Judgment of 21 March 1984

Document Number
068-19840321-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING THE

CONTINENTAL SHELF

(LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA/MALTA)

APPLICATION BY ITALY FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE

JUDGMENT OF 21 MARCH 1984

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,

AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DU PLATEAU CONTINENTAL

(JAMAHIRIYA ARABE LIBYENNE/MALTE)

REQUÊTE DE L'ITALIÀ FIN D'INTERVENTION

ARRÊT DU 21 MARS 1984 Officia1citat:on
Continental Sheif (LibyanArab Jarnahiriya/Malta),
Application to Intervene,Judgrnent, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 3.

Mode officiel de ci:ation
Plateau continental (Jarnahiriya arabelibyenne/Malte),
requêtefin Ai'ntervention,arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1984,p. 3.

Sales number
No de ven:e 496 1 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

1984 YEAR 1984
21 March
General List
No. 68 21 March1984

CASE CONCERNING THE CONTINENTAL SHELF

(LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA/MALTA)

APPLICATION BY ITALY FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE

CasebroughtbySpecialAgreement -ApplicationtointerveneunderArticle 62of
theStatut- Legal interestwhichmay be affected by the dec-sObjectof the
intervention Intervention and introduction of a fresh di-puPrinciple of
consent underlyingjurisdiction of the Court.

JUDGMENT

Present: President ELIAS; Vice-President SETTE-CAMAR ;Judges LACHS,
Mo~ozov, NAGENDRASINGH, RUDA, ODA, AGO, EL-KHANI,
SCHWEBEL S,ir Robert JENNINGS,DE LACHARRIÈRE M,BAYEB , ED-
JAOUI ;Judges ad hocJIMÉNEZDE ARÉCHAGA C,ASTANED ;Registrar

TORRES BERNARDEZ.

In the case concerningthe continental shelf,

between

the Socialist People'sLibyan Arab Jarnahiriya,
represented by

Mr. Abdelrazeg El-Murtadi Suleiman, Professorof International Law at the
University of Garyounis, Benghazi,

as Agent,
Mr. Youssef Omar Kherbish, Counsellor at the Secretariat of Justice,
Mr. Ibrahim Abdul AzizOmar,Counsellorat the People's Bureaufor Foreign
Liaison,

as Counsel, Mr. Claude-Albert Colliard, Honorary Dean, Professor of International Law
at the University of Paris 1,
Mr. Etienne Gnsel, Professor of Law at the University of Lausanne,
Sir Francis Vallat, G.B.E., K.C.M.G., Q.C., Professor emeritus of Interna-

tional Law at the University of London,
as Counsel and Advocates,
Mr. Derek W. Bowett, C.B.E., Q.C., LL.D., Whewell Professor of Interna-
tional Law in the University of Cambridge,

Mr. Gunther Jaenicke, Professor of International Law at the University of
Frankfurt-am-Main,
as Consultants,
and

Mr. Rodman R. Bundy,
Mr. Richard Meese,
Mr. Henri-Xavier Ortoli,
Mr. Walter D. Sohier,

as Counsel,
and

the Republic of Malta,

represented by
Dr. Edgar Mizzi, Special Legal Consultant,

as Agent and Counsel,
and
Mr. Elihu Lauterpacht, Q.C., Director of the Research Centre for Interna-
tional Law and Reader in International Law, University of Cambridge,

Mr. Prosper Weil, Professor at the University of Law, Economics and Social
Sciences, Paris,
Mr. Ian Brownlie, Q.C., F.B.A., Chichele Professor of Public International
Law, University of Oxford ;Fellow of Al1Souls College, Oxford,
as Counsel ;

Upon the application for permission to intervene submitted by the Italian
Republic,

represented by
H.E. Mr. Roberto Gaja, Ambassador,
as Agent,

Mr. Riccardo Monaco, Dean of the Faculty of Political Sciences,University of
Rome,
Mr. Arnaldo Sauillante. Section President in the Council of State,Head of the
Diplomatic iegal Service at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as CO-Agents,

Mr. Giuseppe Manzari, State Advocate-General,
Mr. Marcello Conti, State Advocate,
as Advocates of the Italian State, and

Mr. Gaetano Arangio-Ruiz, Professor at the University of Rome,
Mr. Giuseppe Sperduti, Professor at the University of Rome,
Mr. MichelVirally,Professorat the Universityof Law,Economicsand Social
Sciences, Paris,
as Advocates and Counsel,

and
Mr. Giorgio Bosco, Minister Plenipotentiary,

as Counsel,
assisted by
Mrs. Cristina Antonelli, Counsellor in the Diplomatic Legal Service,

composed as above,
after deliberation,

deliversthefollowingJudgrnent :

1. Bya notification dated 19July 1982,receivedin the Registryof the Court
on26July 1982,the Secretaryof the People'sComrnitteefor the People's Foreign
Liaison Bureau of the SocialistPeople'sLibyan Arab Jamahiriya and the Min-
isterfor Foreign Affairsof the Republicof Malta notified theCourt of a Special
Agreement in the Arabic and English languages signed at Valletta on 23 May
1976between the SocialistPeople's LibyanArabJamahiriya and the Republicof
Malta, providing for the submission to the Court of a dispute concerning the
delimitation of the continental shelfbetween those two States ; a certified copy

of the Special Agreement was enclosed with theletter.
2. Pursuant to Article40,paragraph 3, of the Statute and to Article 42of the
Rules of Court, copies of the notification and Special Agreement were trans-
mitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Members of the
United Nations and other States entitled to appear before the Court.

3. Since the Court did not include upon the bench a jhdge of Libyan or of
Maltesenationality, eachof the Parties proceeded to exercisethe right conferred
by Article 31,paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose ajudge ad hoc to sit in the
case. On 27 July 1982the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya designated Mr. Eduardo

Jiménezde Aréchaga,and the Parties wereinformed on 8 October 1982, pur-
suant toArticle35,paragraph 3,of theRulesof Court, that therewasno objection
to this appointment ; on 26 Apnl 1983Malta designated Mr. JorgeCastaiîeda,
and on 30May 1983thePartieswereinformed that therewasno objection to this
appointment.
4. ByaNote Verbaleof 10June 1983,theGovemment of theItalian Republic,
in relikce on Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, asked to be
fumished with copiesof the pleadings in the case,which at that date comprised
theMemorialsfiledon26April 1983,and documents annexed thereto.Byaletter
dated 13 October 1983,after the views of the Parties had been sought, and
objection had been raised by theGovemment of Malta, the Registrar informed

the Govemment of Italy that the Court had decided not to grant the request. 5. The Counter-Memorials of the Parties to the case, as contemplated by the
SpecialAgreement of 23May 1976,and inaccordance with an Order made by the

President of the Court on 26April 1983,wererequired to be filed onor before 26
October 1983. The Special Agreement, however, included a provision for a
possible further exchange of pleadings, so that even when the Counter-Memo-
rials of the Parties had been filed, the date of the closure of the written pro-
ceedings, within the meaning of Article 81, paragraph 1,of the Rules of Court,
would remain still to be finally determined. The Counter-Memorials were each
filed within the time-limits fixed.
6. By an Application dated 23 October 1983and received in the Registry of
the Court on 24 October 1983,the Government of Italy, invoking Article 62 of
the Statute, submitted to the Court a request for permission to intemene in the
case. In accordance with Article 83,paragraph 1,of the Rules of Court, certified

copies of the Application by Italy for permission to intervene were forthwith
communicated tothe Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Malta, the Parties to the case,
and copies werealso transmitted, pursuant to paragraph 2 of that Article, to the
Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Members of the United Nations
and other States entitled to appear before the Court.
7. On 5 December 1983,within the time-limit fixed for that purpose by the
President of the Court as provided by Article 83, paragraph 1, of the Rules of
Court, the Government of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the Government of
Malta submitted written observations on the Application of Italy for permission
to intervene, in which they set out their respective reasons for, in the case of the

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, requesting the Court to decline to permit Italy to
intemene, and,in the case of Malta, submitting that the Court should find that
the Application of Italy for permission to intemene cannot be granted. The
Parties and the Government of Italy weretherefore notified on 5December 1983
that the Court would hold public hearings, in accordance with Article 84,
paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, to hear the observations of Italy, the State
seeking to intemene, and those of the Parties to the case.
8. On 25,26,27 and 30January 1984public hearings wereheld, in the course
of which theCourt heard oral argument, on the question whether the permission
to intemene under Article 62 of the Statute requested by Italy shouldbegranted,
by the following representatives :

For the Italian Republic : H.E. Mr. Roberto Gaja,
Professor Gaetano Arangio-Ruiz,
Professor Riccardo Monaco,
Professor Giuseppe Sperduti,
Mr. Marcello Conti,
Professor Michel Virally ;

For the SocialistPeople's
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya : Mr. Abdelrazeg El-Murtadi Suleiman,
Professor Claude-Albert Colliard,
Sir Francis A. Vallat, G.B.E.,
K.C.M.G., Q.C.,
Professor Etienne Grise1 ;

For the Republicof Malta Dr. Edgar Mizzi,
Mr. E. Lauterpacht, Q.C.

7Questions wereaddressed to the representatives of Italy and of Malta by Mem-
bers of the Court, and the replies were given in wnting after the close of the
hearings in accordance with Article 61, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court.
9. In the course of the proceedingsthe followingsubmissionswerepresented
to the Court :

On behalf of the Italian Republis
in the Application for permission to intervene :

"On the basis of the foregoing observations, Italy respectfully requests
authorization to intervene in the present proceedings between Libya and
Malta" ;

On behalf of the Socialist People'sLibyan Arab Jamahiriya,

in the Observations of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on the Italian Applica-
tion :
"On the basis of the foregoingObservations, Libya respectfullyrequests

the Court to declineto permit Italy to intervene in the present proceedings
between Libya and Malta" ;
in the course of the oral proceedings :

"We therefore would reaffirm the submissionsmade to the Court in the
written Observationsof Libyaandwould respectfullyrequestthat theCourt
decline to authorize Italy to intervene in the Libya/Malta case" ;

On behalf of the Republic of Malta,

in the Observations of Malta on the Italian Application :
"Malta respectfully submits that the Court should find that the Appli-
cation of Italy for permission to intervene cannot be granted" ;

in the course of the oral proceedings :

"the forma1 submission [of the Republic of Malta is] that the Court be
pleased to find that the Application of the Republic of Italy cannot be
granted".

10. The Application of the Italian Republic submitting a request to the
Court for permission to intervene in the case is based on Article 62 of the
Statute of the Court, which provides :

"1. Should a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a
request to the Court to be permitted to intervene.
2. It shall be for the Court to decide upon this request."

Such an application under Article62isrequired byArticle 81,paragraph 1,
of the Rules of Court to be filed "as soonas possible, and not later than the closure of the written proceedings", and by Article 81, paragraph 2, to
specify the case to which it relates and to set out :
"(a) the interest of a legal nature which the State applying to inter-
vene considers may be affected by the decision in that case ;
(b) the precise object of the intervention ;

(c) any basis ofjurisdiction which is claimed to exist as between the
State applying to intervene and the parties to the case."
The Application of Italy was filed in the Registry of the Court only two
days before the time-limit fixed for the filing of the Parties' Counter-
Memorials. This fact has been emphasized by counsel for Libya in the
context of a contention that Italy's legal or procedural position has been
affected by delay. The Court notes however that the Application was filed

before the expiry of the time-limit fixed by Article 81. paragraph 1,of the
Rules. The substantive objections taken by the Parties in connection with
(inter dia) the date of filing of the Application to intervene, in the context
of these proceedings. need not be examined at this stage in the Judgment
when the Court is concerned only withformal admissibility. So far as the
three requirements set out in subparagraphs (a), (6) and fc) of Article 81,
paragraph 2,of the Rules of Court are concerned, the Court notes that the
Italian Application complies formally with these, even though objection
has been taken by the Parties on the basis that, on the substance, in al1three
respects there are grounds for finding the Application of Italy inadmissi-
ble.The Court concludes that the Italian application isnot out of time and
has no formal defect which would render it inadmissible.
11. Certain questions have been raised astothejurisdiction of the Court
in relation to the Italian Application, inasmuch as it has been objected
both by Libya and by Malta that Italyhas not shown, and cannot show,the
existence of "any basis ofjurisdiction which isclaimed to exist as between

the State applying to intervene and the Parties to the case7'.It has not
however been suggested by either of these States that the Court lacks
jurisdiction to entertain the present Application, and to determine its
admissibility : on the contrary. it is admitted that such jurisdiction is
conferred on the Court by Article 62of the Statute, a viewwhich is shared
by the Court itself. The contention of Libya and Malta is rather that the
absence of what the Court in 1981called "a valid link ofjurisdiction with
the parties to the case" (I.C.J. Reports 1981,p. 20,para. 36),constitutes a
ground on which theApplication of Italy for permission to intervene must
be refused, or found to be inadmissible. Accordingly, although this ques-
tion is one of the Court'sjurisdiction, it has no priority of the kind which
attaches to ajurisdictional objection stricto sensu, and need not be exam-
ined in advance of the other contentions put forward by the Parties either
as objections to the admissibility of the Application, or as grounds for
refusing it.
12. Before proceeding further, the Court would emphasize, as it did in

the Judgment of 14April 1981on the application of Malta to intervene in
the Continental Sheif case between Tunisia and Libya, that "it does not consider paragraph 2 [of Article 62 of the Statute] to
confer upon it any general discretion to accept or reject a request for
permission to interveneforreasons simply of policy. On the contrary,
in the viewof the Court the task entrusted toit by thatparagraph is to
determinethe admissibility or othenvise of the request by reference to
the relevant provisions of the Statute." (I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 12,
para. 17.)

TheCourt willtherefore now examinethe contentions advanced by Italy in
support of its application for permission to intervene, and the objections
taken by the Parties to the admissibility of the Italian Application, in the
light of the relevant provisions of the Statute.

13. Article 62of the Statute begins by setting the condition that "should
a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature whch may be '
affected by the decision in the case. ..". Taken literally, this is no more
than an indication of the reasons which may impel a State to seek to
intervene.; but itisclear that theintention of the textisthat the existenceof
such an interest is, objectively, a requirement for intervention. As the
Court stated in its Judgment of 14April 1981,what a State seeking to
intervene

"has to showin order to obtain permission to intervene under Article
62of the Statute is an interest of a legalnature which may be affected
by the Court'sdecision in thepresent case" (1.C.J.Reports1981,p. 19,
para. 33).

14. In order to assess the interest of a legal nature claimed by Italy
and to appreciate in what way Italy considers that its interest is en cause,
or may be affected by the decision in the present case, it is necessary to
recall the subject-matter of the case as defined by the Special Agreement
concluded by the Parties on 23 May 1976 and notified to the Court on
26 July 1982. Articles 1 and III of that Special Agreement provide as

follows :
"Article 1

The Court is requested to decide the following question :
What principles and rules of international laware applicable to the
delimitation of the area of the continental shelf whch appertains to
the Republic of Malta and the area of continental shelf whch apper-
tains to the Libyan Arab Republic, and how in practice such princi-
ples and rules can be applied by the two Parties in thisparticular case

in order that they may without difficulty delimit such areas by an
agreement as provided in Article III. 10 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

Article III

Following the final decision of the International Court of Justice
theGovernment of the Republic of Malta and theGovernment of the
Libyan Arab Republic shall enter into negotiations for determining
the area of their respective continental shelvesand for concluding an
agreement for that purpose in accordance with the decision of the
Court."

No express indication is given in the Special Agreement which would in
any waylimit thearea in which thedelimitation referred toin Article 1is to
be effected, and referenceis there made to delimitation of "the area of the
continental shelf which appertains to" Malta and to the Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya respectively, without saying in which direction it extends or
indicatingtheidentity of the State whoseshelfmight border onit. It isclear
however from, in particular, the reference in Article III to a delimitation

agreement to be concluded between Malta and Libya "in accordance with
the decision of theCourt" that the Court's taskisconfined to indication of
the principles and rules of international law applicable to thedelimitation
to be effected between those two States, and how in practice they can be
applied.Furthermore, it is a fundamental principle that theCourt has no
jurisdiction to determine matters in dispute between Stateswithout their
consent. Thus the content of the future decision by the Court in the case
brought before it by the Libya/Malta SpecialAgreement of 23 May 1976
cannot determine the delimitation of the respective continental shelves
appertaining to those States vis-à-vis any third State.
15. The interest of a legal nature contemplated by the Statute has been
defined in the present case by counsel for Italy as "an interest of the
Applicant State covered vis-à-vis other States, namely the principal Par-
ties, by international legal rules or principles". The specific legal interest
relied on by Italy is claimed to be "nothing less than respect for its

sovereign rights over certain areas of continental shelf in issue in the
present case". Brieflyexpressed, thecontention of Italy is that, sofar asitis
acquainted with the claimsof Libya and Malta to areas ofcontinental shelf
in the central Mediterranean, it is of the view that those claims extend to
areas which would be foundto appertain to Italy if a delimitation were to
be effected between Italy and Libya, and between Italy and Malta, on the
basis of international law. At the hearing counsel for Italy demonstrated
onamap of thecentralMediterraneanwhat wereunderstood by Italy to be
the claims of the Parties to continental shelf areas, and indicated broadly
where Italy considered that it had rights in such areas. In response to a
question put by a judge, the Agent of Italy, in a written reply enclosed
with a letter dated 6 February 1984(to which was attached a map) indi-
cated

"the zones of continental shelf over which Italy considers that it has
rights and which are comprised within the region which is probably the subject-matter of thecasepending before the InternationalCourt
of Justice".

The legalinterest of Italy is thus not merely an interest, but the "sovereign
rights" over the appropriate areas of continental shelf for the purpose of
exploration and exploitation recognized by customary law and explicitly
mentioned in the 1958Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf and
the 1982United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. "The interest
relied upon by Italy", said counsel at the hearing, "is the protection of its
claims to its sovereign rights over areas claimed by the Parties to the
present case". ~urthermore, its interests are involved inasmuch as it has
reservations as to what it understands to be the views of Libya on such
matters as the status of a considerable part of the Gulf of Sirt.

16. In its Application for permission to intervene, andin the arguments
of its counsel before the Court, Italy givesthe following indications of the

way in which it considers that its interest of a legal nature is en cause, or
may be affected by the decision in the present case. The areas of conti-
nental shelf to be delimited between the Parties al1belong to one and the
sameregion of the central Mediterranean, of which Italy is a coastal State,
andin which,consequently,some of the continental shelfareas overwhich
itconsiders it possessesrights are situated. The wholebed of the seaareain
question is part of the continental shelf, within the meaning of the defi-
nition in Article 76of the 1982United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea,and thegreater part of such sea-bed consists of areas of overlap of
the rights of such States. Some of the areas of continental shelf disputed
between Malta and Libya in the present proceedings are areas over which
Italyconsiders that it has undeniable rights. In the light of acomparison of
the Special Agreement by which the Court was seised in the present case
with that concluded in 1977by Tunisia and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,
on the basis of which the Court gave its Judgment of 24 February 1982,
Italy expects that the future judgment of the Courtin the present case will
be as precise as that previous Judgment and will necessarily exclude any
uncertainty with regard to the location and size of the continental shelf
belonging to each of the Parties as a consequence of the establishment
of the demarcation line. The Court's future judgment, it is suggested,

will therefore in'evitablydecide, albeit implicitly, namely by delirniting
between States other than Italy, that given areas do not appertain to
Italy.
17. In accordance with Article 81, paragraph 2 (b),of the Rules of
Court,the Application of Italy contains astatement of the "precise object"
of the intervention. Italy explains first that :
"The object of the intervention whch Italy seeks authorization to
make directly follows both from the definition of its legal interest
whch may be affected, and from the veryobject of thecase whichhas

been brought before the Court." TheApplication goeson toindicate that: "The object of Italy's application
to intervene is toensure the defence before the Court of its interest of a
legal nature", so that the principles and rules of international law to be
determined by the Court as applicable to the delimitation of the conti-
nental shelf between Malta and Libya "and, in particular, the practical
method of applying them, are not determined by the Court without
awareness of that interest, and to its prejudice", and continues :

"In other words, Italy seeks toparticipate in the proceedings to the
full extent necessary to enable it to defend the rights which it claims
over some of the areas--claimed by the Parties, and to specify the
position of those areas, taking into account the claims of the two
principal Parties and the arguments put forward in support of those
claims, sothat the Court may be asfullyinformed aspossible asto the

nature and scope of the rights of Italy in theareas of continental shelf
concerned by the delimitation, and may thus be in a position to take
due account of those rights in its decision."

During the oral proceedings, a CO-Agentfor Italy offered a further sum-
mary of the object of the intervention. Italy, he said, is not requesting the
Court todetermine the course of the delimitation linedividing the areas of
continental shelfappertainingto Italy fromthe areas appertaining respec-
tively to Malta or Libya, nor to determine the principles and rules of
international law applicable to that delimitation.

"Italy is asking the Court, when it accomplishes the mission
entrusted toit bythe SpecialAgreement of23May 1976,that isto Say,
when it answers the questions put to it in Article 1 of that Special
Agreement, to take into consideration the interests of a legal nature
which Italy possessesin relation to various areas claimed by themain
Parties, on certain parts of those areas, and accordingly to provide the
two Parties with every needful indication to ensure that they do not,
when they conclude their delimitation agreement pursuant to the
Court'sjudgment, include any areas which, on account of the exis-
tence of rights possessed by Italy, ought to be the subject either of
delimitation between Italy and Malta, or of delimitation between
Italy and Libya, or of a delimitation agreement as between al1three
countries."

At a later stage, counsel emphasized that Italy is not seeking to intervene
solelyto inform the Court of its claims, but so that the Court can givethe
Parties al1the requisite guidance to ensure non-encroachment on areas
over which Italy has rights. The object of the Italian intervention is thus
claimed to be "strictly within the framework of the casebrought before the
Court by the 1976SpecialAgreement", and in nowayto affect the interests
of the main Parties. Another aspect of its intervention emphasized by Italy

is that "the Government of Italy, oncepermitted to intervene, willsubmit to

such decision as the Court may make withregard totherights claimed
by Italy, in fullconformity with the terms of Article 59of the Statute
of the Court".
Its status in such circumstances would, it was suggested, be that of an
"intervening party", entitled to make submissions.
18. The Court has noted above the forma1 compliance by Italy in its
Application with the requirement of paragraph 2 (c) of Article 81 of the
Rules of Court, requiring the applicant State to set out "any basis of

jurisdiction which is claimed to exist" as between itself and the parties to
the case. Italy's contention is that
"the Italian legalinterest which may certainly be affected ... and the
object of the present application .. .are automatically, and in accor-
dance with the Statute of the Court, creative of jurisdiction of the
Court to the extent necessary to justify the admission of Italy to
participate in the present proceedings as an intervener".

This indication is however prefaced by the observation that "there is no
provision in Article 62 of the Statute that the existence of a basis of
jurisdiction isacondition for intervention", and that Article 81,paragraph
2(c),wasnot intended to impose such a condition but "does no more than
lay down a mere requirement for information to be supplied with aviewto
fuller knowledge of the circurnstances of the case". Italy arguesthat every
State party to the Statute is ipsofacto made subject to the "jurisdictions

which are directly established by the Statute", including the direct juris-
diction created by Article 62. Provided the conditions laid down by that
Article are fulfilled,
"Italy considersthat theoperation ofArticle 62itselfsufficesto create
the basis of jurisdiction of the Court to the extent necessary for the
admission of an application for permission to intervene".

Accordingly, whilementioningits being a party to the European Conven-
tion for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes, in order - as counsel later
explained - "to satisfytheprocedural obligationsarising out ofArticle 81
of the Rules of Court", Italy has throughout maintained its view that
Article 62of the Statute afforded a sufficient basis ofjurisdiction, eitherin
itself or by theconjunction of the acceptance of thejurisdictional power of
the Court by becoming a party to the Court's Statute, with a subsequent
conferral ofjurisdiction onit, for exampleby SpecialAgreement. Thisview
it qualifiesonly to the extent ofrecognizing that it might be valid onlyfora

"genuine intervention", one bearing exclusively on the'subject-matter of
the main case, and not concerning an independent dispute. Should the
intervention, or purported intervention, be one in which the applicant
seeksto assert a right againsttheparties, and thus equivalentto a mainline
application,in suchcaseeither it wouldnot be agenuineintervention at all,
or "the general title ofjurisdiction constituted by Article 62 should be
supplemented by a specialjurisdictional link between the State seek-

ing to intervene and the Parties to the case, by virtue of an interpre-
tation readingArticle 62withArticle 36,and taking into account the
optional character of the Court's jurisdiction".

19. In its Observations on the Application of Italy, Libya first raises
certainpreliminary issues.Noting that therehadbeen no negotiation,prior
tothat application, between Libya and Italyconfirmingthedelimitation of
their continental shelf and no dispute upon that subject had arisen, it
observes that since the Italian claims were asserted for the first time in the
applicationforpermission to intervene,theirvalidity wasseriouslyopen to
challenge. To allow Italy to intervene at this late stagein the proceedings
would create an unfair situation by placing Italy in an advantageous

position vis-à-visthe main Parties,already committed as they were by the
contents of their pleadings. During the oralproceedings, Libya contended
that the absence of prior negotiations was abnormal in the case of a
problem - the delimitation of the continental shelf - for whose solution
international law prescribedagreementas theprimary method, whereas it
is onlyin the absence of such agreementthat the Statesconcerned should
turn to procedures of pacific settlement. International practice accords
with that principle, it observes, and Italy has itself concluded several
delimitation agreements. But it has not entered into any negotiations with
Libya with a view either to delimitation or to the conclusion of a special
agreement for theinstitution of proceedings. Now Italy is seeking to make
use of intervention procedure ;but it is doing so by means of an appli-
cationfiledat solate astagethat, evenifit wasnot inbreach ofArticle 81,it
runs counter tothe tendency expressed by that Article in the 1978 Rules of
Court.

20. Libya further denies that Italy has been able to establish the exis-
tenceof anyItalian interest of alegalnature whichcould be affected by the
decisionin thecase.Inits Observations it urgesthat the claimsdisclosed by
the Italian Applicationremainso vaguethat theycouldnot properly be the
subject of an intervention ;Italy'sinterest is neither definednor localized.
Furthermore, the 1976SpecialAgreement does not in any wayput in issue
the rights of Italy but onlyrights and claims as between Libya and Malta.
The Italian position couldnot bejustified by anyreference to "procedural
law", since there isno precedent for permission to intervenein the Court's
practice, and any analogy with municipal law would be misleading, since
that law is based on compulsoryjurisdiction. During the oralproceedings,
Libya explained further that the Application "does not in fact take the
Special Agreement of 23 May 1976 properly into consideration". The
Italian argument based on similarity with the 1977Tunisia/Libya Special

Agreement (referred to in paragraph 16 above), was unsound particularly
since the Libya/Malta agreement of 1976 left the Parties a margin fornegotiations leading to a treaty, whereas the 1977text simplyprovided for
experts to apply the decision of the Court. Italy failed to recognize the
strictlybilateral character of thedelimitation to be effected. That character
ismore strictly denoted in the 1976SpecialAgreement than in that of 1977.

The relativity of delimitations stands confirmed in judicial and arbitral
case-law. This constitutes both a necessity, in that bilateral delimitations
have to be settled one by one, and a guarantee for third States. Further-
more, in the case of a decision by the Court, Italy's rights would be
safeguarded by the application of Article 59of its Statute. Thus the rights
of third States would be protected by the constant attitude of the Court,
without it being necessary to have recourse to intervention.
21. With regard to the object of the intervention, which according to
Libya Italy had not been able to describe precisely, Libya refers in its
Observations to Italy's statement of that object (quoted or summarized in
paragraph 17 above), and contends that those declarations were so vague
that they should induce the Court to adopt in their respect the same
negative position as it had taken with regard to the Application of Malta
for permission to intervene in the case between Tunisia and Libya. In any
event, as the Court's Judgment on the dispute between Libya and Malta
could not prejudice any Italian legalinterest,the solereal objectwhich the
Italian Application could have was, in Libya's view, to make the Court
aware of Italy'sinterest. But if that weresotheItalian Application wasnot

one in respect of which permission to intervene should be granted under
Article62 of the Statute. If, on the other hand, Italy reallywishesto submit
its claims against Libya (or Malta) to adjudication, the appropriate pro-
cedure should be negotiations between Italy and Libya or Malta, not that
of an intervention, which would widen the scope and disrupt the de-
velopment of the case already referred to the Court.
22. During the oral proceedings Italy did, Libya conceded, furnish
certainindications regarding the object of itsApplication. These, however,
had not removed al1ambiguity. It remained unclear whether Italy pro-
posed to defend its rights by merely supplying the Court with information
or whether it intended to put in issue its own claims to certain areas. The
purpose of merely informing the Court would not justify an intervention,
whileif,on theother hand, Italy sought to assert its rights against Libya or
Malta as a party to the case, that could not be regarded as an intervention
but would be an entirely new case. Moreover, the indications provided by
Italy servedto demonstratethat the Court could properly discharge its task
without the admission of Italy to intervene. By the effect of Article 59 of
the Statute, the Court'sjudgment would be binding only upon the Parties

but would be relative and non-opposable to Italy ;that State would in no
waybebound by theoperative provisions of thatjudgment. Italy would be
protected by the relative effect ofjudicial decisions, the fact that delimi-
tation agreements are alwaysconcluded subject to the rights of third States
and, finally, thefact that the SpecialAgreement of 1976did not place any
rights in issue except as between Libya and Malta.
23. Inits Observations Libya also contends that the ItalianApplication should bedismissedon account of therequirernentsimposed bythe Statute
and the Rules of Court in regard tojurisdiction. The solepossible basis of
the Court's competence is the common and mutual consent of the States
involved. But there wasnot even a prima facielink ofjurisdiction between
Libya and Italy. Article 62 in itself could not constitute such a link. If the
Italian contentions were accepted, the provision of the Rules of Court
concerning the basis ofjurisdiction, which irnplies that Article 62 cannot

create in itself that basis, would be meaningless. During the oral proceed-
ings, Libya further observed that the fact that Italy had expressed its
intention of becoming aparty and requesting ajudgment in its favour was
highly relevant in deterrnining whether the Court had jurisdiction. That
jurisdiction flowed from a dual consent, made up of accession to the
Statute and subsequent acceptance of a basis ofjurisdiction. There could
be no presurnption of such acceptance and, whatever its form, it must be
clearly and distinctly expressed. That basis of jurisdiction was not pro-
vided by Article 62. This conclusion could be drawn from the location of
thisArticle within theStatute, fromArticle 81,paragraph 2(c),of the Rules
of Court (which, while unable to derogate from the Statute, provided an
authoritative interpretation thereof, and at the least signified that the
question ofjurisdiction could be relevant or even decisive),by the author-
ityofjurists of unirnpeachable competence,including severaljudges of the
Court, and, finally, by the respect owedto the principles of reciprocity and
equality between States.Those principles would beviolated if intervention
was made exempt fromthe requirement of a common and mutual consent
of the three States, sincethe initial Parties would be constrained to submit

themselves to the Court's jurisdiction to a degree exceeding the corre-
sponding obligations of the intervener, which would enjoy a right not
possessed by the original Parties.
24. Libya also disputed each of the Italian arguments regarding the
interpretation of Article 62. It argued that once the decision had been
taken to subject the Court's jurisdiction to the consent of States, the
draftsmen of the Statute would have said so in terrns had they wished to
exclude the case of intervention from that decision. Al1that Article 62
conferred upon theCourt was an incidentaljurisdiction, one quite distinct
from jurisdiction for dealing with matters of substance ; otherwise, that
Article would automatically and covertly institute a form of compulsory
jurisdiction,al1possibility ofreservations to whichwouldbe excluded.The
Italiancontentionthat Statesreferringa dispute to theCourt bymeans ofa
special agreement accept the provisions of the Statute authorizing the
intervention of any State substantiating a legal interest would be correct
only if such a derogation from the principle of the equality of States had a
clear and express legal basis, which it had not. Even supposing such
implicit consent to be conceivable, it should at least relate to a specific
pre-existing dispute, which is not the case here. The Special Agreement

could not serve as an irnplicit basis for the Italian intervention, which
would virtually involve its revision. 25. Malta cantends that Italy's application "relates to a claim which
Italy has never before formulated". According to Malta, its discussions
with Italy since 1965have concerned only the areas of continental shelf
between Malta and Sicily,or Malta and the Pelagian Islands, and have not
concerned the areas to which it has in its Application indicated claims.
Malta,has further pointed out that, whereas in 1981it had had occasion
publicly to expound its ownclaims whenpresenting its own application for
permission tointervene, Italydidnot, either then or later, giveutterance to

any conflicting claims. In particular, Malta maintains that Italy has never
made "reference to any claim to any continqntal shelf area anywhere
extending beyond the median line", so that Malta is entitled to consider
that Italyhas never objected to the median line method it had accepted in
regard to the Channel between Malta and Sicily and proposed for the
delimitation between Malta and the Pelagian Islands. Malta accordingly
concludes on the one hand that no dispute existsbetween it and Italy and,
on the other hand, that "Italy is now estopped from asserting its claim
against Malta bywayof an application to intervene". The application must
be rejected, as Italy has failed to provide evidence of a dispute. For,
according to Malta, if a disputecannot be submitted to the Courtin direct
contentious proceedings until its character and dimensions have been
established by prior negotiation, the same must a fortiori apply to "a
comparableapplication to intervene in proceedings commenced by agree-
ment, and pending betweentwo States". SinceItalyhas not availeditselfof
its many opportunities of clearly pointing out to Malta the existence of a
disagreement or dispute concerning areas other than those between Malta
and the PelagianIslands, it has, by its "silence" and "inactivity", laid itself
open tohaving the claimsit wouldnow seekto assert declared inadmissible
by virtue of estoppel or preclusion.

26. Malta considers that the nature of the interest relied upon by Italy
has been insufficiently specified and that the application makes the object
of the intervention dependent upon that vaguely expressed interest, with
the result that this object also is, necessarily, obscure. Malta asserts that
Italy's interest could not in any event be affected by the decision in the
present case, since the Court's decision, confined at it must be to the
questions submitted in the SpecialAgreement, could not affect the rights
and claims of third States, either in its reasoning or in its operative pro-
visions. So far as those States are concemed, it will be res inter aliosacta,
and cannot be creative of more rights or obligations for Italy than any
Libya-Malta delimitation resulting from direct negotiations between those
two countries. Malta also remarks that, whereas Italy's present position
differslittle, from the forma1viewpoint, from Malta's own at the timeof its
endeavour to intervene in 1981in the caseconcerning the ContinentalShelf
(Tunisia/Libyan ArabJamahiriya) there isadistinction of substance inthat
Italy, Malta says, has not provided a shred of evidence concerning its claims. In Malta's view, Italy has remained ambiguous about the status
and rolein theproceedings whichithas sought to acquire by its application
for permission to intervene.
27. Malta contends that Italy has not established the existence of a
jurisdictional link between it and the two main Parties. While admitting
that in thecase between Tunisiaand Libya the Court didnot haveformally
to decide whether the possession of ajurisdictional link was a necessary
condition for the granting of an application for permission to intervene, it
considers that both the Court's Judgment and the separate opinions
appended on that occasion showed due

"concern to protect the exclusivity of the relationship between two
States which by special agreementjointly submit a dispute to the
Court, to preserve thebasison which that agreement wasreachedand
to safeguard the principle that the Court'sjurisdiction is based upon
consent".

Malta contends that theresult of allowing Italy's intervention would be to
disregardthe principles of reciprocityand of the equality of parties' rights
and obligations, to modify and widen the scope of the SpecialAgreement
drawn up between the Parties and to lead the Court to pronounce upon
matters which are not only unenvisaged by that Special Agreement but
even remain hitherto unknown to the Parties.

28. Some of the arguments of the Parties to the case, Malta and the
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, have been put fonvard in effect as grounds for
rejecting theItalian Application inlimine,without there being any need for

further examination of its compliance with Article 62of the Statute of the
Court. For reasons that will become clear, the Court does not find it
necessary to examinewhether these contentions are really of a preliminary
character, or to deal with them separatelyfrom the other objectionsmade
by the Parties.The Court willconfine itself to those considerations which
are in its viewnecessary to the decision whch it has to give.On that basis,
in order to determine whether the Italian request is justified, the Court
should consider the interest of a legal nature which, it is claimed, may be
affected. However, it must do this by assessing the object of the Applica-
tion and the wayin which that objectcorresponds to what is contemplated
by the Statute. Article 62of the Statute provides for intervention by aState
which considers that it has an interest of a legal nature which "may be
affected by the decision in the case7'or which is "en cause", and thus
envisages that the object of the intervening State will be to ensure the
protection or safeguarding of its "interest of a legalnature7',by preventing
it from being "affected" by the decision. The Court has therefore to
consider whether or not theobject of theintervention is such protection or
safeguarding. In its Judgment of 14April 1981in the caseconcerningthe

ContinentalShelf(Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) the Court noted that "the very character of the intervention for which Malta seekspermis-
sion shows, in the view of the Court, that the interest of the legal
nature invoked by Malta cannot be considered to be one 'which may
be affectedby the decision in the case'within the meaning of Article
62 of the Statute" (I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 19,para. 33 infine).

Italy has recognized that the object of the intervention and the nature of
the legalinterest invoked werelinked ;asnoted in paragraph 17above, the
Application States that
"The object of the intervention which Italy seeks authorization to

make directly follows both from the definition of its legal interest
which maybe affected, and from the veryobject of thecase whichhas
been brought before the Court."
29. Italyhasemphasizedin the presentproceedingsthat it ismaking no
claim against either of the two principal Parties, that it is not seeking a
decision by the Court delimiting its own areas of continental shelf, nor a
decision declaringthe principles and rules of international law applicable
to such a delimitation. Normally, the scope of a decision of the Court is
defined by the claims or submissions of the parties before it :and in the

caseof an intervention it is thus by reference to the definition ofits interest
of a legal nature and the objectindicated by the State seeking to intervene
that the Court shouldjudge whether or not the intervention is admissible.
However,asthe Court observed inthe NuclearTestscaseswith reference to
an application instituting proceedings "it is the Court's duty to isolate the
real issuein the case and to identifytheobject of the claim" (I.C.J.Reports
1974, p. 262, para. 29J, and again :

"the Court must ascertainthe true objectand purpose of the claimand
in doing so it cannot confine itself to the ordinary meaning of the
words used ; it must take into account the Application as a whole,
the arguments of the Applicant before the Court, the diplomatic
exchanges brought to the Court's attention, .. ."(ibid.,p. 263, para.
30).
Similarly, in the case of the present Application for permission to inter-
vene, the Court must take al1these circumstances into account as well as
the nature of the subject-matter of theproceedingsinstituted by Libya and

Malta. While formally Italy requests the Court to safeguard its rights, it
appears to the Court that the unavoidablepractical effect of its request is
that the Court willbe calledupon to recognize those rights, and hence, for
the purpose of being able to do so, to make a finding, at least in part, on
disputes between Italy and one or both of the Parties.
30. Italy is requesting the Court to pronounce only on what genuinely
appertains to Malta and Libya, and to refrain from allocating to these
States any areas of continental shelfoverwhich Italy hasrights. But for the
Courttobe able to carry out such an operation, it must first determine theareas over which Italy has rights and those over which it has none. As
regards the first areas, once they are identified, the Court will be able to
refrain from declaring that they appertain either to Libya or to Malta. As
regards the second areas the Court will then be able to carry out the
operation requested by the SpecialAgreement between Malta and Libya.
Thus in a decision given by the Court after Italy had been admitted to
intervene and assert its rights, thejuxtaposition between, on the one hand,
the areas involved in the Court's operation under the Special Agreement
and, on the other hand, the areas in regard to which the Court would
refrain from carrying out such an operation, would be tantamount to the
Court'shaving madefindings,first as to theexistence of Italian rights over
certain areas, or asfromcertain geographicalpoints or sets of points ;and
secondly as to the absence of such Italian rights in other areas, or as from

certain geographicalpoints or sets of points.
31. Therefore, if Italy were permitted to intemene in the present pro-
ceedings in order to pursue the course it has itself indicated it wishes to
pursue, the Court would be called upon, in order to give effect to the
intervention, to determine a dispute, or some part of a dispute, between
Italy and one or both of the principal Parties. The fact that Italy has
disclaimed any intention of asking the Court to settle such a dispute is
immaterial : as the Court has previously observed :

"Whether there exists an international dispute is a matter for
objectivedetermination. The mere denial of the existence of a dispute
does not prove its non-existence." (Interpretation of Peace Treaties,
Advisory Opinion,I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74.)
Nor would the intervention sought be justifiable on the ground that it
would merely convert an existing bilateral dispute, already before the
Court, into atrilateraldispute.Whethertherelations between Italy and the
Partiesin the matter of continental shelf delimitation be regarded as three
disputes, or onedispute, thefactremains that the Court cannot adjudicate

on the legal relations between Italy and Libya without the consent of
Libya, or on those between Italy and Malta without the consent of
Malta.
32. The distinction which Italy has endeavoured to make is between a
request that the Court takeaccount of, or safeguard,its legalinterests,and
arequest that theCourt recognize or define its legalinterests, which would
amount to the introduction of a distinct dispute. But this distinction is in
any event not valid in thecontext of the task conferredon the Court by the
SpecialAgreement in thepresent case. If the Court is to perform that task,
and at the same time to safeguard the legal interests of Italy (more than
would result automatically, aswillbe explained below,from the operation
ofArticle 59of theStatute), then when givinganyindication of howfar the
Parties may extend theirpurelybilateraldelimitation, it must takeaccount,
so far as appropriate, of the existence and extent of Italian claims. But if
Italy werepermitted to interveneand by that means not only to inform the
Court of its claims,but to present substantivearguments in favour of theirbeing recognized - which iswhat Italy requests -, the ensuing decision of
the Court could not be interpreted merely asnot "affecting" these rights,

but would be one either recognizing or rejecting them, in whole or in part.
A decision of the Court preserving the Italian rights, in contrast to a
decision ruling upon them, could only be one taken after Italy had
informed the Court of its claims, but without the merits of those claims
being argued before the Court by Italy and the principal Parties. Thus in
thiscase,it isnot sufficient for theintending intervener toexerciserestraint
in theformulation of theprotection of its interests it seeksfrom theCourt.
If in a case of this kind a third State were permitted to intervene so as to
present its claims and indicate the grounds advanced asjustifying them,
then the subsequent judgment of the Court could not be limited to noting
them, but would, expressly or implicitly, recognize their validity and
extent.

33. The fact that to permit Italy to intervene would inevitably lead the
Court to make a finding as to Italy's rights (to the extent that they are
opposed to Malta's and Libya's claims)isin fact demonstrated by the text
ofItaly'sApplication itself,and by the statements of Italy's representatives
before the Court. In the Application, Italy explains that it "seeks to
participate in the proceedings to the full extent necessary to enable it to
defend the rights which it claims over some of the areas claimed by the
Parties" (emphasis added). As already noted in paragraph 17 above,
counsel for Italy has defined the object of the intervention by explaining
that Italy is asking the Court, when carrying out its task under the Special
Agreement, to

"provide the two Parties with everyneedful indication to ensure that
they do not, when they conclude their delimitation agreement pur-
suant to the Court'sjudgment, includeany areas which, onaccountof
theexistenceofrightspossessed byItaly, oughttobethesubjecteither of
delimitation between Italy and Malta or of delimitation between Italy
and Libya, or of a delimitation agreement as between al1three coun-
tries." (Emphasis added.)

Furthermore the Agent of Italy, recalling the aim of Italy's application to
intervene and the result expected by his country from these proceedings,
added : "Italy desires nothing more than that which, through appropriate
procedures, will be recognized as its legal due." In order to comply with
Italy's request, theCourt wouldhaveto define the areas which"ought to be
the subject of delimitation" with Italy, and to do so by reference, not to
claims advanced by Italy, but to "the existence of rights possessed by
Italy" ;it followsthat it isbeing asked to make afinding of the existenceof
such rights, and as to at least the approximate extent of them. Further-
more, Italy adrnits that the decision as to its rights also has a negative

aspect. This was expressed by counsel for Italy in another declaration,
according to which "the Court could decide that, in the areas within whch it will be indicating to the main Parties how they should proceed with the
delimitation, Italy is not entitled to claim any rights". Similarly, another
representative of Italy argued that :

"If. . .,after hearing Italy's presentation, the Court decides that
there are grounds for proceeding to a delimitation between Malta
and Libya, it will decide, implicitly or explicitly, that Italy has no
rightsin the areas concerned, despite anyclaims whichit may maketo
the contrary."
34. The consequences of the Court's finding, that to permit the inter-
vention would involve the introduction of a fresh dispute, can be defined

by reference to either of two approaches to the interpretation of Article 62
ofthe Statute, both ofwhichmust result in theCourt being bound to refuse
thepermission to intervenerequested by Italy, and both of which will give
toArticle 62 its full effectiveness.These are in effect two facets of a single
reality, namely the basic principlethat thejurisdiction of the Courtto deal
with and judge a dispute depends on the consent of the parties thereto.

35. Thefirst wayof expressingthisreality would be to find that, having
thus reachedtheconclusionthat Italyisrequesting itto decide on therights
which it has claimed and not merely to ensure that these rights be not
affected, the Court must state whether it is competent to give, by way of
intervention procedure, the decision requested by Italy. As noted above,
Italy considersthat onceit is established that a State seeking to intervene
has a legal interest which is en cause, "the operation of Article 62 itself
suffices to create the basis of jurisdiction of the Court to the extent
necessary for theadmission of an application for permission to intervene".
It appears to the Court that if it were to apply this argument to an in-
tervention having the object which, as explained above, is that of Italy, it

would be admitting that the procedure of intervention under Article 62
would constitute anexception to thefundamental principlesunderlyingits
jurisdiction : primarily the principle of consent, but also the principles of
reciprocity and equality of States.TheCourt considersthat anexception of
this kind could not be admitted unless it were very clearly expressed.
Recognition of the compulsoryjurisdiction of the Court is an important
aspect of the freedom and equality of Statesin the choice of the means of
peaceful settlement of their disputes. Such a limitation is not to be pre-
sumed, and must be clearly and expressly stated if it is to be admitted.
Article 62of the Statute contains no such express derogation ; and neither
its position in the Statute, nor the travaux préparatoires of its adoption,
serve to support an interpretation of the Articleas intended to effect such
derogation. In harmony with this first method of reconciling Article 62
with theprinciple ofconsent to thejurisdiction of the Court, appeal to that
articleshould thus, if it is tojustify an interventionin a case such asthat of
the Italian application, be backed by a basis of jurisdiction.

36. Theargument of Italy does not in fact go sofar as to contradict this view. Italy distinguishesbetween interventions which do, and which do
not, assert a right of the interveneragainstaprincipal party, and contends
that since the object of the Italian Applicationis limited, inasmuch as it is
not asserting its rights against the Parties in the present proceedings, or
against either of them separately, then :

"Because of this limited object, Italy's application unquestionably
falls within the bounds of intervention stricto sensu.. . regarding
which ... Article 62 in itself provides the requisite title of jurisdic-
tion."

Italy recognizes that, on the hypothesis that
"by the channel of intervention a State might seek endorsement of a
right vis-à-vis the parties to the proceedings, in conditions compar-
able to what it could have done by itself instituting a principal case
against those two States",

thesituation would be otherwise. Italy suggeststhat one viewof the matter
(which it does not itself advance but indicated it could accept) would be
that, an application to intervene whereby the intervener sought to assert a
right being equivalent to a mainline application, the intervener would be
under theobligation of showing a specialjurisdictional link. Thus the view
could be taken that Article 62 does not permit an intervention of the kind
referred to except when the third State desiring to intervene can rely on a
basis ofjurisdiction making it possible for the Court to take a decision on
the dispute or disputes submitted to it by the third State.

37. A second method of expressingthe Court's conviction that Article
62 of its Statute is not an exception to the principle of consent to its
jurisdiction to deal with adispute would be tofind that, inacase where the
State requestingtheintervention asked the Courtto giveajudgment on the
rights which it was claiming, this would not be a genuine intervention
within the meaning of Article 62. In such a situation, the State requesting
the intervention ought to have instituted mainline proceedings in appli-
cation of Article 36,and possibly to have asked for the two proceedings to
bejoined. This was in fact the view advanced by counsel for Italy. Thus,
according to this second approach, Article 62would not derogatefrom the
consensualism whichunderliesthejurisdiction of the Court, sincetheonly
cases of intervention afforded by that Article would be those in which the
intervener was only seekingthepreservation of itsnghts, without attempt-
ing to have them recognized, the latter objective appertaining rather to a
direct action. Article 62 of the Statute envisages that the object of the
interveningState is to ensure theprotection or safeguarding of its "interest
of a legal nature" by preventing it from being "affected" by the decision.
There is nothing in Article 62 to suggest that it was intended as an alter-
native means ofbringing an additional disputeasacasebeforetheCourt -

amatter dealt within Article 40of the Statute - or asamethod of asserting
theindividualrights of a State not aparty to the case. Suchadispute might
be thesubject ofnegotiation,leadingeither toits settlement - inthe caseof a maritime boundary dispute, to an agreed delimitation - or to the con-
clusion of a special agreement for its resolution by ajudicial body ;it may
not however be brought before the Court by way of intervention.

38. The Court thus finds that it is unable to accept Italy's own classi-
fication of the object ofits intervention,and that the intemention fallsinto
acategory which,on Italy'sown showing,is onewhichcannot be accepted.
That conclusion followsfrom either of the twoapproachesoutlined above,
and the Court accordingly does not have to decide between them. In a case
brought before the Court by special agreement, the scope of the Court's
action is defined by that agreement, which embodies the consent of the
parties to the settlement by the Court of the dispute between them. The
possibility of intemention, being afeature of the Statute of the Court, does
of course remain open in cases brought by Special Agreement, but its
implementation must in principle be effected within the scope of the

Special Agreement. Since, as explained in paragraph 28 above, the Court
considers that it should not go beyond the considerations which are in its
viewnecessary toits decision,the various other questionsraisedbeforethe
Court in these proceedings as to the conditions for, and operation of,
intervention under Article 62 of the Statute need not be dealt with by the
presentJudgment. In particular the Court, in order to arrive atits decision
ontheApplication of Italy tointemene in thepresent case,doesnot have to
rule on the questionwhether, in general,anyinterventionbased onArticle
62 must, as a condition for its admission, show the existence of a valid
jurisdictional link.
39. Italy has also urged the impossibility, or at least the greatly in-
creaseddifficulty, of the Court's performingthe task entrusted toit by the
Special Agreement in the absence of participation in the proceedings by
Italy asintemener. In support of this contention it has drawn attention to

the marked difference between the situation in the Dresent case and that
withwhich theCourt wasfacedinthecase concernini the ContinentalShelf
(Tunisia/Libvan Arab Jarnahiriva)in 1981-1982.in which the role of the
court unde;the relevant special Agreement wa; similar to its task in the
Dresent case. That case concerned a delimitation between two laterallv
'adjacentStates, the starting point of which, on the outer margin of th;:
territorial sea, was determined by the position of an established land
frontier, and the line of which extended seawards through an area over
which, for a considerableextent, no actual or potential claim by any State
other than theparties to thecase needed to be contemplated. Even the test
of proportionality of areas and coasts could be applied by the Court
without the extent of the rights of Malta, as third State, having been
defined (I.C.J. Reports1982,p. 91,para. 130).In thepresent case,however
the terminal points of the delimitation ultimately to be effected between
theParties willlieinthe highseas,andit mayprovethat they willhave to be

tripoints or even quadripoints. Italy has drawn attention to the difficulties
in which the Court may find itself, and has suggested that "it is the delimitation in its entirety, or at least over an important
stretch ofitscourse,whichisindanger oflyingoutside thejurisdiction
of the Court"

and contends that the intervention of Italy, if admitted, is the sole means
by which the Court can escape this difficulty.
40. The Italian argument as to the reduction of the scope of the Court's
decision owing to the geographic extent of the Italian claims does not

concern the first part of the task whch the Special Agreement between
Malta and Libya has conferred upon the Court : the determination of the
principlesand rulesofinternational lawapplicableinthis case. It therefore
only concerns the second part of this task (the practical means of imple-
menting these principles and rules) and then only on condition that the
Court interprets this second part of its task in a particularly concrete way,
tantamount to the drawing of a line. In that respect, it must be conceded
that, if the Court werefully enlightened as to theclaims and contentions of
Italy, it might be in a better position to givethe Partiesuch indications as
would enable them to deiimit their areas of continental shelf "without
difficulty", in accordance with Article 1of the Special Agreement, even
though sufficient information as to Italy's claims for the purpose of
safeguarding its rightshas been gven to the Court during the proceedings
on the admissibility of the Italian Application. But the question is not
whether the participation of Italy may be useful or even necessary to the
Court ;it is whether, assurningItaly's non-participation, a legalinterest of
Italy isencause,or islikelyto be affected by the decision. In theabsence in
theCourt's procedures of any systemof compulsoryintervention, whereby

a third State could be cited by the Court to come in as party, it must be
open to the Court, and indeed its duty, to givethe fullest decision it may in
the circumstances of each case, unless of course, as in the case of the
MonetaryGoldRemovedfrom Rome in1943,the legalinterests of the third
State "would not only be affected by a decision, but would form the very
subject-matter of a decision" (Z.C.J.Reports 1954,p. 32),which is not the
case here.

41. It has been emphasized above that the Italian Application to inter-
vene tends inevitably to produce a situation in which the Court would be
seised of a dispute between Italy on the one hand and Libya and Malta on
the other, or each of them separately, without the consent of the latter
States ; Italy would thus become a party to one or several disputes which
are not before the Court at present. In this way the character of the case
would be transformed. These considerations, in the view of the Court,
constitute reasons why the Application cannot be granted. Yet the Court
cannot whollyput aside the question of the legalinterest of Italy as wellas
of other States of the Mediterranean region, and they willhave tobe taken

into account,in the same way as wasdone for example in theJudgment of
24 February 1982in the case concerning the ContinentalSheif (Tunisia/
LibyanArab Jamahiriya).TheCourt considers that it willbe possible for it to do this, while replying in a sufficientlysubstantial way to the questions
raised in the Special Agreement.
42. In the first place, the rights claimed by Italy would be safeguarded
byArticle 59of the Statute, whichprovides that "The decision of theCourt

has no binding force except between the parties and in respect of that
particular case". Much argument has been addressed,inthecourse of these
proceedings, to the question of the relationship between Article 62 of the
Statute and Article 59. It is clear from the latter provision that the prin-
ciplesand rules ofinternational lawfound by the Court to be applicable to
the delimitation between Libya and Malta, and the indications given by
the Court as to their application in practice, cannot be relied on by the
Parties against any other State. As the Permanent Court of International
Justice observed,

"the object of Article 59is simply to prevent legalprinciplesaccepted
by the Court in a particular case from being binding alsoupon other
States or in other disputes" (P.C.I.J., SeriesA, No. 13, p. 21).

It has been contended by counsel for Italy that
"if Article 59 always provides adequate protection for third States,
and if theprotection which it affords is such as to prevent the interest
of the third State from being genuinely affected in a pending case,

then . ..Article 62no longer has anypoint whatsoever, nor anysphere
of application".
TheCourt however considersthat the conclusion does not follow :a State
which considers that its legal interest may be affected by a decision in a
casehas the choice - asisimplied by thefactthat Article 62provides that a
State "may" submit a request to intervene - whether to intervene, thus

securing a procedural economy of means (asnotedby Italian counsel) ;or
to refrain from intervening, and to rely on Article 59.
43. Furthermore, there can be nodoubt that the Court will,in its future
judgment in thecase, take account,as afact, of the existenceof other States
having claims in the region. As the Permanent Court of International
Justice emphasized in the case of the Legal Status of Eastern Green-
land,

"Another circumstance which must be taken into account by any
tribunal whch has to adjudicate upon a claim to sovereignty over
a particular territory, is the extent to which the sovereignty is
also claimed by some other Power" (P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 53,
p. 461,

and this observation, which is itself unrelated to the possibility of inter-
vention, is no less true when what is in question is the extent of the
respective areas of continental shelf over which different States enjoy
"sovereign rights". The future judgment will not merely be limited in its
effectsby Article 59of the Statute :it willbe expressed, upon its face, to bewithout prejudice to the rights and titles of thrd States. Under a Special
Agreement concerning only the rights of the Parties, "the Court has to
determine which ofthePartieshasproduced themore convincingproof of
title" (MinquiersandEcrehos,I.C.J.Reports1953,p. 52),and not to decide
inthe absolute ;similarlythe Court will,sofar asit mayfind it necessaryto
doso,makeit clearthat itisdecidingonly betweenthecompetingclaimsof

Libyaand Malta. If, asItaly has suggested,the decisionof the Court in the
present case, taken without Italy's participation, had for that reason to be
morelimited in scopebetween theParties themselves,and subject to more
caveats and reservationsin favour of third States, than it might otherwise
have been had Italy been present, it is the interests of Libya and Malta
whichmight besaid tobe affected,not thoseof Italy. It ismaterial torecall
that Libya and Malta, by objecting to the intervention of Italy, have
indicated their own preferences.

44. In its Judgment of 14 April 1981 the Court has already made a
summary of the origin and evolution of Article 62 of the Statute of the
Court (I.C.J. Reports 1981, pp. 13-16,paras. 21-27),beginning with the
work of the AdvisoryCommittee of Jurists of 1920,and the discussionsof
thePermanent Court of International Justicein 1922asto whether there is
or there isnot a need for the intervener to establishajurisdictional link as
between it and the principal parties to the case. Those discussions, the
Court noted, concluded as follows :

"The outcome of the discussion wasthat it wasagreednot to try to
resolve in theRules of Court the various questions which had been
raised,but to leavethem to be decidedas and when they occurred in
practice and in thelight of thecircumstancesofeachparticular case."
(I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 14,para. 23.)

The Court also gavea summary of the earlierjudicial pronouncements on
thesubject,includingthe S.S. "Wimbledon"case,theHayadelaTorrecase,
the Monetaty GoldRemovedfrom Rome in1943caseand ending with Fiji's
application for permission to intervene in the Nuclear Testscases. In the
light of this narrative of events the Courtoesnot consider it necessaryto
reviewthem once again here, and this is so despite the detailed repetition
and elaboration of them by Italy on the onehand, in maintaining that the
conditions stipulated in Article 81,paragraph 2 (c),of the Rules of Court
are merely indicative, and by Libya and Malta on the other that the
intervener should comply with establishing a basis of jurisdiction as a
condition for the submission of the application for permission to inter-
vene.
45. The Court observes that from the 1922 discussions up to and
including the hearings in the present proceedings the arguments on this

point have not advanced beyond the stage they had reached 62years ago. Sincethe Court findsit possible, as stated above, toreach a decision onthe
present Application without generally resolving the vexed question of the
"valid link of jurisdiction", no more need be said than that the Court is
convinced of the wisdom of the conclusionreached by its predecessorin
1922,that it shouldnot attemptto resolvein the Rules of Court the various
questions whch have been raised, but leave them to be decided as and
when they occur in practice and in the light of the circumstances of each
particular case.

46. Nevertheless, within the limits set by the Court's duty not to go
further than to settle the actual issues requiring decision, the Court has
endeavoured, in thepresent Judgment,as it did in theJudgment of 14April
1981in the proceedings between Tunisia and Libya, to dispel some of the
doubts and uncertainties which surround the exercise of the procedural
faculty of intervention under Article 62 of its Statute. Some indicationsin

this respect were also given in the case concerning the Monetary Gold
Removed from Rome in 1943 (I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 32). Furthemore,
while the Court attaches great importance to the element of the will of
States, expressed in a special agreement or other instrument creative of
jurisdiction, to define the extent of a dispute before the Court, it is worth
recalling that under paragraph 2 of Article 62, "it shall be for the Court to
decide" upon a request for permission to intervene, and the opposition of
the parties toa case is,though veryimportant,no more than one element to
be taken into account by the Court.

47. For these reasons,

by eleven votes to five,
jïnds that theApplication of the Italian Republic, filed inthe Registry of
theCourt on 24October 1983,for permission to intervene under Article 62
of the Statute of the Court, cannot be granted.

IN FAVOUR :PresidentElias ;JudgesLachs, Morozov,NagendraSingh,Ruda,
El-Khani, de Lacharrière,Mbaye, Bedjaoui; Judgesad hoc Jiménezde
Aréchaga andCastaiieda;
AGAINST :Vice-PresidenS tette-Carnara ;JudgesOda,Ago,Schwebeland Sir
Robert Jennings. Done in English and French, the English text being authoritative, at the
Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-first day of March, one thousand
nine hundred and eighty-four, infour copies, oneof which willbe placedin
the archives of the Court and the others transrnitted to the Government of
the Socialist People's Libyan ArabJamahiriya, the Government of the

Republic of Malta, and the Government of the Italian Republic, respec-
tively.

(Signed) T. O. ELIAS,
President.

(Signed) Santiago TORRESBERNARDEZ,
Registrar.

Judges Mo~ozov, NAGENDRA SINGHand MBAYEand Judge ad hoc
JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA append separate opinions to the Judgment of the
Court.

Vice-President SETTE-CAMAR and Judges ODA,AGO, SCHWEBEa Lnd
Sir Robert JENNINGS append dissenting opinions to the Judgment of the
Court.

(Initialled) T.O.E.

(Initialled) S.T.B.

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING THE

CONTINENTAL SHELF

(LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA/MALTA)

APPLICATION BY ITALY FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE

JUDGMENT OF 21 MARCH 1984

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,

AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DU PLATEAU CONTINENTAL

(JAMAHIRIYA ARABE LIBYENNE/MALTE)

REQUÊTE DE L'ITALIÀ FIN D'INTERVENTION

ARRÊT DU 21 MARS 1984 Officia1citat:on
Continental Sheif (LibyanArab Jarnahiriya/Malta),
Application to Intervene,Judgrnent, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 3.

Mode officiel de ci:ation
Plateau continental (Jarnahiriya arabelibyenne/Malte),
requêtefin Ai'ntervention,arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1984,p. 3.

Sales number
No de ven:e 496 1 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

1984 YEAR 1984
21 March
General List
No. 68 21 March1984

CASE CONCERNING THE CONTINENTAL SHELF

(LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA/MALTA)

APPLICATION BY ITALY FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE

CasebroughtbySpecialAgreement -ApplicationtointerveneunderArticle 62of
theStatut- Legal interestwhichmay be affected by the dec-sObjectof the
intervention Intervention and introduction of a fresh di-puPrinciple of
consent underlyingjurisdiction of the Court.

JUDGMENT

Present: President ELIAS; Vice-President SETTE-CAMAR ;Judges LACHS,
Mo~ozov, NAGENDRASINGH, RUDA, ODA, AGO, EL-KHANI,
SCHWEBEL S,ir Robert JENNINGS,DE LACHARRIÈRE M,BAYEB , ED-
JAOUI ;Judges ad hocJIMÉNEZDE ARÉCHAGA C,ASTANED ;Registrar

TORRES BERNARDEZ.

In the case concerningthe continental shelf,

between

the Socialist People'sLibyan Arab Jarnahiriya,
represented by

Mr. Abdelrazeg El-Murtadi Suleiman, Professorof International Law at the
University of Garyounis, Benghazi,

as Agent,
Mr. Youssef Omar Kherbish, Counsellor at the Secretariat of Justice,
Mr. Ibrahim Abdul AzizOmar,Counsellorat the People's Bureaufor Foreign
Liaison,

as Counsel, COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

1984
21 mars
Rôle général
21 mars 1984 no68

AFFAIRE DU PLATEAU CONTINENTAL

(JAMAHIRIYA ARABE LIBYENNE/MALTE)

REQUETE DE L'ITALIE À FIN D'INTERVENTION

Affaire introduite par un compro-Requête àfin d'intervention fonsur
l'article du Statut- Intérêjturidique en caus- Objet de i'intervent-on

Intervention et introduction d'un ndifféren-Leprincipedu consentement,
base de lajuridiction de la Cour.

Présents:M. ELIAS,Président; M. SETTE-CAMARA Vi,ce-Président; MM.
LACHSM , OROZOV N,AGENDRS AINGHR , UDAO, DA,AGO,EL-KHANI,
SCHWEBEL s,ir Robert JENNINGS, M. DE LACHARRIÈRE M,BAYE,

BEDJAOUI, juges;MM. JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA C,ASTANEDjAug,es
ad hoc ;M. TORRES BERNARDEG Z,reffier.

En l'affaire du plateau continental,

entre

la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire et socialiste,
représentéepar

M. Abdelrazeg El-Murtadi Suleiman, professeur de droit international
l'universitéde Garyounis, Benghazi,
comme agent,

M. YoussefOmar Kherbish, conseiller au secrétariatde la justice,
M. Ibrahim Abdul AzizOmar, conseillerau bureau populaire de liaison avec
l'extérieur,

comme conseils, Mr. Claude-Albert Colliard, Honorary Dean, Professor of International Law
at the University of Paris 1,
Mr. Etienne Gnsel, Professor of Law at the University of Lausanne,
Sir Francis Vallat, G.B.E., K.C.M.G., Q.C., Professor emeritus of Interna-

tional Law at the University of London,
as Counsel and Advocates,
Mr. Derek W. Bowett, C.B.E., Q.C., LL.D., Whewell Professor of Interna-
tional Law in the University of Cambridge,

Mr. Gunther Jaenicke, Professor of International Law at the University of
Frankfurt-am-Main,
as Consultants,
and

Mr. Rodman R. Bundy,
Mr. Richard Meese,
Mr. Henri-Xavier Ortoli,
Mr. Walter D. Sohier,

as Counsel,
and

the Republic of Malta,

represented by
Dr. Edgar Mizzi, Special Legal Consultant,

as Agent and Counsel,
and
Mr. Elihu Lauterpacht, Q.C., Director of the Research Centre for Interna-
tional Law and Reader in International Law, University of Cambridge,

Mr. Prosper Weil, Professor at the University of Law, Economics and Social
Sciences, Paris,
Mr. Ian Brownlie, Q.C., F.B.A., Chichele Professor of Public International
Law, University of Oxford ;Fellow of Al1Souls College, Oxford,
as Counsel ;

Upon the application for permission to intervene submitted by the Italian
Republic,

represented by
H.E. Mr. Roberto Gaja, Ambassador,
as Agent,

Mr. Riccardo Monaco, Dean of the Faculty of Political Sciences,University of
Rome,
Mr. Arnaldo Sauillante. Section President in the Council of State,Head of the
Diplomatic iegal Service at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as CO-Agents,

Mr. Giuseppe Manzari, State Advocate-General,
Mr. Marcello Conti, State Advocate,
as Advocates of the Italian State, M.Claude-AlbertColliard,doyenhonoraire, professeurde droitinternational
àl'universitéde Paris 1,
M. Etienne Grisel, professeur de droit àl'universitéde Lausanne,
sir Francis Vallat, G.B.E., K.C.M.G.,Q.C., professeur éméritede droit inter-
national à l'universitéde Londres,
comme conseils et avocats,

M. Derek W. Bowett,C.B.E., Q.C., LL.D, professeur Whewellde droit inter-
nationala l'universitéde Cambridge,
M. Gunther Jaenicke, professeur de droit international a l'université de
Francfort,

comme conseillers,
et
M. Rodman R. Bundy,

M. Richard Meese,
M. Henri-Xavier Ortoli,
M. Walter D. Sohier,
comme conseils,

la République de Malte,
représentéepar
M. Edgar Mizzi, conseillerjuridique spécial,

comme agent et conseil,

M. Elihu Lauterpacht, Q.C., directeur du Centre de rechercheen droit inter-
national et Reader en droit international a l'universitéde Cambridge,
M. Prosper Weil,professeur àl'universitéde droit, d'économie etde sciences
socialesde Paris,
M. Ian Brownlie, Q.C., F.B.A., professeur Chichele de droit international
publicà l'universitéd'Oxford, membrede Al1Souls College, Oxford,

comme conseils ;
Sur la requête à fin d'intervention déposépear la République italienne,

représentéepar
S. Exc. M. Roberto Gaja, ambassadeur,

comme agent,
M. RiccardoMonaco,doyendela facultédesciencespolitiquesdel'université
de Rome,
M.Amaldo S~uillante,président de sectiondu Conseild'Etat,chef du service
du contentiéuxdiplomatique du ministère des affaires étrangères,

comme coagents,
M. Giuseppe Manzari, avocat générad l e l'Etat,
M. Marcello Conti, avocat de l'Etat,

comme avocats de l'Etat italien, and

Mr. Gaetano Arangio-Ruiz, Professor at the University of Rome,
Mr. Giuseppe Sperduti, Professor at the University of Rome,
Mr. MichelVirally,Professorat the Universityof Law,Economicsand Social
Sciences, Paris,
as Advocates and Counsel,

and
Mr. Giorgio Bosco, Minister Plenipotentiary,

as Counsel,
assisted by
Mrs. Cristina Antonelli, Counsellor in the Diplomatic Legal Service,

composed as above,
after deliberation,

deliversthefollowingJudgrnent :

1. Bya notification dated 19July 1982,receivedin the Registryof the Court
on26July 1982,the Secretaryof the People'sComrnitteefor the People's Foreign
Liaison Bureau of the SocialistPeople'sLibyan Arab Jamahiriya and the Min-
isterfor Foreign Affairsof the Republicof Malta notified theCourt of a Special
Agreement in the Arabic and English languages signed at Valletta on 23 May
1976between the SocialistPeople's LibyanArabJamahiriya and the Republicof
Malta, providing for the submission to the Court of a dispute concerning the
delimitation of the continental shelfbetween those two States ; a certified copy

of the Special Agreement was enclosed with theletter.
2. Pursuant to Article40,paragraph 3, of the Statute and to Article 42of the
Rules of Court, copies of the notification and Special Agreement were trans-
mitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Members of the
United Nations and other States entitled to appear before the Court.

3. Since the Court did not include upon the bench a jhdge of Libyan or of
Maltesenationality, eachof the Parties proceeded to exercisethe right conferred
by Article 31,paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose ajudge ad hoc to sit in the
case. On 27 July 1982the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya designated Mr. Eduardo

Jiménezde Aréchaga,and the Parties wereinformed on 8 October 1982, pur-
suant toArticle35,paragraph 3,of theRulesof Court, that therewasno objection
to this appointment ; on 26 Apnl 1983Malta designated Mr. JorgeCastaiîeda,
and on 30May 1983thePartieswereinformed that therewasno objection to this
appointment.
4. ByaNote Verbaleof 10June 1983,theGovemment of theItalian Republic,
in relikce on Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, asked to be
fumished with copiesof the pleadings in the case,which at that date comprised
theMemorialsfiledon26April 1983,and documents annexed thereto.Byaletter
dated 13 October 1983,after the views of the Parties had been sought, and
objection had been raised by theGovemment of Malta, the Registrar informed

the Govemment of Italy that the Court had decided not to grant the request. M. Gaetano Arangio-Ruiz, professeur à l'université de Rome,
M. Giuseppe Sperduti, professeur à l'université de Rome,
M. MichelVirally,professeur à l'université dedroit, d'économieetde sciences
sociales de Paris,

comme avocats et conseils,
et

M. Giorgio Bosco, ministre plénipotentiaire,
comme conseil,

assistésde
MmeCristina Antonelli, conseiller du service du contentieux diplomatique,

ainsi composée,

après délibéréen chambre du conseil,

rend i'arrêstuivan:

1. Par une communication datéedu 19juillet 1982,reçue au Greffe de la Cour
le26juillet 1982,le secrétairedu comitépopulaire du bureau populaire de liaison
avec l'extérieurde la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire et socialiste et le
ministre des affaires étrangèresde la Républiquede Malte ont notifiéà la Cour
uncompromis enlangues arabe et anglaisesigné àLa Valette le23mai 1976entre
laJamahiriya arabe libyenne populaireet socialiste etlaRépubliquede Malte, en
vue de soumettre à la Cour un différend concernant la délimitation du plateau
continental entre ces deux Etats ;une copie certifiéeconforme du compromis
était jointeà cette lettre.
2. Conformément à l'article 40, paragraphe 3, du Statut et à l'article 42 du

Règlement de la Cour, des copies de la notification et du compromis ont été
transmises au Secrétaire généralde l'organisation des Nations Unies, aux
Membres des Nations Unies et aux autres Etats admis à ester devant la
Cour.
3. La Cour ne comptant sur le siègeaucun juge de nationalité libyenne ou
maltaise, chacune des Parties s'est prévaluedu droit que lui confèrel'article 31,
paragraphe 3,du Statutde procéder à ladésignationd'unjuge adhocpour siéger
enl'affaire. Le 27juillet 1982laJamahiriya arabe libyennea désigné.Eduardo
Jiménezde Aréchaga, etle 8 octobre 1982 les Parties ont étéinformées,con-

formément àl'article 35, paragraphe 3, du Règlement, que cette désignation ne
soulevait pas d'objection;le 26 avril 1983Malte a désignéM. Jorge Castaiieda,
et le 30mai 1983les Parties ont étéinforméesque cette désignation ne soulevait
pas d'objection.
4. Par note verbale du 10 iuin 1983 le Gouvernement de la Ré~ubliaue
italienne,s'appuyant sur l7arti2e 53, paragraphe 1,du Règlement,a demandi à
avoir communicationdes ~iècesde ~rocédureen l'affaire.constituées à cette date
par les mémoires déposéile26 avA11983et les documents y annexés.Par lettre
du 13octobre 1983,les Parties ayant étconsultéesetle Gouvernement de Malte

ayant élevéune objection, le Greffier a informé le Gouvernement italien que la
Cour avait décidéde ne pas accéder àla demande. 5. The Counter-Memorials of the Parties to the case, as contemplated by the
SpecialAgreement of 23May 1976,and inaccordance with an Order made by the

President of the Court on 26April 1983,wererequired to be filed onor before 26
October 1983. The Special Agreement, however, included a provision for a
possible further exchange of pleadings, so that even when the Counter-Memo-
rials of the Parties had been filed, the date of the closure of the written pro-
ceedings, within the meaning of Article 81, paragraph 1,of the Rules of Court,
would remain still to be finally determined. The Counter-Memorials were each
filed within the time-limits fixed.
6. By an Application dated 23 October 1983and received in the Registry of
the Court on 24 October 1983,the Government of Italy, invoking Article 62 of
the Statute, submitted to the Court a request for permission to intemene in the
case. In accordance with Article 83,paragraph 1,of the Rules of Court, certified

copies of the Application by Italy for permission to intervene were forthwith
communicated tothe Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Malta, the Parties to the case,
and copies werealso transmitted, pursuant to paragraph 2 of that Article, to the
Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Members of the United Nations
and other States entitled to appear before the Court.
7. On 5 December 1983,within the time-limit fixed for that purpose by the
President of the Court as provided by Article 83, paragraph 1, of the Rules of
Court, the Government of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the Government of
Malta submitted written observations on the Application of Italy for permission
to intervene, in which they set out their respective reasons for, in the case of the

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, requesting the Court to decline to permit Italy to
intemene, and,in the case of Malta, submitting that the Court should find that
the Application of Italy for permission to intemene cannot be granted. The
Parties and the Government of Italy weretherefore notified on 5December 1983
that the Court would hold public hearings, in accordance with Article 84,
paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, to hear the observations of Italy, the State
seeking to intemene, and those of the Parties to the case.
8. On 25,26,27 and 30January 1984public hearings wereheld, in the course
of which theCourt heard oral argument, on the question whether the permission
to intemene under Article 62 of the Statute requested by Italy shouldbegranted,
by the following representatives :

For the Italian Republic : H.E. Mr. Roberto Gaja,
Professor Gaetano Arangio-Ruiz,
Professor Riccardo Monaco,
Professor Giuseppe Sperduti,
Mr. Marcello Conti,
Professor Michel Virally ;

For the SocialistPeople's
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya : Mr. Abdelrazeg El-Murtadi Suleiman,
Professor Claude-Albert Colliard,
Sir Francis A. Vallat, G.B.E.,
K.C.M.G., Q.C.,
Professor Etienne Grise1 ;

For the Republicof Malta Dr. Edgar Mizzi,
Mr. E. Lauterpacht, Q.C.

7 5. Les contre-mémoires des Parties à l'affaire devaient, aux termes du com-
promisdu 23mai 1976eten exécutiond'une ordonnance du Présidentde la Cour
en date du 26 avril 1983, êtredéposés le26 octobre 1983 au plus tard. Le
compromis prévoyaitcependant la possibilité d'un échangede piècesaddition-
nelles, de sorte que, mêmequand les Parties auraient déposé leurscontre-
mémoires, la date de clôture de la procédure écrite au sens de I'article 81,

paragraphe 1, du Règlement resterait à fixer définitivement. Les contre-mé-
moires ont été déposédsans les délais prévus.

6. Par requêtedatéedu 23octobre 1983et reçue au Greffe le 24 octobre 1983,
le Gouvernement italien, se fondant sur I'article 62 du Statut, a demandé à
intervenir dans l'instance. Conformément àI'article83,paragraphe 1,du Règle-
ment, des copies certiféesconformes de la requêteitalienne ont été immédiate-
ment transmises àla Jamahiriya arabe libyenne et à Malte, Partiesà l'affaire, et
des copies en ont égalementététransmises, conformément au paragraphe 2 du

même article, au Secrétaire généra dle l'organisation des Nations Unies, aux
Membres des Nations Unies et aux autres Etats admis à ester devant la
Cour.
7. Le 5 décembre1983,dans ledélai fixé à cet effet par lePrésidentde la Cour
en application de I'article 83,paragraphe 1,du Règlement,lesGouvernements de
laJamahiriya arabe libyenneet de Malte ont soumis desobservations écrites sur
la requêtede l'Italià fin d'intervention où ils exposaient respectivement les
raisons pour lesquelles la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne priait la Cour de ne pas

autoriserl'Italie a intervenir et Malte lui suggéraitde concluràl'impossibilité
d'accéder à la requête italienne. LesParties et le Gouvernement italien ont été
avisésen conséquence,par lettres du 5 décembre 1983, que la Cour tiendrait
audience conformément à I'article 84, paragraphe 2, de son Règlement pour
entendre les observations de l'Italie, Etat demandant àintervenir, et celles des
Partiesà l'affaire.

8. Au cours d'audiences publiques tenues les 25, 26, 27 et 30janvier 1984,la
Cour a entendu, sur la question de l'admission de la requêtede l'Italie à fin

d'intervention fondée sur l'article 62 du Statut, les plaidoiries des représentants
ci-après :

pour la Républiqueitalienne : S. Exc. M. Roberto Gaja,
M. Gaetano Arangio-Ruiz,
M. Riccardo Monaco,
M. Giuseppe Sperduti,
M. Marcello Conti,

M. Michel Virally;
pour laJamahiriya arabe libyenne
populaire et socialiste M. Abdelrazeg El-Murtadi Suleiman,

M. Claude-Albert Colliard,
sir Francis A. Vallat. G.B.E.. K.C.M.G..
Q.C.,
M. Etienne Grise1 ;

pour la République deMalte : M. Edgar Mizzi,
M. E. Lauterpacht, Q.C.Questions wereaddressed to the representatives of Italy and of Malta by Mem-
bers of the Court, and the replies were given in wnting after the close of the
hearings in accordance with Article 61, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court.
9. In the course of the proceedingsthe followingsubmissionswerepresented
to the Court :

On behalf of the Italian Republis
in the Application for permission to intervene :

"On the basis of the foregoing observations, Italy respectfully requests
authorization to intervene in the present proceedings between Libya and
Malta" ;

On behalf of the Socialist People'sLibyan Arab Jamahiriya,

in the Observations of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on the Italian Applica-
tion :
"On the basis of the foregoingObservations, Libya respectfullyrequests

the Court to declineto permit Italy to intervene in the present proceedings
between Libya and Malta" ;
in the course of the oral proceedings :

"We therefore would reaffirm the submissionsmade to the Court in the
written Observationsof Libyaandwould respectfullyrequestthat theCourt
decline to authorize Italy to intervene in the Libya/Malta case" ;

On behalf of the Republic of Malta,

in the Observations of Malta on the Italian Application :
"Malta respectfully submits that the Court should find that the Appli-
cation of Italy for permission to intervene cannot be granted" ;

in the course of the oral proceedings :

"the forma1 submission [of the Republic of Malta is] that the Court be
pleased to find that the Application of the Republic of Italy cannot be
granted".

10. The Application of the Italian Republic submitting a request to the
Court for permission to intervene in the case is based on Article 62 of the
Statute of the Court, which provides :

"1. Should a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a
request to the Court to be permitted to intervene.
2. It shall be for the Court to decide upon this request."

Such an application under Article62isrequired byArticle 81,paragraph 1,
of the Rules of Court to be filed "as soonas possible, and not later than the Des membres de la Cour ont poséaux représentantsde l'Italie et de Malte des
questions auxquellesil a été répondu par écritaprès la clôturedes audiences, en

application de l'article 61,paragraphe 4, du Règlement.
9. Durant la procédure, les conclusions suivantes ont étéprésentées à la
Cour :

Au nom de la République italienne,

dans la requête à fin d'intervention :
<<Au vu des observations qui précèdent,l'Italie demande respectueuse-

ment àêtreautoriséeàintervenir dans la présente instanceentre la Libye et
Malte ));

Au nom de la Jamahiriya arabe libyennepopulaire et socialiste,
dans les observations de ce pays sur la requête italienne :

((Sur la base des observations qui précèdent, laLibye prie respectueu-
sement la Cour de ne pas autoriser l'Italie à intervenir dans la présente

instance entre la Libye et Malte >);
àl'audience :

<<Nous réitéronsdonc lesconclusions soumises à la Cour dans lesobser-
vations écritesde la Libyeet la prions respectueusement de ne pas autoriser
l'Italieà intervenir dans l'affaire Libye/Malte ));

Au nom de la Républiquede Malte,

dans les observations de ce pays sur la requête italienne :

((Malte suggère respectueusementque la Cour conclue à l'impossibilité
d'accéder à la requête à fin d'intervention présentéepar l'Italie 1);

à l'audience :
(<la conclusion formelle [de la Républiquede Malte est] qu'il plaise à la

Cour dire que la requêtede la République italienne ne peutêtreadmise )).

10. La requêtepar laquelle la République italienne a demandé à inter-
venir dans la présente espècese fondesur l'article 62 du Statut de la Cour,
qui dispose :

1. Lorsqu'un Etat estime que, dans un différend, un intérêtd'or-
dre juridique est pour lui en cause, il peut adresser à la Cour une

requête,à fin d'intervention.
2. La Cour décide. 1)

Le paragraphe 1 de l'article 81 du Règlement de la Cour prévoit qu'une
telle requêtefondéesur l'article 62 doit être déposée le plus tôt possible closure of the written proceedings", and by Article 81, paragraph 2, to
specify the case to which it relates and to set out :
"(a) the interest of a legal nature which the State applying to inter-
vene considers may be affected by the decision in that case ;
(b) the precise object of the intervention ;

(c) any basis ofjurisdiction which is claimed to exist as between the
State applying to intervene and the parties to the case."
The Application of Italy was filed in the Registry of the Court only two
days before the time-limit fixed for the filing of the Parties' Counter-
Memorials. This fact has been emphasized by counsel for Libya in the
context of a contention that Italy's legal or procedural position has been
affected by delay. The Court notes however that the Application was filed

before the expiry of the time-limit fixed by Article 81. paragraph 1,of the
Rules. The substantive objections taken by the Parties in connection with
(inter dia) the date of filing of the Application to intervene, in the context
of these proceedings. need not be examined at this stage in the Judgment
when the Court is concerned only withformal admissibility. So far as the
three requirements set out in subparagraphs (a), (6) and fc) of Article 81,
paragraph 2,of the Rules of Court are concerned, the Court notes that the
Italian Application complies formally with these, even though objection
has been taken by the Parties on the basis that, on the substance, in al1three
respects there are grounds for finding the Application of Italy inadmissi-
ble.The Court concludes that the Italian application isnot out of time and
has no formal defect which would render it inadmissible.
11. Certain questions have been raised astothejurisdiction of the Court
in relation to the Italian Application, inasmuch as it has been objected
both by Libya and by Malta that Italyhas not shown, and cannot show,the
existence of "any basis ofjurisdiction which isclaimed to exist as between

the State applying to intervene and the Parties to the case7'.It has not
however been suggested by either of these States that the Court lacks
jurisdiction to entertain the present Application, and to determine its
admissibility : on the contrary. it is admitted that such jurisdiction is
conferred on the Court by Article 62of the Statute, a viewwhich is shared
by the Court itself. The contention of Libya and Malta is rather that the
absence of what the Court in 1981called "a valid link ofjurisdiction with
the parties to the case" (I.C.J. Reports 1981,p. 20,para. 36),constitutes a
ground on which theApplication of Italy for permission to intervene must
be refused, or found to be inadmissible. Accordingly, although this ques-
tion is one of the Court'sjurisdiction, it has no priority of the kind which
attaches to ajurisdictional objection stricto sensu, and need not be exam-
ined in advance of the other contentions put forward by the Parties either
as objections to the admissibility of the Application, or as grounds for
refusing it.
12. Before proceeding further, the Court would emphasize, as it did in

the Judgment of 14April 1981on the application of Malta to intervene in
the Continental Sheif case between Tunisia and Libya, that avant la clôture de la procédure écrite )),et le paragraphe 2 qu'elle doit
préciser l'affaire qu'elleconcerne et spécifier :

<(a) l'intérêdt'ordrejuridique qui, selon 1'Etatdemandant à interve-
nir, est pour lui en cause ;
b) l'objet précisde l'intervention ;
c) toute base de compétence qui, selon YEtat demandant à inter-
venir, existerait entre lui et les partie)).

La requêtede l'Italie a étédéposéeau Greffe de la Cour deux jours
seulement avant ladate limitefixéepour ledépôt descontre-mémoiresdes
Parties. Ce fait a étésoulignépar un conseil de la Libye, selon qui la
position de l'Italie, sous l'angledu droit ou de la procédure, aurait été
affectéepar cette présentation tardive. La Cour note cependant que la

requêteest parvenue avant l'expiration du délai fixé par l'article 81,para-
graphe 1, du Règlement. Lesobjections de fond formuléespar les Parties
touchant entre autres la date de présentation de la requête àfin d'inter-
vention dans lecontexte de laprésenteinstancen'ont pas à êtreexaminées
àce stade,où la Cour n'envisageque laquestion de la recevabilitéformelle.
En ce qui concerne les trois conditions poséesaux alinéas a), b)et c) de
l'article 81,paragraphe 2, du Règlement,la Cour constate quela requête
italienne y satisfait formellement, bien que les Parties s'y réfèrentpour
objecter que, sur le fond, il existe de ces trois chefs des motifs pour ne pas

admettre larequêtedel'Italie.LaCour conclut quela requêtede l'Italien'a
pas été déposée hors déle ati ne comporte aucun vice de forme qui la
rendrait irrecevable.
11. Certaines questions ont étésoulevéesquant à la compétencede la
Cour relativement à la requête italienne,dans la mesure où il a étéobjecté
tant par la Libye que par Malte que l'Italie n'aurait pas démontré, nine
pourrait d'ailleurs démontrer,l'existenced'une <(base de compétencequi,
selon 1'Etatdemandant à intervenir, existerait entre lui et les Parti))Ni
la Libye ni Malte n'ont cependant laisséentendreque la Cour n'aurait pas

compétencepour examiner la présente requêteet décidersi elle doit être
admise ou non :au contraire, il est reconnu que l'article 62 du Statut lui
attribue cette compétence,avisquepartage la Cour elle-mêmeL . a thèsede
la Libye et de Malte est plutôt que l'absencede ce que la Cour a appelé en
1981 <(un lienjuridictionnel valable avec les parties àl'instance (C.I.J.
Recueil1981,p. 20,par. 36)constituerait un motif suffisant pour rejeter la
requête à fin d'intervention de l'Italie ou déclarer qu'elle ne peut être
admise. En conséquence, bienque cette question relèvede la compétence
de la Cour, elle n'a pas une priorité comparable à celle d'une exception

juridictionnelle stricto sensu et ne doit pas êtreexaminéepréalablement
aux autres allégations avancées par les Parties, soià titre d'objectionsàla
recevabilitéde la requête, soit comme motifsjustifiant son rejet.

12. Avant d'aller plusavant, laCour tient àsouligner,commeellel'afait
dans l'arrêt du14avril 1981relatif à la demande d'intervention maltaise
dans l'affaire du Plateau continentalentre la Tunisie et la Libye, que : "it does not consider paragraph 2 [of Article 62 of the Statute] to
confer upon it any general discretion to accept or reject a request for
permission to interveneforreasons simply of policy. On the contrary,
in the viewof the Court the task entrusted toit by thatparagraph is to
determinethe admissibility or othenvise of the request by reference to
the relevant provisions of the Statute." (I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 12,
para. 17.)

TheCourt willtherefore now examinethe contentions advanced by Italy in
support of its application for permission to intervene, and the objections
taken by the Parties to the admissibility of the Italian Application, in the
light of the relevant provisions of the Statute.

13. Article 62of the Statute begins by setting the condition that "should
a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature whch may be '
affected by the decision in the case. ..". Taken literally, this is no more
than an indication of the reasons which may impel a State to seek to
intervene.; but itisclear that theintention of the textisthat the existenceof
such an interest is, objectively, a requirement for intervention. As the
Court stated in its Judgment of 14April 1981,what a State seeking to
intervene

"has to showin order to obtain permission to intervene under Article
62of the Statute is an interest of a legalnature which may be affected
by the Court'sdecision in thepresent case" (1.C.J.Reports1981,p. 19,
para. 33).

14. In order to assess the interest of a legal nature claimed by Italy
and to appreciate in what way Italy considers that its interest is en cause,
or may be affected by the decision in the present case, it is necessary to
recall the subject-matter of the case as defined by the Special Agreement
concluded by the Parties on 23 May 1976 and notified to the Court on
26 July 1982. Articles 1 and III of that Special Agreement provide as

follows :
"Article 1

The Court is requested to decide the following question :
What principles and rules of international laware applicable to the
delimitation of the area of the continental shelf whch appertains to
the Republic of Malta and the area of continental shelf whch apper-
tains to the Libyan Arab Republic, and how in practice such princi-
ples and rules can be applied by the two Parties in thisparticular case

in order that they may without difficulty delimit such areas by an
agreement as provided in Article III. <<elleneconsidèrepasque leparagraphe 2[del'article 62du Statut] lui
confèreune sortedepouvoirdiscrétionnaireluipermettant d'accepter
ou de rejeter une requête à fin d'intervention pour de simples raisons
d'opportunité.Au contraire, de l'avisde la Cour, la fonction que lui
confie ce paragraphe est de déterminer si la requêteest admissible
ou non par application des dispositionspertinentes du Statut. (C.I.J.

Recueil 1981, p. 12,par. 17.)
La Courdoitdoncmaintenant examiner les arguments avancéspar l'Italie
à l'appuide sarequête àfind'intervention et lesobjectionsopposéespar les
Parties à l'admissibilitéde cette requête, à la lumière des dispositions

pertinentes du Statut.

13. L'article 62du Statut dela Cour commencepar énoncerlacondition
suivante :(<Lorsqu'un Etat estime que, dans un différend, un intérêt
d'ordre juridique est pour lui en cause... )>Pris à la lettre, cet énoncé
indique simplement les motifs qui peuvent inciter un Etat à demander à
intervenir ;maisilestcertainque, dans l'espritdu texte,l'existenced'untel
intérêe tst objectivement une condition de l'intervention. Comme l'adit la
Cour dans son arrêtdu 14 avril 1981,ce qu'un Etat qui cherche à inter-
venir

(<doit établir pourpouvoir intervenir en vertu de l'article 62du Sta-
tut, c'est l'existence d'un intérêt'ordre juridique susceptible d'être

affectépar la décisionde la Cour dans la présente affaire ))(C.I.J.
Recueil 1981, p. 19,par. 33).

14. 11convient, pour évaluer l'intérêdt'ordre juridique invoqué par
l'Italieet apprécierlamanièredont, seloncet Etat, leditintérêe tstpour lui
en cause, ou risque d'êtreaffectépar la décisionen l'espèce,de rappeler
l'objet de la présente affaire,tel qu'il est définidans le compromis conclu
par les Parties le 23 mai 1976et notifié à la Cour le 26juillet 1982.Les
articles1 et III de ce compromis sont ainsi libellés :

Article I

La Cour est priéede trancher la question suivante :
Quels sont les principes et les règlesdedroit international qui sont
applicables à la délimitation de la zone du plateau continental rele-
vant de la Républiquede Malte et de la zone du plateau continental

relevant de la Républiquearabe libyenne, et comment, dans la pra-
tique, ces principes et règles peuvent-ilsêtreappliquéspar les deux
Parties dans le cas d'espèceafin qu'ellespuissent délimiterces zones
sans difficultépar voie d'un accord, comme le prévoit l'articleIII. 10 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

Article III

Following the final decision of the International Court of Justice
theGovernment of the Republic of Malta and theGovernment of the
Libyan Arab Republic shall enter into negotiations for determining
the area of their respective continental shelvesand for concluding an
agreement for that purpose in accordance with the decision of the
Court."

No express indication is given in the Special Agreement which would in
any waylimit thearea in which thedelimitation referred toin Article 1is to
be effected, and referenceis there made to delimitation of "the area of the
continental shelf which appertains to" Malta and to the Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya respectively, without saying in which direction it extends or
indicatingtheidentity of the State whoseshelfmight border onit. It isclear
however from, in particular, the reference in Article III to a delimitation

agreement to be concluded between Malta and Libya "in accordance with
the decision of theCourt" that the Court's taskisconfined to indication of
the principles and rules of international law applicable to thedelimitation
to be effected between those two States, and how in practice they can be
applied.Furthermore, it is a fundamental principle that theCourt has no
jurisdiction to determine matters in dispute between Stateswithout their
consent. Thus the content of the future decision by the Court in the case
brought before it by the Libya/Malta SpecialAgreement of 23 May 1976
cannot determine the delimitation of the respective continental shelves
appertaining to those States vis-à-vis any third State.
15. The interest of a legal nature contemplated by the Statute has been
defined in the present case by counsel for Italy as "an interest of the
Applicant State covered vis-à-vis other States, namely the principal Par-
ties, by international legal rules or principles". The specific legal interest
relied on by Italy is claimed to be "nothing less than respect for its

sovereign rights over certain areas of continental shelf in issue in the
present case". Brieflyexpressed, thecontention of Italy is that, sofar asitis
acquainted with the claimsof Libya and Malta to areas ofcontinental shelf
in the central Mediterranean, it is of the view that those claims extend to
areas which would be foundto appertain to Italy if a delimitation were to
be effected between Italy and Libya, and between Italy and Malta, on the
basis of international law. At the hearing counsel for Italy demonstrated
onamap of thecentralMediterraneanwhat wereunderstood by Italy to be
the claims of the Parties to continental shelf areas, and indicated broadly
where Italy considered that it had rights in such areas. In response to a
question put by a judge, the Agent of Italy, in a written reply enclosed
with a letter dated 6 February 1984(to which was attached a map) indi-
cated

"the zones of continental shelf over which Italy considers that it has
rights and which are comprised within the region which is probably Article III
Une foisque la Cour internationale deJustice aura rendu son arrêt.

leGouvernement de laRépubliquede Malte et leGouvernement de la
République arabe libyenne entameront des négociations en vue de
déterminer les zones respectives de leur plateau continental et de
conclure un accord à cette fin conformément à l'arrêtde la Cour. i)

Le compromis ne comporte aucune indication expresse limitant d'une
façon quelconque la région oùdoit se faire la délimitation mentionnée à
l'article 1,lequel vise la délimitation des zone[s] du plateau continental
relevant de i)Malte et de la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne respectivement,
sans préciser ladirection dans laquelle ces zones s'étendentni 1'Etatdont

elles pourraient border le plateau. Il est cependant certain, étant donné
notamment l'allusion faite dans l'article III à l'accord de délimitation à
conclure entreMalte et la Libye << conformément à l'arrêtde laCour »,que
la tâche de celle-ci est uniquement d'indiquer les principes et les règlesde
droit international applicables à la délimitation qui doit êtreeffectuée
entre cesdeux Etatset lesmodalités deleurapplicationpratique.Enoutre,
c'est unprincipe fondamental que la Cour n'a pas compétencepour tran-
cher les questions opposant les Etats sans leur consentement. Par consé-
quent, la teneur de la future décisionde la Cour dans l'affaire dont elleest

saisie en vertu du compromis du 23 mai 1976entre la Libye et Malte ne
saurait déterminerla délimitationdes plateaux continentaux relevant res-
pectivement de ces Etats par rapport à un quelconque Etat tiers.
15. L'intérêd t'ordrejuridique qu'envisage le Statut a étédéfinipar les
conseils de l'Italie en la présenteespècecomme un intérêtde 1'Etatqui
demande à intervenir, découlantpar rapport à d'autres Etats - les Parties
auprincipal - de règlesou deprincipes du droitinternational D.Et l'intérêt
juridique particulier qu'invoque l'Italie serait en l'espèc<rien de moins
que [le] respect de ses droits souverains sur certaines zones de plateau
continental en cause dans la présente instance i).En résumé,la thèsede

l'Italie est que les prétentions de la Libye et de Malte sur des étenduesde
plateau continental de la Méditerranéecentrale, pour autant qu'elle enait
connaissance, englobent des zones qui apparaîtraient comme relevant de
l'Italiesi l'oneffectuait, sur la base dudroitinternational, une délimitation
entre l'Italie et la Libye et entre l'Italie et Malte. A l'audience, les conseils
de l'Italie ont indiqué sur une carte de la Méditerranéecentrale où se
situaient. selon l'Italie, les revendications des Parties sur des zones de
plateau continental et ont sommairement localisé lesespaces sur lesquels
l'Italie estime avoir des droitsà l'intérieur deces zones. A la suite d'une

question poséepar unjuge, l'agent de l'Italie, dans sa réponsejointe à une
lettre endate du 6février1984 (àlaquelleétaitannexéeunecarte), aprécisé
quelles étaient

«leszones deplateau continentalsur lesquellesl'Italieconsidèreavoir
des droits et qui sont comprises dans la régionqui est vraisemblable- the subject-matter of thecasepending before the InternationalCourt
of Justice".

The legalinterest of Italy is thus not merely an interest, but the "sovereign
rights" over the appropriate areas of continental shelf for the purpose of
exploration and exploitation recognized by customary law and explicitly
mentioned in the 1958Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf and
the 1982United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. "The interest
relied upon by Italy", said counsel at the hearing, "is the protection of its
claims to its sovereign rights over areas claimed by the Parties to the
present case". ~urthermore, its interests are involved inasmuch as it has
reservations as to what it understands to be the views of Libya on such
matters as the status of a considerable part of the Gulf of Sirt.

16. In its Application for permission to intervene, andin the arguments
of its counsel before the Court, Italy givesthe following indications of the

way in which it considers that its interest of a legal nature is en cause, or
may be affected by the decision in the present case. The areas of conti-
nental shelf to be delimited between the Parties al1belong to one and the
sameregion of the central Mediterranean, of which Italy is a coastal State,
andin which,consequently,some of the continental shelfareas overwhich
itconsiders it possessesrights are situated. The wholebed of the seaareain
question is part of the continental shelf, within the meaning of the defi-
nition in Article 76of the 1982United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea,and thegreater part of such sea-bed consists of areas of overlap of
the rights of such States. Some of the areas of continental shelf disputed
between Malta and Libya in the present proceedings are areas over which
Italyconsiders that it has undeniable rights. In the light of acomparison of
the Special Agreement by which the Court was seised in the present case
with that concluded in 1977by Tunisia and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,
on the basis of which the Court gave its Judgment of 24 February 1982,
Italy expects that the future judgment of the Courtin the present case will
be as precise as that previous Judgment and will necessarily exclude any
uncertainty with regard to the location and size of the continental shelf
belonging to each of the Parties as a consequence of the establishment
of the demarcation line. The Court's future judgment, it is suggested,

will therefore in'evitablydecide, albeit implicitly, namely by delirniting
between States other than Italy, that given areas do not appertain to
Italy.
17. In accordance with Article 81, paragraph 2 (b),of the Rules of
Court,the Application of Italy contains astatement of the "precise object"
of the intervention. Italy explains first that :
"The object of the intervention whch Italy seeks authorization to
make directly follows both from the definition of its legal interest
whch may be affected, and from the veryobject of thecase whichhas

been brought before the Court." ment l'objet de l'affaire en cours devant la Cour internationale de
Justice )).

L'intérêtjuridiquedel'Italien'estdoncpas simplement un intérêtm , aisest
constituépar ses (droits souverains )sur leszones enquestion du plateau
continental pour ce qui est des activitésde prospection et d'exploitation
reconnues par le droit coutumier et expressémentmentionnées dans la
convention de Genèvede 1958sur leplateau continental ainsi quedansla
convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer de 1982. <<L'intérêt
invoquépar l'Itali))selonl'unde sesconseils,serait << laprotection de ses
prétentions à des droits souverains sur des zones revendiquéespar les

Parties à la présenteinstance D.De plus, les intérêtsdel'Italie seraient en
cause dans la mesure où cet Etat formuledes réserves sur cequ'ilcroit être
les vues de la Libye concernant des questions telles que le statut d'une
grande partie du golfe de Syrte.
16. L'Italie, dans sa requête etdans les plaidoiries de ses conseils, a
fourni lesindications suivantes quant àlafaçon dont, selon elle,un intérêt
d'ordrejuridique serait pour elleencause ou risquerait d'êtreaffectépar la
décisionen laprésenteaffaire. Leszones deplateau continental àdélimiter

entre les Parties appartiennent toutes à une mêmerégionde la Méditer-
ranée centrale,dont l'Italie est riveraine et où, par conséquent,se situent
certaines des zones de plateau continental sur lesquelles elle estime avoir
des droits. Les fonds marins en question font dans leur totalitépartie du
plateau continental, au sens de la définition donnée à l'article 76 de la
convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer de 1982,et la plus
grande part de ces fonds constitue des zones de chevauchement entre les
droits des Etats riverains. Certaines des zones de plateau continental

contestéesentre Malte et la Libye dans la présenteinstance sont deszones
sur lesquellesl'Italieestime avoir des droits indéniables.Ayant comparéle
compromis en vertu duquel la Cour est saisieenla présente instanceavec
celuiquiavait été concluentre laTunisieet laJamahriya arabe libyenneen
1977,sur la base duquel ellearendu sonarrêtdu 24février1982,l'Italiene
doute pas que l'arrêtfutur de la Cour en la présente instance sera aussi
précisque l'arrêten l'affaire susmentionnée et exclura nécessairement
toute incertitude quant à l'emplacement et à la superficie des zones de

plateau continental << revenant ))à chacune des Parties, une fois la ligne
de démarcation fixée. Elle estime qu'enprocédant à une délimitation
entre des Etats autres que l'Italie, la Cour, par son arrêt,déciderainévi-
tablement - quoique implicitement - que certaines zones ne relèventpas
de l'Italie.
17. Conformément à l'article 81, paragraphe 2 b), du Règlement de la
Cour, la requêtede l'Italie énonce 1'0objet précis >)de l'intervention.
L'Italie explique tout d'abord que :

<<L'objet de l'intervention que l'Italie demande à êtreautorisée à
effectuer découledirectement à la fois de la définitionde son intérêt
juridique en cause et de l'objet même de l'affaire dont la Cour a été

saisie.)> TheApplication goeson toindicate that: "The object of Italy's application
to intervene is toensure the defence before the Court of its interest of a
legal nature", so that the principles and rules of international law to be
determined by the Court as applicable to the delimitation of the conti-
nental shelf between Malta and Libya "and, in particular, the practical
method of applying them, are not determined by the Court without
awareness of that interest, and to its prejudice", and continues :

"In other words, Italy seeks toparticipate in the proceedings to the
full extent necessary to enable it to defend the rights which it claims
over some of the areas--claimed by the Parties, and to specify the
position of those areas, taking into account the claims of the two
principal Parties and the arguments put forward in support of those
claims, sothat the Court may be asfullyinformed aspossible asto the

nature and scope of the rights of Italy in theareas of continental shelf
concerned by the delimitation, and may thus be in a position to take
due account of those rights in its decision."

During the oral proceedings, a CO-Agentfor Italy offered a further sum-
mary of the object of the intervention. Italy, he said, is not requesting the
Court todetermine the course of the delimitation linedividing the areas of
continental shelfappertainingto Italy fromthe areas appertaining respec-
tively to Malta or Libya, nor to determine the principles and rules of
international law applicable to that delimitation.

"Italy is asking the Court, when it accomplishes the mission
entrusted toit bythe SpecialAgreement of23May 1976,that isto Say,
when it answers the questions put to it in Article 1 of that Special
Agreement, to take into consideration the interests of a legal nature
which Italy possessesin relation to various areas claimed by themain
Parties, on certain parts of those areas, and accordingly to provide the
two Parties with every needful indication to ensure that they do not,
when they conclude their delimitation agreement pursuant to the
Court'sjudgment, include any areas which, on account of the exis-
tence of rights possessed by Italy, ought to be the subject either of
delimitation between Italy and Malta, or of delimitation between
Italy and Libya, or of a delimitation agreement as between al1three
countries."

At a later stage, counsel emphasized that Italy is not seeking to intervene
solelyto inform the Court of its claims, but so that the Court can givethe
Parties al1the requisite guidance to ensure non-encroachment on areas
over which Italy has rights. The object of the Italian intervention is thus
claimed to be "strictly within the framework of the casebrought before the
Court by the 1976SpecialAgreement", and in nowayto affect the interests
of the main Parties. Another aspect of its intervention emphasized by Italy

is thatEllesignaleensuiteque <<l'objet delademanded'intervention del'Italie est
d'assurer devant la Cour la défensede son intérêtd'ordrejuridique )),de
sorte que les principes et les règlesde droit international que la Cour est
priéededéclarerapplicables à la délimitationdu plateau continental entre
Malte et la Libye << et, surtout, la méthodepratique de les appliquer ne

soientpas déterminéspar la Cour dans l'ignorance et au détriment decet
intérêt ))et elle ajoute :

<<En d'autres termes, l'Italiedemande à participerà l'instance dans
toute la mesure nécessairepour lui permettre de défendreles droits
qu'elle revendiquesurcertainesdes zonesrevendiquéespar lesParties
et de préciserla localisation de ces zones, compte tenu des revendi-
cations des deux Partiesprincipales et des arguments avancés à l'ap-
pui de ces revendications, de sorte que la Cour soit aussi complète-
ment informée que possible sur la nature et la portée des droits de
l'Italie dans les zones de plateau continental concernées par la déli-

mitation et qu'elle soit ainsi en mesure de prendre ces droits dûment
en considération dans sa décision. ))

Au cours de la procédure orale, l'un des coagents de l'Italie a fait un
nouveau résumédel'objet del'intervention. L'Italie, a-t-il dit, nedemande
pas à laCour dedéterminer letracéde la lignede délimitationséparantles
zones deplateau continental relevantde l'Italie des zones relevant respec-
tivement de Malte ou de la Libye,ni de déterminerquels sont lesprincipes
et règlesde droit international applicables à cette délimitation :

(L'Italie demande à la Cour, lorsqu'elle s'acquittera de la mission
qui lui a étéconfiéepar le compromis du 23 mai 1976,c'est-à-dire

lorsqu'elle répondra aux questions qui lui ont étéposées à l'article 1
dudit compromis, de prendre en considération les intérêtsd'ordre
juridique de l'Italie relatiàsdes zones revendiquéespar les Parties
principales, ou à certaines parties de ces zones, et de donner en
conséquenceaux deux Parties toutes indications utiles pour qu'elles
n'incluent pas, dans l'accord de délimitation qu'elles concluront en
application del'arrêtdelaCour,des zonesqui, enraison de l'existence
dedroitsdel'Italie, devraientfaire l'objet soitd'une délimitationentre

l'ItalieetMalte,soitd'une délimitationentre l'Italieetla Libye,soit le
cas échéantd'un accord de délimitation entre les trois pays. ))

Parla suitelesconseilsdel'Italieont soulignéquecelle-cinedemandait pas
à intervenir seulement pour informer la Cour de sesprétentions, maisafin
que la Cour donne aux Parties toutes indications utilespour que celles-ci
veillentà ne pas empiétersur les zones sur lesquelles l'Italie a des droits.
L'objet de l'intervention italienne s'inscrirait donc (<rigoureusement à
l'intérieur de l'affairesoumise àla Cour par le compromis de 1976 ))et ne

porterait nulle atteinte auxintérêts desPartiesprincipales.Un autre aspect
de cette intervention, sur lequel insiste l'Italie, est que "the Government of Italy, oncepermitted to intervene, willsubmit to

such decision as the Court may make withregard totherights claimed
by Italy, in fullconformity with the terms of Article 59of the Statute
of the Court".
Its status in such circumstances would, it was suggested, be that of an
"intervening party", entitled to make submissions.
18. The Court has noted above the forma1 compliance by Italy in its
Application with the requirement of paragraph 2 (c) of Article 81 of the
Rules of Court, requiring the applicant State to set out "any basis of

jurisdiction which is claimed to exist" as between itself and the parties to
the case. Italy's contention is that
"the Italian legalinterest which may certainly be affected ... and the
object of the present application .. .are automatically, and in accor-
dance with the Statute of the Court, creative of jurisdiction of the
Court to the extent necessary to justify the admission of Italy to
participate in the present proceedings as an intervener".

This indication is however prefaced by the observation that "there is no
provision in Article 62 of the Statute that the existence of a basis of
jurisdiction isacondition for intervention", and that Article 81,paragraph
2(c),wasnot intended to impose such a condition but "does no more than
lay down a mere requirement for information to be supplied with aviewto
fuller knowledge of the circurnstances of the case". Italy arguesthat every
State party to the Statute is ipsofacto made subject to the "jurisdictions

which are directly established by the Statute", including the direct juris-
diction created by Article 62. Provided the conditions laid down by that
Article are fulfilled,
"Italy considersthat theoperation ofArticle 62itselfsufficesto create
the basis of jurisdiction of the Court to the extent necessary for the
admission of an application for permission to intervene".

Accordingly, whilementioningits being a party to the European Conven-
tion for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes, in order - as counsel later
explained - "to satisfytheprocedural obligationsarising out ofArticle 81
of the Rules of Court", Italy has throughout maintained its view that
Article 62of the Statute afforded a sufficient basis ofjurisdiction, eitherin
itself or by theconjunction of the acceptance of thejurisdictional power of
the Court by becoming a party to the Court's Statute, with a subsequent
conferral ofjurisdiction onit, for exampleby SpecialAgreement. Thisview
it qualifiesonly to the extent ofrecognizing that it might be valid onlyfora

"genuine intervention", one bearing exclusively on the'subject-matter of
the main case, and not concerning an independent dispute. Should the
intervention, or purported intervention, be one in which the applicant
seeksto assert a right againsttheparties, and thus equivalentto a mainline
application,in suchcaseeither it wouldnot be agenuineintervention at all,
or <<leGouvernement italien sesoumettra,une fois admis à intervenir,à
ladécisionque la Courvoudraprendre ausujetdes droits revendiqués
par l'Italie, en pleine conformité avec les termes de l'article 59 du
Statut de la Cour )).

Dans ces conditions sa situation serait celle d'une (partie intervenante
habilitée à présenter des conclusions.
18. La Cour adéjàconstatéquela requêteitaliennerespecte en la forme
la prescription du paragraphe 2 c) de l'article 81 du Règlement en vertu

duquel lerequérantest tenu de spécifier <<toute base de compétencequi ...
existerait >)entre lui et les partiesà l'affaire. La thèseitalienne est que

((l'intérêjt ridique italien qui est certainement en cause ...et l'objet
de la présente requête ..créentautomatiquement et en conformité
avec le Statut de la Cour la compétencede celle-ci dans la mesure
nécessairepour justifier l'admission de l'Italie a participer à la pré-
sente procédure en qualité d'intervenant >).

Cette indication est toutefoisprécédéd eel'observation que << l'article 62du
Statut ne prévoit nullement l'existenced'une base de compétencecomme
condition de l'intervention >et quel'article81,paragraphe 2 c),ne visepas
à imposer une tellecondition mais <(seborne à établirunesimpleexigence
defourniture d'information auxfinsd'une connaissance plus complète des
circonstances de l'affaire o.L'Italie soutient que tout Etatpartie au Statut
est <(soumis, ipso facto, à des compétences directement établies )) par

celui-ci,y compris la compétence directerésultantde l'article 62.Dans la
mesure où les conditions poséespar cet article sont remplies,

<<l'Italie estime que lejeu de l'article 62 lui-même est suffisantpour
créer la basedela compétencede la Cour dans la mesure où celle-ci
serait nécessairepour l'admissiond'une requête à fin d'intervention>).

Cela étant, et tout en indiquant qu'elle est partie à la convention euro-
péennepour le règlement pacifique des différends afin,comme un conseil
devait l'expliquer par la suite, de<<satisfaireaux obligations procédurales
de l'article 81du Règlement )),l'Italie n'ajamais déviéde sa thèse selon
laquellel'article 62duStatut constitueune base de compétence suffisante,
soit en lui-même, soitpar l'acceptation des pouvoirsjuridictionnels de la
Cour opérée endevenant partie au Statut, qui se conjuguerait avec une
attribution ultérieurede compétence à la Cour, par exemple par la signa-

ture d'un compromis. La seule atténuation qu'elle y apporte consiste à
reconnaître que cela ne vaut peut-être que pour une << véritable interven-
tion O,portant exclusivement sur l'objet de l'affaire principale et ne con-
cernant pas un différend autonome. S'iladvenait que l'intervention, ou
l'intervention supposée,consiste à faire valoir undroitcontre lesParties, et
équivailledonc àune requêteprincipale, ou bien il ne s'agiraitpas du tout
d'une intervention véritable, ou bien "the general title ofjurisdiction constituted by Article 62 should be
supplemented by a specialjurisdictional link between the State seek-

ing to intervene and the Parties to the case, by virtue of an interpre-
tation readingArticle 62withArticle 36,and taking into account the
optional character of the Court's jurisdiction".

19. In its Observations on the Application of Italy, Libya first raises
certainpreliminary issues.Noting that therehadbeen no negotiation,prior
tothat application, between Libya and Italyconfirmingthedelimitation of
their continental shelf and no dispute upon that subject had arisen, it
observes that since the Italian claims were asserted for the first time in the
applicationforpermission to intervene,theirvalidity wasseriouslyopen to
challenge. To allow Italy to intervene at this late stagein the proceedings
would create an unfair situation by placing Italy in an advantageous

position vis-à-visthe main Parties,already committed as they were by the
contents of their pleadings. During the oralproceedings, Libya contended
that the absence of prior negotiations was abnormal in the case of a
problem - the delimitation of the continental shelf - for whose solution
international law prescribedagreementas theprimary method, whereas it
is onlyin the absence of such agreementthat the Statesconcerned should
turn to procedures of pacific settlement. International practice accords
with that principle, it observes, and Italy has itself concluded several
delimitation agreements. But it has not entered into any negotiations with
Libya with a view either to delimitation or to the conclusion of a special
agreement for theinstitution of proceedings. Now Italy is seeking to make
use of intervention procedure ;but it is doing so by means of an appli-
cationfiledat solate astagethat, evenifit wasnot inbreach ofArticle 81,it
runs counter tothe tendency expressed by that Article in the 1978 Rules of
Court.

20. Libya further denies that Italy has been able to establish the exis-
tenceof anyItalian interest of alegalnature whichcould be affected by the
decisionin thecase.Inits Observations it urgesthat the claimsdisclosed by
the Italian Applicationremainso vaguethat theycouldnot properly be the
subject of an intervention ;Italy'sinterest is neither definednor localized.
Furthermore, the 1976SpecialAgreement does not in any wayput in issue
the rights of Italy but onlyrights and claims as between Libya and Malta.
The Italian position couldnot bejustified by anyreference to "procedural
law", since there isno precedent for permission to intervenein the Court's
practice, and any analogy with municipal law would be misleading, since
that law is based on compulsoryjurisdiction. During the oralproceedings,
Libya explained further that the Application "does not in fact take the
Special Agreement of 23 May 1976 properly into consideration". The
Italian argument based on similarity with the 1977Tunisia/Libya Special

Agreement (referred to in paragraph 16 above), was unsound particularly
since the Libya/Malta agreement of 1976 left the Parties a margin for le titre généralde compétenceque constitue l'article 62 devrait être

complétépar un lien spécialdejuridiction entre 1'Etatdemandant à
intervenir et lespartiesà l'instance, en vertu d'une interprétation qui
rapproche l'article 62 de l'article 36 et qui tient compte du caractère
facultatif de la compétencede la Cour o.

19. Dans sesobservations sur la requête italienne,la Libye soulèvepour
commencer certains points préliminaires. Antérieurement àcette requête,
aucune négociationentre la Libye et l'Italien'aporté surladélimitationde
leur plateau continental et aucun différend n'a surgi à ce propos. Les
prétentions italiennes ayant étéaffirméespour la première fois dans la

requêteen intervention, leurvaliditépeut êtresérieusementmise en doute.
L'admission de l'intervention italienne à ce stade tardif de l'instance
créeraitune situation injuste en avantageant l'Italie par rapport aux Par-
ties principales, qui se sont déjàliéespar leurs écritures. Au cours de la
procédure orale, la Libye a soutenu que l'absence de négociationspréa-
lables est anormale àpropos d'un problème - la délimitation du plateau
continental - pour la solution duquel le droit international prévoit la
primautéde l'accord, cependant que le recours àdes procéduresde règle-
ment pacifique n'intervient qu'à défaut d'untel accord. La pratique inter-
nationale estconforme àceprincipe et l'Italieaelle-mêmeconcluplusieurs
accords de délimitation. Mais elle n'a entamé aucune négociationavec la

Libye, ni en vue d'une délimitation nipour conclure un compromis sai-
sissant un tribunal. Maintenant l'Italie chercheà utiliser la procédure
d'intervention ; mais elle le fait par une requête déposés ei tardivement
que, sans violer l'article 81, elleva contre la tendance expriméepar cet
article dans sa version de 1978.

20. La Libye conteste en outre que l'Italie ait réusàiétablirl'existence
d'un intérêtd'ordrejuridique italien qui puisse être encause en l'espèce.
Selon ses observations écrites, lesprétentions révéléep sar la requête ita-
lienne demeurent si vagues qu'elles ne sauraient faire valablement l'objet
d'une intervention. L'intérêd te l'Italie n'est nidéfini nilocalisé.Du reste,

le compromis de 1976ne met aucunement en cause les droits de l'Italie
mais uniquement des droits et prétentions opposant la Libye et Malte.
Aucune référence à un droit judiciaire )nepeutjustifier la thèseitalienne
puisque l'autorisation d'intervenir ne peut s'appuyer suraucun précédent
dans la pratique de laCouretquetoute analogie avecledroit interne serait
trompeuse, ce droit reposant surla juridiction obligatoire. A l'audience la
Libye a ajouté que la requête neprend pas, en réalité, lecompromisdu
23 mai 1976valablement en considération o. L'argument que l'Italie tire
de la similitude avec le compromis Tunisie/Libye de 1977(viséau para-
graphe 16 ci-dessus) n'est pas fondé,d'autant que le compromis Libye/
Malte de 1976laisse aux Parties une marge de négociation en vue d'abou-negotiations leading to a treaty, whereas the 1977text simplyprovided for
experts to apply the decision of the Court. Italy failed to recognize the
strictlybilateral character of thedelimitation to be effected. That character
ismore strictly denoted in the 1976SpecialAgreement than in that of 1977.

The relativity of delimitations stands confirmed in judicial and arbitral
case-law. This constitutes both a necessity, in that bilateral delimitations
have to be settled one by one, and a guarantee for third States. Further-
more, in the case of a decision by the Court, Italy's rights would be
safeguarded by the application of Article 59of its Statute. Thus the rights
of third States would be protected by the constant attitude of the Court,
without it being necessary to have recourse to intervention.
21. With regard to the object of the intervention, which according to
Libya Italy had not been able to describe precisely, Libya refers in its
Observations to Italy's statement of that object (quoted or summarized in
paragraph 17 above), and contends that those declarations were so vague
that they should induce the Court to adopt in their respect the same
negative position as it had taken with regard to the Application of Malta
for permission to intervene in the case between Tunisia and Libya. In any
event, as the Court's Judgment on the dispute between Libya and Malta
could not prejudice any Italian legalinterest,the solereal objectwhich the
Italian Application could have was, in Libya's view, to make the Court
aware of Italy'sinterest. But if that weresotheItalian Application wasnot

one in respect of which permission to intervene should be granted under
Article62 of the Statute. If, on the other hand, Italy reallywishesto submit
its claims against Libya (or Malta) to adjudication, the appropriate pro-
cedure should be negotiations between Italy and Libya or Malta, not that
of an intervention, which would widen the scope and disrupt the de-
velopment of the case already referred to the Court.
22. During the oral proceedings Italy did, Libya conceded, furnish
certainindications regarding the object of itsApplication. These, however,
had not removed al1ambiguity. It remained unclear whether Italy pro-
posed to defend its rights by merely supplying the Court with information
or whether it intended to put in issue its own claims to certain areas. The
purpose of merely informing the Court would not justify an intervention,
whileif,on theother hand, Italy sought to assert its rights against Libya or
Malta as a party to the case, that could not be regarded as an intervention
but would be an entirely new case. Moreover, the indications provided by
Italy servedto demonstratethat the Court could properly discharge its task
without the admission of Italy to intervene. By the effect of Article 59 of
the Statute, the Court'sjudgment would be binding only upon the Parties

but would be relative and non-opposable to Italy ;that State would in no
waybebound by theoperative provisions of thatjudgment. Italy would be
protected by the relative effect ofjudicial decisions, the fact that delimi-
tation agreements are alwaysconcluded subject to the rights of third States
and, finally, thefact that the SpecialAgreement of 1976did not place any
rights in issue except as between Libya and Malta.
23. Inits Observations Libya also contends that the ItalianApplicationtirà un traitéalors que le texte de 1977sebornaità prévoirque les experts
appliqueraient la décisionde la Cour. L'Italie n'a pas saisi le caractère
strictement bilatéral de la délimitation à opérer. Ce caractère est plus

strictement marquédanslecompromis de 1976que dans celui de 1977.La
relativitédes délimitations est consacréepar les décisionsjudiciaires ou
arbitrales. Elle constituà la fois une nécessité,car il convient de régler
successivementles délimitationsbilatérales,et une garantie pour les tiers.
S'agissantd'une décisionde la Cour, les droits de l'Italie seraient en outre
protégés par l'application de l'article 59du Statut. Ainsi lesdroits des tiers
seraient sauvegardéspar la constante attitude de la Cour, sans qu'il soit
nécessairede recourir à l'intervention.
21. A propos de l'objet de l'intervention, que l'Italie, selonelle,n'a pas
su décrireavec précision,la Libye se réfèredans ses observations à la
présentation qu'en fait l'Italie (citéeou résuméeau paragraphe 17 ci-
dessus) et affirme que les indications données sont si floues qu'elles
devraientamenerla Cour à reprendre àleurpropos laposition négativequi
avait étéla sienneau sujet de la requêtede Malteà fin d'intervention dans
l'affaireentre laTunisie etla Libye.En tout étatde cause,commel'arrêtde

la Cour sur ledifférendentre la Libye et Malte ne peut léseraucun intérêt
juridique italien, le seul véritable objet de la demande italienne serait
d'attirer l'attention dela Cour surl'intérêdtel'Italie.Mais s'ilenest ainsila
requête italiennen'est pas de celles qui justifieraient une autorisation
d'intervenir sur la base de l'article 62. Si, au contraire, l'Italie veut réel-
lement soumettre sesprétentionscontre la Libye (ou Malte) au règlement
judiciaire, laprocédureappropriéepasse par desnégociationsentre l'Italie
et la Libye ou Malte et non par une intervention qui élargiraitla portéede
l'affaire soumiseà la Cour et en perturberait le déroulement.

22. La Libye reconnaît que, s'agissant de l'objet de la demande ita-
lienne, certainesindications ont étéapportéepsendant la procédureorale.
Elles n'ont cependant pas levétoute ambiguïté.Celle-ci demeure sur le
point de savoir sil'Italie sepropose de défendresesdroits en se bornantà
informer la Cour ou sielleentendmettre enjeu sespropres prétentions sur

certaines zones. Informer la Cour ne justifie pas une intervention et, si
l'Italie veut faire valoir, en tant que partie en cause, ses droits contre la
Libye ou Malte, cela ne correspond pas à une intervention mais à une
affaire entièrement nouvelle. Au demeurant, ces indications données par
l'Italie montrent que la Cour peut s'acquitter de sa tâche sans que l'Italie
soitadmise à intervenir.Par lejeu del'article59du Statut, l'arrêtdelaCour
nelierait que lesParties maisserait relatif etnon opposabàel'Italie,qui ne
serait nullement liéepar son dispositif. L'Italie serait protégéepar l'effet
relatif des décisionsjudiciaires, lefait que lesaccords de délimitationsont
toujours passés sous réservedes droits des tiers et enfin le fait que le
compromis de 1976ne met en jeu que les droits entre la Libye et Malte.

23. Dans ses observations la Libye soutient aussi que la requêteita- should bedismissedon account of therequirernentsimposed bythe Statute
and the Rules of Court in regard tojurisdiction. The solepossible basis of
the Court's competence is the common and mutual consent of the States
involved. But there wasnot even a prima facielink ofjurisdiction between
Libya and Italy. Article 62 in itself could not constitute such a link. If the
Italian contentions were accepted, the provision of the Rules of Court
concerning the basis ofjurisdiction, which irnplies that Article 62 cannot

create in itself that basis, would be meaningless. During the oral proceed-
ings, Libya further observed that the fact that Italy had expressed its
intention of becoming aparty and requesting ajudgment in its favour was
highly relevant in deterrnining whether the Court had jurisdiction. That
jurisdiction flowed from a dual consent, made up of accession to the
Statute and subsequent acceptance of a basis ofjurisdiction. There could
be no presurnption of such acceptance and, whatever its form, it must be
clearly and distinctly expressed. That basis of jurisdiction was not pro-
vided by Article 62. This conclusion could be drawn from the location of
thisArticle within theStatute, fromArticle 81,paragraph 2(c),of the Rules
of Court (which, while unable to derogate from the Statute, provided an
authoritative interpretation thereof, and at the least signified that the
question ofjurisdiction could be relevant or even decisive),by the author-
ityofjurists of unirnpeachable competence,including severaljudges of the
Court, and, finally, by the respect owedto the principles of reciprocity and
equality between States.Those principles would beviolated if intervention
was made exempt fromthe requirement of a common and mutual consent
of the three States, sincethe initial Parties would be constrained to submit

themselves to the Court's jurisdiction to a degree exceeding the corre-
sponding obligations of the intervener, which would enjoy a right not
possessed by the original Parties.
24. Libya also disputed each of the Italian arguments regarding the
interpretation of Article 62. It argued that once the decision had been
taken to subject the Court's jurisdiction to the consent of States, the
draftsmen of the Statute would have said so in terrns had they wished to
exclude the case of intervention from that decision. Al1that Article 62
conferred upon theCourt was an incidentaljurisdiction, one quite distinct
from jurisdiction for dealing with matters of substance ; otherwise, that
Article would automatically and covertly institute a form of compulsory
jurisdiction,al1possibility ofreservations to whichwouldbe excluded.The
Italiancontentionthat Statesreferringa dispute to theCourt bymeans ofa
special agreement accept the provisions of the Statute authorizing the
intervention of any State substantiating a legal interest would be correct
only if such a derogation from the principle of the equality of States had a
clear and express legal basis, which it had not. Even supposing such
implicit consent to be conceivable, it should at least relate to a specific
pre-existing dispute, which is not the case here. The Special Agreement

could not serve as an irnplicit basis for the Italian intervention, which
would virtually involve its revision. lienne doitêtrerejetéeen raison desexigencesduStatut etdu Règlementen
matièrede compétencede la Cour. Cette compétencene peut reposer que
sur le consentement commun et mutuel des Etats en cause. Or il n'existe,
mêmeprima facie, aucun lien juridictionnel entre la Libye et l'Italie.
L'article 62 ne peut pas par lui-mêmeconstituer ce lien. Si les thèses
italiennes étaientacceptées,la dispositiondu Règlement relativeà la base

de compétence, etqui implique que l'article 62ne créepas par lui-même
cette base, n'aurait aucun sens.Au cours de la procédureorale, la Libye a
déclaré enoutre que lefait que l'Italie ait exprimésonintention de devenir
partie et de demander unjugement en sa faveur étaitd'une grande portée
pour déciderde la compétencede la Cour. Celle-ci découle d'undouble
consentement, constituépar l'adhésionau Statut puis par l'acceptation
d'une base de compétence.Une telle acceptation ne se présumepas et,
quelle que soit saforme, elle doit s'exprimerde façon claireet explicite. La
base de compétencen'estpas fournie par l'article 62. Cette conclusion est
imposéepar la place de cet article dans le Statut, par l'article 81, para-
graphe2 c),du Règlement(qui,nepouvant déroger auStatut, endonne une
interprétation authentique et signifie au minimum que la question de
compétence peut être pertinente ou mêmedécisive),par l'autorité de
juristes de valeur incontestabley compris plusieursjuges de la Cour, enfin

par le respect des principes de réciprocité et d'égaléntre les Etats. Ces
principes seraient violés si l'intervention échappait à l'exigence d'un
consentement commun et mutuel des trois Etats, puisque les Parties ini-
tialesseraient contraintes de sesoumettrà lacompétencede laCourdans
unemesureexcédantlesobligations correspondantes del'Etat intervenant,
lequel recevrait un droit que les Parties primitives ne détiendraient pas.

24. LaLibyeaégalementcontestéchacundesarguments italiensrelatifs
à l'interprétationde l'article 62. Elle soutient qu'une fois la décision prise
de soumettre la compétencede la Cour au consentement des Etats, si les
rédacteurs du Statut avaient voulu exclure de cette décisionle cas de
l'intervention, ils l'auraient dit expressément. L'article 62ne donneàla
Cour qu'une compétence incidente,tout à fait distincte dela compétence
pour connaître du fond. S'ilen était autrement, cet article instituerait une

juridiction obligatoire de façon automatique mais subreptice et sans pos-
sibilitéde réserve. Lathèseitalienne selon laquelle les Etats saisissant la
Cour par compromis acceptent les dispositions du Statut autorisant l'in-
tervention de tout Etat quijustifie d'un intérêtjuridique neserait fondée
que siune telledérogationau principe d'égalité destats étaitprévued'une
façon expresse et claire. Or il n'en est rien. Si un consentement implicite
était concevable,au moins devrait-il serapporteràun différend précisdéjà
existant, ce qui n'est pas le cas en l'occurrence. Le compromis ne saurait
donc servir de base impliciteà l'intervention italienne, qui entraînerait sa
véritable revision. 25. Malta cantends that Italy's application "relates to a claim which
Italy has never before formulated". According to Malta, its discussions
with Italy since 1965have concerned only the areas of continental shelf
between Malta and Sicily,or Malta and the Pelagian Islands, and have not
concerned the areas to which it has in its Application indicated claims.
Malta,has further pointed out that, whereas in 1981it had had occasion
publicly to expound its ownclaims whenpresenting its own application for
permission tointervene, Italydidnot, either then or later, giveutterance to

any conflicting claims. In particular, Malta maintains that Italy has never
made "reference to any claim to any continqntal shelf area anywhere
extending beyond the median line", so that Malta is entitled to consider
that Italyhas never objected to the median line method it had accepted in
regard to the Channel between Malta and Sicily and proposed for the
delimitation between Malta and the Pelagian Islands. Malta accordingly
concludes on the one hand that no dispute existsbetween it and Italy and,
on the other hand, that "Italy is now estopped from asserting its claim
against Malta bywayof an application to intervene". The application must
be rejected, as Italy has failed to provide evidence of a dispute. For,
according to Malta, if a disputecannot be submitted to the Courtin direct
contentious proceedings until its character and dimensions have been
established by prior negotiation, the same must a fortiori apply to "a
comparableapplication to intervene in proceedings commenced by agree-
ment, and pending betweentwo States". SinceItalyhas not availeditselfof
its many opportunities of clearly pointing out to Malta the existence of a
disagreement or dispute concerning areas other than those between Malta
and the PelagianIslands, it has, by its "silence" and "inactivity", laid itself
open tohaving the claimsit wouldnow seekto assert declared inadmissible
by virtue of estoppel or preclusion.

26. Malta considers that the nature of the interest relied upon by Italy
has been insufficiently specified and that the application makes the object
of the intervention dependent upon that vaguely expressed interest, with
the result that this object also is, necessarily, obscure. Malta asserts that
Italy's interest could not in any event be affected by the decision in the
present case, since the Court's decision, confined at it must be to the
questions submitted in the SpecialAgreement, could not affect the rights
and claims of third States, either in its reasoning or in its operative pro-
visions. So far as those States are concemed, it will be res inter aliosacta,
and cannot be creative of more rights or obligations for Italy than any
Libya-Malta delimitation resulting from direct negotiations between those
two countries. Malta also remarks that, whereas Italy's present position
differslittle, from the forma1viewpoint, from Malta's own at the timeof its
endeavour to intervene in 1981in the caseconcerning the ContinentalShelf
(Tunisia/Libyan ArabJamahiriya) there isadistinction of substance inthat
Italy, Malta says, has not provided a shred of evidence concerning its 25. Malte affirme quela requête italienne <(se rapporte à une revendi-
cation que l'Italie n'ajamais formuléejusqu'ici t)Selon Malte, les discus-
sionsitalo-maltaisesdepuis 1965n'ont portéque sur les zones de plateau
continental entre,d'une part, Malteet la Sicileet,d'autrepart, Malteet les
îles Pélagie, à l'exclusion des zones sur lesquelles l'Italie fait état de
revendications dans sa requête. Malte soulignepar ailleurs qu'elle a eu
l'occasion de préciser publiquement ses prétentions lors de la présenta-

tion en 1981 de sa requête à fin d'intervention, sans que l'Italie ait à
cette époque ni depuis lors exprimé des prétentions concurrentes. Plus
précisément, Malte soutient que l'Italie n'a jamais <(fait état d'aucune
revendication portant sur des étendues de plateau continental au-delà
de la lignemédiane )>et queMalte est donc fondée à considérerquel'Italie
n'a jamais fait d'objection à la méthode de la ligne médiane qu'elle

avait acceptée pour le détroit entre Malte et la Sicile et qu'elle avait
proposée pour la délimitation entre Malte et les îles Pélagie.Malte en
conclut, d'une part, qu'il n'existeaucun différend entre l'Italie et elle et,
d'autre part, que l'Italie est <(désormais forclose pour faire valoir ses
prétentions contre Malte par la voie de l'intervention ))La requête doit
êtrerejetéefaute pour l'Italie d'avoir apporté la preuve d'un différend.
Car, selon Malte, si un différend ne peut être soumis à la Cour par voie

d'action directe qu'après des négociations préalables quien auront pré-
ciséla nature et la portée, à plus forte raison, affirme-t-elle, doit-il en
aller de mêmelorsqu'il s'agit d'une <requête comparable, à fin d'inter-
vention dans une instance introduite par voie de compromis et pen-
dante entre deux Etats )).L'Italie, n'ayant pas utilisé les nombreuses
occasions qui s'offraient a elle d'indiquer clairement à Malte l'exis-
tence d'un désaccordou d'un différend portant sur des zones autres

que celles qui séparent Malte des îles Pélagie, s'exposeainsi par son
<(silence ))et son <(inaction )>à l'irrecevabilité des prétentions qu'elle
voudrait faire valoir à présent, etcela par application de l'estoppelou par
forclusion.
26. Malte considère que la nature de l'intérêt invoqué par l'Italie est
insuffisamment précisée et quela requête decet Etat fait dépendrede cet
intérêv taguement exprimé l'objet de l'intervention, qui devient lui aussi

inévitablement obscur. Malte souligne que, quoi qu'il en soit, l'intérêt
italien ne pourrait pas êtremis en cause dans la présente affaire, car la
décisionde la Cour, qui doit porter exclusivement sur les questions sou-
mises dans le compromis,ne pourrait affecter ni dans ses motifs, ni dans
sondispositif, lesdroitsetprétentions des Etats tiers. Elleserapour euxres
inter alios acta et ne pourra pas créerplus dedroits ou d'obligations pour
l'Italie qu'une délimitation Libye-Malteobtenue par voie de négociations

directes entre lesdeuxpays. Malte fait observer en outre que si,sur leplan
formel, la position de l'Italie aujourd'hui ne diffère pas beaucoup de la
sienne lorsqu'elleavait tenté d'interveniren 1981dans l'affaire du Plateau
continental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne),par contre sur le plan du
fond elle s'endistingue par lefait que l'Italie n'aurait pas mêmefourni un
début de preuve concernant ses prétentions. Malte estime que l'Italie a claims. In Malta's view, Italy has remained ambiguous about the status
and rolein theproceedings whichithas sought to acquire by its application
for permission to intervene.
27. Malta contends that Italy has not established the existence of a
jurisdictional link between it and the two main Parties. While admitting
that in thecase between Tunisiaand Libya the Court didnot haveformally
to decide whether the possession of ajurisdictional link was a necessary
condition for the granting of an application for permission to intervene, it
considers that both the Court's Judgment and the separate opinions
appended on that occasion showed due

"concern to protect the exclusivity of the relationship between two
States which by special agreementjointly submit a dispute to the
Court, to preserve thebasison which that agreement wasreachedand
to safeguard the principle that the Court'sjurisdiction is based upon
consent".

Malta contends that theresult of allowing Italy's intervention would be to
disregardthe principles of reciprocityand of the equality of parties' rights
and obligations, to modify and widen the scope of the SpecialAgreement
drawn up between the Parties and to lead the Court to pronounce upon
matters which are not only unenvisaged by that Special Agreement but
even remain hitherto unknown to the Parties.

28. Some of the arguments of the Parties to the case, Malta and the
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, have been put fonvard in effect as grounds for
rejecting theItalian Application inlimine,without there being any need for

further examination of its compliance with Article 62of the Statute of the
Court. For reasons that will become clear, the Court does not find it
necessary to examinewhether these contentions are really of a preliminary
character, or to deal with them separatelyfrom the other objectionsmade
by the Parties.The Court willconfine itself to those considerations which
are in its viewnecessary to the decision whch it has to give.On that basis,
in order to determine whether the Italian request is justified, the Court
should consider the interest of a legal nature which, it is claimed, may be
affected. However, it must do this by assessing the object of the Applica-
tion and the wayin which that objectcorresponds to what is contemplated
by the Statute. Article 62of the Statute provides for intervention by aState
which considers that it has an interest of a legal nature which "may be
affected by the decision in the case7'or which is "en cause", and thus
envisages that the object of the intervening State will be to ensure the
protection or safeguarding of its "interest of a legalnature7',by preventing
it from being "affected" by the decision. The Court has therefore to
consider whether or not theobject of theintervention is such protection or
safeguarding. In its Judgment of 14April 1981in the caseconcerningthe

ContinentalShelf(Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) the Court noted that laissédans l'ambiguïté lestatut et le rôle qu'ellechercheà obtenir dans le
procès par sa requête à fin d'intervention.

27. Malte affirme que l'Italie n'a pas établil'existence d'un lienjuri-
dictionnel entre elle et les deux Parties principales. Elle reconnaît certes
qu'en l'affaire entre la Tunisie et la Libye la Cour n'a pas eu à décider
formellement que le lien juridictionnel est une condition nécessaire à
l'admissiond'une requête àfin d'intervention. Mais elleconsidèrequ'aussi
bien l'arrêt dla Cour que lesopinionsindividuellesquil'accompagnaient
ont dûment pris en compte le souci de

(protégerle caractèreexclusif de la relation entre les deux Etats qui,
par compromis,soumettent conjointementun différend à la Cour, en
vuede préserverlesbases de cetaccordet de maintenirleprincipeque
la compétence de la Cour est fondéesur le consentement H.

Malte soutient que l'admission de l'intervention italienne aurait pour
résultatde méconnaîtreleprincipe de la réciprocitéet celuide l'égalitédes
droits et des obligationsdes parties, de modifier et d'élargirla portée du
compromisélaboré parles Parties et d'entraîner la Cour à statuer sur des
questionsqui,non seulementne sont pas prévues par cecompromis,mais
encore étaient ignoréesjusqu'icipar les Parties.

28. Certainsdesarguments de MalteetdelaJamahiriya arabe libyenne,
Parties en cause, ont étéen fait avancés commedes motifs de rejeter in
liminela requête italienne sansqu'ilsoit nécessaired'approfondir la ques-
tion de saconformitéavecl'article62du Statut de laCour.Pourdesraisons
qui apparaîtrontpar la suite, la Cour ne pense pas devoir rechercher si ces
arguments ont un caractère véritablement préliminaire, ni les examiner
indépendamment des autres objections des Parties. La Cour s'en tiendra
aux considérationsqui sont, selon elle,indispensables à la décisionqu'elle

doit rendre. Sur cette base, afin de déterminersi la requête italienneest
justifiée,la Cour doit examiner l'intérêt d'ordre juridique qui seraitsus-
ceptibled'êtreen cause. Pour cela,illui faut évaluer l'objetde la requêteet
la manièredont celui-cicorrespond àcequ'envisagele Statut. L'article 62
du Statut prévoit l'intervention d'un Etat qui estime avoir un intérêt
d'ordre juridique susceptibled'être ((affecté))par la décisionen l'espèce
ou d'être pourlui <en cause ; il envisage donc quel'objet visépar l'Etat
intervenant soit d'assurer la protection ou la sauvegarde de son <(intérêt
d'ordre juridique >>en empêchantqu'il soit affecté par la décision. La

Cour doit donc examiner si l'intervention a ou non pour objet cette pro-
tection ou cette sauvegarde. Dans son arrêtdu 14avril 1981en l'affairedu
Plateau continental(Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne),la Cour a dit : "the very character of the intervention for which Malta seekspermis-
sion shows, in the view of the Court, that the interest of the legal
nature invoked by Malta cannot be considered to be one 'which may
be affectedby the decision in the case'within the meaning of Article
62 of the Statute" (I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 19,para. 33 infine).

Italy has recognized that the object of the intervention and the nature of
the legalinterest invoked werelinked ;asnoted in paragraph 17above, the
Application States that
"The object of the intervention which Italy seeks authorization to

make directly follows both from the definition of its legal interest
which maybe affected, and from the veryobject of thecase whichhas
been brought before the Court."
29. Italyhasemphasizedin the presentproceedingsthat it ismaking no
claim against either of the two principal Parties, that it is not seeking a
decision by the Court delimiting its own areas of continental shelf, nor a
decision declaringthe principles and rules of international law applicable
to such a delimitation. Normally, the scope of a decision of the Court is
defined by the claims or submissions of the parties before it :and in the

caseof an intervention it is thus by reference to the definition ofits interest
of a legal nature and the objectindicated by the State seeking to intervene
that the Court shouldjudge whether or not the intervention is admissible.
However,asthe Court observed inthe NuclearTestscaseswith reference to
an application instituting proceedings "it is the Court's duty to isolate the
real issuein the case and to identifytheobject of the claim" (I.C.J.Reports
1974, p. 262, para. 29J, and again :

"the Court must ascertainthe true objectand purpose of the claimand
in doing so it cannot confine itself to the ordinary meaning of the
words used ; it must take into account the Application as a whole,
the arguments of the Applicant before the Court, the diplomatic
exchanges brought to the Court's attention, .. ."(ibid.,p. 263, para.
30).
Similarly, in the case of the present Application for permission to inter-
vene, the Court must take al1these circumstances into account as well as
the nature of the subject-matter of theproceedingsinstituted by Libya and

Malta. While formally Italy requests the Court to safeguard its rights, it
appears to the Court that the unavoidablepractical effect of its request is
that the Court willbe calledupon to recognize those rights, and hence, for
the purpose of being able to do so, to make a finding, at least in part, on
disputes between Italy and one or both of the Parties.
30. Italy is requesting the Court to pronounce only on what genuinely
appertains to Malta and Libya, and to refrain from allocating to these
States any areas of continental shelfoverwhich Italy hasrights. But for the
Courttobe able to carry out such an operation, it must first determine the <<lecaractèremêmedel'interventiondemandéepar Maltemontre, de
l'avisde la Cour, que l'intérêt d'ordre juridique invoqué parelle ne
peut êtreconsidéré commesusceptible d'êtreen cause en l'espèce
au sens de l'article 62 du Statut))(C.I.J. Recueil 1981,p. 19,par. 33
infine).

L'Italie a reconnu que l'objet de l'intervention et la nature de l'intérêt
juridique invoqué par elle sont liés ; comme on l'a vu au paragraphe 17
ci-dessus, sa requêtepréciseque
<([ll'objet de l'intervention que l'Italie demande à être autorisée à

effectuer découledirectement à la fois de la définitionde son intérêt
juridique en cause et de l'objet mêmede l'affaire dont la Cour a été
saisie)).

29. L'Italie a affirmé dans la présente procédure qu'elle n'avance
aucune prétention contre l'une ou l'autre des deux Parties principales et
qu'ellene demande àla Courni de délimitersespropres zones de plateau
continental ni de diredans sa décision quelssont les principes et règlesde
droit international applicables à une telle délimitation.Normalement, la
portéedes décisionsde la Cour est définiepar les prétentionsou conclu-
sionsdesparties ;danslecas d'uneintervention, c'estdoncpar rapport àla
définition de l'intérêt d'ordre juridiqueet de l'objet indiqué par l'Etat
demandant à intervenirque la Cour devrait juger sil'interventionpeut ou

non êtreadmise. Cependant,ainsiquela Courl'a rappelé dans lesaffaires
des Essais nucléaires à propos d'une requête introductive d'instance :
<<C'est ..ledevoirdelaCour decirconscrirelevéritableproblèmeencause
et depréciserl'objetdelademande ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1974,p. 262,par. 29);
en outre :

<<c'està la Cour qu'il appartient de s'assurer du but et de l'objet
véritablesdela demandeet ellene saurait,pour ce faire, s'entenir au
sensordinaire destermesutilisés ;elledoitconsidérerl'ensembledela
requête,les arguments développés devantla Courpar le demandeur,
les échangesdiplomatiques qui ont étéportés à son attention ...
(ibid.,p. 263, par. 30).

Dans le cas de la présente requête à fin d'intervention, la Cour doit de
mêmetenir compte de toutes ces circonstancesen mêmetemps que de la
nature del'objet del'instanceintroduite par la Libyeet Malte. Il apparaîtà
la Cour que si, sur le plan formel,l'Italie lui demande de sauvegarder ses
droits, sa requête a pour effet pratique inéluctable d'inviter la Cour à
reconnaître ceux-ci et, pour ce faire,à statuer au moins partiellement sur

les différendsentre l'Italie et l'une des Parties ou les deux.

30. L'Italie demande à la Cour de ne statuer que sur ce qui relève
vraiment de Malte et dela Libyeet de s'abstenir d'attribuer à cesEtats des
zones de plateau continental sur lesquellesl'Italie a des droits. Mais pour
que la Cour puisse procéder àl'opérationainsi définie, ilfaudrait qu'elleareas over which Italy has rights and those over which it has none. As
regards the first areas, once they are identified, the Court will be able to
refrain from declaring that they appertain either to Libya or to Malta. As
regards the second areas the Court will then be able to carry out the
operation requested by the SpecialAgreement between Malta and Libya.
Thus in a decision given by the Court after Italy had been admitted to
intervene and assert its rights, thejuxtaposition between, on the one hand,
the areas involved in the Court's operation under the Special Agreement
and, on the other hand, the areas in regard to which the Court would
refrain from carrying out such an operation, would be tantamount to the
Court'shaving madefindings,first as to theexistence of Italian rights over
certain areas, or asfromcertain geographicalpoints or sets of points ;and
secondly as to the absence of such Italian rights in other areas, or as from

certain geographicalpoints or sets of points.
31. Therefore, if Italy were permitted to intemene in the present pro-
ceedings in order to pursue the course it has itself indicated it wishes to
pursue, the Court would be called upon, in order to give effect to the
intervention, to determine a dispute, or some part of a dispute, between
Italy and one or both of the principal Parties. The fact that Italy has
disclaimed any intention of asking the Court to settle such a dispute is
immaterial : as the Court has previously observed :

"Whether there exists an international dispute is a matter for
objectivedetermination. The mere denial of the existence of a dispute
does not prove its non-existence." (Interpretation of Peace Treaties,
Advisory Opinion,I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74.)
Nor would the intervention sought be justifiable on the ground that it
would merely convert an existing bilateral dispute, already before the
Court, into atrilateraldispute.Whethertherelations between Italy and the
Partiesin the matter of continental shelf delimitation be regarded as three
disputes, or onedispute, thefactremains that the Court cannot adjudicate

on the legal relations between Italy and Libya without the consent of
Libya, or on those between Italy and Malta without the consent of
Malta.
32. The distinction which Italy has endeavoured to make is between a
request that the Court takeaccount of, or safeguard,its legalinterests,and
arequest that theCourt recognize or define its legalinterests, which would
amount to the introduction of a distinct dispute. But this distinction is in
any event not valid in thecontext of the task conferredon the Court by the
SpecialAgreement in thepresent case. If the Court is to perform that task,
and at the same time to safeguard the legal interests of Italy (more than
would result automatically, aswillbe explained below,from the operation
ofArticle 59of theStatute), then when givinganyindication of howfar the
Parties may extend theirpurelybilateraldelimitation, it must takeaccount,
so far as appropriate, of the existence and extent of Italian claims. But if
Italy werepermitted to interveneand by that means not only to inform the
Court of its claims,but to present substantivearguments in favour of their détermineen premier lieu les zones sur lesquelles l'Italie a des droits et
celles sur lesquelles elle n'en a pas. S'agissant des premières, une fois
celles-ciidentifiées, laCour pourrait s'abstenir de déclarerque ces zones
relèvent soit de la Libye, soit de ,Malte. S'agissant des secondes, la Cour
pourrait alors procéderà l'opérationque le compromis entre Malte et la
Libyelui demande d'effectuer. Ainsi,dans la décisionque rendrait la Cour
après avoir autorisé l'Italià intervenir et à faire valoir ses droits, la
juxtaposition des zones à propos desquelles la Cour effectuerait l'opéra-
tion que le compromis lui confie et des zoneà l'égard desquellesla Cour
s'abstiendrait de procéderàcette opération ferait apparaîtreque la Cour

aurait statué, d'une part, sur l'existence de droits italiens sur certaines
zones,ou àpartir de certainspoints ou ensembles de points géographiques,
et, d'autre part, sur l'absence de droits italiens dans d'autres zones,àou
partir de certains points ou ensembles de points géographiques.
31. Il s'ensuit que, si l'Italie étaitadmàsintervenir dans la présente
procédure envue de poursuivre l'objet qu'elle-même a dit vouloir recher-
cher, la Cour serait appelée,pour donner effetà l'interventionà trancher
un différend, ouun élémentde différend,entre l'Italie et l'une ou l'autre
desPartiesprincipales, ou lesdeux.Ilimporte peu quel'Italiesedéfendede
toute intention de demander àla Cour de trancher un tel litig:comme la
Cour a eu l'occasion de le souligner:

L'existence d'un différendinternational demande à être établie
objectivement. Le simple fait que l'existence d'un différend est
contestée ne prouve pas que ce différend n'existe pas.>>(Interpréta-
tion des traitésdepaix, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 74.)

L'intervention ne serait pas non plus justifiable au motif qu'elle sebor-
nerait à transformer en un litige trilatéral undifférend bilatéralexistant
et déjà soumis à la Cour. Que les relations entre l'Italie et les Partàes
propos dela délimitationdu plateaucontinental soientconsidéréescomme
intéressant trois différends ouun seul, il reste que la Cour ne peut se
prononcer sur les relations juridiques entre l'Italie et la Libye sans le
consentement de la Libye, et sur celles entre l'Italie et Malte sans le
consentement de Malte.

32. L'Italie s'est efforcéede distinguer entre une demande faite à la
Cour detenircompte desesintérêtsd'ordrejuridiqueoudelessauvegarder
et une demande tendant à ce que la Cour reconnaisse ou définisse ses
intérêtjsuridiques, ce qui reviendraià lui soumettre un autre litige. Mais
cette distinction n'est pas valable, en tout cas, dans la perspective de la
tâche que le compromis assigne à la Cour en l'espèce.Si la Cour doit
remplir cettetâche et sauvegarderenmêmetempslesintérêtsjuridiquesde
l'Italie (au-delà de cequi résulteraitautomatiquement, comme on leverra
plus loin, de l'application de l'article 59 du Statut), alors, en indiquant
jusqu'où les Parties pourront prolonger leur délimitation purement bila-
térale, elledevra tenircompte, autant qu'il serabesoin,de l'existence etde
l'étendue desprétentionsitaliennes. Mais si l'Italie étaitautorisàeinter-

venir et ainsi mise en mesure, non seulement d'informer la Cour de sesbeing recognized - which iswhat Italy requests -, the ensuing decision of
the Court could not be interpreted merely asnot "affecting" these rights,

but would be one either recognizing or rejecting them, in whole or in part.
A decision of the Court preserving the Italian rights, in contrast to a
decision ruling upon them, could only be one taken after Italy had
informed the Court of its claims, but without the merits of those claims
being argued before the Court by Italy and the principal Parties. Thus in
thiscase,it isnot sufficient for theintending intervener toexerciserestraint
in theformulation of theprotection of its interests it seeksfrom theCourt.
If in a case of this kind a third State were permitted to intervene so as to
present its claims and indicate the grounds advanced asjustifying them,
then the subsequent judgment of the Court could not be limited to noting
them, but would, expressly or implicitly, recognize their validity and
extent.

33. The fact that to permit Italy to intervene would inevitably lead the
Court to make a finding as to Italy's rights (to the extent that they are
opposed to Malta's and Libya's claims)isin fact demonstrated by the text
ofItaly'sApplication itself,and by the statements of Italy's representatives
before the Court. In the Application, Italy explains that it "seeks to
participate in the proceedings to the full extent necessary to enable it to
defend the rights which it claims over some of the areas claimed by the
Parties" (emphasis added). As already noted in paragraph 17 above,
counsel for Italy has defined the object of the intervention by explaining
that Italy is asking the Court, when carrying out its task under the Special
Agreement, to

"provide the two Parties with everyneedful indication to ensure that
they do not, when they conclude their delimitation agreement pur-
suant to the Court'sjudgment, includeany areas which, onaccountof
theexistenceofrightspossessed byItaly, oughttobethesubjecteither of
delimitation between Italy and Malta or of delimitation between Italy
and Libya, or of a delimitation agreement as between al1three coun-
tries." (Emphasis added.)

Furthermore the Agent of Italy, recalling the aim of Italy's application to
intervene and the result expected by his country from these proceedings,
added : "Italy desires nothing more than that which, through appropriate
procedures, will be recognized as its legal due." In order to comply with
Italy's request, theCourt wouldhaveto define the areas which"ought to be
the subject of delimitation" with Italy, and to do so by reference, not to
claims advanced by Italy, but to "the existence of rights possessed by
Italy" ;it followsthat it isbeing asked to make afinding of the existenceof
such rights, and as to at least the approximate extent of them. Further-
more, Italy adrnits that the decision as to its rights also has a negative

aspect. This was expressed by counsel for Italy in another declaration,
according to which "the Court could decide that, in the areas within whch prétentions, mais aussi de présenterdes arguments de fond en faveur de
leur reconnaissance - .uAsaue c'est là ce au'elle demande -. la future
décisionde la Cour ne pourrait pas être interprétée simplementcomme
n'(<affectant pas ces droits, mais comme les reconnaissant ou les reje-
tant en totalitéou en partie. Une décisionde la Cour qui protégerait les

droits de l'Italie, par opposition à une décisionstatuant sur ces droits, ne
pourrait êtreprise qu'après que l'Italie aurait mis la Cour au courant de
ses prétentions, mais sans que l'Italie et les Parties principales en aient
débattuau fond devant la Cour. Il s'ensuit que dans la présenteespèceil
ne suffit&DasaLe 1'Etataui cherche à intervenirdéfinissede facon restric-
tive la manière dont il prie la Cour de protéger sesintérêtsi.i dans une
affaire semblable un Etat tiers était admis à intervenir afin d'exposer

ses prétentions et d'indiquer par quels motifs il lesjustifie, l'arrêt rendu
ultérieurement par la Cour ne pourrait se borner à en prendre acte :
il devrait, de manière expresse ou tacite, en reconnaître la validité et
l'étendue.
33. Le fait qu'autoriser l'Italie à intervenir conduirait fatalement la
Cour à se prononcer sur ses droits (pour autant qu'ils s'opposent aux
prétentions deMalte et de la Libye) ressort d'ailleurs du texte mêmede la

requêteitalienneet des déclarationsfaitespar les représentants de l'Italie
devant la Cour.Dans la requête,l'Italieditvouloir << participer à l'instance
dans toute la mesure nécessairepour lui permettre de défendreles droits
qu'ellerevendiquesur certaines zones revendiquéespar les Parties ))(les
italiques sont de la Cour). Comme il est indiqué au paragraphe 17 ci-
dessus, l'un des conseils de l'Italie a définil'objet de l'intervention en
expliquant que l'Italie demande à la Cour, lorsqu'elle s'acquittera de sa
tâche en vertu du compromis, de

donner ...aux deux Parties toutes indications utiles pour qu'elles
n'incluent pas, dans l'accord de délimitation qu'elles concluront en

application de l'arrêt dela Cour, deszones qui, en raisondel'existence
dedroitsdei'ltalie, devraientfaire l'objetsoitd'une délimitationentre
l'Italieet Malte,soitd'une délimitationentre l'Italieetla Libye,soit le
cas échéantd'un accord de délimitation entre les trois pays ))(les
italiques sont de la Cour).

L'agentde l'Italie,rappelant lebut de la requêteitalienneet lerésultat que
ce pays attend de la présente instance, a en outre précisé : (<[l']Italiene
désire rienau-delà de ce qui, à travers les procédures appropriées,sera
reconnu luiappartenir en droit o.Pour fairedroit à lademandeitalienne, la
Cour aurait donc à définirles zones qui (<devraient faire l'objet d'une

délimitation avec l'Italie, en se fondant pour cela non pas sur les pré-
tentions émisespar celle-ci,mais sur (<l'existencededroits de l'Italie )>;il
s'ensuit qu'il lui estdemandéde statuer sur l'existencede tels droits et au
moins sur leur étendue approximative. Du reste l'Italie admet que la
décisionsur ses droits comporterait égalementun aspect négatif.C'est ce
qu'a expriméun de ses conseils dans une autre déclaration :(<la Cour
pourra déciderquedans leszones où elleindiquera aux Partiesprincipales it will be indicating to the main Parties how they should proceed with the
delimitation, Italy is not entitled to claim any rights". Similarly, another
representative of Italy argued that :

"If. . .,after hearing Italy's presentation, the Court decides that
there are grounds for proceeding to a delimitation between Malta
and Libya, it will decide, implicitly or explicitly, that Italy has no
rightsin the areas concerned, despite anyclaims whichit may maketo
the contrary."
34. The consequences of the Court's finding, that to permit the inter-
vention would involve the introduction of a fresh dispute, can be defined

by reference to either of two approaches to the interpretation of Article 62
ofthe Statute, both ofwhichmust result in theCourt being bound to refuse
thepermission to intervenerequested by Italy, and both of which will give
toArticle 62 its full effectiveness.These are in effect two facets of a single
reality, namely the basic principlethat thejurisdiction of the Courtto deal
with and judge a dispute depends on the consent of the parties thereto.

35. Thefirst wayof expressingthisreality would be to find that, having
thus reachedtheconclusionthat Italyisrequesting itto decide on therights
which it has claimed and not merely to ensure that these rights be not
affected, the Court must state whether it is competent to give, by way of
intervention procedure, the decision requested by Italy. As noted above,
Italy considersthat onceit is established that a State seeking to intervene
has a legal interest which is en cause, "the operation of Article 62 itself
suffices to create the basis of jurisdiction of the Court to the extent
necessary for theadmission of an application for permission to intervene".
It appears to the Court that if it were to apply this argument to an in-
tervention having the object which, as explained above, is that of Italy, it

would be admitting that the procedure of intervention under Article 62
would constitute anexception to thefundamental principlesunderlyingits
jurisdiction : primarily the principle of consent, but also the principles of
reciprocity and equality of States.TheCourt considersthat anexception of
this kind could not be admitted unless it were very clearly expressed.
Recognition of the compulsoryjurisdiction of the Court is an important
aspect of the freedom and equality of Statesin the choice of the means of
peaceful settlement of their disputes. Such a limitation is not to be pre-
sumed, and must be clearly and expressly stated if it is to be admitted.
Article 62of the Statute contains no such express derogation ; and neither
its position in the Statute, nor the travaux préparatoires of its adoption,
serve to support an interpretation of the Articleas intended to effect such
derogation. In harmony with this first method of reconciling Article 62
with theprinciple ofconsent to thejurisdiction of the Court, appeal to that
articleshould thus, if it is tojustify an interventionin a case such asthat of
the Italian application, be backed by a basis of jurisdiction.

36. Theargument of Italy does not in fact go sofar as to contradict thiscomment procéder à la délimitation l'Italie ne peut revendiquer aucun
droit...))Un autre conseil de l'Italie a de mêmeavancé que :

là où la Cour, après avoir entendu l'Italie, décidera qu'ily a lieu de
procéder à une délimitation entre Malte et la Libye, elle décidera,
implicitement ou expressément,que l'Italie n'a pasdedroits dans les
zones concernées,en dépit des prétentions qu'elle aura éventuelle-
ment fait valoir )).

34. Les conséquences à tirer de la conclusion de la Cour selon laquelle
autoriserl'intervention impliqueraitl'introduction d'unnouveaudifférend
peuvent êtreexprimées selon deux manièresd'interpréterl'article 62 du
Statut, qui ont l'une et l'autre pour résultat nécessaired'obligerla Courà
rejeter la demande d'intervention de l'Italie, tout en conservant à I'ar-
ticle 62 son plein effet utile. Il s'agit en fait de deux aspects d'une même
réalité,à savoir le principe fondamental qui veut que la compétencede la
Cour pour connaître d'un différend etle trancher dépende du consente-
ment des parties à celui-ci.

35. La premièremanière d'exprimer cette réalité consisterait à déclarer
que la Cour, étantainsiparvenue àla conclusion que l'Italie lui demande
de statuer sur les droits qu'ellea revendiquésetpas seulement de faire en
sorteque cesdroits ne soient pas lésésd,oit dire sielleestcompétentepour
rendre, par la voie de l'intervention, la décision demandéepar l'Italie.
Comme on l'avu plus haut, d'aprèsl'Italie, dès lors qu'il est établi qu'un
Etat cherchant à intervenir possède un intérêt d'ordrjeuridique en cause,
(<le jeu de l'article 62 lui-même est suffisantpour créerla base de la
compétencede la Cour dans la mesure où celle-ci serait nécessairepour
l'admissiond'unerequête à find'intervention H.Il apparaîtà laCour que si

elle devait appliquer cet argument à une intervention ayant l'objet qui,
comme elle l'a expliqué,estcelui de l'Italie, elle admettrait que la procé-
dure de l'intervention fondéesur l'article 62 constitue une exception aux
principes fondamentaux à la base de sa compétence :en premier lieu le
principe du consentement, mais aussi lesprincipes de réciprocitéetd'éga-
litéentre les Etats. Or la Cour considère qu'une exception de ce genre ne
pourrait êtreadmise que si elleétait très clairement exprimée.En effet, la
reconnaissance de la compétence obligatoire de la Cour constitue une
modalitéimportante dela liberté etde l'égalité des Etats dans lechoixdes
moyens de règlementpacifique de leursdifférends.Une telle limitation ne

se présume pas et doitêtrenettement et expressémentformulée pourêtre
admise.L'article 62neprévoitpas cettedérogation explicite ;et ni saplace
dans le Statut ni les travaux préparatoires qui ont entouré son adoption
n'autorisent à l'interpréter comme devantemporter cette dérogation. En
accord aveccettepremièremanièrede concilierl'article 62 avecleprincipe
du consentement à la compétencede la Cour, l'invocation de l'article 62
devrait donc,pour fonder une intervention dans un cas tel que celui de la
requête italienne, s'accompagnerd'une base de compétence.
36. Du reste l'argumentation italienne ne va pas jusqu'à contredire ce view. Italy distinguishesbetween interventions which do, and which do
not, assert a right of the interveneragainstaprincipal party, and contends
that since the object of the Italian Applicationis limited, inasmuch as it is
not asserting its rights against the Parties in the present proceedings, or
against either of them separately, then :

"Because of this limited object, Italy's application unquestionably
falls within the bounds of intervention stricto sensu.. . regarding
which ... Article 62 in itself provides the requisite title of jurisdic-
tion."

Italy recognizes that, on the hypothesis that
"by the channel of intervention a State might seek endorsement of a
right vis-à-vis the parties to the proceedings, in conditions compar-
able to what it could have done by itself instituting a principal case
against those two States",

thesituation would be otherwise. Italy suggeststhat one viewof the matter
(which it does not itself advance but indicated it could accept) would be
that, an application to intervene whereby the intervener sought to assert a
right being equivalent to a mainline application, the intervener would be
under theobligation of showing a specialjurisdictional link. Thus the view
could be taken that Article 62 does not permit an intervention of the kind
referred to except when the third State desiring to intervene can rely on a
basis ofjurisdiction making it possible for the Court to take a decision on
the dispute or disputes submitted to it by the third State.

37. A second method of expressingthe Court's conviction that Article
62 of its Statute is not an exception to the principle of consent to its
jurisdiction to deal with adispute would be tofind that, inacase where the
State requestingtheintervention asked the Courtto giveajudgment on the
rights which it was claiming, this would not be a genuine intervention
within the meaning of Article 62. In such a situation, the State requesting
the intervention ought to have instituted mainline proceedings in appli-
cation of Article 36,and possibly to have asked for the two proceedings to
bejoined. This was in fact the view advanced by counsel for Italy. Thus,
according to this second approach, Article 62would not derogatefrom the
consensualism whichunderliesthejurisdiction of the Court, sincetheonly
cases of intervention afforded by that Article would be those in which the
intervener was only seekingthepreservation of itsnghts, without attempt-
ing to have them recognized, the latter objective appertaining rather to a
direct action. Article 62 of the Statute envisages that the object of the
interveningState is to ensure theprotection or safeguarding of its "interest
of a legal nature" by preventing it from being "affected" by the decision.
There is nothing in Article 62 to suggest that it was intended as an alter-
native means ofbringing an additional disputeasacasebeforetheCourt -

amatter dealt within Article 40of the Statute - or asamethod of asserting
theindividualrights of a State not aparty to the case. Suchadispute might
be thesubject ofnegotiation,leadingeither toits settlement - inthe caseof qui précède.L'Italie établit une distinction entre les interventionsfaisant

valoir un droit de l'intervenant contre une partie principale et les autres
interventions et soutient que, l'objet de sa requêteétantlimité, dans la
mesure où ellene cherchepas à faire valoir sesdroits vis-à-visdesPartieà
l'instance, ni de l'une quelconque d'entre elles, il s'ensuit q:e
<<En raison de cet objet limité,la requêtede l'Italie prend incon-

testablement place dans les limites de l'interventionstrictsensu ... à
l'égardde laquelle ..l'article 62 fournit par lui-même letitre de
compétencenécessaire. ))
L'Italie reconnaît que, dans l'hypothèse où,

par le biais de l'intervention,un Etat chercheà sefaire reconnaître
un droit contre les parties à l'instance, dans des conditions compa-
rables à cequ'ilaurait pu faire en instituant lui-mêmeune instance à
titre principal contre ces deux Etats O,

la situation seprésenterait différemment.Selon elleune façon de voir les
choses (qui n'est pas la sienne, maisà laquelle elle a déclarépouvoir se
rallier) serait de dire que, comme une requête parlaquelle l'intervenant
cherche à faire valoir un droit équivaut à une requête principale,1'Etat
cherchant à interveniraurait l'obligation defaireétat danscecas d'unlien
spécialdejuridiction. Onpourrait conclurealorsquel'article 62ne permet
une intervention de la nature envisagéeque lorsque le tiers désireuxd'in-
tervenir peutjustifier d'une base de compétencepermettant à la Cour de
statuer sur le ou les différends que ce tiers lui soumet.

37. Une seconde manièred'exprimerla conviction de la Cour quel'ar-
ticle 62 du Statut ne constitue pas une exception au principe de consen-
tement à sa compétencepour connaître d'un différendconsisterait àcon-
sidérerque, dans le cas où l'Etat requérant l'intervention demande à la
Cour de statuer sur les droits qu'il revendique,on ne se trouverait pas en
présenced'unevéritableinterventionau sensdel'article62.Dans une telle
situation1'Etatrequérantl'interventionauraitdû intenteruneaction à titre
principal, en application de l'article 36, et demander éventuellementla
jonction des deux instances. Telle a étéen fait l'opinion expriméepar un
conseildel'Italie.Ainsi,selon cette secondemanièredevoir,l'article62ne
dérogeraitpasau consensualisme qui est àla base de la compétencede la
Cour car les seuls cas d'intervention ouverts par cet article seraient ceux

dans lesquels l'intervenant ne recherche que la préservationde ses droits
sanstenter delesfairereconnaître, cedernier objectif relevant plutôt d'une
action directe. L'article 62 du Statut prévoiraitque l'objet visépar1'Etat
intervenant seraitd'assurer laprotection ou la sauvegarde de son < <ntérêt
d'ordrejuridique enempêchantqu'ilsoit (affecté par ladécision.Rien
dans l'article62n'indiquequecetexte aitété conçucommeun autre moyen
de saisir la Cour d'un litige supplémentaire - matière qui relèvede l'ar-
ticle40 du Statut - ou comme un moyen de faire valoir lesdroits propres
d'un Etat non partie à l'instance. Un tel litige pourrait faire l'objet de né-
gociationsaboutissantsoit à son règlement - c'est-à-dire,dans le cas d'un a maritime boundary dispute, to an agreed delimitation - or to the con-
clusion of a special agreement for its resolution by ajudicial body ;it may
not however be brought before the Court by way of intervention.

38. The Court thus finds that it is unable to accept Italy's own classi-
fication of the object ofits intervention,and that the intemention fallsinto
acategory which,on Italy'sown showing,is onewhichcannot be accepted.
That conclusion followsfrom either of the twoapproachesoutlined above,
and the Court accordingly does not have to decide between them. In a case
brought before the Court by special agreement, the scope of the Court's
action is defined by that agreement, which embodies the consent of the
parties to the settlement by the Court of the dispute between them. The
possibility of intemention, being afeature of the Statute of the Court, does
of course remain open in cases brought by Special Agreement, but its
implementation must in principle be effected within the scope of the

Special Agreement. Since, as explained in paragraph 28 above, the Court
considers that it should not go beyond the considerations which are in its
viewnecessary toits decision,the various other questionsraisedbeforethe
Court in these proceedings as to the conditions for, and operation of,
intervention under Article 62 of the Statute need not be dealt with by the
presentJudgment. In particular the Court, in order to arrive atits decision
ontheApplication of Italy tointemene in thepresent case,doesnot have to
rule on the questionwhether, in general,anyinterventionbased onArticle
62 must, as a condition for its admission, show the existence of a valid
jurisdictional link.
39. Italy has also urged the impossibility, or at least the greatly in-
creaseddifficulty, of the Court's performingthe task entrusted toit by the
Special Agreement in the absence of participation in the proceedings by
Italy asintemener. In support of this contention it has drawn attention to

the marked difference between the situation in the Dresent case and that
withwhich theCourt wasfacedinthecase concernini the ContinentalShelf
(Tunisia/Libvan Arab Jarnahiriva)in 1981-1982.in which the role of the
court unde;the relevant special Agreement wa; similar to its task in the
Dresent case. That case concerned a delimitation between two laterallv
'adjacentStates, the starting point of which, on the outer margin of th;:
territorial sea, was determined by the position of an established land
frontier, and the line of which extended seawards through an area over
which, for a considerableextent, no actual or potential claim by any State
other than theparties to thecase needed to be contemplated. Even the test
of proportionality of areas and coasts could be applied by the Court
without the extent of the rights of Malta, as third State, having been
defined (I.C.J. Reports1982,p. 91,para. 130).In thepresent case,however
the terminal points of the delimitation ultimately to be effected between
theParties willlieinthe highseas,andit mayprovethat they willhave to be

tripoints or even quadripoints. Italy has drawn attention to the difficulties
in which the Court may find itself, and has suggested that litige concernant une frontière maritime,à une délimitation acceptéepar
les partie- soità la conclusion d'un compromis en vue de sa résolution

par un organejudiciaire ;il ne pourrait cependant pas êtreportédevant la
Cour par voie d'intervention.
38. La Cour conclut donc qu'ellene peut accepter la façon dont l'Italie
caractérisel'objetde sonintervention, et que celle-cirelèved'unecatégorie
qui, selon la démonstration mêmede l'Italie, ne saurait êtreadmise. Cette
conclusion découledel'une commedel'autre desdeuxmanièresdevoirqui
viennent d'êtreexposées,de sorte quela Cour n'a pas à choisir entre elles.
Dans une affaire soumise par compromis, c'estce compromis, consacrant
leconsentement desparties au règlementdeleurdifférendpar la Cour, qui
indique àcelle-cil'étenduede son action. Etant inscrite au Statut, la pos-
sibilitéde l'intervention subsiste naturellement dans toutes les instances
introduites par un compromis, mais elle ne peut en principe êtremise en

Œuvre que dans le cadre de celui-ci. La Cour estimant, comme elle l'a
soulignéau paragraphe 28 ci-dessus, qu'elle nedoit pas aller au-delà des
considérationsqu'ellejuge nécessaires à sadécision,leprésentarrêtn'apas
àtrancher les diverses autres questions soulevéesdurant la présente pro-
cédureau sujet des conditions et du fonctionnement de l'intervention au
titre de l'article 62 du Statut. En particulier, pour se prononcer sur la
demande d'intervention de l'Italie enl'espèce,la Cour n'apas à décidersi,
en règlegénéralep,our toute intervention fondéesur l'article 62,et comme
condition de son admission, l'existenced'unlienjuridictionnel valable doit
êtredémontrée.

39. L'Italie a également souligné l'impossibilitéo,u du moins la diffi-
culté beaucoup plus grande, qu'éprouverait la Cour à s'acquitter de la

tâche à elle confiéepar le compromis si l'Italie ne participait pas à la
procédureenqualitéd'intervenant. Al'appui decet argument, elleaappelé
l'attention surla différencemarquéequi existeentre la situation enl'espèce
actuelle et celle dont la Cour a eu à connaître en l'affaire du Plateau
continental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne) en 1981 -1982, dans la-
quellelecompromisluiconfiaitune tâche analogue a cellequi lui incombe
aujourd'hui. Ladite affaire concernait une délimitation, entre deux Etats
limitrophesoulatéralementadjacents, dont lepointdedépart, surlamarge
extérieure de la mer territoriale, était déterminépar la position d'une
frontière terrestre reconnue, et dont le tracése dirigeait vers le large dans
unezoneoù, sur une distance considérable,aucune revendication présente
ou éventuellede la part d'un Etat autre que lesparties n'étaitàenvisager.

La Cour a mêmepu appliquer le critèrede la proportionnalité des super-
ficies et des côtes sans que l'étenduedes droits de Malte en tant qu'Etat
tiers eût étédéfinie(C.Z.J.Recueil 1982, p. 91, par. 130).En la présente
espèce,cependant, lespoints terminaux de la délimitationqui devra fina-
lement êtreeffectuéeentre les Parties se trouveront en haute mer, et il
pourrait fort bien s'agirde points triples ou mêmequadruples. L'Italie a
soulignéles difficultésquepourrait rencontrer la Cour et a émis l'opinion
que "it is the delimitation in its entirety, or at least over an important
stretch ofitscourse,whichisindanger oflyingoutside thejurisdiction
of the Court"

and contends that the intervention of Italy, if admitted, is the sole means
by which the Court can escape this difficulty.
40. The Italian argument as to the reduction of the scope of the Court's
decision owing to the geographic extent of the Italian claims does not

concern the first part of the task whch the Special Agreement between
Malta and Libya has conferred upon the Court : the determination of the
principlesand rulesofinternational lawapplicableinthis case. It therefore
only concerns the second part of this task (the practical means of imple-
menting these principles and rules) and then only on condition that the
Court interprets this second part of its task in a particularly concrete way,
tantamount to the drawing of a line. In that respect, it must be conceded
that, if the Court werefully enlightened as to theclaims and contentions of
Italy, it might be in a better position to givethe Partiesuch indications as
would enable them to deiimit their areas of continental shelf "without
difficulty", in accordance with Article 1of the Special Agreement, even
though sufficient information as to Italy's claims for the purpose of
safeguarding its rightshas been gven to the Court during the proceedings
on the admissibility of the Italian Application. But the question is not
whether the participation of Italy may be useful or even necessary to the
Court ;it is whether, assurningItaly's non-participation, a legalinterest of
Italy isencause,or islikelyto be affected by the decision. In theabsence in
theCourt's procedures of any systemof compulsoryintervention, whereby

a third State could be cited by the Court to come in as party, it must be
open to the Court, and indeed its duty, to givethe fullest decision it may in
the circumstances of each case, unless of course, as in the case of the
MonetaryGoldRemovedfrom Rome in1943,the legalinterests of the third
State "would not only be affected by a decision, but would form the very
subject-matter of a decision" (Z.C.J.Reports 1954,p. 32),which is not the
case here.

41. It has been emphasized above that the Italian Application to inter-
vene tends inevitably to produce a situation in which the Court would be
seised of a dispute between Italy on the one hand and Libya and Malta on
the other, or each of them separately, without the consent of the latter
States ; Italy would thus become a party to one or several disputes which
are not before the Court at present. In this way the character of the case
would be transformed. These considerations, in the view of the Court,
constitute reasons why the Application cannot be granted. Yet the Court
cannot whollyput aside the question of the legalinterest of Italy as wellas
of other States of the Mediterranean region, and they willhave tobe taken

into account,in the same way as wasdone for example in theJudgment of
24 February 1982in the case concerning the ContinentalSheif (Tunisia/
LibyanArab Jamahiriya).TheCourt considers that it willbe possible for it c'est..la délimitationdans sa totalité, ouàtout le moins dans une
partie importante desontracé,quirisque de setrouverendehors dela
compétencede la Cour O,

affirmant quel'intervention de l'Italie,si elleétaitadmise, constituerait le
seul moyen pour la Cour de sortir de ces difficultés.
40. L'argumentation italienne relativeà la réductionde la portéede la
sentencede la Cour en raison de l'extensiongéographiquedesprétentions
italiennes ne se rapporte pas à la première partie de la tâche que le
compromisentre Malteet la Libye a confiée à la Cour :la détermination
desprincipes etrèglesdudroitinternationalapplicables enl'espèce. Elle ne

se rattache donc qu'à sasecondepartie (la méthode pratique de mise en
Œuvre de ces principes et règles), et encore à condition que la Cour
l'interprète d'une manière particulièrement concrète, s'apparentant au
tracé d'uneligne. 11faut reconnaître à cet égard que, si la Cour était
pleinement instruite des prétentions et des thèses de l'Italie, elle serait
mieux àmêmededonner auxPartiesdesindications tellesqu'ellespuissent
délimiterleurs zones de plateau continental sans difficulté O,comme
l'envisagel'article1 du compromis, même sides renseignements sur les
revendications formuléespar l'Italie et suffisantspour lasauvegarde de ses
droits lui ont étdonnéspendant la procéduresurla demanded'interven-

tion italienne. Mais la question n'est pas de savoir si la participation de
l'Italie peut êtreutile ou mêmenécessaire à la Cour ; elle est de savoià,
supposer que l'Italie ne participe pasàl'instance, si l'intérêtjuridiqde
l'Italieest en cause ou s'ilest susceptibled'être affepar la décision.Vu
l'absence, dans la procédurede la Cour, de tout systèmed'intervention
obligatoirepar lequel un Etat tierspourrait êtrecitéparla Cour à ester en
tant quepartie, la Courdoitavoirlafaculté, et elleaenfait l'obligation, de
se prononcer aussi complètementque possible dans les circonstances de
chaque espèce,sauf évidemmentdans l'hypothèseoù,commedansl'affaire
de l'Ormonétairepris àRome en 1943,lesintérêtsjuridiquesde l'Etat tiers
<(seraient non seulement touchéspar une décision,mais constitueraient

l'objet mêmede ladite décision 1(C.I.J. Recueil 1954,p. 32), ce qui n'est
pas le cas ici.
41. Il a étésoulignéplus haut que la demande d'intervention italienne
tend inévitablement à créerune situationdans laquellelaCourserait saisie
d'un différendentre l'Italie, d'une part, et la Libye et Malteou chacun de
ces Etats pris séparément,d'autrepart, sans le consentement de ces der-
niers ;l'Italie deviendraitdoncpartieàunou à plusieursdifférendsdont la
Cour n'est pas actuellement saisie. La nature de la présente affaire serait
ainsi transformée.Cesconsidérations,de l'avisdela Cour, constituent des
motifs dene pas fairedroit àla demanded'intervention. Pourtant, la Cour

ne saurait entièrementécarter la question de l'intérêtjuridiquede l'Italie
ainsi que d'autres Etats de la région méditerranéenne,et il convien-
dra d'en tenir compte comme cela a étéfait par exemple dans l'arrêtdu
24 février 1982 en l'affaire du Plateau continental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya
arabe libyenne). La Cour estime qu'il sera possible d'y parvenir tout en to do this, while replying in a sufficientlysubstantial way to the questions
raised in the Special Agreement.
42. In the first place, the rights claimed by Italy would be safeguarded
byArticle 59of the Statute, whichprovides that "The decision of theCourt

has no binding force except between the parties and in respect of that
particular case". Much argument has been addressed,inthecourse of these
proceedings, to the question of the relationship between Article 62 of the
Statute and Article 59. It is clear from the latter provision that the prin-
ciplesand rules ofinternational lawfound by the Court to be applicable to
the delimitation between Libya and Malta, and the indications given by
the Court as to their application in practice, cannot be relied on by the
Parties against any other State. As the Permanent Court of International
Justice observed,

"the object of Article 59is simply to prevent legalprinciplesaccepted
by the Court in a particular case from being binding alsoupon other
States or in other disputes" (P.C.I.J., SeriesA, No. 13, p. 21).

It has been contended by counsel for Italy that
"if Article 59 always provides adequate protection for third States,
and if theprotection which it affords is such as to prevent the interest
of the third State from being genuinely affected in a pending case,

then . ..Article 62no longer has anypoint whatsoever, nor anysphere
of application".
TheCourt however considersthat the conclusion does not follow :a State
which considers that its legal interest may be affected by a decision in a
casehas the choice - asisimplied by thefactthat Article 62provides that a
State "may" submit a request to intervene - whether to intervene, thus

securing a procedural economy of means (asnotedby Italian counsel) ;or
to refrain from intervening, and to rely on Article 59.
43. Furthermore, there can be nodoubt that the Court will,in its future
judgment in thecase, take account,as afact, of the existenceof other States
having claims in the region. As the Permanent Court of International
Justice emphasized in the case of the Legal Status of Eastern Green-
land,

"Another circumstance which must be taken into account by any
tribunal whch has to adjudicate upon a claim to sovereignty over
a particular territory, is the extent to which the sovereignty is
also claimed by some other Power" (P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 53,
p. 461,

and this observation, which is itself unrelated to the possibility of inter-
vention, is no less true when what is in question is the extent of the
respective areas of continental shelf over which different States enjoy
"sovereign rights". The future judgment will not merely be limited in its
effectsby Article 59of the Statute :it willbe expressed, upon its face, to berépondantd'une manière suffisammentsubstantielle aux questions posées
par le compromis.
42. En premier lieu, les droits revendiquéspar l'Italie seraient sauve-
gardéspar l'article59du Statut,quistipule :((La décisionde laCour n'est

obligatoirequepour lesparties en litigeet dans lecasqui aété décidé. )Au
coursde la présenteinstancede nombreuxargumentsont étéconsacrés au
rapport entre l'article 62du Statut et l'article 59. Il résulteclairement de
cettedernièredispositionque les principes et règlesde droit international
que la Cour aura estimésapplicables à la délimitation entre la Libye et
Malte, et les indications qu'elle aura données quant à leur application
pratique, ne pourront pas êtreinvoquéspar les Parties à l'encontre de tout
autre Etat. Comme l'a dit la Cour permanente de Justice internatio-

nale,
le but de l'article 59 est seulement d'éviterque des principesjuri-
diques admis par la Cour dans une affairedéterminéesoient obliga-

toires pour d'autres Etats ou d'autres litiges ))(C.P.J.I. sérieA no13,
p. 21).
Le conseil de l'Italie a soutenu que,

si l'article 59 fournit toujours une protection suffisante aux Etats
tiers et si la protection qu'il donne est telle qu'elle empêcheque
l'intérêd te 1'Etattiers soit réellementen causedans une affaire Pen-
dante, alors ..l'article 62 n'a plus aucune utilité, ni aucun champ

d'application D.
LaCourconsidèrecependantquecette conclusionne s'imposepas : quand
un Etat estimeque, dans un différend,un intérêtd'ordrejuridiqueestpour
lui en cause, il((peut >>s,elonles termes de l'article 62, soit soumettre une

requête à fin d'intervention et réaliser ainsi une économieprocéduralede
moyens(comme l'arelevéleconseil del'Italie), soit s'abstenird'intervenir
et s'en remettre à l'article 59.
43. De plus, il ne fait pas de doute que, dans son arrêtfutur, la Cour
tiendra compte, comme d'un fait, de l'existence d'autres Etats ayant des
prétentions dans la région. Ainsi que la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale l'a soulignédans l'affaire du Statut juridique du Groënland
oriental :

((Une autre circonstance, dont doit tenir compte tout tribunal
ayant à trancher une question de souverainetésur un territoire par-
ticulier, est la mesure dans laquelle la souveraineté est également
revendiquée par une autre Puissance ))(C.P.J.I. sérieA/B no 53,

P. 461,
et cette observation, indépendante en elle-mêmede l'éventualitéd'une
intervention, n'est pas moins vraie lorsque c'est l'étenduedes zones res-

pectives de plateau continental sur lesquelles différentsEtatsjouissent de
<(droits souverains )>qui est en cause. L'arrêtfutur ne sera pas seulement
limité dans ses effets par l'article 59 du Statut ; il sera exprimé sanswithout prejudice to the rights and titles of thrd States. Under a Special
Agreement concerning only the rights of the Parties, "the Court has to
determine which ofthePartieshasproduced themore convincingproof of
title" (MinquiersandEcrehos,I.C.J.Reports1953,p. 52),and not to decide
inthe absolute ;similarlythe Court will,sofar asit mayfind it necessaryto
doso,makeit clearthat itisdecidingonly betweenthecompetingclaimsof

Libyaand Malta. If, asItaly has suggested,the decisionof the Court in the
present case, taken without Italy's participation, had for that reason to be
morelimited in scopebetween theParties themselves,and subject to more
caveats and reservationsin favour of third States, than it might otherwise
have been had Italy been present, it is the interests of Libya and Malta
whichmight besaid tobe affected,not thoseof Italy. It ismaterial torecall
that Libya and Malta, by objecting to the intervention of Italy, have
indicated their own preferences.

44. In its Judgment of 14 April 1981 the Court has already made a
summary of the origin and evolution of Article 62 of the Statute of the
Court (I.C.J. Reports 1981, pp. 13-16,paras. 21-27),beginning with the
work of the AdvisoryCommittee of Jurists of 1920,and the discussionsof
thePermanent Court of International Justicein 1922asto whether there is
or there isnot a need for the intervener to establishajurisdictional link as
between it and the principal parties to the case. Those discussions, the
Court noted, concluded as follows :

"The outcome of the discussion wasthat it wasagreednot to try to
resolve in theRules of Court the various questions which had been
raised,but to leavethem to be decidedas and when they occurred in
practice and in thelight of thecircumstancesofeachparticular case."
(I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 14,para. 23.)

The Court also gavea summary of the earlierjudicial pronouncements on
thesubject,includingthe S.S. "Wimbledon"case,theHayadelaTorrecase,
the Monetaty GoldRemovedfrom Rome in1943caseand ending with Fiji's
application for permission to intervene in the Nuclear Testscases. In the
light of this narrative of events the Courtoesnot consider it necessaryto
reviewthem once again here, and this is so despite the detailed repetition
and elaboration of them by Italy on the onehand, in maintaining that the
conditions stipulated in Article 81,paragraph 2 (c),of the Rules of Court
are merely indicative, and by Libya and Malta on the other that the
intervener should comply with establishing a basis of jurisdiction as a
condition for the submission of the application for permission to inter-
vene.
45. The Court observes that from the 1922 discussions up to and
including the hearings in the present proceedings the arguments on this

point have not advanced beyond the stage they had reached 62years ago.préjudicedes droits et titres d'Etats tiers. Saisiepar un compromisqui ne
porte que sur les droits des Parties,<<a Cour doit rechercher laquelle des
Parties a produit la preuve la plus convaincante d'un titre ))(affaire des
Minquiers et Ecréhous,C.I.J. Recueil1953,p. 52),et non pas statuer dans
l'absolu ; la Cour préciserade même,et pour autant qu'elle l'estimera
nécessaire,qu'elleseprononceuniquementsur lesprétentionsrivalesdela
Libye et de Malte. Si, comme l'Italie l'alaisséentendre, la décisionque
rendrait la Cour dans la présenteespècesans la participation de l'Italie
devait pour cette raison êtred'une portée plus limitéeentre les Parties
elles-mêmes et sujetteàplus derestrictions et de réservesen faveur d'Etats

tiers que ce n'eût étéle cas si l'Italie avait étéprésente, on pourrait dire
que ce sont les intérêtsde la Libyeet de Malte qui seraient (<affectés))et
non ceux de l'Italie. Il convient de rappeler que, en faisant objection à
l'intervention de l'Italie, la Libye et Malte ont indiqué leur propre
préférence.

44. Dans son arrêtdu 14avril 1981la Cour a déjàrésumé l'origine et
l'évolutiondel'article62du Statut delaCour (C.I.J. Recueil1981,p. 13-16,

par. 21-27)encommençantpar lestravauxducomitéconsultatif dejuristes
de 1920, ainsi que le débat de 1922 à la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale sur lepoint de savoir sil'intervenant doit ou non établirun
lienjuridictionnel entreluiet lesparties principales. La Cour a rappeléen
ces termes l'aboutissement de ce débat :

<En conclusionil aété convenu dene pas essayerde résoudredans
le Règlementlesdifférentesquestionsqui avaient été soulevées,mais
de les laisser de côtépour être tranchées àmesure qu'ellesse présen-
teraient dans la pratique, en fonction des circonstances de chaque
espèce. ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1981,p. 14,par. 23.)

LaCourrappelait aussibrièvementlesprononcésjudiciairesantérieurssur
la question,dansl'affaire du VapeurWimbledon,dansl'affaire Haya de la
Torre,dans celle de l'Ormonétairepris àRome en 1943et pour finir lors
de la requêtede Fidji àfin d'intervention dans les affaires des Essais nu-
cléaires.La Cour ne croitpas nécessairederevenir surcettenarration, bien
qu'elleait été repriseen détailet développée par l'Italie d'une part, pour
soutenir que les conditions stipuléespar l'article 81, paragraphe 2 c), du
Règlement n'ont qu'un caractère d'indication, et par la Libye et Malte
d'autre part, pour démontrer que l'intervenant doit établir une base de

compétencecomme condition de la présentation de sa requête.

45. La Cour constate que, depuis 1922, et jusques et y compris les
audiencesen la présenteprocédure,soit en l'espacede soixante-deuxans,
la discussion sur ce point n'a pas progressé.La Cour estimant possible, Sincethe Court findsit possible, as stated above, toreach a decision onthe
present Application without generally resolving the vexed question of the
"valid link of jurisdiction", no more need be said than that the Court is
convinced of the wisdom of the conclusionreached by its predecessorin
1922,that it shouldnot attemptto resolvein the Rules of Court the various
questions whch have been raised, but leave them to be decided as and
when they occur in practice and in the light of the circumstances of each
particular case.

46. Nevertheless, within the limits set by the Court's duty not to go
further than to settle the actual issues requiring decision, the Court has
endeavoured, in thepresent Judgment,as it did in theJudgment of 14April
1981in the proceedings between Tunisia and Libya, to dispel some of the
doubts and uncertainties which surround the exercise of the procedural
faculty of intervention under Article 62 of its Statute. Some indicationsin

this respect were also given in the case concerning the Monetary Gold
Removed from Rome in 1943 (I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 32). Furthemore,
while the Court attaches great importance to the element of the will of
States, expressed in a special agreement or other instrument creative of
jurisdiction, to define the extent of a dispute before the Court, it is worth
recalling that under paragraph 2 of Article 62, "it shall be for the Court to
decide" upon a request for permission to intervene, and the opposition of
the parties toa case is,though veryimportant,no more than one element to
be taken into account by the Court.

47. For these reasons,

by eleven votes to five,
jïnds that theApplication of the Italian Republic, filed inthe Registry of
theCourt on 24October 1983,for permission to intervene under Article 62
of the Statute of the Court, cannot be granted.

IN FAVOUR :PresidentElias ;JudgesLachs, Morozov,NagendraSingh,Ruda,
El-Khani, de Lacharrière,Mbaye, Bedjaoui; Judgesad hoc Jiménezde
Aréchaga andCastaiieda;
AGAINST :Vice-PresidenS tette-Carnara ;JudgesOda,Ago,Schwebeland Sir
Robert Jennings.ainsi qu'elle l'adit plus haut, de seprononcer sur la présenterequête sans
résoudre la question délicate du (<lien de compétence valable O, elle se
bornera à déclarer qu'ellereste convaincue dela sagessede la conclusion à
laquelle sa devancière était parvenue en 1922, àsavoir qu'elle ne doit pas
essayer de résoudredans le Règlementlesdifférentes questionsqui ont été
soulevées,mais les laisser de côté pour les trancherà mesure qu'elles se
présentent dans la pratique et en fonction des circonstances de chaque
espèce.

46. Néanmoins, dans les limites qui résultent de l'obligation qui lui

incombe de se borner à réglerles questions appelant effectivement une
décision,laCour s'estefforcéedans leprésentarrêt,comme ellel'avait fait
dans celuidu 14avril 1981relatif à l'instance entre laTunisie etla Libye, de
dissiperquelques-uns des doutes et incertitudes qui entourent l'exercicede
la facultéprocédurale de l'intervention au titre de l'article 62 du Statut.
Certaines indications ont également été donnéesdans l'affaire de l'Or
monétairepris à Rome en 1943 (C.I.J. Recueil 1954, p. 32). De plus, si
la Cour attache une grande importance à l'élémentde la volonté des
Etats, expriméedans un compromis ou autre instrument établissant la

compétence, pour définir laportée d'un différend soumis à la Cour, il
convient de rappeler qu'en vertu du paragrapheF2 de l'article 62 <<la
Cour décide )>d'une requête à fin d'intervention, et que l'opposition des
parties en cause, quoique trèsimportante, n'est qu'un élémend t'apprécia-
tion parmi d'autres.

47. Par ces motifs,

par onze voix contre cinq,
dit que la requêtede la République italienne, déposéeau Greffe de la

Cour le 24 octobre 1983, àfin d'intervention surla base de l'article 62du
Statut de la Cour, ne peut êtreadmise.
POUR :M. Elias, Président;MM. Lachs, Morozov,Nagendra Singh,Ruda,
El-Khani, deLacharnère,Mbaye, Bedjaoui, juges ; MM.Jiménez de Aré-
chagaet Castafieda, juges ad hoc ;

CONTRE : M. Sette-Camara, Vice-Présiden tMM. Oda,Ago, Schwebelet sir
Robert Jennings, juges. Done in English and French, the English text being authoritative, at the
Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-first day of March, one thousand
nine hundred and eighty-four, infour copies, oneof which willbe placedin
the archives of the Court and the others transrnitted to the Government of
the Socialist People's Libyan ArabJamahiriya, the Government of the

Republic of Malta, and the Government of the Italian Republic, respec-
tively.

(Signed) T. O. ELIAS,
President.

(Signed) Santiago TORRESBERNARDEZ,
Registrar.

Judges Mo~ozov, NAGENDRA SINGHand MBAYEand Judge ad hoc
JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA append separate opinions to the Judgment of the
Court.

Vice-President SETTE-CAMAR and Judges ODA,AGO, SCHWEBEa Lnd
Sir Robert JENNINGS append dissenting opinions to the Judgment of the
Court.

(Initialled) T.O.E.

(Initialled) S.T.B. Fait en anglais et en français,le texte anglais faisant foi, au palais de la
Paix,à La Haye, le vingt et un mars mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-quatre, en

quatre exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives de la Cour et
dont les autres seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la
Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire et socialiste, au Gouvernement de la
République de Malte et au Gouvernement de la Républiqueitalienne.

Le Président,
(Signé)T. O. ELIAS.

Le Greffier,
(Signé)SantiagoTORRESBERNARDEZ.

MM. Mo~ozov, NAGENDRA SINGHet MBAYE j,ges, et M. JIMÉNEDE
ARÉCHAGA j,ge ad hoc, joignentà l'arrêtles exposésde leur opinion
individuelle.

M. SETTE-CAMAR VA,e-Président, MM. ODA,AGO,SCHWEBEL et sir
Robert JENNINGSj,uges, joignent à l'arrêtles exposésde leur opinion
dissidente.

(Paraphé)T.O.E.

(Paraphé)S.T.B.

ICJ document subtitle

Application by Italy for Permission to Intervene

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 21 March 1984

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