Judgment of 18 December 2003

Document Number
127-20031218-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

DEMANDE EN REVISION
DE L'ARRÊT DU IlSEPTEMBRE 1992
EN L'AFFAIRE DU DIFFÉREND FRONTALIER

TERRESTRE, INSULAIRE ET MARITIME
(EL SALVADOR/HONDURAS; NICARAGUA
(intervenant))

'(EL SALVADORc.HONDURAS)

ARRÊT DU 18 DÉCEMBRE 2003

2003

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

APPLICATION FOR REVISION OF THE
JUDGMENT OF 11 SEPTEMBER 1992

IN THE CASE CONCERNING THE
LAND, ISLAND AND MARITIME FRONT/ER
DISPUTE (EL SALVADOR/HONDURAS:

NICARAGUA intervening)
(EL SALVADORv.HONDURAS)

JUDGMENT OF 18 DECEMBER 2003 Mode officiel de citation:

Demande en revision de l'arrêtdil septembre1992 en l'affaire du Différend
frontalier terrestre, insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/HondNicaragua
(intervenant))(El Salvador c. Honduras), arrêt,
C.l.J. Recueil 2003,p. 392

Official citation:
Application for Revision of the Judgmenl o11 September 1992 inthe Case

concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/
Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras), Judgment,
/. C.J. Reports 2003,p.392

N° de vente:
TSSN0074-4441 Sales number 877

TSBN92-1-070985-3 18 DÉCEMBRE 2003

ARRÊT

DEMANDE EN REVISION DE L'ARRÊT

DU Il SEPTEMBRE 1992 EN L'AFFAIRE
DU DIFFÉREND FRONTALIER TERRESTRE, INSULAIRE
ET MARITIME (EL SALVADOR/HONDURAS;
NICARAGUA (intervenant))

(EL SALVADOR c.HONDURAS)

APPLICATION FOR REVISION
OF THE JUDGMENT OF 11 SEPTEMBER 1992 IN THE CASE
CONCERNING THE LAND, ISLAND AND MARITIME
FRONT/ER DISPUTE (EL SALVADOR/HONDURAS:
NICARAGUA intervening)

(EL SALVADOR vHONDURAS)

18 DECEMBER 2003

JUDGMENT 392

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2003 2003
18 December
General List
18 December 2003 No. 127

APPLICATION FOR REVISION OF THE

JUDGMENT OF 11 SEPTEMBER 1992

IN THE CASE CONCERNING THE
LAND, ISLAND AND MARITIME FRONT/ER

DISPUTE (EL SALVADOR/HONDURAS:

NICARAGUA intervening)

(EL SALVADOR v. HONDURAS)

Arric!e 61 of rhe Sralule Appficalion for revision Possibility for the
Court at anytme tvrequire previous compliance witl! the tenns of the judgment
wfwse revision is sought, before it admits proceedings in reviNo role
played by the consent of the parties as to admissibil{/1application for
revision.
New jiu:tsalfegedby El Salvador in resper:t of the sixth sector of the land
boundury be/HJeen El Salvador and Honduras established in the Clwmber's
Judgment of 11 September 1992: avulsion of the river Goascor(m; discovery of
ajimher copy of the "Carla E.lférica"and of the report of the El Activo expedi­
tion in 1794 - Legal basis ohe Cfwmber "sdecision i1he original caxe -
Alfegednew facts not decisive factors in respect of the 1992 JudgmNot -
need toascertain whether the other conditions laid down in Article 61 of rhe
Starure are sarisfiedlnadmissibility of the Application.

JUDGMENT

Present: Judge GuiLLAUME, President of the Chamber; Judges REZEK,
BuEROENTH/IL; Judges ad hoc ToRRES BERNÀRDEz, PAOLJLLO;
RegistrarCOUVREUR~

4 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 393

In the case concerning the Application for revision of the Judgment of
Il September 1992,

belween

the Republic of El Salvador,
represented by
Mr. Gabriel Mauricio Gutiérrez Castro,

as Agent;
1-I.E.Ms Maria Eugenia Brizuela de A vila, Minister for Foreign Affairs,

H.E. Mr. Rafael Zaldlvar Brizuela, Ambassador of El Salvador to the Inter-
national Organizations in The Hague,

as Co-Agents;
Mr. Agustin Vasquez G6mez,
as Deputy Agent;

Mr. Antonio Remiro Brot6ns, Professor of International Law, Universidad
Aut6noma de Madrid,
Mr. Maurice Mendelson, Q.C., Profcssor Emeritus of International Law,
University of London,
as Counsel and Advocates;

Mr. Mauricio Alfredo Clara,
Mr. Domingo E. Acevedo,
as Counsel;

Ms Beatriz Borja de Miguel,
Ms Patricia Kennedy,
Ms Ana Mogorr6n Huerta,
as Advisers;
Mr. CésarMartinez,

Ms Lililm Overdiek,
Ms Cecilia Montoya de Guardado,
as Assistants,

and
the Republic of Honduras,

represented by
H.E. Mr. Carlos L6pez Contreras, former Minister for Foreign AITairs,
as Agent;

H.E. Mr. Julio Rend6n Barnica, Ambassador of Honduras to the Nether­
lands,
as Co-Agent;
Mr. Pierre-Marie· Dupuy, Professor of International Law, Université de

Paris II (Panthéon-Assas) and Institut universitaire européen de Florence,
Mr. Luis ignacio Sanchez Rodrfguez, Professor of International Law, Uni­
vcrsidad Complutcnse de Madrid,
Mr. Philippe Sands, Q.C., Professor of Law, University College London,

5 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 394

Mr. Carlos Jiménez Piernas, Professor of International Law, Universidad de

Alcala, Madrid,
Mr. Richard Meese, avocat à la cour d'appel de Paris,
as Counsel and Advocates;

H.E. Mr. Anibal Quiii6nez Abarca, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs,
H.E. Mr. Policarpo Callejas,Ambassador, Adviscr to the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Miguel Tosta Appel, Chairman of the Honduran National Section of
the El Salvador-Honduras Demarcation Commission,

as Counsel,

THE CHAMBER OFTHEiNTERNATIONA COURTOFJUSTICEformed to deal with
the above-mentioned case,

composed as above,
aftcr deliberation,

delivers the following Judgment:

1. On 10 September 2002 the Republic of El Salvador (hereinafter "El Sal­
vador") filed in the Registry of the Court an Application instituting proceedings
dated the same day, whereby, citing Article 61 of the Statute and Articles 99
and 100 of the Rules of Court, it submitted a request to the Court for revision
of the1 udgment delivered on Il September 1992 by the Cham ber of the Court
formed to deal with the case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Fran­

lier Dispute (El Salvador/ Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (!.C.J. Reports
1992, p. 351).
2. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statu te, the Registrar commu­
nicated a certified copy of the Application to the Republic of Honduras (here­
inafter "Honduras") on 10 September 2002. A copy of the Application was also
communicated to the Republic of Nicaragua for information purposes, since

that State had been authorized, pursuant to Article 62 of the Statute, to inter­
vene in the original proceedings. ln accordance with Article 40, paragraph 3, of
the Statute, ali States entitled to appear before the Court were notified of the
Application.
3. ln its Application, El Salvador, citing Article 100, paragraph 1, of the
Rules of Court, requested the Court "To proceed to form the Chamber that

will hear the application for revision of the Judgment, bearing in mind the
terms thal El Salvador and Honduras agreed upon in the Special Agreement of
24 May 1986."
4. The Parties, duly consulted by the President of the Court on 6 Novem­
ber 2002, expressed their wish for the formation of a new Chamber of fivc
members, of whom two would be judges ad hoc to be chosen by them pursuant

to Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statu teBy a letter or 7 November 2002 the
Agent of El Salvador informed the Court that his Government had chosen
H.E. Mr. Felipe H. Paolillo to sit as judad hoc; and by a letter of 18 Novem­
ber 2002 the Agent of Honduras informed the Court that his Government had
chosen Mr. Santiago Torres Bernardez to sit as judge ad hoc.

5. By an Order of 27 November 2002 the Court, acting pursuant to
Article 26, paragraph 2, of the Statute and Article 17 of the Rules of Court,
decided to accede to the request of the Parties that a special Chamber be formed
to deal with the case; it declared thal, at an election held on 26 November 2002,

6 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 395

President Guillaume and Judges Rezek and Buergenthal had been elected to
form a Chamber to deal with the case, together with the above"named judges

ad hoc, stating further that the said Chamber as so composed bad accordingly
been duly constituted pursuant to that Order. ln accordance with Article 18,
paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, Judge Guillaume, who held the office of
President of the Court when the Chamber was formed, was to preside over
the Chamber.
6. By the same Order, the Court, acting pursuant to Articles 92, para­
graph 2, and 99, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, fixed 1 April 2003 as the
time-limit for the filing of Written Observations by Honduras on the admissi­
bility of the Application, and reserved the subsequent procedure for further
decision.
7. On 1 April 2003, within the time-limit fixed, Honduras filed in the
Registry its Written Observations on the admissibility of El Salvador's Appli­
cation.

8. In a letter of 8 April 2003 the Agent of El Salvador, referring to the Writ­
ten Observations of Honduras, contended that the latter had submitted new
documents with corresponding arguments, and that these required a response
from El Salvador, accompanied by the necessary documents, and to thal end
requested authorization for his Government to submit new documents. In a let­
ter of 24 April 2003 the Co-Agent of Honduras opposed thal request. Follow­
ing a meeting held by the President of the Chamber with the Parties' Agents on
28 April 2003, the Chamber decided thal the filing of additional written plead­
ings was not necessary in the circumstances, thal the written proceedings were
accordingly closed, and that, ifEl Salvador wished to submit new documents,
its request would then be considered in accordance with the procedure laid
clown in Article 56 of the Rules of Court. The Registrar advised the Parties of
this decision by letters dated 8 May 2003.

9. By a letter of 23 June 2003 El Sa!vador sought authorization to prod uce
new documents pursuant to Article 56 of the Rules of Court. Those documents,
having been filed in the Registry that same day, were transmitted to Honduras
in accorda nee with paragraph 1 of that Article. By a letter of 10July 2003 Hon­
duras informed the Chamber that it objected to the production of those docu­
ments. El Salvador and Honduras were authorized to submit further observa­
tions on the matter, which they didby letters of 17and 24 July 2003 respectively.
After examining the views thus expressed by the Parties, the Chamber decided,
in accordance with Article 56, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, to authorize
the production of only sorne of the documents submitted by El Salvador. The
Chamber further noted that a new document attached by Honduras to its
Observations of 10July 2003 was admissible only if authorized pursuant to the
same provision of the Rules, and decided not to authorize its production. By
letters of 29 July 2003, the Deputy-Registrar informed the Parties of these deci­
sions, advising them that, pursuant to Article 56, paragraph 3, Honduras was

authorized to comment by not later than 19 August 2003 on the documents
which the Chamber had authorized El Salvador to produce, and to submit
documents in support of its comments. On 19 August 2003, within the time­
limit thus fixed, Honduras filed its comments in the Registry together with four
supporting documents.

10. Pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Chamber,
having ascertained the views of the Parties, decided to make accessible to the

7 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 396

public, with cffect from the opening of the oral proceedings, copies of Hondu­
ras's Written Observations on the admissibility of El Salvador's Application

and of the documents annexed to those Observations, together with al! new
documents subsequently produccd by the Parties with the Chamber's authori­
zation.
Il . Public sittings were held on 8, 9, 10 and 12 September 2003, at which the
Chamber heard the oral arguments and replies of:

For El Salvador: H.E. Ms Maria Eugenia Brizuela de Âvila,
Mr. Maurice Mendelson,
Mr. Antonio Remiro Brot6ns,

Mr. Gabriel Mauricio Gutiérrez Castro.
For Honduras: H.E. Mr. Carlos L6pez Contreras,
Mr. Pierre-Marie Dupuy,
Mr. Carlos Jiménez Piernas,

Mr. Richard Meese,
Mr. Luis Ignacio Sanchez Rodriguez,
Mr. Philippe Sands.

12. In its Application, El Salvador made the following requcsts :

"For all the foregoing reasons, the Republic of El Sa.lvador requests the
Court:

(a) To proceed to form the Chamber that will hcar the application for
revisionof the Judgment, bearing in mind the terms thal El Salvador
and Honduras agreed upon in the Special Agreement of 24 May 1986;

(b) To dcclare the application of the Rcpublic of El Salvador admissible
on the grounds of the existence of new facts of sncb a character as to
lay the case open to revision under Article 61 of the Statute of the
Court; and
(c) Once the application is admitted, to proceed to the revision of the

Judgment of 11 September 1992, so thal a new Judgment will deter­
mine the boundary line in the sixth disputed sector of the land fron­
tier between El Salvador and Honduras to be as follows:
'Starting from the old mouth of the Goascoràn river in the inlet

known as the La Cu tu Estuary situa ted at latitude 13"22'00" N
and longitude 8]0 41'25"W, the frontier follows the old course of
the Goascoran river for a distance of l7,300 metres as far as the
place known as the Rompici6n de los Amates situated at latitude
13D 26'29" N and longitude 8r 43'25" w, which . is where the
Goasconln river changed its course.'"

13. In its Written Observations, Honduras made the following submission:

"ln view of the facts and arguments presented above, the Government
of the Republic of Honduras requests the Chamber to declare inadmissible

the Application for revision presented on 10 September 2002 by El Sal­
vador."

8 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 397

14. At the oral proceedings, the following final submissions were presented
by the Parties:
On behalf of the Governmenl of the Repubfic of Ef Salvador,

"The Republic of El Salvador respectfully requests the Chamber, reject­
ing ail contrary daims and subruissions to adjudge and declare that:

1. The application of the Republic of El Salvador is admissible based on
the existence of newfa~. o:sush a nature as to leave the case open to
revision, pursuant to Article 61 of the Statute of the Court, and

2. Once the request is admitted that it proceed to a revision of the Judg­
ment of IlSeptember 1992,so that a new judgment fixesthe boundary
line in the sixth disputed sector of the land boundary between El Sal­
vador and Honduras as follows:

'Starting at the old mouth of the Goascoran River at the entry
point known as the Estero de la Cutu, located at latitude 13degrees
22 minutes 00 seconds north and longitude 87 degrees 41 minutes
25 seconds west, the border follows the old bed of the Goascoràn
River for a distance of 17,300 metres up to the place known as
Rompici6n de Los Amates, located at latitude 13degrees 26 minutes
29 seconds north and longitude 87 degrees 43 minutes 25 seconds
west, which is where the Goascoràn River changed course."'

On behalf of the Government of the Repubfic of Honduras.
"ln view of the facts and arguments presented above, the Govern­
ment of the Republic of Honduras requests the Chamber to declare the

inadmissibility of the Aplca ton for Revision presented on 10 September
2002 by El Salvador."

* * *
15. By a J udgment of Il September 1992, the Cham ber of the Court
formed to deal with the case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime

Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/ Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) deeided
the course of the land boundary between El Salvador and Honduras
in six disputed sectors of that boundary. By the same Judgment the
Chamber settled the dispute between the Parties over the legal status of
various islands in the Gulf of Fonseca and the legal status of waters in

the Gulf and outside it.
16. El Salvador has submitted an Application to the Court for revision
of the 1992 Judgmen t in respect of the sixth sector of the land boundary,
lying between Los Amates and the Gulf of Fonseca. During the original
proceedings, itwas the contention of Honduras that in that seetor "the

boundary ... follows the present stream [ofthe River Goascorin], tlow­
ing into the Gulf north-west of the lslas Ramaditas in the Bay of
La Union". El Salvador however claimed that the boundary was defincd
by "a previous course followed by the river ... and that this course, sinee
abandoned by the stream, can be traced, and it reaches the Gulf at Estero

La Cutu" (Judgment, para. 306). ln the Judgment revision of which is

9 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 398

now sought, the Cham ber unanlmously upheld the submissions of Hon­
duras (Judgment, paras. 32\, 322 and 430).

17. 1n its Application for revision of the 1992 Judgment, El Salvador
relieson Article 61 of the Statu te, which provides:

"!. An application for revision of a judgment may be made only
when it is based upon the discovery of sorne fact of such a nature as
to be a decisive factor, which fact was, when the judgment was given,
unknown to the Court and also to the party claiming revision,
always provided that such ignorance was not due to negligence.

2. The proceedings for revision shall be opened by a judgment of
the Court expressly recording the existence of the new fact, recog­
nizing that it has such a character as to lay the case open to revision,
and declaring the application admissible on this ground.
3. The Court may require previous compliance with the terms of
the judgment before it admits proceedings in revision.

4. The application for revision must be made at latest within six
months of the discovery of the new fact.
5. No application for revision may be made after the lapse of ten
years from the date of the judgment."

18. Article 61 provides for revision proceedings to open with a judg­
ment of the Court declaring the application admissible on the grounds

contemplated by the Statute; Article 99 of the Rules of Court makes
express provision for proceedings on the merits if, in its first judgment,
the Court has declared the applîcation admissible.
Thus the Statute and the Rules of Court foresee a "two-stage pro­
cedure". The first stage of the procedure for a request for revision of
the Court's judgment should be "limited to the question of admissibility

of that request" (Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judg­
ment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf
(Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya).
Judgment, l.C.J. Reports 1985, p. 197, paras. 8 and 10; Applicationfor
Revision o.fthe Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Applica­
tion of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime

of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Y ugosla via), Prelîminary Objec­
tions ( Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina), Judgment, 1. C.J. Reports
2003, p. Il, para. 15).
19. Therefore, at this stage, the present Chamber's decision is lîmited
to the question whether El Salvador's request satisf"ies the conditions
contempla ted by the Statute. Und er Article 6\ , these conditions are as

follows:

(a) the application should be based upon the "discovery" of a "fact";
(b) the fact the discovery of which is relied on must be "of such a nature
as to be a decisive factor";
(c) the fact should have been "unknown" to the Court and to the party
claiming revision when the judgment was given;

10 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMEl\'T) 399

(d) ignorance of this fact must not be "due to negligence"; and
(e) the application for revision must be "made at latest within six

months of the discovery of the new fact" and before ten years have
elapsed from the date of the judgment.

20. The Chamber observes lastly that "an application for revision is
admissible only if each of the conditions laid dawn in Article 61 is satis­
fied. If any one of them is not met, the application must be dismissed."
(Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case
concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish­

ment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia),
Preliminary Objections ( Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina), Judg­
menl, 1.C. J. Reports 2003, p. 12, para. 17.)

*
21. However, El Salvador appears to argue in limine that there is no

need for the Chamber to consider whether the conditions of Article 61 of
the Statute have been satisfied. According ta the Applîcant,
"Honduras implicitly acknowledged the admissibility of El Salva­

dor's Application when, by letter dated 29 October 2002, it informed
the distinguished President of the Court that, pursuan t ta Article 61,
paragraph 3, of the Statu te, it would ask that the Court require pre­
vious compliance with the 1992 Judgment as a condition precedent
to the admissibility of the Application for revision."

In El Salvador's view, "The back step that Honduras took with its Jetter
of 24 July 2003", by which it decided not to ask for prior compliance with
the judgment, "does nothing to diminish [the] acknowledgment [of the

admissibility of the Application], and instead serves to confirm it." The
Chamber is consequently requested to "adjudge and decide accordingly".
22. The Chamber observes first that, in its letter of 29 October 2002,
Honduras informed the President of the Court that it would ''request
that the Court make the admission of the proceedings in revision condi­

tional on previous compliance with the judgment" and that accordingly il
would "submit a formai petition" ta that effect. However, Honduras
never submitted that request and stated in its observations of24 July 2003
(see paragraph 9 above) that it had "decided, on reftection, not to ask the
Chamber to require prior compliance with the terms of the Judgment".
Thus, Honduras's conduct cannat be construed as implying a tacit accept­

ance of the admissibility of El Salvador's Application for revision.

Further, paragraph 3 of Article 61 of the Statute and paragraph 5 of
Article 99 of the Rules of Court afford the Court the possibility at any
time to require previous compliance with the terms of the judgment

whose revision is sought, before it admits procecdings in revision; accord­
ingly, even if Honduras bad submitted a request to the Court to require
previous compliance without awaiting the Chamber's decision on the

ll APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 400

admissibility of El Salvador's Application, the request would not have

implied recognition of the admissibility of the Application.
Finally, the Cham ber notes that, regardless of the parties' views on the
admissibility of an application for revision, it is in any event for the
Court, when seised of such an application, to ascertain whether the
admissibility requirements laid dawn in Article 61 of the Statute have
been met. Revision is not available simply by consent of the parties, but

solely when the conditions of Article 61 are met.

*
23. In order properly to understand El Salvador's present contentions,

it is necessary to recapitulate at the outset part of the reasoning in the
1992 Judgment in respect of the sixth sector of the land boundary.
El Salvador admitted before the Chamber hearing the original case
that the river Goascoran had been adopted as the provincial boundary
during the period of Spanish colonization. lt argued, however, that

"at sorne date [the Goascorân] abruptly changed its course to its
present position. On this basis El Salvador's argument of law [was]
that wherc a boundary is formed by the course of a river, and the

stream suddenly leaves its old bed and forms a new one, this process
of 'avulsion' does not bring about a change in the boundary, which
continues to follow the old channel." (Para. 308.)

That was claimed to be the rule under both Spanish colonial law and
international law. Thus, according to El Salvador, the boundary between
the two States should be established not along the present stream of the
river, flowing into the Bayf La Union, but along the "previous course ...

since abandoned by the stream", probably during the seventeenth cen­
tury, emptying into the Estero La Cutu (paras. 306 and 311).
24. After setting out this argument by El Salvador, the Chamber
stated in its Judgment of Il September 1992 that "No record of such an
abrupt change of course having occurred has been brought to the Cham­
ber's attention" (para. 308). lt added: "were the Chamber satisfied that

the river's course was earlier so radically different from its present one,
then an avulsion might reasonably be inferred" (para. 308). The Cham­
ber observed, however, that: "The re is no scientific evidence that the pre­
vions course of the Goascoran was such that it debouched in the Estero
La Cutu" or in another neighbouring înlet (para. 309). 1t did not take a
position on the consequences that any avulsion, occurring before or after

1821, would have had on provincial boundaries, or boundaries between
States, under Spanish colonia1 law or international law.

The Chamber went on to find that "any claim by El Salvador that the
boundary follows an old course of the river abandoned at sorne time

12 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 401

before 1821 must be rejected. lt is a new daim and inconsistent with the
previo us history of the dispute." (Para. 312.) Tn this regard, the Cham ber
noted inter alia that on severa! occasions, including in particular during

the Saco negotiations between the two States in 1880, El Salvador had
adopted conduct excluding any "daim ... that the 1821 boundary was
not the 1821 course of the river, but an aider course, preserved as provin­
cial boundary by a provision of colonial law" (para. 312).

The Chamber then considered "the evidence made available to it con­

cerning the course of the river Goasconin in 1821" (para. 313). lt exam­
ined in particular a "chart (described as a 'Carta Esfërica') of the Gulf of
Fonseca prepared by the captain and navigators of the brig or brigantine
El Actil,o, who sailed in 1794, on the instructions of the Viceroy of
Mexico, to survey the Gulf' (para. 314). It noted that the mouth of the

Goascoran on that chart was "quite inconsistent with the old course of
the river alleged by El Salvador, or, indeed, any course other than the
present-day one" (para. 314). The Cham ber concluded tha t "the report of
the 1794 expedition and the 'Carta Esférica'leave little room for doubt
that the river Goascoran in 1821 was already flowing in its present-day
course" (para. 316).

Finally, after having examined various other arguments by El Salvador
which it is not necessary to repeat here, the Chamber "found that the
boundary follows the present course of the Goascoran" (para. 319) and
defined the boundary line in the mouth of the river (paras. 320-322).

*

25. ln its Application for revision, El Salvador, acting under Article 61
of the Statute, relies on facts which it considers to be new within the
meaning of that Article; those facts relate, on the one hand, to the avul­
sion of the river Goascoràn and, on the other, to the "Carta Esférica"
and the report of the 1794 El Ac/i)lo expedition.

* *

26. El Salvador first daims to possess scientific, technical and histori­
cal evidence showing, contrary to what it understands the decision of the
Chamber to have been, that the Goascoran did in the past change its bed,

and tbat the change was abrupt, probably as a result of a cyclone in 1762.

In support of this contention El Salvador submits to the Chamber a
report dated 5 August 2002 entitled Geologie, Hydrologie and Historie
A.>pectsof the Coascoran Delta- A Basis for Boundary Determination.

lt also produces a study itconducted in 2002 "to check for the presence
of vestiges of the Goascoran's original riverbed and additional informa­
tion about its hydrographie behaviour". Finally, it refers to various pub-

13 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 402

!ications, including in particu!ar Geografia de Honduras by Ulises Meza

Calix, published in 1916, and Monografia del Departamento de Valle,
prepared under the direction of Bernardo Galindo y Galindo and pub­
lished in 1934.
27. El Salvador argues that evidence can constitute "new facts" for
purposes of Article 61 of the Statute. In this regard it relies on the
travaux préparatoires of the provision of the Statute of the Permanent

Court oflnternational Justice, on which Article 61 is modelled, which are
said to confirm that a document can be considered to be a "new fact". It
also invokes an arbitral award handed dawn on 7 August and 25 Sep­
tember 1922 by the Franco-German Mixed Arbitral Tribunal in the
Heim et Chamant c.Etat allemand case, which, in El Salvador's view,

recognized that evidence can constitute "a fact".

El Salvador further contends that the evidence itis now offering estab­
lishes the existence of an old bed of the Goascoran debouching in the
Estero La Cutu, and the avulsion of the river in the mid-eighteenth cen­
tury or that, at the very ]east, it justifies regarding such an avulsion as

plausible. These are said to be "new facts" for purposes of Article 61.

28. The facts thus set out are, according to El Salvador, decisive. Tt
maintains that the considerations and conclusions of the 1992 Judgment
are founded on the rejection of an avulsion which, in the Chamber's
view, had not been proved: that avulsion has ceased to be a matter of

conjecture - it is an established fact which actually occurred. On the
basis of Spanish colonial law, the provincial boundaries remained un­
changed, notwithstanding the avulsion, untill821. El Salvador concludes
that, contrary to what the Chamber held in 1992, the boundary arising
from the uti possidetis juris should accordingly follow those boundaries
and not the new course of the Goascoran.

29. El Salvador finally maintains that, given ali the circumstances of
the case, in particular the "bitter civil war [which] was raging in El Sal­
vador" "for virtually the whole period between 1980 and the handing
dawn of the Judgment on Il September 1992", its ignorance of the
various new facts which it now advances concerning the course of the
Goascoran was not due to negligence.

In particular, it statesthat the scientific and technical studies it has
produced could not have been carried out previously, given bath the state
of science and technology in 1992, and the political situation prevailing at
the time in the sixth sector of the boundary and, generally, in El Salvador
and the region. As for the publications mentioned above (see para­
graph 26), El Salvador contends thal it could not have "access to the

documents in Honduras's National Archives and, despite ali its efforts,
could not locate them in the archives of other States to which it did have
access".

30. El Salvador concludes from the foregoing that, as the various con-

14 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 403

ditions laid dawn by Article 61 of the Statute are satisfied, the Applica­

tion for revision founded on the avulsion of the river Goasconin is
admissible.
31. Honduras, for its part, argues that with regard to the application
of Article 61 of the Statu te, it is "well-established case law tha t there is a
distinction in kind between the facts alleged and the evidence relied upon
to prove them and that only the discovery of the former opens a right to

revision". It quotes in this connection the Advisory Opinion rendered on
4 September 1924 by the Permanent Court of International Justice con­
cerning the question of the Mona.Hery of Saint-Naoum. According to
Honduras, a "fact" cannat "include evidentiary material in support of an
argument, or an assertion, or an allegation". Accordingly, the evidence

submitted by El Salvador cannat open a right to revision.
Honduras adds that El Salvador bas not demonstrated the existence of
a new fact discovered by El Salvador since 1992 "which establishes that
the Goasconin River previously ran in a former bed which debouched at
Estero La Cutu or that a process of 'avulsion' occurred, or that it
occurred on a particular date". ln reality, El Salvador is seeking "a new

interpretation of previously known facts" and asking the Chamber for a
"genuine reversai" of the 1992 Judgment.
32. Honduras further maintains that the facts relied on by El Salva­
dor, even if assumed ta be new and established, are not of such a nature
as to be decisive factors in respect of the 1992 Judgment. According ta
Honduras, "the material presented by El Salvador on that subject is

irrelevant to the operative factual determination" made at that time by
the Chamber. That decision is alleged to have been founded solely on the
finding of fact that "from 1880, during the Saco negotiations, until 1972
El Salvador had treated the bounda.ry as being based on the 1821course
of the river". The Chamber is said to have acted on tha t basis aione when

in paragraph 312 of its Judgment it rejected El Salvador's daim "that the
boundary follows an old course of the river abandoned at some time
before 1821", considering it to be "a new daim and inconsistent with the
previous history of the dispute". Thus, according to Honduras, it does
not matter whether or not there was avulsion: avulsion is irrelevant to
the ratio decidendi of the Chamber.
33. Honduras argues lastly that El Salvador's ignorance in 1992 of the

facts on which it is relying in the present proceedings in support of its
theory of avulsion was due to negligence. El Salvador has "never proved
that it exhausted - or even initiated - means that would have given it
diligent knowledge of the facts that it is alleging today". ln Honduras's
view, El Salvador could have had the scientific and technical studies and
historical research which it is now relying on carried out before 1992.

34. Honduras concludes from the foregoing that, as the various con­
ditions laid down by Article 61 of the Statu te have not been satîsfied, the
Application for revision founded on the avulsion of the river Goascorân
is not admissible.

15 APPLICATION FOR REVJSJON (JUDGMENT) 404

35. Finally, the Parties raise the question whether the Application for

revision was properly made within the six-month time-limit stipulated in
paragraph 4 of Article 61 of the Statu te. They do acknowledge, however,
that the Application was submitted within the ten-year time-limit pro­
vided for in paragraph 5 of that Article, specifically, one day before the
expiry of that time-limit. Honduras maintains nevertheless that, by pro­
ceeding in this fashion, the Applicant showed procedural bad faith. That

is denied by El Salvador.

*
36. Turning to consideration of El Salvador's submissions concerning
the avulsion of the Goasconin, the Chamber recalls that an application

for revision is admissible only if each of the conditions laid dawn in Ar­
ticle61 is satisfied, and thal if any one of them is not met, the application
must be dismissed; in the present case, the Cham ber will begin by ascer­
taining whether the alleged facts, supposing them to be new facts, are of
such a nature as to be decisive factors in respect of the 1992 Judgment.

37. ln this regard, it is appropria te first to recall the considerations of
principle on which the Chamber hearing the original case relied for its
ruling on the disputes between the two States in six sectors of their land
boundary.
According to that Chamber, the boundary was to be determined "by
the application of the principle generally accepted in Spanish America of

the uti possidetis juris, whcreby the boundaries were to follow the colo­
nial administrative boundaries" (para. 28). The Chamber did however
note that "the uri possidetis juris position can be qualified by adjudica­
tion and by trea ty". Itreasoned from this that "the question then arises
whcther it can be qua.lifiedin other ways, for example, by acquiescence or
recognition". Ttconcluded that

"There seems to be no reason in principle why these factors
should not operate, where there is sufficient evidence to show that

the parties have in effect clearly accepted a variation, or at !east an
interpretation, of the.uti possidetis juris position." (Para. 67.)

Applying these principles to the first sector of the land boundary, the
Cham ber considered that in this sector "The situation was susceptible of
modification by acquiescence in the lengthy intervening period" since the
carly nîneteenth century. It added that, whatever may have been the colo­
nial administrative bounda ries, "the conduct of Honduras from 1881

until 1972 may be regarded as amounting to such acquîescence" to a part
of the boundary claimed by El Salvador in this sector (para. 80).

38. The Chamber proceeded similarly in paragraphs 306 to 322 of
its Judgment in respect of the sixth sector. After having identified the

16 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 405

abject of the dispute in this sector in paragrapb 306, the Cham ber first
observed

"that during the colonial period a river called the Goascoran con­
stituted the boundary between two administrative divisions of the
Captaincy-General of Guatemala: the province of San Miguel and
the Alcaldia Mayor de Minas of Tegucigalpa" (para. 307).

The Parties were in agreement that El Salvador had succeeded in 1821
ta the territory of the Province of San Miguel. On the other band, they
disagreed as ta whether or not the Alcaldia Mayor of Tegucigalpa had
passed to Honduras. The Chamber decided that point in favour of

Honduras (ibid.).
The Chamber then considered "The contention of El Salvador that a
former bed of the river Goasconin forms the uti possidetis juris bound­
ary." ln this respect, it observed that:

"[this contention] depends, as a question of fact, on the assertion
that the Goascorân formerly was running in that bed, and that at
sorne date it abruptly changed its course to its present position. On

this basis El Salvador's argument of law is that where a boundary is
formed by the course of a river, and the stream suddenly leaves its
old bed and forms a new one, this process of 'avulsion' does not
bring about a change in the boundary, which continues to follow the
old channel." (Para. 308.)

The Cham ber added that:

"No record of such an abrupt change of course having occurred
bas been brought to the Chamber's attention, but were the Chamber
satisfied that the river's course was earlier so radically different from

its present one, then an avulsion might reasonably be inferred."
(Ibid.)

Pursuing its consideration of El Salvador's argument, the Chamber did
however note:

"There is no scientific. evidence that the previous course of the
Goascorân was such that it debouched in the Estero La Cutu ...
rather than in any of the other neigbbouring inlets in the coastline,
such as the Estero El Cayo!." (Para. 309.)

Turning to consideration as a matter of law of El Salvador's proposi­
tion concerning the avulsion of the Goascoràn, the Chamber observed
that El Salvador "suggests ... that the change in fact took place in the
17th century'' (para. 311).lt concluded that, "On this basis, what inter­

national law may have to say, on the question of the shifting of rivers
which form frontiers, becomes irrelevant: the problem îs main!y one of
Spanish colonial law." (Para. 3l 1.)
At the conclusion of its considera tîon of El Salvador' s lîne of argument

17 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 406

as to the avulsion of the Goascoran, the Chamber did not take any posi­
tion on the existence of an earlier course of the Goascoran which might
have debouched into the Estero La Cu tu, or on any avulsion of the river,

nor afortiori, on the date of any such avulsion or its legal consequences.
It confined itself to defining the framework in which it could possibly
have taken a position on these various points.
39. Beginning in paragraph 312 of the Judgment, the Chamber turned
to a consideration of a different ground. At the outset, it tersely stated
the conclusions which it had reached and then set out the reasoning sup­

porting them. ln the view of the Chamber, "any daim by El Salvador
that the boundary follows an old course of the river abandoned at sorne
time before 1821 must be rejected. lt is a new daim and inconsistent with
the previous history of the dispute." (Para. 312.)

The Chamber then noted: "A specifie assertion that the boundary
should follow an abandoned course of the river Goascoran was first
made during the Antigua negotiations in 1972" (para. 312). It also
quoted an excerpt from the record of the negotiations between the two
States at Saco in 1880, stating that the two delegates had agreed "to recog­
nize" the river Goascoran "as the frontier between the two Republics,

from its mouth in the Gulf of Fonseca, Bay of La Union, upstream in a
north-easterly direction ... " (ibid.). The Chamber observed that to
interpret"the words 'River Goascorân' [in the text] as meaning a Spanish
colonial boundary which in 1821 followed a long-abandoned course of
the river, is out of the question" (ibid.). It added that similar considera­

tions applied to the circumstances of further negotiations in 1884
(para. 317).

Having on these grounds arrived at the conclusion that the boundary
in 1821 followed the course of the Goascoran at that date, the Chamber

turncd to consideration of the evidence submitted to it in respect of that
course (paras. 313 et seq.), evidence which will be examined in due course
(see paragraph 50 below).
40. It is apparent from this discussion that, white the Chamber in 1992
rejected El Salvador's daims that the 1821 boundary did not follow the
course of the river at that date, it did so on the basis of that Statc's con­
duct during the nineteenth ccntury. ln other words, applying the general

rule which it had enunciated in paragraph 67 of the Judgment, the Cham­
ber proceeded, in paragraph 312, concerning the sixth sector of the land
boundary, by employing reasoning analogous to that which it had
adopted in paragraph 80 in respect of the first sector. ln the sixth sector,
this reasoning led the Chamber to uphold the submissions of Honduras,

while in the first sector it bad proved favourable to El Salvador's posi­
tion.

ln short, it does not matter whether or not there was an avulsion of the

18 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 407

Goascoran. Even if avulsion were now proved, and even if its legal con­
sequences were those inferred by El Salvador, findings to that effect
would provide no basis for calling into question the decision taken by the
Chamber in 1992 on wholly different grounds. The facts asserted in this

connection by El Salvador are not "decisive factors" in respect of the
Judgment which it seeks to have revised. In light of the 1992 Judgment,
the Chamber cannot but reach such a conclusion, independently of the
positions taken by the Parties on this point in the course of the present
proceedings.

* *

41. In support of its Application for revision, El Salvador relies on a
second "new fact", that is, the discovery in the Ayer Collection of the
Newberry Library in Chicago of a further copy of the "Carta Esférica"

and of a further copy of the report of the expedition of the El Activa,
thereby supplementing the copies from the Madrid Naval Museum to
which the Chamber made reference in paragraphs 314 and 316 of its
Judgment (sec paragraph 24 above).
ElSalvador states that in 1992, the Chamber had before it only copies

of the documents that had been obtained from Madrid, and been pro­
duced by Honduras. lt contends that it was on the basis of those copies
that the Chamber decided the "point at which the Goascoran emptied
into the Gulf" and the course of the boundary.
According to El Salvador, the documents discovered in Chicago differ
from those in Madrid on severa! significant points. It main tains that:

"The fact that there are severa! versions of the 'Carta Esférica'
and the Report of the Gulf of Fonseca from the El Activa expedi­
tion, that there are differences among them and the anachronisms

they share, compromises the evidentiary value that the Chamber
attached to the documents that Honduras presented, essential in the
Judgment [of 1992]."

Further, the evidentiary value is claimed to be ali the more doubtful in
that the Madrid documents enjoyed no official status and have not been
certified to be originals. Accordingly, maintainsEl Salvador, there exists
"a second new fact, whose implications for the Judgment have to be con­
sidered once the application for revision is admitted".

42. El Salvador adds that "[t]he discovery of hitherto unknown docu­
ments is a typical example of the type of fact which lays a case open to
revision ... either because they themselves constitute the factum or
because they are the source of knowledge of them". It further states that
"[e]vidence which rebuts a fact established by a judgment of which revi­

sion is sought undoubtedly constitutes afact for purposes of Article 61 of
the Statute".
El Salvador asserts that in the present case the fact in question pre-

19 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 408

dated the 1992 Judgment but was not "known at the time the Judgment

was given". Thus, it is a "new fact" for purposes of Article 61. It is said
to be decisive because its discovery has highlighted "the insubstantiality
of the Madrid Naval Museum documents" from which the Chamber
inferred "such significant" geographical "consequences".
43. Lastly, El Salvador states that the Ayer Collection is "not an indis­

pensable reference source" and that the El Activa expedition was not a
well-known expedition. lt refers in more general terms to the "bitter civil
war [which] was raging in El Salvador" "for virtually the whole period
between 1980 and the handing down of the Judgment on 11 Septem­
ber 1992". Accordingly, it argues, "El Salvador's ignorance until 2002 of

the existence of copies of the El Activa documents in collections situated
in out-of-the-way places cannot be characterized as 'negligent"'.

44. El Salvador concludes from the foregoing that, as the various con­
ditions laid down by Article 61 of the Statute are satisfied, the Applica­

tion for revision founded on the discovery of the new chart and new
report is admissible.
45. For its part, Honduras denies that the production of the docu­
ments found in Chicago can be characterized as a new fact. This is simply
"another copy of one and the same document a1ready submitted by Hon­
duras during the written stage of the case decided in 1992, and already

evaluated by the Chamber in its Judgment". Honduras adds that it
"never sought to argue the point whether the spherical chart was an
original document (it always spoke of copies) or an official document".
But it contends that there are no discrepancies between the three copies
of the chart, merely "insignificant differences". Honduras maintains that

those differences in no way contradict the content of the logbook. Finally,
it notes that ali three charts place the mou th of the river Goascoran in its
present-day position, a finding on which the 1992 Judgment was based
and which in any event remains valid.

46. Honduras further states that the new documents produced by
El Salvador were part of a prestigious public collection and have been
included in the Newberry Library catalogue at !east since 1927. lt con­
eludes from this that El Salvador could easily have learned of those docu­
ments, and that it breached its duty of diligence in failing to seek them
out or produce them before 1992. According to Honduras, no excuse for

this failure can be found in the internai conflict prevailing in El Salvador
at the time, as that conflict in no way prevented the conduct of research
outside the national territory.
47. Honduras concludes from the foregoing that, as the various con­
ditions laid down by Article 61 of the Statute are not satisfied, the Appli­
cation for revision founded on the discovery of the new chart and the

new report is not admissible.
48. Finally, as regards the conditions laid down in paragraphs 4 and 5
of Article 61 of the Statute, the Parties put forward arguments similar to

20 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 409

those they made in respect of the avulsion of the Goasconin (see para­
graph 35 above).

*

49. The Chamber will proceed, as it did in respect of the avulsion (sce
paragraph 36 above), to determine first whether the alleged facts concern­
ing the "Carta Esférica" and the report of the El Activo expedition are of

such a nature asto be decisive factors in respect of the 1992 Judgment.
50. It should be recalled in this regard that the Chamber in 1992, after
having held El Salvador's daims concerning the old course of the
Goascoran to be inconsistent with the previous history of the di§pute,
considered "the evidence made available to it concerning the coùrse of
the river Goascoran in 1821" (para. 313). lt paid particular a ttçntion to

the chart prepared by the captain and navigators of the vesse! El Activa
around 1796, described as a "Carta Esférica", which Honduras had
found in the archives of the Madrid Naval Museum. lt noted that the
chart

"appea.rs to correspond with considerable accuracy to the topo­
graphy as shawn on modern maps. lt shows the 'Estero Cutu' in
the same position as modern maps; and it also shows a river mouth,
marked 'R2 Goascoran', at the point where the river Goascon'ln

today flows into the Gulf. Since the chart is one of the Gulf, pre­
sumably for navigational purposes, no features inland are shawn
except the '... best known volcanoes and peaks ... ' (' ... volcmŒs
y cerros mas conocidos .. .'), visible to mariners; accordingly, no
course of the river upstream of îts mouth is indicated. Nevertheless,

the positionof the mouth is quite inconsistent with the old course of
the river alleged by El Salvador, or, indeed, any course other than
the present-day one. In two places, the chart indicates the old and
new mouths of a river (e.g., 'Barra vieja del Rio Nacaume' and
'Nuevo Rio de Nacaume'); since no ancient mouth is shown for the
Goasconin, this suggests that in 1796 it had for sorne considerable

time flowed into the Gulfwhere indicated on the chart." (Para. 314.)

The Chamber theo analysed the report of the expedition and observed
that it also places"the mouth of the river Goasconin at its present-day
position" (ibid.).
The Chamber concluded from the foregoing "that the report of the
1794 expedition and the 'Carta Esférica'leave little room for doubt that

the river Goascoran in 1821 was already flowing in its present-day
course" (para. 316).
51. The Judgment rcndered by the Chamber in 1992 is thus based
upon certain information conveyed by the "Carta Esférica" and the

21 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 410

report of the El Activo expedition, in the versions held in Madrid. lt
should therefore be determined whether the Chamber might have reached
different conclusions in 1992 had it a1so had before it the versions of
those documents from Chicago.

52. The Chamber observes in this connection that the two copies of
the "Carta Esférica" held in Madrid and the copy from Chicago differ
only as to certain details, such as, for example, the placingf titles, the
legends, and the handwriting. These differences reflect the conditions
under which documents of this type were prepared in the late eighteenth

century; they afford no basis for questioning the reliabilityf the charts
that were produced ta the Chamber in 1992.
53. The Chamber notes further that the Estero La Cutu and the
mouth of the Rio Goascoran are shawn on the copy from Chicago, just
as on the copies from Madrid, at their present-day location. The new
chart produced by El Salvador thus does not overturn the conclusions

arrived at by the Chamber in 1992; it bears them out.
54. As for the new version of the report of the El Activo expedition
found in Chicago, it differs from the Madrid version onlyin terms of cer­
tain details, such as the opening and closing indications, spelling, and
placing of accents. The body of the text is the same, in particular in the
identificationof the mouth of the Goascorân. Here again, the new docu­

ment produced by El Salvador bears out the conclusions reached by the
Chamber in 1992.
55.The Chamber concludes from the foregoing that the new facts
alleged by El Salvador in respect of the "Carta Esférica" and the report
of the El Activo expedition are not "decisive factors" in respect of the

Judgment whose revision it seeks.

* *
56. Finally, El Salvador contends that proper contextua1ization of the
alleged new facts "necessitates consideration of other facts that the
Chamber weighed and that are now affected by the new facts". More­

over, El Salvador daims that

"other evidences and proofs exist that, while notnew fact, were not
taken up in the proceedings and are useful, even essential, whether
to supplement and confirm the new facts or to better understand
them".

It cites the great eruption of Cosigüina volcano and the appearance of
the Farallones del Cosigüina, the Saco negotiations between 1880 and
\884, and the characteristicsf the lower reaches of the river Goascorim.
57. Honduras responds that El Salvador, by submitting for the Cham­

ber's consideration "evidence additional to the alleged new facts", is act­
ing "as though the Court had to ignore its previous reasoning, on the

22 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUOGMENT) 411

pretext that it is in the light of the context that the existence or non­
existence of the alleged new facts falls to be assessed". In the view of

Honduras, this approach would be tantamount to expanding "the restrictive
listof elements in Article 61, paragraph 1, of the Court's Statute to
unheard-of lengths, calculated to turn revision into a habituai method
of appeal and to undermine the authori ty of res judica ta".
58. The Chamber agrees with El Salvador's view that, in arder to

determine whether the alleged "new facts" concerning the avulsion of the
Goascon1n, the "Carta Esférica" and the report of the El Activo expedi­
tion fall within the provisionsof Article 61 of the Statu te, they should be
placed in context, which the Chamber has done in paragraphs 23 to 55
above. However, the Chamber must recall that, under that Article, revi­

sion of a judgment can be opened only by
"the discovery of sorne fact of such a nature as to be a decisive fac­

tor, which fact was, when the judgment was given, unknown to the
Court and also to the party claiming revision, always provided that
such ignorance was not due to negligence".

Thus, the Chamber cannat find admissible an application for revision on
the basis of facts which El Salvador itself does not allege to be new facts
within the meaning of Article 61.

* *

59. Given the conclusions to which it has come in paragraphs 40, 55
and 58 above, itis not necessary for the Chamber to ascertain whether
the other conditions laid dawn in Article 61 of the Statu te are satisfied in
the present case.

* * *

60. For these reasons,

THE CHAMBER,

By four votes to one,
Finds that the Application submitted by the Republic of El Salvador

for revision, under Article61 of the Statute of the Court, of the Judgment
given on ll September 1992,by the Chamber of the Court formed to deal
with the case concerning the Land, Island and Marilime Frontîer Dispute
(El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua inten,ening), is inadmissible.

JN FAVOUR: Judge Guillaume, President of the Chamber: Judges Rezek,
Buergenthal; Judge ad hoc Torres Bernàrdez;
AGAINST: Judge ad hoc Paolillo.

Donc in French and in English, the French text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this eighteenth day of December, two

23 AI'I'LICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 412

thousand and three, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the
archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of
the Republic of El Salvador and the Government of the Republic of
Honduras, respectively.

(Signed) Gilbert GUILLAUME,
President of the Cham ber.

(Signed) Philippe COUVREUR,

Registrar.

Judge ad hoc PAOLILLO appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment

of the Chamber.

(lnitialled) G.G.
(Initia/led) Ph.C.

24

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

DEMANDE EN REVISION
DE L'ARRÊT DU IlSEPTEMBRE 1992
EN L'AFFAIRE DU DIFFÉREND FRONTALIER

TERRESTRE, INSULAIRE ET MARITIME
(EL SALVADOR/HONDURAS; NICARAGUA
(intervenant))

'(EL SALVADORc.HONDURAS)

ARRÊT DU 18 DÉCEMBRE 2003

2003

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

APPLICATION FOR REVISION OF THE
JUDGMENT OF 11 SEPTEMBER 1992

IN THE CASE CONCERNING THE
LAND, ISLAND AND MARITIME FRONT/ER
DISPUTE (EL SALVADOR/HONDURAS:

NICARAGUA intervening)
(EL SALVADORv.HONDURAS)

JUDGMENT OF 18 DECEMBER 2003 Mode officiel de citation:

Demande en revision de l'arrêtdil septembre1992 en l'affaire du Différend
frontalier terrestre, insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/HondNicaragua
(intervenant))(El Salvador c. Honduras), arrêt,
C.l.J. Recueil 2003,p. 392

Official citation:
Application for Revision of the Judgmenl o11 September 1992 inthe Case

concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/
Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras), Judgment,
/. C.J. Reports 2003,p.392

N° de vente:
TSSN0074-4441 Sales number 877

TSBN92-1-070985-3 18 DÉCEMBRE 2003

ARRÊT

DEMANDE EN REVISION DE L'ARRÊT

DU Il SEPTEMBRE 1992 EN L'AFFAIRE
DU DIFFÉREND FRONTALIER TERRESTRE, INSULAIRE
ET MARITIME (EL SALVADOR/HONDURAS;
NICARAGUA (intervenant))

(EL SALVADOR c.HONDURAS)

APPLICATION FOR REVISION
OF THE JUDGMENT OF 11 SEPTEMBER 1992 IN THE CASE
CONCERNING THE LAND, ISLAND AND MARITIME
FRONT/ER DISPUTE (EL SALVADOR/HONDURAS:
NICARAGUA intervening)

(EL SALVADOR vHONDURAS)

18 DECEMBER 2003

JUDGMENT 392

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

2003 ANNÉE 2003
18 décembre
Rôle général
n" 127 18 décembre2003

DEMANDE EN REVISION

DE L'ARRÊT DU 11 SEPTEMBRE .1992

EN L'AFFAIRE DU DIFFÉREND FRONTALIER
TERRESTRE, INSULAIRE ET MARITIME

(EL SALVADOR/HONDURAS; NICARAGUA

(intervenant))

(EL SALVADOR c. HONDURAS)

Article 61 du Statut Demande en revision -Possibilité pour la Cour de
subordonnerà tout moment !"ouverture de la procédure en revision à l'exécution

préalabfe de l'arrêtdont la revision est sollAbsence de rôle jouépar le
consentement des parties quant à la recevabilité d'une demande en revision.

Faits nouveaux alléguéspar El Salvador en ce qui concerne fe sixième secteur
de la fromière terrestre entre El Salvador et le Honduras fixée dans l'arrêlde la
Chambre du 11 septembre 1992: avulsion de fa rivière Goascorim; découverte
d'une nouvelle copie de la<<Carta Esjërica.» et du compte rendu de !"expédition
d'El Activade 1794 - Base juridique de la décision de la Chambre dans
!"affaire originelfAbsence d'influence décisive des faits nouveaux allégués
sur !"arrêtde 1992 Nul besoin de rechercher si les autres conditions de rece­

vabilité prévues à l'article 61 du Statut sont rempIrrecevabilité de la
requête.

ARRÊT

Présents:M. GUILLAUME, président de la ChambreMM. REZEK, BUERGEN­
THAL, juges;MM. TORRES BERNÀRDEZ, PAOLILLO,jugesad hoc;
M. CouvREUR,greffier.

4 392

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2003 2003
18 December
General List
18 December 2003 No. 127

APPLICATION FOR REVISION OF THE

JUDGMENT OF 11 SEPTEMBER 1992

IN THE CASE CONCERNING THE
LAND, ISLAND AND MARITIME FRONT/ER

DISPUTE (EL SALVADOR/HONDURAS:

NICARAGUA intervening)

(EL SALVADOR v. HONDURAS)

Arric!e 61 of rhe Sralule Appficalion for revision Possibility for the
Court at anytme tvrequire previous compliance witl! the tenns of the judgment
wfwse revision is sought, before it admits proceedings in reviNo role
played by the consent of the parties as to admissibil{/1application for
revision.
New jiu:tsalfegedby El Salvador in resper:t of the sixth sector of the land
boundury be/HJeen El Salvador and Honduras established in the Clwmber's
Judgment of 11 September 1992: avulsion of the river Goascor(m; discovery of
ajimher copy of the "Carla E.lférica"and of the report of the El Activo expedi­
tion in 1794 - Legal basis ohe Cfwmber "sdecision i1he original caxe -
Alfegednew facts not decisive factors in respect of the 1992 JudgmNot -
need toascertain whether the other conditions laid down in Article 61 of rhe
Starure are sarisfiedlnadmissibility of the Application.

JUDGMENT

Present: Judge GuiLLAUME, President of the Chamber; Judges REZEK,
BuEROENTH/IL; Judges ad hoc ToRRES BERNÀRDEz, PAOLJLLO;
RegistrarCOUVREUR~

4393 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRÊT)

En l'affaire de la demande en revision de l'arrêtdu 11 septembre 1992,

entre

la République d'El Salvador,

représentéepar
M. Gabriel Mauricio Gutiérrez Castro,
comme agent;

S. Exc. M rn M~aria Eugcnia Brizucla deA vila, ministre des affaires étran­
gères,
S. Exc. M. Rafael Zaldivar Brizuela, ambassadeur d'El Salvador auprès des
organisations internationales ayant leur siègeà La Haye,

comme coagents;
M. Agustin Vasquez G6mez,
comme agent adjoint;

M. Antonio Remiro Brot6ns, professeur de droit international à l'Université
autonome de Madrid,
M. Maurice Mendelson, Q.C., professeur èméritede droit internationalà
l'Universitéde Londres,

comme conseils et avocats;
M. Mauricio Alfredo Clara,
M. Domingo E. Acevedo,

comme conseils;
Mm" Beatriz Borja de Miguel,
MmePatricia Kennedy,
MmeAna Mogorr6n Huerta,

comme conseillers;
M. CésarMartincz,
M"' Lilian Ovcrdick,
MmeCecilia Montoya de Guardado,

comme assistants,
el

la République du Honduras,

représentéepar
S. Exc. M. Carlos Lapez Contreras, ancien ministre des affaires étrangères,
comme agent;

S. Exc. M. Julio Rend6n Barnica, ambassadeur du Honduras aux Pays-Bas,

comme coagent;

M. Pierre-Marie Dupuy, professeur de droit international à l'Université de
Paris Il (Panthéon-Assas) et à l'Institut universitaire européen de Florence,
M. Luis Ignacio Sanchez Rodriguez, professeur de droit international à
l'UniversitéComplutense de Madrid,
M. Philippe Sands, Q.C., professeur de droit à l'University Co!lege de
Londres,

5 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 393

In the case concerning the Application for revision of the Judgment of
Il September 1992,

belween

the Republic of El Salvador,
represented by
Mr. Gabriel Mauricio Gutiérrez Castro,

as Agent;
1-I.E.Ms Maria Eugenia Brizuela de A vila, Minister for Foreign Affairs,

H.E. Mr. Rafael Zaldlvar Brizuela, Ambassador of El Salvador to the Inter-
national Organizations in The Hague,

as Co-Agents;
Mr. Agustin Vasquez G6mez,
as Deputy Agent;

Mr. Antonio Remiro Brot6ns, Professor of International Law, Universidad
Aut6noma de Madrid,
Mr. Maurice Mendelson, Q.C., Profcssor Emeritus of International Law,
University of London,
as Counsel and Advocates;

Mr. Mauricio Alfredo Clara,
Mr. Domingo E. Acevedo,
as Counsel;

Ms Beatriz Borja de Miguel,
Ms Patricia Kennedy,
Ms Ana Mogorr6n Huerta,
as Advisers;
Mr. CésarMartinez,

Ms Lililm Overdiek,
Ms Cecilia Montoya de Guardado,
as Assistants,

and
the Republic of Honduras,

represented by
H.E. Mr. Carlos L6pez Contreras, former Minister for Foreign AITairs,
as Agent;

H.E. Mr. Julio Rend6n Barnica, Ambassador of Honduras to the Nether­
lands,
as Co-Agent;
Mr. Pierre-Marie· Dupuy, Professor of International Law, Université de

Paris II (Panthéon-Assas) and Institut universitaire européen de Florence,
Mr. Luis ignacio Sanchez Rodrfguez, Professor of International Law, Uni­
vcrsidad Complutcnse de Madrid,
Mr. Philippe Sands, Q.C., Professor of Law, University College London,

5394 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRÊT)

M. Carlos Jiménez Piernas, professeur de droit international à l'Université
d'Alcalà, Madrid,
M. Richard Meese, avocat à !a cour d'appel de Paris,

comme conseils et avoeuts;
S. Exc. M. Anibal Quin6nez Abarca, ministre adjoint des affaires étrangères,

S. Exc. M. Policarpo Callejas, ambassadeur, conseiller au ministère des af­
faires étrangères,
M. Miguel Tosta Appel, président de la section nationale hondurienne de la
commission de démarcation El Salvador-Honduras,

comme conseils,

LACHAMBRE DELA COURINTERNATIONA LEJUSTICE constituée pour connaître
de l'affaire susmentionnée,

ainsi composée,
après délibéréen chambre du conseil,

rend l'arrêtsuivant:
L Le JO septembre 2002, la République d'El Salvador (dénommée ci-après
«El Salvadonl) a déposéau Greffe de la Cour une requête introductive d'ins­

tance datée du mêmejour, par laquelle, se réfërant à l'articl61 du Statut de la
Cour et aux articles 99 et 100 de son Règlement, elle a saisi la Cour d'une
demande en revision de l'arrêt rendu le Il septembre 1992 par la Chambre
chargée de connaître de l'affaire du Différend frontalier rerrestre, insulaire el
maritime (El Salvador/ Honduras; Nicaragua (intervenant)) (CJ. J. Recueil
1992, p. 351).

2. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l'article 40 du Statut, le greffier a com­
muniqué, le 10 septembre 2002, une copie certifiée conforme de la requête àla
République du Honduras (dénomméeci-après le «Honduras»). Une copie de la
requête a également étécommuniquée pour information à la République du
Nicaragua, cet Etat ayant étéautorisé à intervenir dans l'instance originelle en
application de l'article62 du Statut. Conformément au paragraphe 3 de l'ar­

ticle40 du Statut, tous les Etats admis à ester devant la Cour ont étéinformés de
la requête.
3. Dans sa requête, El Salvador, se référant au paragraphe 1de l'article100
du Réglement, a prié la Cour "de constituer une chambre appelée à connaître
de la demande en revision de l'arrêten tenant compte des dispositions arrêtées
d'un commun accord par El Salvador et le Honduras dans le compromis du

24 mai 1986)>.
4. Les Parties, dûment consultées par le président de la Cour le 6 novembre
2002, ont fait savoir qu'elles souhaitaienla formation d'une nouvelle chambre
de cinq membres, dont deux juges ad hoc à désigner par elles, conformément au
paragraphe 3 de l'article 31 du Statut. Par lettre du 7 novembre 2002, l'agent
d'El Salvador a notifiéà la Cour la désignation par son gouvernement de

S. Exc. M. Felipe H. Paolillo pour siégeren qua litéde juge ad hoc; et par lettre
du 18 novembre 2002, l'agent du Honduras a notifiéà la Cour la désignation
par son gouvernement de M. Santiago Torres Bernilrdez pour siégeren qualité
de juge ad hoc.
5. Par ordonnance du 27 novembre 2002, la Cour, agissant en vertu de l'ar­

ticle26,paragraphe 2, de son Statut et de l'article 17 de son Règlement, a décidé
d'accéder à la demande des Parties tendant à ce qu'une chambre spéciale soit
constituée pour connaître de l'affaire; elle a déclaréque, l26 novembre 2002,

6 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 394

Mr. Carlos Jiménez Piernas, Professor of International Law, Universidad de

Alcala, Madrid,
Mr. Richard Meese, avocat à la cour d'appel de Paris,
as Counsel and Advocates;

H.E. Mr. Anibal Quiii6nez Abarca, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs,
H.E. Mr. Policarpo Callejas,Ambassador, Adviscr to the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Miguel Tosta Appel, Chairman of the Honduran National Section of
the El Salvador-Honduras Demarcation Commission,

as Counsel,

THE CHAMBER OFTHEiNTERNATIONA COURTOFJUSTICEformed to deal with
the above-mentioned case,

composed as above,
aftcr deliberation,

delivers the following Judgment:

1. On 10 September 2002 the Republic of El Salvador (hereinafter "El Sal­
vador") filed in the Registry of the Court an Application instituting proceedings
dated the same day, whereby, citing Article 61 of the Statute and Articles 99
and 100 of the Rules of Court, it submitted a request to the Court for revision
of the1 udgment delivered on Il September 1992 by the Cham ber of the Court
formed to deal with the case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Fran­

lier Dispute (El Salvador/ Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (!.C.J. Reports
1992, p. 351).
2. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statu te, the Registrar commu­
nicated a certified copy of the Application to the Republic of Honduras (here­
inafter "Honduras") on 10 September 2002. A copy of the Application was also
communicated to the Republic of Nicaragua for information purposes, since

that State had been authorized, pursuant to Article 62 of the Statute, to inter­
vene in the original proceedings. ln accordance with Article 40, paragraph 3, of
the Statute, ali States entitled to appear before the Court were notified of the
Application.
3. ln its Application, El Salvador, citing Article 100, paragraph 1, of the
Rules of Court, requested the Court "To proceed to form the Chamber that

will hear the application for revision of the Judgment, bearing in mind the
terms thal El Salvador and Honduras agreed upon in the Special Agreement of
24 May 1986."
4. The Parties, duly consulted by the President of the Court on 6 Novem­
ber 2002, expressed their wish for the formation of a new Chamber of fivc
members, of whom two would be judges ad hoc to be chosen by them pursuant

to Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statu teBy a letter or 7 November 2002 the
Agent of El Salvador informed the Court that his Government had chosen
H.E. Mr. Felipe H. Paolillo to sit as judad hoc; and by a letter of 18 Novem­
ber 2002 the Agent of Honduras informed the Court that his Government had
chosen Mr. Santiago Torres Bernardez to sit as judge ad hoc.

5. By an Order of 27 November 2002 the Court, acting pursuant to
Article 26, paragraph 2, of the Statute and Article 17 of the Rules of Court,
decided to accede to the request of the Parties that a special Chamber be formed
to deal with the case; it declared thal, at an election held on 26 November 2002,

6395 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRÊT)

M. Guillaume, président, et MM. Rezek et Buergenthal, juges, avaient étéélus
pour former, avec lesjuges ad hoc susmentionnés, la Chambre qui serait saisie
de l'affaire, et qu'en conséquence ladite Chambre, ainsi composée, avait été
dûment constituée en vertu de cette ordonnance. Confom1ément au para­
graphe 2 de l'article 18du Règlement, il est revenuà M. Guillaume, qui assurait
les fonetions de président de la Cour au moment de· la constitution de la
Chambre, de présider la Chambre.
6. Par la mêmeordonnance, la Cour, eonformément aux articles 92, para­
graphe 2, et 99, paragraphe 2, de son Règlement, a fixéau leTavril 2003 la date
d'expiration du délaipour le dépôt des observations écritesdu Honduras sur la
reeevabilitéde la requête,la suite de la procédure étant réservée.

7. Le 1cT avril 2003, dans le délai qui lui avait étéprescrit, le Honduras a
déposéau Greffe ses observations éeritessur la recevabilitéde la requêted'El
Salvador.
8. Par lettre du 8 avril 2003, l'agent d'El Salvador, se référantaux observa­
tions èeritesdu Honduras, a fait valoir que celui-ci avait soumis des doeuments
nouveaux et des arguments y relatifs, qui appelaient une réponse de la part
d'El Salvador, aceompagnée de la documentation nécessaire, et a demandé à
eette fin que son gouvernement puisse présenter des doeuments nouveaux. Par
lettre du 24 avril 2003, lecoagent du Honduras s'est opposé à cette demande. A
la suite d'une réunion tenue par le présidentde la Chambre avec les agents des

Parties le 28 avril2003, la Chambre a décidéque le dépôtde piècesécritesaddi­
tionnelles n'était pas nécessaire en l'espèce, que la procédure écrite était en
conséquence dose et que, si El Salvador désirait présenterdes documents nou­
veaux, sa demande serait par suite examinée selon la procédure prévue à l'ar­
ticle 56 du Règlement. Le greffier a porté cette décisionà la connaissance des
Parties par lettres du 8 mai 2003.
9. Par lettre du 23 juin 2003, El Salvador a sollicitél'autorisation de pro­
duire des documents nouveaux en application des dispositions de l'article 56 du
Règlement. Ces documents, déposésau Greffe le mêmejour, ont étécommu­
niqués au Honduras, ainsi qu'il est prévuau paragraphe 1 du mêmearticle. Par
lettre du JOjuillet 2003, le Honduras a informéla Chambre qu'il s'opposait à la
production de ces documents. El Salvador et le Honduras ont étéautorisés à

présenter de nouvelles observations sur la question, ce qu'ils ont fait, respecti­
vement, par lettre du 17juillet 2003 et par lettre du 24juillet 2003. Après avoir
pris connaissance des vues ainsi exprimées par les Parties, la Chambre a décidé,
conformément au paragraphe 2 de l'article 56 du Règlement, de n'autoriser
la production que de certains des documents déposés par El Salvador. La
Chambre a en outre constaté qu'un nouveau document joint aux observations
soumises par le Honduras le 10juillet 2003 ne pouvait êtreproduit qu'en vertu
de cette mêmedisposition du Règlement,et a décidé de ne pas en autoriser la pro­
duction. Par lettres du 29 juillet 2003, le greffier adjoint a portéces décisionsà
la connaissance des Parties, qui ont étéinforméesque le Honduras, conformé­
ment au paragraphe 3 de l'article 56, était autorisé à présenter, le 19août 2003

au plus tard, des observations sur les documents d'El Salvador dont la produc­
tion avait étépermise par la Chambre, et à produire des documents à l'appui
de ses observations. Le 19aoùt 2003, dans le délaiainsi fixé,le Honduras a dé­
poséau Greffe de telles observations, ainsi que quatre documents à l'appui de
celles-ci.
10. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l'article 53 du Règlement, la
Chambre, aprèss'êtrerenseignéeauprès des Parties, a décidéde rendre accessibles

7 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 395

President Guillaume and Judges Rezek and Buergenthal had been elected to
form a Chamber to deal with the case, together with the above"named judges

ad hoc, stating further that the said Chamber as so composed bad accordingly
been duly constituted pursuant to that Order. ln accordance with Article 18,
paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, Judge Guillaume, who held the office of
President of the Court when the Chamber was formed, was to preside over
the Chamber.
6. By the same Order, the Court, acting pursuant to Articles 92, para­
graph 2, and 99, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, fixed 1 April 2003 as the
time-limit for the filing of Written Observations by Honduras on the admissi­
bility of the Application, and reserved the subsequent procedure for further
decision.
7. On 1 April 2003, within the time-limit fixed, Honduras filed in the
Registry its Written Observations on the admissibility of El Salvador's Appli­
cation.

8. In a letter of 8 April 2003 the Agent of El Salvador, referring to the Writ­
ten Observations of Honduras, contended that the latter had submitted new
documents with corresponding arguments, and that these required a response
from El Salvador, accompanied by the necessary documents, and to thal end
requested authorization for his Government to submit new documents. In a let­
ter of 24 April 2003 the Co-Agent of Honduras opposed thal request. Follow­
ing a meeting held by the President of the Chamber with the Parties' Agents on
28 April 2003, the Chamber decided thal the filing of additional written plead­
ings was not necessary in the circumstances, thal the written proceedings were
accordingly closed, and that, ifEl Salvador wished to submit new documents,
its request would then be considered in accordance with the procedure laid
clown in Article 56 of the Rules of Court. The Registrar advised the Parties of
this decision by letters dated 8 May 2003.

9. By a letter of 23 June 2003 El Sa!vador sought authorization to prod uce
new documents pursuant to Article 56 of the Rules of Court. Those documents,
having been filed in the Registry that same day, were transmitted to Honduras
in accorda nee with paragraph 1 of that Article. By a letter of 10July 2003 Hon­
duras informed the Chamber that it objected to the production of those docu­
ments. El Salvador and Honduras were authorized to submit further observa­
tions on the matter, which they didby letters of 17and 24 July 2003 respectively.
After examining the views thus expressed by the Parties, the Chamber decided,
in accordance with Article 56, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, to authorize
the production of only sorne of the documents submitted by El Salvador. The
Chamber further noted that a new document attached by Honduras to its
Observations of 10July 2003 was admissible only if authorized pursuant to the
same provision of the Rules, and decided not to authorize its production. By
letters of 29 July 2003, the Deputy-Registrar informed the Parties of these deci­
sions, advising them that, pursuant to Article 56, paragraph 3, Honduras was

authorized to comment by not later than 19 August 2003 on the documents
which the Chamber had authorized El Salvador to produce, and to submit
documents in support of its comments. On 19 August 2003, within the time­
limit thus fixed, Honduras filed its comments in the Registry together with four
supporting documents.

10. Pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Chamber,
having ascertained the views of the Parties, decided to make accessible to the

7396 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRÊT)

au public, à l'ouverture de la procédureorale, des exemplaires des observations
écritesdu Honduras sur la recevabilitéde la requêted'El Salvador et des docu­
ments annexésauxdites observations, ainsi que des documents nouveaux ulté­
rieurement produits par les Parties avec l'accord de la Chambre.

11. Des audiences ont ététenues les 8, 9, 10 et 12 septembre 2003, au cours
desque11esont étéentendus en leurs plaidoiries et réponses:
Pour El Salvador: S. Exc. MmeMaria Eugenia Brizuela de Avila,

M. Maurice Mendelson,
M. Antonio Remiro Brot6ns,
M. Gabriel Mauricio Gutiérrez Castro.
Pour le Honduras: S. Exc. M. Carlos L6pez Contreras,
M. Pierre-Marie Dupuy,
M. Carlos JiménezPiernas,
M. Richard Meese,
M. Luis Ignacio Sanchez Rodriguez,
M. Philippe Sands.

*
12. Dans la requête,les demandes ci-après ont étéformulées par El Salva­
dor:

«Pour tous les motifs ci-dessus, la République d'El Salvador prie la
Cour:
a) de constituer une chambre appeléeà connaître de la demande en revi­
sion de l'arrêten tenant compte des dispositions arrêtéed'un commun

accord par El Salvador et le Honduras dans le compromis du
24 mai 1986;
b) de déclarer recevable la demande de la République d'El Salvador au
motif qu'il existe des faits nouveaux ayant les caractères qui, aux
termes de l'article61 du Statut de la Cour, donnent ouverture à la
revision de l'arrêt;et
c) de procéder, une fois la demande déclaréerecevable, à la revision de
l'arrêtdu Il septembre 1992 aux fins de déterminer dans un nouvel
arrêtla ligne frontière dans le sixième secteur en litige de la frontière
terrestre entre El Sa.lvador et le Honduras dont le tracé serale suivant:
<<Apartir de l'ancienne embouchure de la rivièreGoascoriin dans
le bras de mer connu sous le nom d'Estero La Cutu, dont les coor­

donnéessont 13"22'00" de latitude nord et 8 r 41'25" de longitude
ouest, la frontière suit l'ancien cours de la rivière Goasconin sur
une distance de 17300 mètres jusqu'au lieu-dit Rompici6n de los
Amatcs, dont les coordonnées ·sont 13°26'29" de latitude nord
et 87" 43'25" de longitude ouest, et qui est l'endroit où la rivière
Goascoran a changéde cours.». ll

13. Dans ses observations écrites,la conclusion ci-aprèsa étéprésentéepar le
Honduras:
«Au vu des faits et arguments exposésci-dessus, le Gouvernement de la
République du Honduras prie la Chambre de déclarer irrecevable la
demande en revision présentéele JO septembre 2002 par El Salvador. ll

8 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 396

public, with cffect from the opening of the oral proceedings, copies of Hondu­
ras's Written Observations on the admissibility of El Salvador's Application

and of the documents annexed to those Observations, together with al! new
documents subsequently produccd by the Parties with the Chamber's authori­
zation.
Il . Public sittings were held on 8, 9, 10 and 12 September 2003, at which the
Chamber heard the oral arguments and replies of:

For El Salvador: H.E. Ms Maria Eugenia Brizuela de Âvila,
Mr. Maurice Mendelson,
Mr. Antonio Remiro Brot6ns,

Mr. Gabriel Mauricio Gutiérrez Castro.
For Honduras: H.E. Mr. Carlos L6pez Contreras,
Mr. Pierre-Marie Dupuy,
Mr. Carlos Jiménez Piernas,

Mr. Richard Meese,
Mr. Luis Ignacio Sanchez Rodriguez,
Mr. Philippe Sands.

12. In its Application, El Salvador made the following requcsts :

"For all the foregoing reasons, the Republic of El Sa.lvador requests the
Court:

(a) To proceed to form the Chamber that will hcar the application for
revisionof the Judgment, bearing in mind the terms thal El Salvador
and Honduras agreed upon in the Special Agreement of 24 May 1986;

(b) To dcclare the application of the Rcpublic of El Salvador admissible
on the grounds of the existence of new facts of sncb a character as to
lay the case open to revision under Article 61 of the Statute of the
Court; and
(c) Once the application is admitted, to proceed to the revision of the

Judgment of 11 September 1992, so thal a new Judgment will deter­
mine the boundary line in the sixth disputed sector of the land fron­
tier between El Salvador and Honduras to be as follows:
'Starting from the old mouth of the Goascoràn river in the inlet

known as the La Cu tu Estuary situa ted at latitude 13"22'00" N
and longitude 8]0 41'25"W, the frontier follows the old course of
the Goascoran river for a distance of l7,300 metres as far as the
place known as the Rompici6n de los Amates situated at latitude
13D 26'29" N and longitude 8r 43'25" w, which . is where the
Goasconln river changed its course.'"

13. In its Written Observations, Honduras made the following submission:

"ln view of the facts and arguments presented above, the Government
of the Republic of Honduras requests the Chamber to declare inadmissible

the Application for revision presented on 10 September 2002 by El Sal­
vador."

8397 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRêT)

14. Dans la procédure orale, les conclusions fmales ci-après ont étéprésen­
tées par les Parties:

Au nom du Gouvernement de la Républiqued'El Salvador,
«La République d'El Salvador prie respectueusement la Chambre, reje­
tant toutes revendications et conclusions contraires:

1. de dire et juger que la demande de la République d'El Salvador est
recevable au motif qu'il existe des faits nouveaux qui,ar leur nature,
donnent ouverture à la revision de l'arrêtaux termes de l'article 61 du
Statut de la Cour; et
2. de procéder, une fois la demande déclaréerecevable, à la revision de
l'arrêtdu Il septembre 1992 aux fins de déterminer dans un nouvel
arrêtla ligne frontière dansle sixième secteur en litige de la frontière
terrestre entre El Salvador ct le Honduras dont le tracésera le suivant:
«A partir de l'ancienne embouchure de la rivière GoHsconin à

l'entréedu bras connu sous le nom d'Estero La Cu tu,dont les coor­
données sont 13°22'00" de latitude nord et 87°41'25" de longitude
ouest, la frontière suit l'ancien lit de la rivièreGoasconin sur une dis­
tance de 17300 métres en amont jusqu'au lieu-dit Rompici6n de
Los Amates, dont les coordonnées sont 13°26'29" de latitude nord et
8]0 43'25" de longitude ouest, et qui est l'endroit où la rivière Goas­
coran a changéde cours. )).))
Au nom du Gouvernement de la Républiquedu Honduras,

«Au vu des faits et arguments exposésci-dessus, le Gouvernernen t de la
République du Honduras prie la Chambre de déclarer irrecevable la
demande en revision présentée le \0 septembre 2002 par El Salvador.>)

* * *

15. Par arrêtdu 11 septembre 1992, la Chambre de la Cour chargée de
connaître de l'affaire du Différend frontalier terrestre, insulaire et mari­
time (El Salvador/Honduras; Nicaragua (intervenant)) a décidédu tracé
de la frontière terrestre entre El Salvador et le Honduras dans six secteurs
contestés de cette frontière. Par le même arrêt, la Chambre a tranché le
différend existant entre les Parties en ce qui concerne la situation juri­
dique de diverses îles dans le golfe de Fonseca et celle des eaux situées tant

dans le golfe qu'en dehors du golfe.
16. El Salvador a présenté à la Cour une demande en revision de
1'arrêt de 1992 au sujet du sixième secteur de la frontiére terrestre situé
entre Los Amates et le golfe de Fonseca. Au cours de l'instance originelle,
le Honduras avait soutenu que, dans ce secteur, <da frontière sui[vait]le
cours actuel de la rivière [Goascoràn], qui se jette dans le golfe au nord­

ouest des Islas Ramaditas dans la baie de La Union)). De son côtè,
El Salvador avait affirmé que la frontière était au contraire définie par
«un cours antérieur suivi par la rivière et que cet ancien cours, aban­
donné ensuite par la riviere, [pouvait] être reconstitué et abouti[ssait]
dans le golfe à Estero La Cutlm (arrêt, par. 306). Dans l'arrêt dont la

9 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 397

14. At the oral proceedings, the following final submissions were presented
by the Parties:
On behalf of the Governmenl of the Repubfic of Ef Salvador,

"The Republic of El Salvador respectfully requests the Chamber, reject­
ing ail contrary daims and subruissions to adjudge and declare that:

1. The application of the Republic of El Salvador is admissible based on
the existence of newfa~. o:sush a nature as to leave the case open to
revision, pursuant to Article 61 of the Statute of the Court, and

2. Once the request is admitted that it proceed to a revision of the Judg­
ment of IlSeptember 1992,so that a new judgment fixesthe boundary
line in the sixth disputed sector of the land boundary between El Sal­
vador and Honduras as follows:

'Starting at the old mouth of the Goascoran River at the entry
point known as the Estero de la Cutu, located at latitude 13degrees
22 minutes 00 seconds north and longitude 87 degrees 41 minutes
25 seconds west, the border follows the old bed of the Goascoràn
River for a distance of 17,300 metres up to the place known as
Rompici6n de Los Amates, located at latitude 13degrees 26 minutes
29 seconds north and longitude 87 degrees 43 minutes 25 seconds
west, which is where the Goascoràn River changed course."'

On behalf of the Government of the Repubfic of Honduras.
"ln view of the facts and arguments presented above, the Govern­
ment of the Republic of Honduras requests the Chamber to declare the

inadmissibility of the Aplca ton for Revision presented on 10 September
2002 by El Salvador."

* * *
15. By a J udgment of Il September 1992, the Cham ber of the Court
formed to deal with the case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime

Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/ Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) deeided
the course of the land boundary between El Salvador and Honduras
in six disputed sectors of that boundary. By the same Judgment the
Chamber settled the dispute between the Parties over the legal status of
various islands in the Gulf of Fonseca and the legal status of waters in

the Gulf and outside it.
16. El Salvador has submitted an Application to the Court for revision
of the 1992 Judgmen t in respect of the sixth sector of the land boundary,
lying between Los Amates and the Gulf of Fonseca. During the original
proceedings, itwas the contention of Honduras that in that seetor "the

boundary ... follows the present stream [ofthe River Goascorin], tlow­
ing into the Gulf north-west of the lslas Ramaditas in the Bay of
La Union". El Salvador however claimed that the boundary was defincd
by "a previous course followed by the river ... and that this course, sinee
abandoned by the stream, can be traced, and it reaches the Gulf at Estero

La Cutu" (Judgment, para. 306). ln the Judgment revision of which is

9398 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRÊT)

revision est à présentsollicitée,la Chambre, statuant à l'unanimité,a fait
droit aux conclusions du Honduras (arrêt,par. 321, 322 et 430).
17. Dans sa demande en revision de 1'rrêtde 1992, El Salvador se
fonde sur l'article61 du Statut, selon lequel:

« 1. La revision de l'arrêtne peut êtreéventuellement demandée à
laCour qu'en raison de la découverte d'un fait de nature à exercer
une influence décisive et qui, avant le prononcé de l'arrêt, était
inconnu deîa Cour et de la partie qui demande la revision, sans qu'il

y ait, de sa part, faute à l'ignorer.
2. La procédure de revision s'ouvre par un arrêtde la Cour cons­
tatant expressémentl'existence du fait nouveau, lui reconnaissant les
caractères qui donnent ouverture à la revision, et déclarant de ce
chef la demande recevable.
3. La Cour peut subordonner l'ouverture de la procédure en revi­

sion à l'exécutionpréalable de l'arrêt.
4. La demande en revision devra êtreforméeau plus tard dans le
délaide six mois après la découverte du fait nouveau.
5. Aucune demande de revision ne pourra être formée après l'expi­
ration d'un délaide dix ans à dater de l'arrêt.>}

18. Aux termes de l'article 61 du Statut, la procédure en revision
s'ouvre par un arrêtde la Cour déclarant la demande recevable pour les
motifs envisagéspar le Statut; l'article 99 du Règlement de la Cour pré­

voit expressément une procédure sur le fond au cas où, dans son premier
arrêt,la Cour aurait déclaréla demande recevable.
Le Statut et le Règlement de la Cour organisent ainsi une «procédure
en deux tempS}>.Dans un premier temps, la procédure relative à la
demande en revision d'un arrêtde la Cour doit être«limité[e]à la ques­
tion de sa recevabilité)) (Demande en revision et en interprétation de

l'arrêtdu 24 février 1982 en l'affaire du Plateau continental (Tunisie/
Jamahiriya arabe libyenne) (Tunisie c. Jamahiriya arabe libyenne), arrêt,
Cl.J. Recueil/985, p. 197, par. 8 et JO; Demande en revision de l'arrêt
du 11 juillet 1996 en l'affaire relative à l'Application de la conven­
tion pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie­
Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), exceptions préliminaires (Yougoslavie c.
Bosnie-Herzégovine), arrêt,CI.J. Recueil 2003, p. Il, par. 15).

19. La décisionde la présenteChambre doit donc, à ce stade, se limiter
à la question de savoir si la requêted'El Salvador satisfait aux conditions
prévuespar le Statut. Selon l'article 61, ces conditions sont les suivantes:

a) la demande doit êtrefondée sur la «découverte}>d'un <dait>);
b) le fait dont la découverte est invoquée doit être«de nature à exercer

une inftuence décisive));
c) ce fait doit, avant le prononcé de l'arrêt,avoir étéinconnu de la Cour
et de la partie qui demande la revision;

JO APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 398

now sought, the Cham ber unanlmously upheld the submissions of Hon­
duras (Judgment, paras. 32\, 322 and 430).

17. 1n its Application for revision of the 1992 Judgment, El Salvador
relieson Article 61 of the Statu te, which provides:

"!. An application for revision of a judgment may be made only
when it is based upon the discovery of sorne fact of such a nature as
to be a decisive factor, which fact was, when the judgment was given,
unknown to the Court and also to the party claiming revision,
always provided that such ignorance was not due to negligence.

2. The proceedings for revision shall be opened by a judgment of
the Court expressly recording the existence of the new fact, recog­
nizing that it has such a character as to lay the case open to revision,
and declaring the application admissible on this ground.
3. The Court may require previous compliance with the terms of
the judgment before it admits proceedings in revision.

4. The application for revision must be made at latest within six
months of the discovery of the new fact.
5. No application for revision may be made after the lapse of ten
years from the date of the judgment."

18. Article 61 provides for revision proceedings to open with a judg­
ment of the Court declaring the application admissible on the grounds

contemplated by the Statute; Article 99 of the Rules of Court makes
express provision for proceedings on the merits if, in its first judgment,
the Court has declared the applîcation admissible.
Thus the Statute and the Rules of Court foresee a "two-stage pro­
cedure". The first stage of the procedure for a request for revision of
the Court's judgment should be "limited to the question of admissibility

of that request" (Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judg­
ment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf
(Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya).
Judgment, l.C.J. Reports 1985, p. 197, paras. 8 and 10; Applicationfor
Revision o.fthe Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Applica­
tion of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime

of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Y ugosla via), Prelîminary Objec­
tions ( Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina), Judgment, 1. C.J. Reports
2003, p. Il, para. 15).
19. Therefore, at this stage, the present Chamber's decision is lîmited
to the question whether El Salvador's request satisf"ies the conditions
contempla ted by the Statute. Und er Article 6\ , these conditions are as

follows:

(a) the application should be based upon the "discovery" of a "fact";
(b) the fact the discovery of which is relied on must be "of such a nature
as to be a decisive factor";
(c) the fact should have been "unknown" to the Court and to the party
claiming revision when the judgment was given;

10399 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRÊT)

d) il ne doit pas y avoir eu «faute;> à ignorer le fait en question; et
e) la demande en revision doit avoir été«formée au plus tard dans le

délaide six mois après la découvertedu fait nouveau» et avant l'expi­
ration d'un délaide dix ans à dater de l'arrêt.
20. La Chambre observe enfin qu'«une requêteen revision ne peut être

admise que si chacune des conditions prévuesà l'article 61 est remplie. Si
l'une d'elles fait défaut, la requêtedoit êtreécartée.»(Demande en revi­
sion de l'arrêtdu 11 juillet 1996 en l'affaire relative à l'Application de la
convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
(Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), exceptions préliminaires ( Yougo­
slavie c. Bosnie-Herzégovine), arrêt,C.J.J. Recueil 2003, p. 12, par. 17.)

*

21. A titre liminaire, El Salvador semble cependant soutenir qu'il n'y
aurait pas lîeu pour la Chambre d'examiner si les conditions de l'ar­
ticle61 du Statut sont remplies. En efiet, d'après le demandeur,

«[l]e Honduras a reconnu implicitement la recevabilitéde la requête
d'El Salvador lorsque, par lettre datée du 29 octobre 2002, il a fait
connaître au président de la Cour sa volontéde demander à celle-ci,
conformément au paragraphe 3 de l'article 61 du Statut, de subor­
donner la recevabilitéde la demande en revision à l'exécutionpréa­

lable de l'arrêtde 1992>>.
Selon El Salvador, «le pas en arrière effectué par le Honduras dans sa
lettre du 24 juillet 2003», par laquelle il décidait de ne pas demander

l'exécution préalable de l'arrêt, «ne diminue en rien, voire confirme la
reconnaissance de la recevabilité>>de la requête.La Chambre est par suite
invitée à «dire et juger en conséquence>>.
22. La Chambre relèvera tout d'abord que, dans sa lettre du 29 oc­
tobre 2002, le Honduras avait informé le président de la Cour qu'il
«demandera[it] à la Cour de subordonner ... l'ouverture de la procédure
en revision à l'exécutionpréalable de l'arrêt>>et que par la suite il «sou­

mettra[it] une demande formelle>>à ce sujet. Toutefois, le Honduras n'a
jamais présenté une telle demande et, dans ses observations du
24 juillet 2003 (voir paragraphe 9 ci-dessus), il a préciséqu'il avait
«décidé,à la réflexion, de ne pas demander à la Chambre l'exécution
préalable de l'arrêt».Le comportement du Honduras ne saurait par suite
êtreinterprétécomme impliquant une acceptation tacite de la demande

en revision d'El Salvador.
En outre, le paragraphe 3 de l'artide 61 du Statut et le paragraphe 5 de
l'article9 du Règlement donnent à la Cour la possibilitéde subordonner
à tout moment l'ouverture de la procédure en revision à l'exécutionpréa­
lable de l'arrêtdont la revision est sollicitée;dèslors et même si le Hon­
duras avait présenté à la Cour une demande d'exécution préalable sans

attendre la décision de la Chambre sur la recevabilité de la requête

11 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMEl\'T) 399

(d) ignorance of this fact must not be "due to negligence"; and
(e) the application for revision must be "made at latest within six

months of the discovery of the new fact" and before ten years have
elapsed from the date of the judgment.

20. The Chamber observes lastly that "an application for revision is
admissible only if each of the conditions laid dawn in Article 61 is satis­
fied. If any one of them is not met, the application must be dismissed."
(Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case
concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish­

ment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia),
Preliminary Objections ( Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina), Judg­
menl, 1.C. J. Reports 2003, p. 12, para. 17.)

*
21. However, El Salvador appears to argue in limine that there is no

need for the Chamber to consider whether the conditions of Article 61 of
the Statute have been satisfied. According ta the Applîcant,
"Honduras implicitly acknowledged the admissibility of El Salva­

dor's Application when, by letter dated 29 October 2002, it informed
the distinguished President of the Court that, pursuan t ta Article 61,
paragraph 3, of the Statu te, it would ask that the Court require pre­
vious compliance with the 1992 Judgment as a condition precedent
to the admissibility of the Application for revision."

In El Salvador's view, "The back step that Honduras took with its Jetter
of 24 July 2003", by which it decided not to ask for prior compliance with
the judgment, "does nothing to diminish [the] acknowledgment [of the

admissibility of the Application], and instead serves to confirm it." The
Chamber is consequently requested to "adjudge and decide accordingly".
22. The Chamber observes first that, in its letter of 29 October 2002,
Honduras informed the President of the Court that it would ''request
that the Court make the admission of the proceedings in revision condi­

tional on previous compliance with the judgment" and that accordingly il
would "submit a formai petition" ta that effect. However, Honduras
never submitted that request and stated in its observations of24 July 2003
(see paragraph 9 above) that it had "decided, on reftection, not to ask the
Chamber to require prior compliance with the terms of the Judgment".
Thus, Honduras's conduct cannat be construed as implying a tacit accept­

ance of the admissibility of El Salvador's Application for revision.

Further, paragraph 3 of Article 61 of the Statute and paragraph 5 of
Article 99 of the Rules of Court afford the Court the possibility at any
time to require previous compliance with the terms of the judgment

whose revision is sought, before it admits procecdings in revision; accord­
ingly, even if Honduras bad submitted a request to the Court to require
previous compliance without awaiting the Chamber's decision on the

ll400 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRÊT)

d'El Salvador, cette demande n'aurait nullement impliqué la reconnais­
sance de la recevabilitéde ladite requête.

Enfin, la Chambre observera qu'en tout état de cause, et quelle que
puisse êtrel'attitude des parties en ce qui concerne la recevabilité d'une
demande en revision, il appartient à la Cour, dès lors qu'elle est saisie
d'une telle demande, de vérifiersi les conditions de recevabilitéf-ixéepar
l'article 61 du Statut sont remplies. La voie de la revision ne saurait être
ouverte du seul consentement des parties; elle l'est uniquement lorsque

les conditions de l'article 61 sont réunies.

*
23. Pour bien situer les thèses présentéesaujourd'hui par El Salvador,
il convient de récapituler dès l'abord une partie des motifs de l'arrêtde

1992, en cc qui concerne le sixième secteur de la frontière terrestre.
El Salvador reconnaissait, devant la Chambre saisie de l'affaire origi­
nelle, que la rivière Goasconin avait étéadoptée comme limite provin­
ciale àl'époquede la colonisation espagnole. Il exposait cependant que,

«à partir d'un certain moment, [le Goasconin] a[vait] brusquement
changé de cours pour couler à l'endroit où se situe son cours actuel.
A partir de là, l'argument de droit d'El Salvador [était] que,

lorsqu'une frontière est constituée par le cours d'une rivière et que le
cours de celle-ci quitte soudainement l'ancien lit pour un autre, ce
phénomène d\<avulsiom> ne modifie pas le tracéde la frontière, qui
continue de suivre l'ancien cours.» (Par. 308).

Telle aurait étéla règle tant en droit colonial espagnol qu'en droit inter­
national. Ainsi, selonEl Salvador, la frontière entre les deux Etats devait
être fixéenon sur le cours actuel de la rivière débouchant dans la baie de
La Union, mais sur !'«ancien cours, abandonné ensuite par la rivière»,
probablement au cours du XVIIe siècle,et débouchant dans J'Estero La

Cutu (par. 306 et 311).
24. Après avoir exposé cette argumentation d'El Salvador, la
Chambre, dans son arrêt du 11 septembre 1992, a précisén'avoir pas
«étéinforméede l'existencede documents établissant un changement aus­
si brusque du cours de la rivière>>(par. 308). Elle a ajouté que, «s'il était
démontré à la Chambre que le cours du fleuve était auparavant aussi

radicalement différent de ce qu'il est actuellement, on pourrait alors rai­
sonnablement en déduire qu'il y a eu avulsion» (pa.r. 308). La Chambre a
cependant observé qu'«[i]l n'exist[ait] aucun élémentscientifique prou­
vant que le cours antérieur du Goascoran était tel qu'il débouchait dans
l'Estero La Cutu» ou dans un autre bras de mer avoisinant (par. 309).

Elle n'a pas pris parti sur les conséquences d'une avulsion éventuelle, sur­
venue avant ou après 1821, sur les limites provinciales ou sur les fron­
tières interétatiques en droit colonial espagnol ou en droit international.
La Chambre a poursuivi en jugeant «qu'il faut rejeter toute affirmation
d'El Salvador selon laquelle la frontière suit un ancien cours que la rivière

12 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 400

admissibility of El Salvador's Application, the request would not have

implied recognition of the admissibility of the Application.
Finally, the Cham ber notes that, regardless of the parties' views on the
admissibility of an application for revision, it is in any event for the
Court, when seised of such an application, to ascertain whether the
admissibility requirements laid dawn in Article 61 of the Statute have
been met. Revision is not available simply by consent of the parties, but

solely when the conditions of Article 61 are met.

*
23. In order properly to understand El Salvador's present contentions,

it is necessary to recapitulate at the outset part of the reasoning in the
1992 Judgment in respect of the sixth sector of the land boundary.
El Salvador admitted before the Chamber hearing the original case
that the river Goascoran had been adopted as the provincial boundary
during the period of Spanish colonization. lt argued, however, that

"at sorne date [the Goascorân] abruptly changed its course to its
present position. On this basis El Salvador's argument of law [was]
that wherc a boundary is formed by the course of a river, and the

stream suddenly leaves its old bed and forms a new one, this process
of 'avulsion' does not bring about a change in the boundary, which
continues to follow the old channel." (Para. 308.)

That was claimed to be the rule under both Spanish colonial law and
international law. Thus, according to El Salvador, the boundary between
the two States should be established not along the present stream of the
river, flowing into the Bayf La Union, but along the "previous course ...

since abandoned by the stream", probably during the seventeenth cen­
tury, emptying into the Estero La Cutu (paras. 306 and 311).
24. After setting out this argument by El Salvador, the Chamber
stated in its Judgment of Il September 1992 that "No record of such an
abrupt change of course having occurred has been brought to the Cham­
ber's attention" (para. 308). lt added: "were the Chamber satisfied that

the river's course was earlier so radically different from its present one,
then an avulsion might reasonably be inferred" (para. 308). The Cham­
ber observed, however, that: "The re is no scientific evidence that the pre­
vions course of the Goascoran was such that it debouched in the Estero
La Cutu" or in another neighbouring înlet (para. 309). 1t did not take a
position on the consequences that any avulsion, occurring before or after

1821, would have had on provincial boundaries, or boundaries between
States, under Spanish colonia1 law or international law.

The Chamber went on to find that "any claim by El Salvador that the
boundary follows an old course of the river abandoned at sorne time

12401 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRËT)

aurait quitte à un moment quelconque avant 1821. Il s'agit là d'une pre­
tention nouvelle et incompatible avec l'historique du differend.»

(Par. 312.) Dans cette perspective, la Chambre a notamment releve qu'à
plusieurs reprises, en particulier lors des negociations de Saco entre les
deux Etats en 1880, El Salvador avait adopte un comportement excluant
toute <<revendication ... selon laquelle la frontiere de 1821 n'etait pas le
cours suivi en 1821 par la rivière, mais un cours plus ancien, conservé
comme limite provinciale par une disposition du droit colonial>>(par. 312).

La Chambre a ensuite examine «les eléments de preuve qui lui [avaient]
ete soumis au sujet du cours suivi par le Goasconin en 1821»(par. 313).
Elle a notamment étudiéune «carte marine (qualifiée de «Carta Esfé­
rica») du golfe de Fonseca, établie par le commandant et les navigateurs
du brick ou brigantin El Acrivo, qui en 1794, sur instructions du vice-roi
du Mexique, a[vait] entrepris l'étudehydrographique du golfe» (par. 314).

Elle a noté que sur cette carte l'embouchure du Goascoran etait «tout à
fait incompatible avec l'ancien cours de la rivière dont parle El Salvador,
et à vrai dire avec tout autre cours que le cours actueb> (par. 314). La
Chambre a cond u que, «au vu du compte rendu de \'expédition de 1794
et de la «Cana Esférica», on ne [pouvait] guère douter qu'en 1821 le
Goasconin coulait dejà là où se trouve son cours actuel» (par. 316).
Enfin, après avoir examine divers autres arguments d'El Salvador qu'il

n'y a pas lieu de rapporter ici, «la Chambre a conclu que la frontière suit
le cours actuel du Goascorân » (par. 319) et a préciséle tracé de celle-ci
dans l'embouchure du fleuve (par. 320-322).

*

25. Dans sa demande en revision, El Salvador, agissant sur la base de
l'article 61 du Statut, se prévaut de faits qu'il considère comme nouveaux
au sens de cette disposition; ceux-ci concernent d'une part l'avulsion de
la rivière Goasconi.n et d'autre part la «Carta Esférica» et le compte
rendu de l'expédition d'El Activa de 1794.

* *

26. El Salvador affirme en premier lieu détenir des eléments de preuve
scientifiques, techniques et historiques qui demontreraient que, contrai­
rement à ce qui, selon lui, aurait étéjugé par la Chambre, le Goasconin
avait dans le passé change de lit et que ce changement était survenu
brutalement, probablement à la suite d'un cyclone qui aurait eu lieu en

1762.
A l'appui de cette allégation, El Salvador soumet à la Chambre un rap­
port en date du 5 août 2002 intitulé Geologie, Hydrologie and Historie
Aspects of the Goascorim Delta - A Basis for Boundar_vDetermination.
11produit egalement une etude qu'il a entreprise en 2002 «afin de retrou­
ver des vestiges dn lit initial de la rivière Goascoràn et recneillir des ren­

seignements supplémentaires sur le comportement hydrographique de la

13 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 401

before 1821 must be rejected. lt is a new daim and inconsistent with the
previo us history of the dispute." (Para. 312.) Tn this regard, the Cham ber
noted inter alia that on severa! occasions, including in particular during

the Saco negotiations between the two States in 1880, El Salvador had
adopted conduct excluding any "daim ... that the 1821 boundary was
not the 1821 course of the river, but an aider course, preserved as provin­
cial boundary by a provision of colonial law" (para. 312).

The Chamber then considered "the evidence made available to it con­

cerning the course of the river Goasconin in 1821" (para. 313). lt exam­
ined in particular a "chart (described as a 'Carta Esfërica') of the Gulf of
Fonseca prepared by the captain and navigators of the brig or brigantine
El Actil,o, who sailed in 1794, on the instructions of the Viceroy of
Mexico, to survey the Gulf' (para. 314). It noted that the mouth of the

Goascoran on that chart was "quite inconsistent with the old course of
the river alleged by El Salvador, or, indeed, any course other than the
present-day one" (para. 314). The Cham ber concluded tha t "the report of
the 1794 expedition and the 'Carta Esférica'leave little room for doubt
that the river Goascoran in 1821 was already flowing in its present-day
course" (para. 316).

Finally, after having examined various other arguments by El Salvador
which it is not necessary to repeat here, the Chamber "found that the
boundary follows the present course of the Goascoran" (para. 319) and
defined the boundary line in the mouth of the river (paras. 320-322).

*

25. ln its Application for revision, El Salvador, acting under Article 61
of the Statute, relies on facts which it considers to be new within the
meaning of that Article; those facts relate, on the one hand, to the avul­
sion of the river Goascoràn and, on the other, to the "Carta Esférica"
and the report of the 1794 El Ac/i)lo expedition.

* *

26. El Salvador first daims to possess scientific, technical and histori­
cal evidence showing, contrary to what it understands the decision of the
Chamber to have been, that the Goascoran did in the past change its bed,

and tbat the change was abrupt, probably as a result of a cyclone in 1762.

In support of this contention El Salvador submits to the Chamber a
report dated 5 August 2002 entitled Geologie, Hydrologie and Historie
A.>pectsof the Coascoran Delta- A Basis for Boundary Determination.

lt also produces a study itconducted in 2002 "to check for the presence
of vestiges of the Goascoran's original riverbed and additional informa­
tion about its hydrographie behaviour". Finally, it refers to various pub-

13402 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRÊT)

rivière>>.Il se réfèreenfin à divers ouvrages, et tout particulièremcn t à la
Geogrq(ra de Honduras d'Ulises Meza Calix, publiée en 1916, et à la
Mmwgrc!fia del Departamento de Valle, rédigéesous la direction de Ber­

nardo Galindo y Galindo et publiée en 1934.
27. El Salvador estime que des élémentsde preuve peuvent constituer
des «faits nouveaux» au sens de l'article 61 du Statut. A cet égard, il
s'appuie sur les travaux préparatoires de la disposition du Statut de la
Cour permanente de Justice internationale, sur laquelle est calqué l'ar­
ticle61, qui confirmeraient qu'un document peut êtreconsidérécomme un

«fait nouveau». Il invoque également une sentence arbitrale rendue les
7 août et 25 septembre 1922 par le Tribunal arbitral mixte franco­
allemand dans l'affaire Heim et Chamant c. Etat allemand, qui aurait,
selon lui, reconnu que des élémentsde preuve peuvent constituer «des
faits».
El Salvador soutient en outre que les élémentsde preuve qu'il avance

aujourd'hui permettent d'établir l'existence d'un ancien lit du Goascorân
débouchant dans l'Estero La Cutu, ainsi que l'avulsion de la rivière au
milieu du XVIIIe siècle, ou à tout lemoins de regarder une telle avulsion
comme plausible. Il s'agirait là encore de «faits nouveaux» au sens de
l'article 61.

28. Les faits ainsi exposés auraient selon El Salvador un caractère
décisif. Il soutient en effet que l'arrêtde 1992 fonde ses considérations et
conclusions sur l'exclusion d'une avulsion qui, selon la Chambre, n'a pas
étéprouvée. Or, cette avulsion ne relèverait plus aujourd'hui de la spé­
culation. Il s'agirait d'un fait établi qui s'est produit réellement. Compte
tenu du droit colonial espagnol, les limites provinciales seraient, en dépit

de l'avulsion, restées sans changement jusqu'en 1821. Et El Salvador de
conclure que, contrairement à ce qu'a jugé la Chambre en 1992, la fron­
tière néede l'rai possidetis juris devrait dès lors suivre ces limites et non le
nouveau cours du Goascoran.
29. El Salvador soutient enfin que, compte tenu de toutes les circons­
tances de l'espèce, en particulier de la «violente guerre civile [qui] rava­

geait El Salvador pendant presque toute la période entre 1980 et le pro­
noncé du jugement du Il septembre 1992», il n'y avait pas faute de sa
pan à ignorer les différents faits nouveaux qu'il avance aujourd'hui en ce
qui concerne le cours du Goascoran.
Il expose notamment que les études scientifiques et techniques qu'il
produit n'avaient pu êtreréaliséesauparavant, compte tenu tant de l'état

des sciences et des techniques en 1992 que de la situation politique pré­
valant à l'époque dans le sixième secteur de la frontière, et de manière
plus généraleau Salvador et dans la région. Quant aux publications men­
tionnées ci-dessus (voir paragraphe 26), El Salvador avance qu'il n'a pu
avoir «accès aux documents qui se trouvent dans les archives nationales

du Honduras et, malgré tous les efforts qu'[il] a déployésà cette fin, [il]
n'a pas pu les trouver dans les archives d'autres Etats auxquelles [ill a eu
accès>>.
30. El Salvador conclut de ce qui précèdeque, les diverses conditions

14 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 402

!ications, including in particu!ar Geografia de Honduras by Ulises Meza

Calix, published in 1916, and Monografia del Departamento de Valle,
prepared under the direction of Bernardo Galindo y Galindo and pub­
lished in 1934.
27. El Salvador argues that evidence can constitute "new facts" for
purposes of Article 61 of the Statute. In this regard it relies on the
travaux préparatoires of the provision of the Statute of the Permanent

Court oflnternational Justice, on which Article 61 is modelled, which are
said to confirm that a document can be considered to be a "new fact". It
also invokes an arbitral award handed dawn on 7 August and 25 Sep­
tember 1922 by the Franco-German Mixed Arbitral Tribunal in the
Heim et Chamant c.Etat allemand case, which, in El Salvador's view,

recognized that evidence can constitute "a fact".

El Salvador further contends that the evidence itis now offering estab­
lishes the existence of an old bed of the Goascoran debouching in the
Estero La Cutu, and the avulsion of the river in the mid-eighteenth cen­
tury or that, at the very ]east, it justifies regarding such an avulsion as

plausible. These are said to be "new facts" for purposes of Article 61.

28. The facts thus set out are, according to El Salvador, decisive. Tt
maintains that the considerations and conclusions of the 1992 Judgment
are founded on the rejection of an avulsion which, in the Chamber's
view, had not been proved: that avulsion has ceased to be a matter of

conjecture - it is an established fact which actually occurred. On the
basis of Spanish colonial law, the provincial boundaries remained un­
changed, notwithstanding the avulsion, untill821. El Salvador concludes
that, contrary to what the Chamber held in 1992, the boundary arising
from the uti possidetis juris should accordingly follow those boundaries
and not the new course of the Goascoran.

29. El Salvador finally maintains that, given ali the circumstances of
the case, in particular the "bitter civil war [which] was raging in El Sal­
vador" "for virtually the whole period between 1980 and the handing
dawn of the Judgment on Il September 1992", its ignorance of the
various new facts which it now advances concerning the course of the
Goascoran was not due to negligence.

In particular, it statesthat the scientific and technical studies it has
produced could not have been carried out previously, given bath the state
of science and technology in 1992, and the political situation prevailing at
the time in the sixth sector of the boundary and, generally, in El Salvador
and the region. As for the publications mentioned above (see para­
graph 26), El Salvador contends thal it could not have "access to the

documents in Honduras's National Archives and, despite ali its efforts,
could not locate them in the archives of other States to which it did have
access".

30. El Salvador concludes from the foregoing that, as the various con-

14403 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRÊT)

fixées par l'article 61 du Statut étant remplies, la demande en revision
fondée sur l'avulsion de la rivière Goasconin est recevable.

31. Le Honduras, pour sa part, allègue que, s'agissant de l'application
de l'article61 du Statut, c'est <<Unejurisprudence bien établie qu'il y a
une distinction de nature entre les faits alléguéset les preuves avancées
pour vérifier leur réalitéet que, seule, la découverte des premiers ouvre
droit à revision du procès». Il citeà cet égard 1'avis consultatif rendu le
4 septembre 1924 par la Cour permanente de Justice internationale au

sujet de l'affaire dMonastère de Saint-Naoum. Un «fait>>ne peut, selon
le Honduras, «inclure des élémentsde preuve présentés à l'appui d'un
argument, d'une affirmation ou d'une allégation». Dès lors, les éléments
de preuve présentés par El Salvador ne sauraient ouvrir droit à revision.
Le Honduras ajoute qu'El Salvador n'a pas démontrél'existence d'un
fait nouveau qu'il aurait découvert depuis 1992 «attestant que la rivière

Goascoran aurait auparavant suivi un lit ancien débouchant dans l'Estero
La Cutu ou qu'un processus d'«avulsion» aurait eu lieu, ou qu'il se serait
produit à telle ou telle date». En réalité,El Salvador solliciterait «une
interpréta tion nouvelle de faits conn us antérieurement» et inviterait la
Chambre à opérer une «véritable réformation» de l'arrêtde 1992.
32. Le Honduras soutient en outre que les faits avancés par El Salva­

dor, à les supposer nouveaux et établis, ne sont pas de nature à exercer
une influence décisive sur l'arrêtde 1992. En effet, selon le Honduras,
«les élémentsprésentés par El Salvador sur ce sujet sont sans rapport
avec la détermination des faits sur laquelle repose la décision» prise alors
par la Chambre. Cette décision serait fondée exclusivement sur la cons­
tatation que, ;<à partir de 1880, pendant les négociations de Saco, et
jusqu'en 1972, El Salvador avait considéré que la frontière suivait le

cours de la rivière tel qu'il était en 1821». La Chambre aurait sur ce seul
terrain écartéau paragraphe 312 de son arrêtla prétention d'El Salvador
<<selonlaquelle la frontière suit un ancien cours que la rivière aurait
quitté à un moment quelconque avant 1821}>,en y voyant (<une préten­
tion nouvelle et incompatible avec l'historique du différend». Peu impor­
terait dès lors, d'après le Honduras, qu'il y ait eu ou non avulsion. Cette
dernière serait sans rapport avec la ratio decidendi de la Chambre.

33. Le Honduras estime enfin qu'il y a eu faute de la part d'El Salva­
dor àignorer en 1992 les faits dont il se prévaut dans la présente instance
à l'appui de sa thèse sur l'avulsion. El Salvador n'aurait «jamais prouvé
qu'il avait épuisé- ni mêmeinitié-les moyens qui lui auraient permis
d'avoir la connaissance diligente des faits qu'il allègue aujourd'hui». De
l'avis du Honduras, El Salvador aurait pu avant 1992 faire procéder aux

études scientifiques et techniques, comme aux recherches historiques sur
lesquels il s'appuie maintenant.
34. Le Honduras conclut de ce qui précèdeque, les diverses conditions
fixées par l'article 61 du Statut n'étant pas remplies, la demande en revi­
sion fondée sur l'avulsion de la rivière Goascoran n'est pas recevable.

15 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 403

ditions laid dawn by Article 61 of the Statute are satisfied, the Applica­

tion for revision founded on the avulsion of the river Goasconin is
admissible.
31. Honduras, for its part, argues that with regard to the application
of Article 61 of the Statu te, it is "well-established case law tha t there is a
distinction in kind between the facts alleged and the evidence relied upon
to prove them and that only the discovery of the former opens a right to

revision". It quotes in this connection the Advisory Opinion rendered on
4 September 1924 by the Permanent Court of International Justice con­
cerning the question of the Mona.Hery of Saint-Naoum. According to
Honduras, a "fact" cannat "include evidentiary material in support of an
argument, or an assertion, or an allegation". Accordingly, the evidence

submitted by El Salvador cannat open a right to revision.
Honduras adds that El Salvador bas not demonstrated the existence of
a new fact discovered by El Salvador since 1992 "which establishes that
the Goasconin River previously ran in a former bed which debouched at
Estero La Cutu or that a process of 'avulsion' occurred, or that it
occurred on a particular date". ln reality, El Salvador is seeking "a new

interpretation of previously known facts" and asking the Chamber for a
"genuine reversai" of the 1992 Judgment.
32. Honduras further maintains that the facts relied on by El Salva­
dor, even if assumed ta be new and established, are not of such a nature
as to be decisive factors in respect of the 1992 Judgment. According ta
Honduras, "the material presented by El Salvador on that subject is

irrelevant to the operative factual determination" made at that time by
the Chamber. That decision is alleged to have been founded solely on the
finding of fact that "from 1880, during the Saco negotiations, until 1972
El Salvador had treated the bounda.ry as being based on the 1821course
of the river". The Chamber is said to have acted on tha t basis aione when

in paragraph 312 of its Judgment it rejected El Salvador's daim "that the
boundary follows an old course of the river abandoned at some time
before 1821", considering it to be "a new daim and inconsistent with the
previous history of the dispute". Thus, according to Honduras, it does
not matter whether or not there was avulsion: avulsion is irrelevant to
the ratio decidendi of the Chamber.
33. Honduras argues lastly that El Salvador's ignorance in 1992 of the

facts on which it is relying in the present proceedings in support of its
theory of avulsion was due to negligence. El Salvador has "never proved
that it exhausted - or even initiated - means that would have given it
diligent knowledge of the facts that it is alleging today". ln Honduras's
view, El Salvador could have had the scientific and technical studies and
historical research which it is now relying on carried out before 1992.

34. Honduras concludes from the foregoing that, as the various con­
ditions laid down by Article 61 of the Statu te have not been satîsfied, the
Application for revision founded on the avulsion of the river Goascorân
is not admissible.

15404 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRÈT)

35. Les Parties discutent enfin de la question de savoir si la demande
en revision a bien étéformée dans le délai de six mois fixéau para­

graphe 4 de l'article 61 du Statut. Elles reconnaissent en revanche que
cette demande a bien étéprésentéedans le délaide dix ans prévuau para­
graphe 5 du mêmearticle, à savoir une journée avant l'expiration de ce
délai. Le Honduras n'en soutient pas moins que, en procédant de la
sorte,le demandeur a fait preuve de mauvaise foi procédurale, ce que nie
El Salvador.

*
36. Passant à l'examen des-conclusions présentéespar El Salvador en
ce qui concerne l'avulsion du Goascoran, la Chambre rappellera qu'une
demande en revision n'est recevable que si chacune des conditions pré­

vues à l'article 61 est remplie, et que si l'une d'elles fait défaut, la requête
doit êtreécartée;en l'espèce,elle commencera par rechercher si les faits
allégués,à les supposer nouveaux, sont de nature à exercer une influence
décisivesur l'arrêtde 1992.
37. A cet égard, il convient de rappeler dès l'abord les considérations
de principe sur lesquelles la Chambre saisie de l'affaire originelle s'est

fondée pour statuer sur les différends opposant les deux Etats dans six
secteurs de leur frontière terrestre.
Cette frontière devait, selon la Chambre, êtredéterminée «par applica­
tion du principe généralementaccepté en Amérique espagnole de l'uti
possidetis juris, en vertu duquel les frontières devaient correspondre aux
limites administratives coloniales» (par. 28). La Chambre n'en a pas

moins relevéque «la situation résultant de l'uli possidetis juris (pouvait]
êtremodifiéepar une décisiond'un juge et par un traité)).Elle en a déduit
que «la question sc pos[ait] alors de savoir si elle [pouvait] êtremodifiée
d'autres manières, par exemple par un acquiescement ou une reconnais­
sanceH. Elle a conclu que

«[i]l n'y a semble-t-il aucune raison, en principe, pour que ces fac­
teurs n'entrent pas en jeu, lorsqu'il y a assez de preuves pour établir
que les partiesont en fait clairement acceptéune variante, ou tout au
moins une interprétation, de la situation résultant deI'uti possidetis
juris» (par. 67).

Appliquant ces principes au premier secteur de la frontière terrestre, la
Chambre a estimé que dans ce secteur «[l]a situation était susceptible

d'êtremodifiée par acquiescement au cours de la longue période qui
s'[était]écoulée»depuis le débutdu XIXe siècle.Elle a ajoutéque, quelles
qu'aient pu êtreles limites administratives coloniales, <da conduite du
Honduras, de 1881 à 1972, [pouvait] êtreconsidéréecomme équivalant à
un acquiescement» à une partie de la frontière revendiquée dans ce sec­
teur par El Salvador (par. 80).

38. La Chambre a procédéde manière analogue en ce qui concerne le
sixièmesecteur aux paragraphes 306 à 322 de son arrêt.Après avoir iden-

16 APPLICATION FOR REVJSJON (JUDGMENT) 404

35. Finally, the Parties raise the question whether the Application for

revision was properly made within the six-month time-limit stipulated in
paragraph 4 of Article 61 of the Statu te. They do acknowledge, however,
that the Application was submitted within the ten-year time-limit pro­
vided for in paragraph 5 of that Article, specifically, one day before the
expiry of that time-limit. Honduras maintains nevertheless that, by pro­
ceeding in this fashion, the Applicant showed procedural bad faith. That

is denied by El Salvador.

*
36. Turning to consideration of El Salvador's submissions concerning
the avulsion of the Goasconin, the Chamber recalls that an application

for revision is admissible only if each of the conditions laid dawn in Ar­
ticle61 is satisfied, and thal if any one of them is not met, the application
must be dismissed; in the present case, the Cham ber will begin by ascer­
taining whether the alleged facts, supposing them to be new facts, are of
such a nature as to be decisive factors in respect of the 1992 Judgment.

37. ln this regard, it is appropria te first to recall the considerations of
principle on which the Chamber hearing the original case relied for its
ruling on the disputes between the two States in six sectors of their land
boundary.
According to that Chamber, the boundary was to be determined "by
the application of the principle generally accepted in Spanish America of

the uti possidetis juris, whcreby the boundaries were to follow the colo­
nial administrative boundaries" (para. 28). The Chamber did however
note that "the uri possidetis juris position can be qualified by adjudica­
tion and by trea ty". Itreasoned from this that "the question then arises
whcther it can be qua.lifiedin other ways, for example, by acquiescence or
recognition". Ttconcluded that

"There seems to be no reason in principle why these factors
should not operate, where there is sufficient evidence to show that

the parties have in effect clearly accepted a variation, or at !east an
interpretation, of the.uti possidetis juris position." (Para. 67.)

Applying these principles to the first sector of the land boundary, the
Cham ber considered that in this sector "The situation was susceptible of
modification by acquiescence in the lengthy intervening period" since the
carly nîneteenth century. It added that, whatever may have been the colo­
nial administrative bounda ries, "the conduct of Honduras from 1881

until 1972 may be regarded as amounting to such acquîescence" to a part
of the boundary claimed by El Salvador in this sector (para. 80).

38. The Chamber proceeded similarly in paragraphs 306 to 322 of
its Judgment in respect of the sixth sector. After having identified the

16405 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRÊT)

tifiéau paragraphe 306 l'objet du différenddans ce secteur, la Chambre a

tout d'abord rappelé
«qu'au cours de la périodecoloniale une rivière appelée Goasconin
constituait la limite entre deux divisions administratives de la capi­

tainerie généraledu Guatemala :la province de San Miguel et l'Alcal­
dia Mayor de Minas de Tegucigalpa>>(par. 307).

Les Parties s'accordaient pour dire qu'en 1821 El Salvador avait succédé
au territoire de la province de San Miguel. En revanche, elles s'oppo­
saient sur la question de savoir si l'Alcaldia Mayor de Tegucigalpa était
passée ou non au Honduras. La Chambre a sur ce point tranché en
faveur de ce dernier (ibid.).
La Chambre a ensuite procédé à l'examen de «[l]a prétention d'El Sal­

vador selon laquelle la frontière de I'utipossidetis juri[était]constituée
par un lit antérieur du Goasconin». A cet égard,elle a relevéce qui suit:

«[cette prétention] est subordonnée, du point de vue des faits, à
l'affirmation suivante: anciennement, le Goascoran coulait à cet
endroit et,à partir d'un certain moment, il a brusquement changéde
cours pour couler à l'endroit où se situe son cours actuel. A partir de
là, l'argument de droitd'El Salvador est que, lorsqu'une frontière est
constituée par le cours d'une rivière et que le cours de celle-ci quitte

soudainement l'ancien lit pour un autre, ce phénomène d'«avulsion»
ne modifie pas le tracéde la frontière, qui continue de suivre l'ancien
cours.» (Par. 308.)

La Chambre a ajouté qu'elle
«n'a[vait] pas étéinformée de l'existence de documents établissant

un changement aussi brusque du cours de la rivière, mais [que] s'il
étaitdémontré à la Chambre que le cours du fleuve était auparavant
aussi radicalement différent de ce qu'il [était]actuellement, on pour­
rait alors raisonnablement en déduire qu'il y a eu avulsion» (ibid.).

Poursuivant l'examen de l'argumentation d'El Salvador, la Chambre a
cependant noté que

«[i]l n'exist[ait] aucun élémentscientifique prouvant que le cours
antérieur du Goascoran était tel qu'il débouchait dans l'Estero
La Cutti ... et non dans l'un quelconque des autres bras de mer avoi­
sinants de la côte, par exemple l'Estero El Coyol» (par. 309).

Passant à l'examen en droit de la thèse d'El Salvador sur l'avulsion du
Goascoran, la Chambre a relevéqu'El Salvador «laiss[ait] entendre qu'en
fait le changement s'[était]produit au XVIIe siècle» (par. 311). Elle a

conclu que, <<[d]ansces conditions, ce que le droit international peut avoir
à dire au sujet de la question du déplacement des cours d'eau qui cons­
tituent des frontières n'a plus d'intérêt:le problème se pose principale­
ment du point de vue du droit colonial espagnob> (par. 311).
Au terme de cet examen de l'argumentation d'El Salvador sur l'avul-

17 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 405

abject of the dispute in this sector in paragrapb 306, the Cham ber first
observed

"that during the colonial period a river called the Goascoran con­
stituted the boundary between two administrative divisions of the
Captaincy-General of Guatemala: the province of San Miguel and
the Alcaldia Mayor de Minas of Tegucigalpa" (para. 307).

The Parties were in agreement that El Salvador had succeeded in 1821
ta the territory of the Province of San Miguel. On the other band, they
disagreed as ta whether or not the Alcaldia Mayor of Tegucigalpa had
passed to Honduras. The Chamber decided that point in favour of

Honduras (ibid.).
The Chamber then considered "The contention of El Salvador that a
former bed of the river Goasconin forms the uti possidetis juris bound­
ary." ln this respect, it observed that:

"[this contention] depends, as a question of fact, on the assertion
that the Goascorân formerly was running in that bed, and that at
sorne date it abruptly changed its course to its present position. On

this basis El Salvador's argument of law is that where a boundary is
formed by the course of a river, and the stream suddenly leaves its
old bed and forms a new one, this process of 'avulsion' does not
bring about a change in the boundary, which continues to follow the
old channel." (Para. 308.)

The Cham ber added that:

"No record of such an abrupt change of course having occurred
bas been brought to the Chamber's attention, but were the Chamber
satisfied that the river's course was earlier so radically different from

its present one, then an avulsion might reasonably be inferred."
(Ibid.)

Pursuing its consideration of El Salvador's argument, the Chamber did
however note:

"There is no scientific. evidence that the previous course of the
Goascorân was such that it debouched in the Estero La Cutu ...
rather than in any of the other neigbbouring inlets in the coastline,
such as the Estero El Cayo!." (Para. 309.)

Turning to consideration as a matter of law of El Salvador's proposi­
tion concerning the avulsion of the Goascoràn, the Chamber observed
that El Salvador "suggests ... that the change in fact took place in the
17th century'' (para. 311).lt concluded that, "On this basis, what inter­

national law may have to say, on the question of the shifting of rivers
which form frontiers, becomes irrelevant: the problem îs main!y one of
Spanish colonial law." (Para. 3l 1.)
At the conclusion of its considera tîon of El Salvador' s lîne of argument

17406 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRÊT)

sion du Goasconin, la Chambre n'a pris parti ni sur l'existence d'un

cours antérieur du Goascoran pouvant déboucher dans l'Estero La Cu tu,
ni sur l'avulsion éventuelle de cette rivière, ni à fortiori sur la date d'une
telle avulsion ou ses conséquences juridiques. Elle s'est bornéeà tracer le
cadre dans lequel elle aurait pu éventuellement prendre parti sur ces
divers points.

39. A partir du paragraphe 312 de l'arrêt, la Chambre s'est placée
sur un autre terrain. Elle indique dès l'abord de manière lapidaire les
conclusions auxquelles elle est parvenue, puis fournit les motifs de ces
conclusions. Selon la Chambre en effet, «il faut rejeter toute affirmation
d'El Salvador selon laquelle la frontière suit un ancien cours que la
rivière aurait quitté à un moment quelconque avant 1821. Il s'agit là

d'une prétention nouvelle et incompatible avec l'historique du différend.>>
(Par. 312.)
Puis la Chambre a relevé que «[!]'affirmation précise selon laquelle la
frontière devait suivre un cours abandonné par le Goascoran a étéfaite
pour la première fois au cours des négociations d'Antigua en 1972»
(par. 312). Elle a également citéun extrait du procès-verbal des négocia­

tions qui avaient eu lieu entre les deux Etats à Saco en 1880, selon lequel
les deux délégués avaient convenu «de reconnaître 1>la rivière Goascoran
«comme étant la frontière entre les deux Républiques, à partir de son
embouchure, dans le golfe de Fonseca, baie de la Union, en amont, en
direction nord-est ...(ibid). La Chambre a observé qu'interpréter dans
le texte «les mots <<rivièreGoascon'tn>>comme désignant une limite colo­

niale espagnole qui, en 1821, suivait un cours de la rivière abandonné
depuis longtemps par celle-ci serait bors de question» (ibid.). Elle a
ajouté que des considérations analogues étaient applicables aux condi­
tions dans lesquelles avaient eu lieu en 1884 d'autres négociations
(par. 317).
Ayant abouti sur ces bases à la conclusion que la frontière en 1821 sui­

vait le coursdu Goasconin à cette date, la Chambre est passéeà l'examen
des éléments de preuve qui lui avaient étésoumis au sujet de ce cours
(par. 313 et suiv.), élémentsqui seront examinés ultérieurement (voir
paragraphe 50 ci-après).
40. li ressort de ces développements que, si la Chambre a écarté
en 1992 les prétentions d'El Salvador selon lesquelles la frontière de 1821

ne suivait pas le cours de la rivière à cette dernière date, elle l'a fait en
se fondant sur le comportement de cet Etat durant le XIXe siècle.
En d'autres termes, la Chambre, appliquant la règle générale qu'elle
avait posée au paragraphe 67 de son arrêt,a procédéau paragraphe 312
en ce qui concerne le sixième secteur de la frontière terrestre en usant

d'un raisonnement analogue à celui qu'elle avait adopté au paragraphe
80 pour le premier secteur. Dans le sixième secteur, ce raisonnement a
conduit la Chambre à accueîllir les conclusions du Honduras, tandis
que, dans le premier secteur, il s'était révéléfavorable aux thèses d'El
Salvador.
En définitive, il importe peu qu'il y ait eu ou non avulsion du Goas-

18 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 406

as to the avulsion of the Goascoran, the Chamber did not take any posi­
tion on the existence of an earlier course of the Goascoran which might
have debouched into the Estero La Cu tu, or on any avulsion of the river,

nor afortiori, on the date of any such avulsion or its legal consequences.
It confined itself to defining the framework in which it could possibly
have taken a position on these various points.
39. Beginning in paragraph 312 of the Judgment, the Chamber turned
to a consideration of a different ground. At the outset, it tersely stated
the conclusions which it had reached and then set out the reasoning sup­

porting them. ln the view of the Chamber, "any daim by El Salvador
that the boundary follows an old course of the river abandoned at sorne
time before 1821 must be rejected. lt is a new daim and inconsistent with
the previous history of the dispute." (Para. 312.)

The Chamber then noted: "A specifie assertion that the boundary
should follow an abandoned course of the river Goascoran was first
made during the Antigua negotiations in 1972" (para. 312). It also
quoted an excerpt from the record of the negotiations between the two
States at Saco in 1880, stating that the two delegates had agreed "to recog­
nize" the river Goascoran "as the frontier between the two Republics,

from its mouth in the Gulf of Fonseca, Bay of La Union, upstream in a
north-easterly direction ... " (ibid.). The Chamber observed that to
interpret"the words 'River Goascorân' [in the text] as meaning a Spanish
colonial boundary which in 1821 followed a long-abandoned course of
the river, is out of the question" (ibid.). It added that similar considera­

tions applied to the circumstances of further negotiations in 1884
(para. 317).

Having on these grounds arrived at the conclusion that the boundary
in 1821 followed the course of the Goascoran at that date, the Chamber

turncd to consideration of the evidence submitted to it in respect of that
course (paras. 313 et seq.), evidence which will be examined in due course
(see paragraph 50 below).
40. It is apparent from this discussion that, white the Chamber in 1992
rejected El Salvador's daims that the 1821 boundary did not follow the
course of the river at that date, it did so on the basis of that Statc's con­
duct during the nineteenth ccntury. ln other words, applying the general

rule which it had enunciated in paragraph 67 of the Judgment, the Cham­
ber proceeded, in paragraph 312, concerning the sixth sector of the land
boundary, by employing reasoning analogous to that which it had
adopted in paragraph 80 in respect of the first sector. ln the sixth sector,
this reasoning led the Chamber to uphold the submissions of Honduras,

while in the first sector it bad proved favourable to El Salvador's posi­
tion.

ln short, it does not matter whether or not there was an avulsion of the

18407 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRÊT)

conin. Mêmesi cette avulsion était aujourd'hui prouvée et mêmesi l'on
devait en tirer les conséquences de droit qu'en tire El Salvador, de telles

constatations ne permettraient pas de remettre en cause la décision prise
par la Chambre en 1992 sur une tout autre base. Les faits avancés à cet
égard par El Salvador sont sans «influence décisive» sur l'arrêtdont il
sollicite la revision. Au vu de l'arrêtde 1992, la Chambre ne peut que le
constater, indépendamment des positions prises sur ce point par les
Parties au cours de la présente procédure.

* *
41. A l'appui de sa demande en revision, El Salvador se prévaut d'un
second «fait nouveau», à savoir la découverte dans l'Ayer Collection de

la Newberry Library de Chicago d'une nouvelle copie de la «Carta Esfé­
rica» et d'une nouvelle copie du compte rendu de l'expédition d'El Activo
s'ajoutant aux copies du Musée naval de Madrid auxquelles la Chambre
s'était référéeaux paragraphes 314 et 316 de son arrêt (voir para­
graphe 24 ci-dessus).

El Salvador expose qu'en 1992la Chambre ne disposait que des copies
de ces documents provenant de Madrid et produites par le Honduras.
C'est sur la base de ces copies que la Chambre aurait décidédu «point
dans lequel le Goascoran débouchait dans le golfe» et du tracéde la fron­
tière.
Or, selon El Salvador, les documents découverts à Chicago diffèrent

sur plusieurs points importants de ceux de Madrid. Il soutient que:
«[!]'existence de plusieurs versions de la «Carta Esférica » et du
compte rendu de l'expédition d'El Activo dans le golfe de Fonseca,

les différences entre ces versions ainsi que les anachronismes qui leur
sont communs portent atteinte à la valeur probante que la Chambre
a accordée aux documents produits par le Honduras et qui joue un
rôle central dans l'arrêt[de 1992]».

Cette valeur serait en outre d'autant plus problématique que les docu­
ments de Madrid n'ont bénéficié d'aucune reconnaissance officielle et que
leur caractère d'originaux n'est nullement attesté. El Salvador sou­
tient qu'il existe dès lorsun second fait nouveau dont il faudra exami­

ner les incidences sur l'arrêt,une fois la demande en revision déclarée
recevable».
42. El Salvador ajoute que «[l]a découverte de documents jusqu'alors
ignorésest un exemple caractéristique du type de faits qui ouvrent la voie
à la revision ... soit parce qu'ils constituent, eux-mêmes, le factum, soit

parce qu'ils sont la source de leur connaissance». Il indique en outre
que «[l]a preuve qui démentit un fait établi par l'arrêtdont on demande
la revision est, sans aucun doute, un fait, aux effets de l'article 61 du
Statut».
El Salvador souligne qu'en l'occurrence ce fait préexistait à l'arrêt

19 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 407

Goascoran. Even if avulsion were now proved, and even if its legal con­
sequences were those inferred by El Salvador, findings to that effect
would provide no basis for calling into question the decision taken by the
Chamber in 1992 on wholly different grounds. The facts asserted in this

connection by El Salvador are not "decisive factors" in respect of the
Judgment which it seeks to have revised. In light of the 1992 Judgment,
the Chamber cannot but reach such a conclusion, independently of the
positions taken by the Parties on this point in the course of the present
proceedings.

* *

41. In support of its Application for revision, El Salvador relies on a
second "new fact", that is, the discovery in the Ayer Collection of the
Newberry Library in Chicago of a further copy of the "Carta Esférica"

and of a further copy of the report of the expedition of the El Activa,
thereby supplementing the copies from the Madrid Naval Museum to
which the Chamber made reference in paragraphs 314 and 316 of its
Judgment (sec paragraph 24 above).
ElSalvador states that in 1992, the Chamber had before it only copies

of the documents that had been obtained from Madrid, and been pro­
duced by Honduras. lt contends that it was on the basis of those copies
that the Chamber decided the "point at which the Goascoran emptied
into the Gulf" and the course of the boundary.
According to El Salvador, the documents discovered in Chicago differ
from those in Madrid on severa! significant points. It main tains that:

"The fact that there are severa! versions of the 'Carta Esférica'
and the Report of the Gulf of Fonseca from the El Activa expedi­
tion, that there are differences among them and the anachronisms

they share, compromises the evidentiary value that the Chamber
attached to the documents that Honduras presented, essential in the
Judgment [of 1992]."

Further, the evidentiary value is claimed to be ali the more doubtful in
that the Madrid documents enjoyed no official status and have not been
certified to be originals. Accordingly, maintainsEl Salvador, there exists
"a second new fact, whose implications for the Judgment have to be con­
sidered once the application for revision is admitted".

42. El Salvador adds that "[t]he discovery of hitherto unknown docu­
ments is a typical example of the type of fact which lays a case open to
revision ... either because they themselves constitute the factum or
because they are the source of knowledge of them". It further states that
"[e]vidence which rebuts a fact established by a judgment of which revi­

sion is sought undoubtedly constitutes afact for purposes of Article 61 of
the Statute".
El Salvador asserts that in the present case the fact in question pre-

19408 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRÊT)

de 1992 mais n'était pas «connu au moment du prononcé de l'arrêt».Ce
serait donc bien un «fait nouveau» au sens de l'article 61. Il serait décisif
car cette découverte mettrait en évidence «l'inconsistance des documents

du Musée naval de Madrid» dont la Chambre a tirédes «conséquences»
géographiques «si importantes».
43. El Salvador expose enfin que l'Ayer Collection n'est «pas une col­
lection de référenceobligatoire» et que l'expédition d'El Activa ne fut pas
une expédition notoire. Il invoque de manière plus généralela «violente

guerre civile [qui] ravageait El Salvador pendant presque toute la période
entre 1980 et le prononcé du jugement du 11 septembre 1992». On ne
saurait en conséquence «qualifier de «négligente» la conduite d'El Sal­
vador pour avoir ignoré jusqu'en 2002 l'existence de copies des docu­
ments d'El Activa dans les fonds des collections situées dans des lieux

excentriques».
44. El Salvador conclut de ce qui précèdeque, les diverses conditions
fixéespar l'article 61 du Statut étant remplies, la demande en revision
fondée sur la découverte de la nouvelle carte et du nouveau compte rendu
est recevable.

45. Le Honduras conteste pour sa part que l'on puisse qualifier de fait
nouveau la production des documents provenant de Chicago. Il s'agirait
seulement d'une «autre copie d'un mêmedocument déjà présentépar le
Honduras durant la phase écrite de l'affaire décidéeen 1992, et déjà
apprécié par la Chambre dans son arrêt». Le Honduras ajoute qu'il «n'a

jamais prétendu débattre si la carte sphérique était un document original
(il a toujours parlé des copies) ou un document officiel». Il entend tou­
tefois souligner qu'il n'existe aucune incohérence entre les trois copies de
la carte, mais seulement des <<différencesinsignifiantes». Le Honduras
estime que ces différencesne contredisent en rien le contenu du journal de
bord. Il souligne enfin que ces trois cartes situent toutes l'embouchure

de la rivière Goascoran là où elle se trouve aujourd'hui, constatation
qui a étéà la base de l'arrêtde 1992 et qui demeure en tout état de cause
valable.
46. Le Honduras expose en outre que les nouveaux documents pro­
duits par El Salvador figuraient dans une collection publique prestigieuse
et apparaissaient au moins depuis 1927 dans le catalogue de la Newberry

Library. Il en conclut qu'El Salvador pouvait avoir aisément connais­
sance desdits documents et qu'il a manqué à son obligation de diligence
en ne les recherchant ou ne les produisant pas avant 1992. Selon le Hon­
duras, cette carence ne saurait trouver d'excuse dans le conflit interne
qu'El Salvador connaissait à l'époque, conflit qui n'interdisait en rien des

recherches en dehors du territoire national.
47. Le Honduras conclut de ce qui précèdeque, les diverses conditions
fixéespar l'article 61 du Statut n'étant pas remplies, la demande en revi­
sion fondée sur la découverte de la nouvelle carte et du nouveau compte
rendu n'est pas recevable.

48. Enfin, en ce qui concerne les conditions prévuesaux paragraphes 4
et 5 de l'article61 du Statut, les Parties développent une argumentation

20 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 408

dated the 1992 Judgment but was not "known at the time the Judgment

was given". Thus, it is a "new fact" for purposes of Article 61. It is said
to be decisive because its discovery has highlighted "the insubstantiality
of the Madrid Naval Museum documents" from which the Chamber
inferred "such significant" geographical "consequences".
43. Lastly, El Salvador states that the Ayer Collection is "not an indis­

pensable reference source" and that the El Activa expedition was not a
well-known expedition. lt refers in more general terms to the "bitter civil
war [which] was raging in El Salvador" "for virtually the whole period
between 1980 and the handing down of the Judgment on 11 Septem­
ber 1992". Accordingly, it argues, "El Salvador's ignorance until 2002 of

the existence of copies of the El Activa documents in collections situated
in out-of-the-way places cannot be characterized as 'negligent"'.

44. El Salvador concludes from the foregoing that, as the various con­
ditions laid down by Article 61 of the Statute are satisfied, the Applica­

tion for revision founded on the discovery of the new chart and new
report is admissible.
45. For its part, Honduras denies that the production of the docu­
ments found in Chicago can be characterized as a new fact. This is simply
"another copy of one and the same document a1ready submitted by Hon­
duras during the written stage of the case decided in 1992, and already

evaluated by the Chamber in its Judgment". Honduras adds that it
"never sought to argue the point whether the spherical chart was an
original document (it always spoke of copies) or an official document".
But it contends that there are no discrepancies between the three copies
of the chart, merely "insignificant differences". Honduras maintains that

those differences in no way contradict the content of the logbook. Finally,
it notes that ali three charts place the mou th of the river Goascoran in its
present-day position, a finding on which the 1992 Judgment was based
and which in any event remains valid.

46. Honduras further states that the new documents produced by
El Salvador were part of a prestigious public collection and have been
included in the Newberry Library catalogue at !east since 1927. lt con­
eludes from this that El Salvador could easily have learned of those docu­
ments, and that it breached its duty of diligence in failing to seek them
out or produce them before 1992. According to Honduras, no excuse for

this failure can be found in the internai conflict prevailing in El Salvador
at the time, as that conflict in no way prevented the conduct of research
outside the national territory.
47. Honduras concludes from the foregoing that, as the various con­
ditions laid down by Article 61 of the Statute are not satisfied, the Appli­
cation for revision founded on the discovery of the new chart and the

new report is not admissible.
48. Finally, as regards the conditions laid down in paragraphs 4 and 5
of Article 61 of the Statute, the Parties put forward arguments similar to

20409 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRÊT)

analogue à celle qu'elles avaient avancéeà propos de l'avulsion du Goas­

canin (voir paragraphe 35 ci-dessus).

*
49. La Chambre recherchera tout d'abord, comme elle l'a fait en ce qui

concerne l'avulsion (voir paragraphe 36 ci-dessus), si les faits alléguéspour
ce qui est de la «Carta Esférica» et du compte rendu de l'expédition d'El
Activo sont de nature à exercer une influence décisivesur l'arrêtde 1992.
50. A cet égard, il convient de rappeler qu'en 1992 la Chambre, après
avoir estimé les prétentions d'El Salvador concernant l'ancien cours du

Goasconin incompatibles avec l'historique du différend, a examiné «les
élémentsde preuve qui lui ont étésoumis au sujet du cours suivi par le
Goascon'tn en 1821» (par. 313). Elle a tout particulièrement étudiéla
carte marine établie par le commandant et les navigateurs du navire El
Activo vers 1796 et qualifiéede «Carta Esférica», que le Honduras avait

retrouvée dans les archives du Musée naval de Madrid. Elle a noté que
cette carte

«parai[ssait] correspondre de très près à la topographie indiquée sur
les cartes modernes. Elle place l'«Estero Cutu» au mêmeendroit que
les cartes modernes, et elle indique l'embouchure d'une rivière mar­
quée «R 2 Goascoran», à l'endroit où, de nos jours, la rivière Goas­
coran se jette dans le golfe. Etant donné que la carte marine est une
carte du golfe, sans doute établie aux fins de la navigation, elle

n'indique aucun repère situé à l'intérieur des terres, si ce n'est les
«... volcans et pics les plus connus .». (« ... volcanesy cerros mas
conocidos ... »), visibles pour les marins; en conséquence, le cours de
la rivière enamont de son embouchure n'y est pas du tout repré­
senté. Néanmoins, l'emplacement de l'embouchure est tout à fait
incompatible avec l'ancien cours de la rivièredont parle El Salvador,

et à vrai dire avec tout autre cours que le cours actuel. En deux
endroits, la carte marine indique à la fois l'ancienne et la nouvelle
embouchure d'un cours d'eau (par exemple, «Barra vieja del Rio
Nacaume» et «Nuevo Rio de Nacaume»); étant donné qu'aucune
embouchure ancienne n'est indiquéepour le Goascoran, il y a lieu de

penser qu'en 1796 celui-ci se déversait depuis déjà fort longtemps à
l'endroit du golfe qui est indiqué sur la carte marine.» (Par. 314.)

Puis la Chambre a analysé le compte rendu de l'expédition et relevé
que celui-ci place, lui aussi,'embouchure de la rivière Goascoran là où
elle se trouve de nos jours» (ibid.).
La Chambre en a conclu «qu'au vu du compte rendu de l'expéditionde
1794 et de la «Carta Esférica», on ne peut guère douter qu'en 1821 le

Goascoran coulait déjàlà où se trouve son cours actuel» (par. 316).

51. L'arrêtrendu par la Chambre en 1992 repose ainsi sur certaines
données fournies par la «Carta Esférica» et le compte rendu de l'expédi-

21 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 409

those they made in respect of the avulsion of the Goasconin (see para­
graph 35 above).

*

49. The Chamber will proceed, as it did in respect of the avulsion (sce
paragraph 36 above), to determine first whether the alleged facts concern­
ing the "Carta Esférica" and the report of the El Activo expedition are of

such a nature asto be decisive factors in respect of the 1992 Judgment.
50. It should be recalled in this regard that the Chamber in 1992, after
having held El Salvador's daims concerning the old course of the
Goascoran to be inconsistent with the previous history of the di§pute,
considered "the evidence made available to it concerning the coùrse of
the river Goascoran in 1821" (para. 313). lt paid particular a ttçntion to

the chart prepared by the captain and navigators of the vesse! El Activa
around 1796, described as a "Carta Esférica", which Honduras had
found in the archives of the Madrid Naval Museum. lt noted that the
chart

"appea.rs to correspond with considerable accuracy to the topo­
graphy as shawn on modern maps. lt shows the 'Estero Cutu' in
the same position as modern maps; and it also shows a river mouth,
marked 'R2 Goascoran', at the point where the river Goascon'ln

today flows into the Gulf. Since the chart is one of the Gulf, pre­
sumably for navigational purposes, no features inland are shawn
except the '... best known volcanoes and peaks ... ' (' ... volcmŒs
y cerros mas conocidos .. .'), visible to mariners; accordingly, no
course of the river upstream of îts mouth is indicated. Nevertheless,

the positionof the mouth is quite inconsistent with the old course of
the river alleged by El Salvador, or, indeed, any course other than
the present-day one. In two places, the chart indicates the old and
new mouths of a river (e.g., 'Barra vieja del Rio Nacaume' and
'Nuevo Rio de Nacaume'); since no ancient mouth is shown for the
Goasconin, this suggests that in 1796 it had for sorne considerable

time flowed into the Gulfwhere indicated on the chart." (Para. 314.)

The Chamber theo analysed the report of the expedition and observed
that it also places"the mouth of the river Goasconin at its present-day
position" (ibid.).
The Chamber concluded from the foregoing "that the report of the
1794 expedition and the 'Carta Esférica'leave little room for doubt that

the river Goascoran in 1821 was already flowing in its present-day
course" (para. 316).
51. The Judgment rcndered by the Chamber in 1992 is thus based
upon certain information conveyed by the "Carta Esférica" and the

21410 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRÊT)

tion d'El Activa dans leurs versions conservées à Madrid. Il convient dès
lors de rechercher si la Chambre aurait pu parvenir en 1992 à des conclu­

sions différentessi elle avait en outre étéen possession des versions de ces
documents provenant de Chicago.
52. La Chambre observera à cet égard que les deux copies de la
«Carta Esférica» conservées à Madrid et la copie provenant de Chicago
ne diffèrent que sur des points de détailconcernant par exemple l'empla­

cement des titres, les légendes ou la calligraphie. Ces différences tra­
duisent les conditions dans lesquelles ce type de document étaitétablià la
fin du XVIIlc siècleet ne permettent pas de remettre en cause la fiabilité
des cartes produites devant la Chambre en 1992.
53. La Chambre relèvera en outre que sur l'exemplaire de Chicago,
comme sur ceux de Madrid, l'Estero La Cutû et l'embouchure du

Rio Goascoran sont portés à leur emplacement actuel. La nouvelle carte
produite par El Salvador n'infirme donc pas les conclusions auxquelles la
Chambre était parven ne en 1992; elle les confirme.
54. Quant à la nouvelle version du compte rendu de l'expédition
d'El Actîvo provenant de Chicago, elle ne diffère de celle de Madrid
qu'en ce qui concerne certains détails, telles les mentions initiales et fi­

nales, l'orthographe ou l'accentuation. Le corps du texte demeure le même,
en particulier dans l'identification de l'embouchure du Goascoran. Là
encore, le nouveau document produit par El Salvador confirme les conclu­
sions auxquelles la Chambre était parvenue en 1992.
55. La Chambre conclut de ce qui précèdeque les faits nouveaux allé­

gués par El Salvador en ce qui concerne la «Cana Esférica» et le compte
rendu de l'expédition d'El Activa sont sans «influence décisive» sur
l'arrêtdont il sollicite la revision.

* >1<
56. El Salvador expose enfin que, pour bien situer les faits nouveaux

alléguésdans leur contexte, «il faut prendre en considération d'autres
faitsdont la Chambre a déjà mesuré l'importance et qui se trouvent à
présent influencéspar les faits nouveaux». De surcroît, El Salvador fait
valoir que,

«mêmes'ils ne constituent pas des faits nouveaux, d'autres éléments
et d'autres preuves existent qui'ont pas étépris en considération au
cours de l'instance et qui sont utiles, voire essentiels, soit pour com­
pléteret confirmer les faits nouveaux, soit pour permettre de mieux

les comprendre>>.
Tlse réfèreà la grande éruption du volcan Cosigüina et à l'apparition des

Farallones del Cosigüina, aux négociations de Saco entre 1880 et 1884 et
aux caractéristiques du cours inférieur de la rivière Goascoràn.
57. Le Honduras répond qu'El Salvador, en présentant à la considéra­
tion de la Chambre des «éléments additionnels aux prétendus faits
nouveaux», agit «comme si la Cour devait ignorer son précédent

22 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 410

report of the El Activo expedition, in the versions held in Madrid. lt
should therefore be determined whether the Chamber might have reached
different conclusions in 1992 had it a1so had before it the versions of
those documents from Chicago.

52. The Chamber observes in this connection that the two copies of
the "Carta Esférica" held in Madrid and the copy from Chicago differ
only as to certain details, such as, for example, the placingf titles, the
legends, and the handwriting. These differences reflect the conditions
under which documents of this type were prepared in the late eighteenth

century; they afford no basis for questioning the reliabilityf the charts
that were produced ta the Chamber in 1992.
53. The Chamber notes further that the Estero La Cutu and the
mouth of the Rio Goascoran are shawn on the copy from Chicago, just
as on the copies from Madrid, at their present-day location. The new
chart produced by El Salvador thus does not overturn the conclusions

arrived at by the Chamber in 1992; it bears them out.
54. As for the new version of the report of the El Activo expedition
found in Chicago, it differs from the Madrid version onlyin terms of cer­
tain details, such as the opening and closing indications, spelling, and
placing of accents. The body of the text is the same, in particular in the
identificationof the mouth of the Goascorân. Here again, the new docu­

ment produced by El Salvador bears out the conclusions reached by the
Chamber in 1992.
55.The Chamber concludes from the foregoing that the new facts
alleged by El Salvador in respect of the "Carta Esférica" and the report
of the El Activo expedition are not "decisive factors" in respect of the

Judgment whose revision it seeks.

* *
56. Finally, El Salvador contends that proper contextua1ization of the
alleged new facts "necessitates consideration of other facts that the
Chamber weighed and that are now affected by the new facts". More­

over, El Salvador daims that

"other evidences and proofs exist that, while notnew fact, were not
taken up in the proceedings and are useful, even essential, whether
to supplement and confirm the new facts or to better understand
them".

It cites the great eruption of Cosigüina volcano and the appearance of
the Farallones del Cosigüina, the Saco negotiations between 1880 and
\884, and the characteristicsf the lower reaches of the river Goascorim.
57. Honduras responds that El Salvador, by submitting for the Cham­

ber's consideration "evidence additional to the alleged new facts", is act­
ing "as though the Court had to ignore its previous reasoning, on the

22411 DEMANDE EN REVISION (ARRÊT)

raisonnement ... [, et ce] au nom du contexte dans lequel devrait être
appréciéel'existence ou non des prétendus faits nouveaux». De l'avis du
Honduras, une telle démarche équivaudrait à élargir ide catalogue res­
trictifde l'article 61, paragraphe l, du Statut de la Cour jusqu'à des li­

mites insoupçonnées qui feraient de la revision une voie d'appel habituelle
et qui nieraient l'autorité de la chose jugée».
58. La Chambre estime, comme El Salvador, que, pour apprécier si les
iifaits nouveaux>>alléguésen ce qui concerne l'avulsion du Goascorân, la
«Carta Esférica» et le compte rendu de l'expédition d'El Activo entrent

dans les prévisions de l'article 61 du Statut, il convient de les replacer
dans leur contexte, ce qu'elle n'a pas manqué de faire aux paragraphes 23
à 55 ci-dessus. En revanche, la Chambre doit rappeler que, selon cet ar­
ticle, seule ouvre la voieà la revision d'un arrêt

ida découverte d'un fait de nature à exercer une influence décisiveet
qui, avant le prononcé de l'arrêt,était inconnu de la Cour et de la
partie qui demande la revision, sans qu'il y ait, de sa part, faute à
l'ignoren>.

La Chambre ne saurait, partant, déclarer recevable une demande en revi­
sion sur la base de faits dont il n'est pas alléguépar El Salvador lui-même
qu'ils constitueraient des faits nouveaux au sens de l'article 61.

* *

59. Compte tenu des conclusions auxquelles elle est parvenue aux
paragraphes 40, 55 et 58 ci-dessus, la Chambre n'a pas à rechercher si les

autres conditions fixéespar l'article 61du Statut sont remplies en l'espèce.

* * *

60. Par ces motifs,

LA CHAMBRE,

Par quatre voix contre une,

Dit que la requêtedéposéepar la République d'El Salvador en vertu de
l'article 61du Statut de la Cour et tendant à la revision de J'arrêtrendu le
Il septembre 1992 par la Chambre de la Cour chargée de connaître de
l'affaire du Différend frontalier terrestre, insulaire et maritime (El Sal­
vador/Honduras; Nicaragua (intervenant)) est irrecevable.

POUR: M. Guillaume, préside11tde la Chambre; MM. Rezek, Buergentha!,
fuges; M. Torres Bermirdez,juge ad hoc;
col'.'TR M. Paolil!o, juge ad hoc.

Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix, à La Haye, le dix-huit décembre deux mille trois, en trois exem-

23 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (JUOGMENT) 411

pretext that it is in the light of the context that the existence or non­
existence of the alleged new facts falls to be assessed". In the view of

Honduras, this approach would be tantamount to expanding "the restrictive
listof elements in Article 61, paragraph 1, of the Court's Statute to
unheard-of lengths, calculated to turn revision into a habituai method
of appeal and to undermine the authori ty of res judica ta".
58. The Chamber agrees with El Salvador's view that, in arder to

determine whether the alleged "new facts" concerning the avulsion of the
Goascon1n, the "Carta Esférica" and the report of the El Activo expedi­
tion fall within the provisionsof Article 61 of the Statu te, they should be
placed in context, which the Chamber has done in paragraphs 23 to 55
above. However, the Chamber must recall that, under that Article, revi­

sion of a judgment can be opened only by
"the discovery of sorne fact of such a nature as to be a decisive fac­

tor, which fact was, when the judgment was given, unknown to the
Court and also to the party claiming revision, always provided that
such ignorance was not due to negligence".

Thus, the Chamber cannat find admissible an application for revision on
the basis of facts which El Salvador itself does not allege to be new facts
within the meaning of Article 61.

* *

59. Given the conclusions to which it has come in paragraphs 40, 55
and 58 above, itis not necessary for the Chamber to ascertain whether
the other conditions laid dawn in Article 61 of the Statu te are satisfied in
the present case.

* * *

60. For these reasons,

THE CHAMBER,

By four votes to one,
Finds that the Application submitted by the Republic of El Salvador

for revision, under Article61 of the Statute of the Court, of the Judgment
given on ll September 1992,by the Chamber of the Court formed to deal
with the case concerning the Land, Island and Marilime Frontîer Dispute
(El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua inten,ening), is inadmissible.

JN FAVOUR: Judge Guillaume, President of the Chamber: Judges Rezek,
Buergenthal; Judge ad hoc Torres Bernàrdez;
AGAINST: Judge ad hoc Paolillo.

Donc in French and in English, the French text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this eighteenth day of December, two

23412 DEMANDE ENREVISIO(N ARRÊT)

plaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives de la Cour ct les autres
seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République
d'El Salvador et au Gouvernement de la République du Honduras.

Le présidentde la Chambre,
(Signé) Gilbert GUILLAUME.

Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe COUVREUR.

M. PAOLJtLOj,uge ad hoc,joint à l'arrêtl'exposéde son opinion dissi­
dente.

(Paraphé) G.G.

(Paraphé) Ph.C.

24 AI'I'LICATION FOR REVISION (JUDGMENT) 412

thousand and three, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the
archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of
the Republic of El Salvador and the Government of the Republic of
Honduras, respectively.

(Signed) Gilbert GUILLAUME,
President of the Cham ber.

(Signed) Philippe COUVREUR,

Registrar.

Judge ad hoc PAOLILLO appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment

of the Chamber.

(lnitialled) G.G.
(Initia/led) Ph.C.

24

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 18 December 2003

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