establishment of
a permanent maritime boundary is a matter of grave importance and

agreement is not easily to be presumed”Ju(dgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II,
p. 735, para. 253). That dictum, however, is not directly relevant since in
that case no written agreement existed and therefore any implicit agree-
ment had to be established as a matter of fact, with the burden of proof
lying with the State claiming such an agreement to exist. In the present
case, by contrast, the Court has before it the 1949 Agreement and the

subsequent agreements. Rather than having to make findings of fact,
with one or other Party bearing the burden of proof as regards claimed
facts, the Court’s task is to interpret those agreements. In carrying out
that task, the Court must first focus its attention on the terms of those
documents including the associated sketch-maps.

69. The Court notes that Articles 74, paragraph 4, and 83, para-
graph 4, of UNCLOS are relevant to Romania’s contention that a
boundary delimiting the exclusive economic zones and continental shelf

29pents une frontière délimitant les zones économiques exclusives et le pla-
teau continental au-delà du point 1.

Le libellé des paragraphes 4 des articles 74 et 83 prévoit que, lorsqu’un
accord est en vigueur entre les Etats concernés, les questions relatives à la
délimitation de la zone économique exclusive et du plateau continental
«sont réglées conformément à cet accord».

Le mot «accord» qui y figure (ainsi que dans d’autres dispositions de
l’article correspondant) renvoie aux accords délimitant respectivement la
zone économique exclusive (art. 74) ou le plateau continental (art. 83)
visés au paragraphe 1. Il ressort de la pratique des Etats qu’un nouvel
accord est nécessaire pour qu’une ligne retenue aux fins de marquer la

limite d’une zone maritime soit utilisée pour en délimiter une autre. C’est
généralement ce qui se produit lorsque des Etats conviennent d’utiliser
la ligne délimitant leur plateau continental pour marquer les limites de
leur zone économique exclusive respective. L’accord entre la Tur-
quie et l’Union soviétique utilisant la limite du plateau continental
aux fins de délimiter leur zone économique exclusive respective en est

un exemple. De la même façon, des Etats ayant l’intention d’utiliser la
limite de leur mer territoriale, telle que convenue par le passé, pour
délimiter également, par la suite, leur plateau continental et/ou leurs
zones économiques exclusives respectives sont supposés conclure un
nouvel accord à cet effet.

70. Les instruments de 1949 ne comportent aucune référence à la zone
économique exclusive ou au plateau continental. Si, en 1949, la procla-
mation Truman et les revendications auxquelles celle-ci avait commencé
à donner lieu étaient bien connues, aucune des deux Parties ne revendi-
qua de plateau continental cette année-là, et rien dans le dossier de

l’affaire n’indique que l’une ou l’autre d’entre elles s’apprêtait à le faire.
A l’époque, la Commission du droit international (CDI) n’avait pas
encore engagé les travaux sur le droit de la mer qui allaient aboutir à la
conclusion de la convention de 1958 sur le plateau continental et à une
reconnaissance générale de cette notion. Quant à celle de zone écono-

mique exclusive, elle allait encore mettre de longues années à s’imposer
en droit international.
Le seul accord entre les Parties qui traite expressément de la délimita-
tion des zones économiques exclusives et du plateau continental est
l’accord additionnel de 1997. Celui-ci ne définit pas de frontière mais
décrit le processus à suivre pour établir une telle frontière, processus dont

la présente instance marque le point culminant. Les dispositions détaillées
concernant les facteurs à prendre en compte dans le cadre des négocia-
tions ne font aucunement référence à un accord existant. En 1949, aucun
accord ne délimitait les zones économiques exclusives ou le plateau conti-
nental au sens des articles 74 et 83 de la CNUDM.

71. Une autre question qui pourrait se poser au regard du droit inter-
national et du paragraphe 2 de l’article 311 de la CNUDM est de savoir
si l’on peut considérer que l’Union soviétique a, en 1949, renoncé à des

30beyond Point 1, and extending around Serpents’ Island, was established
by the 1949 instruments.

Paragraph 4 of Articles 74 and 83 provides that where there is an
agreement in force between the States concerned, questions relating to
the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf
“shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of that agree-
ment”.

The word “agreement” in paragraph 4 (as elsewhere in the Article)
refers to an agreement delimiting the exclusive economic zone (Article 74)
or the continental shelf (Article 83) referred to in paragraph 1. State prac-
tice indicates that the use of a boundary agreed for the delimitation of
one maritime zone to delimit another zone is effected by a new agree-

ment. This typically occurs when States agree to apply their continental
shelf boundary to the exclusive economic zone. The agreement between
Turkey and the USSR applying the continental shelf boundary to the
exclusive economic zone is one such example. By the same token, if States
intend that their territorial sea boundary limit agreed earlier should later
serve also as the delimitation of the continental shelf and/or the exclusive

economic zones, they would be expected to conclude a new agreement for
this purpose.

70. The 1949 instruments make no reference to the exclusive economic
zone or the continental shelf. Although in 1949 the Truman Proclama-
tion and the claims that it had begun to stimulate were widely known,
neither Party claimed a continental shelf in 1949 nor is there any indica-
tion in the case file that either was preparing to do so. The International

Law Commission (ILC) had yet to begin its work on the law of the sea
which ultimately led to the 1958 Convention on the Continental Shelf
and widespread acceptance of that concept. The concept of an exclusive
economic zone in international law was still some long years away.

The only agreement between the Parties expressly dealing with delimi-
tation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf is the
1997 Additional Agreement. It does not establish a boundary but rather
a process for arriving at one, which is reaching its culmination in these

proceedings. The detailed provisions regarding factors to be taken into
account during the negotiations make no reference to an existing agree-
ment. There was no agreement in 1949 delimiting the exclusive economic
zone or the continental shelf within the meaning of Articles 74 and 83 of
UNCLOS.

71. A further issue that may arise under international law and Arti-
cle 311, paragraph 2, of UNCLOS is whether the USSR could have
renounced in 1949 any rights which it might then or later have had over

30droits qui auraient été les siens ou qu’elle aurait pu acquérir ultérieure-
ment sur des espaces maritimes situés au-delà de la mer territoriale.

Aucune renonciation n’est expressément stipulée dans le traité de 1949 de
la part de l’Union soviétique, qui se borne à accepter l’établissement
d’une frontière d’Etat avec la Roumanie. La mention expresse d’une
frontière d’Etat renvoie à la souveraineté territoriale, qui inclut la mer
territoriale. Se pose la question de savoir s’il y a eu implicitement, de la

part de l’Union soviétique, renonciation par anticipation portant, en
termes géographiques, sur la zone située au-delà des 12 milles et, en
termes juridiques, sur des zones ne relevant pas de la souveraineté mais
de la compétence fonctionnelle au-delà de la mer territoriale.
72. La Roumanie produit de nombreuses cartes de sources soviétique,

ukrainienne et autres, établies pour la plupart longtemps après la conclu-
sion des instruments de 1949. Elles figurent autour de l’île des Serpents
des lignes en forme de crochet ou de boucle, de différentes longueurs
et représentées par des symboles variés, qui toutes s’étendent au-delà
du point de jonction entre les limites des mers territoriales de 12 milles
des Parties. Dès lors que, dans les circonstances de l’espèce, il est exclu

que ces cartes elles-mêmes illustrent un nouvel accord ou que puisse
en être déduite une situation d’estoppel, la question est de savoir si telle
ou telle d’entre elles reflète une interprétation exacte du sens du traité
de 1949.
73. L’Union soviétique a acquis l’île des Serpents dans le cadre du

règlement territorial global intervenu après la seconde guerre mondiale.
L’un de ses principaux objectifs était de consolider et de stabiliser ce
règlement territorial par la voie d’un traité avec la Roumanie prévoyant
l’acquisition de l’île des Serpents.
74. En ce qui concerne la mer territoriale, la Cour relève qu’une zone

de 12 milles autour de l’île des Serpents aurait correspondu à la zone de
12 milles que l’Union soviétique revendiquait de manière générale pour
sa mer territoriale.
75. Cette interprétation de l’effet des références textuelles à l’arc faites
dans les instruments de 1949 est exprimée à l’article premier du traité

de 2003 relatif au régime de la frontière d’Etat. Ce traité prévoit expres-
sément la possibilité de modifier ultérieurement, d’un commun accord, les
coordonnées de la limite de la mer territoriale en raison de phénomènes
naturels non liés à l’activité humaine, et dispose que «[l]es mers territo-
riales des parties contractantes mesurées à partir des lignes de base
auront toujours, au point de jonction de leurs limites extérieures, une lar-

geur de 12 milles marins». Par conséquent, la mer territoriale de la Rou-
manie ne pourra jamais empiéter sur l’arc des 12 milles marins autour de
l’île des Serpents, quels que soient les changements caractérisant le litto-
ral ou les lignes de base de cet Etat.
La Cour remarque en outre que l’arc de 12 milles de rayon entourant

l’île des Serpents figure sur une carte relative à la frontière d’Etat; cet arc
représente donc simplement la limite extérieure de la mer territoriale. Le
fait que l’Union soviétique ait reconnu, dans les instruments de 1949, que

31waters beyond the territorial sea. There is no express language of renun-
ciation in the 1949 Treaty on the part of the USSR apart from its agree-

ment to a State frontier with Romania. The express mention of a State
frontier alludes to sovereignty which includes the territorial sea. The
question is whether there is an implied prospective renunciation by the
USSR, in a geographical sense with respect to the area beyond 12 miles,
and in a legal sense with respect to zones not of sovereignty but of func-

tional competence beyond the territorial sea.

72. Romania proffers a variety of maps by Soviet, Ukrainian and

other sources, mostly prepared long after the conclusion of the 1949
instruments. They show hooks or loops around Serpents’ Island with
varying lengths and markings, all extending beyond the point where the
12-mile territorial seas of the Parties meet. Since in the circumstances
there is no question of these maps themselves evidencing a new agree-
ment or an estoppel, the issue is whether any of them evince a correct

understanding of the meaning of the 1949 Treaty.

73. The USSR acquired Serpents’ Island in the context of the overall

territorial settlement that emerged following the Second World War. A
primary USSR objective was to consolidate and stabilize the territorial
settlement by treaty with Romania, including the USSR’s acquisition of
Serpents’ Island.
74. So far as the territorial sea is concerned, the Court notes that a

12-mile zone around Serpents’ Island would have been consistent with
the 12-mile zone that the USSR was claiming generally for its territorial
sea.
75. This understanding of the effect of the textual references to the arc
in the 1949 instruments is set forth in Article 1 of the 2003 State Border

Régime Treaty. That Treaty expressly contemplates the possibility of
future agreed modifications of the co-ordinates of the territorial sea
boundary due to natural phenomena which are not related to human
activities, and provides that “[t]he territorial seas of the Contracting
Parties measured from the baselines shall permanently have, at the meet-
ing point of their outer limits, the width of 12 maritime miles”. Thus, the

12-mile arc around Serpents’ Island will never be penetrated by Roma-
nia’s territorial sea, no matter what changes occur in its coastline or
baselines.

The Court observes further that the 12-mile arc around Serpents’

Island is shown on a map dealing with the State border; this suggests that
that arc represents simply the seaward limit of the territorial sea. Recog-
nition by the USSR in the 1949 instruments that its State border followed

31sa frontière d’Etat suivait la limite extérieure de sa mer territoriale entou-
rant l’île des Serpents ne signifie pas qu’elle ait renoncé à tout titre sur des

espaces maritimes au-delà de cette zone.
76. La Cour conclut que les instruments de 1949 portaient uniquement
sur la démarcation de la frontière d’Etat entre la Roumanie et l’Union
soviétique, qui, autour de l’île des Serpents, suivait la limite des 12 milles
de la mer territoriale. L’Union soviétique n’avait pas renoncé à son titre

sur une quelconque autre zone maritime au-delà de la limite des 12 milles
de sa mer territoriale. Par conséquent, il n’existe aucun accord en vigueur
entre la Roumanie et l’Ukraine délimitant entre elles la zone économique
exclusive et le plateau continental.

5. L ES CÔTES PERTINENTES

77. Le titre d’un Etat sur le plateau continental et la zone économique

exclusive est fondé sur le principe selon lequel la terre domine la mer
du fait de la projection des côtes ou des façades côtières. Comme la
Cour l’a indiqué dans les affaires du Plateau continental de la mer du
Nord (République fédérale d’Allemagne/Danemark; République fédérale
d’Allemagne/Pays-Bas) , «la terre est la source juridique du pouvoir

qu’un Etat peut exercer dans les prolongements maritimes» (arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1969, p. 51, par. 96). Dans l’affaire du Plateau conti-
nental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne) , la Cour a fait observer
que «c’est la côte du territoire de l’Etat qui est déterminante pour créer
le titre sur les étendues sous-marines bordant cette côte» (arrêt, C.I.J.

Recueil 1982, p. 61, par. 73). Il est par conséquent important de
déterminer les côtes de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine qui génèrent les
droits de ces pays à un plateau continental et à une zone économique
exclusive, à savoir celles dont les projections se chevauchent, car la
délimitation consiste à résoudre le problème du chevauchement des

revendications en traçant une ligne de séparation entre les espaces
maritimes concernés.
78. Le rôle des côtes pertinentes peut revêtir deux aspects juridiques
distincts, quoique étroitement liés, dans le cadre de la délimitation du
plateau continental et de la zone économique exclusive. En premier lieu,

il est nécessaire d’identifier les côtes pertinentes aux fins de déterminer
quelles sont, dans le contexte spécifique de l’affaire, les revendications qui
se chevauchent dans ces zones. En second lieu, il convient d’identifier les
côtes pertinentes aux fins de vérifier, dans le cadre de la troisième et der-
nière étape du processus de délimitation, s’il existe une quelconque

disproportion entre le rapport des longueurs des côtes de chaque
Etat et celui des espaces maritimes situés de part et d’autre de la ligne
de délimitation.
79. La Cour commencera par rappeler brièvement la position des
os
Parties concernant leurs côtes pertinentes respectives (voir croquis n 2
et 3, p. 91 et p. 92).

32the outer limit of its territorial sea around Serpents’ Island does not sig-
nify that it thereby gave up any entitlements to maritime areas beyond

that zone.
76. The Court concludes that the 1949 instruments related only to the
demarcation of the State border between Romania and the USSR, which
around Serpents’ Island followed the 12-mile limit of the territorial sea.
The USSR did not forfeit its entitlement beyond the 12-mile limit of its

territorial sea with respect to any other maritime zones. Consequently,
there is no agreement in force between Romania and Ukraine delimiting
between them the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf.

5. R ELEVANT C OASTS

77. The title of a State to the continental shelf and to the exclusive eco-

nomic zone is based on the principle that the land dominates the sea
through the projection of the coasts or the coastal fronts. As the Court
stated in the North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/
Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) cases, “the land is
the legal source of the power which a State may exercise over territorial

extensions to seaward” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969 , p. 51, para. 96).
In the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) case, the
Court observed that “the coast of the territory of the State is the decisive
factor for title to submarine areas adjacent to it” (Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1982, p. 61, para. 73). It is therefore important to determine the

coasts of Romania and of Ukraine which generate the rights of these
countries to the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone,
namely, those coasts the projections of which overlap, because the task of
delimitation consists in resolving the overlapping claims by drawing a
line of separation of the maritime areas concerned.

78. The role of relevant coasts can have two different though closely
related legal aspects in relation to the delimitation of the continental shelf
and the exclusive economic zone. First, it is necessary to identify the rele-

vant coasts in order to determine what constitutes in the specific context
of a case the overlapping claims to these zones. Second, the relevant
coasts need to be ascertained in order to check, in the third and final
stage of the delimitation process, whether any disproportionality exists in
the ratios of the coastal length of each State and the maritime areas fall-

ing either side of the delimitation line.

79. The Court will begin by briefly setting out the Parties’ positions as

to their respective relevant coasts (see sketch-maps Nos. 2 and 3, pp. 91-
92).

32 5.1. La côte pertinente roumaine

80. La Roumanie invoque le principe selon lequel la côte pertinente est
celle qui génère le titre sur des espaces maritimes, à savoir la côte dont la

projection s’étend sur la zone en litige, qui est celle où se chevauchent des
zones générées par les côtes des deux Etats, de manière à fonder la reven-
dication de l’Etat côtier sur ladite zone. Elle indique que

«le critère servant à déterminer la pertinence d’une côte est la rela-
tion effective qui existe entre les côtes des parties, selon que celles-ci
sont adjacentes ou qu’elles se font face, ainsi que l’aptitude de ces
côtes à générer des titres qui se chevauchent».

81. La Roumanie fait valoir que sa côte est composée de deux seg-
ments distincts: un premier segment, plus ou moins rectiligne, allant du
point terminal de la frontière fluviale avec l’Ukraine jusqu’à l’extrémité

sud de la péninsule de Sacaline, et un segment plus long, légèrement
concave, allant de l’extrémité de la péninsule de Sacaline jusqu’à la fron-
tière avec la Bulgarie. Selon la Roumanie, les seules formations impor-
tantes du premier segment sont la digue de Sulina et l’embouchure du
bras Saint-George du delta du Danube, qui se trouve juste au nord de la

péninsule de Sacaline. Cette dernière, qui forme un promontoire étroit,
constitue la limite méridionale de ce segment. Après cette péninsule, «la
côte s’oriente vers l’ouest et suit cette direction jusqu’au lac Razim, un lac
saumâtre séparé de la mer par une bande de terre étroite». La côte s’inflé-
chit ensuite peu à peu vers le sud, direction qu’elle conserve globalement
jusqu’à la frontière terrestre avec la Bulgarie, au sud de Vama Veche.

82. La Roumanie considère que toute sa côte est pertinente. Plus pré-
cisément, selon elle, c’est le segment situé entre le point terminal de la
frontière terrestre/fluviale entre la Roumanie et l’Ukraine et l’extrémité
de la péninsule de Sacaline qui est pertinent à l’égard des deux secteurs de
la zone à délimiter, à savoir celui dans lequel les côtes sont adjacentes et

celui dans lequel elles se font face. Le segment qui s’étend au sud de la
péninsule de Sacaline jusqu’au point terminal de la frontière terrestre
entre la Roumanie et la Bulgarie n’est pertinent qu’en ce qui concerne le
secteur de la zone à délimiter où les côtes se font face.
83. Selon la Roumanie, la longueur totale de sa côte pertinente est de

269,67 km (204,90 km pour les lignes de base).

*

84. L’Ukraine note que la Roumanie divise sa côte en deux segments:
du nord au sud, le premier s’étend de la frontière terrestre avec l’Ukraine
à la péninsule de Sacaline et le second de cette dernière à la frontière
bulgare.

85. L’Ukraine ajoute que, «en traçant la ligne qu’elle revendique, la
Roumanie a compté deux fois une partie importante de son littoral, à
savoir le secteur nord». Selon l’Ukraine, la Roumanie considère ce

33 5.1. The Romanian Relevant Coast

80. Romania invokes the principle that the relevant coast is the coast
that generates the entitlement to maritime zones: that is, the coast whose

projection extends over the area in question, which is the area of overlap
between the zones generated by the coasts of the two States, so as to give
the coastal State the basis for its claim to the area in question. It explains
that

“the criterion for determining the relevance of any given coast is the
actual relation of adjacency or oppositeness between the coasts of
the parties, as well as the ability of those coasts to generate overlap-
ping entitlements”.

81. Romania contends that its coast is composed of two distinct seg-
ments: a short and more or less straight coast from the last point of the
river border with Ukraine to the southern extremity of the Sacalin Penin-

sula, and a longer slightly concave coast from the extremity of the Sacalin
Peninsula to the border with Bulgaria. Romania states that the only
major features in this stretch of coast are the Sulina dyke and the mouth
of the St. George arm of the Danube, located slightly to the north of the
Sacalin Peninsula. The Sacalin Peninsula, which forms a narrow prom-

ontory, is the southern limit of this section. From that peninsula, “the
coast proceeds in a westerly direction until it reaches the Razim Lake, a
brackish Romanian lake separated from the sea by a narrow strip of
land”. The coast then gradually curves to the south, and proceeds in a
broadly southerly direction until it reaches the land border with Bulgaria,
south of Vama Veche.

82. In Romania’s view, the whole Romanian coast is relevant. In par-
ticular, the coastal segment situated between the last point of the land/
river border between Romania and Ukraine and the outer extremity of
the Sacalin Peninsula is relevant for both sectors of the delimitation area
characterized respectively by situations of coastal adjacency and coastal

oppositeness. The segment situated south of the Sacalin Peninsula to the
last point of the Romanian/Bulgarian land border is relevant only for the
sector of the delimitation area characterized by a coastal situation of
oppositeness.
83. The total length of its relevant coast, according to Romania, is

269.67 km (baselines 204.90 km).

*

84. Ukraine notes that Romania divides its coast into two segments:
first of all, from the land boundary with Ukraine down to the Sacalin
Peninsula, and secondly, from that peninsula southwards to the bound-
ary with Bulgaria.

85. Ukraine further contends that “in constructing its claim line,
Romania has double counted a significant part of its coast represented by
the northern sector of that coast”. According to Ukraine, Romania treats

3334 3435 35secteur de sa côte comme étant la «côte adjacente» pertinente, puis retient la
totalité de sa côte (y compris le secteur nord) comme côte pertinente aux

fins de la délimitation entre les «côtes qui se font face». «Autrement dit,
elle compte deux fois le segment, long de 70 km, formé par sa côte sep-
tentrionale», le jugeant pertinent à la fois pour la frontière maritime
entre les «côtes adjacentes» et pour celle entre les «côtes qui se font
face».

En réponse à cet argument, la Roumanie précise que, s’il doit être tenu
compte de sa côte tant pour ce qui est des côtes adjacentes que pour ce
qui est des côtes se faisant face, elle n’a, pour calculer la longueur totale
de sa côte pertinente, compté qu’une fois chaque segment de son littoral.

86. Si l’Ukraine est d’avis que «des parties importantes de la côte rou-
maine sont [en réalité] orientées vers le sud ou le sud-est», elle se déclare
néanmoins prête à considérer l’ensemble de la côte de la Roumanie
comme une «côte pertinente» aux fins de la présente délimitation, étant
donné que les «projections des côtes de chacune des Parties génèrent,

dans cette portion de la mer Noire, des droits maritimes et des droits à
une ZEE qui se chevauchent».
87. Selon l’Ukraine, la longueur totale de la côte de la Roumanie est,
si l’on tient compte de ses sinuosités, d’environ 258 km. Si cette côte est
mesurée de manière plus générale à partir de la façade maritime, sa lon-

gueur est alors de 185 km; mesurée par référence au système roumain de
lignes de base droites, sa longueur est d’environ 204 km.

**

88. La Cour relève que les Parties reconnaissent que l’ensemble de la
côte roumaine constitue la côte pertinente aux fins de la présente délimi-
tation. Le premier segment de la côte roumaine, qui s’étend du point ter-
minal de la frontière fluviale avec l’Ukraine jusqu’à la péninsule de Saca-

line, présente une double caractéristique par rapport à la côte ukrainienne:
elle est dans une relation d’adjacence avec la côte ukrainienne située au
nord, et, en même temps, fait face à la côte de la péninsule de Crimée.
L’ensemble de la côte roumaine est contigu à l’espace à délimiter. Si l’on
tient compte de la direction générale de ses côtes, la longueur de la côte
o
pertinente de la Roumanie est d’environ 248 km (voir croquis n 4, p. 94).

5.2. La côte pertinente ukrainienne

89. La Cour abordera à présent la question de la côte pertinente de

l’Ukraine aux fins de la délimitation. Les vues des Parties divergent à ce
sujet.
90. Selon la Roumanie, la côte ukrainienne se caractérise par un cer-
tain nombre d’échancrures profondes et par plusieurs changements de

direction, certains segments de cette côte se faisant face. A partir de la
frontière terrestre/fluviale avec la Roumanie, la côte ukrainienne est, sur

36the northern sector of its coast as the relevant “adjacent coast” and then
uses its entire coast (i.e., including the northern sector) as the relevant

coast for the purposes of delimitation between the “opposite coasts” —
“in other words, it double counts the 70 km-long stretch of its northern
coast” as relevant for both the “adjacent” maritime boundary and the
“opposite” boundary.

In response, Romania explains that, while its coast has a role to play
both in relation to adjacent coasts and to opposite coasts, in the calcula-
tion of the total length of its relevant coast, each of the segments of its
coast is counted only once.
86. While Ukraine expresses the view that “significant portions of

Romania’s coast actually face south or south-east”, it states that it is
nonetheless prepared to treat all of Romania’s coast as a “relevant coast”
for purposes of the present delimitation because the “projections from
each Party’s coast generate overlapping maritime entitlements and EEZ
entitlements in this part of the Black Sea”.

87. The total length of Romania’s coast, according to Ukraine, is
approximately 258 km taking into account the sinuosities along that
coast. If the coast is measured more generally according to its coastal
front, then the length is 185 km. If Romania’s coast is measured by ref-
erence to Romania’s system of straight baselines, its length would be

approximately 204 km.

**

88. The Court notes that the Parties are in agreement that the whole

Romanian coast constitutes the relevant coast for the purposes of delimi-
tation. The first segment of the Romanian coast, from the last point of
the river boundary with Ukraine to the Sacalin Peninsula, has a dual
characteristic in relation to Ukraine’s coast; it is an adjacent coast with
regard to the Ukrainian coast lying to the north, and it is an opposite

coast to the coast of the Crimean Peninsula. The whole coast of Romania
abuts the area to be delimited. Taking the general direction of its coast
the length of the relevant coast of Romania is approximately 248 km (see
sketch-map No. 4, p. 94).

5.2. The Ukrainian Relevant Coast

89. The Court now turns to the issue of the Ukrainian relevant coast
for the purpose of this delimitation. The Parties take different views on it.

90. Romania asserts that the Ukrainian coast is characterized by a

number of deep indentations and reverses its course sharply several
times, with segments facing one another. From the land/river border with
Romania, the Ukrainian coast proceeds broadly northwards for a short

3637 37une courte distance, globalement orientée vers le nord, puis s’infléchit
vers le nord-est jusqu’à atteindre l’estuaire du Nistru/Dniestr. Pour la

Roumanie, le point (qu’elle appelle «point S») où la rive sud de cet
estuaire rejoint le littoral marque la fin du segment de la côte ukrainienne
adjacent à la côte roumaine. A partir de ce point, la côte ukrainienne
change de direction et s’oriente vers le nord-nord-est jusqu’à Odessa. De
là, elle se dirige vers le nord avant de s’orienter vers l’est jusqu’à l’estuaire

du Dniepr. Ensuite, la côte suit d’abord une direction sud puis, à partir
du fond du golfe de Yahorlyts’ka, se dirige vers l’est jusqu’au fond du
golfe de Karkinits’ka. La côte fait alors un brusque retour sur elle-même
et part en direction du sud-ouest le long de la côte méridionale du golfe
de Karkinits’ka, jusqu’au cap Tarkhankut. Le dernier segment corres-

pond à la côte de Crimée située entre le cap Tarkhankut et le cap Sarych.
Ce dernier segment est concave, sa direction générale étant interrompue
par une importante saillie dont le point le plus occidental est le cap Cher-
sonèse. D’après la Roumanie, la côte ukrainienne se compose de huit seg-
ments distincts, déterminés par de nettes inflexions dans la direction de
la côte.

91. La Roumanie fait valoir que les segments de la côte ukrainienne
situés au nord de la ligne qui relie le point S au cap Tarkhankut ne se
projettent pas sur la zone de délimitation ou «ne sont ni en relation
d’adjacence ni en relation d’opposition avec la côte roumaine», et qu’ils
sont donc dépourvus de pertinence aux fins de la délimitation. Elle sou-

tient notamment que la côte du golfe de Karkinits’ka, située juste au
nord de la péninsule de Crimée, ne devrait pas être considérée comme une
côte pertinente, et qu’«une ligne de fermeture tracée au milieu du golfe de
Karkinits’ka ou à un endroit quelconque de celui-ci ne saurait pas non
plus être considérée comme un substitut à la côte pertinente». Elle ajoute

que, en réalité, les projections vers l’ouest de la côte ukrainienne qui
s’étend du cap Tarkhankut au cap Sarych prévalent sur celles de cette
côte septentrionale.
92. La Roumanie soutient que «l’île des Serpents ne fait pas partie de
la configuration côtière des Parties; elle constitue tout au plus une petite

formation maritime située à une distance considérable au large des côtes
des Parties».
93. Ainsi, selon la Roumanie, la côte pertinente ukrainienne est celle
située, d’une part, entre le point terminal de la frontière terrestre/fluviale
entre la Roumanie et l’Ukraine et le point S, et, d’autre part — sur la côte
de la péninsule de Crimée orientée à l’ouest —, entre le cap Tarkhankut

et le cap Sarych.
La longueur totale de la côte pertinente ukrainienne est, selon la Rou-
manie, de 388,14 km (292,63 km pour les lignes de base).

*

94. L’Ukraine soutient que sa côte pertinente se compose de trois seg-
ments distincts et que chacun d’eux génère un droit à un plateau conti-

38distance and then in a north-easterly direction until the Nistru/Dniester
Firth. The point where its southern bank meets the coast (referred to by

Romania as “Point S”), according to Romania, marks the end of that
part of Ukraine’s coast which has a relation of adjacency with the Roma-
nian coast. From this point, the Ukrainian coast changes direction pro-
ceeding in a north-north-easterly direction until it reaches Odessa. At
Odessa it initially goes north and then turns eastwards until the coast

reaches the Dnieper Firth. From here the general direction of the coast is
first a southerly one, and then, from the bottom of the Yahorlyts’ka
Gulf, the direction is an easterly one, until it comes to the bottom of the
Karkinits’ka Gulf. The coast then turns back on itself sharply, extending
south-westwards along the southern coast of the Karkinits’ka Gulf, until

it reaches Cape Tarkhankut. The last sector comprises the coast of Cri-
mea between Cape Tarkhankut and Cape Sarych, which is concave, its
general direction being interrupted by a significant protrusion, the western-
most point of which is Cape Khersones. According to Romania, the
Ukrainian coast is composed of eight distinct segments, determined by
marked changes in the direction of the coast.

91. Romania argues that the segments of the Ukrainian coast situated
to the north of the line running from Point S to Cape Tarkhankut do not
project on the area of delimitation or “have a relationship of either adja-
cency or oppositeness with the Romanian coast” and therefore are irrele-
vant for the delimitation. In particular Romania maintains that the

coastline of the Karkinits’ka Gulf, immediately north of the Crimean
Peninsula, should not be counted as a relevant coast, nor “can a closing
line drawn across or anywhere within the Karkinits’ka Gulf be treated as
a surrogate for its irrelevant coast”. Romania adds that such projections
as are made by this northern coast are in fact overtaken by the westward

projections of the Ukrainian coast from Cape Tarkhankut to Cape
Sarych.

92. Romania states that “Serpents’ Island does not form part of the
coastal configuration of the Parties; it constitutes merely a small mari-

time feature situated at a considerable distance out to sea from the coasts
of the Parties”.
93. Thus, in Romania’s view, the relevant Ukrainian coast runs
between the last point of the land/river border between Romania and
Ukraine and Point S, and on the western-facing coast of the Crimean
Peninsula, runs between Cape Tarkhankut and Cape Sarych.

The total length of the relevant Ukrainian coast, as perceived by
Romania, is 388.14 km (baselines 292.63 km).

*

94. Ukraine contends that its own relevant coast is comprised of three
distinct sectors each of which generates an entitlement to a continental

38nental et à une zone économique exclusive dans la zone à délimiter. Le
premier segment s’étend de la frontière avec la Roumanie jusqu’à un

point situé immédiatement au nord d’Odessa. Dans le deuxième segment,
au nord d’Odessa, la côte ukrainienne s’infléchit vers l’est et englobe le
littoral orienté au sud, dans le bassin nord-ouest de la mer Noire. La côte
se poursuit ensuite le long du golfe de Karkinits’ka. Le troisième segment
s’étend le long du littoral occidental de la péninsule de Crimée, du point

le plus oriental du golfe de Karkinits’ka au cap Sarych. (Les deux Parties
conviennent que la côte ukrainienne à l’est du cap Sarych n’a aucune per-
tinence aux fins de la présente espèce.) Cette partie de la côte ukrainienne
est marquée par les indentations formées par le golfe de Karkinits’ka et
celui, moins profond, de Kalamits’ka. Chacun des trois segments de la

côte ukrainienne générerait un droit de 200 milles marins couvrant l’inté-
gralité de la zone à délimiter avec la Roumanie.
95. L’Ukraine rejette la thèse de la Roumanie tendant à exclure de la
côte pertinente ukrainienne un segment (long de 630 km) situé entre le
point S et le cap Tarkhankut. Elle soutient que les projections en mer de ses
façades maritimes, y compris le segment de sa côte situé entre le point S

et le cap Tarkhankut, «convergent en direction du sud». L’Ukraine
indique que sa côte orientée au sud, que la Roumanie tente d’occulter,
«génère un droit sur une zone de 200 milles marins couvrant l’intégralité
de la zone pertinente en la présente espèce». Elle ajoute que l’ensemble
de sa côte orientée vers le sud génère «un droit sur le plateau continental

et sur une zone économique exclusive de 200 milles marins s’étendant
bien au sud du parallèle correspondant à la frontière roumano-bulgare»,
autrement dit, se projetant sur la zone à délimiter avec la Roumanie.
L’Ukrainesoutientdoncquesacôtequis’étenddupointSaucapTarkhan-
kut est pertinente aux fins de la délimitation entre les Parties.

96. L’Ukraine fait valoir que l’île des Serpents «fait partie du contexte
géographique et [que] sa côte fait partie des côtes pertinentes de
l’Ukraine».
97. L’Ukraine conclut que la longueur totale de sa côte pertinente est
de 1058 km (684 km pour les façades maritimes ou 664 km pour les lignes

de base).

**

98. La Cour relève que les deux Parties considèrent comme côte per-
tinente ukrainienne la côte de la péninsule de Crimée située entre le cap

Tarkhankut et le cap Sarych ainsi que la côte qui, à partir de leur fron-
tière terrestre commune, suit une direction nord sur une courte distance
puis s’oriente vers le nord-est jusqu’à l’estuaire du Nistru/Dniestr (point
que la Roumanie appelle point S). Le désaccord entre les Parties à cet
égard porte sur la côte qui va de ce point au cap Tarkhankut.

99. Examinant la question en litige, la Cour rappellera deux principes
qui sous-tendent sa jurisprudence en la matière, à savoir que, première-
ment, «la terre domine la mer» de telle manière que les projections des

39shelf and an exclusive economic zone in the area subject to delimitation.
The first sector extends from the border with Romania until a point

located just north of Odessa. In the second sector, north of Odessa, the
Ukrainian coast turns to the east and comprises the south-facing littoral
along the north-western part of the Black Sea. The coast then extends
into the Karkinits’ka Gulf. The third sector comprises the western coast
of the Crimean Peninsula from the easternmost point of the Karkinits’ka

Gulf to Cape Sarych. (Both Parties agree that Ukraine’s coast east of
Cape Sarych is not relevant to the present dispute.) This portion of
Ukraine’s coast is characterized by the indentation created by the
Karkinits’ka Gulf and by the less pronounced Gulf of Kalamits’ka. All
three sectors of Ukraine’s coast generate 200-nautical-mile entitlements

which extend over the entire area to be delimited with Romania.

95. Ukraine disagrees that the part of its coast from Point S to Cape
Tarkhankut (630 km long) should be excluded from the relevant coast of
Ukraine, as claimed by Romania. It affirms that the seaward extensions
of the Ukrainian coastal fronts, including the part of Ukraine’s coast

between Point S and Cape Tarkhankut, “converge in a southerly direc-
tion”. Ukraine points out that its south-facing coast, which Romania
seeks to suppress, “generates a 200-nautical-mile entitlement throughout
the area of concern in this case”. Ukraine adds that its entire south-facing
coast generates “a 200 nautical mile continental shelf/EEZ entitlement

that extends well south of the parallel of latitude of the Romanian/
Bulgarian border”, i.e., projecting into the area subject to delimitation with
Romania. Thus Ukraine contends that its coast from Point S to Cape
Tarkhankut is relevant for the purposes of the delimitation between the
Parties.

96. Ukraine claims that Serpents’ Island “forms part of the geographi-
cal context and its coast constitutes part of Ukraine’s relevant coasts”.

97. Ukraine concludes that the total length of its relevant coast is
1,058 km (coastal façade 684 km; baselines 664 km).

**

98. The Court notes that both Parties consider the coast of the Crimean
Peninsula between Cape Tarkhankut and Cape Sarych, as well as the

Ukrainian coast from their common territorial boundary running for a
short distance in a north and subsequently in a north-easterly direction
until the Nistru/Dniester Firth (Romania designates this point as Point S)
as the relevant Ukrainian coast. Their disagreement concerns the coast
extending from this point until Cape Tarkhankut.

99. The Court, in considering the issue in dispute, would recall two
principles underpinning its jurisprudence on this issue: first, that the
“land dominates the sea” in such a way that coastal projections in the

39côtes vers le large sont sources de prétentions maritimes (Plateau conti-
nental de la mer du Nord (République fédérale d’Allemagne/Danemark;

République fédérale d’Allemagne/Pays-Bas), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1969 ,
p. 51, par. 96), et que, deuxièmement, la côte doit, pour être considérée
comme pertinente aux fins de la délimitation, générer des projections qui
chevauchent celles de la côte de la partie adverse. Dès lors, «tout segment
du littoral d’une Partie dont, en raison de sa situation géographique, le

prolongement ne pourrait rencontrer celui du littoral de l’autre Partie est
à écarter de la suite du présent examen» (Plateau continental (Tunisie/
Jamahiriya arabe libyenne), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1982 , p. 61, par. 75).

100. La Cour ne saurait donc retenir l’argument de l’Ukraine selon
lequel les côtes du golfe de Karkinits’ka font partie de la côte pertinente.
Les côtes de ce golfe se font face et leur prolongement ne peut rencontrer
celui de la côte roumaine. Elles ne se projettent pas dans la zone à déli-
miter. Partant, ces côtes sont écartées de la suite du présent examen. Le

littoral du golfe de Yahorlyts’ka et de l’estuaire du Dniepr est à écarter
pour la même raison.

Il convient de noter que la Cour a tracé à l’entrée du golfe de Karki-
nits’ka une ligne reliant le cap Priboiny, pointe nord-ouest de la péninsule

de Tarkhankut, située juste au nord du cap Tarkhankut, au point mar-
quant l’extrémité orientale de la partie de la côte septentrionale ukrai-
nienne qui donne sur la zone à délimiter. Ce point (situé par environ
46°04′38″ de latitude nord et 32°28′48″ de longitude est) se trouve à
l’intersection du méridien passant par le cap Priboiny et de la côte

septentrionale du golfe de Karkinits’ka, à l’est du port de Zaliznyy. La
Cour juge en effet utile de procéder ainsi à l’égard d’une formation
aussi importante que le golfe de Karkinits’ka, afin d’indiquer clairement
quelles sont les côtes exclues de son examen et quelles sont les eaux ex-
clues de la zone pertinente. Cela étant, elle ne tiendra pas compte de

cette ligne dans le calcul de la longueur totale des côtes pertinentes
ukrainiennes, ladite ligne «remplaçant» les côtes du golfe de Karki-
nits’ka qui, ainsi qu’exposé ci-dessus, ne se projettent pas dans la zone
à délimiter et ne génèrent donc aucun droit sur le plateau continental
et la zone économique exclusive dans ce secteur. En conséquence, la

ligne n’est source d’aucun droit.
101. S’agissant des segments de côte ukrainienne restants, entre le
point S et le cap Tarkhankut, la Cour fera observer que la partie nord-
ouest de la mer Noire (où la délimitation est à effectuer) mesure, dans sa
portion la plus large, légèrement plus de 200 milles marins et n’excède pas

200 milles marins du nord au sud. Du fait de cette configuration géogra-
phique, la côte de l’Ukraine orientée au sud génère des projections qui
chevauchent les projections maritimes de la côte roumaine. En consé-
quence, la Cour considère ces segments de la côte ukrainienne comme des
o
côtes pertinentes (voir croquis n 4, p. 94).
102. La côte de l’île des Serpents est si courte qu’elle ne modifie pas

40seaward direction generate maritime claims (North Sea Continental Shelf
(Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/

Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969 , p. 51, para. 96); second,
that the coast, in order to be considered as relevant for the purpose of the
delimitation, must generate projections which overlap with projections
from the coast of the other Party. Consequently “the submarine exten-
sion of any part of the coast of one Party which, because of its geo-

graphic situation, cannot overlap with the extension of the coast of the
other, is to be excluded from further consideration by the Court” (Con-
tinental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1982, p. 61, para. 75).
100. The Court therefore cannot accept Ukraine’s contention that the

coasts of Karkinits’ka Gulf form part of the relevant coast. The coasts of
this gulf face each other and their submarine extension cannot overlap
with the extensions of Romania’s coast. The coasts of Karkinits’ka Gulf
do not project in the area to be delimited. Therefore, these coasts are
excluded from further consideration by the Court. The coastline of
Yahorlyts’ka Gulf and Dnieper Firth is to be excluded for the same rea-

son.
It is to be noted that the Court has drawn a line at the entrance of
Karkinits’ka Gulf from Cape Priboiny (which is the north-western tip of
Tarkhankuts’ky Peninsula, slightly north of Cape Tarkhankut) to the
point that marks the eastern end of the portion of the Ukrainian

northern coast that faces the area to be delimited. This point (whose
co-ordinates are approximately 46°04′38″ N and 32°28′48″ E) lies at
the intersection of the meridian passing through Cape Priboiny with the
northern coast of Karkinits’ka Gulf, east of Zaliznyy Port. The Court
has found it useful to do so with respect to such a significant feature

as Karkinits’ka Gulf, in order to make clear both what coasts will not
be under consideration and what waters will not be regarded as falling
within the relevant area. However, the Court does not include this line
in the calculation of the total length of the Ukrainian relevant coasts,
as the line “replaces” the coasts of Karkinits’ka Gulf which, again, do

not themselves project on the area to be delimited and thus do not gen-
erate any entitlement to the continental shelf and the exclusive economic
zone in that area. Consequently, the line does not generate any entitle-
ment.
101. As for the remaining sectors of the Ukrainian coast between
Point S and Cape Tarkhankut, the Court observes that the north-western

part of the Black Sea (where the delimitation is to be carried out) in its
widest part measures slightly more than 200 nautical miles and its extent
from north to south does not exceed 200 nautical miles. As a result of this
geographical configuration, Ukraine’s south-facing coast generates pro-
jections which overlap with the maritime projections of the Romanian

coast. Therefore, the Court considers these sectors of Ukraine’s coast as
relevant coasts (see sketch-map No. 4, p. 94).
102. The coast of Serpents’ Island is so short that it makes no real dif-

40sensiblement la longueur générale des côtes pertinentes des Parties. La
Cour examinera plus loin la question de savoir si l’île des Serpents doit

entrer en ligne de compte dans le choix des points de base (voir para-
graphe 149 ci-dessous).
103. La longueur de la côte pertinente de l’Ukraine est d’environ
705 km.

**

104. La Cour note que, compte tenu des côtes pertinentes qu’elle a
identifiées, le rapport entre les longueurs des côtes respectives de la Rou-
manie et de l’Ukraine est d’environ 1 à 2,8.
105. Le second aspect mentionné par la Cour et qui a trait au rôle des

côtes pertinentes dans le cadre de la troisième étape du processus de déli-
mitation (voir paragraphe 78 ci-dessus) sera examiné ci-après, dans la
section 11.

6. L A ZONE MARITIME PERTINENTE

106. Pour la Roumanie, la zone pertinente est bordée au nord par une

ligne reliant le point S au cap Tarkhankut. Elle l’est au sud par la ligne
d’équidistance entre les côtes adjacentes roumaine et bulgare, la ligne
médiane entre les côtes roumaine et turque qui se font face, et la ligne de
délimitation convenue par l’Union soviétique et la Turquie, qui lie
l’Ukraine en qualité d’Etat successeur. Au sud-est, la zone est délimitée

par le méridien qui relie le cap Sarych à la frontière entre l’Ukraine et la
Turquie. A l’ouest et à l’est, elle est bordée par les côtes pertinentes rou-
maines et ukrainiennes.

107. Selon la Roumanie, la zone pertinente correspond à l’ensemble

des eaux couvertes par les projections des côtes pertinentes, qu’elles
soient ou non revendiquées par l’autre Etat. Elle fait valoir qu’il y a trois
points de désaccord entre les Parties en ce qui concerne cette zone. Pre-
mièrement, elle soutient que les côtes donnant sur la zone située au nord
de la ligne reliant le point S et le cap Tarkhankut sont toutes ukrai-

niennes, et qu’aucune d’entre elles n’est pertinente pour la présente
délimitation. Deuxièmement, elle affirme que la limite sud-ouest de
la zone pertinente est représentée par la ligne d’équidistance entre les côtes
adjacentes roumaine et bulgare et qu’établir cette limite au sud de la
ligne d’équidistance risquerait de préjuger d’intérêts potentiels de la

Bulgarie dans la zone maritime en question. Troisièmement, elle avance
que la zone triangulaire sud-est située entre l’Ukraine et la Turquie
fait également partie de la zone pertinente, parce qu’elle est couverte
par la projection de 200 milles des côtes roumaines (voir croquis n 2,o

p. 91).

*

41ference to the overall length of the relevant coasts of the Parties. The
Court will later examine whether Serpents’ Island is of relevance for the

choice of base points (see paragraph 149 below).

103. The length of the relevant coast of Ukraine is approximately
705 km.

**

104. The Court notes that on the basis of its determination of what
constitutes the relevant coasts, the ratio for the coastal lengths between
Romania and Ukraine is approximately 1:2.8.

105. The second aspect mentioned by the Court in terms of the role of
relevant coasts in the context of the third stage of the delimitation proc-
ess (see paragraph 78 above) will be dealt with below in Section 11.

6. R ELEVANT M ARITIME AREA

106. Romania maintains that the relevant area in the north is bor-
dered by the line running from Point S to Cape Tarkhankut. In the
south, the area is bordered by the line equidistant between the adjacent
Romanian and Bulgarian coasts, the median line between the opposite

Romanian and Turkish coasts and the delimitation line agreed upon by
the USSR and Turkey, to which agreement Ukraine has succeeded. In
the south-east the area is bordered by the meridian uniting Cape Sarych
with the delimitation boundary between Ukraine and Turkey. In the west
and in the east the limits of the area are formed by the Romanian and

Ukrainian relevant coasts.
107. According to Romania, the relevant area means all of the waters
generated by projections from the relevant coasts, whether or not claimed
by the other State. Romania states that there are three points of disagree-

ment between the Parties as to the relevant area. First, Romania asserts
that the coasts looking on to the area north of the line between Point S
and Cape Tarkhankut are all Ukrainian, and that none of them are rele-
vant to the delimitation. Second, it states that the south-western limit is
represented by the equidistance line between the adjacent Romanian and

Bulgarian coasts and that to move the line south of this equidistance line
could prejudge potential interests of Bulgaria in this maritime area.
Third, Romania claims that the south-eastern triangle lying between
Ukraine and Turkey also forms part of the relevant area because it is

within a 200-mile projection from the Romanian coasts (see sketch-map
No. 2, p. 91).

*

41 108. L’Ukraine prétend que la limite occidentale de la zone pertinente
correspond au littoral roumain situé entre les frontières terrestres avec la

Bulgarie et l’Ukraine et le segment de côte ukrainienne compris entre
la frontière avec la Roumanie et un point situé immédiatement au
nord d’Odessa. Au nord, la zone pertinente est bordée par le littoral
ukrainien orienté au sud. A l’est, la zone pertinente est bordée par
la côte de la péninsule de Crimée orientée à l’ouest et s’achevant au

cap Sarych. La limite méridionale de la zone pertinente est une ligne
perpendiculaire à la côte continentale qui relie le point où la frontière
terrestre roumano-bulgare rejoint la mer Noire à un point situé
entre les côtes roumaines et ukrainiennes où les intérêts d’Etats tiers

sont susceptibles d’entrer en jeu. Ce point est ensuite relié au cap
Sarych par une ligne droite qui constitue la limite sud-est de la zone
pertinente.
109. En ce qui concerne les trois points de désaccord, l’Ukraine sou-
tient que l’ensemble de son littoral orienté au sud entre le point S et le

cap Tarkhankut ouvre droit à une zone maritime de 200 milles marins,
et que cet espace maritime fait donc partie de la zone pertinente.
Elle fait en outre valoir que cette zone pertinente devrait inclure une
étroite bande maritime située entre la ligne d’équidistance hypothé-
tique séparant la Roumanie et la Bulgarie et une ligne droite reliant

le point terminal de la frontière terrestre roumano-bulgare et un
éventuel tripoint avec la Bulgarie et/ou la Turquie. Enfin, selon
elle, un grand triangle situé entre l’Ukraine et la Turquie a déjà
fait l’objet d’une délimitation antérieure entre l’ex-Union soviétique
et la Turquie; l’Ukraine ayant succédé à l’Union soviétique, ce

toiangle ne fait donc pas partie de la zone pertinente (voir croquis
n 3, p. 92).

**

110. La Cour relève que le concept juridique de «zone pertinente» doit
être pris en considération dans la méthodologie de la délimitation
maritime.
En premier lieu, selon la configuration des côtes pertinentes dans le
contexte géographique général et selon les méthodes utilisées pour cons-

truire les projections vers le large de ces côtes, la zone pertinente peut
ainsi inclure certains espaces maritimes et en exclure d’autres qui sont
dépourvus de pertinence dans l’affaire considérée.
En second lieu, cette zone est pertinente pour vérifier l’absence de dis-
proportion. Cette opération constitue la dernière étape du processus. La

délimitation ne vise pas à découper un secteur en parts égales, ni même
en parts proportionnelles, et cette vérification de l’absence de dispro-
portion n’est pas une méthode de délimitation en elle-même. Il s’agit
plutôt d’un moyen de déterminer si la ligne de délimitation obtenue

par d’autres moyens doit être ajustée afin d’éviter qu’elle ne donne
lieu à une disproportion significative entre les espaces maritimes

42 108. Ukraine contends that the western limit of the relevant area cor-
responds to the Romanian coastline between the land boundaries with

Bulgaria and Ukraine and the stretch of the Ukrainian coast extending
from the border with Romania until a point located just north of Odessa.
In the north, the relevant area is bordered by the south-facing Ukrainian
coast. In the east, the relevant area is bordered by the west-facing coast
of the Crimean Peninsula terminating at Cape Sarych. The southern limit

of the relevant area is a line drawn perpendicular from the mainland
coast from the point where the Bulgarian/Romanian land border reaches
the Black Sea until a point between the Romanian and Ukrainian coasts
where the interests of third States potentially come into play. This point
is then connected to Cape Sarych by a straight line which represents the

south-eastern limit of the relevant area.

109. Ukraine contends, as to the three points of disagreement, that all
of its south-facing coast between Point S and Cape Tarkhankut generates
maritime entitlements to a distance of 200 nautical miles and that this
maritime area, accordingly, forms part of the relevant area. Ukraine

further argues that the relevant area should include a sliver of maritime
area situated between the hypothetical equidistance line between Roma-
nia and Bulgaria and a straight line connecting the endpoint of the
Romanian/Bulgarian land boundary and a potential tripoint with Bul-
garia and/or Turkey. Finally, according to Ukraine, a large triangle lying

between Ukraine and Turkey has already been subject to a prior delimi-
tation between the former Soviet Union and Turkey to which Ukraine
has succeeded and therefore does not form part of the relevant area (see
sketch-map No. 3, p. 92).

**

110. The Court observes that the legal concept of the “relevant area”
has to be taken into account as part of the methodology of maritime

delimitation.
In the first place, depending on the configuration of the relevant coasts
in the general geographical context and the methods for the construction
of their seaward projections, the relevant area may include certain mari-
time spaces and exclude others which are not germane to the case in
hand.

Secondly, the relevant area is pertinent to checking disproportionality.
This will be done as the final phase of the methodology. The purpose
of delimitation is not to apportion equal shares of the area, nor indeed
proportional shares. The test of disproportionality is not in itself a
method of delimitation. It is rather a means of checking whether the

delimitation line arrived at by other means needs adjustment because of
a significant disproportionality in the ratios between the maritime areas
which would fall to one party or other by virtue of the delimitation line

42attribués à chacune des parties et la longueur de leurs côtes respectives.
111. La Cour observera en outre, aux fins de cette dernière étape du

processus de délimitation, que la détermination de la zone pertinente ne
vise pas à la précision et qu’elle est approximative. L’objet de la délimi-
tation est en effet de parvenir à un résultat équitable et non à une répar-
tition égale des espaces maritimes. (Plateau continental de la mer du
Nord (République fédérale d’Allemagne/Danemark; République fédé-

rale d’Allemagne/Pays-Bas), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1969 , p. 22, par. 18;
Délimitation maritime dans la région située entre le Groenland et
Jan Mayen (Danemark c. Norvège), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1993 ,p.67,
par. 64.)

112. La Cour relève que la délimitation sera effectuée en mer Noire,
mer fermée, dans une zone où le littoral roumain se trouve à la fois dans
une relation d’adjacence et dans une relation d’opposition avec les côtes
ukrainiennes, et avec celles de la Bulgarie et de la Turquie situées au sud.
Elle sera effectuée au nord de toute zone qui pourrait impliquer des inté-

rêts de tiers.
113. Pour ce qui est de l’espace s’étendant au nord et dont le carac-
tère pertinent est source de litige entre les Parties, la Cour estime,
comme il est expliqué ci-dessus (voir paragraphe 101), que le segment de
la côte ukrainienne situé au nord de la ligne qui relie le point S au

cap Tarkhankut est une côte pertinente aux fins du processus de déli-
mitation. Relève ainsi de la zone à délimiter la zone située immédiate-
ment au sud de cette côte, à l’exclusion toutefois du golfe de Karki-
nits’ka, à l’entrée duquel la Cour a tracé une ligne (voir paragraphe 100
ci-dessus).

114. La Cour en vient à présent à la limite méridionale de la zone per-
tinente. Les Parties divergent d’opinion sur la question de savoir si les
«triangles» sud-ouest et sud-est doivent être inclus dans cette zone (voir
paragraphes 107 et 109 ci-dessus et croquis n os 2 et 3, p. 91 et 92). La
Cour observe que, dans ces deux triangles, les droits maritimes de la

Roumanie et de l’Ukraine se chevauchent. Par ailleurs, elle n’ignore pas
que, dans le triangle sud-ouest ainsi que dans la petite zone située à
l’extrémité occidentale du triangle sud-est, des droits d’Etats tiers peu-
vent entrer en jeu. Néanmoins, le fait d’inclure certains espaces — qui
peuvent être considérés comme constituant la zone pertinente (et dont il

conviendra, lors de la dernière étape du processus de délimitation, de
tenir compte pour vérifier qu’il n’y a pas de disproportion) — à seule fin
de déterminer approximativement l’étendue des droits concurrents des
Parties est sans incidence sur les droits d’Etats tiers. De tels droits ne
seraient en effet pertinents que si la délimitation entre la Roumanie et

l’Ukraine devait les affecter.
Dès lors, et sans préjudice de la position de tout Etat tiers relativement
à ses droits dans cette zone, la Cour estime qu’il convient, dans les cir-
constances de la présente espèce, d’inclure tant le triangle sud-ouest que

le triaogle sud-est aux fins de déterminer la zone pertinente (voir cro-
quis n 5, p. 102).

43arrived at by other means, and the lengths of their respective coasts.
111. The Court further observes that for the purposes of this final

exercise in the delimitation process the calculation of the relevant area
does not purport to be precise and is approximate. The object of
delimitation is to achieve a delimitation that is equitable, not an equal
apportionment of maritime areas (North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal
Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands),

Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969 , p. 22, para. 18; Maritime Delimitation in
the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1993 , p. 67, para. 64).

112. The Court notes that the delimitation will occur within the

enclosed Black Sea, with Romania being both adjacent to, and opposite
Ukraine, and with Bulgaria and Turkey lying to the south. It will stay
north of any area where third party interests could become involved.

113. As for the area in the north disputed by the Parties as a relevant

area, as explained above (see paragraph 101) the Court has taken the
view that the section of the Ukrainian coast situated to the north of the
line running from Point S to Cape Tarkhankut is a relevant coast for the
purpose of the delimitation exercise. Accordingly, the area lying immedi-
ately south of this coast, but excluding Karkinits’ka Gulf at the mouth of

which the Court has drawn a line (see paragraph 100 above), falls within
the delimitation area.

114. The Court turns now to the southern limit of the relevant area.
The Parties hold different views as to whether the south-western and

south-eastern “triangles” should be included in the relevant area (see
paragraphs 107 and 109 above and sketch-map Nos. 2 and 3, pp. 91-92).
The Court notes that in both these triangles the maritime entitlements of
Romania and Ukraine overlap. The Court is also aware that in the
south-western triangle, as well as in the small area in the western corner

of the south-eastern triangle, entitlements of third parties may come into
play. However where areas are included solely for the purpose of approxi-
mate identification of overlapping entitlements of the Parties to the case,
which may be deemed to constitute the relevant area (and which in due
course will play a part in the final stage testing for disproportionality),
third party entitlements cannot be affected. Third party entitlements

would only be relevant if the delimitation between Romania and Ukraine
were to affect them.

In light of these considerations, and without prejudice to the position
of any third State regarding its entitlements in this area, the Court finds

it appropriate in the circumstances of this case to include both the south-
western and the south-eastern triangles in its calculation of the relevant
area (see sketch-map No. 5, p. 102).

43 7. LA MÉTHODE DE DÉLIMITATION

115. Lorsque la Cour est priée de délimiter le plateau continental ou
les zones économiques exclusives, ou de tracer une ligne de délimitation
unique, elle procède par étapes bien déterminées.
116. Ces différentes étapes, présentées dans leurs grandes lignes dans
l’affaire du Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte) (arrêt,

C.I.J. Recueil 1985, p. 46, par. 60), ont été précisées au cours des der-
nières décennies. La Cour commence par établir une ligne de délimitation
provisoire en utilisant des méthodes objectives d’un point de vue géomé-
trique et adaptées à la géographie de la zone dans laquelle la délimitation

doit être effectuée. Lorsqu’il s’agit de procéder à une délimitation entre
côtes adjacentes, une ligne d’équidistance est tracée, à moins que des rai-
sons impérieuses propres au cas d’espèce ne le permettent pas (voir Diffé-
rend territorial et maritime entre le Nicaragua et le Honduras dans la mer
des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Honduras), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II) ,

p. 745, par. 281). Dans l’hypothèse de côtes se faisant face, la ligne provi-
soire de délimitation est une ligne médiane. L’emploi des termes «ligne
médiane» et «ligne d’équidistance» est sans incidence juridique puis-
que la méthode de délimitation utilisée est la même dans les deux cas.
117. Il convient de tracer la ligne d’équidistance et la ligne médiane à

partir des points les plus pertinents des côtes des deux Etats concernés, en
prêtant une attention particulière aux points saillants les plus proches de
la zone à délimiter. La Cour se demande ailleurs (voir paragraphes 135-
137 ci-dessous) dans quelle mesure elle peut, en traçant une ligne de déli-
mitation unique, s’éloigner des points de base retenus par les parties aux

fins de la délimitation de leurs mers territoriales. Lorsqu’elle doit cons-
truire une ligne d’équidistance provisoire entre des Etats adjacents, la
Cour tient compte, dans le choix de ses propres points de base, de consi-
dérations relatives aux façades maritimes de l’une et l’autre partie. Le
tracé ainsi adopté est largement fonction de la géographie physique et des

points où les deux côtes s’avancent le plus vers le large.
118. Conformément à la jurisprudence constante de la Cour en matière
de délimitation maritime, la première étape consiste à établir la ligne
d’équidistance provisoire. A ce stade, la Cour ne s’intéresse pas encore
aux éventuelles circonstances pertinentes, et la ligne est tracée selon des

critères strictement géométriques, sur la base de données objectives.

119. En la présente affaire, la Cour commencera donc par tracer une
ligne d’équidistance provisoire entre les côtes adjacentes de la Roumanie
et de l’Ukraine, qui se prolongera par une ligne médiane entre leurs côtes

se faisant face.
120. Le tracé de la ligne finale doit aboutir à une solution équitable
(articles 74 et 83 de la CNUDM). La Cour examinera donc, lors de la
deuxième phase, s’il existe des facteurs appelant un ajustement ou un

déplacement de la ligne d’équidistance provisoire afin de parvenir à un
résultat équitable (Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le

44 7. D ELIMITATION M ETHODOLOGY

115. When called upon to delimit the continental shelf or exclusive
economic zones, or to draw a single delimitation line, the Court proceeds
in defined stages.
116. These separate stages, broadly explained in the case concerning
Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) (Judgment, I.C.J.

Reports 1985, p. 46, para. 60), have in recent decades been specified with
precision. First, the Court will establish a provisional delimitation line,
using methods that are geometrically objective and also appropriate for
the geography of the area in which the delimitation is to take place. So

far as delimitation between adjacent coasts is concerned, an equidistance
line will be drawn unless there are compelling reasons that make this un-
feasible in the particular case (see Territorial and Maritime Dispute
between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v.
Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 745, para. 281). So

far as opposite coasts are concerned, the provisional delimitation line will
consist of a median line between the two coasts. No legal consequences
flow from the use of the terms “median line” and “equidistance line”
since the method of delimitation is the same for both.
117. Equidistance and median lines are to be constructed from the

most appropriate points on the coasts of the two States concerned, with
particular attention being paid to those protuberant coastal points situ-
ated nearest to the area to the delimited. The Court considers elsewhere
(see paragraphs 135-137 below) the extent to which the Court may, when
constructing a single-purpose delimitation line, deviate from the base

points selected by the Parties for their territorial seas. When construction
of a provisional equidistance line between adjacent States is called for,
the Court will have in mind considerations relating to both Parties’ coast-
lines when choosing its own base points for this purpose. The line thus
adopted is heavily dependent on the physical geography and the most

seaward points of the two coasts.
118. In keeping with its settled jurisprudence on maritime delimita-
tion, the first stage of the Court’s approach is to establish the provisional
equidistance line. At this initial stage of the construction of the provi-
sional equidistance line the Court is not yet concerned with any relevant

circumstances that may obtain and the line is plotted on strictly geometri-
cal criteria on the basis of objective data.
119. In the present case the Court will thus begin by drawing a provi-
sional equidistance line between the adjacent coasts of Romania and
Ukraine, which will then continue as a median line between their oppo-

site coasts.
120. The course of the final line should result in an equitable solution
(Articles 74 and 83 of UNCLOS). Therefore, the Court will at the next,
second stage consider whether there are factors calling for the adjustment

or shifting of the provisional equidistance line in order to achieve an
equitable result (Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and

4445 45Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria; Guinée équatoriale (intervenant)), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2002, p. 441, par. 288). La Cour a par ailleurs indiqué clai-

rement que, lorsque la ligne à tracer traverse plusieurs zones de juridic-
tion qui coïncident, «la méthode dite des principes équitables et des
circonstances pertinentes peut utilement être appliquée, cette méthode
permettant également d’aboutir dans ces zones maritimes à un résultat
équitable» (Différend territorial et maritime entre le Nicaragua et le

Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Honduras), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II) , p. 741, par. 271).
121. Il s’agit là de la deuxième étape de la délimitation, à laquelle la
Cour s’intéressera après avoir tracé la ligne d’équidistance provisoire.

122. Enfin, la Cour s’assurera, dans une troisième étape, que la ligne
(une ligne d’équidistance provisoire ayant ou non été ajustée en fonction
des circonstances pertinentes) ne donne pas lieu, en l’état, à un résultat
inéquitable du fait d’une disproportion marquée entre le rapport des lon-
gueurs respectives des côtes et le rapport des zones maritimes pertinentes

attribuées à chaque Etat par ladite ligne (voir paragraphes 214-215 ci-
dessous). La vérification finale du caractère équitable du résultat obtenu
doit permettre de s’assurer qu’aucune disproportion marquée entre les
zones maritimes ne ressort de la comparaison avec le rapport des lon-
gueurs des côtes.

Cela ne signifie toutefois pas que les zones ainsi attribuées à chaque
Etat doivent être proportionnelles aux longueurs des côtes: ainsi que la
Cour l’a indiqué, «c’est ... le partage de la région qui résulte de la déli-
mitation et non l’inverse» (Délimitation maritime dans la région située
entre le Groenland et Jan Mayen (Danemark c. Norvège), arrêt,

C.I.J. Recueil 1993, p. 67, par. 64).

8. E TABLISSEMENT DE LA LIGNE D ’ÉQUIDISTANCE PROVISOIRE

8.1. Choix des points de base

123. La Roumanie fait valoir que les points de base à prendre en
considération pour le tracé de la ligne d’équidistance provisoire entre les
côtes adjacentes de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine sont, sur la côte rou-

maine, la pointe de la digue de Sulina, et, sur la côte ukrainienne, un
point situé sur l’île de Kubansky et le cap Burnas. La Roumanie estime
par ailleurs que les points de base à retenir sur les côtes de la Roumanie
et de l’Ukraine qui se font face sont, sur la côte roumaine, la pointe de la
digue de Sulina et l’extrémité de la péninsule de Sacaline, et, sur la côte

ukrainienne, le cap Tarkhankut et le cap Chersonèse. La Roumanie fait
observer que la péninsule de Sacaline et la pointe de la digue de Sulina
font partie des points qu’elle a notifiés à l’Organisation des Nations
Unies comme pertinents, conformément à l’article 16 de la CNUDM

concernant la mesure de la largeur de la mer territoriale.
124. La Roumanie soutient qu’il ne doit pas être tenu compte de l’île

46Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judg-
ment, I.C.J. Reports 2002 , p. 441, para. 288). The Court has also made

clear that when the line to be drawn covers several zones of coincident
jurisdictions, “the so-called equitable principles/relevant circumstances
method may usefully be applied, as in these maritime zones this method
is also suited to achieving an equitable result” (Territorial and Maritime

Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nica-
ragua v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 741,
para. 271).
121. This is the second part of the delimitation exercise to which the
Court will turn, having first established the provisional equidistance line.

122. Finally, and at a third stage, the Court will verify that the line (a
provisional equidistance line which may or may not have been adjusted
by taking into account the relevant circumstances) does not, as it stands,
lead to an inequitable result by reason of any marked disproportion

between the ratio of the respective coastal lengths and the ratio between
the relevant maritime area of each State by reference to the delimitation
line (see paragraphs 214-215). A final check for an equitable outcome
entails a confirmation that no great disproportionality of maritime areas
is evident by comparison to the ratio of coastal lengths.

This is not to suggest that these respective areas should be proportion-
ate to coastal lengths — as the Court has said “the sharing out of the
area is therefore the consequence of the delimitation, not vice versa”

(Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen
(Denmark v. Norway), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1993 , p. 67, para. 64).

8. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE P ROVISIONAL E QUIDISTANCE L INE

8.1. Selection of Base Points

123. Romania contends that the base points to take into account
in constructing the provisional equidistance line between the adjacent
coasts of Romania and Ukraine are, on the Romanian coast, the seaward
end of the Sulina dyke, and on the Ukrainian coast, a point on the
island of Kubansky and Cape Burnas. In addition, in Romania’s view,

the base points on the opposite coasts of Romania and Ukraine
are, on the Romanian coast, the seaward end of the Sulina dyke and
the outer end of the Sacalin Peninsula, and on the Ukrainian coast,
Capes Tarkhankut and Khersones. Romania points out that the Sac-

alin Peninsula and the most seaward point of the Sulina dyke are
among the relevant points notified by Romania to the United Nations
under Article 16 of UNCLOS for measuring the breadth of the ter-
ritorial sea.
124. Romania argues that no account should be taken of Serpents’

46des Serpents comme point de base aux fins de la construction de la ligne
d’équidistance provisoire. Elle prétend que l’île des Serpents est un rocher

qui ne se prête pas à l’habitation humaine ou à une vie économique
propre et qui, «partant, en application du paragraphe 3 de l’article 121
de la CNUDM de 1982, n’a ni zone économique exclusive ni plateau conti-
nental». La Roumanie relève en outre que, lorsque l’Ukraine a notifié
à l’Organisation des Nations Unies les coordonnées des lignes de base

ayant servi à mesurer la largeur de sa mer territoriale, il n’était aucune-
ment fait allusion à l’île des Serpents. Elle considère au surplus qu’une
utilisation de cette île comme point de base conduirait à créer une distor-
sion démesurée de la côte.

*

125. L’Ukraine fait valoir, pour sa part, que les points de base perti-
nents aux fins du tracé de la ligne d’équidistance provisoire sont situés sur
les lignes de base de chacune des Parties à partir desquelles est mesurée la
largeur de leur mer territoriale. Ainsi, s’agissant des côtes de la Rouma-

nie, l’Ukraine s’est appuyée sur les points de base situés sur la digue de
Sulina et la péninsule de Sacaline. Pour ce qui est de ses propres côtes,
elle a pris comme référence «les points de base situés sur l’île des Ser-
pents» et l’extrémité du cap Chersonèse. L’Ukraine fait toutefois obser-
ver que l’utilisation par la Roumanie d’un point situé à l’extrémité de la

digue de Sulina produit un effet de déviation considérable sur la ligne
d’équidistance provisoire roumaine. Elle considère en outre que

«[l]’idée qu’un ouvrage saillant construit par l’homme puisse se voir
accorder plein effet aux fins du tracé de la ligne d’équidistance pro-
visoire, alors qu’une formation naturelle [l’île des Serpents] [serait]
simplement ... ignorée, ne cadre ni avec une bonne application du
droit ni avec les principes équitables».

126. L’Ukraine soutient que l’île des Serpents possède une côte et a, en
conséquence, une ligne de base. Il en résulte, selon elle, que certains

points de base de cette ligne peuvent être utilisés pour tracer la ligne
d’équidistance provisoire. Elle fait observer que, contrairement à ce que
prétend la Roumanie, les lignes de base «normales», définies comme la
laisse de basse mer longeant la côte, n’ont pas à être notifiées à l’Orga-
nisation des Nations Unies, contrairement aux lignes de base droites.
L’Ukraine soutient que l’île des Serpents, en raison de sa proximité avec

l’Ukraine continentale, devrait, sans aucun doute, être prise en considéra-
tion comme l’un des points de base pertinents aux fins du tracé de la ligne
d’équidistance provisoire. Selon elle, la ceinture d’eaux territoriales qui
entoure l’île des Serpents se confond en partie avec la zone de la mer ter-
ritoriale bordant le territoire continental ukrainien. De ce fait, «cette île

représente ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler une île côtière».

**

47Island as a base point for the purposes of constructing the provisional
equidistance line. It claims that Serpents’ Island is a rock incapable of

sustaining human habitation or economic life of its own, “therefore
having no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf, as provided for
in Article 121 (3) of the 1982 UNCLOS”. Romania further points out
that when Ukraine notified the United Nations of the co-ordinates of its
baselines used for measuring the breadth of its territorial sea, it made no

reference at all to Serpents’ Island. In addition, it considers that using
this island as a base point would result in an inordinate distortion of the
coastline.

*

125. Ukraine contends for its part that the relevant base points for the
construction of the provisional equidistance line are situated on the base-
lines of each of the Parties from which the breadth of their territorial sea
is measured. Thus, on the Romanian coast, Ukraine has used the base

points situated on the Sulina dyke and the Sacalin Peninsula. On its own
coasts, it has taken as a reference “the base points situated on Serpents’
Island” and the tip of Cape Khersones. Ukraine indicates, however, that
Romania’s use of a point situated at the seaward tip of the Sulina dyke
has a huge effect on Romania’s provisional equidistance line. It also con-

siders that

“[t]he notion that a protruding, man-made structure can be given a
full effect for purposes of plotting the provisional equidistance line,
while a natural feature — an island [Serpents’ Island] — can simply
be ignored does not comport with a proper application of the law or
with equitable principles”.

126. Ukraine maintains that because Serpents’ Island has a coast, it
follows that it has a baseline. As a result, it states that there are base

points on that baseline that can be used for plotting the provisional equi-
distance line. It points out that, contrary to what Romania claims, “nor-
mal” baselines, defined as the low-water mark around the coast, do not
have to be notified to the United Nations, as straight baselines have to
be. Ukraine therefore contends that given its proximity to the Ukrainian
mainland, Serpents’ Island should clearly be taken into account as one of

the relevant base points for the construction of the provisional equidis-
tance line. It notes that the belt of territorial sea which surrounds Ser-
pents’ Island partly overlaps with the area of territorial sea bordering the
Ukrainian mainland. Consequently, “[t]his island therefore represents
what is commonly termed a coastal island”.

**

47 127. A ce stade du processus de délimitation, la Cour identifiera le
long de la côte ou des côtes pertinentes des Parties les points appropriés

qui marquent une modification significative de la direction de la côte de
sorte que la figure géométrique formée par la ligne qui relie l’ensemble de
ces points reflète la direction générale de la ligne de côtes. Les points ainsi
retenus sur chaque côte auront, sur la ligne d’équidistance provisoire, un
effet tenant dûment compte de la géographie.

128. La Cour fait observer que, dans la présente affaire, il résulte de la
géographie que l’aptitude des côtes à générer des titres qui se chevauchent
révèle l’existence de deux zones: dans un cas, les côtes sont adjacentes,
dans l’autre, elles se font face. En pratique, la première conséquence que
la Cour en déduit est que, sur la côte roumaine, les points de base signi-

ficatifs à partir desquels la ligne d’équidistance et la ligne médiane doi-
vent être établies sont les mêmes car cette côte se trouve à la fois en
relation d’adjacence et en relation d’opposition avec la côte ukrainienne.
La deuxième conséquence est que, la côte ukrainienne comprenant deux
segments — l’un adjacent à la côte roumaine, l’autre lui faisant face —,
les points de base à prendre en considération doivent être identifiés sépa-

rément selon qu’il s’agit du segment de côte adjacent ou du segment de
côte opposé. La troisième conséquence est l’identification sur le cours de
la ligne d’équidistance d’un point de rupture où les effets de l’adjacence
cédant à ceux de l’opposition entraînent son changement de direction.
Enfin, la Cour aura à analyser le caractère pertinent ou non de l’île des

Serpents du point de vue du choix des points de base.
129. En remontant la côte roumaine à partir de la frontière entre la
Bulgarie et la Roumanie, la Cour portera d’abord son attention sur la
péninsule de Sacaline. Il s’agit du point où la direction suivie par la côte
roumaine depuis le point de rencontre entre les frontières de la Roumanie

et de la Bulgarie s’infléchit de manière quasi perpendiculaire pour se
poursuivre vers le nord. A cet endroit, les côtes roumaine et ukrainienne
se font face. L’intérêt que la péninsule de Sacaline présente du point de
vue du choix des points de base est mis en doute par l’Ukraine, qui la
décrit comme une langue de sable. La Cour observe toutefois que la

péninsule relève de la masse terrestre et fait partie de la terra firma rou-
maine: son émergence à marée haute, de façon pérenne, n’est pas contes-
tée. Les caractéristiques géomorphologiques et la nature éventuellement
sablonneuse de la péninsule n’affectent pas les éléments de sa géographie
physique qui sont pertinents pour la délimitation maritime. Pour ces
motifs, la Cour estime approprié de retenir, aux fins de l’établissement de

la ligne d’équidistance provisoire, un point de base situé sur la péninsule
de Sacaline (par 44°50′28″ de latitude nord et 29°36′52″ de longitude
est), qui correspond en l’occurrence au point communiqué par la Rou-
manie à l’Organisation des Nations Unies comme point de base au titre
de l’article 16 de la CNUDM.

130. La Cour examinera ensuite la question de savoir si un point quel-
conque situé sur la côte roumaine de la baie de Musura pourrait servir de
point de base. Le promontoire sud de cette baie constitue en effet le point

48 127. In this stage of the delimitation exercise, the Court will identify
the appropriate points on the Parties’ relevant coast or coasts which

mark a significant change in the direction of the coast, in such a way that
the geometrical figure formed by the line connecting all these points
reflects the general direction of the coastlines. The points thus selected on
each coast will have an effect on the provisional equidistance line that
takes due account of the geography.

128. The Court observes that in this instance, the geography shows
that the capacity of the coasts to generate overlapping titles indicates the
existence of two areas: in one case, the coasts are adjacent; in the other,
they are opposite. In practice, the first conclusion which the Court draws
from this is that, on the Romanian coast, the significant base points from

which the equidistance line and the median line must be established are
the same, since this coast is both adjacent and opposite to the Ukrainian
coast. The second conclusion is that, as the Ukrainian coast consists of
two portions — one adjacent to the Romanian coast, the other opposite
to it — the base points to take into account must be defined separately,
according to whether the adjacent or opposite portion is concerned. The

third conclusion is the identification of a turning-point on the equidis-
tance line where the effects of adjacency give way to those of the coasts
on the opposite side, resulting in a change in the direction of the line.
Lastly, the Court will need to consider the relevance or otherwise of Ser-
pents’ Island in terms of the choice of base points.

129. On the Romanian coast from the border with Bulgaria, the Court
will first consider the Sacalin Peninsula. This is the point at which the
direction followed by the Romanian coast from the border between
Romania and Bulgaria turns almost perpendicularly towards the north.

At this place, the coasts of Romania and Ukraine are opposite one
another. The significance of the Sacalin Peninsula in terms of the choice
of base points is questioned by Ukraine, which describes it as a spit of
sand. However, the Court observes that the peninsula belongs to the
landmass and forms part of the Romanian mainland: its permanent

uncovering at high tide is not contested. The geomorphological features
of the peninsula and its possibly sandy nature have no bearing on the
elements of its physical geography which are relevant for maritime delimi-
tation. For these reasons, the Court considers it appropriate, for the pur-
pose of establishing the provisional equidistance line, to use a base point
on the Sacalin Peninsula (44°50′28″ N and 29°36′52″ E), which happens

to correspond to the point notified by Romania to the United Nations as
a base point pursuant to Article 16 of UNCLOS.

130. The Court will next consider whether any point on the Romanian
coast of the Musura Bay may serve as a base point. The southern head-
land of this bay is the most prominent point of the Romanian coast in the

48le plus saillant de la côte roumaine en direction de la côte de Crimée en
même temps qu’il est situé dans la zone où les côtes des deux Etats sont

adjacentes. Cette double caractéristique incite à le retenir aux fins d’éta-
blir la ligne d’équidistance provisoire. Cependant, en raison de l’édifica-
tion, sur ce promontoire sud, d’une digue d’une longueur de 7,5 km, qui
prolonge d’autant ladite formation, il y a lieu de choisir entre la pointe de
cette digue et son point de jonction avec la terra firma.

131. La Cour observera à cet égard que le caractère géométrique de la
première phase de l’opération de délimitation l’amène à retenir comme
points de base ceux que la géographie de la côte identifie en tant que réa-
lité physique au moment où elle procède à cette délimitation. Cette réalité
géographique recouvre non seulement les facteurs physiques produits par

la géodynamique et les mouvements de la mer, mais tout autre facteur
matériel existant.
132. La largeur de la zone économique exclusive et celle du plateau
continental étant calculées à partir des lignes de base servant à mesurer la
mer territoriale (articles 57 et 76 de la CNUDM), la Cour doit, tout
d’abord, se pencher sur la question de savoir si la digue de Sulina pour-

rait être considérée comme une «installation permanente faisant partie
intégrante d’un système portuaire» au sens de l’article 11 de la CNUDM,
dont elle rappelle qu’il porte sur la délimitation de la mer territoriale. Cet
article se lit comme suit:

«Aux fins de la délimitation de la mer territoriale, les installations
permanentes faisant partie intégrante d’un système portuaire qui
s’avancent le plus vers le large sont considérées comme faisant partie

de la côte. Les installations situées au large des côtes et les îles arti-
ficielles ne sont pas considérées comme des installations portuaires
permanentes.»

133. Le caractère permanent de la digue de Sulina n’ayant pas été mis
en question par les Parties, la Cour devra rechercher si cet ouvrage peut
être qualifié d’«installation» faisant «partie intégrante d’un système por-
tuaire». Une «installation» désigne un ensemble de dispositifs, de construc-

tions et d’équipements aménagés en vue d’un usage précis. L’expression
«installation» «faisant partie intégrante d’un système portuaire» n’est
définie ni dans la convention de Genève sur la mer territoriale et la zone
contiguë ni dans la CNUDM; il s’agit en général d’aménagements qui
permettent d’abriter des navires, de les entretenir ou de les réparer, de per-
mettre ou de faciliter les opérations d’embarquement et de débarquement

des passagers et de chargement ou de déchargement des marchandises.
134. La Cour note cependant que les fonctions d’une digue sont diffé-
rentes de celles d’un port: en l’occurrence, la digue de Sulina peut servir
à assurer la protection de la navigation pour atteindre l’embouchure du
Danube, ainsi que les ports qui s’y trouvent. La différence entre un port

et une digue qui s’avance vers le large a déjà été examinée dans le cadre
des travaux préparatoires de l’article 8 de la convention de Genève sur la
mer territoriale et la zone contiguë. En 1954, le rapporteur spécial de la

49direction of the Crimea and is also situated in the area where the coasts
of the two States are adjacent. These two characteristics prompt its selec-

tion for the purpose of establishing the provisional equidistance line.
However, because of the construction on that southern headland of a
7.5 km-long dyke out to sea, which accordingly extends this feature, it is
necessary to choose either the seaward end of the dyke or the end where
it adjoins the mainland.

131. In this respect, the Court observes that the geometrical nature of
the first stage of the delimitation exercise leads it to use as base points
those which the geography of the coast identifies as a physical reality at
the time of the delimitation. That geographical reality covers not only the
physical elements produced by geodynamics and the movements of the

sea, but also any other material factors that are present.

132. In light of the fact that the breadth of the exclusive economic
zone and the continental shelf is measured from the baselines from which
the territorial sea is measured (UNCLOS, Arts. 57 and 76), the Court
first has to consider whether the Sulina dyke could be regarded as “per-

manent harbour works which form an integral part of the harbour sys-
tem”, within the meaning of Article 11 of UNCLOS, which Article the
Court recalls concerns the delimitation of the territorial sea. It reads as
follows:

“For the purpose of delimiting the territorial sea, the outermost
permanent harbour works which form an integral part of the har-
bour system are regarded as forming part of the coast. Off-shore

installations and artificial islands shall not be considered as perma-
nent harbour works.”

133. The permanent nature of the Sulina dyke not having been ques-
tioned, the Court will have to consider whether this structure can be
described as “harbour works” which form “an integral part of the har-
bour system”. The term “works” denotes a combination of apparatus,

structures and facilities installed for a specific purpose. The expression
“harbour works” “which form an integral part of the harbour system” is
not defined in the Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and Con-
tiguous Zone or in UNCLOS; these are generally installations which
allow ships to be harboured, maintained or repaired and which permit or
facilitate the embarkation and disembarkation of passengers and the

loading or unloading of goods.
134. The Court notes, however, that the functions of a dyke are dif-
ferent from those of a port: in this case, the Sulina dyke may be of use in
protecting shipping destined for the mouth of the Danube and for the
ports situated there. The difference between a port and a dyke extending

seawards has previously been discussed in the travaux préparatoires of
Article 8 of the Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contigu-
ous Zone. In 1954, the Special Rapporteur of the ILC observed that

49CDI a indiqué que les «digues qui servent à la protection de la côte
[représentent] un problème spécial qui ne relève ni de l’article 9 [Ports] ni

de l’article 10 [Rades]». Ultérieurement, le concept de «digue» n’a plus
été utilisé, il a été question de «jetées, d’ouvrages servant à la protection
des côtes contre la mer». La première phrase de l’article 11 de la CNUDM
correspond, à une modification rédactionnelle mineure près, à celle de
l’article 8 de la convention sur la mer territoriale et la zone contiguë. La

seconde phrase, prévoyant que «les installations portuaires perma-
nentes» ne doivent pas inclure «les installations situées au large des côtes
et les côtes artificielles», est nouvelle. Lors de la Conférence de 1958,
l’expert avait déclaré que «les installations portuaires, telles que les jetées,
[faisaient] partie du ... territoire». Il convient de noter toutefois que la

CDI a précisé, dans les commentaires associés à son rapport à l’Assem-
blée générale, ce qui suit:
«3. Au cas où ces constructions atteindraient une longueur exces-

sive (par exemple une jetée se prolongeant en mer sur plusieurs kilo-
mètres), on peut se demander si l’article présent (art. 8) pourrait
encore être appliqué. Ce cas ne se présentant que très rarement, la
Commission, tout en désirant y appeler l’attention, n’a pas cru
nécessaire de prendre position à cet égard.» (Annuaire de la Com-

mission du droit international , 1956, vol. II, p. 269.)
Il résulte de ce qui précède que la CDI n’a pas, à l’époque, entendu

définir de façon précise la limite à partir de laquelle une digue, jetée ou
installation ne ferait plus «partie intégrante d’un système portuaire». La
Cour en conclut qu’il y a lieu de procéder au cas par cas et que ni le texte
de l’article 11 de la CNUDM ni les travaux préparatoires ne l’empêchent
de procéder à une interprétation restrictive de la notion d’installation

portuaire qu’elle a esquissée précédemment, de manière à éviter ou à atté-
nuer le problème de longueur excessive relevé par la CDI. Cela vaut tout
particulièrement dans les cas où, comme en l’espèce, il s’agit de délimiter
des zones situées au-delà de la mer territoriale.
135. En ce qui concerne l’utilisation de la digue de Sulina comme point

de base aux fins de la présente délimitation, la Cour doit examiner la per-
tinence de la notification adressée par la Roumanie à l’Organisation des
Nations Unies conformément à l’article 16 de la CNUDM, notification
dans laquelle la Roumanie a retenu la pointe de la digue de Sulina
comme point de base pour tracer la ligne de base de sa mer territoriale.
L’Ukraine n’a pas contesté ce choix.

136. L’article 16 dispose que «[l]es lignes de base à partir desquelles est
mesurée la largeur de la mer territoriale ... et les lignes de délimitation [de la
mer territoriale] sont indiquées sur des cartes marines» (par. 1) et que
«[l]’Etat côtier dépose un exemplaire [de chacune de ces cartes ou listes]
auprès du Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies». Etant

donné que l’article 57 (qui concerne la largeur de la zone économique exclu-
sive) et le paragraphe 1 de l’article 76 (qui définit le plateau continental) de
la CNUDM disposent que ces zones maritimes peuvent s’étendre jusqu’à

50“dykes used for the protection of the coast constituted a separate prob-
lem and did not come under either Article 9 (ports) or Article 10 (road-

steads)”. Subsequently, the concept of a “dyke” was no longer used, and
reference was made to “jetties” serving to protect coasts from the sea.
The first sentence of Article 11 of UNCLOS corresponds, apart from one
minor change in the wording, to that of Article 8 of the Convention on
the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone. The second sentence, providing

that “permanent harbour works” shall not include “off-shore installa-
tions and artificial islands”, is new. The expert at the 1958 Conference
stated that “harbour works such as jetties [are regarded] as part of . . .
land territory”. It should be noted, however, that the ILC included the
following comment in its report to the General Assembly:

“(3) Where such structures are of excessive length (for instance, a

jetty extending several kilometres into the sea), it may be asked
whether this article [Art. 8] could still be applied . . . As such cases
are very rare, the Commission, while wishing to draw attention to
the matter, did not deem it necessary to state an opinion.” (ILC
Yearbook, 1956, Vol. II, p. 270.)

In the light of the above, the ILC did not, at the time, intend to define

precisely the limit beyond which a dyke, jetty or works would no longer
form “an integral part of the harbour system”. The Court concludes from
this that there are grounds for proceeding on a case-by-case basis, and
that the text of Article 11 of UNCLOS and the travaux préparatoires do
not preclude the possibility of interpreting restrictively the concept of

harbour works so as to avoid or mitigate the problem of excessive length
identified by the ILC. This may be particularly true where, as here, the
question is one of delimitation of areas seaward of the territorial sea.

135. With regard to the use of the Sulina dyke as a base point for the

present delimitation, the Court must consider the relevance of Romania’s
notification to the United Nations under Article 16 of UNCLOS, in
which Romania used the seaward end of the Sulina dyke as a base point
for drawing the baseline for its territorial sea. This choice of base points
was not contested by Ukraine.

136. Article 16 provides that “the base lines for measuring the breadth
of the territorial sea . . . and the lines of delimitation [of the territorial
sea] shall be shown on charts” (paragraph 1) and that “the coastal State
shall deposit a copy of each such chart or list with the Secretary-General
of the United Nations”. Since Article 57 (regarding the breadth of the

exclusive economic zone) and Article 76, paragraph 1, (regarding the
definition of the continental shelf) of UNCLOS stipulate that these mari-
time zones can extend to a distance of 200 nautical miles “from the base-

50200 milles marins «des lignes de base à partir desquelles est mesurée la lar-
geur de la mer territoriale», la question se pose de savoir si la pointe de la

digue de Sulina doit être retenue aux fins de la présente délimitation.
137. La Cour relève que la question de la détermination de la ligne de
base servant à mesurer la largeur du plateau continental et de la zone
économique exclusive et celle de la définition des points de base servant à

tracer une ligne d’équidistance/médiane aux fins de délimiter le plateau
continental et la zone économique exclusive entre deux Etats adjacents
ou se faisant face sont deux questions distinctes.
Dans le premier cas, l’Etat côtier peut déterminer les points de base
pertinents conformément aux dispositions de la CNUDM (art. 7, 9,

10, 12 et 15). Il s’agit cependant d’un exercice qui comporte toujours un
aspect international (voir Pêcheries (Royaume-Uni c. Norvège), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1951, p. 132). Dans le second cas, celui de la délimitation
des zones maritimes concernant deux Etats ou plus, la Cour ne saurait se

fonder sur le seul choix par l’une des parties de ces points de base. La
Cour doit, lorsqu’elle délimite le plateau continental et les zones écono-
miques exclusives, retenir des points de base par référence à la géographie
physique des côtes pertinentes.
138. Quant aux caractéristiques particulières de la pointe de la digue

de Sulina comme point de base pertinent pour construire la ligne d’équi-
distance provisoire, la Cour fera observer que, indépendamment de sa lon-
gueur, il n’a pas été démontré de façon concluante que cette digue servait
directement aux activités portuaires. Aussi la Cour n’est-elle pas convain-

cue que la pointe de la digue de Sulina soit un point de base pertinent aux
fins de tracer une ligne d’équidistance provisoire délimitant le plateau
continental et les zones économiques exclusives.
139. En revanche, le point de jonction de la digue avec la terra firma
est, à défaut d’être incorporé à la masse continentale roumaine, immobi-

lisé par celle-ci. Ce point est à l’abri des mouvements du littoral dus à des
phénomènes marins. Comme point de base pertinent aux fins de la pre-
mière étape de la délimitation, il a l’avantage, au contraire de la pointe de
la digue, de ne pas privilégier une installation au détriment de la géogra-

phie physique de la masse terrestre.
140. Pour ces motifs, la Cour est d’avis que le point de jonction de la
digue de Sulina avec la masse continentale roumaine devrait être utilisé
comme point de base pour l’établissement de la ligne d’équidistance
provisoire.

141. La Cour conclut donc qu’elle retiendra la péninsule de Sacaline
(située par 44°50′28″de latitude nord et 29°36′52″ de longitude est) et la
base de la digue de Sulina (située par 45°09 ′51,9″ de latitude nord et
29°43′14,5″ de longitude est) comme points de base sur la côte roumaine.

*

2Coordonnées communiquées par les Parties par rapport au datum de Pulkovo.

51lines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured”, the ques-
tion arises as to whether the same seaward end of the Sulina dyke has to

be retained for the purpose of the present delimitation.
137. The Court observes that the issue of determining the baseline for
the purpose of measuring the breadth of the continental shelf and the
exclusive economic zone and the issue of identifying base points for

drawing an equidistance/median line for the purpose of delimiting the
continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone between adjacent/
opposite States are two different issues.
In the first case, the coastal State, in conformity with the provisions of
UNCLOS (Articles 7, 9, 10, 12 and 15), may determine the relevant base

points. It is nevertheless an exercise which has always an international
aspect (see Fisheries (United Kingdom v. Norway), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1951, p. 132). In the second case, the delimitation of the mari-
time areas involving two or more States, the Court should not base itself

solely on the choice of base points made by one of those Parties. The
Court must, when delimiting the continental shelf and exclusive eco-
nomic zones, select base points by reference to the physical geography of
the relevant coasts.
138. As for the specific characteristics of the seaward end of the Sulina

dyke as a relevant base point for constructing the provisional equidis-
tance line, the Court points out that, irrespective of its length, no
convincing evidence has been presented that this dyke serves any direct
purpose in port activities. For these reasons, the Court is not satisfied that

the seaward end of the Sulina dyke is a proper base point for the pur-
poses of the construction of a provisional equidistance line delimiting the
continental shelf and the exclusive economic zones.
139. On the other hand, while the landward end of the dyke may not
be an integral part of the Romanian mainland, it is a fixed point on it.

The land at this point is protected from shifts in the coastline due to
marine processes. As a relevant base point for the purposes of the first
stage of delimitation, it has the advantage, unlike the seaward end of the
dyke, of not giving greater importance to an installation than to the

physical geography of the landmass.
140. For these reasons, the Court is of the opinion that the landward
end of the Sulina dyke where it joins the Romanian mainland should be
used as a base point for the establishment of the provisional equidistance
line.

141. The Court therefore concludes that it will use the Sacalin Penin-
sula (44°50′28″ N and 29°36′52″ E) and the landward end of the Sulina
dyke (45°09′51.9″ N and 29°43′14.5″ E) as base points on the Roma-
nian coast.

*

2Co-ordinates provided by the Parties in Pulkovo datum.

51 142. La Cour en vient maintenant à la désignation des points de base
pertinents de la côte ukrainienne, en commençant par le secteur où les

côtes sont adjacentes.
143. Pour ce premier secteur, la Cour estime approprié de retenir
l’extrémité sud-est de l’île de Tsyganka du côté ukrainien, laquelle est le
pendant de la base de la digue de Sulina du côté roumain. Son emplace-

ment est important, dans la mesure où il s’agit, dans ce secteur d’adja-
cence, du point le plus avancé vers le large de la côte ukrainienne.
144. Dans ce secteur où les côtes sont adjacentes, la Cour doit égale-
ment examiner la pertinence, pour la construction de la ligne d’équidis-
tance provisoire, du point de base ukrainien situé sur l’île de Kubansky.

Elle relève que ce point n’a aucune incidence sur la ligne d’équidistance
tracée à partir du point de base situé sur l’île de Tsyganka, sur la côte
ukrainienne, et de celui situé à la base de la digue de Sulina, sur la côte
roumaine. Ce point de base ne doit donc pas être considéré comme per-

tinent aux fins de la présente délimitation.
145. La Cour s’intéressera maintenant aux points de base situés sur la
partie de la côte ukrainienne qui fait face à la côte roumaine.
146. Elle commencera par le cap Tarkhankut, point extrême faisant
face à la côte roumaine, situé sur la côte de Crimée. Celle-ci décrit à cet

endroit une saillie marquée, configuration qui rend approprié le choix de
ce cap comme point de base pertinent.
147. Le cap Chersonèse est un autre point de la côte de Crimée repré-
sentant une avancée importante de la terre vers le large et où se manifeste

également une saillie significative, même si elle est moins importante
qu’au cap Tarkhankut. Cette configuration est suffisante pour justifier
son choix comme point de base pertinent.
148. En conséquence, la Cour conclut qu’elle utilisera l’île de Tsyganka
(située par 45°13′23,1″ de latitude nord et 29°45′33,1″ de longitude est),

le cap Tarkhankut (situé par 45°20′50″ de latitude nord et 32°29′43″
de longitude est) et le cap Chersonèse (situé par 44°35′04″ de latitude
nord et 33°22′48″ de longitude est) comme points de base sur la côte
ukrainienne.

149. Le cas de l’île des Serpents doit faire l’objet d’un examen parti-
culier dans le cadre de l’établissement de la ligne d’équidistance provi-
soire. S’agissant du choix des points de base, la Cour fait observer que
des îles côtières ont parfois pu être assimilées à la côte de l’Etat, en par-
ticulier lorsque celle-ci était découpée en une série d’îles frangeantes.

Ainsi, dans le cadre d’un arbitrage relatif à une délimitation maritime, un
tribunal international s’est servi de points de base situés sur la laisse de
basse mer de certaines îles frangeantes considérées comme appartenant à
la côte même de l’une des parties (Sentence du tribunal arbitral dans la

deuxième étape de la procédure entre l’Erythrée et le Yémen (délimitation
maritime), 17 décembre 1999, RSA, vol. XXII, p. 43-44, par. 139-146).

3Coordonnées communiquées par les Parties par rapport au datum de Pulkovo.

52 142. The Court will now turn to identifying the relevant base points on
Ukraine’s coast, starting with the sector of adjacent coasts.

143. The Court deems it appropriate in this first sector to use the
south-eastern tip of Tsyganka Island on the Ukrainian side, which is the
counterpart of the landward end of the Sulina dyke on the Romanian

side. Its location is significant, because in this area of adjacency it is the
most prominent point on the Ukrainian coast.
144. In this sector of adjacent coasts, the Court needs also to consider
the relevance of the Ukrainian base point situated on the island of Kuban-
sky as a base point for use in constructing the provisional equidistance

line. The Court notes that this base point does not produce any effect on
the equidistance line plotted by reference to the base point on Tsyganka
Island on the Ukrainian coast and the base point on the landward end of
the Sulina dyke on the Romanian coast. This base point is therefore to be

regarded as irrelevant for the purposes of the present delimitation.
145. The Court will now consider the base points on the section of
Ukraine’s coast opposite Romania’s coast.
146. It will start with Cape Tarkhankut, the most seaward point facing
Romania’s coast on the Crimean coast. The Crimean coastline juts out

significantly here, and its configuration makes this cape an appropriate
choice as a relevant base point.
147. Cape Khersones, another point on the Crimean coast where the
land protrudes into the sea, also juts out markedly, though less so than

Cape Tarkhankut. This configuration is sufficient to justify choosing
Cape Khersones as a relevant base point.

148. The Court therefore concludes that it will use Tsyganka Island
(45°13′23.1″ N and 29°45′33.1″ E), Cape Tarkhankut (45°20′50″ N and
3
32°29′43″ E) and Cape Khersones (44°35′04″ N and 33°22′48″ E) as
base points on the Ukrainian coast.

149. Serpents’ Island calls for specific attention in the determination of
the provisional equidistance line. In connection with the selection of base
points, the Court observes that there have been instances when coastal
islands have been considered part of a State’s coast, in particular when a
coast is made up of a cluster of fringe islands. Thus in one maritime

delimitation arbitration, an international tribunal placed base points
lying on the low water line of certain fringe islands considered to consti-
tute part of the very coastline of one of the Parties (Award of the Arbitral
Tribunal in the Second Stage of the Proceedings between Eritrea and

Yemen (Maritime Delimitation) , 17 December 1999, RIAA, Vol. XXII,
pp. 367-368, paras. 139-146). However, Serpents’ Island, lying alone and

3Co-ordinates provided by the Parties in Pulkovo datum.

52L’île des Serpents, formation isolée située à quelque 20 milles marins du
continent, ne fait cependant pas partie d’une série d’îles frangeantes qui

formerait la «côte» de l’Ukraine.
Considérer l’île des Serpents comme une partie pertinente du littoral
reviendrait à greffer un élément étranger sur la côte ukrainienne; c’est-à-
dire à refaçonner, par voie judiciaire, la géographie physique, ce que ni le
droit ni la pratique en matière de délimitation maritime n’autorisent. La

Cour est donc d’avis que l’île des Serpents ne saurait être assimilée à la
configuration côtière de l’Ukraine (voir le cas de l’île de Filfla dans
l’affaire du Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1985 , p. 13).
Dès lors, la Cour considère qu’il n’y a lieu de retenir aucun point de

base sur l’île des Serpents aux fins d’établir une ligne d’équidistance pro-
visoire entre les côtes respectives de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine. D’autres
aspects relatifs à l’île des Serpents seront examinés aux paragraphes 179-
188 ci-dessous.

8.2. Construction de la ligne d’équidistance provisoire

150. La Roumanie soutient que le premier segment de la frontière
maritime délimitant les zones maritimes des deux Etats au-delà de leurs
mers territoriales a été établi par des accords successifs entre elle-même et
l’Union soviétique: du point terminal de la frontière séparant les mers

territoriales des deux Etats, situé par 45°05′21″ de latitude nord et
30°02′27″ de longitude est, la frontière maritime suit l’arc de cercle de
12 milles marins de rayon autour de l’île des Serpents jusqu’au point situé
sur cet arc par 45°14′20″ de latitude nord et 30°29′12″ de longitude est
(voir section 4 ci-dessus). Au-delà de ce point, la Roumanie prétend que

la frontière maritime n’a jamais été délimitée entre elle-même et l’Union
soviétique ou l’Ukraine. La Roumanie trace une ligne d’équidistance pro-
visoire à partir du point terminal de la frontière terrestre/fluviale qui
sépare les deux Etats en tenant compte des points de base saillants des
côtes roumaine et ukrainienne adjacentes. Ces points sont: sur la côte

roumaine, la pointe de la digue de Sulina, et, sur la côte ukrainienne, l’île
de Kubansky et le cap Burnas. Le point situé sur l’arc de l’île des Ser-
pents par 45°14′20″ de latitude nord et 30°29′12″ de longitude est
n’étant pas sur la ligne d’équidistance, mais à environ 2,5 milles marins
au nord de celle-ci, il faut, de l’avis de la Roumanie, commencer la déli-
mitation de la frontière maritime au-delà de ce point en le reliant à la

ligne d’équidistance provisoire. La ligne ainsi tracée passe par un point
situé par 45°11′59″ de latitude nord et 30°49′16″ de longitude est, c’est-
à-dire pratiquement à mi-chemin entre l’arc de 12 milles marins de rayon
entourant l’île des Serpents et le tripoint entre les côtes adjacentes rou-
maine et ukrainienne et la côte criméenne qui leur fait face situé par

45°09′45″ de latitude nord et 31°08′40″ de longitude est. La Roumanie
fait valoir que, au sud de ce point, la délimitation est régie par les côtes
roumaine et ukrainienne qui se font face.

53some 20 nautical miles away from the mainland, is not one of a cluster of
fringe islands constituting “the coast” of Ukraine.

To count Serpents’ Island as a relevant part of the coast would amount
to grafting an extraneous element onto Ukraine’s coastline; the conse-
quence would be a judicial refashioning of geography, which neither the
law nor practice of maritime delimitation authorizes. The Court is thus of

the view that Serpents’ Island cannot be taken to form part of Ukraine’s
coastal configuration (cf. the islet of Filfla in the case concerning Conti-
nental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1985, p. 13).
For this reason, the Court considers it inappropriate to select any base

points on Serpents’ Island for the construction of a provisional equidis-
tance line between the coasts of Romania and Ukraine. Further aspects
relevant to Serpents’ Island are dealt with at paragraphs 179 to 188
below.

8.2. Construction of the Provisional Equidistance Line

150. Romania argues that the first segment of the maritime boundary
delimiting the maritime areas of the two States situated beyond their ter-
ritorial seas was established by successive agreements between Romania
and the Soviet Union: from the final point of the boundary separating

the territorial seas of the two States at 45°05′21″ N and 30°02′27″ E, the
maritime boundary passes along the 12-nautical-mile arc of the circle
around Serpents’ Island until it reaches a point situated on that arc at
45°14′20″ N and 30°29′12″ E (see Section 4). Romania contends that the
maritime boundary beyond that point was never delimited between Roma-

nia and the USSR or Ukraine. Romania draws a provisional equidis-
tance line from the final point of the land/river boundary between the two
States taking into account the salient base points of the adjacent Roma-
nian and Ukrainian coasts. These are: on the Romanian coast, the sea-
ward end of the Sulina dyke; and on the Ukrainian coast, the island of

Kubansky and Cape Burnas. As the point lying on the arc around Ser-
pents’ Island at 45°14′20″ N and 30°29′12″ E, is not situated on the
equidistance line, but about 2.5 nautical miles to the north, the delimita-
tion of the maritime boundary beyond this point must, in Romania’s
view, start by joining it to the provisional equidistance line. The line thus
drawn passes through the point at 45°11′59″ N and 30°49′16″ E, situ-

ated practically midway between the 12-nautical-mile arc around Ser-
pents’ Island and the tripoint as between the Romanian and Ukrainian
adjacent coasts and the opposite Crimean coast, situated at 45°09′45″ N
and 31°08′40″ E. Romania contends that, from this point southwards,
the delimitation is governed by the opposite Romanian and Ukrainian

coasts.

53 151. Dans le calcul de la ligne médiane, la Roumanie tient compte des
points de base saillants des côtes pertinentes des deux Etats qui se font

face (la pointe de la digue de Sulina et l’extrémité de la péninsule de Saca-
line sur la côte roumaine, et les caps Tarkhankut et Chersonèse sur la
côte ukrainienne). La ligne d’équidistance roumaine dans le secteur où les
côtes se font face coïncide donc avec le segment de la ligne médiane qui
va du tripoint entre les côtes adjacentes roumaine et ukrainienne et la

côte criméenne qui leur fait face au nord, au point au-delà duquel les
intérêts d’Etats tiers pourraient être touchés au sud, point que la Rou-
manie situe par 43°26′50″ de latitude nord et 31°20′10″ de longitude est.

*

152. L’Ukraine soutient que la ligne d’équidistance provisoire doit être
construite par référence aux points de base situés sur les lignes de base de
chacune des Parties à partir desquelles est mesurée la largeur de leur mer
territoriale. Ainsi, l’Ukraine utilise pour la Roumanie les points de base
situés à la pointe de la digue de Sulina et sur la péninsule de Sacaline. Elle

prend comme référence, pour elle-même, les points de base situés sur l’île
des Serpents et à l’extrémité du cap Chersonèse. La ligne d’équidistance
provisoire préconisée par l’Ukraine part du point d’intersection des eaux
territoriales des Parties tel que défini à l’article premier du traité de 2003
relatif au régime de leur frontière d’Etat (45°05′21″ de latitude nord,

30°02′27″ de longitude est). La ligne se dirige ensuite vers le sud jusqu’à
un point situé par 44°48′24″ de latitude nord et 30°10′56″ de longitude
est, point à partir duquel elle s’infléchit dans une direction sud-est jusqu’au
point situé par 43°55′33″ de latitude nord et 31°23′26″ de longitude est,
avant de se prolonger plein sud.

**

153. La Cour rappelle que la ligne d’équidistance provisoire doit être
construite à partir des points de base situés, pour la côte roumaine, sur la

péninsule de Sacaline et au point de jonction de la digue de Sulina avec la
terra firma, et, pour la côte ukrainienne, sur l’île de Tsyganka, le cap
Tarkhankut et le cap Chersonèse.
154. Le segment initial de la ligne d’équidistance provisoire entre les
côtes adjacentes de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine est construit à partir des
points de base constitués, pour la côte roumaine, par la base de la digue

de Sulina et, pour la côte ukrainienne, par la pointe sud-est de l’île de
Tsyganka. A partir d’un point situé à mi-distance de ces deux points de
base, il se dirige vers le sud-est jusqu’au point A (situé par 44°46′38,7″ de
latitude nord et 30°58′37,3″ de longitude est), où son tracé s’infléchit
sous l’effet d’un point de base situé sur la péninsule de Sacaline, sur la

côte roumaine. Au point A, la ligne d’équidistance change légèrement de
direction pour se poursuivre jusqu’au point B (situé par 44°44′13,4″ de
latitude nord et 31°10′27,7″ de longitude est), où son tracé s’infléchit

54 151. Romania calculates the median line taking into account the sali-
ent base points on the relevant opposite coasts of the two States (the sea-

ward end of the Sulina dyke and the outer end of the Sacalin Peninsula
on the Romanian coast, and Capes Tarkhankut and Khersones on the
Ukrainian coast). Romania’s equidistance line in the sector of opposite
coasts thus coincides with the segment of the median line running from,
in the north, the tripoint as between the Romanian and Ukrainian adja-

cent coasts and the opposite Crimean coast to, in the south, the point
beyond which the interests of third States may be affected, which Roma-
nia situates at 43°26′50″ N and 31°20′10″ E.

*

152. Ukraine maintains that the provisional equidistance line must be
constructed by reference to the base points on each Party’s baselines from
which the breadth of its territorial sea is measured. Thus, on the Roma-
nian side, Ukraine uses the base points at the seaward end of the Sulina
dyke and on the Sacalin Peninsula. On its own side, it uses the base

points on Serpents’ Island and at the tip of Cape Khersones. The provi-
sional equidistance line advocated by Ukraine starts at the point of inter-
section of the territorial seas of the Parties identified in Article 1 of the
2003 State Border Régime Treaty (45°05′21″ N and 30°02′27″ E). The
line then runs in a southerly direction until the point at 44°48′24″ N and

30°10′56″ E, after which it turns to run in a south-easterly direction until
the point at 43°55′33″ N and 31°23′26″ E and thereafter continues due
south.

**

153. The Court recalls that the base points which must be used in con-
structing the provisional equidistance line are those situated on the Saca-

lin Peninsula and the landward end of the Sulina dyke on the Romanian
coast, and Tsyganka Island, Cape Tarkhankut and Cape Khersones on
the Ukrainian coast.
154. In its initial segment the provisional equidistance line between the
Romanian and Ukrainian adjacent coasts is controlled by base points
located on the landward end of the Sulina dyke on the Romanian coast

and south-eastern tip of Tsyganka Island on the Ukrainian coast. It runs
in a south-easterly direction, from a point lying midway between these
two base points, until Point A (with co-ordinates 44°46′38.7″ N and
30°58′37.3″ E) where it becomes affected by a base point located on the
Sacalin Peninsula on the Romanian coast. At Point A the equidistance

line slightly changes direction and continues to Point B (with co-
ordinates 44°44′13.4″ N and 31°10′27.7″ E) where it becomes affected by
the base point located on Cape Tarkhankut on Ukraine’s opposite coasts.

54sous l’effet du point de base situé sur le cap Tarkhankut, sur la côte

opposée de l’Ukraine. Au point B, elle s’oriente vers le sud-sud-est pour
se poursuivre jusqu’au point C (situé par 44°02′53,0″ de latitude nord et
31°24′35,0″ de longitude est), calculé à partir des points de base situés,
pour la côte roumaine, sur la péninsule de Sacaline et, pour la côte ukrai-

nienne, aux caps Tarkhankut et Chersonèse. A partir du point C, la ligne
d’équidistance se poursuit vers le sud, selon un azimut initial de
185°23′54,5″ . Cette ligne reste régie par les points de base situés sur la
péninsule de Sacaline, sur la côte roumaine, et le cap Chersonèse, sur la

côte ukrainienne.
(Pour la construction de la ligne d’équidistance, voir croquis n os 6et7,
p. 114 et 115.)

9. L ES CIRCONSTANCES PERTINENTES

155. Comme la Cour l’a indiqué plus haut (voir paragraphes 120-121),
une fois la ligne d’équidistance provisoire tracée, elle doit «examiner s’il

existe des facteurs appelant un ajustement ou un déplacement de cette
ligne afin de parvenir à un «résultat équitable»» (Frontière terrestre
et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria; Guinée
équatoriale (intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2002 , p. 441, par. 288).

Dans la jurisprudence de la Cour, depuis les affaires relatives au Plateau
continental de la mer du Nord (République fédérale d’Allemagne/Dane-
mark; République fédérale d’Allemagne/Pays-Bas) , de tels facteurs
sont habituellement qualifiés de circonstances pertinentes (arrêt, C.I.J.

Recueil 1969, p. 53, par. 53). Ils ont pour fonction de permettre à la
Cour de s’assurer que la ligne d’équidistance provisoire, tracée, selon la
méthode géométrique, à partir de points de base déterminés sur les côtes
des parties, n’est pas, à la lumière des circonstances particulières de

l’espèce, perçue comme inéquitable. Si tel était le cas, la Cour devrait
ajuster la ligne afin de parvenir à la «solution équitable» prévue au para-
graphe 1 de l’article 74 et au paragraphe 1 de l’article 83 de la CNUDM.

156. Les Parties ont avancé et analysé plusieurs facteurs constituant,
selon elles, les circonstances pertinentes possibles en l’espèce. Elles par-
viennent à des conclusions différentes. La Roumanie soutient que sa ligne
d’équidistance provisoire produit un résultat équitable et qu’elle n’appelle

donc aucun ajustement. L’Ukraine, pour sa part, invoque l’existence de
circonstances pertinentes appelant un ajustement de sa ligne d’équidis-
tance provisoire consistant à la «rapproch[er] ... du littoral roumain».

4
Les coordonnées géographiques utilisées par les Parties pour tracer les lignes
d’équidistance qu’elles proposent sont données par référence au datum de Pulkovo. La
Cour, pour sa part, a choisi d’utiliser le datum WGS 84. Les positions des points A, B et
C sont établies sur la base de ce datum géodésique. La ligne d’équidistance décrite dans ce
paragraphe est une ligne géodésique et l’azimut donné, un azimut géodésique établi sur la
base du système WGS 84.

55At Point B the equidistance line turns south-south-east and continues to

Point C (with co-ordinates 44°02′53.0″ N and 31°24′35.0″ E), calculated
with reference to base points on the Sacalin Peninsula on the Romanian
coast and Capes Tarkhankut and Khersones on the Ukrainian coast.
From Point C the equidistance line, starting at an azimuth of 185° ′523.5″ ,

runs in a southerly direction. This line remains governed by the base
points on the Sacalin Peninsula on the Romanian coast and Cape Kher-
sones on the Ukrainian coast.

(For the construction of the equidistance line see sketch-maps Nos. 6
and 7, pp. 114-115.)

9. R ELEVANT CIRCUMSTANCES

155. As the Court indicated above (paragraphs 120-121), once the pro-
visional equidistance line has been drawn, it shall “then [consider] whether
there are factors calling for the adjustment or shifting of that line in order
to achieve an ‘equitable result’” (Land and Maritime Boundary between

Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea inter-
vening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002 , p. 441, para. 288). Such factors
have usually been referred to in the jurisprudence of the Court, since the
North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark;

Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) cases, as the relevant circum-
stances (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969 , p. 53, para. 53). Their function is
to verify that the provisional equidistance line, drawn by the geometrical

method from the determined base points on the coasts of the Parties is
not, in light of the particular circumstances of the case, perceived as in-
equitable. If such would be the case, the Court should adjust the line in
order to achieve the “equitable solution” as required by Articles 74, para-

graph 1, and 83, paragraph 1, of UNCLOS.

156. The Parties suggested and discussed several factors which they
consider as the possible relevant circumstances of the case. They arrive at

different conclusions. Romania argues that its provisional equidistance
line achieves the equitable result and thus does not require any adjust-
ment. Ukraine, on the other hand, submits that there are relevant circum-
stances which call for the adjustment of its provisional equidistance line

“by moving the provisional line closer to the Romanian coast”.

4The geographical co-ordinates used by the Parties for the drawing of the equidistance
lines proposed by them are given by reference to Pulkovo datum. The Court, for its part,
has chosen to use WGS 84 datum. The positions of Points A, B and C are given by ref-
erence to that geodetic datum. The equidistance line described in this paragraph is a geo-
detic line and the azimuth given is a geodetic azimuth based on WGS 84 datum.

55 157. Avant d’examiner les circonstances pertinentes mentionnées par
les Parties, la Cour tient à rappeler que la ligne d’équidistance provisoire

qu’elle a tracée à la section 8 ci-dessus ne coïncide pas avec les lignes provi-
soires tracées par l’Ukraine ou la Roumanie. En conséquence, c’est à cette
ligne tracée par la Cour, et non à celles de la Roumanie ou de l’Ukraine,
que la Cour se référera lorsqu’elle analysera ce que les Parties considèrent
comme constituant les circonstances pertinentes en la présente espèce.

9.1. La disproportion entre les longueurs des côtes

158. La circonstance qu’invoque l’Ukraine à l’appui de sa thèse selon
laquelle il y a lieu d’ajuster la ligne d’équidistance provisoire en rappro-
chant la ligne de délimitation du littoral roumain est la disparité entre les
longueurs des côtes des Parties contiguës à la zone à délimiter.

*

159. La Roumanie reconnaît que la configuration générale des côtes
peut constituer, dans ce contexte géographique particulier, une circons-
tance pertinente susceptible d’être prise en considération en vue d’ajuster
la ligne d’équidistance. En ce qui concerne spécifiquement une éventuelle
disproportion entre les longueurs des côtes des Parties, elle note toutefois

que, en matière de délimitation maritime, il est rare que la disparité entre
les côtes des Parties intervienne en tant que circonstance pertinente. Qui
plus est, en la présente espèce, il n’existerait aucune disparité manifeste
entre les longueurs des côtes respectives de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine.
160. La Roumanie ajoute que, en tout état de cause, il n’y a lieu de

tenir compte de la proportionnalité «qu’après avoir identifié la ligne
résultant de l’application de la méthode des principes équitables/circons-
tances spéciales».
161. En conclusion, la Roumanie considère que la prétendue «prépon-
dérance géographique de l’Ukraine dans la zone» et «la disparité entre

les longueurs des côtes» des Parties ne devraient pas être considérées
comme des circonstances pertinentes en l’espèce.

*

162. En ce qui concerne la configuration côtière, l’Ukraine affirme
qu’il existe une grande marge d’appréciation quant à la portée que celle-ci
peut revêtir en tant que circonstance pertinente. Elle soutient que, dans le

contexte de la présente affaire, la configuration côtière fait clairement
apparaître la prépondérance géographique de son territoire dans la zone
pertinente, prépondérance qui ressort également de la longueur des côtes:
la côte pertinente ukrainienne est plus de quatre fois plus longue que la
côte roumaine. L’Ukraine note que, dans la quasi-totalité des affaires de

délimitation maritime examinées par des juridictions internationales, «la
comparaison des longueurs des côtes pertinentes a tenu une place non
négligeable et a même joué un rôle décisif dans plusieurs des décisions qui

56 157. Before addressing the relevant circumstances referred to by the
Parties, the Court wishes to recall that the provisional equidistance line it

has drawn in Section 8 above does not coincide with the provisional lines
drawn either by Ukraine or Romania. Therefore, it is this line, drawn by
the Court, and not by Romania or Ukraine, which will be in the focus of
the Court’s attention when analysing what the Parties consider to be the
relevant circumstances of the case.

9.1. Disproportion between Lengths of Coasts

158. The circumstance which Ukraine invokes in order to justify its
claim that the provisional equidistance line should be adjusted by moving
the delimitation line closer to Romania’s coast is the disparity between
the length of the Parties’ coasts abutting on the delimitation area.

*

159. Romania acknowledges that the general configuration of the
coasts may constitute, given the particular geographical context, a rele-
vant circumstance that can be taken into consideration with a view to
adjusting the equidistance line. However, with regard specifically to any
disproportion between the lengths of the Parties’ coasts, Romania notes

that in a maritime delimitation it is rare for the disparities between the
Parties’ coasts to feature as a relevant circumstance. Moreover, in the
present case, there is no manifest disparity in the respective coastal
lengths of Romania and Ukraine.
160. Romania adds that in any event proportionality should be dealt

with “only after having identified the line resulting from the application
of the equitable principles/special circumstances approach”.

161. In conclusion Romania is of the view that the alleged “geographi-
cal predominance of Ukraine in the area” and “the disparity between

coastal lengths” of the Parties should not be considered relevant circum-
stances in the case.

*

162. With regard to the role which may be played by the coastal con-
figuration, Ukraine states that there is a broad margin of appreciation as
to its scope as a relevant circumstance. In the circumstances of the cur-

rent case, Ukraine argues that the coastal configuration clearly shows the
geographical predominance of Ukraine in the relevant area which also
finds an expression in terms of coastal length: the Ukrainian relevant
coast is more than four times longer than the coast of Romania. Ukraine
notes that in almost all maritime delimitation cases dealt with by inter-

national tribunals, “comparison of the lengths of the relevant coasts has
occupied a quite significant place and even played a decisive role in a
number of the decisions taken”. Thus, according to Ukraine, the marked

5657 5758 58ont été prises». Ainsi, d’après elle, la disproportion marquée entre les
longueurs des côtes des Parties constitue une circonstance pertinente à

prendre en compte aux fins de tracer une ligne de délimitation et appelle,
pour parvenir à un résultat équitable, un déplacement de la ligne d’équi-
distance provisoire.

**
163. La Cour fait observer que les longueurs respectives des côtes ne

peuvent jouer aucun rôle dans l’établissement de la ligne d’équidistance
provisoire. La délimitation est une opération qui diffère de l’attribution
de ressources ou de zones (voir Plateau continental de la mer du Nord
(République fédérale d’Allemagne/Danemark; République fédérale d’Alle-
magne/Pays-Bas), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1969 , p. 22, par. 18). Aucun prin-

cipe de proportionnalité n’intervient en tant que tel dans la détermination
initiale de la ligne d’équidistance provisoire.
164. En cas de disparités particulièrement marquées entre les lon-
gueurs des côtes, la Cour peut choisir de traiter cette réalité géographique
comme une circonstance pertinente qui exigerait de procéder à quelques

ajustements de la ligne d’équidistance provisoire.
165. Dans l’affaire de la Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Came-
roun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria; Guinée équatoriale (interve-
nant)), la Cour a reconnu qu’«une différence importante de longueurs
des côtes respectives des parties [pouvait] être un élément à prendre en
considération pour ajuster ou déplacer la ligne provisoire de délimita-

tion» (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2002 , p. 446, par. 301; les italiques sont de la
Cour), même si elle a jugé qu’il n’y avait pas lieu en l’espèce de déplacer
la ligne d’équidistance.
166. Dans l’affaire de la Délimitation maritime dans la région située
entre le Groenland et Jan Mayen (Danemark c. Norvège) , la Cour a jugé

que la disparité entre les longueurs des côtes de Jan Mayen et du Groen-
land (approximativement 1 pour 9) constituait une «circonstance spé-
ciale» nécessitant que la ligne médiane provisoire soit modifiée — en
étant rapprochée de la côte de Jan Mayen — afin d’éviter des résultats
inéquitables à l’égard tant du plateau continental que de la zone de

pêche. La Cour a indiqué que
«[i]l conv[enait] toutefois d’indiquer clairement que la prise en compte
de la disparité des longueurs des côtes ne signifie pas une application

directe et mathématique du rapport entre les longueurs des façades
côtières du Groenland oriental et de Jan Mayen» (arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 1993, p. 69, par. 69).

Elle a ensuite rappelé l’observation qu’elle avait faite dans l’affaire du
Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte) :

«Si la proportionnalité pouvait être appliquée ainsi, on voit mal
quel rôle toute autre considération pourrait encore jouer; en effet la
proportionnalité serait alors à la fois le principe du titre sur le pla-

59disproportion between lengths of the Parties’ coasts is a relevant circum-
stance to be taken into account in the construction of a delimitation line

and should result in a shifting of the provisional equidistance line in
order to produce an equitable result.

**
163. The Court observes that the respective length of coasts can play

no role in identifying the equidistance line which has been provisionally
established. Delimitation is a function which is different from the appor-
tionment of resources or areas (see North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal
Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Nether-
lands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969 , p. 22, para. 18). There is no prin-

ciple of proportionality as such which bears on the initial establishment
of the provisional equidistance line.
164. Where disparities in the lengths of coasts are particularly marked,
the Court may choose to treat that fact of geography as a relevant cir-
cumstance that would require some adjustments to the provisional equi-

distance line to be made.
165. In the case concerning Land and Maritime Boundary between
Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria; Equatorial Guinea inter-
vening), the Court acknowledged “that a substantial difference in the
lengths of the parties’ respective coastlines may be a factor to be taken
into consideration in order to adjust or shift the provisional delimitation

line” (Judgment, I.C.J. Report 2002 , p. 446, para. 301; emphasis added),
although it found that in the circumstances there was no reason to shift
the equidistance line.
166. In the case concerning Maritime Delimitation in the Area between
Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway), the Court found that

the disparity between the lengths of the coasts of Jan Mayen and Green-
land (approximately 1:9) constituted a “special circumstance” requiring
modification of the provisional median line, by moving it closer to the
coast of Jan Mayen, to avoid inequitable results for both the continental
shelf and the fisheries zone. The Court stated that:

“It should, however, be made clear that taking account of the dis-
parity of coastal lengths does not mean a direct and mathematical

application of the relationship between the length of the coastal
front of eastern Greenland and that of Jan Mayen.” (Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 69, para. 69.)

Then it recalled its observation from the Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya/Malta) case:

“If such a use of proportionality were right, it is difficult indeed to
see what room would be left for any other consideration; for it
would be at once the principle of entitlement to continental shelf

59 teau continental et la méthode permettant de mettre ce principe en
Œuvre. En tout état de cause la faiblesse de l’argument est que l’uti-

lisation de la proportionnalité comme véritable méthode ne trouve
aucun appui dans la pratique des Etats ou leurs prises de position
publiques, en particulier à la troisième conférence des Nations Unies
sur le droit de la mer, non plus que dans la jurisprudence.» (Arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1985, p. 45, par. 58.)

Dans cette dernière affaire, la Cour a estimé que la différence entre les

longueurs des côtes pertinentes de Malte et de la Libye (d’un rapport de 1
à 8) était «si grande qu’elle appel[ait] un ajustement de la ligne médiane»
(ibid., p. 50, par. 68; les italiques sont de la Cour). La Cour a ajouté:
«l’ampleur de cet ajustement ne résulte pas d’une opération mathéma-
tique; elle reste à déterminer» (ibid.).
167. La Cour rappelle en outre que, dans l’affaire de laDélimitation de

la frontière maritime dans la région du golfe du Maine (Canada/Etats-Unis
d’Amérique), la Chambre a considéré que pouvaient être tirées, «dans cer-
taines conditions, les conséquences appropriées d’éventuellesinégalités
dans l’extension des côtes de deux Etats dans la même aire de délimita-
tion» (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 313, par. 157; les italiques sont de la

Cour). Toutefois, il convient de garder présent à l’esprit que la Chambre a
formulé cette observation dans le cadre de son examen «[d]es critères équi-
tables susceptibles d’être pris en considération aux fins d’une délimitation
maritime internationale» (ibid., p. 312, par. 157; les italiques sont de la
Cour). Elle a ensuite développé ce point dans les termes suivants:

«[...] du fait que la prise en considération de l’extension des côtes res-

pectives des Parties intéressées ne constitue en soi ni un critère dont
on puisse directement s’inspirer aux fins d’une délimitation, ni une
méthode utilisable pour effectuer en pratique cette délimitation. La
Chambre reconnaît que, en avançant cette idée, on énonce surtout
un moyen de vérifier si une délimitation provisoirement établie en

faisant d’abord appel à d’autres critères et par l’utilisation d’une
méthode n’ayant rien à faire avec ladite idée apparaît ou non comme
satisfaisante par rapport à certaines caractéristiques géographiques
du cas concret et s’il est ou non raisonnable d’apporter des correc-
tions en conséquence. La pensée de la Chambre à ce sujet peut se
résumer par la remarque qu’une délimitation maritime ne saurait

certainement pas être établie en procédant directement à une divi-
sion de la zone en contestation, proportionnellement à l’extension
respective des côtes des parties de l’aire concernée, mais qu’une dis-
proportion substantielle par rapport à cette extension, qui résulterait
d’une délimitation établie sur une base différente, représenterait non

moins certainement une circonstance appelant une correction adé-
quate.» (Ibid., p. 323, par. 185; les italiques sont de la Cour.)

168. En la présente espèce, toutefois, la Cour ne considère pas qu’exis-
tent de telles disparités particulièrement marquées entre les longueurs des

60 rights and also the method of putting that principle into operation.
Its weakness as a basis of argument, however, is that the use of pro-

portionality as a method in its own right is wanting of support in the
practice of States, in the public expression of their views at (in par-
ticular) the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,
or in the jurisprudence.” Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985 ,p .,
para. 58.)

In the latter case, the Court was of the view that the difference in the

lengths of the relevant coasts of Malta and Libya (being in ratio 1:8) “is
so great as to justify the adjustment of the median line” (ibid.,p .,
para. 68; emphasis added). The Court added that “the degree of such
adjustment does not depend upon a mathematical operation and remains
to be examined” (ibid.).
167. The Court further notes that in the Delimitation of the Maritime

Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America)
case, the Chamber considered that “in certain circumstances, the appro-
priate consequences may be drawn from any inequalities in the extent of
the coasts of two States into the same area of delimitation” (Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 313, para. 157; emphasis added). However, it

must be kept in mind that the Chamber did so in the context of discuss-
ing what could be “the equitable criteria that may be taken into consid-
eration for an international maritime delimitation” (ibid., p. 312,
para. 157; emphasis added). It then further elaborated on this point by
stating

“[...] that to take into account the extent of the respective coasts of the

Parties concerned does not in itself constitute either a criterion serv-
ing as a direct basis for a delimitation, or a method that can be used
to implement such delimitation. The Chamber recognizes that this
concept is put forward mainly as a means of checking whether a
provisional delimitation established initially on the basis of other

criteria, and by the use of a method which has nothing to do with
that concept, can or cannot be considered satisfactory in relation to
certain geographical features of the specific case, and whether it is
reasonable or otherwise to correct it accordingly. The Chamber’s views
on this subject may be summed up by observing that a maritime
delimitation can certainly not be established by a direct division of

the area in dispute proportional to the respective lengths of the
coasts belonging to the parties in the relevant area, but it is equally
certain that a substantial disproportion to the lengths of those coasts
that resulted from a delimitation effected on a different basis would
constitute a circumstance calling for an appropriate correction.”

(Ibid., p. 323, para. 185; emphasis added.)

168. In the present case, however the Court sees no such particularly
marked disparities between the relevant coasts of Ukraine and Romania

60côtes pertinentes de l’Ukraine et de la Roumanie, disparités qui ren-
draient nécessaire un ajustement de la ligne d’équidistance provisoire à ce

stade. Même s’il existe indubitablement une différence entre les longueurs
des côtes pertinentes des Parties, la Cour rappelle qu’elle a précédemment
(voir paragraphe 100 ci-dessus) décidé de ne pas prendre en compte la
côte du golfe de Karkinits’ka (qui mesure quelque 278 km). La Cour note
en outre qu’elle ne saurait ignorer le fait qu’une portion non négligeable

de la côte ukrainienne qu’elle considère comme pertinente se projette sur
la même zone que celle sur laquelle d’autres segments de la côte ukrai-
nienne se projettent, renforçant ainsi sans l’étendre dans l’espace le titre
de l’Ukraine.

9.2. Le caractère fermé de la mer Noire et les délimitations
déjà effectuées dans la région

169. La Roumanie fait observer que le caractère fermé de la mer Noire
est également une circonstance pertinente au regard de la règle plus géné-
rale consistant à tenir compte du contexte géographique de la zone à déli-

miter. Selon elle, aux fins d’apprécier le caractère équitable d’une ligne
d’équidistance, il convient d’examiner la «géographie maritime d’ensem-
ble» de la mer Noire. La Roumanie estime que ce facteur géographique
doit être considéré conjointement avec les accords de délimitation déjà
conclus, de sorte que toute nouvelle délimitation ne s’écarte pas radica-

lement de la méthode employée par le passé dans la même mer entre
d’autres Etats riverains, sous peine d’aboutir à un résultat inéquitable.
170. La Roumanie fait valoir que, dans tous les accords conclus en
mer Noire, l’équidistance a été utilisée comme méthode de délimitation
du plateau continental et des zones économiques exclusives. Elle ajoute

que les lignes de délimitation établies par deux de ces accords s’achèvent
par des segments construits à titre provisoire, dont le tracé définitif reste
subordonné à des pourparlers ultérieurs, et ce, parce que les parties sou-
haitaient éviter de porter atteinte aux intérêts d’Etats tiers et qu’elles
avaient à l’esprit la Roumanie.

171. La Roumanie conclut que le caractère fermé et l’étendue assez
modeste de la mer Noire, considérés conjointement avec les solutions
convenues dans les accords de délimitation en vigueur, constituent une
circonstance pertinente dont il doit être tenu compte dans le processus de
délimitation des espaces maritimes de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine.

*

172. L’Ukraine considère que les arguments de la Roumanie relatifs
au caractère fermé de la mer Noire et à l’importance des accords de déli-
mitation maritime conclus antérieurement par certains Etats riverains

de celle-ci «ne sont étayés ni en droit ni par le contexte factuel». Selon
elle, il n’existe aucun régime spécial régissant les délimitations effectuées
dans une mer fermée qui procéderait simplement de cette particularité.

61that would require it to adjust the provisional equidistance line at this
juncture. Although there is doubtless a difference in the length of the rel-

evant coasts of the Parties, the Court recalls that it previously (see para-
graph 100 above) excluded the coast of Karkinits’ka Gulf (measuring
some 278 km) from further consideration. The Court further notes that it
cannot disregard the fact that a good portion of the Ukrainian coast
which it considers as relevant projects into the same area as other seg-

ments of the Ukrainian coast, thus strengthening but not spatially expand-
ing the Ukrainian entitlement.

9.2. The Enclosed Nature of the Black Sea and the Delimitations
Already Effected in the Region

169. Romania notes that the enclosed nature of the Black Sea is also a
relevant circumstance as part of the wider requirement to take account of
the geographical context of the area to be delimited. According to

Romania, in considering the equitable nature of an equidistance line, the
“general maritime geography” of the Black Sea must be assessed. In
Romania’s view, this geographical factor is to be considered together
with any pre-existing delimitation agreements so that any new delimita-
tion should not dramatically depart from the method previously used in

the same sea between other riparian States in order not to produce an
inequitable result.
170. Romania contends that all the delimitation agreements concluded
in the Black Sea used equidistance as the method for the delimitation of
the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zones. Romania adds

that the lines of delimitation established by two of these agreements end
with provisionally defined segments, the definitive course of which is to
depend on subsequent discussions, and that the reason for this was that
the Parties wished to avoid prejudicing the interests of third parties and
that they had Romania in mind.

171. Romania concludes that the Black Sea’s nature as an enclosed sea
and its rather small size, together with the agreed solutions established in
the delimitation agreements in force, constitute a relevant circumstance
which must be taken into account in the delimitation process for Roma-
nia’s and Ukraine’s maritime areas.

*

172. In Ukraine’s view, there is “no support in law or in the factual
context” for Romania’s arguments regarding the characterization of the
Black Sea as an enclosed sea and the importance of maritime delimitation

agreements previously concluded between certain States bordering the
Black Sea. According to Ukraine, there is no special régime governing
delimitations taking place in an enclosed sea simply because of this

61L’Ukraine estime donc que le fait que la mer Noire soit une mer fermée
«n’est pas en soi une circonstance devant être considérée comme perti-

nente aux fins de la délimitation» et n’influe aucunement sur la méthode
de délimitation à appliquer en l’espèce.
173. L’Ukraine fait en outre observer que, d’une manière générale, des
accords bilatéraux ne sauraient être conclus au détriment des droits de
tierces parties et que, en tant que tels, les accords de délimitation mari-

time existant en mer Noire ne sauraient avoir une incidence sur le présent
différend.
L’Ukraine indique que la présence d’Etats tiers dans les environs de la
zone à délimiter peut, dans une certaine mesure seulement, être considé-
rée comme une circonstance pertinente. Cela est toutefois sans rapport

avec le choix de la méthode de délimitation ou le caractère (fermé ou
non) de la mer. Selon elle, la présence d’Etats tiers n’est pertinente que
dans la mesure où la Cour pourrait avoir à faire preuve de prudence en
déterminant le point terminal précis de la ligne de délimitation afin d’évi-
ter de causer un éventuel préjudice aux Etats situés à la périphérie de la
zone de délimitation.

**

174. La Cour rappelle qu’elle a précédemment indiqué, lorsqu’elle a
succinctement exposé la méthode de délimitation, qu’elle tracerait une

ligne d’équidistance provisoire (voir paragraphe 116 ci-dessus). Ce choix
n’a pas été dicté par le fait que cette méthode a été utilisée dans tous les
accords de délimitation conclus en mer Noire.
175. Deux de ces accords ont été portés à la connaissance de la Cour.
Le premier — l’accord concernant la délimitation du plateau continental

en mer Noire — a été conclu entre la Turquie et l’Union soviétique le
23 juin 1978. Quelque huit années plus tard, ces deux Etats ont décidé,
par un échange de notes en date du 23 décembre 1986 et du 6 février 1987,
que la délimitation du plateau continental convenue dans leur accord
de 1978 vaudrait également pour leurs zones économiques exclusives res-

pectives. Le segment le plus à l’ouest de cette ligne, entre les points situés
par 43°20′43″ de latitude nord et 32°00′00″ de longitude est, d’une part,
et 43°26′59″ de latitude nord et 31°20′48″ de longitude est, d’autre part,
demeurait toutefois indéterminé et devait être convenu ultérieurement, en
temps opportun. Après la dissolution de l’Union soviétique à la fin de
l’année 1991, l’accord de 1978 et l’accord conclu par l’échange de notes

sont restés en vigueur non seulement à l’égard de la Fédération de Russie
— Etat assurant la continuité de la personnalité juridique internationale
de l’ex-Union soviétique —, mais également à l’égard des Etats succes-
seurs de l’Union soviétique riverains de la mer Noire, dont l’Ukraine.
176. Le second accord, conclu entre la Turquie et la Bulgarie sur le

tracé de la frontière à l’embouchure de la rivière Rezovska/Mutludere et
la délimitation des régions maritimes entre les deux Etats en mer Noire, a
été signé le 4 décembre 1997. Il prévoit que le prolongement en direction

62nature. Ukraine therefore considers that the enclosed character of the
Black Sea “is not by itself a circumstance which ought to be regarded as

relevant for delimitation purposes” and has no bearing on the method of
delimitation to be applied in the present proceedings.
173. Ukraine further notes that in general terms, bilateral agreements
cannot affect the rights of third parties and, as such, the existing mari-
time delimitation agreements in the Black Sea cannot influence the present

dispute.

Ukraine states that only in a limited sense can the presence of third
States in the vicinity of the area to be delimited be considered a relevant
circumstance. However, this has nothing to do with the choice of the

actual method of delimitation or the character of a sea (whether or not it
is enclosed). According to Ukraine, the presence of third States may be
relevant only to the extent that the Court may have to take precautions in
identifying a precise endpoint of the delimitation line so as to avoid
potential prejudice to States situated on the periphery of the delimitation
area.

**

174. The Court recalls that it has intimated earlier, when it briefly
described the delimitation methodology, that it would establish a provi-

sional equidistance line (see paragraph 116 above). This choice was not
dictated by the fact that in all the delimitation agreements concerning the
Black Sea this method was used.
175. Two delimitation agreements concerning the Black Sea were
brought to the attention of the Court. The first agreement, the Agree-

ment concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf in the Black
Sea, was concluded between Turkey and the USSR on 23 June 1978.
Some eight years later, they agreed, through an Exchange of Notes dated
23 December 1986 and 6 February 1987, that the continental shelf
boundary agreed in their 1978 Agreement would also constitute the

boundary between their exclusive economic zones. The westernmost seg-
ment of the line, between two points with co-ordinates 43°20′43″ N and
32°00′00″ E and co-ordinates 43°26′59″ N and 31°20′48″ E, respec-
tively, remained undefined and to be settled subsequently at a convenient
time. After the dissolution of the USSR at the end of 1991, the 1978 Agree-
ment and the Agreement reached through the Exchange of Notes

remained in force not only for the Russian Federation, as the State con-
tinuing the international legal personality of the former USSR, but also
the successor States of the USSR bordering the Black Sea, Ukraine being
one of them.
176. The second agreement is the Agreement between Turkey and Bul-

garia on the determination of the boundary in the mouth area of the
Rezovska/Mutludere River and delimitation of the maritime areas
between the two States in the Black Sea, signed on 4 December 1997. The

62du nord-est de la ligne de délimitation du plateau continental et de la
zone économique exclusive, entre le point situé par 43°19′54″ de latitude

nord et 31°06′33″ de longitude est, d’une part, et le point situé par
43°26′49″ de latitude nord et 31°20′43″ de longitude est, d’autre part,
sera effectué lors de négociations ultérieures devant être organisées en
temps opportun.
177. La Cour gardera à l’esprit les délimitations maritimes convenues

entre la Turquie et la Bulgarie, ainsi qu’entre la Turquie et l’Ukraine,
lorsqu’elle examinera la question du point terminal de la frontière mari-
time unique qu’elle est priée de tracer en la présente affaire (voir sec-
tion 10 ci-dessous).
178. La Cour considère toutefois que, compte tenu des accords de déli-

mitation susmentionnés et du caractère fermé de la mer Noire, il n’y a pas
lieu de procéder à un ajustement de la ligne d’équidistance telle qu’elle a
été tracée à titre provisoire.

9.3. La présence de l’île des Serpents dans la zone de délimitation

179. Les Parties s’opposent sur la qualification à conférer à l’île des
Serpents et sur le rôle que cette formation maritime devrait jouer dans le
processus de délimitation du plateau continental et de leurs zones écono-
miques exclusives respectives en mer Noire.
180. La Roumanie soutient que l’île des Serpents n’a droit qu’à une

mer territoriale de 12 milles marins et qu’elle ne peut être utilisée comme
point de base pour tracer la ligne de délimitation au-delà de la limite des
12 milles. Elle fait valoir que l’île des Serpents est un rocher qui ne se
prête pas à l’habitation humaine ou à une vie économique propre et qui,
partant, en application du paragraphe 3 de l’article 121 de la CNUDM

de 1982, n’a ni zone économique exclusive ni plateau continental. Selon
la Roumanie, l’île des Serpents peut être qualifiée de «rocher» parce qu’il
s’agit d’une formation rocheuse au sens géomorphologique et qu’elle est
dépourvue de sources naturelles d’eau et pratiquement dépourvue de sol,
de végétation et de faune. La Roumanie prétend que toute vie humaine

sur cette formation dépend d’approvisionnements extérieurs, notamment
en eau, et que les conditions naturelles sur l’île ne permettent pas le déve-
loppement d’activités économiques. Elle souligne par ailleurs que «la pré-
sence d’individus dans l’exercice de fonctions officielles, telles que l’entre-
tien d’un phare, ne signifie pas qu’une île se prête à l’habitation humaine».
181. La Roumanie avance, au surplus, que l’île des Serpents ne fait pas

partie de la configuration côtière des Parties et que ses côtes ne peuvent
donc être incluses parmi les côtes pertinentes de l’Ukraine aux fins de la
délimitation à effectuer.
182. La Roumanie reconnaît cependant que, en l’espèce, la présence de
l’île des Serpents, «entourée par une mer territoriale de 12 milles ma-

rins déjà convenue», pourrait constituer une circonstance pertinente. Elle
fait valoir à cet égard que la jurisprudence internationale et la pratique
des Etats montrent que les îles de petite taille, indépendamment de leur

63drawing of the delimitation line of the continental shelf and the exclusive
economic zone further to the north-east direction, between geographical

point 43°19′54″ N and 31°06′33″ E and geographical point 43°26′49″ N
and 31°20′43″ E, was left open for subsequent negotiations at a suitable
time.

177. The Court will bear in mind the agreed maritime delimitations

between Turkey and Bulgaria, as well as between Turkey and Ukraine,
when considering the endpoint of the single maritime boundary it is
asked to draw in the present case (see Section 10 below).

178. The Court nevertheless considers that, in the light of the above-

mentioned delimitation agreements and the enclosed nature of the Black
Sea, no adjustment to the equidistance line as provisionally drawn is
called for.

9.3. The Presence of Serpents’ Island in the Area of Delimitation

179. The Parties disagree as to the proper characterization of Serpents’
Island and the role this maritime feature should play in the delimitation
of the continental shelf and the Parties’ exclusive economic zones in the
Black Sea.
180. Romania maintains that Serpents’ Island is entitled to no more

than a 12-nautical-mile territorial sea, and that it cannot be used as a
base point in drawing a delimitation line beyond the 12-mile limit. Roma-
nia claims that Serpents’ Island is a rock incapable of sustaining human
habitation or economic life of its own, and therefore has no exclusive
economic zone or continental shelf, as provided for in Article 121, para-

graph 3, of the 1982 UNCLOS. According to Romania, Serpents’ Island
qualifies as a “rock” because: it is a rocky formation in the geomorpho-
logic sense; it is devoid of natural water sources and virtually devoid of
soil, vegetation and fauna. Romania claims that human survival on the
island is dependent on supplies, especially of water, from elsewhere and

that the natural conditions there do not support the development of eco-
nomic activities. It adds that “[t]he presence of some individuals, . . .
because they have to perform an official duty such as maintaining a light-
house, does not amount to sustained ‘human habitation’”.

181. Romania further argues that Serpents’ Island does not form part

of the coastal configuration of the Parties and that its coast cannot there-
fore be included among Ukraine’s relevant coasts for purposes of the
delimitation.
182. Romania nevertheless admits that in the present case the presence
of Serpents’ Island “with its already agreed belt of 12-nautical-mile

territorial sea” might be a relevant circumstance. It asserts that under
international jurisprudence and State practice, small islands, irrespective of
their legal characterization, have frequently been given very reduced or

63qualification juridique, se sont souvent vu accorder un effet très limité
— voire aucun effet — dans la délimitation du plateau continental, de la

zone économique exclusive ou d’autres zones maritimes, et ce en raison
des conséquences inéquitables qu’elles produiraient. Ainsi, pour la Rou-
manie, la ligne d’équidistance provisoire devrait, en l’espèce, être tracée
entre les côtes continentales pertinentes des Parties, les formations mari-
times mineures n’étant prises en considération en tant qu’éventuelles cir-

constances pertinentes que lors d’une phase ultérieure. La Roumanie pré-
cise que l’île des Serpents, compte tenu de son emplacement, ne pourrait
être considérée comme une circonstance pertinente que dans le secteur de
la zone de délimitation où les côtes sont adjacentes (en d’autres termes, la
ligne d’équidistance provisoire serait déplacée de manière que soit

prise en compte la frontière maritime le long de l’arc de 12 milles marins
de rayon entourant l’île des Serpents, «qui ne saurait générer de zone
maritime au-delà de 12 milles marins»). En raison de son éloignement de
la côte ukrainienne de Crimée, l’île des Serpents ne peut, selon la Rou-
manie, jouer aucun rôle en ce qui concerne la délimitation dans le secteur
où les côtes se font face. En résumé, la Roumanie considère que, même si

l’île des Serpents peut être considérée comme une «circonstance spé-
ciale», il ne saurait lui être donné d’effet au-delà de 12 milles marins.

*

183. L’Ukraine, de son côté, affirme que la ligne de base de l’île des
Serpents génère des points de base pour la construction de la ligne d’équi-
distance provisoire. Dès lors, selon elle, les côtes de l’île font partie des
côtes pertinentes de l’Ukraine aux fins de la délimitation et ne sauraient
être réduites à une simple circonstance pertinente qui ne serait envisagée

qu’au second stade du processus de délimitation, après l’établissement de
la ligne d’équidistance provisoire.
184. Selon l’Ukraine, l’île des Serpents constitue indiscutablement une
«île» au sens du paragraphe 2 de l’article 121 de la CNUDM, et non un
«rocher». Elle fait valoir que les éléments de preuve montrent que l’île

des Serpents se prête aisément à l’habitation humaine et qu’il est large-
ment établi qu’elle se prête à une vie économique propre. On y trouverait
en particulier un tapis végétal et un approvisionnement en eau douce en
quantité suffisante. L’Ukraine affirme en outre que l’île des Serpents est
«une île dotée de l’infrastructure et des logements nécessaires pour
accueillir une population active». Elle soutient également que le para-

graphe 3 de l’article 121 est dépourvu de pertinence aux fins de la présente
délimitation car il ne se rapporte pas à des questions de délimitation mais
constitue une disposition relative à l’attribution de droits dénuée d’appli-
cation pratique dans le cas d’un espace maritime qui, en tout état de
cause, se trouve dans la limite des 200 milles de la zone économique

exclusive et du plateau continental générés par une côte continentale.

**

64no effect in the delimitation of the continental shelf, exclusive economic
zone or other maritime zones due to the inequitable effect they would

produce. Thus, contends Romania, in the present case the provisional
equidistance line should be drawn between the relevant mainland coasts
of the Parties, with minor maritime formations only being considered at
a later stage as possible relevant circumstances. Romania states that Ser-
pents’ Island, given its location, could be considered as a relevant circum-

stance only in the sector of the delimitation area where the coasts are
adjacent (in other words, the provisional equidistance line would have to
be shifted so as to take into consideration the maritime boundary along
the 12-nautical-mile arc around Serpents’ Island, which “cannot generate
maritime zones beyond 12 nautical miles”). Owing to its remoteness from

the Ukrainian coast of Crimea, Serpents’ Island cannot, according to
Romania, play any role in the delimitation in the area where the coasts
are opposite. In short, Romania considers that, although Serpents’ Island
may qualify as a “special circumstance”, it should not be given any effect
beyond 12 nautical miles.

*

183. Ukraine argues that Serpents’ Island has a baseline which gener-
ates base points for the construction of the provisional equidistance line.
Thus, in Ukraine’s view, the coast of the island constitutes part of
Ukraine’s relevant coasts for purposes of the delimitation and cannot be
reduced to just a relevant circumstance to be considered only at the sec-

ond stage of the delimitation process after the provisional equidistance
line has been established.
184. According to Ukraine, Serpents’ Island is indisputably an “island”
under Article 121, paragraph 2, of UNCLOS, rather than a “rock”.
Ukraine contends that the evidence shows that Serpents’ Island can read-

ily sustain human habitation and that it is well established that it can sus-
tain an economic life of its own. In particular, the island has vegetation
and a sufficient supply of fresh water. Ukraine further asserts that Ser-
pents’ Island “is an island with appropriate buildings and accommoda-
tion for an active population”. Ukraine also argues that paragraph 3 of
Article 121 is not relevant to this delimitation because that paragraph is

not concerned with questions of delimitation but is, rather, an entitle-
ment provision that has no practical application with respect to a mari-
time area that is, in any event, within the 200-mile limit of the exclusive
economic zone and continental shelf of a mainland coast.

**

64 185. A l’effet de tracer la ligne de délimitation maritime, et à défaut
d’accord de délimitation au sens des articles 74 et 83 de la CNUDM, la

Cour peut, si cela semble nécessaire au vu de circonstances pertinentes,
procéder à un ajustement de la ligne d’équidistance provisoire pour
garantir un résultat équitable. Lors de cette phase, la Cour peut être ame-
née à déterminer si cette ligne doit être ajustée en raison de la présence de
petites îles dans ses environs. Ainsi qu’il ressort de sa jurisprudence, il

arrive que la Cour décide de ne pas tenir compte d’îles de très petite taille
ou de ne pas leur accorder l’intégralité de leurs droits potentiels à des
zones maritimes, lorsque cela aurait un effet disproportionné sur la déli-
mitation (voir Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte),

arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1985 , p. 48, par. 64; Délimitation maritime et ques-
tions territoriales entre Qatar et Bahreïn (Qatar c. Bahreïn), fond, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 104, par. 219; Différend territorial et maritime
entre le Nicaragua et le Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua
c. Honduras), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II) , p. 751, par. 302 et suiv.).

186. La Cour rappelle qu’elle a établi que l’île des Serpents, qui ne fait
pas partie de la configuration côtière générale (voir paragraphe 149 ci-
dessus), ne pouvait servir de point de base pour construire la ligne d’équi-
distance provisoire entre les côtes des Parties, ligne qu’elle a tracée lors de

la première étape de la présente délimitation. Elle doit maintenant, dans
le cadre de la deuxième étape, déterminer si la présence de l’île des Ser-
pents dans la zone de délimitation constitue une circonstance pertinente
justifiant un ajustement de la ligne d’équidistance provisoire.

187. En ce qui concerne la géographie de la partie nord-ouest de la mer
Noire, la Cour a dûment tenu compte de ce qu’elle était bordée à l’ouest,
au nord et à l’est par la côte de l’Ukraine. La Cour relève que tous les
espaces devant être délimités en la présente espèce sont situés dans la zone
économique exclusive et sur le plateau continental générés par les côtes

continentales des Parties et, de surcroît, à moins de 200 milles de la côte
continentale de l’Ukraine. Elle fait par ailleurs observer que l’île des Ser-
pents se trouve à quelque 20 milles à l’est de la côte continentale de
l’Ukraine située dans la région du delta du Danube (voir paragraphe 16
ci-dessus). Eu égard à cette configuration géographique, et aux fins de

la délimitation avec la Roumanie, aucun droit à un plateau continental
et à une zone économique exclusive éventuellement généré par l’île des
Serpents ne saurait, compte tenu de la limite méridionale de la zone de
délimitation telle que la Cour l’a définie (voir paragraphe 114 ci-dessus et
croquis n 5, p. 102), s’étendre au-delà des espaces maritimes engendrés par

la côte continentale de l’Ukraine. Par ailleurs, tout droit éventuellement
généré par l’île des Serpents en direction de l’est est intégralement couvert
par ceux générés par les côtes continentales occidentale et orientale de
l’Ukraine. La Cour relève également que l’Ukraine elle-même ne consi-

dère pas que la zone pertinente s’étend, en raison de la présence de l’île
des Serpents dans la zone de délimitation, au-delà de la limite générée par

65 185. In determining the maritime boundary line, in default of any
delimitation agreement within the meaning of UNCLOS Articles 74 and

83, the Court may, should relevant circumstances so suggest, adjust the
provisional equidistance line to ensure an equitable result. In this phase,
the Court may be called upon to decide whether this line should be
adjusted because of the presence of small islands in its vicinity. As the
jurisprudence has indicated, the Court may on occasion decide not to

take account of very small islands or decide not to give them their full
potential entitlement to maritime zones, should such an approach have a
disproportionate effect on the delimitation line under consideration (see
Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1985, p. 48, para. 64; Maritime Delimitation and Territorial

Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain), Merits, Judg-
ment, I.C.J. Reports 2001 , p. 104, para. 219; Territorial and Maritime
Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nica-
ragua v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , pp. 751 et seq.,
paras. 302 et seq.).
186. The Court recalls that it has already determined that Serpents’

Island cannot serve as a base point for the construction of the provisional
equidistance line between the coasts of the Parties, that it has drawn in
the first stage of this delimitation process, since it does not form part of
the general configuration of the coast (see paragraph 149 above). The
Court must now, at the second stage of the delimitation, ascertain whether

the presence of Serpents’ Island in the maritime delimitation area consti-
tutes a relevant circumstance calling for an adjustment of the provisional
equidistance line.
187. With respect to the geography of the north-western part of the
Black Sea, the Court has taken due regard of the fact that Ukraine’s

coast lies on the west, north and east of this area. The Court notes that
all of the areas subject to delimitation in this case are located in the
exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf generated by the
mainland coasts of the Parties and are moreover within 200 nautical
miles of Ukraine’s mainland coast. The Court observes that Serpents’

Island is situated approximately 20 nautical miles to the east of Ukraine’s
mainland coast in the area of the Danube delta (see paragraph 16
above). Given this geographical configuration and in the context of the
delimitation with Romania, any continental shelf and exclusive eco-
nomic zone entitlements possibly generated by Serpents’ Island could
not project further than the entitlements generated by Ukraine’s main-

land coast because of the southern limit of the delimitation area as
identified by the Court (see paragraph 114 and sketch-map No. 5, p. 102).
Further, any possible entitlements generated by Serpents’ Island in an east-
ward direction are fully subsumed by the entitlements generated by the
western and eastern mainland coasts of Ukraine itself. The Court also

notes that Ukraine itself, even though it considered Serpents’ Island to
fall under Article 121, paragraph 2, of UNCLOS, did not extend the rele-
vant area beyond the limit generated by its mainland coast, as a conse-

65sa côte continentale, alors même qu’elle estime que cette formation relève
du paragraphe 2 de l’article 121 de la CNUDM (voir croquis n 3, p. 92).

En conséquence, la Cour conclut que la présence de l’île des Serpents
ne justifie pas un ajustement de la ligne d’équidistance provisoire.

Au vu de ce qui précède, la Cour n’a pas à examiner la question de
savoir si l’île des Serpents relève des paragraphes 2 ou 3 de l’article 121 de

la CNUDM ou si ceux-ci sont pertinents aux fins de la présente espèce.
188. La Cour rappelle en outre qu’une mer territoriale de 12 milles
marins a été attribuée à l’île des Serpents en vertu d’accords conclus entre
les Parties. Elle conclut dès lors que, dans le contexte de la présente

espèce, l’île des Serpents ne devrait avoir d’autre incidence sur la
délimitation que celle découlant de l’arc des 12 milles marins de mer
territoriale.

9.4. La conduite des Parties (concessions pétrolières et gazières,
activités de pêche et patrouilles navales)

189. Selon l’Ukraine, les activités étatiques dans la zone pertinente
«constituent une circonstance pertinente qui milite en faveur de la ligne
de délimitation du plateau continental/de la zone économique exclusive

qu’elle propose». Elle précise que, si elle attire l’attention sur la conduite
des Parties, ce n’est pas en vue de démontrer l’existence d’une ligne résul-
tant d’un accord tacite ou d’un modus vivendi ; il s’agit pour elle d’appré-
cier les revendications des Parties à la lumière de leur conduite effective.
L’Ukraine juge significatif le fait que les activités de la Roumanie, ou

l’absence de telles activités, soient «fondamentalement inconciliable[s]»
avec l’argument du défendeur fondé sur la préexistence d’une délimita-
tion maritime dans la zone en litige jusqu’au point X. Elle soutient en
outre que l’absence, dans la zone contestée, d’activités comparables de la
Roumanie est incompatible avec la position adoptée par celle-ci en la pré-

sente instance.
190. L’Ukraine fait valoir qu’elle a, en 1993, 2001 et 2003, accordé des
permis relatifs à l’exploration de gisements pétroliers et gaziers à l’inté-
rieur de l’espace de plateau continental/de zone économique exclusive
qu’elle revendique en l’espèce. Elle affirme que l’existence de ces conces-

sions atteste qu’elle a, avant et après l’accord additionnel de 1997, auto-
risé des activités se rapportant à l’exploration de gisements pétroliers et
gaziers dans des espaces de plateau continental revendiqués en l’espèce
par la Roumanie. Elle ajoute que, avant 2001, la Roumanie n’a jamais
protesté contre les activités pétrolières et gazières de l’Ukraine dans les

zones qu’elle revendique aujourd’hui.
L’Ukraine conclut à cet égard que ses activités pétrolières sont compa-
tibles avec la ligne de délimitation qu’elle revendique et qu’elles doivent
être prises en considération, conjointement avec les autres circonstances

pertinentes — en particulier la géographie physique —, dans la recherche
d’une solution équitable.

66quence of the presence of Serpents’ Island in the area of delimitation (see
sketch-map No. 3, p. 92).

In the light of these factors, the Court concludes that the presence of
Serpents’ Island does not call for an adjustment of the provisional equi-
distance line.
In view of the above, the Court does not need to consider whether Ser-
pents’ Island falls under paragraphs 2 or 3 of Article 121 of UNCLOS

nor their relevance to this case.
188. The Court further recalls that a 12-nautical-mile territorial sea
was attributed to Serpents’ Island pursuant to agreements between the
Parties. It concludes that, in the context of the present case, Serpents’
Island should have no effect on the delimitation in this case, other than

that stemming from the role of the 12-nautical-mile arc of its territorial
sea.

9.4. The Conduct of the Parties (Oil and Gas Concessions,

Fishing Activities and Naval Patrols)

189. Ukraine suggests that State activities in the relevant area “consti-
tute a relevant circumstance which operates in favour of the continental
shelf/EEZ claim line proposed by Ukraine”. Ukraine explains that it does
not point to this conduct of the Parties in order to show the existence of
a line arising from a tacit agreement or a modus vivendi. Instead, Ukraine

seeks to assess the claims of the Parties in relation to their actual conduct.
According to Ukraine, it is significant that Romania’s activities, or lack
of them, are “fundamentally inconsistent” with Romania’s argument that
there was a pre-existing maritime delimitation in the disputed area extend-
ing out to “Point X”. Furthermore, Ukraine contends that the lack of

any comparable operations by Romania in the disputed area is incom-
patible with the position taken by Romania in the proceedings before the
Court.

190. Ukraine argues that in 1993, 2001 and 2003 it licensed activities

relating to the exploration of oil and gas deposits within the continental
shelf/exclusive economic zone area claimed by Ukraine in the current
case. It asserts that the existence of these licences demonstrates that
Ukraine, both before and after the 1997 Additional Agreement, author-
ized activities relating to the exploration of oil and gas deposits in areas
of the continental shelf to which Romania lays claim in these proceed-

ings. It adds that prior to 2001, Romania never protested Ukraine’s oil
and gas activities in areas now claimed by Romania.

Ukraine concludes on this point that its oil-related activities are con-
sistent with its delimitation line and should be taken into account together

with the other relevant circumstances, in particular the physical geo-
graphy, in order to achieve an equitable solution.

66 191. L’Ukraine fait en outre valoir que la limite de la zone écono-
mique exclusive et du plateau continental qu’elle revendique correspond

globalement à la limite entre les zones de pêche exclusives des Parties
«telle qu’elle a été respectée par la Roumanie et l’Ukraine dans le cadre
de leur gestion des activités de pêche dans le bassin nord-ouest de la mer
Noire». L’Ukraine souligne que c’est elle, et non la Roumanie, qui a acti-
vement assuré la surveillance de cette partie de la zone. Elle soutient que

la Roumanie n’a ni manifesté la volonté de patrouiller dans la zone ni
objecté au fait que les garde-côtes ukrainiens avaient assumé seuls la res-
ponsabilité d’intercepter les navires se livrant à des activités de pêche illé-
gales, les escortant, lorsqu’ils le pouvaient, hors de la zone économique
exclusive de l’Ukraine et prenant toute autre mesure qui s’imposait.

192. S’agissant de la notion de date critique introduite par la Rouma-
nie, l’Ukraine affirme que, «[e]n admettant qu’il y [en] ait bien une ..., et
que cette date [critique] ait un rôle à jouer dans la délimitation maritime,
il s’agit de la date de la requête de la Roumanie, à savoir le 16 sep-
tembre 2004».

*

193. La Roumanie ne considère pas que les activités étatiques dans
la zone pertinente, c’est-à-dire l’attribution de permis d’exploration et
d’exploitation pétrolières et gazières et la pratique de la pêche, constituent

des circonstances pertinentes. En principe, les «effectivités» ou «activités
étatiques» ne sont pas, en droit, à prendre en considération aux fins de la
délimitation maritime. La Roumanie note que les «effectivités» maritimes
ne peuvent être prises en compte que si elles «reflètent un accord» tacite
susceptible de constituer une circonstance pertinente aux fins de la délimi-

tation. Elle précise que seules les activités étatiques antérieures à la date
critique pourraient entrer dans le cadre de cette «exception» à la règle
générale, et qu’elles devraient être suffisantes pour établir «l’existence
d’un accord tacite ou [d’]un modus vivendi». Selon la Roumanie, les
«effectivités» invoquées par l’Ukraine n’attestent pas l’existence d’une

«ligne de facto» ou d’un «type de comportement» prouvant, d’une façon
ou d’une autre, l’existence d’un accord entre les deux Parties ou d’un
acquiescement de la part de la Roumanie se rapportant d’une quelconque
façon à la délimitation maritime. Ces activités ne sauraient dès lors cons-
tituer un élément venant «battre en brèche l’argument de la Roumanie
relatif aux procès-verbaux de 1949». La Roumanie conclut qu’il ressort de

l’ensemble des moyens se rapportant aux «activités étatiques» menées
dans la zone en litige que l’Ukraine «n’a pas démontré que [celles-ci] satis-
faisaient, en fait ou en droit, aux critères nécessaires pour accéder au rang
de circonstances pertinentes susceptibles d’influer sur [l]a délimitation».
194. La Roumanie rappelle ensuite que, par l’accord additionnel

de 1997, les Parties ont clairement reconnu par écrit l’existence d’un dif-
férend relatif à la délimitation maritime et défini le cadre de négociations
futures en vue de conclure un accord de délimitation. Elle ajoute que les

67 191. Ukraine further argues that the exclusive economic zone and con-
tinental shelf boundary it claims furthermore corresponds generally to

the limit of the Parties exclusive fishing zones “as respected by both
Romania and Ukraine in their administration of fishing in the north-west
part of the Black Sea”. Ukraine emphasizes that it was Ukraine and not
Romania that has been active in policing that part of the area. Ukraine
contends that Romania has neither demonstrated any interest in patrol-

ling the area nor has it objected to the fact that the Ukrainian coastguard
assumed the sole responsibility of intercepting illegal fishing vessels and,
when possible, escorting them out of Ukraine’s exclusive economic zone
and taking any other appropriate measures.

192. With regard to the notion of a critical date introduced by Roma-
nia, Ukraine states that “even assuming that there was a critical date at
all, and that the critical date would have a role to play in maritime
delimitation, it is the date of Romania’s Application: 16 September
2004”.

*

193. Romania does not consider that State activities in the relevant
area, namely licences for the exploration and exploitation of oil and gas
and fishing practices, constitute relevant circumstances. As a matter of

legal principle, effectivités or “State activities” cannot constitute an ele-
ment to be taken into account for the purposes of maritime delimitation.
Romania notes that maritime effectivités can only be taken into account
if they “reflect a tacit agreement” which might constitute a relevant cir-
cumstance for delimitation. In order to come within this “exception” to

the general rule, it notes that only State activities prior to the critical date
may be relevant and that they must be sufficient to prove that “a tacit
agreement or modus vivendi exists”. According to Romania, the effectiv-
ités presented by Ukraine do not reveal the existence of a “de facto line”
or of a “pattern of conduct” proving one way or another an agreement

between the Parties, or acquiescence by Romania relating in any way to
maritime delimitation. These activities cannot therefore constitute an ele-
ment “undermining Romania’s argument regarding the 1949 Procès-
Verbaux”.Romaniaconcludesthatitisevidentfromalltheelementsregard-
ing the “State activities” in the disputed area that Ukraine has “failed to
demonstrate that these State activities comply, in fact or in law, with the

necessary criteria that might transform them into a relevant circumstance
able to have an impact on [the] delimitation”.

194. Romania further recalls that under the 1997 Additional Agree-

ment the two Parties clearly recognized in writing the existence of a dis-
pute regarding the maritime delimitation, and set the framework for
future negotiations to conclude a delimitation agreement. Romania adds

67dispositions de l’accord additionnel de 1997 relatives à l’existence du dif-
férend n’ont fait que confirmer une situation de fait qui existait de longue

date. Aussi toute conduite en matière de concessions pétrolières posté-
rieure à la conclusion de l’accord additionnel de 1997 est-elle, à son sens,
dépourvue de pertinence en la présente affaire, dès lors que le différend
s’était déjà cristallisé à cette date.
195. La Roumanie conclut que la pratique de l’Ukraine en matière de

concessions pétrolières n’étaye aucunement la délimitation préconisée par
cette dernière, et ce pour les raisons suivantes. Tout d’abord, la zone sur
laquelle portent les concessions ukrainiennes «ne correspond pas, même
approximativement, à sa revendication en la présente instance». Ensuite,
deux des trois permis accordés l’ont été en 2001 et en 2003, soit après la

date critique de 1997. Enfin, la Roumanie a toujours contesté les activités
ukrainiennes en matière pétrolière.
196. En ce qui concerne les activités de pêche, la Roumanie conteste
que la pratique des Parties puisse avoir une quelconque incidence sur la
délimitation maritime en la présente espèce, étant donné que ni la Rou-
manie ni l’Ukraine ne dépendent économiquement de la pêche dans cette

zone aux réserves de poissons pélagiques limitées; la pratique invoquée
par l’Ukraine est récente et ne porte que sur une petite portion de la zone
en litige; enfin, cette pratique a toujours été contestée par la Roumanie et
n’a jamais été reconnue par des Etats tiers. Concernant les patrouilles
navales, la Roumanie soutient que tous les incidents navals mentionnés

par l’Ukraine — qu’ils puissent ou non être considérés comme une
circonstance pertinente — sont postérieurs à la conclusion de l’accord
additionnel et, partant, dépourvus de pertinence.

**
197. La Cour rappelle qu’elle a conclu précédemment qu’il n’existait
aucun accord en vigueur entre les Parties délimitant leur plateau continen-

tal et leur zone économique exclusive (voir paragraphe 76 ci-dessus).
Elle relève en outre que l’Ukraine ne se fonde pas sur des activités éta-
tiques pour démontrer l’existence d’un accord tacite ou d’un modus vivendi
entre les Parties relatif à une éventuelle ligne délimitant leur zone éco-
nomique exclusive et leur plateau continental respectifs. Si l’Ukraine se

réfère à certaines activités étatiques, c’est pour contester la ligne revendi-
quée par la Roumanie.
198. Dans les circonstances de la présente espèce, la Cour ne voit pas
quel rôle particulier les activités étatiques invoquées ci-dessus pourraient
jouer aux fins de la délimitation maritime. Ainsi que le tribunal arbitral

l’a fait observer en l’affaire opposant la Barbade à Trinité-et-Tobago,
«les juridictions internationales ont tendance à faire preuve d’une
plus grande prudence à l’égard des critères liés aux ressources natu-

relles; ce facteur n’est pas, en règle générale, considéré comme
une circonstance pertinente» (Sentence du 11 avril 2006, RIAA ,
vol. XXVII, p. 214, par. 241) [traduction du Greffe].

68that the Agreement’s provisions regarding the existence of the dispute
were a mere confirmation of a factual situation that had already existed

for a long time. Thus any oil-related practice occurring after the conclu-
sion of the 1997 Additional Agreement is, in its view, irrelevant in the
present proceedings as the dispute had already crystallized by that date.

195. Romania concludes that Ukraine’s oil concessions practice offers

no support to the latter’s claimed delimitation for the following reasons.
First, the area covered by the Ukrainian concessions “does not even
roughly correspond to its claim in the present proceedings”. Second, two
of the three licences were issued in 2001 and 2003, i.e., after the critical
date of 1997. Moreover, Romania consistently objected to Ukrainian

hydrocarbon activity.

196. With regard to fishing activities, Romania contests that the prac-
tice of the Parties has any bearing on the maritime delimitation in the
present case since neither Party economically depends on fisheries activi-
ties in an area in which pelagic fish stocks are limited; the practice

invoked by Ukraine is recent and only covers a small part of the area in
dispute; and it has always been challenged by Romania and has never
been recognized by third States. With regard to the naval patrols, Roma-
nia submits, even if they could be considered a relevant circumstance,
quod non, all the naval incidents reported by Ukraine are subsequent to

the critical date and as such are in any event irrelevant.

**
197. The Court recalls that it had earlier concluded that there is no
agreement in force between the Parties delimiting the continental shelf

and the exclusive economic zones of the Parties (see paragraph 76 above).
It further notes that Ukraine is not relying on State activities in order
to prove a tacit agreement or modus vivendi between the Parties on the
line which would separate their respective exclusive economic zones and
continental shelves. It rather refers to State activities in order to under-

mine the line claimed by Romania.

198. The Court does not see, in the circumstances of the present case,
any particular role for the State activities invoked above in this maritime
delimitation. As the Arbitral Tribunal in the case between Barbados and

Trinidad and Tobago observed,
“[r]esource-related criteria have been treated more cautiously by the
decisions of international courts and tribunals, which have not gen-

erally applied this factor as a relevant circumstance” (Award of
11 April 2006, RIAA, Vol. XXVII, p. 214, para. 241).

68En ce qui concerne les activités de pêche, la Cour ajoute que l’Ukraine ne
lui a présenté aucun élément de preuve démontrant que toute ligne autre

que celle qu’elle revendique serait «susceptible d’entraîner des répercus-
sions catastrophiques pour la subsistance et le développement écono-
mique des populations» (Délimitation de la frontière maritime dans la
région du golfe du Maine (Canada/Etats-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 1984, p. 342, par. 237).

La Cour ne considérant pas que les activités étatiques susmentionnées
constituent une circonstance pertinente en la présente espèce, la question
de la date critique débattue par les Parties n’appelle pas de réponse de
sa part.

9.5. Eventuel effet d’amputation

199. La Roumanie affirme que la frontière maritime qu’elle propose
n’ampute pas le plateau continental ni la zone économique exclusive
auxquels elle-même et l’Ukraine ont chacune droit. L’espace attribué à
chaque Partie n’empiète pas sur le prolongement naturel de l’autre.

Elle fait valoir que la ligne de délimitation préconisée par l’Ukraine
conduit à amputer les droits maritimes de la Roumanie, en particulier
dans le secteur nord de sa côte, entre la digue de Sulina et la péninsule de
Sacaline. Elle indique que cette ligne de délimitation lui compliquerait
singulièrement l’accès au port de Sulina et à la branche maritime du

Danube, qui constitue une importante voie de transit de marchandises.
En résumé, selon la Roumanie, la ligne ukrainienne entraînerait une
réduction majeure des zones maritimes situées au large du littoral rou-
main, «comme si les projections de chaque segment de la côte ukrai-
nienne s’étendaient sans entrave dans toutes les directions sans aucun
territoire roumain adjacent ou lui faisant face».

*

200. Selon l’Ukraine, la ligne roumaine conduirait à une double
amputation de ses droits maritimes: premièrement, les droits maritimes
de l’île des Serpents seraient fortement tronqués puisque celle-ci ne pos-

sède ni plateau continental ni zone économique exclusive; deuxièmement,
la côte continentale ukrainienne orientée au sud serait privée de la zone
à laquelle elle peut légitimement prétendre: «[L]e résultat final est
clairement inéquitable et constitue un empiétement fondamental sur
les espaces de plateau continental et de zone économique exclusive qui

devraient appartenir à l’Ukraine...» Ainsi, l’Ukraine soutient que «les
versions roumaines de l’équidistance produisent un effet d’amputation
marqué de la projection du front côtier ukrainien au nord de la frontière
terrestre». Elle affirme en outre que

«non seulement la ligne de la Roumanie empiète sur l’extension ou
la projection de la côte ukrainienne orientée au sud-est — c’est-à-

69With respect to fisheries, the Court adds that no evidence has been sub-
mitted to it by Ukraine that any delimitation line other than that claimed

by it would be “likely to entail catastrophic repercussions for the liveli-
hood and economic well-being of the population” (Delimitation of the
Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of
America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984 , p. 342, para. 237).

Since the Court does not consider that the above-mentioned State
activities constitute a relevant circumstance in the present case, the issue
of critical date discussed by the Parties does not require a response from
the Court.

9.5. Any Cutting Off Effect

199. Romania contends that its proposed maritime boundary does
not cut off the entitlements to the continental shelf and to the exclu-
sive economic zone of either Romania or Ukraine. The area attributed
to each Party does not encroach on the natural prolongation of the
other.

Romania argues that Ukraine’s delimitation line leads to a cut-off of
Romania’s maritime entitlements, in particular in the northern sector of
its coast between the Sulina dyke and the Sacalin Peninsula. Romania
states that the delimitation line advocated by Ukraine would make it
extremely difficult for Romania to gain access to the port of Sulina and

the maritime branch of the Danube, which is an important route for the
transit of merchandise. In short, according to Romania, Ukraine’s
claimed line results in a dramatic curtailment of the maritime areas off
the Romanian coast, “as if the projection of every stretch of Ukraine’s
coast run unobstructed in every direction while there is no opposing or
adjacent Romanian territory”.

*

200. According to Ukraine, Romania’s line results in a two-fold cut-
off of Ukraine’s maritime entitlements. First, the maritime entitlements
of Serpents’ Island are dramatically truncated by allocating no continen-

tal shelf and no exclusive economic zone to it. Second, Ukraine’s
south-facing mainland coast is deprived of the area to which it is legally
entitled: “[T]he end result is clearly inequitable and represents a funda-
mental encroachment on continental shelf and exclusive economic areas
that should appertain to Ukraine . . ..” Thus, Ukraine argues that

“Romania’s versions of equidistance produces a marked cut-off effect of
the projection of Ukraine’s coastal front north of the land boundary”.
Moreover Ukraine asserts that

“not only does Romania’s line encroach upon the extension or
projection of Ukraine’s south-east-facing coast — the coast just

69 dire de la côte juste au-dessus de la frontière terrestre —, mais elle
produit un effet d’amputation de la projection de la côte ukrainienne

qui fait face au sud après Odessa».
L’Ukraine affirme que sa proposition respecte pleinement le principe

de non-empiétement, reflétant une situation géographique dans laquelle
«la côte ukrainienne donnant sur la zone à délimiter se projette essentiel-
lement dans trois directions, alors que la côte roumaine se projette dans
une seule direction, à savoir le sud-est».

**

201. La Cour fait observer que la ligne de délimitation que propose
chaque Partie, notamment en son segment initial, ampute sensiblement
les droits de l’autre au plateau continental et à une zone économique
exclusive. La ligne roumaine entrave le droit que génère pour l’Ukraine
sa côte adjacente à celle de la Roumanie, d’autant que la côte septentrio-

nale de l’Ukraine vient renforcer ce droit. La ligne ukrainienne limite,
quant à elle, les droits que la Roumanie tient de sa côte, en particulier
du segment initial de celle-ci, entre la digue de Sulina et la péninsule de
Sacaline.
En revanche, la ligne d’équidistance provisoire tracée par la Cour évite

un tel inconvénient puisqu’elle permet aux côtes adjacentes des Parties de
produire leurs effets, en matière de droits maritimes, d’une manière rai-
sonnable et équilibrée pour chacune d’entre elles. La Cour ne voit donc,
compte tenu de ces éléments, aucune raison d’ajuster la ligne d’équidis-
tance provisoire.

9.6. Les considérations des Parties tenant à la sécurité

202. La Roumanie avance qu’il n’existe aucun élément de preuve indi-
quant que la délimitation qu’elle propose nuirait aux intérêts de l’Ukraine
en matière de sécurité, même en ce qui concerne l’île des Serpents, qui

dispose d’une ceinture maritime de 12 milles marins.
Selon la Roumanie, la ligne de délimitation ukrainienne passe trop
près de la côte roumaine, ce qui porte atteinte à ses intérêts en matière
de sécurité.

*

203. L’Ukraine soutient que sa ligne de délimitation ne compromet en
rien les intérêts de la Roumanie en matière de sécurité, puisqu’elle lui
confère des espaces de plateau continental et une zone économique exclu-
sive au large de sa côte. A cet égard, l’Ukraine fait état de «l’importance
de premier plan qu’elle attache à la sécurité et à d’autres questions du fait

de la position géographique qu’elle occupe dans cette partie de la
mer Noire sur trois côtés de la côte» et affirme qu’elle a été la seule Partie
à surveiller la zone considérée et à prévenir les activités illicites de pêche

70 above the land boundary — it also produces a cut-off effect on
the projection of Ukraine’s south-facing coast lying beyond

Odessa”.
Ukraine argues that its line fully respects the principle of non-

encroachment. It reflects the geographical fact that “Ukraine’s coast
fronting the area to be delimited projects in essentially three directions
while Romania’s coast projects basically in a single direction — south-
eastwards”.

**

201. The Court observes that the delimitation lines proposed by the
Parties, in particular their first segments, each significantly curtail the
entitlement of the other Party to the continental shelf and the exclusive
economic zone. The Romanian line obstructs the entitlement of Ukraine
generated by its coast adjacent to that of Romania, the entitlement

further strengthened by the northern coast of Ukraine. At the same time,
the Ukrainian line restricts the entitlement of Romania generated by its
coast, in particular its first sector between the Sulina dyke and the Sacalin
Peninsula.
By contrast, the provisional equidistance line drawn by the Court

avoids such a drawback as it allows the adjacent coasts of the Parties to
produce their effects, in terms of maritime entitlements, in a reasonable
and mutually balanced way. That being so, the Court sees no reason to
adjust the provisional equidistance line on this ground.

9.6. The Security Considerations of the Parties

202. Romania asserts that there is no evidence to suggest that the
delimitation advanced by it would adversely affect Ukraine’s security
interests, including Serpents’ Island, which has a belt of maritime space

of 12 nautical miles.
In Romania’s view, Ukraine’s delimitation line runs unreasonably
close to the Romanian coast and thus encroaches on the security interests
of Romania.

*

203. Ukraine claims that its line in no way compromises any Roma-
nian security interests because Ukraine’s delimitation line accords to
Romania areas of continental shelf and exclusive economic zone off its
coastline. In this regard Ukraine refers to “the predominant interest
Ukraine has for security and other matters as a function of its geographi-

cal position along this part of the Black Sea on three sides of the coast”
and maintains that Ukraine has been the only Party to police the area
and to prevent illegal fishing and other activities in that area. According

70ou autres dans cette zone. Selon elle, sa thèse est compatible avec cet
aspect de la conduite des Parties, ce qui n’est pas le cas de celle de la

Roumanie.

**
204. La Cour se bornera à formuler deux observations. Premièrement,

les intérêts légitimes des parties en matière de sécurité peuvent jouer un
rôle dans la détermination de la ligne de délimitation définitive (voir Pla-
teau continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1985, p. 42, par. 51). Deuxièmement, en la présente espèce, la ligne

d’équidistance provisoire que la Cour a tracée diffère toutefois sensi-
blement des lignes construites par la Roumanie et l’Ukraine. La ligne
d’équidistance provisoire déterminée par la Cour respecte pleinement les
intérêts légitimes de chaque Partie en matière de sécurité. Aussi n’y a-t-il
pas lieu de l’ajuster en raison de ce facteur.

10. LA LIGNE DE DÉLIMITATION

205. La Cour prend acte de ce que l’article premier du traité de 2003

relatif au régime de la frontière d’Etat situe par 45°05′21″ de latitude
nord et 30°02′27″ de longitude est le point d’intersection des mers terri-
toriales des Parties. Cela suffit à établir le point de départ.
La Roumanie et l’Ukraine ont toutes deux présenté, de manière fort
détaillée, le tracé que suivrait leur ligne de délimitation respective au-delà

du point défini à l’article premier du traité de 2003 relatifoau régime de la
frontière d’Etat (voir paragraphe 13 ci-dessus et croquis n 1, p. 69). La
Cour relève que les positions des Parties divergent à cet égard.
206. La ligne de délimitation arrêtée par la Cour, qui ne retient ni la
pointe de la digue de Sulina ni l’île des Serpents comme points de base,

part du point 1 et suit l’arc de 12 milles marins de rayon entourant l’île
des Serpents jusqu’à son intersection avec la ligne équidistante des côtes
adjacentes roumaine et ukrainienne telle que définie ci-dessus; de là, elle
suit cette ligne jusqu’à ce que son tracé s’infléchisse sous l’effet de points
de base situés sur les côtes de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine qui se font

face. A partir de ce point d’inflexion, la ligne de délimitation se poursuit
le long de la ligne équidistante des côtes de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine
qui se font face (pour le tracé de la ligne d’équidistance, voir para-
graphe 154 ci-dessus).
207. La Roumanie soutient que le point terminal de la ligne de déli-

mitation est situé par 43°26′50″ de latitude nord et 31°20′10″ de longi-
tude est (point Z). Elle affirme que tracer la ligne de délimitation jusqu’au
point Z ne porte pas atteinte aux droits éventuels de pays tiers à des zones
maritimes, ce point étant «pratiquement situé à équidistance des côtes

roumaine, ukrainienne et turque et étant plus éloigné de la côte bulgare».
208. L’Ukraine avance cependant que, afin de ne pas empiéter sur les

71to Ukraine, its claim is consistent with this aspect of the conduct of the
Parties, whereas Romania’s claim is not.

**

204. The Court confines itself to two observations. First, the legitimate
security considerations of the Parties may play a role in determining the
final delimitation line (see Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/
Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985 , p. 42, para. 51). Second, in the
present case however, the provisional equidistance line it has drawn sub-

stantially differs from the lines drawn either by Romania or Ukraine. The
provisional equidistance line determined by the Court fully respects the
legitimate security interests of either Party. Therefore, there is no need to
adjust the line on the basis of this consideration.

10. T HE L INE OF D ELIMITATION

205. The Court takes note of the fact that Article 1 of the 2003 State
Border Régime Treaty situates the meeting point of the territorial seas of
the Parties at 45°05′21″ N and 30°02′27″ E. This suffices for the fixing
of the starting-point.

Romania and Ukraine have both indicated, in considerable detail, the
course that their respective delimitation lines would then follow beyond
the point fixed by Article 1 of the 2003 State Border Régime Treaty (see
paragraph 13 above and sketch-map No. 1, p. 69). The Court notes that
the Parties’ positions differ in this regard.

206. The delimitation line decided by the Court, for which neither the
seaward end of the Sulina dyke nor Serpents’ Island is taken as a base
point, begins at Point 1 and follows the 12-nautical-mile arc around Ser-
pents’ Island until it intersects with the line equidistant from Romania’s

and Ukraine’s adjacent coasts, as defined above; from there, it follows
that line until it becomes affected by base points on the opposite coasts of
Romania and Ukraine. From this turning point the delimitation line runs
along the line equidistant from Romania’s and Ukraine’s opposite coasts
(for the course of the equidistance line see paragraph 154 above).

207. Romania maintains that the endpoint of the delimitation line is
situated at co-ordinates 43°26′50″ N and 31°20′10″ E (Point Z). It

asserts that drawing the delimitation line up to Point Z does not affect
any possible entitlements of third countries to maritime areas, as Point Z
is “practically the point equidistant to the Romanian, Ukrainian and
Turkish coasts, and is farther to the Bulgarian coast”.
208. Ukraine argues that no endpoint of the delimitation should be

71droits potentiels d’Etats tiers, le point terminal de la ligne de délimita-
tion ne doit pas être précisé; la ligne se terminerait donc par une flèche.

La ligne proposée par l’Ukraine se poursuit à partir du point qu’elle a
identifié comme étant le point 3 selon l’azimut 156 jusqu’à atteindre un
point où les intérêts d’Etats tiers pourraient entrer en jeu.
209. La Cour considère que la ligne de délimitation se prolonge en
direction du sud le long de la ligne d’équidistance jusqu’au point au-delà

duquel les intérêts d’Etats tiers pourraient être touchés.

11. V ÉRIFICATION DE L ’ABSENCE DE DISPROPORTION

210. La Cour s’assurera maintenant que le résultat auquel elle est par-
venue jusqu’à présent concernant la ligne de délimitation envisagée
n’entraîne pas de disproportion marquée entre les longueurs respectives
des côtes et les espaces répartis par ladite ligne. La Cour souscrit à

l’observation selon laquelle
«c’est la disproportion plutôt qu’un principe général de proportion-

nalité qui constitue le critère ou facteur pertinent ... il ne peut jamais
être question de refaire entièrement la nature ... il s’agit plutôt de
remédier à la disproportion et aux effets inéquitables dus à des
configurations ou caractéristiques géographiques particulières»
(Délimitation du plateau continental entre le Royaume-Uni de

Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord et la République fran-
çaise, RSA, vol. XVIII, p. 189, par. 101).

211. Les espaces de plateau continental et la zone économique exclu-
sive ne doivent pas être attribués proportionnellement aux longueurs res-
pectives des côtes. La Cour doit néanmoins s’assurer ex post facto du
caractère équitable de la ligne de délimitation qu’elle a tracée (Délimita-
tion de la frontière maritime entre la Guinée et la Guinée-Bissau, RSA ,

vol. XIX, p. 183-184, par. 94-95).
212. Cette vérification ne peut être qu’approximative. Diverses techni-
ques ont été utilisées par le passé pour apprécier la longueur des côtes,
sachant qu’aucune règle de droit international ne précise clairement s’il
convient de se référer aux côtes réelles ou d’utiliser des lignes de base, ou

encore si les côtes jouxtant des eaux intérieures doivent ou non être exclues.
213. La Cour ne peut manquer d’observer que diverses juridictions
— dont elle-même — sont, au fil des ans, parvenues à des conclusions
différentes quant à savoir quelle disparité entre les longueurs des côtes
constituerait une disproportion significative indiquant qu’une ligne de

délimitation est inéquitable et devrait être ajustée. C’est là une question
que la Cour doit examiner au cas par cas, à la lumière de la géographie de
la région dans son ensemble.
214. En la présente espèce, la Cour a mesuré les côtes en fonction de

leur direction générale. Elle n’a pas utilisé les lignes de base proposées par
les Parties à cette fin. Les côtes qui bordent les eaux situées à l’intérieur

72specified, so as to avoid any encroachment on possible entitlements of
third States; the line would therefore end in an arrow. The line advocated

by Ukraine continues from the point identified by it as Point 3 along the
azimuth 156 until it reaches the point where the interests of third States
potentially come into play.
209. The Court considers that the delimitation line follows the equi-

distance line in a southerly direction until the point beyond which the
interests of third States may be affected.

11. THE D ISPROPORTIONALITY TEST

210. The Court now turns to check that the result thus far arrived at,
so far as the envisaged delimitation line is concerned, does not lead to
any significant disproportionality by reference to the respective coastal

lengths and the apportionment of areas that ensue. This Court agrees
with the observation that

“it is disproportion rather than any general principle of proportion-
ality which is the relevant criterion or factor . . . there can never
be a question of completely refashioning nature . . . it is rather a
question of remedying the disproportionality and inequitable effects

produced by particular geographical configurations or features”
(Anglo-French Continental Shelf Case , RIAA, Vol. XVIII, p. 58,
para. 101).

211. The continental shelf and exclusive economic zone allocations are
not to be assigned in proportion to length of respective coastlines. Rather,
the Court will check, ex post facto, on the equitableness of the delimita-

tion line it has constructed (Delimitation of the maritime boundary
between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau , RIAA, Vol. XIX, pp. 183-184,
paras. 94-95).
212. This checking can only be approximate. Diverse techniques have

in the past been used for assessing coastal lengths, with no clear require-
ments of international law having been shown as to whether the real
coastline should be followed, or baselines used, or whether or not coasts
relating to internal waters should be excluded.
213. The Court cannot but observe that various tribunals, and the

Court itself, have drawn different conclusions over the years as to what
disparity in coastal lengths would constitute a significant disproportion-
ality which suggested the delimitation line was inequitable and still
required adjustment. This remains in each case a matter for the Court’s

appreciation, which it will exercise by reference to the overall geography
of the area.
214. In the present case the Court has measured the coasts according
to their general direction. It has not used baselines suggested by the
Parties for this measurement. Coastlines alongside waters lying behind

72de golfes ou de profondes échancrures n’ont pas non plus été prises en

compte. Ces mesures sont nécessairement approximatives, étant donné
que l’objet de cette dernière étape est de s’assurer qu’il n’y a pas de dis-
proportion significative.
215. Il suffit, lors de cette troisième étape, que la Cour précise que les
longueurs respectives des côtes de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine, mesurées

comme indiqué ci-dessus, sont dans un rapport d’environ 1 à 2,8, les por-
tions de zone pertinente de ces Etats s’inscrivant, quant à elles, dans un
rapport d’environ 1 à 2,1.
216. Selon la Cour, cela ne tend pas à indiquer que la ligne qu’elle a

tracée, et pour laquelle elle s’est soigneusement assurée qu’aucune cir-
constance pertinente n’en justifiait l’ajustement, doive être en quelque
façon modifiée.

12. L A FRONTIÈRE MARITIME DÉLIMITANT LE PLATEAU CONTINENTAL
ET LES ZONES ÉCONOMIQUES EXCLUSIVES

217. La Cour fait observer qu’une frontière maritime délimitant le pla-
teau continental et les zones économiques exclusives ne doit pas être assi-

milée à une frontière d’Etat séparant des territoires. La première définit les
limites des zones maritimes dans lesquelles les Etats côtiers détiennent, en
vertu du droit international, certains droits souverains à des fins précises.
La seconde définit les limites territoriales de la souveraineté de l’Etat. En

conséquence, la Cour estime qu’aucune confusion ne peut exister quant à
la nature de la frontière maritime délimitant la zone économique exclusive
et le plateau continental; elle utilisera donc cette expression.
218. La ligne constituant la frontière maritime établie par la Cour

débute au point 1, point d’intersection entre la limite extérieure de la mer
territoriale de la Roumanie et celle de la mer territoriale de l’Ukraine
autour de l’île des Serpents, tel que défini à l’article premier du traité
de 2003 relatif au régime de la frontière d’Etat (voir paragraphe 28 ci-

dessus). De là, elle suit l’arc de la mer territoriale de 12 milles marins
de l’île des Serpents jusqu’à son intersection, au point 2, situé par
45°03′18,5″ de latitude nord et 30°09′24,6″ de longitude est, avec une
ligne équidistante des côtes adjacentes de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine,
tracée à partir de points de base situés à la base de la digue de Sulina et

à la pointe sud-est de l’île de Tsyganka. A partir du point 2, la frontière
maritime continue vers le sud-est le long de la ligne d’équidistance 5
jusqu’au point 3, situé par 44°46′38,7″ de latitude nord et 30°58′37,3″ de
longitude est (point A de la ligne d’équidistance provisoire), où le tracé de

cette dernière s’infléchit sous l’effet d’un point de base situé sur la pénin-
sule de Sacaline.

5Pour la description de la ligne d’équidistance dans son intégralité, voir le para-
graphe 154 ci-dessus.

73gulfs or deep inlets have not been included for this purpose. These meas-

urements are necessarily approximate given that the purpose of this final
stage is to make sure there is no significant disproportionality.

215. It suffices for this third stage for the Court to note that the ratio

of the respective coastal lengths for Romania and Ukraine, measured as
described above, is approximately 1:2.8 and the ratio of the relevant area
between Romania and Ukraine is approximately 1:2.1.

216. The Court is not of the view that this suggests that the line as
constructed, and checked carefully for any relevant circumstances that
might have warranted adjustment, requires any alteration.

12. THE M ARITIME BOUNDARY D ELIMITING THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
AND EXCLUSIVE E CONOMIC ZONES

217. The Court observes that a maritime boundary delimiting the con-
tinental shelf and exclusive economic zones is not to be assimilated to a

State boundary separating territories of States. The former defines the
limits of maritime zones where under international law coastal States
have certain sovereign rights for defined purposes. The latter defines the

territorial limits of State sovereignty. Consequently, the Court considers
that no confusion as to the nature of the maritime boundary delimiting
the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf arises and will thus
employ this term.

218. The line of the maritime boundary established by the Court
begins at Point 1, the point of intersection of the outer limit of the terri-
torial sea of Romania with the territorial sea of Ukraine around Ser-

pents’ Island as stipulated in Article 1 of the 2003 State Border Régime
Treaty (see paragraph 28 above). From Point 1 it follows the arc of the
12-nautical-mile territorial sea of Serpents’ Island until the arc intersects
at Point 2, with co-ordinates 45°03′18.5″ N and 30°09′24.6″ E, with a

line equidistant from the adjacent coasts of Romania and Ukraine, plot-
ted by reference to base points located on the landward end of the Sulina
dyke and the south-eastern tip of Tsyganka Island. The maritime bound-
5
ary from Point 2 continues along the equidistance line in a south-
easterly direction until Point 3, with co-ordinates 44°46′38.7″ N and
30°58′37.3″ E (Point A of the provisional equidistance line), where the
equidistance line becomes affected by a base point located on the Sacalin

Peninsula.

5For the description of the entire course of the equidistance line, see paragraph 154
above.

73 A partir du point 3, la frontière maritime se poursuit vers le sud-est le
long de la ligne d’équidistance jusqu’au point 4, situé par 44°44′13,4″

de latitude nord et 31°10′27,7″ de longitude est (point B de la ligne
d’équidistance provisoire), où son tracé s’infléchit sous l’effet du
point de base situé au cap Tarkhankut, sur la côte opposée de l’Uk-
raine, en direction du sud-sud-est. A partir du point 4, la frontière

suit la ligne d’équidistance entre les côtes de la Roumanie et de
l’Ukraine qui se font face, jusqu’au point 5, situé par 44°02′53,0″
de latitude nord et 31°24′35,0″ de longitude est (point C de la ligne
d’équidistance provisoire), lequel est déterminé par des points de base
situés sur la péninsule de Sacaline, sur la côte roumaine, et les caps

Tarkhankut et Chersonèse, sur la côte ukrainienne; à partir de
ce point, elle se poursuit vers le sud le long de la ligne d’équidistance,
selon un azimut géodésique initial de 185°23′54,5″, jusqu’à atteindre
la zone où les droits d’Etats tiers peuvent entrer en jeu (voir croquis
os
n 8 et 9, p. 132 et 133).
Les coordonnées géographiques des points 2, 3, 4 et 5 de la frontière
maritime unique telle qu’établie dans le présent paragraphe ainsi que
dans le dispositif (voir paragraphe 219) sont données par référence au
datum WGS 84.

* * *

13. D ISPOSITIF

219. Par ces motifs,
L A C OUR,

A l’unanimité,

Dit que, à partir du point 1, tel que convenu par les Parties à l’ar-
ticle premier du traité de 2003 relatif au régime de la frontière d’Etat,
la ligne frontière maritime unique délimitant le plateau continental et les

zones économiques exclusives de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine dans la
mer Noire suit l’arc des 12 milles marins de la mer territoriale de l’Ukraine
entourant l’île des Serpents jusqu’à son intersection avec la ligne équidis-
tante des côtes adjacentes de la Roumanie et de l’Ukraine, au point 2
(situé par 45°03′18,5″ de latitude nord et 30°09′24,6″ de longitude est).

A partir du point 2, la frontière suit la ligne d’équidistance en passant par
les points 3 (situé par 44°46′38,7″ de latitude nord et 30°58′37,3″ de lon-
gitude est) et 4 (situé par 44°44′13,4″ de latitude nord et 31°10′27,7″ de
longitude est), jusqu’au point 5 (situé par 44°02′53,0″ de latitude nord et

31°24′35,0″ de longitude est). A partir du point 5, la frontière maritime
se poursuit vers le sud le long de la ligne équidistante des côtes de la Rou-
manie et de l’Ukraine qui se font face, selon un azimut géodésique initial
de 185°23′54,5″, jusqu’à atteindre la zone où les droits d’Etats tiers peu-
vent entrer en jeu.

74 From Point 3 the maritime boundary follows the equidistance line in a
south-easterly direction to Point 4, with co-ordinates 44°44′13.4″ N and

31°10′27.7″ E (Point B of the provisional equidistance line), where the
equidistance line becomes affected by the base point located on Cape
Tarkhankut on Ukraine’s opposite coast and turns south-south-east.
From Point 4 the boundary traces the line equidistant from the opposite

coasts of Romania and Ukraine until Point 5, with co-ordinates
44°02′53.0″ N and 31°24′35.0″ E) (Point C of the provisional equidis-
tance line), which is controlled by base points on the Sacalin Peninsula
on the Romanian coast and Capes Tarkhankut and Khersones on the
Ukrainian coast, from where it continues along the equidistance line in a

southerly direction starting at a geodetic azimuth of 185°23′54.5″ until
the maritime boundary reaches the area where the rights of third States
may be affected (see sketch-maps Nos. 8 and 9, pp. 132-133).

The geographical co-ordinates for Points 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the single
maritime boundary set out in this paragraph and in the operative clause
(see paragraph 219) are given by reference to WGS 84 datum.

* * *

13. OPERATIVE C LAUSE

219. For these reasons,
T HE COURT ,

Unanimously,

Decides that starting from Point 1, as agreed by the Parties in Article 1
of the 2003 State Border Régime Treaty, the line of the single maritime
boundary delimiting the continental shelf and the exclusive economic

zones of Romania and Ukraine in the Black Sea shall follow the 12-
nautical-mile arc of the territorial sea of Ukraine around Serpents’ Island
until Point 2 (with co-ordinates 45°03′18.5″ N and 30°09′24.6″ E) where
the arc intersects with the line equidistant from Romania’s and Ukraine’s
adjacent coasts. From Point 2 the boundary line shall follow the equidis-

tance line through Points 3 (with co-ordinates 44°46′38.7″ N and
30°58′37.3″ E) and 4 (with co-ordinates 44°44′13.4″ N and
31°10′27.7″ E) until it reaches Point 5 (with co-ordinates 44°02′53.0″ N
and 31°24′35.0″ E). From Point 5 the maritime boundary line shall con-

tinue along the line equidistant from the opposite coasts of Romania and
Ukraine in a southerly direction starting at a geodetic azimuth of
185°23′54.5″ until it reaches the area where the rights of third States may
be affected.

7475 7576 76 Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de

la Paix, à La Haye, le trois février deux mille neuf, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres seront
transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la Roumanie et au Gou-
vernement de l’Ukraine.

Le président,

(Signé) Rosalyn H IGGINS.

Le greffier,

(Signé) Philippe C OUVREUR .

77 Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at

the Peace Palace, The Hague, this third day of February, two thousand
and nine, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of
the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of Romania and
the Government of Ukraine, respectively.

(Signed) Rosalyn H IGGINS ,

President.

(Signed) Philippe C OUVREUR ,

Registrar.

77

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 3 February 2009

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