Judgment of 4 May 2011

Document Number
124-20110504-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

DIFFÉREND
TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME

(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)

REQUÊTE DU HONDURAS
À FIN D’INTERVENTION

ARRÊT DU 4 MAI 2011

2011

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REpORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OpINIONS AND ORDERS

TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME
DISpUTE

(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)

AppLICATION BY HONDURAS
FOR pERMISSION TO INTERVENE

JUDGMENT OF 4 MAY 2011

5 CIJ1020.indb 1 14/06/13 11:47 Mode officiel de citation :
Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie),
requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011, p. 420

Official citation :

Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia),
Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2011, p. 420

o
N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 1020
ISBN 978-92-1-071131-9

5 CIJ1020.indb 2 14/06/13 11:47 4 MAI 2011

ARRÊT

DIFFÉREND
TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME

(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)

REQUÊTE DU HONDURAS
À FIN D’INTERVENTION

TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME

DISpUTE

(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)

AppLICATION BY HONDURAS
FOR pERMISSION TO INTERVENE

4 MAY 2011

JUDGMENT

5 CIJ1020.indb 3 14/06/13 11:47 420

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs

Chronology of the procedure 1-19

I. The Legal Framework 20-48

1. The capacities in which Honduras is seeking to intervene 22-30

2. The interest of a legal nature which may be affected 31-39

3. The precise object of the intervention 40-48

II. Examination of Honduraso’s Request for permission to
Intervene 49-75

1. The interest of a legal nature claimed by Honduras 57-65
2. The application of the principle of res judicata 66-70

3. Honduras’s request in relation to the 1986 Treaty 71-75

Operative Clause 76

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INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2011
2011
4 May
General List
4 May 2011 No. 124

TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME

DISpUTE

(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)

AppLICATION BY HONDURAS
FOR pERMISSION TO INTERVENE

Legal framework — Conditions for intervention under Article 62 of the Statute
and Article 81 of the Rules of Court.

The capacities in which Honduras is seeking to intervene, as a party or,▯ alterna ‑
tively, as a non‑party — The status of intervener as a party requires the existence
of a basis of jurisdiction as between the States concerned, but such a b▯asis of juris ‑
diction is not a condition for intervention as a non‑party — If it is permitted by the
Court to become a party to the proceedings, the intervening State may as▯k for
rights of its own to be recognized by the Court in its future decision, ▯which would

be binding for that State in respect of those aspects for which intervention was
granted, pursuant to Article 59 of the Statute — Whatever the capacity in which a
State is seeking to intervene, it is required to establish the existence▯ of an interest
of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in the main proc▯eedings,
and the precise object of its intervention.

Article 81, paragraph 2 (a), of the Rules of Court — Interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision of the Court in the main proceedin▯gs — In
contrast to Article 63 of the Statute, a third State does not have a right ‑o inter
vene under Article 62 of the Statute — Difference between right and interest of a
legal nature in the context of Article 62 of the Statute — Interest of a legal nature
to be shown is not limited to the dispositif alone of a Judgment but may also relate

to the reasons which constitute the necessary steps to the dispositif.
Article 81, paragraph 2 (b), of the Rules of Court — Precise object of interven‑
tion certainly consists in informing the Court of the interest of a lega▯l nature which
may be affected by the decision of the Court in the main proceedings, bu▯t also in
protecting that interest — Proceedings on intervention are not an occasion for the
State seeking to intervene or for the Parties to discuss questions of su▯bstance relat‑

ing to the main proceedings — A State requesting permission to intervene may not,

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under the cover of intervention, seek to introduce a new case alongside ▯the main
proceedings — While it is true that a State which has been permitted to intervene▯
as a party may submit claims of its own to the Court for decision, these▯ have to be
linked to the subject of the main dispute.

Examination of Honduras’s Application for permission to intervene.
Whether Honduras has set out an interest of a legal nature in the contex▯t of
Article 62 of the Statute — Honduras has indicated the maritime area in which it
considers that it has an interest of a legal nature which may be affecte▯d by the
decision of the Court in the main proceedings — Honduras has stated that it can

assert rights relating to oil concessions, naval patrols and fishing act▯ivities in that
area — With regard to the area north of the bisector line established by t▯he Court
in its 8 October 2007 Judgment in the case concerning the Territorial and Mari -
time Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaroa -
gua v. Honduras), Honduras may have no interest of a legal nature which may be

affected by the decision in the present proceedings because the rights o▯f Honduras
over that area have not been contested by Nicaragua or by Colombia — By virtue
of the principle of res judicata, as applied to the Court’s 8 October 2007 Judg ‑
ment, Honduras cannot have an interest of a legal nature in the area sou▯th of the

bisector line established by the Court in that Judgment.

Whereas Honduras has claimed that it has an interest of a legal nature i▯n deter ‑
mining if and how the Court’s 8 October 2007 Judgment has affected the status
and application of the 1986 Maritime Delimitation Treaty between Honduras and

Colombia, the Court in that Judgment did not rely on that Treaty, in conformity
with the principle of res inter alios acta.
Whereas Honduras has requested that the Court grant it permission to int▯ervene
as a party to fix the tripoint between Honduras, Nicaragua and Colombia, the
Court, having clarified matters pertaining to the 8 October 2007 Judgment and the

1986 Treaty, does not see any link between the issue of the tripoint raised by Hon ‑
duras and the current case.
Honduras has thus failed to satisfy the Court that it has an interest of▯ a legal
nature that may be affected by the decision of the Court in the main proceed ‑
ings — There is consequently no need for the Court to consider any further▯ ques ‑

tions that have been put before it in the present proceedings.

JUDGMENT

Present : President Owada ; Vice‑President Tomka ; Judges Koroma, Al-
Khasawneh, Simma, Abrahamo, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna,

Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Xue, Donoghue ; Judges ad hoc Cot,
Gaja ; Registrar Couvreur.

In the case concerning the territorial and maritime dispute,

between

the Republic of Nicaragua,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, Ambassador of the Republic of Nica-
ragua to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,

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as Agent and Counsel ;
H.E. Mr. Samuel Santos, Minister for Foreign Affairs,

Mr. Alex Oude Elferink, Deputy-Director, Netherlands Institute for the Law
of the Sea, Utrecht University,
Mr. Alain pellet, professor at the Université de paris Ouest, Nanterre-La
Défense, Member and former Chairman of the International Law Commis-

sion, associate member of the Institut de droit international,
Mr. paul Reichler, Attorney-at-Law, Foley Hoag LLp, Washington D.C.,
member of the Bars of the United States Supreme Court and the District oof
Columbia,
Mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, professor of International Law, Universidad

Autónoma, Madrid, member of the Institut de droit international,
as Counsel and Advocates ;

Mr. Robin Cleverly, M.A., D.phil, C.Geol, F.G.S., Law of the Sea Consult -
ant, Admiralty Consultancy Services,
Mr. John Brown, Law of the Sea Consultant, Admiralty Consultancy Services,

as Scientific and Technical Advisers ;

Mr. César Vega Masís, Director of Juridical Affairs, Sovereignty and Terri -
tory, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Julio César Saborio, Juridical Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Mr. Walner Molina pérez, Juridical Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Ms Tania Elena pacheco Blandino, Juridical Adviser, Ministry of Foreign

Affairs,
as Counsel ;

Ms Clara E. Brillembourg, Foley Hoag LLp, member of the Bars of the Dis -
trict of Columbia and New York,
Ms Carmen Martinez Capdevila, Doctor of public International Law, Uni -

versidad Autónoma, Madrid,
Ms Alina Miron, Researcher, Nanterre Centre for International Law
(CEDIN), Université de paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Défense,
Mr. Edgardo Sobenes Obregon, First Secretary, Embassy of Nicaragua in the

Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Assistant Counsel,

and

the Republic of Colombia,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Julio Londoño paredes, professor of International Relations, Uni -
versidad del Rosario, Bogotá,

as Agent ;

H.E. Mr. Guillermo Fernández de Soto, Chair of the Inter-American Juridi -
cal Committee, Member of the permanent Court of Arbitration and former
Minister for Foreign Affairs,

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as Co-Agent ;
Mr. James Crawford, S.C., F.B.A., Whewell professor of International Law,
University of Cambridge, member of the Institut de droit international,

Barrister,
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy, avocat à la Cour d’appel de paris, member of the
New York Bar, Eversheds LLp, paris,
Mr. Marcelo Kohen, professor of International Law at the Graduate Insti -

tute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, associate member
of the Institut de droit international,
as Counsel and Advocates ;

H.E. Mr. Francisco José Lloreda Mera, formerly Ambassador of the Repub -
lic of Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands and permanent Repre-
sentative of Colombia to the OpCW, former Minister of State,

Mr. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina, Member of the International Law Commis -
sion,
H.E. Ms Sonia pereira portilla, Ambassador of the Republic of Colombia to
the Republic of Honduras,

Mr. Andelfo García González, professor of International Law, former Deputy
Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Ms Victoria E. pauwels T., Minister-Counsellor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Mr. Julián Guerrero Orozco, Minister-Counsellor, Embassy of Colombia in

the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Ms Andrea Jiménez Herrera, Counsellor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as Legal Advisers ;

Mr. Thomas Fogh, Cartographer, International Mapping,

as Technical Adviser ;

on the Application for permission to intervene filed by the Republic oof Hondu-
ras,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Carlos López Contreras, Ambassador, National Counsellor at the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

as Agent ;
Sir Michael Wood, K.C.M.G., member of the English Bar, Member of the

International Law Commission,
Ms Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, professor of International Law at the
University of Geneva,

as Counsel and Advocates ;
H.E. Mr. Julio Rendón Barnica, Ambassador, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

H.E. Mr. Miguel Tosta Appel, Ambassador, Chairman of the Honduran
Demarcation Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Sergio Acosta, Chargé d’affaires a.i. at the Embassy of Honduras, in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,

Mr. Richard Meese, avocat à la Cour d’appel de Paris,
Mr. Makane Moïse Mbengue, Doctor of Law, Senior Lecturer at the Univer -
sity of Geneva,

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Ms Laurie Dimitrov, pupil barrister at the paris Bar, Cabinet Meese,
Mr. Eran Sthoeger, Faculty of Law, New York University,
as Counsel ;

Mr. Mario Licona, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

as Technical Adviser,

The Court,

composed as above,
after deliberation,

delivers the following Judgment :

1. On 6 December 2001, the Republic of Nicaragua (hereinafter “Nicara -
gua”) filed in the Registry of the Court an Application institutinog proceedings

against the Republic of Colombia (hereinafter “Colombia”) in resopect of a dis -
pute consisting of a “group of related legal issues subsisting” beotween the two
States “concerning title to territory and maritime delimitation” ion the western
Caribbean.
As a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, the Application invoked thoe pro -

visions of Article XXXI of the American Treaty on pacific Settlement signed on
30 April 1948, officially designated, according to Article LX thereof, as the
“pact of Bogotá” (hereinafter referred to as such), as well as the declarations
made by the parties under Article 36 of the Statute of the permanent Court of
International Justice, which are deemed, for the period which they stillo have to

run, to be acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Couort pur -
suant to Article 36, paragraph 5, of its Statute.
2. pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Registrar immedi -
ately communicated the Application to the Government of Colombia ; and, pur-
suant to paragraph 3 of that Article, all other States entitled to appear before

the Court were notified of the Application.
3. pursuant to the instructions of the Court under Article 43 of the Rules of
Court, the Registrar addressed to all States parties to the pact of Bogotá the
notifications provided for in Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute. In accor -

dance with the provisions of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, the
Registrar moreover addressed to the Organization of American States (heorein-
after the “OAS”) the notification provided for in Article 34, paragraph 3, of the
Statute. The Registrar subsequently transmitted to that organization copoies of
the pleadings filed in the case and asked its Secretary-General to inform him

whether or not it intended to present observations in writing within theo meaning
of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court. The OAS indicated that it did
not intend to submit any such observations.
4. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either of the parties, each party proceeded to exercise its right conferred by Arti -

cle 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case.
Nicaragua first chose Mr. Mohammed Bedjaoui, who resigned on 2 May 2006,
and subsequently Mr. Giorgio Gaja. Colombia first chose Mr. Yves Fortier,
who resigned on 7 September 2010, and subsequently Mr. Jean-pierre Cot.
5. By an Order of 26 February 2002, the Court fixed 28 April 2003 as the

time-limit for the filing of the Memorial of Nicaragua and 28 June 2004 as the
time-limit for the filing of the Counter-Memorial of Colombia. Nicaragua filed
its Memorial within the time-limit thus prescribed.

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6. On 15 May 2003, referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of
Court, the Government of the Republic of Honduras (hereinafter “Hondouras”)
asked to be furnished with copies of the pleadings and documents annexedo in
the case. Having ascertained the views of the parties pursuant to that same pro -

vision, the Court decided to grant this request. The Registrar duly commouni -
cated this decision to the Honduran Government and to the parties.

7. On 21 July 2003, within the time-limit set by Article 79, paragraph 1, of
the Rules of Court, Colombia raised preliminary objections to the jurisdoiction

of the Court. Consequently, by an Order of 24 September 2003, the Court,
noting that by virtue of Article 79, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, the pro -
ceedings on the merits were suspended, fixed 26 January 2004 as the time-limit
for the presentation by Nicaragua of a written statement of its observatoions and
submissions on the preliminary objections made by Colombia. Nicaragua fioled

such a statement within the time-limit thus prescribed, and the case thus became
ready for hearing in respect of the preliminary objections.

8. Between 2005 and 2008, referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules

of Court, the Governments of Jamaica, Chile, peru, Ecuador, Venezuela and
Costa Rica asked to be furnished with copies of the pleadings and documeonts
annexed in the case. Having ascertained the views of the parties pursuant to that
same provision, the Court decided to grant each of these requests. The Roegistrar
duly communicated these decisions to the said Governments and to the parties.

9. The Court held public hearings on the preliminary objections raised by
Colombia from 4 to 8 June 2007. In its Judgment of 13 December 2007, the
Court concluded that it had jurisdiction, under Article XXXI of the pact of

Bogotá, to adjudicate upon the dispute concerning sovereignty over thoe mari -
time features claimed by the parties, other than the islands of San Andrés,
providencia and Santa Catalina, and upon the dispute concerning the maritoime
delimitation between the parties.
10. By an Order of 11 February 2008, the president of the Court fixed

11 November 2008 as the new time-limit for the filing of Colombia’s Counter-
Memorial. That pleading was duly filed within the time-limit thus prescribed.

11. By an Order of 18 December 2008, the Court directed Nicaragua to sub -
mit a Reply and Colombia to submit a Rejoinder and fixed 18 September 2009

and 18 June 2010 as the respective time-limits for the filing of those pleadings.
The Reply and the Rejoinder were duly filed within the time-limits thus pre -
scribed.
12. On 10 June 2010, Honduras filed an Application for permission to inter -

vene in the case pursuant to Article 62 of the Statute. It stated therein that the
object of this Application was :

“Firstly, in general terms, to protect the rights of the Republic of Hon -
duras in the Caribbean Sea by all the legal means available and, conse -
quently, to make use for that purpose of the procedure provided for in
Article 62 of the Statute of the Court.
Secondly, to inform the Court of the nature of the legal rights and inter -

ests of Honduras which could be affected by the decision of the Court,o
taking account of the maritime boundaries claimed by the parties in the case
brought before the Court . . .

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Thirdly, to request the Court to be permitted to intervene in the current
proceedings as a State party. In such circumstances, Honduras would rec -
ognize the binding force of the decision that would be rendered. Should othe
Court not accede to this request, Honduras requests the Court, in the aloter -
native, for permission to intervene as a non-party.”

In accordance with Article 83, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, certified
copies of Honduras’s Application were communicated forthwith to Nicaroagua
and Colombia, which were invited to furnish written observations on thato Appli-

cation.
13. On 2 September 2010, within the time-limit fixed for that purpose by the
Court, the Governments of Nicaragua and Colombia submitted written obsero -
vations on Honduras’s Application for permission to intervene. In itso observa -
tions, Nicaragua stated that the request to intervene failed to comply woith the

Statute and the Rules of Court and that it therefore “opposes the graonting of
such permission, and . . . requests that the Court dismiss the Application for
permission to intervene filed by Honduras”. For its part, Colombia oindicated
inter alia in its observations that it had “no objection” to Honduras’s roequest
“to be permitted to intervene as a non-party”, and added that it “considers that

[Honduras’s request to be permitted to intervene as a party] falls too the Court to
decide”. Nicaragua having objected to the Application, the parties and the Gov -
ernment of Honduras were notified by letters from the Registrar dated o15 Sep -
tember 2010 that the Court would hold hearings, in accordance with Article 84,

paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, to hear the observations of Honduras, the
State applying to intervene, and those of the parties to the case.

14. After ascertaining the views of the parties, the Court decided that copies
of the written observations which they had furnished on Honduras’s Apoplica -

tion for permission to intervene would be made accessible to the public oon the
opening of the oral proceedings.
15. At the public hearings held on 18, 20, 21 and 22 October 2010 on whether
to grant Honduras’s Application for permission to intervene, the Courot heard
the oral arguments and replies of the following representatives :

For Honduras : H.E. Mr. Carlos López Contreras, Agent,
Sir Michael Wood,
Ms Laurence Boisson de Chazournes.

For Nicaragua : H.E. Mr. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, Agent,
Mr. Alain pellet.

For Colombia : H.E. Mr. Julio Londoño paredes, Agent,
Mr. James Crawford,
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy,
Mr. Marcelo Kohen.

*

16. In its Application for permission to intervene, the Honduran Govern -
ment stated in conclusion that it

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“seeks the Court’s permission to intervene as a party in the curreont procee-d
ings in order to settle conclusively, on the one hand, the dispute over othe
delimitation line between the endpoint of the boundary fixed by the Juodg-
ment of 8 October 2007 [in the case concerning the Territorial and Maritime

Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicara ‑
gua v. Honduras)] and the tripoint on the boundary line in the 1986 Mari -
time Delimitation Treaty, and, on the other hand, the determination of tohe
tripoint on the boundary line in the 1986 Maritime Delimitation Treaty

between Colombia and Honduras. In the alternative, Honduras seeks the
Court’s permission to intervene as a non-party in order to protect itos rights
and to inform the Court of the nature of the legal rights and interests oof the
Republic of Honduras in the Caribbean Sea which could be affected by tohe
decision of the Court in these proceedings.” (para. 36.)

In its Written Observations on Honduras’s Application for permission oto inter-
vene, Nicaragua submitted

“that the Application for permission to intervene filed by Honduraso does not

comply with the Statute and Rules of Court and therefore [it] : (1) opposes
the granting of such permission, and (2) requests that the Court dismioss the
Application for permission to intervene filed by Honduras” (para. 39).

In its Written Observations on Honduras’s Application for permission oto inter-
vene, Colombia submitted as follows :

“With respect to the request to be permitted to intervene as a non-party,
Colombia has no objection. Colombia has acknowledged that vis-à-vis

Honduras it is bound by the delimitation agreed in the 1986 Treaty betweoen
Colombia and Honduras. However, this is not the case vis-à-vis Nicaragua
and Colombia has consequently reserved its rights in this area.

With respect to the Honduran request to be permitted to intervene as a

party, Colombia understands that this request raises issues relating to othe
Court’s 2007 Judgment in the Nicaragua v. Honduras case to which Colom-
bia was not a party. Consequently, Colombia considers that this request o
falls to the Court to decide under Article 62 of the Statute, taking into

account whether the object and purpose of the request relates to interveon-
tion under Article 62 in the main case between Nicaragua and Colombia or
to another dispute not directly at issue in the pending case.”

17. At the oral proceedings, the following submissions were presented :

On behalf of the Government of Honduras,

at the hearing of 21 October 2010 :

“Having regard to the Application and the oral pleadings,
May it please the Court to permit Honduras :

(1) to intervene as a party in respect of its interests of a legal nature ino the

area of concern in the Caribbean Sea (paragraph 17 of the Application)
which may be affected by the decision of the Court ; or

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(2) in the alternative, to intervene as a non-party with respect to those
interests.”

On behalf of the Government of Nicaragua,
at the hearing of 22 October 2010 :

“In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of the Court and having
regard to the Application for permission to intervene filed by the Repoublic

of Honduras and its oral pleadings, the Republic of Nicaragua respectfuloly
submits that :
The Application filed by the Republic of Honduras is a manifest chal -
lenge to the authority of the res judicata of your 8th of October 2007 Judg -
ment. Moreover, Honduras has failed to comply with the requirements
established by the Statute and the Rules of the Court, namely, Article 62,
and paragraph 2, (a) and (b), of Article 81 respectively, and therefore

Nicaragua (1) opposes the granting of such permission, and (2) requeosts that
the Court dismiss the Application for permission to intervene filed by Hon -
duras.”

On behalf of the Government of Colombia,
at the hearing of 22 October 2010 :

“In light of the considerations stated during these proceedings, [theo] Gov
ernment [of Colombia] wishes to reiterate what it stated in the Written o
Observations it submitted to the Court, to the effect that, in Colombioa’s
view, Honduras has satisfied the requirements of Article 62 of the Statute

and, consequently, that Colombia does not object to Honduras’s requesot
for permission to intervene in the present case as a non-party. As concerns
Honduras’s request to be permitted to intervene as a party, Colombia like -
wise reiterates that it is a matter for the Court to decide in conformitoy with
Article 62 of the Statute.”

*
* *

18. In its Application for permission to intervene dated 10 June 2010
(see paragraph 12 above), Honduras made clear that it primarily sought
to be permitted to intervene in the pending case as a party, and that ifo the
Court did not accede to that request, it wished, in the alternative, to obe

permitted to intervene as a non-party.
Honduras defined the object of its intervention according to whether its
primary or alternative request to intervene were granted : if the former, to

settle the maritime boundary between itself and the two States parties to
the case; if the latter, to protect its rights and legal interests and to informo
the Court of the nature of these, so that they are not affected by the future
maritime delimitation between Nicaragua and Colombia.

19. Referring to Article 81 of the Rules of Court, Honduras set out in
its Application what it considers to be the interest of a legal nature wohich
may be affected by the Court’s decision on the delimitation betweeno Nica -

ragua and Colombia, the precise object of the intervention, and the basios

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of jurisdiction which is claimed to exist as between itself and the parties

to the main proceedings.

I. The Legal Framework

20. The legal framework of Honduras’s request to intervene is set out
in Article 62 of the Statute and Article 81 of the Rules of Court.
Under Article 62 of the Statute :

“1. Should a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a
request to the Court to be permitted to intervene.
2. It shall be for the Court to decide upon this request.”

Under Article 81 of the Rules of Court :

“1. An application for permission to intervene under the terms of
Article 62 of the Statute, signed in the manner provided for in Arti -
cle 38, paragraph 3, of these Rules, shall be filed as soon as possible,
and not later than the closure of the written proceedings. In excep -

tional circumstances, an application submitted at a later stage may
however be admitted.
2. The application shall state the name of an agent. It shall specify
the case to which it relates, and shall set out :

(a) the interest of a legal nature which the State applying to intervene
considers may be affected by the decision in that case ;
(b) the precise object of the intervention ;
(c) any basis of jurisdiction which is claimed to exist as between the

State applying to intervene and the parties to the case.
3. The application shall contain a list of the documents in support,
which documents shall be attached.”

21. Intervention being a proceeding incidental to the main proceedings
before the Court, it is, according to the Statute and the Rules of Courto,
for the State seeking to intervene to set out the interest of a legal naoture

which it considers may be affected by the decision in that dispute, the
precise object it is pursuing by means of the request, as well as any basis
of jurisdiction which is claimed to exist as between it and the parties.o The
Court will first examine the capacities in which Honduras is seeking too
intervene, before turning to the other constituent elements of the requeost

for permission to intervene.

* *

1. The Capacities in which Honduras Is Seeking to Intervene

22. Honduras is seeking permission to intervene as a party in the case

before the Court in order to achieve a final settlement of the disputeo

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between itself and Nicaragua, including the determination of the tripoinot
with Colombia, and, in the alternative, as a non-party, in order to inform

the Court of its interests of a legal nature which may be affected by othe
decision the Court is to render in the case between Nicaragua and Colom-
bia, and to protect those interests.
23. Referring to the jurisprudence of the Court, Honduras considers
that Article 62 of the Statute allows a State to intervene either as a party

or a non-party. In the former case, a basis of jurisdiction as between the
State seeking to intervene and the parties to the main proceedings is
required, and the intervening State is bound by the Court’s judgment,o
whereas in the latter, that judgment has effect only between the partioes to
the main proceedings, pursuant to Article 59 of the Statute. Honduras
maintains that in the present proceedings, Article XXXI of the pact of

Bogotá founds the Court’s jurisdiction as between itself, Nicaraguoa and
Colombia. For a State seeking to intervene as a party, according to Hon -
duras, intervention consists in “asserting a right of its own with reospect to
the object of the dispute”, so as to obtain a ruling from the Court oon such
a right.

24. Honduras points out that, unlike intervention as a non-party,
intervention as a party, in view of its object, results in making the Coourt’s
decision on the specific point or points on which the intervention waso
permitted binding on the intervener, and thus in making Articles 59 of the
Statute and 94 of the Charter applicable to the intervener.

25. For Nicaragua, whatever the two alternative capacities in which
Honduras is seeking to intervene, both would continue to be governed by o
Article 62 of the Statute and would have to meet the sine qua non condi -
tion or conditions laid down by that provision, namely that the State
must be able to show an interest of a legal nature which may be affected

by the decision in a dispute submitted to the Court. It points out that o
Honduras, in any event, may not intervene as a party, if for no other
reason than the absence of a basis of jurisdiction, since Article VI of the
pact of Bogotá excludes from the Court’s jurisdiction “matters aolready
settled . . . by decision of an international court”. In Nicaragua’s view,

Honduras’s argument consists in reopening delimitation issues already
decided by the Judgment of the Court of 8 October 2007 (Territorial and
Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea
(Nicaragua v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 659).
26. Colombia notes that intervention is an incidental procedure and

may not be used to tack on a new case, distinct from the case that existos
between the original parties. It accepts that both forms of intervention, as
a party and as a non-party, require proof of the existence of an interest of
a legal nature, although it questions whether the same criterion applieso to
this interest in both cases.

*

15

5 CIJ1020.indb 27 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 432

27. The Court observes that neither Article 62 of the Statute nor
Article 81 of the Rules of Court specifies the capacity in which a State

may seek to intervene. However, in its Judgment of 13 September 1990 on
Nicaragua’s Application for permission to intervene in the case conceor -
ning Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras),
the Chamber of the Court considered the status of a State seeking to
intervene and accepted that a State may be permitted to intervene under o
Article 62 of the Statute either as a non-party or as a party :

“It is therefore clear that a State which is allowed to intervene in oa
case, does not, by reason only of being an intervener, become also a
party to the case. It is true, conversely, that, provided that there be o

the necessary consent by the parties to the case, the intervener is not o
prevented by reason of that status from itself becoming a party to the
case.” (Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Hon‑
duras), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1990, pp. 134-135, para. 99.)

28. In the opinion of the Court, the status of intervener as a party
requires, in any event, the existence of a basis of jurisdiction as betwoeen
the States concerned, the validity of which is established by the Court oat
the time when it permits intervention. However, even though Article 81 of

the Rules of Court provides that the application must specify any basis oof
jurisdiction claimed to exist as between the State seeking to intervene and
the parties to the main case, such a basis of jurisdiction is not a condoition
for intervention as a non-party.
29. If it is permitted by the Court to become a party to the proceed -
ings, the intervening State may ask for rights of its own to be recognizoed

by the Court in its future decision, which would be binding for that Staote
in respect of those aspects for which intervention was granted, pursuanto
to Article 59 of the Statute. A contrario, as the Chamber of the Court
formed to deal with the case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime
Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras) has pointed out, a State permit -
ted to intervene in the proceedings as a non-party “does not acquire the

rights, or become subject to the obligations, which attach to the statuso of
a party, under the Statute and Rules of Court, or the general principleso of
procedural law” (ibid., p. 136, para. 102).
30. The fact remains that, whatever the capacity in which a State is
seeking to intervene, it must fulfil the condition laid down by Article 62
of the Statute and demonstrate that it has an interest of a legal nature

which may be affected by the future decision of the Court. Since Arti -
cle 62 of the Statute and Article 81 of the Rules of Court provide the legal
framework for a request to intervene and define its constituent elemenots,
those elements are essential, whatever the capacity in which a State is o
seeking to intervene ; that State is required in all cases to establish its

interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in thoe
main case, and the precise object of the requested intervention.

* *

16

5 CIJ1020.indb 29 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 433

2. The Interest of a Legal Nature which May Be Affected

31. Honduras takes the view that there are two principles underpin -

ning Article 62 of the Statute. Under the first of these, it is for the State
wishing to intervene to “consider” whether one or more of its inteorests of
a legal nature may be affected by the decision in the case, and it aloone is
able to appreciate the extent of the interests in question. According too the
second principle, it is for that State to decide whether it is appropriaote to
exercise a right of intervention before the Court.

For Honduras, therefore, Article 62, like Article 63, lays down a right
to intervene for the States parties to the Statute, whereby it is sufficient
for one of them to “consider” that its interests of a legal natureo may be
affected in order for the Court to be bound to permit intervention.
According to Honduras, if that interest is genuine, the Court does not

have the discretion not to authorize the intervention.
32. Nicaragua, for its part, sees it as incorrect to contend that a right
to intervene exists under Article 62 of the Statute, this being, rather, a
right to apply to intervene, since it is for the Court to determine objeoc -
tively whether the legal interest relied upon is real and whether it really

may be affected in the case in relation to which it is raised in incidoental
proceedings. For Nicaragua, the claims of the State seeking to intervene
must be credible enough to be seen as a genuine legal interest at stake.o

*

33. The Court observes that, as provided for in the Statute and the
Rules of Court, the State seeking to intervene shall set out its own intoerest
of a legal nature in the main proceedings, and a link between that interoest

and the decision that might be taken by the Court at the end of those
proceedings. In the words of the Statute, this is “an interest of a loegal
nature which may be affected by the decision in the case” (expressoed more
explicitly in the English text than in the French “un intérêt do’ordre
juridique . . . pour lui en cause” ; see Article 62 of the Statute).

34. It is up to the State concerned to apply to intervene, even though
the Court may, in the course of a particular case, draw the attention ofo
third States to the possible impact that its future judgment on the meriots
may have on their interests, as it did in its Judgment of 11 June 1998 on
preliminary objections in the case concerning Land and Maritime Bound ‑

ary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria) (I.C.J. Reports
1998, p. 324, para. 116).
35. In contrast to Article 63 of the Statute, a third State does not have
a right to intervene under Article 62. It is not sufficient for that State to
consider that it has an interest of a legal nature which may be affectoed by

the Court’s decision in the main proceedings in order to have, ipso facto,
a right to intervene in those proceedings. Indeed, Article 62, paragraph 2,

17

5 CIJ1020.indb 31 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 434

clearly recognizes the Court’s prerogative to decide on a request foro per-
mission to intervene, on the basis of the elements which are submitted too

it.
36. It is true that, as it has already indicated, the Court “does not cono -
sider paragraph 2 [of Article 62] to confer upon it any general discretion to
accept or reject a request for permission to intervene for reasons simploy of
policy” (Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Application

for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 12, para. 17).
It is for the Court, responsible for safeguarding the proper administratoion
of justice, to decide whether the condition laid down by Article 62, para -
graph 1, has been fulfilled. Consequently, Article 62, paragraph 2, accord-
ing to which “[it] shall be for the Court to decide upon this requesto”, is
markedly different from Article 63, paragraph 2, which clearly gives cer -

tain States “the right to intervene in the proceedings” in respect of the
interpretation of a convention to which they are parties.
37. The Court observes that, whereas the parties to the main proceed -
ings are asking it to recognize certain of their rights in the case at hoand, a
State seeking to intervene is, by contrast, contending, on the basis of oArti -

cle 62 of the Statute, that the decision on the merits could affect its intoer-
ests of a legal nature. The State seeking to intervene as a non-party
therefore does not have to establish that one of its rights may be affected ;
it is sufficient for that State to establish that its interest of a legoal nature
may be affected. Article 62 requires the interest relied upon by the State

seeking to intervene to be of a legal nature, in the sense that it has too be
the object of a real and concrete claim of that State, based on law, as o
opposed to a claim of a purely political, economic or strategic nature. oBut
this is not just any kind of interest of a legal nature ; it must in addition
be possible for it to be affected, in its content and scope, by the Coourt’s
future decision in the main proceedings.

Accordingly, an interest of a legal nature within the meaning of Arti -
cle 62 does not benefit from the same protection as an established right
and is not subject to the same requirements in terms of proof.
38. The decision of the Court granting permission to intervene can be

understood as a preventive one, since it is aimed at allowing the intervoen -
ing State to take part in the main proceedings in order to protect an inote-r
est of a legal nature which risks being affected in those proceedings.o As to
the link between the incidental proceedings and the main proceedings, thoe
Court has previously stated that “the interest of a legal nature to boe

shown by a State seeking to intervene under Article 62 is not limited to
the dispositif alone of a judgment. It may also relate to the reasons which
constitute the necessary steps to the dispositif.” (Sovereignty over Pulau
Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia), Application for Permis▯ ‑
sion to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 596, para. 47.)
39. It is for the Court to assess the interest of a legal nature which may

be affected that is invoked by the State that wishes to intervene, on othe
basis of the facts specific to each case, and it can only do so “in concreto

18

5 CIJ1020.indb 33 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 435

and in relation to all the circumstances of a particular case” (Land, Island
and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras), Application for

Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 118, para. 61).

3. The Precise Object of the Intervention

40. Under Article 81, paragraph 2 (b), of the Rules of Court, an appli-
cation for permission to intervene must set out “the precise object oof the

intervention”.
41. Honduras is requesting the Court, in the context of its Application
for permission to intervene as a party, to determine the course of the
maritime boundary between itself, Nicaragua and Colombia in the mari -
time zone in question, and to fix the tripoint on the boundary line unoder

the 1986 Treaty. In the alternative, the object of Honduras’s intervention
as a non-party is “to protect its rights and to inform the Court of the
nature of the legal rights and interests of the Republic of Honduras in othe
Caribbean Sea which could be affected by the decision of the Court in the
pending case”.
42. Nicaragua, for its part, takes the view that Honduras is endeavour -

ing to convince the Court to rule, in fact, on the course of its own bouond-
ary with the parties, and that “the only purpose of Honduras’s hoped-for
intervention is to call into question the 2007 Judgment determining its o
maritime boundary with Nicaragua along its entire length”.
43. As for Colombia, it points out that intervention may not be used

to tack on a new case, distinct from the case that exists between the ori-
ginal parties, but considers that Honduras qualifies to intervene as ao non-
party under Article 62 of the Statute, and that it is for the Court to go
further, if it so decides, by allowing that State to intervene as a partoy.

*

44. The Court recalls that Honduras’s request for permission to inter -
vene is an incidental procedure and that, whatever the form of the

requested intervention, as a party or as a non-party, the State seeking to
intervene is required by the Statute to demonstrate the existence of a loegal
interest which may be affected by the decision of the Court in the maion
proceedings. It follows that the precise object of the intervention musto be
connected with the subject of the main dispute between Nicaragua and
Colombia.

45. The Court points out, moreover, that the written and oral proceed -
ings concerning the Application for permission to intervene must focus oon
demonstrating the interest of a legal nature which may be affected ; these
proceedings are not an occasion for the State seeking to intervene or foor
the parties to discuss questions of substance relating to the main proceed -

ings, which the Court cannot take into consideration during its examina -
tion of whether to grant a request for permission to intervene.

19

5 CIJ1020.indb 35 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 436

46. As the Court has previously stated, the raison d’être of intervention
is to enable a third State, whose legal interest might be affected by a pos -

sible decision of the Court, to participate in the main case in order too
protect that interest (see paragraph 38 above).
47. The Court notes that a State requesting permission to intervene
may not, under the cover of intervention, seek to introduce a new case
alongside the main proceedings. While it is true that a State which has

been permitted to intervene as a party may submit claims of its own to tohe
Court for decision, these have to be linked to the subject of the main dois -
pute. The fact that a State is permitted to intervene does not mean thato it
can alter the nature of the main proceedings, since intervention “canonot be
[a proceeding] which transforms [a] case into a different case with diofferent
parties” (Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Hondu ‑

ras), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1990, p. 134, para. 98; see also Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/
Malta), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1984, p. 20, para. 31).
48. Therefore, the purpose of assessing the connection between the

precise object of the intervention and the subject of the dispute is to o
enable the Court to ensure that a third State is actually seeking to prootect
its legal interests which may be affected by the future judgment.

* *

II. Examination of Honduraso’s Request for
permission to Interveneo

49. In specifying its interests of a legal nature that may be affected by o
the decision of the Court, Honduras in its Application states that the

1986 Maritime Delimitation Treaty between Honduras and Colombia
(hereinafter referred to as “the 1986 Treaty”) recognizes that the area
north of the 15th parallel and east of the 82nd meridian involves Hondu -
ras’s legitimate rights and interests of a legal nature (see sketch-map
below, p. 441). Honduras argues that the Court should, in its decision in

the present case, take full account of such rights and interests in the o
above-mentioned area, which, it maintains, were not addressed in the
2007 Judgment of the Court in the case concerning Territorial and Mari ‑
time Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea
(Nicaragua v. Honduras) (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 658)

(hereinafter referred to as “the 2007 Judgment”). Since the Court is going
to determine the allocation of the “delimitation area” proposed by Nica -
ragua in the main proceedings, Honduras is of the view that the Court
will inevitably have to decide whether the 1986 Treaty is in force and
whether it does or does not accord Colombia rights in the area in disputoe
between Colombia and Nicaragua. Therefore Honduras maintains that

the status and substance of the 1986 Treaty are at stake in the present o
case.

20

5 CIJ1020.indb 37 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 437

50. Honduras claims that by virtue of the 1986 Treaty, in the area east
of the 82nd meridian, it is still entitled to certain sovereign rights and

jurisdiction such as oil concessions, naval patrols and fishing activioties.
Honduras contends that Nicaragua as a third party to the 1986 Treaty
cannot rely on the said treaty to maintain that the maritime area in queos-
tion appertains to Nicaragua alone. Honduras is convinced that, without o
its participation as an intervening State, the decision of the Court mayo

irreversibly affect its legal interests if the Court is eventually to ouphold
certain claims put forward by Nicaragua.

51. Honduras argues that the 2007 Judgment did not settle the entire
Caribbean Sea boundary between Nicaragua and Honduras. In its opin -
ion, the fact that the arrow on the bisector boundary appearing on one oof

the sketch-maps in the 2007 Judgment stops at the 82nd meridian,
together with the wording of the dispositif of the Judgment, indicates that
the Court made no decision about the area lying east of that meridian
(see sketch-map below, p. 441). According to Honduras, because the
Court in the 2007 Judgment did not rule on the 1986 Treaty, a matter

that the Court was not asked to address, there still exists uncertainty oto
be resolved in regard to the respective sovereign rights and jurisdiction of
the three States in the area, namely, Honduras, Colombia and Nicaragua.
To be more specific, Honduras takes the view that the Court has not
determined the final point of the boundary between Honduras and Nica -

ragua, nor has it specified that the final endpoint will lie on the oazimuth
of the bisector boundary line. As the object of its Application, Honduraos is
requesting the Court, in the event it is granted permission to interveneo as
a party, to fix the tripoint between Honduras, Nicaragua and Colombia,o
and thus to reach a final settlement of maritime delimitation in the aorea.
52. In explaining its understanding of the effect of the 2007 Judgment

with respect to the legal reasoning stated in paragraphs 306 to 319 of the
Judgment under the heading “Starting-point and endpoint of the mari -
time boundary”, Honduras contends that these paragraphs are not part o
of res judicata, and that, in paragraph 319, the Court was not ruling on a
specific matter, but rather indicating to the parties the methodology it

could use without prejudging a final endpoint, and without prejudging o
which State or States could be considered as the third States. Thus, in its
view, paragraph 319 does not rule upon any matter at all and res judicata
in principle only applies to the dispositif of the Judgment.

53. Nicaragua and Colombia, the parties to the main proceedings,
hold different positions towards Honduras’s request. Nicaragua is doefi -
nitely opposed to the Application by Honduras for permission to inter -
vene, either as a party or a non-party. Nicaragua takes the position that
Honduras’s request fails to identify any interest of a legal nature tohat may
be affected by the decision of the Court as required by Article 62 of the

Statute and challenges the res judicata of the 2007 Judgment.

21

5 CIJ1020.indb 39 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 438

54. Nicaragua contends that Honduras has no interest of a legal nature
south of the delimitation line fixed by the Court in the 2007 Judgmento,

including the area bounded by that line in the north and the 15th paralloel
in the south. According to Nicaragua, the 1986 Treaty cannot be relied
on against it because it encroaches on its sovereign rights. Nicaragua
argues that the 2007 Judgment, with full force of res judicata, settles the
entire Caribbean Sea boundary between Nicaragua and Honduras, and

that res judicata extends not only to the dispositif, but also to the reason -
ing, in so far as it is inseparable from the operative part. Nicaragua ios of
the view that the Application instituted by Honduras attempts to reopen o
matters between Nicaragua and Honduras that have already been decided
by the Court and therefore should be barred by the principle of res judi ‑
cata.

55. Colombia, on the other hand, is of the view that Honduras has
satisfied the test to intervene as a non-party in the case under Articole 62
of the Statute. Moreover, it raises no objection to the request of Honduo -
ras to intervene as a party. Colombia focused its arguments on the effoect
of the 2007 Judgment on the legal rights of Colombia vis-à-vis Nicaragua

in the area which the 1986 Treaty covers. Colombia asserted that its bilat -
eral obligations towards Honduras under the 1986 Treaty did not prevent
it from claiming in the present proceedings rights and interests in the area
north of the 15th parallel and east of the 82nd meridian as against Nica -
ragua, because what it had committed to Honduras under the 1986 Treaty

was only applicable to Honduras.

*

56. According to Article 62 of the Statute and Article 81 of the Rules

of Court, the State applying to intervene has to satisfy certain conditioons
in order for intervention to be permitted. Either as a party or a non-party,
the State requesting permission to intervene should demonstrate to the
Court that it has an interest of a legal nature that may be affected boy the
decision of the Court in the main proceedings. The Court, in ascertaininog

whether Honduras has or has not met the criteria in Article 62 of the
Statute concerning intervention, will first of all examine the interests as
claimed by Honduras in its Application. The Court is mindful, as stated o
previously, that in analysing such interests, the Court neither has the o
intention to construe the meaning or scope of the 2007 Judgment in the

sense of Article 60 of the Statute, nor to address any subject-matter that
should be dealt with at the merits phase of the main proceedings (see
paragraph 45 above). The Court must not in any way anticipate its deci -
sion on the merits (see Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute
(El Salvador/Honduras), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judg ‑
ment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 118, para. 62).

* *

22

5 CIJ1020.indb 41 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 439

1. The Interest of a Legal Nature Claimed by Honduras

57. The Court will first examine the interest that Honduras has claimed

for protection by intervention. Honduras indicates that the zone contain -
ing its interest of a legal nature that may be affected by the decisioon of
the Court lies within a roughly rectangular area as illustrated in the
sketch-map attached herewith on page 441. It further states that the
south line and the east line of the rectangle, that are identical with the
boundary in the 1986 Treaty, run as follows :

“[S]tarting from the 82nd meridian, the boundary goes due east

along the 15th parallel until it reaches meridian 79° 56´ 00˝. It then
turns due north along that meridian. Some distance to the north, it
turns to follow an approximate arc to the west of some cays and
Serranilla Bank, until it reaches a point north of the cays . . .”

58. The Court observes that Honduras, in order to demonstrate that it
has an interest of a legal nature in the present case, contends that it ois
entitled to claim sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the maritime aroea

in the rectangle. In concrete terms, Honduras states that it can assert o
rights relating to oil concessions, naval patrols and fishing activitioes in
that area. In its arguments, Honduras raises a number of issues that
directly put into question the 2007 Judgment, in which the maritime
boundary between Honduras and Nicaragua was delimited.

59. Honduras’s interest of a legal nature relates essentially to two
issues: whether the 2007 Judgment has settled the entire maritime bound -
ary between Honduras and Nicaragua in the Caribbean Sea and what
effect, if any, the decision of the Court in the pending proceedings woill
have on the rights that Honduras enjoys under the 1986 Treaty.

60. In its Application, Honduras explains that it and Colombia possess
rights in the maritime zone north of the 15th parallel as they are genero -
ated by the Honduran coast, on the one hand, and by the Archipelago of
San Andrés, Serranilla and the island of providencia, on the other. Due

to their overlapping claims, the 1986 Treaty was concluded. The Court
cannot fail to observe that Honduras’s position on the status of the o
15th parallel as stated in the present case is not raised for the first timoe as
between Honduras and Nicaragua. As a matter of fact, it was duly con -
sidered by the Court in the delimitation of their maritime boundary in tohe

2007 Judgment.
61. In the Nicaragua v. Honduras case in which the 2007 Judgment was
rendered, one of Honduras’s principal arguments with respect to the
delimitation was that the 15th parallel, either as a traditional line oro by
tacit agreement of the neighbouring States, should serve as the maritime
boundary between Honduras and Nicaragua. The Court in that judg -

ment, however, rejected both of these legal grounds and gave no effecto to
the 15th parallel as the boundary line. By virtue of the 2007 Judgment, o

23

5 CIJ1020.indb 43 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 440

therefore, the 15th parallel plays no role in the consideration of the moari-
time delimitation between Honduras and Nicaragua. In other words, the

matter has rested on res judicata for Honduras in the present proceedings.

62. In establishing a single maritime boundary between Nicaragua and
Honduras, delimiting their respective territorial seas, continental shelves
and exclusive economic zones in the disputed area, the Court in the 2007o

Judgment drew up a straight bisector line, with some adjustments taking o
into account Honduras’s islands off the coastline. In the present poroceed-
ings, Honduras and Nicaragua hold considerably different positions on o
the effect of this bisector boundary. They differ as to whether the o2007
Judgment has specified an endpoint on the bisector line, whether the
bisector line extends beyond the 82nd meridian and, consequently,

whether the 2007 Judgment has definitively delimited the entire maritime
boundary between Honduras and Nicaragua in the Caribbean Sea. The
Court notes Honduras’s assertion that these issues, if not answered, o
would certainly affect the finality and stability of the legal relatoions bet-
ween the two parties.

63. In the Court’s reasoning in paragraphs 306-319 of the 2007 Judg -
ment, there are two aspects that the Court considers as directly bearingo
on the above issues. The Court recalls, first, that in the 2007 Judgment, it

was only after the Court came to the conclusion that there may be poten -
tial third-State interests in the area that it decided not to rule on thoe issue
of the endpoint. Logically, if point F on the bisector line had been deter -
mined as the endpoint, as interpreted by Honduras, it would have been
unnecessary for the Court to continue considering where third-State
interests might possibly lie because point F would in any event be devoid

of potential effect on the rights of any third State. Secondly, it was because
of the claim raised by Honduras that a delimitation continuing beyond
the 82nd meridian would affect Colombia’s rights that the Court took full
account of the arguments put forward by Honduras in regard to the
third-State rights and made sure

“that any delimitation between Honduras and Nicaragua extending
east beyond the 82nd meridian and north of the 15th parallel (as the

bisector adopted by the Court would do) would not actually prejudice
Colombia’s rights because Colombia’s rights under [the 1986 Treatyo]
do not extend north of the 15th parallel” (Territorial and Maritime
Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nica‑
ragua v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), pp. 758-759,

para. 316; emphasis added).

According to the Court’s reasoning, the bisector line with a defineod

azimuth, after point F, is to continue as a straight line subject to the
curve of the Earth and run the whole course of the maritime boundary

24

5 CIJ1020.indb 45 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 441

Area in which Honduras claims to have Area in which Honduras claims to have an interest
of a legal nature which may be affected
an interest of a legal nature which by the Court's decision

may be affected by the Court's decision Maritime boundary line established by the Court
in its Judgment of 8 October 2007 in the case
This sketch-map has been prepared for illustrative purposes only, concerning Territorial and Maritime Dispute
on the basis of a map presented by Honduras
between Nicaragua and Honduras in the
Mercator Projection (15°N) Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras)(see
WGS 84 I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 761, sketch-map No. 7)

Delimitation line in the 1986 Treaty
between Honduras and Colombia

Maritime features
Point F
HONDURAS

b
m
oo
C a
b ag
NICARAGUA e e ar
ain Ni
c j b
r e e
n it ai
o i cly
e arep
i n sR
r CARIBBEAN SEA buni
a e i
M i
a
M

C
O
S
TA

R
IC COLOMBIA
A

PANAMA

25

5 CIJ1020.indb 47 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 442

between Honduras and Nicaragua as long as there are no third-State
rights affected. It thus delimits the maritime zones respectively accrouing

to Honduras and Nicaragua in the Caribbean Sea, which by definition
should cover the area in the rectangle.

64. In examining Honduras’s argument, the Court finds it difficult to o
appreciate Honduras’s contention that “a boundary that does not haove

an endpoint, clearly cannot be settled in its entirety”, because thato was
not the first time that the Court left open the endpoint of a maritimeo
boundary to be decided later when the rights of the third State or Stateos
were ascertained. As the Court held in the 2007 Judgment, it is “usual in
a judicial delimitation for the precise endpoint to be left undefined oin
order to refrain from prejudicing the rights of third States” (Territorial

and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean
Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 756,
para. 312 ; see also Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 91, para. 130; Continental Shelf (Lib ‑
yan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Application for Permission to Intervene,

Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 27 ; Maritime Delimitation and Territo ‑
rial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain), Merits,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 116, para. 250 ; Land and Maritime
Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria : Equato ‑
rial Guinea intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 421, para. 238,

p. 424, para. 245 and p. 448, para. 307 ; Maritime Delimitation in the
Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 131, para. 219.)
What was decided by the Court with respect to the maritime delimitation o
between Honduras and Nicaragua in the Caribbean Sea is definitive.
Honduras could not be a “third State” in the legal relations in thoat con -
text for the reason that it was itself a party to the proceedings. So loong as

there are no third-State claims, the boundary is to run indisputably on the
course defined by the Court.
65. The Court observes that the boundary might have conceivably
deviated from the straight-line established by the 2007 Judgment only if
Honduras had presented further maritime features to be taken into

account for the boundary delimitation. Neither in the case concerning thoe
Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the
Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) nor in the present proceedings
did Honduras make such a suggestion or produce any evidence to that
effect. Of course, even if it had done so in the present proceedings, othe

matter still would not have fallen under Article 62 of the Statute with
respect to intervention, but under Article 61 thereof concerning revision.
In other words, Honduras does not suggest that there still exists any unre-
solved dispute or evidence that would prove that the bisector line is
not the complete and final maritime boundary between Honduras and
Nicaragua.

26

5 CIJ1020.indb 49 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 443

2. The Application of the Principle of Res Judicata

66. Honduras’s claims are primarily based on the ground that the rea -

soning stated in paragraphs 306-319 of the 2007 Judgment does not have
the force of res judicata. Honduras contends that, therefore, the principle
of res judicata does not prevent it from raising issues relating to the reason-
ing of that Judgment.
67. It is a well-established and generally recognized principle of law that

a judgment rendered by a judicial body has binding force between the paroties
to the dispute (Effect of Awards of Compensation Made by the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1954p , . 53).
The Court notes that in ascertaining the scope of res judicata of the
2007 Judgment, it must consider Honduras’s request in the specific ocon -

text of the case.
68. The rights of Honduras over the area north of the bisector line
have not been contested either by Nicaragua or by Colombia. With
regard to that area, there thus cannot be an interest of a legal nature oof
Honduras which may be affected by the decision of the Court in the maion
proceedings.

In order to assess whether Honduras has an interest of a legal nature ino
the area south of the bisector line, the essential issue for the Court too
ascertain is to what extent the 2007 Judgment has determined the course
of the single maritime boundary between the areas of territorial sea, coon -
tinental shelf and exclusive economic zone appertaining respectively to o

Nicaragua and Honduras.
69. The Court is of the view that the course of the bisector line as deter -
mined in point (3) of the operative clause of its 2007 Judgment (para -
graph 321) is clear. In point (3) of its operative clause, which indisputably
has the force of res judicata, the Court held that “[f]rom point F, [the bound-

ary line] shall continue along the line having the azimuth of 70° 14´ 41.25˝
until it reaches the area where the rights of third States may be affeocted”.
70. The Court observes that the reasoning contained in para -
graphs 306-319 of the 2007 Judgment, which was an essential step leading
to the dispositif of that Judgment, is also unequivocal on this point. The

Court made a clear determination in these paragraphs that the bisector
line would extend beyond the 82nd meridian until it reached the area
where the rights of a third State may be affected. Before the rights oof such
third State were ascertained, the endpoint of the bisector line would beo
left open. Without such reasoning, it may be difficult to understand whoy

the Court did not fix an endpoint in its decision. With this reasoning, the
decision made by the Court in its 2007 Judgment leaves no room for any
alternative interpretation.

3. Honduras’s Request in relation to the 1986 Treaty

71. With regard to the 1986 Treaty, the Court observes that Honduras
and Colombia have different positions. Honduras asserts that given theo

27

5 CIJ1020.indb 51 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 444

“conflicting bilateral obligations”, stemming from the 1986 Treaty with
Colombia and the 2007 Judgment vis-à-vis Nicaragua respectively, Hon -

duras has an interest of a legal nature in determining if and how the
2007 Judgment has affected the status and application of the 1986 Treaty.
Colombia, on the other hand, asks the Court to leave the 1986 Treaty
aside, because the task of the Court at the merits phase is to delimit the
maritime boundary between Colombia and Nicaragua, not to determine

the status of the treaty relations between Colombia and Honduras. Thus, o
in the view of Colombia, the status and substance of the 1986 Treaty areo
not issues at stake in the main proceedings.

72. In the perceived rectangle now under consideration (see sketch-map,

p. 441), there are three States involved: Honduras, Colombia and Nicara -
gua. These States may conclude maritime delimitation treaties on a bilato-
eral basis. Such bilateral treaties, under the principle res inter alios acta,
neither confer any rights upon a third State, nor impose any duties on iot.
Whatever concessions one State party has made to the other shall remain o

bilateral and bilateral only, and will not affect the entitlements of othe
third State. In conformity with the principle of res inter alios acta, the
Court in the 2007 Judgment did not rely on the 1986 Treaty.

73. Between Colombia and Nicaragua, the maritime boundary will be

determined pursuant to the coastline and maritime features of the two
parties. In so doing, the Court will place no reliance on the 1986 Treaty
in determining the maritime boundary between Nicaragua and Colombia.
74. Finally, the Court does not consider any need to address the remain -
ing issue of the “tripoint” that Honduras claims to be on the bounodary line

in the 1986 Treaty. Having clarified the above matters pertaining to the
2007 Judgment and the 1986 Treaty, the Court does not see any link between
the issue of the “tripoint” raised by Honduras and the current prooceedings.
75. In light of the above considerations, the Court concludes that Hon -
duras has failed to satisfy the Court that it has an interest of a legal nature

that may be affected by the decision of the Court in the main proceediongs.
Consequently, there is no need for the Court to consider any further
questions that have been put before it in the present proceedings.

*
* *

76. For these reasons,

The Court,

By thirteen votes to two,
Finds that the Application for permission to intervene in the proceed -

ings, either as a party or as a non-party, filed by the Republic of Honduras
under Article 62 of the Statute of the Court cannot be granted.

28

5 CIJ1020.indb 53 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 445

in favour : President Owada ; Vice‑President Tomka ; Judges Koroma, Al-
Khasawneh, Simma, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Cançado Trin-
dade, Yusuf, Xue ; Judges ad hoc Cot, Gaja;
against :Judges Abraham, Donoghue.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the peace palace, The Hague, this fourth day of May, two thousand and
eleven, in four copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of tohe
Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic of

Nicaragua, the Government of the Republic of Colombia, and the
Government of the Republic of Honduras, respectively.

(Signed) Hisashi Owada,

president.

(Signed) philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.

Judge Al-Khasawneh appends a declaration to the Judgment of the
Court ; JudgeAbraham appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of
the Court ; Judge Keith appends a declaration to the Judgment of the
Court ; JudgesCançado Trindade and Yusuf append a joint declaration

to the Judgment of the Court ; Judge Donoghue appends a dissenting
opinion to the Judgment of the Court.

(Initialled) H.O.

(Initialled) ph.C.

29

5 CIJ1020.indb 55 14/06/13 11:47

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

DIFFÉREND
TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME

(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)

REQUÊTE DU HONDURAS
À FIN D’INTERVENTION

ARRÊT DU 4 MAI 2011

2011

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REpORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OpINIONS AND ORDERS

TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME
DISpUTE

(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)

AppLICATION BY HONDURAS
FOR pERMISSION TO INTERVENE

JUDGMENT OF 4 MAY 2011

5 CIJ1020.indb 1 14/06/13 11:47 Mode officiel de citation :
Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie),
requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011, p. 420

Official citation :

Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia),
Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2011, p. 420

o
N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 1020
ISBN 978-92-1-071131-9

5 CIJ1020.indb 2 14/06/13 11:47 4 MAI 2011

ARRÊT

DIFFÉREND
TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME

(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)

REQUÊTE DU HONDURAS
À FIN D’INTERVENTION

TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME

DISpUTE

(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)

AppLICATION BY HONDURAS
FOR pERMISSION TO INTERVENE

4 MAY 2011

JUDGMENT

5 CIJ1020.indb 3 14/06/13 11:47 420

TABLE DES MATIèRES

Paragraphes

Qualités 1-19

I. Le cadre juridique 20-48

1. Les qualités au titre desquelles le Honduras demande à
intervenir 22-30
2. L’intérêt d’ordre juridique en cause 31-39

3. L’objet précis de l’intervention 40-48

II. Examen de la requête à ofin d’intervention duo Honduras 49-75

1. L’intérêt d’ordre juridique revendiqué par le Honduras 57-65
2. L’application du principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée 66-70

3. La demande du Honduras et le traité de 1986 71-75

Dispositif 76

4

5 CIJ1020.indb 4 14/06/13 11:47 420

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs

Chronology of the procedure 1-19

I. The Legal Framework 20-48

1. The capacities in which Honduras is seeking to intervene 22-30

2. The interest of a legal nature which may be affected 31-39

3. The precise object of the intervention 40-48

II. Examination of Honduraso’s Request for permission to
Intervene 49-75

1. The interest of a legal nature claimed by Honduras 57-65
2. The application of the principle of res judicata 66-70

3. Honduras’s request in relation to the 1986 Treaty 71-75

Operative Clause 76

4

5 CIJ1020.indb 5 14/06/13 11:47 421

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

2011 ANNÉE 2011
4 mai
Rôle général
n 124 4 mai 2011

DIFFÉREND

TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME

(NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE)

REQUÊTE DU HONDURAS

À FIN D’INTERVENTION

Cadre juridique — Conditions de l’intervention en vertu de l’article 62 du Statut
de la Cour et de l’article 81 du Règlement.
Honduras demandant à intervenir en qualité de partie ou, subsidiai▯rement, en
qualité de non‑partie — Statut d’intervenant en tant que partie nécessitant l’exis▯ ‑

tence d’une base de compétence entre les Etats concernés, celle▯‑ci n’étant toutefois
pas une condition de l’intervention en tant que non‑partie — Etat intervenant pou ‑
vant, s’il est autorisé par la Cour à être partie au procè▯s, demander à celle‑ci de
reconnaître ses droits propres dans sa décision future, laquelle s▯era obligatoire à
son égard en ce qui concerne les aspects pour lesquels l’intervent▯ion a été admise,
en application de l’article 59 du Statut — Etat devant, quelle que soit la qualité au

titre de laquelle il demande à intervenir, établir l’existence d’un intérêt d’ordre
juridique susceptible d’être affecté par la décision de la C▯our dans la procédure
principale et l’objet précis de son intervention.
Alinéa a) du paragraphe 2 de l’article 81 du Règlement — Intérêt d’ordre juri ‑
dique susceptible d’être affecté par la décision de la Cour ▯dans la procédure princi ‑

pale — Article 62 du Statut ne conférant pas, contrairement à l’article 63 du
Statut, à un Etat tiers un droit à intervenir — Différence entre droit et intérêt
d’ordre juridique au sens de l’article 62 du Statut — Intérêt d’ordre juridique à
démontrer n’étant pas limité au seul dispositif d’un arrê▯t, mais pouvant également
concerner les motifs qui constituent le support nécessaire du disposi▯tif.

Alinéa b) du paragraphe 2 de l’article 81 du Règlement — Objet précis de l’in ‑
tervention consistant certainement à informer la Cour de l’inté▯rêt d’ordre juridique
susceptible d’être affecté par la décision de la Cour dans l▯a procédure principale,
mais aussi à protéger cet intérêt — Procédures d’intervention n’étant pas, pour
l’Etat qui demande à intervenir ou pour les Parties, l’occasion▯ de débattre de ques ‑
tions de fond relevant de la procédure principale — Etat qui demande à intervenir

5

5 CIJ1020.indb 6 14/06/13 11:47 421

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2011
2011
4 May
General List
4 May 2011 No. 124

TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME

DISpUTE

(NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA)

AppLICATION BY HONDURAS
FOR pERMISSION TO INTERVENE

Legal framework — Conditions for intervention under Article 62 of the Statute
and Article 81 of the Rules of Court.

The capacities in which Honduras is seeking to intervene, as a party or,▯ alterna ‑
tively, as a non‑party — The status of intervener as a party requires the existence
of a basis of jurisdiction as between the States concerned, but such a b▯asis of juris ‑
diction is not a condition for intervention as a non‑party — If it is permitted by the
Court to become a party to the proceedings, the intervening State may as▯k for
rights of its own to be recognized by the Court in its future decision, ▯which would

be binding for that State in respect of those aspects for which intervention was
granted, pursuant to Article 59 of the Statute — Whatever the capacity in which a
State is seeking to intervene, it is required to establish the existence▯ of an interest
of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in the main proc▯eedings,
and the precise object of its intervention.

Article 81, paragraph 2 (a), of the Rules of Court — Interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision of the Court in the main proceedin▯gs — In
contrast to Article 63 of the Statute, a third State does not have a right ‑o inter
vene under Article 62 of the Statute — Difference between right and interest of a
legal nature in the context of Article 62 of the Statute — Interest of a legal nature
to be shown is not limited to the dispositif alone of a Judgment but may also relate

to the reasons which constitute the necessary steps to the dispositif.
Article 81, paragraph 2 (b), of the Rules of Court — Precise object of interven‑
tion certainly consists in informing the Court of the interest of a lega▯l nature which
may be affected by the decision of the Court in the main proceedings, bu▯t also in
protecting that interest — Proceedings on intervention are not an occasion for the
State seeking to intervene or for the Parties to discuss questions of su▯bstance relat‑

ing to the main proceedings — A State requesting permission to intervene may not,

5

5 CIJ1020.indb 7 14/06/13 11:47 422 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

ne pouvant, sous couvert d’intervention, chercher à introduire une▯ instance nouvelle
aux côtés de la procédure principale — Etat autorisé à intervenir en tant que partie
pouvant soumettre à la Cour, pour décision, des demandes qui lui s▯ont propres, à
condition que celles‑ci soient liées à l’objet du différend ▯principal.

Examen de la requête à fin d’intervention du Honduras.
Point de savoir si le Honduras a spécifié un intérêt d’ordre juridique au sens de
l’article 62 du Statut — Honduras ayant précisé la zone maritime dans laquelle il
estime avoir un intérêt d’ordre juridique susceptible d’être affecté par la décision de
la Cour dans la procédure principale — Honduras ayant soutenu pouvoir se préva ‑

loir de droits en matière de concessions pétrolières, de patrou▯illes navales et d’ac ‑
tivités de pêche dans cette zone — En ce qui concerne la zone située au nord de la
ligne bissectrice tracée par la Cour dans son arrêt du 8 octobre 2007 en l’affaire du
Différend territorial et maritime entre le Nicaragua et le Honduraso dans la mer
des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Honduras), Honduras ne pouvant avoir aucun intérêt

d’ordre juridique susceptible d’être affecté par la décision de la Cour dans la pro ‑
cédure principale, ses droits sur cette zone n’ayant été con▯testés ni par le Nicara‑
gua ni par la Colombie — Honduras ne pouvant avoir, en vertu du principe de
l’autorité de la chose jugée, tel qu’appliqué à l’a▯rrêt de la Cour en date du

8 octobre 2007, un intérêt d’ordre juridique dans la zone située au su▯d de la bissec
trice établie par la Cour dans cet arrêt.
Honduras ayant soutenu avoir un intérêt d’ordre juridique à c ▯ e que soit tranchée
la question de savoir si et dans quelle mesure l’arrêt rendu par ▯ Cour le
8 octobre 2007 a eu une incidence sur le statut et l’application du traité de délimita

tion maritime conclu en 1986 entre lui‑même et la Colombie ; Cour ne s’étant pas,
conformément au principe res inter alios acta, fondée sur ce traité dans son arrêt.
Honduras ayant demandé à la Cour de l’autoriser à intervenir▯ en tant que partie
afin de fixer le point triple entre lui‑même, le Nicaragua et la Colo▯mbie ; Cour,
après avoir éclairci les questions qui se posaient relativement à▯ l’arrêt du 8 oc‑

tobre 2007 et au traité de 1986, ne voyant aucun lien entre la question du point
triple soulevée par le Honduras et la présente affaire.
Honduras n’étant, dès lors, pas parvenu à démontrer qu’▯un intérêt d’ordre juri ‑
dique était susceptible d’être affecté par la décision de▯ la Cour dans la procédure
principale — Cour n’ayant, en conséquence, besoin d’examiner aucune aut▯re des

questions soulevées devant elle dans la présente procédure.

ARRÊT

Présents : M.Owada, président ; M. Tomka,vice‑président ;MM. Koroma, Al-
Khasawneh, Simma, Abrahamo, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna,
mes
Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, M Xue, Donoghue, juges ;MM. Cot,
Gaja, juges ad hoc ;M. Couvreur, greffier.

En l’affaire du différend territorial et maritime,

entre

la République du Nicaragua,
représentée par

S. Exc. M. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, ambassadeur de la République du
Nicaragua auprès du Royaume des pays-Bas,

6

5 CIJ1020.indb 8 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 422

under the cover of intervention, seek to introduce a new case alongside ▯the main
proceedings — While it is true that a State which has been permitted to intervene▯
as a party may submit claims of its own to the Court for decision, these▯ have to be
linked to the subject of the main dispute.

Examination of Honduras’s Application for permission to intervene.
Whether Honduras has set out an interest of a legal nature in the contex▯t of
Article 62 of the Statute — Honduras has indicated the maritime area in which it
considers that it has an interest of a legal nature which may be affecte▯d by the
decision of the Court in the main proceedings — Honduras has stated that it can

assert rights relating to oil concessions, naval patrols and fishing act▯ivities in that
area — With regard to the area north of the bisector line established by t▯he Court
in its 8 October 2007 Judgment in the case concerning the Territorial and Mari -
time Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaroa -
gua v. Honduras), Honduras may have no interest of a legal nature which may be

affected by the decision in the present proceedings because the rights o▯f Honduras
over that area have not been contested by Nicaragua or by Colombia — By virtue
of the principle of res judicata, as applied to the Court’s 8 October 2007 Judg ‑
ment, Honduras cannot have an interest of a legal nature in the area sou▯th of the

bisector line established by the Court in that Judgment.

Whereas Honduras has claimed that it has an interest of a legal nature i▯n deter ‑
mining if and how the Court’s 8 October 2007 Judgment has affected the status
and application of the 1986 Maritime Delimitation Treaty between Honduras and

Colombia, the Court in that Judgment did not rely on that Treaty, in conformity
with the principle of res inter alios acta.
Whereas Honduras has requested that the Court grant it permission to int▯ervene
as a party to fix the tripoint between Honduras, Nicaragua and Colombia, the
Court, having clarified matters pertaining to the 8 October 2007 Judgment and the

1986 Treaty, does not see any link between the issue of the tripoint raised by Hon ‑
duras and the current case.
Honduras has thus failed to satisfy the Court that it has an interest of▯ a legal
nature that may be affected by the decision of the Court in the main proceed ‑
ings — There is consequently no need for the Court to consider any further▯ ques ‑

tions that have been put before it in the present proceedings.

JUDGMENT

Present : President Owada ; Vice‑President Tomka ; Judges Koroma, Al-
Khasawneh, Simma, Abrahamo, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna,

Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Xue, Donoghue ; Judges ad hoc Cot,
Gaja ; Registrar Couvreur.

In the case concerning the territorial and maritime dispute,

between

the Republic of Nicaragua,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, Ambassador of the Republic of Nica-
ragua to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,

6

5 CIJ1020.indb 9 14/06/13 11:47 423 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

comme agent et conseil ;
S. Exc. M. Samuel Santos, ministre des affaires étrangères,

M. Alex Oude Elferink, directeur adjoint de l’Institut néerlandais du droit de o
la mer de l’Université d’Utrecht,
M. Alain pellet, professeur à l’Université de paris Ouest, Nanterre-La
Défense, membre et ancien président de la Commission du droit inteornat-o

nal, membre associé de l’Institut de droit international,
M. paul Reichler, avocat au cabinet Foley Hoag LLp, Washington D.C.,
membre des barreaux de la Cour suprême des Etats-Unis d’Amérique et du

district de Columbia,
M. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, professeur de droit international à l’Universi -
dad Autónoma de Madrid, membre de l’Institut de droit internationaol,

comme conseils et avocats ;
M. Robin Cleverly, M.A., D.phil, C.Geol, F.G.S., consultant en droit de la

mer, Admiralty Consultancy Services,
M. John Brown, consultant en droit de la mer, Admiralty Consultancy Ser -
vices,

comme conseillers scientifiques et techniques ;
M. César Vega Masís, directeur des affaires juridiques, de la souveraineté et o

du territoire au ministère des affaires étrangères,
M. Julio César Saborio, conseiller juridique au ministère des affaires étr-n
gères,
M. Walner Molina pérez, conseiller juridique au ministère des affaires étran -

gères,
M me Tania Elena pacheco Blandino, conseiller juridique au ministère des
affaires étrangères,

comme conseils ;
M meClara E. Brillembourg, cabinet Foley Hoag LLp, membre des barreaux

du district de Columbia et de New York,
M me Carmen Martinez Capdevila, docteur en droit international public de
l’Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,
M me Alina Miron, chercheur au Centre de droit international de Nanterre

(CEDIN), Université de paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Défense,
M. Edgardo Sobenes Obregon, premier secrétaire de l’ambassade du Nicara -
gua au Royaume des pays-Bas,

comme conseils adjoints,

et

la République de Colombie,

représentée par

S. Exc. M. Julio Londoño paredes, professeur de relations internationales à
l’Universidad del Rosario de Bogotá,

comme agent ;
S. Exc. M. Guillermo Fernández de Soto, président du comité juridique inter-

américain, membre de la Cour permanente d’arbitrage, ancien ministore des
affaires étrangères,

7

5 CIJ1020.indb 10 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 423

as Agent and Counsel ;
H.E. Mr. Samuel Santos, Minister for Foreign Affairs,

Mr. Alex Oude Elferink, Deputy-Director, Netherlands Institute for the Law
of the Sea, Utrecht University,
Mr. Alain pellet, professor at the Université de paris Ouest, Nanterre-La
Défense, Member and former Chairman of the International Law Commis-

sion, associate member of the Institut de droit international,
Mr. paul Reichler, Attorney-at-Law, Foley Hoag LLp, Washington D.C.,
member of the Bars of the United States Supreme Court and the District oof
Columbia,
Mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, professor of International Law, Universidad

Autónoma, Madrid, member of the Institut de droit international,
as Counsel and Advocates ;

Mr. Robin Cleverly, M.A., D.phil, C.Geol, F.G.S., Law of the Sea Consult -
ant, Admiralty Consultancy Services,
Mr. John Brown, Law of the Sea Consultant, Admiralty Consultancy Services,

as Scientific and Technical Advisers ;

Mr. César Vega Masís, Director of Juridical Affairs, Sovereignty and Terri -
tory, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Julio César Saborio, Juridical Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Mr. Walner Molina pérez, Juridical Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Ms Tania Elena pacheco Blandino, Juridical Adviser, Ministry of Foreign

Affairs,
as Counsel ;

Ms Clara E. Brillembourg, Foley Hoag LLp, member of the Bars of the Dis -
trict of Columbia and New York,
Ms Carmen Martinez Capdevila, Doctor of public International Law, Uni -

versidad Autónoma, Madrid,
Ms Alina Miron, Researcher, Nanterre Centre for International Law
(CEDIN), Université de paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Défense,
Mr. Edgardo Sobenes Obregon, First Secretary, Embassy of Nicaragua in the

Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Assistant Counsel,

and

the Republic of Colombia,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Julio Londoño paredes, professor of International Relations, Uni -
versidad del Rosario, Bogotá,

as Agent ;

H.E. Mr. Guillermo Fernández de Soto, Chair of the Inter-American Juridi -
cal Committee, Member of the permanent Court of Arbitration and former
Minister for Foreign Affairs,

7

5 CIJ1020.indb 11 14/06/13 11:47 424 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

comme coagent ;
M. James Crawford, S.C., F.B.A., professeur de droit international à l’Uni -

versité de Cambridge, titulaire de la chaire Whewell, membre de l’oInstitut
de droit international, avocat,
M. Rodman R. Bundy, avocat à la cour d’appel de paris, membre du barreau
de New York, cabinet Eversheds LLp, paris,

M. Marcelo Kohen, professeur de droit international à l’Institut de hautes
études internationales et du développement de Genève, membre asosocié de
l’Institut de droit international,

comme conseils et avocats ;
S. Exc. M.Francisco José Lloreda Mera, ancien ambassadeur de la République

de Colombie auprès du Royaume des pays-Bas et représentant permanent de
la Colombie auprès de l’OIAC, ancien ministre d’Etat,
M. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina, membre de la Commission du droit internatio-
nal,
S. Exc. M meSonia pereira portilla, ambassadeur de la République de Colom -

bie auprès de la République du Honduras,
M. Andelfo García González, professeur de droit international, ancien
ministre adjoint des affaires étrangères,
M me Victoria E. pauwels T., ministre-conseiller au ministère des affaires

étrangères,
M. Julián Guerrero Orozco, ministre-conseiller à l’ambassade de Colombie
au Royaume des pays-Bas,
M meAndrea Jiménez Herrera, conseiller au ministère des affaires étrangères,

comme conseillers juridiques ;

M. Thomas Fogh, cartographe, International Mapping,
comme conseiller technique ;

sur la requête à fin d’intervention déposée par la Réopublique du Honduras,

représentée par

S. Exc. M. Carlos López Contreras, ambassadeur, conseiller national au
ministère des affaires étrangères,

comme agent ;
sir Michael Wood, K.C.M.G., membre du barreau d’Angleterre, membre de
la Commission du droit international,
me
M Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, professeur de droit international à
l’Université de Genève,
comme conseils et avocats ;

S. Exc. M. Julio Rendón Barnica, ambassadeur, ministère des affaires étran -
gères,

S. Exc. M. Miguel Tosta Appel, ambassadeur, président de la commission
hondurienne de démarcation au ministère des affaires étrangèores,
M. Sergio Acosta, chargé d’affaires par intérim à l’ambassade du Honduras
au Royaume des pays-Bas,
M. Richard Meese, avocat à la cour d’appel de paris,

M. Makane Moïse Mbengue, docteur en droit, maître de conférences à l’Uni -
versité de Genève,

8

5 CIJ1020.indb 12 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 424

as Co-Agent ;
Mr. James Crawford, S.C., F.B.A., Whewell professor of International Law,
University of Cambridge, member of the Institut de droit international,

Barrister,
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy, avocat à la Cour d’appel de paris, member of the
New York Bar, Eversheds LLp, paris,
Mr. Marcelo Kohen, professor of International Law at the Graduate Insti -

tute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, associate member
of the Institut de droit international,
as Counsel and Advocates ;

H.E. Mr. Francisco José Lloreda Mera, formerly Ambassador of the Repub -
lic of Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands and permanent Repre-
sentative of Colombia to the OpCW, former Minister of State,

Mr. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina, Member of the International Law Commis -
sion,
H.E. Ms Sonia pereira portilla, Ambassador of the Republic of Colombia to
the Republic of Honduras,

Mr. Andelfo García González, professor of International Law, former Deputy
Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Ms Victoria E. pauwels T., Minister-Counsellor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Mr. Julián Guerrero Orozco, Minister-Counsellor, Embassy of Colombia in

the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Ms Andrea Jiménez Herrera, Counsellor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as Legal Advisers ;

Mr. Thomas Fogh, Cartographer, International Mapping,

as Technical Adviser ;

on the Application for permission to intervene filed by the Republic oof Hondu-
ras,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Carlos López Contreras, Ambassador, National Counsellor at the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

as Agent ;
Sir Michael Wood, K.C.M.G., member of the English Bar, Member of the

International Law Commission,
Ms Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, professor of International Law at the
University of Geneva,

as Counsel and Advocates ;
H.E. Mr. Julio Rendón Barnica, Ambassador, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

H.E. Mr. Miguel Tosta Appel, Ambassador, Chairman of the Honduran
Demarcation Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Sergio Acosta, Chargé d’affaires a.i. at the Embassy of Honduras, in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,

Mr. Richard Meese, avocat à la Cour d’appel de Paris,
Mr. Makane Moïse Mbengue, Doctor of Law, Senior Lecturer at the Univer -
sity of Geneva,

8

5 CIJ1020.indb 13 14/06/13 11:47 425 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

me
M Laurie Dimitrov, élève-avocat au barreau de paris, cabinet Meese,
M. Eran Sthoeger, faculté de droit de la New York University,
comme conseils ;

M. Mario Licona, ministère des affaires étrangères,

comme conseiller technique,

La Cour,

ainsi composée,
après délibéré en chambre du conseil,

rend l’arrêt suivant :

1. Le 6 décembre 2001, la République du Nicaragua (dénommée ci-après le
«Nicaragua») a déposé au Greffe de la Cour une requête introductiveo d’instance

contre la République de Colombie (dénommée ci-après la « Colombie») au sujet
d’un différend portant sur un «ensemble de questions juridiques connexes … qui
demeurent en suspens » entre les deux Etats « en matière de titre territorial et de
délimitation maritime» dans les Caraïbes occidentales.
La requête invoquait, pour fonder la compétence de la Cour, les dispositions

de l’article XXXI du traité américain de règlement pacifique signé le 30 avril 1948,
dénommé officiellement, aux termes de son article LX, « pacte de Bogotá » (et
ci-après ainsi désigné), ainsi que les déclarations faites paro les parties en vertu
de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale, consi -
dérées, pour la durée restant à courir, comme comportant accoeptation de la

juridiction obligatoire de la présente Cour aux termes du paragraphe 5 de l’ar -
ticle 36 de son Statut.
2. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut, la requête a été
immédiatement communiquée au Gouvernement de la Colombie par le groeffier ;
conformément au paragraphe 3 de cet article, tous les autres Etats admis à ester

devant la Cour ont été informés de la requête.
3. Conformément aux instructions données par la Cour en vertu de l’oar -
ticle 43 de son Règlement, le greffier a adressé les notifications proévues au para-
graphe 1 de l’article 63 du Statut à tous les Etats parties au pacte de Bogotá. En

application des dispositions du paragraphe 3 de l’article 69 du Règlement, le
greffier a en outre adressé la notification prévue au paragraphoe 3 de l’article 34
du Statut à l’Organisation des Etats américains (dénomméoe ci-après l’«OEA»).
par la suite, le greffier a transmis des exemplaires des pièces de proocédure dépo -
sées en l’affaire à cette organisation, et a demandé à oson secrétaire général de lui

faire savoir si celle-ci entendait présenter des observations écrites au sens du
paragraphe 3 de l’article 69 du Règlement. L’OEA a indiqué qu’elle n’avait pas
l’intention de présenter de telles observations.
4. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de la nationalité des oparties,
chacune d’elles s’est prévalue du droit que lui confère le poaragraphe 3 de l’ar -

ticle 31 du Statut de procéder à la désignation d’un juge ad hoc pour siéger en
l’affaire. Le Nicaragua a d’abord désigné M. Mohammed Bedjaoui, qui a démis -
sionné le 2 mai 2006, puis M. Giorgio Gaja. La Colombie a d’abord désigné
M. Yves Fortier, qui a démissionné le 7 septembre 2010, puis M. Jean-pierre Cot.
5. par ordonnance du 26 février 2002, la Cour a fixé au 28 avril 2003 la date

d’expiration du délai pour le dépôt du mémoire du Nicaragoua et au 28 juin 2004
la date d’expiration du délai pour le dépôt du contre-mémoire de la Colombie.
Le Nicaragua a déposé son mémoire dans le délai ainsi prescroit.

9

5 CIJ1020.indb 14 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 425

Ms Laurie Dimitrov, pupil barrister at the paris Bar, Cabinet Meese,
Mr. Eran Sthoeger, Faculty of Law, New York University,
as Counsel ;

Mr. Mario Licona, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

as Technical Adviser,

The Court,

composed as above,
after deliberation,

delivers the following Judgment :

1. On 6 December 2001, the Republic of Nicaragua (hereinafter “Nicara -
gua”) filed in the Registry of the Court an Application institutinog proceedings

against the Republic of Colombia (hereinafter “Colombia”) in resopect of a dis -
pute consisting of a “group of related legal issues subsisting” beotween the two
States “concerning title to territory and maritime delimitation” ion the western
Caribbean.
As a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, the Application invoked thoe pro -

visions of Article XXXI of the American Treaty on pacific Settlement signed on
30 April 1948, officially designated, according to Article LX thereof, as the
“pact of Bogotá” (hereinafter referred to as such), as well as the declarations
made by the parties under Article 36 of the Statute of the permanent Court of
International Justice, which are deemed, for the period which they stillo have to

run, to be acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Couort pur -
suant to Article 36, paragraph 5, of its Statute.
2. pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Registrar immedi -
ately communicated the Application to the Government of Colombia ; and, pur-
suant to paragraph 3 of that Article, all other States entitled to appear before

the Court were notified of the Application.
3. pursuant to the instructions of the Court under Article 43 of the Rules of
Court, the Registrar addressed to all States parties to the pact of Bogotá the
notifications provided for in Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute. In accor -

dance with the provisions of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, the
Registrar moreover addressed to the Organization of American States (heorein-
after the “OAS”) the notification provided for in Article 34, paragraph 3, of the
Statute. The Registrar subsequently transmitted to that organization copoies of
the pleadings filed in the case and asked its Secretary-General to inform him

whether or not it intended to present observations in writing within theo meaning
of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court. The OAS indicated that it did
not intend to submit any such observations.
4. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either of the parties, each party proceeded to exercise its right conferred by Arti -

cle 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case.
Nicaragua first chose Mr. Mohammed Bedjaoui, who resigned on 2 May 2006,
and subsequently Mr. Giorgio Gaja. Colombia first chose Mr. Yves Fortier,
who resigned on 7 September 2010, and subsequently Mr. Jean-pierre Cot.
5. By an Order of 26 February 2002, the Court fixed 28 April 2003 as the

time-limit for the filing of the Memorial of Nicaragua and 28 June 2004 as the
time-limit for the filing of the Counter-Memorial of Colombia. Nicaragua filed
its Memorial within the time-limit thus prescribed.

9

5 CIJ1020.indb 15 14/06/13 11:47 426 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

6. Le 15 mai 2003, le Gouvernement de la République du Honduras (dénom -
mée ci-après le « Honduras»), s’appuyant sur le paragraphe 1 de l’article 53 du
Règlement, a demandé à avoir communication des pièces de proocédure et docu -
ments annexés produits en l’espèce. La Cour, s’étant rensoeignée auprès des

parties conformément à cette même disposition, a fait droit ào cette demande.
Le greffier a dûment communiqué cette décision au Gouvernement hoondurien et
aux parties.
7. Le 21 juillet 2003, dans le délai prescrit au paragraphe 1 de l’article 79 du
Règlement, la Colombie a soulevé des exceptions préliminaires à la compétence

de la Cour. En conséquence, par ordonnance du 24 septembre 2003, la Cour,
constatant qu’en vertu des dispositions du paragraphe 5 de l’article 79 du Règle -
ment la procédure sur le fond était suspendue, a fixé au 26 janvier 2004 la date
d’expiration du délai dans lequel le Nicaragua pourrait présentoer un exposé écrit
contenant ses observations et conclusions sur les exceptions préliminoaires soule -

vées par la Colombie. Le Nicaragua a déposé un tel exposé daons le délai ainsi
fixé, et l’affaire s’est ainsi trouvée en état pour coe qui est des exceptions prélimi
naires.
8. Entre 2005 et 2008, les Gouvernements de la Jamaïque, du Chili, du pérou,

de l’Equateur, du Venezuela et du Costa Rica, s’appuyant sur le paragraphe 1
de l’article 53 du Règlement, ont également demandé à avoir communicationo des
pièces de procédure et documents annexés produits en l’espèoce. La Cour, s’étant
renseignée auprès des parties conformément à cette même disposition, a fait
droit à chacune de ces demandes. Le greffier a dûment communiquéo ces déci -

sions auxdits gouvernements et aux parties.
9. La Cour a tenu des audiences sur les exceptions préliminaires soulevéoes
par la Colombie du 4 au 8 juin 2007. Dans son arrêt du 13 décembre 2007, la
Cour a conclu qu’elle avait compétence, sur la base de l’articloe XXXI du pacte

de Bogotá, pour statuer sur le différend relatif à la souveraoineté sur les forma -
tions maritimes revendiquées par les parties, autres que les îles de San Andrés,
providencia et Santa Catalina, ainsi que sur le différend relatif à la délimitation
maritime entre les parties.
10. par ordonnance du 11 février 2008, le président de la Cour a fixé au

11 novembre 2008 la date d’expiration du nouveau délai pour le dépôt du o
contre-mémoire de la Colombie. Cette pièce a été dûment déposoée dans le délai
ainsi prescrit.
11. par ordonnance du 18 décembre 2008, la Cour a prescrit la présentation
d’une réplique du Nicaragua et d’une duplique de la Colombie, eot a fixé au

18 septembre 2009 et au 18 juin 2010, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des
délais pour le dépôt de ces pièces. La réplique et la dupolique ont été dûment
déposées dans les délais ainsi prescrits.
12. Le 10 juin 2010, le Honduras a déposé une requête à fin d’intoervention

dans l’affaire en vertu de l’article 62 du Statut. Dans cette requête, le Honduras
précisait ainsi l’objet de celle-ci :

«En premier lieu, d’une façon générale, … protéger les droits de la Répu -
blique du Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes par tous les moyens juri -
diques disponibles et, par conséquent, faire usage à cette fin doe la procédure
prévue à l’article 62 du Statut de la Cour.
En second lieu, … informer la Cour de la nature des droits et intérêts

d’ordre juridique du Honduras qui pourraient être mis en cause paro la déci -
sion de la Cour, compte tenu des frontières maritimes revendiquéeso par les
parties à l’affaire soumise à la Cour…

10

5 CIJ1020.indb 16 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 426

6. On 15 May 2003, referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of
Court, the Government of the Republic of Honduras (hereinafter “Hondouras”)
asked to be furnished with copies of the pleadings and documents annexedo in
the case. Having ascertained the views of the parties pursuant to that same pro -

vision, the Court decided to grant this request. The Registrar duly commouni -
cated this decision to the Honduran Government and to the parties.

7. On 21 July 2003, within the time-limit set by Article 79, paragraph 1, of
the Rules of Court, Colombia raised preliminary objections to the jurisdoiction

of the Court. Consequently, by an Order of 24 September 2003, the Court,
noting that by virtue of Article 79, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, the pro -
ceedings on the merits were suspended, fixed 26 January 2004 as the time-limit
for the presentation by Nicaragua of a written statement of its observatoions and
submissions on the preliminary objections made by Colombia. Nicaragua fioled

such a statement within the time-limit thus prescribed, and the case thus became
ready for hearing in respect of the preliminary objections.

8. Between 2005 and 2008, referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules

of Court, the Governments of Jamaica, Chile, peru, Ecuador, Venezuela and
Costa Rica asked to be furnished with copies of the pleadings and documeonts
annexed in the case. Having ascertained the views of the parties pursuant to that
same provision, the Court decided to grant each of these requests. The Roegistrar
duly communicated these decisions to the said Governments and to the parties.

9. The Court held public hearings on the preliminary objections raised by
Colombia from 4 to 8 June 2007. In its Judgment of 13 December 2007, the
Court concluded that it had jurisdiction, under Article XXXI of the pact of

Bogotá, to adjudicate upon the dispute concerning sovereignty over thoe mari -
time features claimed by the parties, other than the islands of San Andrés,
providencia and Santa Catalina, and upon the dispute concerning the maritoime
delimitation between the parties.
10. By an Order of 11 February 2008, the president of the Court fixed

11 November 2008 as the new time-limit for the filing of Colombia’s Counter-
Memorial. That pleading was duly filed within the time-limit thus prescribed.

11. By an Order of 18 December 2008, the Court directed Nicaragua to sub -
mit a Reply and Colombia to submit a Rejoinder and fixed 18 September 2009

and 18 June 2010 as the respective time-limits for the filing of those pleadings.
The Reply and the Rejoinder were duly filed within the time-limits thus pre -
scribed.
12. On 10 June 2010, Honduras filed an Application for permission to inter -

vene in the case pursuant to Article 62 of the Statute. It stated therein that the
object of this Application was :

“Firstly, in general terms, to protect the rights of the Republic of Hon -
duras in the Caribbean Sea by all the legal means available and, conse -
quently, to make use for that purpose of the procedure provided for in
Article 62 of the Statute of the Court.
Secondly, to inform the Court of the nature of the legal rights and inter -

ests of Honduras which could be affected by the decision of the Court,o
taking account of the maritime boundaries claimed by the parties in the case
brought before the Court . . .

10

5 CIJ1020.indb 17 14/06/13 11:47 427 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

En troisième lieu, … demander à la Cour à être autorisé à intervenir dans
l’instance pendante en tant qu’Etat partie. Dans cette situation, ole Hondu -
ras reconnaîtrait l’effet obligatoire de la décision qui serao rendue. Dans la
mesure où la Cour n’accéderait pas à cette requête du Honoduras, ce dernier

sollicite la Cour, à titre subsidiaire, à l’autoriser à intervenir en tant que o
non-partie. »

Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 83 du Règlement, des copies certi -
fiées conformes de la requête du Honduras ont été immédoiatement transmises au

Nicaragua et à la Colombie, qui ont été invités à présenter des observations
écrites sur cette requête.
13. Le 2 septembre 2010, dans le délai fixé à cet effet par la Cour, les Gouveor-
nements du Nicaragua et de la Colombie ont soumis des observations écorites sur
la requête du Honduras à fin d’intervention. Dans ses observaotions, le Nicara -

gua exposait que la demande d’intervention n’était pas conformeo au Statut et au
Règlement et que, en conséquence, il « s’oppos[ait] à ce qu’une telle intervention
soit accordée, et … pri[ait] la Cour de bien vouloir rejeter la requête à fin d’ion-
tervention déposée par le Honduras ». pour sa part, la Colombie, dans ses obser-

vations, indiquait notamment qu’elle ne voyait «aucune objection » à la demande
du Honduras «tendant à intervenir en tant que non-partie », et ajoutait «[qu]’elle
considér[ait] que c’[était] à la Cour qu’il appart[enait]o de se prononcer sur [la]
demande [du Honduras tendant à intervenir en tant que partie] ». Le Nicaragua

ayant fait objection à la requête, les parties et le Gouvernement du Honduras
ont été avisés, par lettres du greffier en date du 15 septembre 2010, que la Cour
tiendrait audience, conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 84 de son Règle -
ment, pour entendre les observations du Honduras, Etat demandant à inoterve -
nir, et celles des parties à l’affaire.

14. La Cour, après s’être renseignée auprès des parties, a décidé que les
observations écrites qu’elles avaient présentées sur la requoête du Honduras à fin
d’intervention seraient rendues accessibles au public à l’ouverture de la procé -
dure orale.

15. Au cours d’audiences publiques tenues les 18, 20, 21 et 22 octobre 2010,
la Cour a entendu, au sujet de l’admission de la requête du Honduras à fin d’in -
tervention, les plaidoiries et réponses des représentants ci-après :

Pour le Honduras : S. Exc. M. Carlos López Contreras, agent,

simeMichael Wood,
M Laurence Boisson de Chazournes.

Pour le Nicaragua : S. Exc. M. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, agent,
M. Alain pellet.

Pour la Colombie : S. Exc. M. Julio Londoño paredes, agent,
M. James Crawford,

M. Rodman R. Bundy,
M. Marcelo Kohen.

*

16. Dans sa requête à fin d’intervention, le Gouvernement hondurioen a
déclaré en conclusion qu’il

11

5 CIJ1020.indb 18 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 427

Thirdly, to request the Court to be permitted to intervene in the current
proceedings as a State party. In such circumstances, Honduras would rec -
ognize the binding force of the decision that would be rendered. Should othe
Court not accede to this request, Honduras requests the Court, in the aloter -
native, for permission to intervene as a non-party.”

In accordance with Article 83, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, certified
copies of Honduras’s Application were communicated forthwith to Nicaroagua
and Colombia, which were invited to furnish written observations on thato Appli-

cation.
13. On 2 September 2010, within the time-limit fixed for that purpose by the
Court, the Governments of Nicaragua and Colombia submitted written obsero -
vations on Honduras’s Application for permission to intervene. In itso observa -
tions, Nicaragua stated that the request to intervene failed to comply woith the

Statute and the Rules of Court and that it therefore “opposes the graonting of
such permission, and . . . requests that the Court dismiss the Application for
permission to intervene filed by Honduras”. For its part, Colombia oindicated
inter alia in its observations that it had “no objection” to Honduras’s roequest
“to be permitted to intervene as a non-party”, and added that it “considers that

[Honduras’s request to be permitted to intervene as a party] falls too the Court to
decide”. Nicaragua having objected to the Application, the parties and the Gov -
ernment of Honduras were notified by letters from the Registrar dated o15 Sep -
tember 2010 that the Court would hold hearings, in accordance with Article 84,

paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, to hear the observations of Honduras, the
State applying to intervene, and those of the parties to the case.

14. After ascertaining the views of the parties, the Court decided that copies
of the written observations which they had furnished on Honduras’s Apoplica -

tion for permission to intervene would be made accessible to the public oon the
opening of the oral proceedings.
15. At the public hearings held on 18, 20, 21 and 22 October 2010 on whether
to grant Honduras’s Application for permission to intervene, the Courot heard
the oral arguments and replies of the following representatives :

For Honduras : H.E. Mr. Carlos López Contreras, Agent,
Sir Michael Wood,
Ms Laurence Boisson de Chazournes.

For Nicaragua : H.E. Mr. Carlos José Argüello Gómez, Agent,
Mr. Alain pellet.

For Colombia : H.E. Mr. Julio Londoño paredes, Agent,
Mr. James Crawford,
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy,
Mr. Marcelo Kohen.

*

16. In its Application for permission to intervene, the Honduran Govern -
ment stated in conclusion that it

11

5 CIJ1020.indb 19 14/06/13 11:47 428 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

«sollicite l’autorisation de la Cour d’intervenir en tant que partioe dans
l’instance pendante pour régler définitivement tant le diffoérend sur la ligne
de délimitation entre le point terminal de la frontière fixéeo par l’arrêt du
8 octobre 2007 [en l’affaire du Différend territorial et maritime entre le

Nicaragua et le Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Hondu ‑
ras)] et le point triple sur la ligne frontière du traité de délimiotation mari -
time de 1986 que la détermination du point triple sur la ligne frontière dou
traité de délimitation maritime de 1986 entre le Honduras et la Colombie.
A titre subsidiaire, le Honduras sollicite l’autorisation de la Cour d’interve -

nir en tant que non-partie afin de protéger ses droits et d’informer la Cour
de la nature des droits et intérêts juridiques de la République du Honduras
dans la mer des Caraïbes qui pourraient être mis en cause par la doécision
de la Cour dans l’instance pendante. » (par. 36.)

Dans ses observations écrites sur la demande à fin d’intervenotion du Honduras,
le Nicaragua a conclu

«que la requête à fin d’intervention déposée par le Honduras n’est pas conforme

au Statut et au Règlement de la Cour et, en conséquence : 1) s’oppose à ce
qu’une telle intervention soit accordée, et 2) prie la Cour de bien vouloir rejeter
la requête à fin d’intervention déposée par le Hondura» so(par. 39).

Dans ses observations écrites sur la demande à fin d’intervenotion du Honduras,
la Colombie a conclu comme suit :

«S’agissant de la demande du Honduras tendant à être autoriséo à inter-
venir en tant que non-partie, la Colombie n’y voit aucune objection. La
Colombie confirme que, vis-à-vis du Honduras, elle est liée par la délimita -

tion établie dans le traité qu’elle a conclu avec cet Etat en 1986. Tel n’est
cependant pas le cas vis-à-vis du Nicaragua, et la Colombie réserve donc
ses droits en la matière.
S’agissant de la demande du Honduras tendant à être autoriséo à interve-

nir en tant que partie, la Colombie n’ignore pas qu’elle soulèvoe certaines
questions relatives à l’arrêt que la Cour a rendu en 2007 en l’affaire Nica‑
ragua c. Honduras, affaire à laquelle la Colombie n’était pas partie. En
conséquence, elle considère que c’est à la Cour qu’il appoartient de se pro -
noncer sur cette demande, en application de l’article 62 de son Statut et en

recherchant si l’objet et le but de ladite demande correspondent ào une inter -
vention dans l’instance principale entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie oau
sens de l’article 62, ou à un autre différend qui ne serait pas directement à
l’examen en la présente espèce. »

17. Dans la procédure orale, il a été conclu comme suit :

Au nom du Gouvernement du Honduras,

à l’audience du 21 octobre 2010 :

«Eu égard à la requête et aux plaidoiries,
plaise à la Cour d’autoriser le Honduras à :

1) intervenir en tant que partie relativement à ses intérêts d’oordre juridique

dans la zone de la mer des Caraïbes concernée par l’interventioon (para-
graphe 17 de la requête) qui peuvent être affectés par la décisioon de la
Cour ; ou

12

5 CIJ1020.indb 20 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 428

“seeks the Court’s permission to intervene as a party in the curreont procee-d
ings in order to settle conclusively, on the one hand, the dispute over othe
delimitation line between the endpoint of the boundary fixed by the Juodg-
ment of 8 October 2007 [in the case concerning the Territorial and Maritime

Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicara ‑
gua v. Honduras)] and the tripoint on the boundary line in the 1986 Mari -
time Delimitation Treaty, and, on the other hand, the determination of tohe
tripoint on the boundary line in the 1986 Maritime Delimitation Treaty

between Colombia and Honduras. In the alternative, Honduras seeks the
Court’s permission to intervene as a non-party in order to protect itos rights
and to inform the Court of the nature of the legal rights and interests oof the
Republic of Honduras in the Caribbean Sea which could be affected by tohe
decision of the Court in these proceedings.” (para. 36.)

In its Written Observations on Honduras’s Application for permission oto inter-
vene, Nicaragua submitted

“that the Application for permission to intervene filed by Honduraso does not

comply with the Statute and Rules of Court and therefore [it] : (1) opposes
the granting of such permission, and (2) requests that the Court dismioss the
Application for permission to intervene filed by Honduras” (para. 39).

In its Written Observations on Honduras’s Application for permission oto inter-
vene, Colombia submitted as follows :

“With respect to the request to be permitted to intervene as a non-party,
Colombia has no objection. Colombia has acknowledged that vis-à-vis

Honduras it is bound by the delimitation agreed in the 1986 Treaty betweoen
Colombia and Honduras. However, this is not the case vis-à-vis Nicaragua
and Colombia has consequently reserved its rights in this area.

With respect to the Honduran request to be permitted to intervene as a

party, Colombia understands that this request raises issues relating to othe
Court’s 2007 Judgment in the Nicaragua v. Honduras case to which Colom-
bia was not a party. Consequently, Colombia considers that this request o
falls to the Court to decide under Article 62 of the Statute, taking into

account whether the object and purpose of the request relates to interveon-
tion under Article 62 in the main case between Nicaragua and Colombia or
to another dispute not directly at issue in the pending case.”

17. At the oral proceedings, the following submissions were presented :

On behalf of the Government of Honduras,

at the hearing of 21 October 2010 :

“Having regard to the Application and the oral pleadings,
May it please the Court to permit Honduras :

(1) to intervene as a party in respect of its interests of a legal nature ino the

area of concern in the Caribbean Sea (paragraph 17 of the Application)
which may be affected by the decision of the Court ; or

12

5 CIJ1020.indb 21 14/06/13 11:47 429 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

2) à titre subsidiaire, intervenir en tant que non-partie relativement à ces
intérêts. »

Au nom du Gouvernement du Nicaragua,
à l’audience du 22 octobre 2010 :

«En application de l’article 60 du Règlement de la Cour et au vu de la
requête à fin d’intervention déposée par la République du Honduras et de

ses plaidoiries, la République du Nicaragua déclare respectueusemeont que:

par sa requête, la République du Honduras remet manifestement en
cause l’autorité de la chose jugée dont est revêtu l’arrêot du 8 octobre 2007
et, qu’en outre, elle ne satisfait pas aux prescriptions énoncéoes à l’article 62
du Statut de la Cour et aux alinéas a) et b) du paragraphe 2 de l’article 81
de son Règlement. En conséquence, la République du Nicaragua : 1) s’op -

pose à l’admission de la demande d’intervention et 2) prie respectueuse -
ment la Cour de rejeter la requête à fin d’intervention déoposée par le
Honduras. »

Au nom du Gouvernement de la Colombie,
à l’audience du 22 octobre 2010 :

«pour les raisons exposées au cours de cette procédure, [le] Gouvernoe -
ment [de la Colombie] souhaite réitérer ce qu’il a exposé daons ses observa-
tions écrites, à savoir que, de l’avis de la Colombie, le Honduoras remplit les
conditions établies à l’article 62 du Statut et que, par conséquent, la

Colombie ne s’oppose pas à la demande du Honduras tendant à êotre auto -
risé à intervenir en tant que non-partie dans la présente affaire. Quant à la
demande du Honduras tendant à être autorisé à intervenir en otant que par -
tie, la Colombie réaffirme qu’il appartient à la Cour de se proononcer sur le
sujet, conformément à l’article 62 du Statut. »

*
* *

18. Dans sa requête à fin d’intervention en date du 10 juin 2010 (voir
paragraphe 12 ci-dessus), le Honduras a indiqué qu’il sollicitait, à titre
principal, l’autorisation d’intervenir dans l’instance pendanteo en tant que
partie et que, si la Cour n’accédait pas à cette demande, il soouhaitait, à

titre subsidiaire, être autorisé à intervenir en tant que non-partie.
Le Honduras a défini l’objet de son intervention de deux manièores, selon
que serait admise sa demande formulée à titre principal ou celle foormulée à

titre subsidiaire :dans le premier cas, il s’agit de la détermination de la fron -
tière maritime entre lui-même et les deux Etats parties à l’instance et, dans le
second, de la protection de ses droits et intérêts d’ordre juridique ainsi que
de l’information de la Cour sur leur nature afin qu’ils ne soienot pas affectés

par la future délimitation maritime entre le Nicaragua et la Colombieo.
19. Se référant à l’article 81 du Règlement, le Honduras a spécifié dans
sa requête ce qu’il estime être l’intérêt d’ordre jouridique qui est pour lui en
cause dans la décision de la Cour relative à la délimitation enotre le Nica -

ragua et la Colombie, l’objet précis de son intervention, ainsi que la base

13

5 CIJ1020.indb 22 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 429

(2) in the alternative, to intervene as a non-party with respect to those
interests.”

On behalf of the Government of Nicaragua,
at the hearing of 22 October 2010 :

“In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of the Court and having
regard to the Application for permission to intervene filed by the Repoublic

of Honduras and its oral pleadings, the Republic of Nicaragua respectfuloly
submits that :
The Application filed by the Republic of Honduras is a manifest chal -
lenge to the authority of the res judicata of your 8th of October 2007 Judg -
ment. Moreover, Honduras has failed to comply with the requirements
established by the Statute and the Rules of the Court, namely, Article 62,
and paragraph 2, (a) and (b), of Article 81 respectively, and therefore

Nicaragua (1) opposes the granting of such permission, and (2) requeosts that
the Court dismiss the Application for permission to intervene filed by Hon -
duras.”

On behalf of the Government of Colombia,
at the hearing of 22 October 2010 :

“In light of the considerations stated during these proceedings, [theo] Gov
ernment [of Colombia] wishes to reiterate what it stated in the Written o
Observations it submitted to the Court, to the effect that, in Colombioa’s
view, Honduras has satisfied the requirements of Article 62 of the Statute

and, consequently, that Colombia does not object to Honduras’s requesot
for permission to intervene in the present case as a non-party. As concerns
Honduras’s request to be permitted to intervene as a party, Colombia like -
wise reiterates that it is a matter for the Court to decide in conformitoy with
Article 62 of the Statute.”

*
* *

18. In its Application for permission to intervene dated 10 June 2010
(see paragraph 12 above), Honduras made clear that it primarily sought
to be permitted to intervene in the pending case as a party, and that ifo the
Court did not accede to that request, it wished, in the alternative, to obe

permitted to intervene as a non-party.
Honduras defined the object of its intervention according to whether its
primary or alternative request to intervene were granted : if the former, to

settle the maritime boundary between itself and the two States parties to
the case; if the latter, to protect its rights and legal interests and to informo
the Court of the nature of these, so that they are not affected by the future
maritime delimitation between Nicaragua and Colombia.

19. Referring to Article 81 of the Rules of Court, Honduras set out in
its Application what it considers to be the interest of a legal nature wohich
may be affected by the Court’s decision on the delimitation betweeno Nica -

ragua and Colombia, the precise object of the intervention, and the basios

13

5 CIJ1020.indb 23 14/06/13 11:47 430 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

de compétence qui existerait entre lui-même et les parties à la procédure
principale.

I. Le cadre juridique

20. Le cadre juridique de la demande d’intervention du Honduras est

constitué par l’article 62 du Statut de la Cour et l’article 81 du Règlement.
Aux termes de l’article 62 du Statut :
«1. Lorsqu’un Etat estime que, dans un différend, un intérêt

d’ordre juridique est pour lui en cause, il peut adresser à la Couor une
requête, à fin d’intervention.
2. La Cour décide. »

Aux termes de l’article 81 du Règlement :
«1. Une requête à fin d’intervention fondée sur l’article 62 du Sta -

tut, qui doit être signée comme il est prévu à l’article 38, para -
graphe 3, du présent Règlement, est déposée le plus tôt possibleo
avant la clôture de la procédure écrite. Toutefois, dans des ciorcons -
tances exceptionnelles, la Cour peut connaître d’une requête proésen-
tée ultérieurement.

2. La requête indique le nom de l’agent. Elle précise l’affaire qu’elle
concerne et spécifie :
a) l’intérêt d’ordre juridique qui, selon l’Etat demandant ào intervenir,
est pour lui en cause ;

b) l’objet précis de l’intervention ;
c) toute base de compétence qui, selon l’Etat demandant à intervenir,
existerait entre lui et les parties.

3. La requête contient un bordereau des documents à l’appui, qui
sont annexés. »
21. L’intervention étant une procédure incidente par rapport à loa pro -

cédure principale dont la Cour est saisie, il revient, selon le Statuot et le
Règlement de la Cour, à l’Etat qui demande à intervenir d’oindiquer l’inté -
rêt d’ordre juridique qu’il estime être pour lui en cause daons le différend,
l’objet précis qu’il poursuit au travers de cette demande, ainsoi que toute
base de compétence qui existerait entre lui et les parties. La Cour eoxami -
nera d’abord les qualités au titre desquelles le Honduras demande oà inter -

venir, avant d’en venir aux autres éléments constitutifs de la odemande
d’intervention.

* *

1. Les qualités au titre desquelles le Honduras demande à intervenir

22. Le Honduras demande à être autorisé à intervenir en tant queo par-
tie à l’affaire dont la Cour est saisie afin de parvenir à oun règlement défi -

14

5 CIJ1020.indb 24 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 430

of jurisdiction which is claimed to exist as between itself and the parties

to the main proceedings.

I. The Legal Framework

20. The legal framework of Honduras’s request to intervene is set out
in Article 62 of the Statute and Article 81 of the Rules of Court.
Under Article 62 of the Statute :

“1. Should a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a
request to the Court to be permitted to intervene.
2. It shall be for the Court to decide upon this request.”

Under Article 81 of the Rules of Court :

“1. An application for permission to intervene under the terms of
Article 62 of the Statute, signed in the manner provided for in Arti -
cle 38, paragraph 3, of these Rules, shall be filed as soon as possible,
and not later than the closure of the written proceedings. In excep -

tional circumstances, an application submitted at a later stage may
however be admitted.
2. The application shall state the name of an agent. It shall specify
the case to which it relates, and shall set out :

(a) the interest of a legal nature which the State applying to intervene
considers may be affected by the decision in that case ;
(b) the precise object of the intervention ;
(c) any basis of jurisdiction which is claimed to exist as between the

State applying to intervene and the parties to the case.
3. The application shall contain a list of the documents in support,
which documents shall be attached.”

21. Intervention being a proceeding incidental to the main proceedings
before the Court, it is, according to the Statute and the Rules of Courto,
for the State seeking to intervene to set out the interest of a legal naoture

which it considers may be affected by the decision in that dispute, the
precise object it is pursuing by means of the request, as well as any basis
of jurisdiction which is claimed to exist as between it and the parties.o The
Court will first examine the capacities in which Honduras is seeking too
intervene, before turning to the other constituent elements of the requeost

for permission to intervene.

* *

1. The Capacities in which Honduras Is Seeking to Intervene

22. Honduras is seeking permission to intervene as a party in the case

before the Court in order to achieve a final settlement of the disputeo

14

5 CIJ1020.indb 25 14/06/13 11:47 431 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

nitif du différend qui l’oppose au Nicaragua, y compris la déotermination
du point triple avec la Colombie, et subsidiairement, en tant que non-

partie, afin de faire connaître à la Cour les intérêts d’oordre juridique aux-
quels la décision qu’elle est appelée à rendre dans l’affoaire opposant le
Nicaragua à la Colombie pourrait porter atteinte, et de les protégoer.
23. Se référant à la jurisprudence de la Cour, le Honduras estime qoue
l’article 62 du Statut permet à un Etat d’intervenir soit en tant que partieo

soit en tant que non-partie. Dans le premier cas, une base de compétence
entre l’Etat demandant à intervenir et les parties à la procéodure principale
est indispensable, et l’Etat intervenant est lié par l’arrêto de la Cour, alors
que, dans le second cas, celui-ci n’a d’effet qu’entre les parties à la procé -
dure principale, en vertu de l’article 59 du Statut. Le Honduras relève
que, en l’espèce, l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá fonde la compétence

de la Cour entre lui-même, le Nicaragua et la Colombie. pour l’Etat
demandant à intervenir en tant que partie, l’intervention consisteorait,
selon le Honduras, « à faire valoir un droit propre concernant l’objet du
litige» de manière à obtenir de la Cour qu’elle se prononce sur uno tel
droit.

24. Le Honduras souligne que, contrairement à l’intervention en tant
que non-partie, l’intervention en tant que partie, étant donné son objeot, a
pour conséquence de rendre obligatoire pour l’intervenant la déocision que
rendra la Cour sur le ou les points particuliers au sujet desquels l’ointer -
vention a été autorisée et, dès lors, de rendre applicables à cet intervenant

les articles 59 du Statut et 94 de la Charte.
25. pour le Nicaragua, quelles que soient les deux qualités alternatives
au titre desquelles le Honduras souhaite intervenir, l’une comme l’oautre
demeureraient régies par l’article 62 du Statut et devraient remplir la ou
les conditions sine qua non posées par cette disposition, à savoir que l’Etat
doit faire valoir qu’un intérêt juridique est pour lui en causeo dans un dif -

férend soumis à la Cour. Le Nicaragua soutient que le Honduras ne peut
en tout état de cause intervenir comme partie, ne serait-ce que faute de
base de compétence, du fait que l’article VI du pacte de Bogotá exclut de
la compétence de la Cour les « questions déjà réglées au moyen … d’une
décision d’un tribunal international». En effet, selon le Nicaragua, l’argu -

mentation du Honduras consiste à remettre en cause les questions de déli-
mitation déjà réglées par l’arrêt de la Cour du 8 octobre 2007 (Différend
territorial et maritime entre le Nicaragua et le Honduras dans la mer de▯s
Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Honduras), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II), p. 659).
26. La Colombie souligne que l’intervention est une procédure inci -

dente et qu’elle ne saurait être utilisée pour greffer une noouvelle instance
sur celle, distincte, qui existe entre les parties originelles. Elle admoet que
les deux formes d’intervention, en tant que partie et en tant que nono-
partie, requièrent la preuve de l’existence d’un intérêt od’ordre juridique ;
elle se demande toutefois si cet intérêt est subordonné au mêome critère
dans l’un et l’autre cas.

*

15

5 CIJ1020.indb 26 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 431

between itself and Nicaragua, including the determination of the tripoinot
with Colombia, and, in the alternative, as a non-party, in order to inform

the Court of its interests of a legal nature which may be affected by othe
decision the Court is to render in the case between Nicaragua and Colom-
bia, and to protect those interests.
23. Referring to the jurisprudence of the Court, Honduras considers
that Article 62 of the Statute allows a State to intervene either as a party

or a non-party. In the former case, a basis of jurisdiction as between the
State seeking to intervene and the parties to the main proceedings is
required, and the intervening State is bound by the Court’s judgment,o
whereas in the latter, that judgment has effect only between the partioes to
the main proceedings, pursuant to Article 59 of the Statute. Honduras
maintains that in the present proceedings, Article XXXI of the pact of

Bogotá founds the Court’s jurisdiction as between itself, Nicaraguoa and
Colombia. For a State seeking to intervene as a party, according to Hon -
duras, intervention consists in “asserting a right of its own with reospect to
the object of the dispute”, so as to obtain a ruling from the Court oon such
a right.

24. Honduras points out that, unlike intervention as a non-party,
intervention as a party, in view of its object, results in making the Coourt’s
decision on the specific point or points on which the intervention waso
permitted binding on the intervener, and thus in making Articles 59 of the
Statute and 94 of the Charter applicable to the intervener.

25. For Nicaragua, whatever the two alternative capacities in which
Honduras is seeking to intervene, both would continue to be governed by o
Article 62 of the Statute and would have to meet the sine qua non condi -
tion or conditions laid down by that provision, namely that the State
must be able to show an interest of a legal nature which may be affected

by the decision in a dispute submitted to the Court. It points out that o
Honduras, in any event, may not intervene as a party, if for no other
reason than the absence of a basis of jurisdiction, since Article VI of the
pact of Bogotá excludes from the Court’s jurisdiction “matters aolready
settled . . . by decision of an international court”. In Nicaragua’s view,

Honduras’s argument consists in reopening delimitation issues already
decided by the Judgment of the Court of 8 October 2007 (Territorial and
Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea
(Nicaragua v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 659).
26. Colombia notes that intervention is an incidental procedure and

may not be used to tack on a new case, distinct from the case that existos
between the original parties. It accepts that both forms of intervention, as
a party and as a non-party, require proof of the existence of an interest of
a legal nature, although it questions whether the same criterion applieso to
this interest in both cases.

*

15

5 CIJ1020.indb 27 14/06/13 11:47 432 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

27. La Cour relève que ni l’article 62 du Statut ni l’article 81 du Règle -
ment ne précisent la qualité au titre de laquelle l’Etat peut doemander à

intervenir. Cependant, dans son arrêt du 13 septembre 1990 sur la requête
à fin d’intervention du Nicaragua en l’affaire du Différend frontalier ter ‑
restre, insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/Honduras), la Chambre de la
Cour s’est penchée sur le statut de l’Etat demandant à interovenir et a
admis qu’un Etat peut être autorisé à intervenir au titre de l’article 62 du
Statut soit en tant que non-partie soit en tant que partie :

«Il est donc patent que l’Etat admis à intervenir dans une instanceo
ne devient pas aussi une partie en cause du seul fait qu’il est un inoter -
venant. Réciproquement, il est vrai que, sous réserve du consente -

ment requis des parties en cause, l’intervenant n’est pas empêcohé par
sa qualité d’intervenant de devenir lui-même partie au procès. » (Dif ‑
férend frontalier terrestre, insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/Hondu ‑
ras), requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1990, p. 134-135,
par. 99.)

28. De l’avis de la Cour, le statut d’intervenant en tant que partie
nécessite, en tout cas, l’existence d’une base de compétenceo entre les Etats
concernés, dont la validité est établie par la Cour au moment ooù elle auto -
rise l’intervention. Cependant, même si l’article 81 du Règlement prévoit

que la requête doit indiquer toute base de compétence qui existeraoit entre
l’Etat qui demande à intervenir et les parties à la procéduroe principale,
cette base de compétence n’est pas une condition de l’interventoion en tant
que non-partie.
29. S’il est autorisé par la Cour à être partie au procès, l’oEtat interve -
nant peut lui demander de reconnaître ses droits propres dans sa déocision

future, laquelle sera obligatoire à son égard en ce qui concerne loes aspects
pour lesquels l’intervention a été admise, en application de l’oarticle 59 du
Statut. A contrario, ainsi que la Chambre de la Cour chargée de connaître
de l’affaire du Différend frontalier terrestre, insulaire et maritime (El Sal ‑
vador/Honduras) l’a souligné, l’Etat autorisé à intervenir à l’insotance en
tant que non-partie «n’acquiert pas les droits et n’est pas soumis aux obli -

gations qui s’attachent à la qualité de partie en vertu du Statout et du
Règlement de la Cour ou des principes juridiques généraux de proocédure »
(ibid., p. 136, par. 102).
30. Cela étant, il n’en demeure pas moins que, quelle que soit la qualoité
au titre de laquelle un Etat demande à intervenir, il doit remplir lao condi -
tion posée à l’article 62 du Statut et prouver qu’il a un intérêt d’ordre

juridique susceptible d’être affecté par la décision futuroe de la Cour. Ainsi,
dans la mesure où l’article 62 du Statut et l’article 81 du Règlement
tracent le cadre juridique de la demande d’intervention et en déteorminent
les éléments constitutifs, ceux-ci s’imposent quelle que soit la qualité au
titre de laquelle l’Etat demande à intervenir: dans tous les cas, cet Etat est

tenu d’établir l’intérêt d’ordre juridique qui est pouor lui en cause dans la
procédure principale et l’objet précis de l’intervention sololicitée.

* *

16

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27. The Court observes that neither Article 62 of the Statute nor
Article 81 of the Rules of Court specifies the capacity in which a State

may seek to intervene. However, in its Judgment of 13 September 1990 on
Nicaragua’s Application for permission to intervene in the case conceor -
ning Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras),
the Chamber of the Court considered the status of a State seeking to
intervene and accepted that a State may be permitted to intervene under o
Article 62 of the Statute either as a non-party or as a party :

“It is therefore clear that a State which is allowed to intervene in oa
case, does not, by reason only of being an intervener, become also a
party to the case. It is true, conversely, that, provided that there be o

the necessary consent by the parties to the case, the intervener is not o
prevented by reason of that status from itself becoming a party to the
case.” (Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Hon‑
duras), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1990, pp. 134-135, para. 99.)

28. In the opinion of the Court, the status of intervener as a party
requires, in any event, the existence of a basis of jurisdiction as betwoeen
the States concerned, the validity of which is established by the Court oat
the time when it permits intervention. However, even though Article 81 of

the Rules of Court provides that the application must specify any basis oof
jurisdiction claimed to exist as between the State seeking to intervene and
the parties to the main case, such a basis of jurisdiction is not a condoition
for intervention as a non-party.
29. If it is permitted by the Court to become a party to the proceed -
ings, the intervening State may ask for rights of its own to be recognizoed

by the Court in its future decision, which would be binding for that Staote
in respect of those aspects for which intervention was granted, pursuanto
to Article 59 of the Statute. A contrario, as the Chamber of the Court
formed to deal with the case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime
Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras) has pointed out, a State permit -
ted to intervene in the proceedings as a non-party “does not acquire the

rights, or become subject to the obligations, which attach to the statuso of
a party, under the Statute and Rules of Court, or the general principleso of
procedural law” (ibid., p. 136, para. 102).
30. The fact remains that, whatever the capacity in which a State is
seeking to intervene, it must fulfil the condition laid down by Article 62
of the Statute and demonstrate that it has an interest of a legal nature

which may be affected by the future decision of the Court. Since Arti -
cle 62 of the Statute and Article 81 of the Rules of Court provide the legal
framework for a request to intervene and define its constituent elemenots,
those elements are essential, whatever the capacity in which a State is o
seeking to intervene ; that State is required in all cases to establish its

interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in thoe
main case, and the precise object of the requested intervention.

* *

16

5 CIJ1020.indb 29 14/06/13 11:47 433 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

2. L’intérêt d’ordre juridique en cause

31. Le Honduras considère que deux principes sous-tendent l’article 62

du Statut. D’après le premier principe, c’est à l’Etat quoi désire intervenir
d’«estimer » si un ou plusieurs de ses intérêts d’ordre juridique sont en
cause, et il serait le seul à même d’apprécier l’étendoue des intérêts en ques -
tion. Selon le second principe, il appartiendrait à cet Etat de déocider de
l’opportunité d’exercer un droit d’intervention devant la Coour.

Ainsi, pour le Honduras, l’article 62, tout comme l’article 63, consacre
un droit d’intervention au bénéfice des Etats parties au Statout, en vertu
duquel il suffirait que l’un d’entre eux « estime » que ses intérêts d’ordre
juridique sont en cause pour que la Cour soit tenue d’autoriser l’ointerven -
tion. En effet, selon le Honduras, si cet intérêt est réel, loa Cour n’a pas de

pouvoir discrétionnaire pour ne pas autoriser l’intervention.
32. Le Nicaragua, de son côté, considère qu’il n’est pas exacot de soute-
nir qu’il existe un droit d’intervenir au titre de l’article 62 du Statut ; il
s’agit plutôt d’un droit de demander à intervenir, dans la moesure où il
appartient à la Cour de déterminer objectivement si l’intérêot juridique

invoqué est réel et s’il est vraiment en cause dans l’affaire à propos de
laquelle il est incidemment présenté. Selon le Nicaragua, les reveondica -
tions de l’Etat demandant à intervenir doivent avoir une vraisembloance
suffisante pour s’analyser en un véritable intérêt juridiquoe en cause.

*

33. La Cour relève que, conformément au Statut et au Règlement, l’oEtat
qui demande à intervenir doit faire état d’un intérêt d’oordre juridique
propre dans la procédure principale et d’un lien entre cet intéorêt et la déci -

sion que la Cour pourrait être amenée à rendre à l’issue ode ladite procédure.
Il s’agit, aux termes du Statut, de « l’intérêt d’ordre juridique … en cause »
(voir article 62 du Statut) ;ou de ce que le texte en anglais exprime de façon
plus explicite comme «an interest of a legal nature which may be affected
by the decision in the case » , soit, littéralement, « un intérêt d’ordre juri -

dique susceptible d’être affecté par la décision en l’eospèce.»
34. Il appartient à l’Etat intéressé de demander à interveniro, même si la
Cour peut, au cours d’une affaire déterminée, appeler l’atotention des Etats
tiers sur l’incidence éventuelle, sur leurs intérêts, de sono arrêt futur au
fond, ainsi qu’elle l’a fait dans son arrêt du 11 juin 1998 sur les exceptions
préliminaires en l’affaire de la Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le

Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria) (C.I.J. Recueil 1998,
p. 324, par. 116).
35. Contrairement à l’article 63 du Statut, l’article 62 ne confère pas à
l’Etat tiers un droit à intervenir. En effet, il ne suffit pas oà cet Etat d’esti -
mer qu’il a un intérêt d’ordre juridique susceptible d’êotre affecté par la

décision de la Cour dans la procédure principale pour avoir ipso facto un
droit à intervenir dans cette procédure. D’ailleurs, le paragraophe 2 de l’ar -

17

5 CIJ1020.indb 30 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 433

2. The Interest of a Legal Nature which May Be Affected

31. Honduras takes the view that there are two principles underpin -

ning Article 62 of the Statute. Under the first of these, it is for the State
wishing to intervene to “consider” whether one or more of its inteorests of
a legal nature may be affected by the decision in the case, and it aloone is
able to appreciate the extent of the interests in question. According too the
second principle, it is for that State to decide whether it is appropriaote to
exercise a right of intervention before the Court.

For Honduras, therefore, Article 62, like Article 63, lays down a right
to intervene for the States parties to the Statute, whereby it is sufficient
for one of them to “consider” that its interests of a legal natureo may be
affected in order for the Court to be bound to permit intervention.
According to Honduras, if that interest is genuine, the Court does not

have the discretion not to authorize the intervention.
32. Nicaragua, for its part, sees it as incorrect to contend that a right
to intervene exists under Article 62 of the Statute, this being, rather, a
right to apply to intervene, since it is for the Court to determine objeoc -
tively whether the legal interest relied upon is real and whether it really

may be affected in the case in relation to which it is raised in incidoental
proceedings. For Nicaragua, the claims of the State seeking to intervene
must be credible enough to be seen as a genuine legal interest at stake.o

*

33. The Court observes that, as provided for in the Statute and the
Rules of Court, the State seeking to intervene shall set out its own intoerest
of a legal nature in the main proceedings, and a link between that interoest

and the decision that might be taken by the Court at the end of those
proceedings. In the words of the Statute, this is “an interest of a loegal
nature which may be affected by the decision in the case” (expressoed more
explicitly in the English text than in the French “un intérêt do’ordre
juridique . . . pour lui en cause” ; see Article 62 of the Statute).

34. It is up to the State concerned to apply to intervene, even though
the Court may, in the course of a particular case, draw the attention ofo
third States to the possible impact that its future judgment on the meriots
may have on their interests, as it did in its Judgment of 11 June 1998 on
preliminary objections in the case concerning Land and Maritime Bound ‑

ary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria) (I.C.J. Reports
1998, p. 324, para. 116).
35. In contrast to Article 63 of the Statute, a third State does not have
a right to intervene under Article 62. It is not sufficient for that State to
consider that it has an interest of a legal nature which may be affectoed by

the Court’s decision in the main proceedings in order to have, ipso facto,
a right to intervene in those proceedings. Indeed, Article 62, paragraph 2,

17

5 CIJ1020.indb 31 14/06/13 11:47 434 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

ticle 62 reconnaît clairement la prérogative de la Cour de se prononcer osur
toute demande d’intervention, en fonction des éléments qui lui auront été

soumis.
36. Certes, ainsi qu’elle l’a déjà souligné, la Cour « ne considère pas
que le paragraphe 2 [de l’article 62] lui confère une sorte de pouvoir dis -
crétionnaire lui permettant d’accepter ou de rejeter une requêtoe à fin d’in-
tervention pour de simples raisons d’opportunité » (Plateau continental

(Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne), requête à fin d’interven▯tion, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1981, p. 12, par. 17). C’est à la Cour, à qui il appartient de
veiller à la bonne administration de la justice, de décider si la condition
posée par le paragraphe 1 de l’article 62 est remplie. De ce fait, le para -
graphe 2 de cette disposition, selon lequel « [l]a Cour décide », se différen-
cie nettement du paragraphe 2 de l’article 63, qui reconnaît clairement à

certains Etats «le droit d’intervenir au procès» pour les besoins de l’inter -
prétation d’une convention à laquelle ils sont parties.
37. La Cour observe que, alors que les parties à la procédure principaole
la prient de leur reconnaître certains droits dans l’espèce conosidérée, l’Etat
qui demande à intervenir fait en revanche valoir, en se fondant sur lo’ar -

ticle 62 du Statut, que la décision sur le fond pourrait affecter ses intoérêts
d’ordre juridique. L’Etat qui cherche à intervenir en tant que onon-partie
n’a donc pas à établir qu’un de ses droits serait susceptible d’être affecté ;
il est suffisant pour cet Etat d’établir que son intérêt d’oordre juridique
pourrait être affecté. L’article 62 requiert que l’intérêt dont se prévaut

l’Etat qui demande à intervenir soit d’ordre juridique, dans leo sens où cet
intérêt doit faire l’objet d’une prétention concrète eot réelle de cet Etat,
fondée sur le droit, par opposition à une prétention de nature oexclusive -
ment politique, économique ou stratégique. Mais il ne s’agit paos de n’im-
porte quel intérêt d’ordre juridique ; encore faut-il qu’il soit susceptible
d’être affecté, dans son contenu et sa portée, par la déocision future de la

Cour dans la procédure principale.
Dès lors, l’intérêt d’ordre juridique visé à l’article 62 ne bénéficie pas de
la même protection qu’un droit établi et n’est pas soumis auox mêmes exi -
gences en matière de preuve.
38. La décision de la Cour autorisant l’intervention peut être consoidé -

rée comme préventive puisqu’elle a pour objectif de permettre ào l’Etat
intervenant de participer à la procédure principale dans le but deo protéger
un intérêt d’ordre juridique qui risque d’être affecté dans cette procédure.
Quant au lien entre la procédure incidente et la procédure principoale, la
Cour a déjà précisé que « l’intérêt d’ordre juridique qu’un Etat cherchant

à intervenir en vertu de l’article 62 doit démontrer n’est pas limité au seul
dispositif d’un arrêt. Il peut également concerner les motifs qoui consti -
tuent le support nécessaire du dispositif. » (Souveraineté sur Pulau Ligitan
et Pulau Sipadan (Indonésie/Malaisie), requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 596, par. 47.)
39. Il revient à la Cour d’apprécier l’intérêt juridique sousceptible d’être

affecté, invoqué par l’Etat qui demande à intervenir, en foonction des don -
nées propres à chaque affaire, et elle ne peut le faire « que concrètement et

18

5 CIJ1020.indb 32 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 434

clearly recognizes the Court’s prerogative to decide on a request foro per-
mission to intervene, on the basis of the elements which are submitted too

it.
36. It is true that, as it has already indicated, the Court “does not cono -
sider paragraph 2 [of Article 62] to confer upon it any general discretion to
accept or reject a request for permission to intervene for reasons simploy of
policy” (Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Application

for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 12, para. 17).
It is for the Court, responsible for safeguarding the proper administratoion
of justice, to decide whether the condition laid down by Article 62, para -
graph 1, has been fulfilled. Consequently, Article 62, paragraph 2, accord-
ing to which “[it] shall be for the Court to decide upon this requesto”, is
markedly different from Article 63, paragraph 2, which clearly gives cer -

tain States “the right to intervene in the proceedings” in respect of the
interpretation of a convention to which they are parties.
37. The Court observes that, whereas the parties to the main proceed -
ings are asking it to recognize certain of their rights in the case at hoand, a
State seeking to intervene is, by contrast, contending, on the basis of oArti -

cle 62 of the Statute, that the decision on the merits could affect its intoer-
ests of a legal nature. The State seeking to intervene as a non-party
therefore does not have to establish that one of its rights may be affected ;
it is sufficient for that State to establish that its interest of a legoal nature
may be affected. Article 62 requires the interest relied upon by the State

seeking to intervene to be of a legal nature, in the sense that it has too be
the object of a real and concrete claim of that State, based on law, as o
opposed to a claim of a purely political, economic or strategic nature. oBut
this is not just any kind of interest of a legal nature ; it must in addition
be possible for it to be affected, in its content and scope, by the Coourt’s
future decision in the main proceedings.

Accordingly, an interest of a legal nature within the meaning of Arti -
cle 62 does not benefit from the same protection as an established right
and is not subject to the same requirements in terms of proof.
38. The decision of the Court granting permission to intervene can be

understood as a preventive one, since it is aimed at allowing the intervoen -
ing State to take part in the main proceedings in order to protect an inote-r
est of a legal nature which risks being affected in those proceedings.o As to
the link between the incidental proceedings and the main proceedings, thoe
Court has previously stated that “the interest of a legal nature to boe

shown by a State seeking to intervene under Article 62 is not limited to
the dispositif alone of a judgment. It may also relate to the reasons which
constitute the necessary steps to the dispositif.” (Sovereignty over Pulau
Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia), Application for Permis▯ ‑
sion to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 596, para. 47.)
39. It is for the Court to assess the interest of a legal nature which may

be affected that is invoked by the State that wishes to intervene, on othe
basis of the facts specific to each case, and it can only do so “in concreto

18

5 CIJ1020.indb 33 14/06/13 11:47 435 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

que par rapport à toutes les circonstances de l’espèce » (Différend fronta‑
lier terrestre, insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/Honduras), requête à fin

d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1990, p. 118, par. 61).

3. L’objet précis de l’intervention

40. Aux termes de l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 2 de l’article 81 du Règle -
ment, une requête à fin d’intervention doit spécifier « l’objet précis de l’in-

tervention » sollicitée.
41. Le Honduras demande à la Cour, dans le contexte de sa requête ào
fin d’intervention en tant que partie, de déterminer le tracéo de la frontière
maritime entre lui-même, le Nicaragua et la Colombie dans la zone mari -
time en cause et de fixer le point triple sur la ligne frontière duo traité

de 1986. A titre subsidiaire, l’intervention du Honduras en tant que nono-
partie a pour objet « de protéger ses droits et d’informer la Cour de la
nature des droits et intérêts juridiques de la République du Hoonduras
dans la mer des Caraïbes qui pourraient être mis en cause par la doécision
de la Cour dans l’instance pendante ».
42. Le Nicaragua, quant à lui, considère que le Honduras s’emploie oà

convaincre la Cour de se prononcer, en réalité, sur le tracé deo sa propre
frontière avec les parties, et que « l’intervention à laquelle aspire le Hon -
duras a pour seul objet de remettre en cause l’arrêt de 2007 fixant sa fron -
tière maritime avec le Nicaragua sur toute sa longueur ».
43. Quant à la Colombie, elle rappelle que l’intervention ne saurait êotre

utilisée pour greffer sur l’instance qui existe entre les parties originelles
une nouvelle instance, distincte de la précédente, mais estime queo le Hon -
duras a qualité pour intervenir en tant que non-partie en vertu de l’ar -
ticle 62 du Statut et qu’il appartient à la Cour d’aller au-delà si elle le
décide, en autorisant cet Etat à intervenir en tant que partie.

*

44. La Cour rappelle que la requête à fin d’intervention du Honduras
relève d’une procédure incidente et que, quelle que soit la forome de l’inter -

vention sollicitée — en tant que partie ou en tant que non-partie —, l’Etat
demandant à intervenir est tenu par le Statut de prouver l’existenoce d’un
intérêt juridique susceptible d’être affecté par la déocision de la Cour dans
la procédure principale. Il en découle que l’objet précis deo l’intervention
doit se rattacher à l’objet du différend principal qui opposeo le Nicaragua
à la Colombie.

45. La Cour souligne en outre que les procédures écrite et orale rela -
tives à la requête à fin d’intervention doivent se concentorer sur la preuve
de l’intérêt juridique en cause ; ces procédures ne sont pas, pour l’Etat qui
demande à intervenir et pour les parties, l’occasion de débattre de ques -
tions de fond relevant de la procédure principale, que la Cour ne peuot,

au stade de l’examen de l’admission d’une requête à fin d’intervention,
prendre en considération.

19

5 CIJ1020.indb 34 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 435

and in relation to all the circumstances of a particular case” (Land, Island
and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras), Application for

Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 118, para. 61).

3. The Precise Object of the Intervention

40. Under Article 81, paragraph 2 (b), of the Rules of Court, an appli-
cation for permission to intervene must set out “the precise object oof the

intervention”.
41. Honduras is requesting the Court, in the context of its Application
for permission to intervene as a party, to determine the course of the
maritime boundary between itself, Nicaragua and Colombia in the mari -
time zone in question, and to fix the tripoint on the boundary line unoder

the 1986 Treaty. In the alternative, the object of Honduras’s intervention
as a non-party is “to protect its rights and to inform the Court of the
nature of the legal rights and interests of the Republic of Honduras in othe
Caribbean Sea which could be affected by the decision of the Court in the
pending case”.
42. Nicaragua, for its part, takes the view that Honduras is endeavour -

ing to convince the Court to rule, in fact, on the course of its own bouond-
ary with the parties, and that “the only purpose of Honduras’s hoped-for
intervention is to call into question the 2007 Judgment determining its o
maritime boundary with Nicaragua along its entire length”.
43. As for Colombia, it points out that intervention may not be used

to tack on a new case, distinct from the case that exists between the ori-
ginal parties, but considers that Honduras qualifies to intervene as ao non-
party under Article 62 of the Statute, and that it is for the Court to go
further, if it so decides, by allowing that State to intervene as a partoy.

*

44. The Court recalls that Honduras’s request for permission to inter -
vene is an incidental procedure and that, whatever the form of the

requested intervention, as a party or as a non-party, the State seeking to
intervene is required by the Statute to demonstrate the existence of a loegal
interest which may be affected by the decision of the Court in the maion
proceedings. It follows that the precise object of the intervention musto be
connected with the subject of the main dispute between Nicaragua and
Colombia.

45. The Court points out, moreover, that the written and oral proceed -
ings concerning the Application for permission to intervene must focus oon
demonstrating the interest of a legal nature which may be affected ; these
proceedings are not an occasion for the State seeking to intervene or foor
the parties to discuss questions of substance relating to the main proceed -

ings, which the Court cannot take into consideration during its examina -
tion of whether to grant a request for permission to intervene.

19

5 CIJ1020.indb 35 14/06/13 11:47 436 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

46. La raison d’être de l’intervention est, comme la Cour l’a déojà souli-

gné, de permettre à un Etat tiers dont l’intérêt juridiquoe risque d’être affecté
par la décision que la Cour pourrait adopter de participer à la proocédure
principale pour protéger cet intérêt (voir paragraphe 38 ci-dessus).
47. La Cour relève que l’Etat qui demande à intervenir ne peut, souos
couvert d’intervention, chercher à introduire une instance nouvelloe aux

côtés de la procédure principale. Certes, l’Etat qui a étoé autorisé à inter -
venir en tant que partie peut soumettre à la Cour, pour décision, odes
demandes qui lui sont propres, mais celles-ci doivent être liées à l’objet du
différend principal. Ce n’est pas parce qu’un Etat est autoriosé à intervenir
qu’il pourrait dénaturer la procédure principale, car l’inteorvention « ne

saurait être une procédure qui transforme [une] affaire en une aoffaire
différente avec des parties différentes » (Différend frontalier terrestre,
insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/Honduras), requête à fin d’intervention,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1990, p. 134, par. 98 ; voir aussi Plateau continental
(Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte), requête à fin d’interventi▯on, arrêt,

C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 20, par. 31).
48. Ainsi, l’appréciation du lien entre l’objet précis de l’iontervention et
l’objet du différend est destinée à permettre à la Couro de s’assurer que
l’Etat tiers vise effectivement la protection de ses intérêts juridiques sus -
ceptibles d’être affectés par l’arrêt qui sera rendu.

* *

II. Examen de la requêteo à fin d’intervention
du Honduras

49. En spécifiant ses intérêts d’ordre juridique susceptibles od’être affec -
tés par la décision de la Cour, le Honduras affirme dans sa requête qu’il
est reconnu, dans le traité de délimitation maritime conclu en 1986 entre
lui-même et la Colombie (ci-après dénommé le « traité de 1986 »), que la
e e
zone située au nord du 15 parallèle et à l’est du 82 méridien recouvre
certains de ses droits et intérêts d’ordre juridique légitimoes (voir croquis
ci-après, p. 441). Il fait valoir que la Cour, dans la décision qu’elle rendra
en l’espèce, devra dûment tenir compte de ces droits et intéorêts dans ladite
zone, lesquels, soutient-il, n’auraient pas été pris en considération dans

l’arrêt de 2007 en l’affaire du Différend territorial et maritime entre le
Nicaragua et le Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Hondu ‑
ras) (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II), p. 658) (ci-après l’« arrêt de 2007 »).
Le Honduras estime que la Cour, étant appelée à se prononcer sur l’attri -
bution de la « zone de délimitation » telle que spécifiée par le Nicaragua

dans la procédure principale, devra inévitablement décider si loe traité
de 1986 est en vigueur et s’il accorde à la Colombie des droits dans ola
zone en litige entre elle et le Nicaragua. Aussi affirme-t-il que le statut et
la teneur du traité de 1986 sont en jeu dans la présente espèce.

20

5 CIJ1020.indb 36 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 436

46. As the Court has previously stated, the raison d’être of intervention
is to enable a third State, whose legal interest might be affected by a pos -

sible decision of the Court, to participate in the main case in order too
protect that interest (see paragraph 38 above).
47. The Court notes that a State requesting permission to intervene
may not, under the cover of intervention, seek to introduce a new case
alongside the main proceedings. While it is true that a State which has

been permitted to intervene as a party may submit claims of its own to tohe
Court for decision, these have to be linked to the subject of the main dois -
pute. The fact that a State is permitted to intervene does not mean thato it
can alter the nature of the main proceedings, since intervention “canonot be
[a proceeding] which transforms [a] case into a different case with diofferent
parties” (Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Hondu ‑

ras), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1990, p. 134, para. 98; see also Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/
Malta), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1984, p. 20, para. 31).
48. Therefore, the purpose of assessing the connection between the

precise object of the intervention and the subject of the dispute is to o
enable the Court to ensure that a third State is actually seeking to prootect
its legal interests which may be affected by the future judgment.

* *

II. Examination of Honduraso’s Request for
permission to Interveneo

49. In specifying its interests of a legal nature that may be affected by o
the decision of the Court, Honduras in its Application states that the

1986 Maritime Delimitation Treaty between Honduras and Colombia
(hereinafter referred to as “the 1986 Treaty”) recognizes that the area
north of the 15th parallel and east of the 82nd meridian involves Hondu -
ras’s legitimate rights and interests of a legal nature (see sketch-map
below, p. 441). Honduras argues that the Court should, in its decision in

the present case, take full account of such rights and interests in the o
above-mentioned area, which, it maintains, were not addressed in the
2007 Judgment of the Court in the case concerning Territorial and Mari ‑
time Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea
(Nicaragua v. Honduras) (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 658)

(hereinafter referred to as “the 2007 Judgment”). Since the Court is going
to determine the allocation of the “delimitation area” proposed by Nica -
ragua in the main proceedings, Honduras is of the view that the Court
will inevitably have to decide whether the 1986 Treaty is in force and
whether it does or does not accord Colombia rights in the area in disputoe
between Colombia and Nicaragua. Therefore Honduras maintains that

the status and substance of the 1986 Treaty are at stake in the present o
case.

20

5 CIJ1020.indb 37 14/06/13 11:47 437 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

50. Le Honduras soutient avoir toujours, en vertu du traité de 1986,

une juridicteon et des droits souverains à faire valoir dans la zone située à
l’est du 82 méridien en matière, notamment, de concessions pétrolières,
de patrouilles navales et d’activités de pêche. En outre, le Niocaragua,
n’étant pas partie au traité de 1986, ne serait pas fondé à se prévaloir de
celui-ci pour affirmer que la zone maritime en cause lui revient exclusive -

ment. Le Honduras est convaincu qu’une décision rendue sans qu’oil ait
participé en tant qu’Etat intervenant à l’instance pourrait oaffecter de
manière irréversible ses intérêts juridiques si la Cour en arrivait à faire
droit à certaines des demandes avancées par le Nicaragua.
51. Le Honduras fait valoir que l’arrêt de 2007 n’a pas fixé dans son

intégralité la frontière séparant le Nicaragua et le Honduraos dans la mer
des Caraïbes. D’après lui, le fait que la flèche tracée sur la ligne bissectrice
marquant la frontière telle qu’elle apparaît sur l’un des crooquis accompa -
gnant l’arrêt de 2007 s’arrête au 82 méridien, conjugué au libellé du dis -
positif de cet arrêt, indique que la Cour ne s’est pas prononcéoe sur la zone

située à l’est de ce méridien (voir croquis ci-après, p. 441). La Cour
n’ayant pas, dans cet arrêt, statué sur le traité de 1986 — question sur
laquelle elle n’était pas appelée à se prononcer —, le Honduras estime
qu’une incertitude reste à dissiper quant à la juridiction et aoux droits sou -
verains respectifs des trois Etats — le Honduras, la Colombie et le Nica -

ragua — dans la région. plus précisément, le Honduras considère que la
Cour n’a pas fixé le point terminal de sa frontière avec le Nicaragua et n’a
pas non plus spécifié que ce point serait situé sur l’azimout de la bissectrice
marquant la frontière. Sa requête a pour objet d’obtenir de la oCour, dans
l’hypothèse où il serait autorisé à intervenir en tant quoe partie, qu’elle fixe

le point triple entre le Honduras, le Nicaragua et la Colombie, et arrêote
ainsi définitivement la délimitation maritime dans la région.o
52. Donnant son interprétation de l’effet de l’arrêt de 2007 quant au
raisonnement en droit développé aux paragraphes 306 à 319 de cette déci -
sion sous l’intitulé « Le point de départ et le point terminal de la frontière

maritime», le Honduras a plaidé que ces paragraphes ne relevaient pas de
la chose jugée et que, au paragraphe 319, la Cour ne s’était pas prononcée
sur une question particulière, mais avait indiqué aux parties la méthodo -
logie susceptible d’être employée sans préjuger d’un point terminal défini -
tif ni de la question de savoir quels Etats pourraient être considéorés com-

me tiers. Aussi estime-t-il que ce paragraphe ne tranche aucune question,
seul le dispositif de l’arrêt étant en principe revêtu de l’oautorité de la chose
jugée.
53. Le Nicaragua et la Colombie, les parties à la procédure principale,
ont des positions divergentes à l’égard de la requête du Honoduras. Le

Nicaragua est résolument opposé à la demande d’intervention odu Hondu -
ras, que ce soit en qualité de partie ou en qualité de non-partie. Il consi -
dère que la requête du Honduras ne spécifie pas l’intéroêt d’ordre juridique
qui est pour lui susceptible d’être affecté par la décisioon de la Cour, au
sens de l’article 62 du Statut, et qu’elle remet en question l’autorité de la

chose jugée dont est revêtu l’arrêt de 2007.

21

5 CIJ1020.indb 38 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 437

50. Honduras claims that by virtue of the 1986 Treaty, in the area east
of the 82nd meridian, it is still entitled to certain sovereign rights and

jurisdiction such as oil concessions, naval patrols and fishing activioties.
Honduras contends that Nicaragua as a third party to the 1986 Treaty
cannot rely on the said treaty to maintain that the maritime area in queos-
tion appertains to Nicaragua alone. Honduras is convinced that, without o
its participation as an intervening State, the decision of the Court mayo

irreversibly affect its legal interests if the Court is eventually to ouphold
certain claims put forward by Nicaragua.

51. Honduras argues that the 2007 Judgment did not settle the entire
Caribbean Sea boundary between Nicaragua and Honduras. In its opin -
ion, the fact that the arrow on the bisector boundary appearing on one oof

the sketch-maps in the 2007 Judgment stops at the 82nd meridian,
together with the wording of the dispositif of the Judgment, indicates that
the Court made no decision about the area lying east of that meridian
(see sketch-map below, p. 441). According to Honduras, because the
Court in the 2007 Judgment did not rule on the 1986 Treaty, a matter

that the Court was not asked to address, there still exists uncertainty oto
be resolved in regard to the respective sovereign rights and jurisdiction of
the three States in the area, namely, Honduras, Colombia and Nicaragua.
To be more specific, Honduras takes the view that the Court has not
determined the final point of the boundary between Honduras and Nica -

ragua, nor has it specified that the final endpoint will lie on the oazimuth
of the bisector boundary line. As the object of its Application, Honduraos is
requesting the Court, in the event it is granted permission to interveneo as
a party, to fix the tripoint between Honduras, Nicaragua and Colombia,o
and thus to reach a final settlement of maritime delimitation in the aorea.
52. In explaining its understanding of the effect of the 2007 Judgment

with respect to the legal reasoning stated in paragraphs 306 to 319 of the
Judgment under the heading “Starting-point and endpoint of the mari -
time boundary”, Honduras contends that these paragraphs are not part o
of res judicata, and that, in paragraph 319, the Court was not ruling on a
specific matter, but rather indicating to the parties the methodology it

could use without prejudging a final endpoint, and without prejudging o
which State or States could be considered as the third States. Thus, in its
view, paragraph 319 does not rule upon any matter at all and res judicata
in principle only applies to the dispositif of the Judgment.

53. Nicaragua and Colombia, the parties to the main proceedings,
hold different positions towards Honduras’s request. Nicaragua is doefi -
nitely opposed to the Application by Honduras for permission to inter -
vene, either as a party or a non-party. Nicaragua takes the position that
Honduras’s request fails to identify any interest of a legal nature tohat may
be affected by the decision of the Court as required by Article 62 of the

Statute and challenges the res judicata of the 2007 Judgment.

21

5 CIJ1020.indb 39 14/06/13 11:47 438 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

54. Le Nicaragua soutient que le Honduras ne possède aucun intérêt o
d’ordre juridique au sud de la ligne de délimitation établie paor la Cour
dans son arrêt de 2007, y compris dans la zone délimitée, au nord, par
cette ligne et, au sud, par le 15 parallèle. Il considère que le traité de 1986
ne peut lui être opposé étant donné qu’il empiète sur oses droits souve -

rains. Il fait valoir que l’arrêt de 2007, avec toute l’autorité de la chose
jugée, fixe dans son intégralité la frontière séparant ole Nicaragua et le
Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes et que cette autorité de la chose jugée
est revêtue non seulement par le dispositif, mais aussi par les motifos, dans
la mesure où ceux-ci en sont inséparables. Selon le Nicaragua, la requête

soumise par le Honduras vise à rouvrir des questions qui l’opposenot à
celui-ci et qui ont déjà été tranchées par la Cour ; le principe de l’autorité
de la chose jugée emporte dès lors son rejet.
55. La Colombie, quant à elle, fait valoir que le Honduras satisfait aux o

conditions requises pour intervenir en tant que non-partie en vertu de
l’article 62 du Statut, ajoutant qu’elle n’élève aucune objection contore la
demande du Honduras à intervenir en tant que partie. L’argumentatioon
de la Colombie a essentiellement trait à l’effet de l’arrêot de 2007 sur ses
droits vis-à-vis du Nicaragua dans la zone couverte par le traité de 1986.

La Colombie a soutenu que les obligations bilatérales qu’elle a contrac -
tées à l’égard du Honduras en vertu de ce traité ne lui ionterdisaient pas de
revendiquer à l’encontre du Nicaragua, en l’espèce, des droiots et des inté -
rêts dans la zone située au nord du 15 parallèle et à l’est du 82 méridien,

les engagements qu’elle a pris envers le Honduras au titre dudit traioté ne
valant qu’envers cet Etat.

*

56. Selon l’article 62 du Statut et l’article 81 du Règlement, l’Etat
demandant à intervenir doit, pour être autorisé à ce faire, oremplir cer -
taines conditions. Qu’il s’agisse pour lui d’intervenir en tanto que partie ou
en tant que non-partie, il doit convaincre la Cour qu’il possède un intérêt o
d’ordre juridique susceptible d’être affecté par la décoision de la Cour dans

la procédure principale. La Cour, pour déterminer si la requêteo du Hon -
duras satisfait aux critères énoncés à l’article 62 du Statut relativement à
l’intervention, devra commencer par examiner les intérêts juridoiques qui
s’y trouvent invoqués. Ainsi qu’elle l’a indiqué plus hauot, la Cour ne per -

dra pas de vue que, ce faisant, il ne s’agit pas pour elle d’interpréter le
sens ou la portée de l’arrêt de 2007 tel qu’envisagé à l’article 60 du Statut,
ni d’aborder la moindre question touchant au fond de la procédure oprin -
cipale (voir paragraphe 45 ci-dessus). La Cour ne saurait en aucune façon
préjuger de sa décision au fond (voir Différend frontalier terrestre, insu ‑

laire et maritime (El Salvador/Honduras), requête à fin d’intervention,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1990, p. 118, par. 62).

* *

22

5 CIJ1020.indb 40 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 438

54. Nicaragua contends that Honduras has no interest of a legal nature
south of the delimitation line fixed by the Court in the 2007 Judgmento,

including the area bounded by that line in the north and the 15th paralloel
in the south. According to Nicaragua, the 1986 Treaty cannot be relied
on against it because it encroaches on its sovereign rights. Nicaragua
argues that the 2007 Judgment, with full force of res judicata, settles the
entire Caribbean Sea boundary between Nicaragua and Honduras, and

that res judicata extends not only to the dispositif, but also to the reason -
ing, in so far as it is inseparable from the operative part. Nicaragua ios of
the view that the Application instituted by Honduras attempts to reopen o
matters between Nicaragua and Honduras that have already been decided
by the Court and therefore should be barred by the principle of res judi ‑
cata.

55. Colombia, on the other hand, is of the view that Honduras has
satisfied the test to intervene as a non-party in the case under Articole 62
of the Statute. Moreover, it raises no objection to the request of Honduo -
ras to intervene as a party. Colombia focused its arguments on the effoect
of the 2007 Judgment on the legal rights of Colombia vis-à-vis Nicaragua

in the area which the 1986 Treaty covers. Colombia asserted that its bilat -
eral obligations towards Honduras under the 1986 Treaty did not prevent
it from claiming in the present proceedings rights and interests in the area
north of the 15th parallel and east of the 82nd meridian as against Nica -
ragua, because what it had committed to Honduras under the 1986 Treaty

was only applicable to Honduras.

*

56. According to Article 62 of the Statute and Article 81 of the Rules

of Court, the State applying to intervene has to satisfy certain conditioons
in order for intervention to be permitted. Either as a party or a non-party,
the State requesting permission to intervene should demonstrate to the
Court that it has an interest of a legal nature that may be affected boy the
decision of the Court in the main proceedings. The Court, in ascertaininog

whether Honduras has or has not met the criteria in Article 62 of the
Statute concerning intervention, will first of all examine the interests as
claimed by Honduras in its Application. The Court is mindful, as stated o
previously, that in analysing such interests, the Court neither has the o
intention to construe the meaning or scope of the 2007 Judgment in the

sense of Article 60 of the Statute, nor to address any subject-matter that
should be dealt with at the merits phase of the main proceedings (see
paragraph 45 above). The Court must not in any way anticipate its deci -
sion on the merits (see Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute
(El Salvador/Honduras), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judg ‑
ment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 118, para. 62).

* *

22

5 CIJ1020.indb 41 14/06/13 11:47 439 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

1. L’intérêt d’ordre juridique revendiqué par le Honduras

57. La Cour examinera tout d’abord l’intérêt que le Honduras indoique
chercher à protéger par l’intervention demandée. Le Honduraso précise
que la zone recouvrant cet intérêt d’ordre juridique susceptibloe d’être

affecté par la décision de la Cour s’inscrit grosso modo dans un rectangle,
tel que représenté sur le croquis figurant à la page 441. Il ajoute que le
tracé des côtés méridional et oriental de ce rectangle, qui se confondent
avec la frontière du traité de 1986, est le suivant :

«partant du 82 e méridien, la frontière se dirige vers l’est le long du
15 eparallèle jusqu’à atteindre le méridien 79° 56΄ 00˝. Elle s’oriente

alors vers le nord le long de ce méridien pour ensuite s’infléochir et
suivre un arc approximatif à l’ouest de quelques cayes et du banc ode
Serranilla, avant d’atteindre un point situé au nord des cayes…o»

58. La Cour relève que, pour démontrer qu’il possède un intéroêt
d’ordre juridique en l’affaire, le Honduras estime avoir des drooits souve -

rains et une juridiction à faire valoir sur la zone maritime correspondant
au rectangle. Concrètement, il prétend pouvoir s’y prévaloiro de droits en
matière de concessions pétrolières, de patrouilles navales et d’activités de
pêche. Dans son argumentation, le Honduras soulève un certain nombore

de points qui remettent directement en question l’arrêt de 2007, par lequel
a été délimitée la frontière maritime entre le Honduras eot le Nicaragua.
59. La détermination de l’intérêt d’ordre juridique du Honduroas se
résume pour l’essentiel à l’examen de deux questions : d’une part, celle de
savoir si l’arrêt de 2007 a fixé dans son intégralité la frontière maritime

séparant le Honduras et le Nicaragua dans la mer des Caraïbes, et, d’autre
part, celle des effets qu’aura, le cas échéant, la décisioon de la Cour dans la
procédure principale sur les droits dont jouit le Honduras en vertu dou
traité de 1986.

60. Dans sa requête, le Honduras expose que lui-même et la Colombiee
détiennent des droits sur la zone maritime située au nord du 15 parallèle,
droits générés par les côtes du Honduras, d’une part, et opar l’archipel de
San Andrés, Serranilla et l’île de providencia, d’autre part, et que c’est le

chevauchement de leurs revendications qui les a conduits à conclure le
traité de 1986. La Cour ne peut manquer de relever que ce n’est pas la
première fois que la position du Honduras concernant le statut du
15e parallèle, telle qu’il la développe en l’espèce, oppose coelui-ci au Nica-
ragua. De fait, cette position a été dûment examinée dans l’arrêt de 2007

portant délimitation de la frontière maritime.
61. Dans l’affaire Nicaragua c. Honduras, en laquelle a été rendu l’arrêt
de 2007, l’un des principaux arguments du Honduras relativement à la
délimitation consistait à affirmer que le 15 e parallèle devait constituer la

frontière maritime entre lui-même et le Nicaragua, soit en tant que ligne
traditionnelle, soit du fait de l’accord tacite des Etats voisins. Daons son
arrêt, la Cour a toutefois rejeté ces deux arguments juridiques eto n’a pas
conféré au 15 eparallèle cette qualité de ligne frontière. Le 15 parallèle ne

23

5 CIJ1020.indb 42 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 439

1. The Interest of a Legal Nature Claimed by Honduras

57. The Court will first examine the interest that Honduras has claimed

for protection by intervention. Honduras indicates that the zone contain -
ing its interest of a legal nature that may be affected by the decisioon of
the Court lies within a roughly rectangular area as illustrated in the
sketch-map attached herewith on page 441. It further states that the
south line and the east line of the rectangle, that are identical with the
boundary in the 1986 Treaty, run as follows :

“[S]tarting from the 82nd meridian, the boundary goes due east

along the 15th parallel until it reaches meridian 79° 56´ 00˝. It then
turns due north along that meridian. Some distance to the north, it
turns to follow an approximate arc to the west of some cays and
Serranilla Bank, until it reaches a point north of the cays . . .”

58. The Court observes that Honduras, in order to demonstrate that it
has an interest of a legal nature in the present case, contends that it ois
entitled to claim sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the maritime aroea

in the rectangle. In concrete terms, Honduras states that it can assert o
rights relating to oil concessions, naval patrols and fishing activitioes in
that area. In its arguments, Honduras raises a number of issues that
directly put into question the 2007 Judgment, in which the maritime
boundary between Honduras and Nicaragua was delimited.

59. Honduras’s interest of a legal nature relates essentially to two
issues: whether the 2007 Judgment has settled the entire maritime bound -
ary between Honduras and Nicaragua in the Caribbean Sea and what
effect, if any, the decision of the Court in the pending proceedings woill
have on the rights that Honduras enjoys under the 1986 Treaty.

60. In its Application, Honduras explains that it and Colombia possess
rights in the maritime zone north of the 15th parallel as they are genero -
ated by the Honduran coast, on the one hand, and by the Archipelago of
San Andrés, Serranilla and the island of providencia, on the other. Due

to their overlapping claims, the 1986 Treaty was concluded. The Court
cannot fail to observe that Honduras’s position on the status of the o
15th parallel as stated in the present case is not raised for the first timoe as
between Honduras and Nicaragua. As a matter of fact, it was duly con -
sidered by the Court in the delimitation of their maritime boundary in tohe

2007 Judgment.
61. In the Nicaragua v. Honduras case in which the 2007 Judgment was
rendered, one of Honduras’s principal arguments with respect to the
delimitation was that the 15th parallel, either as a traditional line oro by
tacit agreement of the neighbouring States, should serve as the maritime
boundary between Honduras and Nicaragua. The Court in that judg -

ment, however, rejected both of these legal grounds and gave no effecto to
the 15th parallel as the boundary line. By virtue of the 2007 Judgment, o

23

5 CIJ1020.indb 43 14/06/13 11:47 440 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

joue donc aucun rôle en vertu de l’arrêt de 2007 aux fins de l’examen de
la délimitation maritime entre le Honduras et le Nicaragua. En d’aoutres
termes, cette question est, pour le Honduras, chose jugée aux fins de la
présente procédure.

62. Appelée à arrêter une frontière maritime unique délimitanot les mers
territoriales, portions de plateau continental et zones économiques eoxclu-
sives relevant respectivement du Nicaragua et du Honduras dans la zone
en litige, la Cour, dans son arrêt de 2007, a tracé une ligne bissectrice

tenant compte, moyennant certains ajustements, des îles honduriennes
situées au large du littoral. Dans la présente procédure, le Hoonduras et le
Nicaragua ont exprimé des positions très différentes sur l’oeffet de cette
bissectrice marquant la frontière. Ainsi sont-ils en désaccord sur les ques -
tions de savoir si la Cour, dans son arrêt de 2007, a indiqué un point

terminal précis sur la bissectrice, si cette dernière s’étenod au-delà du
82 méridien et, partant, si l’arrêt de 2007 a définitivement délimité l’inté -
gralité de la frontière maritime entre le Honduras et le Nicaraguao dans la
mer des Caraïbes. La Cour prend note de la position du Honduras, seloon

lequel ces questions, si elles demeurent sans réponse, ne manqueront cer -
tainement pas d’avoir une incidence sur le caractère définitiof et la stabilité
des relations juridiques entre les deux parties.
63. Selon la Cour, deux aspects du raisonnement qu’elle a développéo

aux paragraphes 306 à 319 de son arrêt de 2007 revêtent une incidence
directe en ce qui concerne les questions exposées ci-dessus. Elle rappelle
en premier lieu que c’est seulement après avoir conclu à l’eoxistence d’éven -
tuels intérêts d’Etats tiers dans la zone qu’elle a, dans soon arrêt de 2007,
décidé de ne pas se prononcer sur la question du point terminal. Eon toute

logique, si le point F de la ligne bissectrice tel que l’interprète le Honduras
avait été censé marquer un tel point terminal, la Cour n’auroait eu nul
besoin de continuer de se soucier de l’emplacement d’éventuels ointérêts
d’Etats tiers, auxquels ce point n’aurait de toute manière pu poorter

atteinte. En second lieu, c’est l’affirmation du Henduras selon loaquelle
une délimitation qui s’étendrait au‑delà du 82 méridien porterait atteinte
aux droits de la Colombie qui a amené la Cour à dûment tenir coompte des
arguments avancés par lui quant aux droits d’Etats tiers et à so’assurer

«qu’une éventuelle délimitation entre le Honduras et le Nicaraguoa
qui se prolongerait vers l’est au‑delà du 82 e méridien et au nord du
e
15 parallèle (ce qui serait le cas de la bissectrice retenue par la Cou▯r)
ne porterait en réalité pas préjudice aux droits de la Colombieo, dans
la mesure où les droits de cette dernière en vertu d[u] traité o[de 1986]
ne s’étendent pas au nord du 15 e parallèle » (Différend territorial et

maritime entre le Nicaragua et le Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes
(Nicaragua c. Honduras), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II), p. 759,
par. 316; les italiques sont de la Cour).

Selon le raisonnement de la Cour, au-delà du point F, la bissectrice
d’azimut défini doit se poursuivre en ligne droite, en épousaont la courbure
de la Terre, pour constituer l’intégralité du tracé de la froontière maritime

24

5 CIJ1020.indb 44 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 440

therefore, the 15th parallel plays no role in the consideration of the moari-
time delimitation between Honduras and Nicaragua. In other words, the

matter has rested on res judicata for Honduras in the present proceedings.

62. In establishing a single maritime boundary between Nicaragua and
Honduras, delimiting their respective territorial seas, continental shelves
and exclusive economic zones in the disputed area, the Court in the 2007o

Judgment drew up a straight bisector line, with some adjustments taking o
into account Honduras’s islands off the coastline. In the present poroceed-
ings, Honduras and Nicaragua hold considerably different positions on o
the effect of this bisector boundary. They differ as to whether the o2007
Judgment has specified an endpoint on the bisector line, whether the
bisector line extends beyond the 82nd meridian and, consequently,

whether the 2007 Judgment has definitively delimited the entire maritime
boundary between Honduras and Nicaragua in the Caribbean Sea. The
Court notes Honduras’s assertion that these issues, if not answered, o
would certainly affect the finality and stability of the legal relatoions bet-
ween the two parties.

63. In the Court’s reasoning in paragraphs 306-319 of the 2007 Judg -
ment, there are two aspects that the Court considers as directly bearingo
on the above issues. The Court recalls, first, that in the 2007 Judgment, it

was only after the Court came to the conclusion that there may be poten -
tial third-State interests in the area that it decided not to rule on thoe issue
of the endpoint. Logically, if point F on the bisector line had been deter -
mined as the endpoint, as interpreted by Honduras, it would have been
unnecessary for the Court to continue considering where third-State
interests might possibly lie because point F would in any event be devoid

of potential effect on the rights of any third State. Secondly, it was because
of the claim raised by Honduras that a delimitation continuing beyond
the 82nd meridian would affect Colombia’s rights that the Court took full
account of the arguments put forward by Honduras in regard to the
third-State rights and made sure

“that any delimitation between Honduras and Nicaragua extending
east beyond the 82nd meridian and north of the 15th parallel (as the

bisector adopted by the Court would do) would not actually prejudice
Colombia’s rights because Colombia’s rights under [the 1986 Treatyo]
do not extend north of the 15th parallel” (Territorial and Maritime
Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nica‑
ragua v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), pp. 758-759,

para. 316; emphasis added).

According to the Court’s reasoning, the bisector line with a defineod

azimuth, after point F, is to continue as a straight line subject to the
curve of the Earth and run the whole course of the maritime boundary

24

5 CIJ1020.indb 45 14/06/13 11:47 441 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

Zone dans laquelle le Honduras prétend avoir
Zone dans laquelle le Honduras prétend
un intérêt d'ordre juridique susceptible d'être
avoir un intérêt d'ordre juridique susceptible affecté par la décision de la Cour
d'être affecté par la décision de la Cour
Frontière maritime établie par la Cour dans son
arrêt du 8 octobre 2007 en l'affaire du Différend
Ce croquis a été établi à seule fin d'illustration, territorial et maritime entre le Nicaragua et le
à partir d'une carte présentée par le Honduras Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c.
Projection de Mercator (15°N) Honduras) (voir C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II)
p. 761, croquis n° 7)
WGS 84
Ligne de délimitation telle qu'établie dans le trai té
de 1986 entre le Honduras et la Colombie

point F Formations maritimes

HONDURAS e
bi
l
o
aC ga
NICARAGUA al ar
ep i
u u lN
i l a
en u e
e sd quue
e n ndli
t d verp
a ees
m MER DES CARAÏBES tias
r ar d
n m
ro ie
F on
F

CO
S T
A
CI
COLOMBIE
A

PANAMA

25

5 CIJ1020.indb 46 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 441

Area in which Honduras claims to have Area in which Honduras claims to have an interest
of a legal nature which may be affected
an interest of a legal nature which by the Court's decision

may be affected by the Court's decision Maritime boundary line established by the Court
in its Judgment of 8 October 2007 in the case
This sketch-map has been prepared for illustrative purposes only, concerning Territorial and Maritime Dispute
on the basis of a map presented by Honduras
between Nicaragua and Honduras in the
Mercator Projection (15°N) Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras)(see
WGS 84 I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 761, sketch-map No. 7)

Delimitation line in the 1986 Treaty
between Honduras and Colombia

Maritime features
Point F
HONDURAS

b
m
oo
C a
b ag
NICARAGUA e e ar
ain Ni
c j b
r e e
n it ai
o i cly
e arep
i n sR
r CARIBBEAN SEA buni
a e i
M i
a
M

C
O
S
TA

R
IC COLOMBIA
A

PANAMA

25

5 CIJ1020.indb 47 14/06/13 11:47 442 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

entre le Honduras et le Nicaragua aussi loin que ne sont en cause
les droits d’aucun Etat tiers. Elle délimite donc les zones maritimes oreve-

nant respectivement au Honduras et au Nicaragua dans la mer des
Caraïbes, ce qui, par définition, devrait englober celle que recoouvre le rec -
tangle.
64. Au terme de son examen, la Cour estime difficile de retenir l’argu -
ment du Honduras selon lequel « une frontière qui n’a pas de point termi-

nal ne saurait manifestement être fixée dans son intégralitéo», car ce n’est
pas la première fois qu’elle laisse indéterminé le point terminal d’une
frontière maritime qu’il s’agira de fixer ultérieurement, oune fois établis
les droits d’un ou plusieurs Etats tiers. Ainsi qu’elle l’a dit danos l’arrêt
de 2007, « [e]n matière de délimitation judiciaire, il est … courant de ne
pas indiquer de point terminal précis afin de ne pas porter préjoudice aux

droits d’Etats tiers» (Différend territorial et maritime entre le Nicaragua et
le Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Honduras), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II), p. 756, par. 312; voir aussi Plateau continental
(Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1982, p. 91,
par. 130 ; Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte), requête

à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 27; Délimitation maritime
et questions territoriales entre Qatar et Bahreïn (Qatar c. Bahreïn), fond,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 116, par. 250 ; Frontière terrestre et maritime
entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria ; Guinée équatoriale
(intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2002, p. 421, par. 238, p. 424, par. 245,

et p. 448, par. 307 ; Délimitation maritime en mer Noire (Roumanie c.
Ukraine), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 131, par. 219). La décision de
la Cour relative à la délimitation maritime dans la mer des Caraïbes
entre le Honduras et le Nicaragua est définitive. Le Honduras ne pourraito
être un « Etat tiers » dans les relations juridiques nées de ce contexte
puisqu’il était lui-même partie à la procédure. A défaut de revendications

d’Etats tiers, la frontière doit indiscutablement suivre le tracéo défini par
la Cour.
65. La Cour relève que la frontière n’aurait pu éventuellement
dévier de son tracé en ligne droite établi par l’arrêt de 2007 que si le
Honduras avait mis en avant de nouvelles formations maritimes de-

vant être prises en compte aux fins de la délimitation. Or, le Honduroas
n’en a évoqué, ou n’a produit d’éléments tendant ào en établir l’existence,
ni dans le cadre de la procédure en l’affaire du Différend territorial et
maritime entre le Nicaragua et le Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes
(Nicaragua c. Honduras) ni dans la présente procédure. Du reste, quand

bien même il l’aurait fait dans la présente procédure, la quoestion n’en
aurait pas moins été exclue du champ d’application de l’article 62 du
Statut, qui concerne l’intervention, mais aurait relevé de celui doe
l’article 61, qui concerne la revision. En d’autres termes, le Honduras
n’a pas laissé entendre qu’il subsisterait un différend noon résolu ou des
éléments de nature à prouver que la bissectrice qui marque la foron -

tière maritime entre le Honduras et le Nicaragua n’était ni complète oni
définitive.

26

5 CIJ1020.indb 48 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 442

between Honduras and Nicaragua as long as there are no third-State
rights affected. It thus delimits the maritime zones respectively accrouing

to Honduras and Nicaragua in the Caribbean Sea, which by definition
should cover the area in the rectangle.

64. In examining Honduras’s argument, the Court finds it difficult to o
appreciate Honduras’s contention that “a boundary that does not haove

an endpoint, clearly cannot be settled in its entirety”, because thato was
not the first time that the Court left open the endpoint of a maritimeo
boundary to be decided later when the rights of the third State or Stateos
were ascertained. As the Court held in the 2007 Judgment, it is “usual in
a judicial delimitation for the precise endpoint to be left undefined oin
order to refrain from prejudicing the rights of third States” (Territorial

and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean
Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 756,
para. 312 ; see also Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 91, para. 130; Continental Shelf (Lib ‑
yan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Application for Permission to Intervene,

Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 27 ; Maritime Delimitation and Territo ‑
rial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain), Merits,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 116, para. 250 ; Land and Maritime
Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria : Equato ‑
rial Guinea intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 421, para. 238,

p. 424, para. 245 and p. 448, para. 307 ; Maritime Delimitation in the
Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 131, para. 219.)
What was decided by the Court with respect to the maritime delimitation o
between Honduras and Nicaragua in the Caribbean Sea is definitive.
Honduras could not be a “third State” in the legal relations in thoat con -
text for the reason that it was itself a party to the proceedings. So loong as

there are no third-State claims, the boundary is to run indisputably on the
course defined by the Court.
65. The Court observes that the boundary might have conceivably
deviated from the straight-line established by the 2007 Judgment only if
Honduras had presented further maritime features to be taken into

account for the boundary delimitation. Neither in the case concerning thoe
Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the
Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) nor in the present proceedings
did Honduras make such a suggestion or produce any evidence to that
effect. Of course, even if it had done so in the present proceedings, othe

matter still would not have fallen under Article 62 of the Statute with
respect to intervention, but under Article 61 thereof concerning revision.
In other words, Honduras does not suggest that there still exists any unre-
solved dispute or evidence that would prove that the bisector line is
not the complete and final maritime boundary between Honduras and
Nicaragua.

26

5 CIJ1020.indb 49 14/06/13 11:47 443 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

2. L’application du principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée

66. Les demandes du Honduras reposent essentiellement sur l’argu -

ment selon lequel le raisonnement exposé aux paragraphes 306 à 319 de
l’arrêt de 2007 n’est pas revêtu de l’autorité de la chose jugée. Dèos lors,
selon le Honduras, ce principe ne l’empêche pas de soulever des quoestions
qui se rapportent aux motifs de l’arrêt.

67. Il est un principe juridique bien établi et généralement reconnou
qu’une décision rendue par un organe judiciaire a force obligatoiroe pour les
parties au différend (Effet de jugements du Tribunal administratif des Nations
Unies accordant indemnité, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1954,p. 53).
La Cour relève que, afin d’établir dans quelle mesure l’arorêt de 2007 est

revêtu de l’autorité de la chose jugée, elle doit placer la odemande du Hon -
duras dans le contexte spécifique de l’affaire.
68. Les droits du Honduras sur la zone située au nord de la bissectrice
n’ont été contestés ni par le Nicaragua ni par la Colombie. Il ne saurait
donc y avoir pour le Honduras, à l’égard de cette zone, un intéorêt d’ordre

juridique susceptible d’être affecté par la décision de lao Cour dans la pro -
cédure principale.
Aux fins d’établir si le Honduras possède un intérêt d’oordre juridique
dans la zone située au sud de la ligne bissectrice, la question essenotielle

que doit trancher la Cour est celle de savoir dans quelle mesure l’arorêt
de 2007 a défini le tracé de la frontière maritime unique entre oles mers
territoriales, portions de plateau continental et zones économiques eoxclu -
sives relevant respectivement du Nicaragua et du Honduras.
69. La Cour considère que le tracé de la ligne bissectrice, tel qu’oil a été

indiqué au point 3 du dispositif de son arrêt de 2007 (paragraphe 321), est
clair. Aupoint 3 du dispositif, lequel est incontestablement revêtu de l’auto -
rité de la chose jugée, la Cour a indiqué que, «[à] partir du point F, [la fron-
tière] se poursuivra le long de la ligne d’azimut 70° 14΄ 41,25˝ jusqu’à atteindre
la zone dans laquelle elle risque de mettre en cause les droits d’Etaots tier.s »

70. La Cour fait observer que les motifs qui figurent aux paragraphes 306
à 319 de l’arrêt de 2007 et constituent le support nécessaire du dispositif de
cet arrêt sont, sur ce point, également dépourvus d’ambiguïoté. La Cour a
clairement indiqué dans ces paragraphes que la bissectrice s’étoendrait
e
au-delà du 82 méridien jusqu’à atteindre la zone dans laquelle pourraient
être affectés les droits d’un Etat tiers et que son point terominal demeurerait
indéterminé tant que n’auraient pas été établis les drooits de cet Etat tiers.
Sans cet exposé des motifs, il pourrait être difficile de comprendre pourquoi
la Cour n’a pas fixé, dans son arrêt, de point terminal. Compote tenu de ces

motifs, la décision à laquelle la Cour est parvenue dans son arrêot de 2007 ne
se prête à aucune autre interprétation.

3. La demande du Honduras et le traité de 1986

71. En ce qui concerne le traité de 1986, la Cour observe que le Hon -

duras et la Colombie ont des positions divergentes. Le Honduras a plaidéo

27

5 CIJ1020.indb 50 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 443

2. The Application of the Principle of Res Judicata

66. Honduras’s claims are primarily based on the ground that the rea -

soning stated in paragraphs 306-319 of the 2007 Judgment does not have
the force of res judicata. Honduras contends that, therefore, the principle
of res judicata does not prevent it from raising issues relating to the reason-
ing of that Judgment.
67. It is a well-established and generally recognized principle of law that

a judgment rendered by a judicial body has binding force between the paroties
to the dispute (Effect of Awards of Compensation Made by the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1954p , . 53).
The Court notes that in ascertaining the scope of res judicata of the
2007 Judgment, it must consider Honduras’s request in the specific ocon -

text of the case.
68. The rights of Honduras over the area north of the bisector line
have not been contested either by Nicaragua or by Colombia. With
regard to that area, there thus cannot be an interest of a legal nature oof
Honduras which may be affected by the decision of the Court in the maion
proceedings.

In order to assess whether Honduras has an interest of a legal nature ino
the area south of the bisector line, the essential issue for the Court too
ascertain is to what extent the 2007 Judgment has determined the course
of the single maritime boundary between the areas of territorial sea, coon -
tinental shelf and exclusive economic zone appertaining respectively to o

Nicaragua and Honduras.
69. The Court is of the view that the course of the bisector line as deter -
mined in point (3) of the operative clause of its 2007 Judgment (para -
graph 321) is clear. In point (3) of its operative clause, which indisputably
has the force of res judicata, the Court held that “[f]rom point F, [the bound-

ary line] shall continue along the line having the azimuth of 70° 14´ 41.25˝
until it reaches the area where the rights of third States may be affeocted”.
70. The Court observes that the reasoning contained in para -
graphs 306-319 of the 2007 Judgment, which was an essential step leading
to the dispositif of that Judgment, is also unequivocal on this point. The

Court made a clear determination in these paragraphs that the bisector
line would extend beyond the 82nd meridian until it reached the area
where the rights of a third State may be affected. Before the rights oof such
third State were ascertained, the endpoint of the bisector line would beo
left open. Without such reasoning, it may be difficult to understand whoy

the Court did not fix an endpoint in its decision. With this reasoning, the
decision made by the Court in its 2007 Judgment leaves no room for any
alternative interpretation.

3. Honduras’s Request in relation to the 1986 Treaty

71. With regard to the 1986 Treaty, the Court observes that Honduras
and Colombia have different positions. Honduras asserts that given theo

27

5 CIJ1020.indb 51 14/06/13 11:47 444 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

que, compte tenu des « obligations bilatérales contradictoires » découlant,
respectivement, du traité de 1986 conclu avec la Colombie et de l’arrêt

rendu en 2007 entre lui et le Nicaragua, il avait un intérêt d’ordre juroi -
dique à ce que soit tranchée la question de savoir si et dans quelole mesure
l’arrêt de 2007 a eu une incidence sur le statut et l’application du traité
de 1986. La Colombie, quant à elle, a prié la Cour de laisser de côoté ce
même traité, celle-ci étant appelée, lors de la phase du fond, à délimiter la

frontière maritime entre la Colombie et le Nicaragua, et non à déoterminer
le statut des relations conventionnelles de la Colombie et du Honduras. o
La Colombie estime donc que le statut et la teneur du traité de 1986 ne
sont pas en jeu dans la procédure principale.
72. Dans le rectangle théorique qui nous intéresse (voir croquis,

p. 441), trois Etats sont concernés : le Honduras, la Colombie et le Nica -
ragua. Ces Etats peuvent conclure des traités de délimitation mariotime
bilatéraux. En vertu du principe res inter alios acta, ces traités ne confèrent
pas davantage de droits à un Etat tiers qu’ils ne lui imposent d’obliga -
tions. Quelques concessions qu’un Etat partie ait pu faire à l’égard de

l’autre, celles-ci demeureront bilatérales, et exclusivement bilatérales, et
ne pourront avoir aucune incidence sur les droits d’un Etat tiers. Dans
son arrêt de 2007, la Cour, conformément au principe res inter alios acta,
ne s’est pas fondée sur le traité de 1986.
73. La frontière maritime entre la Colombie et le Nicaragua sera détero -

minée en fonction de la côte et des formations maritimes des deux parties.
Ce faisant, la Cour, pour déterminer cette frontière, ne se fonderoa pas sur
le traité de 1986.
74. Enfin, la Cour n’estime aucunement nécessaire d’examiner la qouestion
du «point triple» que le Honduras affirme être situé sur la ligne frontièreo

établie par le traité de 1986. Ayant éclairci plus haut les questions ayant trait
à l’arrêt de 2007 et au traité de 1986, la Cour ne voit aucun lien entre celle
du «point triple» soulevée par le Honduras et la présente procédure.
75. Au vu des considérations qui précèdent, la Cour conclut que le o
Honduras n’est pas parvenu à démontrer qu’il possédait uno intérêt d’ordre

juridique susceptible d’être affecté par la décision de lao Cour dans la pro -
cédure principale. En conséquence, la Cour n’a besoin d’examoiner aucune
autre des questions soulevées devant elle dans la présente procéodure.

*
* *

76. par ces motifs,

La Cour,

par treize voix contre deux,
Dit que la requête à fin d’intervention en l’instance, en tanot que partie

ou en tant que non-partie, déposée par la République du Honduras en
vertu de l’article 62 du Statut de la Cour, ne peut être admise.

28

5 CIJ1020.indb 52 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 444

“conflicting bilateral obligations”, stemming from the 1986 Treaty with
Colombia and the 2007 Judgment vis-à-vis Nicaragua respectively, Hon -

duras has an interest of a legal nature in determining if and how the
2007 Judgment has affected the status and application of the 1986 Treaty.
Colombia, on the other hand, asks the Court to leave the 1986 Treaty
aside, because the task of the Court at the merits phase is to delimit the
maritime boundary between Colombia and Nicaragua, not to determine

the status of the treaty relations between Colombia and Honduras. Thus, o
in the view of Colombia, the status and substance of the 1986 Treaty areo
not issues at stake in the main proceedings.

72. In the perceived rectangle now under consideration (see sketch-map,

p. 441), there are three States involved: Honduras, Colombia and Nicara -
gua. These States may conclude maritime delimitation treaties on a bilato-
eral basis. Such bilateral treaties, under the principle res inter alios acta,
neither confer any rights upon a third State, nor impose any duties on iot.
Whatever concessions one State party has made to the other shall remain o

bilateral and bilateral only, and will not affect the entitlements of othe
third State. In conformity with the principle of res inter alios acta, the
Court in the 2007 Judgment did not rely on the 1986 Treaty.

73. Between Colombia and Nicaragua, the maritime boundary will be

determined pursuant to the coastline and maritime features of the two
parties. In so doing, the Court will place no reliance on the 1986 Treaty
in determining the maritime boundary between Nicaragua and Colombia.
74. Finally, the Court does not consider any need to address the remain -
ing issue of the “tripoint” that Honduras claims to be on the bounodary line

in the 1986 Treaty. Having clarified the above matters pertaining to the
2007 Judgment and the 1986 Treaty, the Court does not see any link between
the issue of the “tripoint” raised by Honduras and the current prooceedings.
75. In light of the above considerations, the Court concludes that Hon -
duras has failed to satisfy the Court that it has an interest of a legal nature

that may be affected by the decision of the Court in the main proceediongs.
Consequently, there is no need for the Court to consider any further
questions that have been put before it in the present proceedings.

*
* *

76. For these reasons,

The Court,

By thirteen votes to two,
Finds that the Application for permission to intervene in the proceed -

ings, either as a party or as a non-party, filed by the Republic of Honduras
under Article 62 of the Statute of the Court cannot be granted.

28

5 CIJ1020.indb 53 14/06/13 11:47 445 différend territorialo et maritime (arrêt)

pour : M.Owada, président, M. Tomka, vice‑président ; MM. Koroma, Al-
Khasawneh, Simma, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Cançado Trin -
dade, Yusuf, Mme Xue, juges ; MM. Cot, Gaja, juges ad hoc ;
me
contre : M.Abraham, M Donoghue, juges.

Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foipalais de
la paix, à La Haye, le quatre mai deux mille onze, en quatre exemplaires,

dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres oseront trans
mis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République du Nicaragua, au o
Gouvernement de la République de Colombie et au Gouvernement de la
République du Honduras.

Le président,

(Signé) Hisashi Owada.

Le greffier,
(Signé) philippe Couvreur.

M. le juge Al-Khasawneh joint une déclaration à l’arrêt ; M. le juge

Abraham joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion dissidente ; M. le juge
Keith joint une déclaration à l’arrêt ; MM. les juges Cançado Trindade
et Yusuf joignent une déclaration commune à l’arrêt ; M me la juge

Donoghue joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion dissidente.

(Paraphé) H.O.

(Paraphé) ph.C.

29

5 CIJ1020.indb 54 14/06/13 11:47 territorial and mariotime dispute (judgmenot) 445

in favour : President Owada ; Vice‑President Tomka ; Judges Koroma, Al-
Khasawneh, Simma, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Cançado Trin-
dade, Yusuf, Xue ; Judges ad hoc Cot, Gaja;
against :Judges Abraham, Donoghue.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the peace palace, The Hague, this fourth day of May, two thousand and
eleven, in four copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of tohe
Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic of

Nicaragua, the Government of the Republic of Colombia, and the
Government of the Republic of Honduras, respectively.

(Signed) Hisashi Owada,

president.

(Signed) philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.

Judge Al-Khasawneh appends a declaration to the Judgment of the
Court ; JudgeAbraham appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of
the Court ; Judge Keith appends a declaration to the Judgment of the
Court ; JudgesCançado Trindade and Yusuf append a joint declaration

to the Judgment of the Court ; Judge Donoghue appends a dissenting
opinion to the Judgment of the Court.

(Initialled) H.O.

(Initialled) ph.C.

29

5 CIJ1020.indb 55 14/06/13 11:47

ICJ document subtitle

Application by Honduras for Permission to Intervene

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 4 May 2011

Links