Judgment of 20 December 1974

Document Number
059-19741220-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTlCE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

:NUCLEARTESTSCASE

(NEW ZEALAND v. FRANCE)

JUDGMENTOF 20 DECEMBER 1974

C'OURINTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DESESSAISNUCLÉAIRES

(NOUVELLE-ZÉLANDE c.FRANCE) Official citation :
Nuclear Tests(New ZealvFrance),Judgment,
I.C.J.Reports 1974,p.457.

Mode officidecitati:n
Essais nucléasNouvelle-Zélandec.France),arrêt,
C.1J. Recueil 1974,p.457.

~~IWIW~~W 401 1
NO devent:
I 20 DECEMBER 1974

JUDGMENT

NUCLEAR TESTS CASE

(NEWZEALAND vFRANCE)

AFFAIRE DES ESSAISNUCLÉAIRES

(NOUVELLE-ZÉLANDE c. FRANCE) INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1974
1974
20December
GeneralList 20 December 1974
No. 59

NUCLEARTESTSCASE

(NEW ZEALAND v. FRANCE)

Questions of jurisdiction and admissibility-Prexamination required of
qirestion of existence of dispute as essentially preliminary marrer-ofercise
inherentjurisdiction of the Court.
Analysis of claim on the basis of the Application and determination of object
of claim-Sigriificancof sirbmissions and of statements of the Applicant for
definition of the claim-Power of Court to interpretsubmissions-Public
statements made on behaif of Respondent hefore and after oral proceedings.
Unilateral acts creative of legal obligations-Priof good faith.

Resolution of dispute by ur~ilateraldeclaration giving rise to legal obligation
-Applicant's non-exercise of right of discontinuance of proceedings no bar to
independent finding by Court-Disappearancof dispute resulting in claim no

longer having any object-Jurisdictioonly to be exercised when dispute
genuinely exists between the Parties.

JUDGMENT

Present: President LACHS; Judges FORSTER,GROS, BENGZON,PETRÉN,
ONYEAMA,DILLARD, IGNACIO-PINTO, DE CASTRO,MOROZOV,
JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA,Sir Humphrey WALDOCK,NAGENDRA
SINGH,RUDA; Judge ad hoc Sir Garfield BARWICK;Registrar
AQUARONE.

In the Nuclear Tests case,

between

New Zealand,
representedby

Professor R. Q. Quentin-Baxter, of the New Zealand Bar, Professor of
International Law, Victoria University of Wellington,
as Agent and Counsel, assisted by
H.E. Mr. H. V. Roberts, Arnbassador of New Zealand,

as Co-Agent,

and by
Hon. Dr. A. M. Finlay, Q.C., Attorney-General of New Zealand,
Mr. R. C. Savage, Q.C., Solicitor-General of New Zealand,
Professor K. J. Keith, of the New Zealand Bar, Professor of International
Law, Victoria University of Wellington,

Mr. C. D. Beeby, of the New Zealand Bar, Legal Adviser, New Zealand
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mrs. A. B. Quentin-Baxter, of the New Zealand Bar,
as Counsel,

and

the French Republic,

composed as above,

delivers thefollowing Judgment:

1. By a letter of 9 May 1973, received in the Registry of theCourtthe same
day, the Arnbassador of New Zealand to the Netherlands transmitted to the
Registrar an Application instituting proceedings against France, in respect of
a dispute concerning the legality of atmospheric nuclear tests conducted by
the French Governrnent in the South Pacific region. In order to found the
jurisdiction of the Court, the Application relied on Article 36, paragraph 1,
and Article 37 of the Statute of the Court and Article 17 of the General Act
for the Pacific Settlernent of International Disputes done at Geneva on
26 Septernber 1928, and, in the alternative, on Article 36, paragraphs 2 and 5,

of the Statute of theCourt.
2. Pursuant to Article 40,paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Application was
at once comrnunicated to the French Governrnent. In accordance with para-
graph 3 of that Article, al1 other States entitled to appear before the Court
were notified of the Application.
3. Pursuant to Article 31, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, the
Government of New Zealand chose the Right Honourable Sir Garfield
Barwick, Chief Justice of Australia, to sit as judged hoc in the case.
4. By a letter dated 16 May 1973 from the Ambassador of France to the
Netherlands, handed by hirn to the Registrar the same day, the French
Government stated that, for reasons set out in theletter and an Annexthereto,
it considered that the Court was manifestly not competent in the case; that it
could not accept the Court's jurisdiction; and that accordingly the French
Governrnent did not intend to appoint an agent, and requested the Court to
remove the case from its list. Nor has an agent been appointed by the French
Government.

5. On 14 May 1973, the Agent of New Zealand filed in the Registry of the
Court a request for the indication of interim measures of protection under
5 Article 33 of the 1928 General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International
Disputes and Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute and Article 66 of the Rules of
Court. By an Order dated 22 June 1973 the Court indicated, on the basis of
Article 41 of theStatute, certain interim measures of protection in the case.
6. By the same Order of 22 June 1973, the Court, considering that it was
necessary to resolve as soon as possible the questions of the Court's juris-
diction and of the admissibility of the Application, decided that the written
proceedings should first be addressed to the questions of the jurisdiction of the
Court to entertain the dispute and of the admissibility of the Application and
fixed 21 September 1973 as the time-limit for the filing of a Memorial by the
Government of New Zealand and 21 December 1973 as the time-limit for a
Counter-Mernorial by the French Government. The Co-Agent of New Zea-
land having requested an extension to 2 November 1973 of the tirne-limit
fixed for the filing of the Memorial, the time-limits fixed by the Order of 22
June 1973were extended, by an Order dated 6 September 1973,to 2 November
1973 for the Memorial and 22 March 1974 for the Counter-Memorial. The
Memorial of the Government of New Zealand was filed within the extended

time-limit fixed therefor, and was communicated to the French Government.
No Counter-Memorial was filed by the French Government and, the written
proceedings being thus closed, the case was ready for hearing on 23 March
1974, the day following the expiration of the time-limit fixed for theounter-
Memorial of the French Government.
7. On 18 May 1973 the Government of Fiji filed in the Registry of the
Court a request under Article 62 of the Statute to be permitted to intervene
inthese proceedings. By an Order of 12 July 1973 the Court, having regard
to its Order of 22 June 1973 by which the written proceedings were first to be
addressed to the questions of the jurisdiction of the Court and of the ad-
missibility of the Application, decided to defer its consideration of the appli-
cation of the Government of Fiji for permission to intervene until the Court
should have pronounced upon these questions.
8. On 24 July 1973, the Registrar addressed the notification provided for
in Article 63 of the Statute to the States, other than the Parties to the case,
which were still in existence and were listed in the relevant documents of the
League of Nations as parties to the General Act for the Pacific Settlement of
International Disputes, done at Geneva on 26 September 1928, which was

invoked in the Application as a basis of jurisdiction.
9. The Governments of Argentina, Australia, Fiji and Peru requested that
the pleadings and annexed documents should be made available to them in
accordance with Article 48, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court. The Parties
were consulted on each occasion, and the French Government having
maintained the position stated in the letter of 16 May 1973, and thus declined
to express an opinion, the Court or the President decided to accede to these
requests.
10. On 10and 11July 1974, after due notice to the Parties, public hearings
were held, in the course of which the Court heard the oral argument, on the
questions of the Court's jurisdiction and of the admissibility of the Appli-
cation, advanced by Professor R. Q. Quentin-Baxter, Agent of New Zealand,
and Dr. A. M. Finlay and Mr. R. C. Savage, counsel, on behalf of the
Government of New Zealand. The French Government was not represented
at the hearings.
11. In the course of the written proceedings, the following subinissions
were presented on behalf of the Government of New Zealand:

6in the Application:

"New Zealand asks the Court to adjudge and declare:
That the conduct by the French Government of nuclear tests in the
South Pacific region that give rise to radio-active fall-out constitutes a
violation of New Zealand's rights under international law, and that these
rights will be violated by any further such tests."

in the Memorial:
". ..the Government of New Zealand submits to the Court that it is
entitled to a declaration and judgment that-

(a) the Court has jurisdiction to entertain the Application filed by New
Zealand and to deal with the merits of the dispute; and
(b) the Application is admissible".
12. At the close of the oral proceedings, the following written submissions
were filed in the Registry of the Court on behalf of the Government of New
Zealand:

"The Government of New Zealand is entitled to a declaration and
judgment that :
(a) the Court has jurisdiction to entertain the Application filed by New
Zealand and to deal with the merits of the dispute; and
(b) the Application is admissible."

13. No pleadings were filed by the French Government, and it was not
represented at the oral proceedings; no forma1 submissions were therefore
made by that Government. The attitude of the French Government with
regard to the question of the Court's jurisdiction was however defined in the
above-mentioned letter of 16 May 1973 from the French Ambassador to the
Netherlands and the document annexed thereto. The said letter stated in
particular that:

"... the Government of the [French] Republic, as it has notified the
Government of New Zealand, considers that the Court is manifestly not
competent in this case and that it cannot accept its jurisdiction".

14. As indicated above (paragraph 4), the letter from the French
Ambassador of 16 May 1973 also stated that the French Government
"respectfully requests the Court to be so good as to order that the case
be removed from the list". At the opening of the public hearing con-
cerning the request for interim measures of protection, held on 24 May
1973, the President announced that "this request ... has been duly noted,

and the Court will deal with it in due course, in application of Article 36,
paragraph 6, of the Statute of the Court". In its Order of 22 June 1973,
the Court stated that the considerations therein set out did not "permit
the Court to accede at the present stage of the proceedings" to thatrequest. Having now had the opportunity of examining the request in the
light of the subsequent proceedings, the Court finds that the present case
is not one in which the procedure of summary removal from the list would
be appropriate.

15. It is to be regretted that the French Government has failed to

appear in order to put forward its arguments on the issues arising in the
present phase of the proceedings, and the Court has thus not had the
assistance it might have derived from such arguments or from any evi-
dence adduced in support of them. The Court nevertheless has to proceed
and reach a conclusion, and in doing so must have regard not only to the
evidence brought before it and the arguments addressed to it by the
Applicant, but also to any documentary or other evidence which may be

relevant. It must on this basis satisfy itself, first that there exists no bar to
the exercise of its judicial function, and secondly, if no such bar exists,
that the Application is well founded in fact and in law.

16. The present case relates to a dispute between the Government of
New Zealand and tht: French Government concerning the legality of

atmospheric nuclear tests conducted by the latter Government in the
South Pacific region. Since in the present phase of the proceedings the
Court has to deal only with preliminary matters, it is appropriate to
recall that itsapproach to a phase of this kind must be, as it was expressed
in the FisheriesJurisdiction cases, as follows:

"The issue being thus limited, the Court will avoid not only al1
expressions of opinion on matters of substance, but also any pro-
nouncement which might prejudge or appear to prejudge any even-

tual decision on the merits." (I.C.J. Report1973, pp. 7 and 54.)

It will however be necessary to give a summary of the principal facts

underlying the case.
17. Prior to the filing of the Application instituting proceedings in this
case, the French Government had carried out atmospheric tests of
nuclear devices at its Centre d'expérimentations du Pacifique in the
territory of French Polynesia, in the years 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1971
and 1972. The main firing site used has been Mururoa atoll, some 2,500

nautical miles from the nearest point of the North Island of New Zealand
and approximately 1,050 nautical miles from the nearest point of theCook Islands, a self-governing State linked in free association with
New Zealand. The French Government has created "Prohibited Zones"

for aircraft and "Dangerous Zones" for aircraft and shipping, in order
to exclude aircraft and shipping from the area of the tests centre; these
"zones" have been put into effect during the period of testing in each
year in which tests have been carried out.
18. As the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of
Atomic Radiation has recorded in its successive reports to the General
Assembly, the testing of nuclear devices in the atmosphere has entailed
the release into the atmosphere and the consequent dissipation, in varying
degrees throughout the world, of measurable quantities of radio-active
matter. It is asserted by New Zealand that the French atmospheric tests
have caused some fall-out of this kind to be deposited, inter alia,on
New Zealand territory; France has maintained, in particular, that the
radio-active matter produced by its tests has been so infinitesimal that it
may be regarded as negligible and that any fall-out on New Zealand
territory has never involved anydanger to the health of the population of
New Zealand. These disputed points are clearly matters going to the
merits of the case, and the Court must therefore refrain, for the reasons

given above, from expressing any view on them.

19. Byletters of 21 September 1973and 1November 1974,the Govern-
ment of New Zealand informed the Court that subsequent to the Court's
Order of 22 June 1973indicating, as interim measures under Article 41 of
the Statute, (inter aliathat the French Government should avoid nuclear
testscausing the deposit of radio-active fall-out on New Zealand territory,
two further series of atmospheric tests, in the months of July and August
1973 and June to September 1974,had been carried out at the Centre
d'expérimentations du Pacifique. The letters also stated that fall-out had
been recorded on New Zealand territory, analysis of samples of which,
according to the New Zealand Government, established conclusively the
presence of fall-out from these tests, and that it was "the view of the
New Zealand Government that there has been a clear breach by the

French Government of the Court's Order of 22 June 1973".

20. Recently a number of authoritative statements have been made on
behalf of the French Government concerning its intentions as to future
nuclear testing in the South Pacificregion. The significanceof these state-
ments, and their effect for the purposes of the present proceedings, will be
examined in detail later in the present Judgment. 21. The Application foundsthe jurisdiction of the Court on the follow-
ing basis :

"(a) Articles 36 (1)and 37 of the Statute of the Court and Article 17
of the General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International
Disputes, done at Geneva on 26 September 1928; and, in the
alternative,
(6) Article 36 (2) and (5) of the Statute of the Court."

22. The scope of the present phase of the proceedings was defined by
the Court's Order of 22 June 1973, by which the Parties were called upon
to argue, in the first instance, questions of the jurisdiction of the Court

and the admissibility of the Application. For this reason, as already
indicated, not only the Parties but also the Court itself must refrain from
entering into the merits of the claim. However, while examining these
questions of a preliminary character, the Court is entitled, and in some
circumstances may be required, to go into other questions which may not
be strictly capable of classification as matters of jurisdiction or admissibi-

lity but are of such a nature as to require examination in priority to those
matters.
23. In this connection, it should be emphasized that the Court possesses
an inherent jurisdiction enabling it to takesuch action as may be required,
on the one hand to ensure that the exercise of its jurisdiction over the
merits, if and when established, shall not be frustrated, and on the other,
to provide for the orderly settlement of al1matters in dispute, to ensure

the observance of the "inherent limitations on the exercise of the judicial
function" of theCourt, and to "maintain itsjudicial character" (Northern
Cameroons, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, at p. 29). Such inherent juris-
diction, on the basis of which the Court is fully empowered to make
whatever findings may be necessary for the purposes just indicated,
derives fromthe mere existence of the Court as ajudicial organ established

by the consent of States, and is conferred upon it in order that its basic
judicial functions may be safeguarded.
24. With these considerations in mind, the Court has therefore first
to examine a question which it finds to be essentially preliminary, namely
the existence of a dispute, for, whether or not the Court has jurisdiction
in the present case, the resolution of that question could exert a decisive

influence on the continuation of the proceedings. It will therefore be
necessary to make a detailed analysis of the claim submitted to the Court
by the Application of New Zealand. The present phase of the proceedings
having been devoted solely to preliminary questions, the Applicant has
not had the opportunity of fully expounding its contentions on the
merits. However the Application, which is required by Article 40 of the
Statute of the Court to indicate "the subject of the dispute", must be the

point of reference for the consideration by the Court of the nature and
existence of the dispute brought before it.
25. The Court would recall that the submission made in the Applica-
tion (paragraph 11 above) is that the Court should adjudge and declare"that theconduct bythe FrenchGovernment of nuclear tests in the South
Pacificregion that give rise to radio-active fall-out constitutes a violation
of New Zealand's rights under international 1aw"-the alleged rights so
violated being enumerated in the Application-and "that these rights will
be violated by any further such tests".
26. The diplomatic correspondence between New Zealand and France
over the past ten years reveals New Zealand's preoccupation with French
nuclear tests in the atmosphere in the South Pacificregion, and indicates
that its objective was to bring about their termination. Thus in a letter
from the Prime Minister of New Zealand to the French Ambassador in
Wellington dated 19 December 1972, the Prime Minister said:

"My Government is committed to working through al1 possible
means to bring the tests to an end, and we shall not hesitate to use
the channels available to us in concert as appropriate with like-
minded countries. It is my hope, however, Mr. Ambassador, that
you will convey to your Government while in Paris my earnest
desire to see this one element of serious contention removed from
what is in other respects an excellent relationship between our
countries. For my part, 1 see no other way than a halt to further
testing."

Furthermore in the Application of New Zealand, it is stated, in connec-
tion with discussions held in April 1973 between the two Governments
that :

"Unfortunately, however, they [the discussions] did not lead to
agreement. In particular, the French Government did not feel able
to give the Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand the assurance
which he sought, namely that the French programme of atmospheric
nuclear testing in the South Pacific had come to an end."
And in a letter to the President of the French Republic by the Prime

Minister of New Zealand dated 4 May 1973,following those discussions,
the Prime Minister said:
"Since France has not agreed to Ourrequest that nuclear weapons
testing in the atmosphere of the South Pacific be brought to an end,
and since the French Government does not accept New Zealand's
view that these tests are unlawful, the New Zealand Government
seesno alternative to itsproceeding with the submission of itsdispute
with France to the International Court of Justice.
1stress again that we see this as the one question at issue between

us, and that our efforts are solely directed at removing it from
contention."
27. Further light is thrown on the nature of the New Zealand claim
by the reaction of New Zealand, both through its successive Prime
Ministers and through its representatives before the Court, to the state-ments, referred to in paragraph 20 above, made on behalf of France and

relating to nuclear tests in the South Pacificegion. In the course of the
oral proceedings, the Attorney-General of New Zealand outlined the
history of the dispute, and included in this review mention of diplomatic
correspondence exchanged between IO June and 1 July 1974 by France
and New Zealand, which was communicated to the Court on 3 July by
the Applicant, and of a communiqué issued by the Officeof the President

of the French Republic on 8 June 1974. The Attorney-General's com-
ments on these documents, which are thus part of the record in the case,
indicated that they merited analysis as possible evidence of a certain
development in the controversy between the Parties, though at the same
time he made it clear that this development was not, in his Government's
view, of such a nature as to resolve the dispute to its satisfaction. More
particularly, when referring to a Note of 10June 1974 from the French

Embassy in Wellington to the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs
(quoted in paragraph 36 below) he stated: "New Zealand has not been
given anything in the nature of an unqualified assurance that 1974 will
see the end of atmospheric nuclear testing in the South Pacific". The At-
torney-General continued :

"On 11June the Prime Minister of New Zealand, Mr. Kirk, asked
the French Ambassador in Wellington to convey a letter to the

President of France. Copies of that letter have been filed with the
Registry. It urged among other things that the President should, even
at that time, weigh the implications of any further atmospheric
testing in the Pacific and resolve to put an end to an activity which
has been the source of grave anxiety to the people of the Pacificregion
for more than a decade." (Hearing of 10 July 1974.)

It is clear from these statements, read in the light of the diplomatic
correspondence referred to above, that if the Note of 10 June 1974
could have been construed by New Zealand as conveying "an unqualified
assurance that 1974 [would] see the end of atmospheric nuclear testing"
by France "in the South Pacific", or if the President of the Republic,
following the letter of11 June 1974, did "resolve to put an end to [that]

activity", the applicantGovernment would have regarded itr objective as
having been achieved.
28. Subsequently, on 1 November 1974, the Prime Minister of New
Zealand, Mr. W. E. Rowling, commented in a public statement on the
indications given by France of its intention to put an end to atmospheric
tests in the Pacific, andaid:

"It should . ..be clearly understood that nothing said by the
FrenchGovernment, whether to New Zealand or to the international
community at large, has amounted to an assurance that there will be no further atmospheric nuclear tests in the South Pacific. The
option of further atmospheric tests has been left open. Until wehave
an assurancethat nuclear testitzgof this kind isfinislzedfor good, the

dispute betweenNew Zealand and France persists ..." (Emphasis
added.)

Without commenting for the moment on the Prime Minister's inter-
pretation of the French statements, the Court would observe that the
passage italicized above clearly implies that an assurance that atmospheric

testing is "finished for good" would, in the view of New Zealand, bring
the dispute to an end.
29. The type of tests to which the proceedings relateis described in the
Application as "nuclear tests in the South Pacific region that gave rise to
radio-active fall-out", the type of testing contemplated not being specified.
However, New Zealand's case has been argued mainly in relation to
atmospheric tests; and the statements quoted in paragraphs 26, 27 and 28
above, particularly those of successive Prime Ministers of New Zealand,

of 11 June and 1November 1974, show that an assurance "that nuclear
testing of this kind", that is to say, testing in the atmosphere, "is finished
for good" would meet the object of the New Zealand claim. The Court
thereforeconsiders that,for purposes of the Application, the New Zealand
claim is to be interpreted as applying only to atmospheric tests, not to any
other form of testing, and as applying only to atmospheric tests so con-
ducted as to give rise to radio-active fall-out on New Zealand territory.

30. In the light of the above statements, it isessential to consider whether
the Government of New Zealand requests a judgment by the Court which
would only state the legal relationship between the Applicant and the
Respondent with regard to the matters in issue, or a judgment of a type
which in terms requires one or both of the Parties to take, or refrain from

taking, some action. Thus it is the Court's duty to isolate the real issue in
the case and to identify the object of the claim. It has never been contested
that the Court is entitled to interpret the submissions of the parties, and
in fact is bound to do so; this is one of the attributes of its judicial func-
tions. It is true that, when the claim is not properly forrnulated because the
subrnissions of the parties are inadequate, the Court has no power to
"substitute itself for them and forrnulate new subrnissions simply on the
basis of arguments and facts advanced" (P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 7, p. 33,
but that is not the case here, nor is it a case of the reforrnulation of sub-

missions by the Court. The Court has on the other hand repeatedly
exercised the power to exclude, when necessary, certain contentions or
arguments which were advanced by a party as part of the subrnissions,
but which were regarded by the Court, not as indications of what the
party was asking the Court to decide, but as reasons advanced why theCourt should decide in the sense contended for by that Party. Thus in
the Fisheries case, the Court said of nine of the thirteen points in the

Applicant's submissions: "These are elements which might furnish
reasons in support of the Judgment, but cannot constitute the decision"
(I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 126).Similarly in the Minquiers and Ecrehoscase,
the Court observed that:

"The Submissionsreproduced above and presented by the United
Kingdom Government consist of three paragraphs, the last two
being reasons underlying the first which must be regarded as the
final Submission of that Government. The Submissions of the
French Government consist of ten paragraphs, the first nine being
reasons leading up to the last, which must be regarded as the final

Submissionofthat Government." (I.C.J. Reports 1953,p.52; see also
Nottebohm, Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1955, p. 16.)

31. In the circumstances of the present case, as already mentioned,
the Court must ascertain the true subject of the dispute, the object and
purpose of the claim (cf. Interhandel, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1959,p. 19;

Right of Passage oiler Indian Terrifory, Merits, Judgment, I.C,J. Reports
1960, pp. 33-34). In doing so it must take into account not only the
submission, but the Application as a whole, the arguments of the Appli-
cant before the Court, and other documents referred to above. If these
clearly define the object of the claim, the interpretation of the submission
must necessarily be affected. The Court is asked to adjudge and declare

that French atmospheric nuclear tests are illegal, but at the same time it
is requested to adjudge and declare that the rights of New Zea!and "will
be violated by any further such tests". The Application thus contains a
submission requesting a definition of the rights and obligations of the
Parties. However, it is clear thatthe,fons et origo of the dispute was the
atmospheric nuclear tests conducted by France in the South Pacific
region, and that the original and ultimate objective of the Applicant was

and has remained to obtain a termination of those tests. This is indeed
confirmed by the various statements made by the New Zealand Govern-
ment, and in particular by the statement made before the Court in the
oral proceedings, on 10July 1974,when, after referring to New Zealand's
submission, the Attorney-General stated that "My Government seeks
a halt to a hazardous and unlawful activity". Thus the dispute brought

before the Court cannot be separated from the situation in which it has
arisen, and from further developments which may have affected it.

32. As already mentioned, the Applicant itself impliedly recognized
the possible relevance of events subsequent to the Application, by drawing
the Court's attention to the communiqué of 8 June 1974and subsequentdiplomatic correspondence, and making observations thereon. In these
circumstances, the Court is bound to take note of further developments,
both prior to and subsequent to the close of the oral proceedings. In view
of the non-appearance of the Respondent, it is especiallyincumbent upon

the Court to satisfy itself thatit in possession of al1the available facts.

33. At the hearing of 10July 1974the Court was presented by counsel
for New Zealand with an interpretation of certain expressions of inten-
tion communicated to the New Zealand Government by the French
Government and the French President. In particular he referred to a
communiqué of 8 June 1974 (paragraph 35 below) and a diplomatic
Note of 10June 1974(paragraph 36 below), and after quoting from that
Note, he said:

"1 emphasize two points: first, the most France is offering is that
in her own time she will cease to disregard an existing Order of the
Court; and second, even that offer is qualified by the phrase 'in the
normal course of events'. New Zealand has not been given anything
in the nature of an unqualified assurance that 1974 will see the end
of atmospheric nuclear testing in the South Pacific."

Since that time, certain French authorities have made a number of

consistent public statements concerning future tests which provide
material facilitating the Court's task of assessing the ~3~licant's inter-
pretation of the earlier documents, and which indeed require to be
examined in order to discern whether they embody any modification of
intention as to France's future conduct. It is true that these statements
have not been made before the Court, but they are in the public domain,
are known to the New Zealand Government, and were commented on
by its Prime Minister in his statement of 1November 1974. It will clearly
be necessary to consider al1 these statements, both those drawn to-the
Court's attention in July 1974and those subsequently made.

34. It would no doubt have been possible for the Court, had it consi-
dered that the interests ofjustice so required, to have afforded the Parties
the opportunity, e.g., by reopening the oral proceedings, of addressing to
the Court comments on the statements made since the close of those
proceedings. Such a course however would have been fullyjustified only
if the matter dealt with in those statements had been completely new,
had not been raised during the proceedings, or was unknown to the

Parties. This is manifestly not the case. The essential material which the
Court must examine wasintroduced into the proceedings bytheApplicant
itself, by nomeans incidentally, during the course of the hearings, when
it drewthe Court's attention to statements by the French authorities made
prior to that date, submitted the documents containing them and presen-
ted an interpretation of their character, touching particularly upon thequestion whether they contained a firm assurance. Thus both the state-
ments and the New Zealand interpretation of them are before the Court
pursuant to action by the Applicant. Moreover, the Applicant subse-
quently publicly expressed its comments (see paragraph 28 above) on
statements made bv the French authorities since the closure of the oral
proceedings. TheCourt istherefore inpossession not onlyofthe statements
made by French authorities concerning the cessation of atmospheric
nuclear testing, but also of the views of the Applicant onthem. Although
as a judicial body the Court is conscious of the importance of the prin-
cipleexpressedinthe maxim audialteram partem, it does not consider that
this principle precludes the Court fromtaking account of statements made
subsequently to the oral proceedings, and which merely supplement and
reinforce matters already discussed in the course of the proceedings,
statements with whichthe Applicant must befamiliar. Thus theApplicant,
having commented on the statements of the French authorities, both that
made prior to the oral proceedings and those made subsequently, could

reasonably expect that the Court would deal with the matter and come
to its own conclusion on the meaning and effect of those statements.
The Court, having taken note of the Applicant's comments, and feeling
no obligation to consult the Parties on the basis for its decision, finds that
the reopening of the oral proceedings would serve no useful purpose.
35. It will be convenient to take the statements referred to above in
chronological order. The first statement is contained in the communiqué
issued by the Office of the President of the French Republic on 8 June
1974, shortly before the commencement of the 1974 series of French
nuclear tests:

"The Decree reintroducing the security measures in the South
Pacific nuclear test zone has been published in the Official.Journal
of 8 June 1974.
The Officeof the President of the Republic takes this opportunity
of stating that in viewof the stage reached in carrying out the French
nuclear defence programme France will be in a position to pass on
to the stage of underground explosions as soon as the series of tests
planned for this summer is completed."

36. The second is contained in a Note of 10June 1974from the French
Embassy in Wellington to the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs:

"It should ... be pointed out that the decision taken by the Office
of the President of the French Republic to have the opening of the
nuclear test series preceded by a press communiqué represents a
departure from the practice of previous years. This procedure has
been chosen in view of the fact that a new element has intervened in
the development of the programme for perfecting the French
deterrent force. This new element is as follows: France, at the point
which has been reached in the execution of its programme of defence by nuclear means, will be in a position to move to the stage of under-
ground firings as soon as the test series planned for this summer is

completed.
Thus the atmospheric tests which will be carried out shortly will,
in the normal course of events, be the last of this type.
The French authorities express the hope that the New Zealand
Government willfind this information of some interest and will wish
to take it into consideration."
37. As indicated by counsel for the Applicant at the hearing of 10July
1974, the reaction of the New Zealand Prime Minister to this second
statement was expressed in a letter to the President of the French Repub-
licdated 11June 1974,from which the following are two extracts:

". ..Ihavenoted that the terms oftheannouncement do not represent
an unqualified renunciation of atmospheric testing for the future."

"1 would hope that even at this stage you would be prepared to
weigh the implications of any further atmospheric testing in the
Pacific and resolve to put an end to this activityRichhas been the
source of grave anxiety to the people in the Pacificregion for more
than a decade."

Thus the phrase "in the normal course of events" was regarded by New
Zealand as qualifying the statement made, so that it did not meet the
expectations of the Applicant, which evidently regarded those words as a
form of escape clause. This is clear from the observations of counsel for
New Zealand at the hearing of 10July 1974.In a Note of 17June 1974,
the New Zealand Embassy in Paris stated that it had good reason to
believethat France had carried out an atmospheric nuclear test on 16June
and made this further comment:

"The announcement that France will proceed to underground
tests in 1975, while presenting a new development, does not affect
New Zealand's fundamental opposition to al1 nuclear testing, nor
does it in any way reduce New Zealand's opposition to the atmos-
pheric tests set down for this year: the more so since the French
Government is unable to give firm assurances that no atmospheric
testing will be undertaken after 1974."

38. The third French statement is contained in a reply made on 1July
1974by the President of the Republic to the New Zealand Prime Minis-
ter's letter of 11June:
"In present circumstances, it is at least gratifying for me to note
the positive reaction in your letter to the announcement in the
communiqué of 8 June 1974that we are going over to underground471 NUCLEAR TESTS(JUDGMENT)

tests. There is in this a new element whose importance will not, 1

trust, escape the New Zealand Government."
39. These three statements were al1 drawn to the notice of the Court
by the Applicant at the time of the oral proceedings. As already indicated,
the Court will also have to consider the relevant statements subsequently

made by the French authorities: on 25 July 1974 by the President of the
Republic; on 16August 1974by the Minister of Defence; on 25 Septem-
ber 1974 by the Minister for Foreign Affairs in the United Nations
General Assembly; and on 11 October 1974 by the Minister of Defence.

40. The next statement to be considered, therefore, will be that made
on 25 July at a press conference given by the President of the Republic,
when he said:

". ..on this question of nuclear tests, you know that the Prime
Minister had publicly expressed himself in the National Assembly
in his speech introducing the Government's programme. He had

indicated that French nuclear testing would continue. 1 had myself
made it clear that this round of atmospheric tests would be the last,
and so the members of the Government were comp!etely informed
of our intentions in this respe.t.."

41. On 16 August 1974, in the course of an interview on French
television, the Minister of Defence said that the French Government had
done its best to ensure that the 1974 nuclear tests would be the last
atmospheric tests.
42. On 25 September 1974, the French Minister for Foreign Affairs,
addressing the United Nations General Assembly, said:

"We have now reached a stage in our nuclear technology that
makes it possible for us to continue our programme by underground
testing, and we have taken steps to do so as early as next year."

43. On 11 October 1974, the Minister of Defence held a press con-
ference during which he stated twice, in almost identical terms, that
there would not be any atmospheric tests in 1975 and that France was
ready to proceed to underground tests. When the comment was made

that he had not added "in the normal course of events", he agreed that
he had not. This latter point is relevant in view of the Note of 10 June
1974from the French Embassy in Wellington to the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of New Zealand (paragraph 36 above), to the effect that the atmos-
pheric tests contemplated "will, in the normal course of events, be the
last of this type". The Minister also mentioned that, whether or not
other governments had been officially advised of the decision, they could
become aware of it through the press and by reading the communiqués

issued by the Office of the President of the Republic. 44. In view of the foregoing, the Court finds that the communiqué
issued on 8June 1974(paragraph 35above), the French Embassy'sNote of
10June 1974(paragraph 36 above) and the President'sletter of IJuly 1974
(paragraph 38)conveyed to New Zealand the announcement that France,
following the conclusion of the 1974 series of tests, would cease the
conduct of atmospheric nuclear tests. Special attention is drawn to the
hope expressed in the Note of 10 June 1974 "that the New Zealand
Government will find this information of some interest and will wish
to take it into consideration", and the reference in that Note and in the
letter of 1July 1974to "a new element" whose importance is urged upon
the New Zealand Government. The Court must consider in particular
the President's statement of 25 July 1974(paragraph 40 above) followed
by the Defence Minister's statement of 11 October 1974(paragraph 43).
These reveal that the officia1statements made on behalf of France con-
cerning future nuclear testing are not subject to whatever proviso, if any,

was implied by the expression "in the normal course of events [normale-
ment]".

45. Before considering whether the declarations made by the French
authorities meet the object of the claim by the Applicant that no further
atmospheric nuclear tests should be carried out in the South Pacific, it is
first necessary to determine the status and scope on the international
plane of these declarations.
46. Itis well recognized that declarations made by way of unilateral
acts, concerning legal or factual situations, may have the effectof creating
legal obligations. Declarations of this kind may be, and often are, very
specific.When it is the intention of the Statemaking the declaration that
it should become bound according to its terms, that intention confers on

the declaration the character of a legal undertaking, the State being
thenceforth legally required to follow a course of conduct consistent with
the declaration. An undertaking of this kind, if given publicly, and with
an intent to be bound, even though not made within the context of inter-
national negotiations, is binding. In these circumstances, nothing in
the nature of a quid pro quo, nor any subsequent acceptance of the
declaration, nor even any reply or reaction from other States, is required
for the declaration to take effect, since such a requirement would be
inconsistent with the strictly unilateral nature of thejuridical act by which
the pronouncement by the State was made.
47. Of course, not al1 unilateral acts imply obligation; but a State
may choose to take up a certain position in relation to a particular matter
with the intention of being bound-the intention is to be ascertained byinterpretation of the act. When States make statements by which their
freedom of action is to be limited, a restrictive interpretation is called
for.
48. With regard to the question of form, it should be observed that
this is not a domain in which international law imposes any special or
strict requirements. Whether a statement is made orally or in writing
makes no essential difference, for such statements made in particular

circumstances may create commitments in international law, which
does not require that they should be couched in written form. Thus the
question of form is not decisive. As the Court said in its Judgment on the
preliminary objections in the case concerning the Temple of Prealz Vihear:

"Where ... as is generally the case in international law, which
places the principal emphasis on the intention of the parties, the law

prescribes no particular form, parties are free to choose what form
they please provided their intention clearly results from it." (I.C.J.
Reports 1961, p. 31.)

The Court further stated in the same case: ". ..the sole relevant question
is whether the language employed in any given declaration does reveal a
clear intention ..." (ibid., p. 32).

49. One of the basic principles governing the creation and performance
of legal obligations, whatever their source, is the principle of good faith.
Trust and confidence are inherent in international CO-operation, in parti-
cular in an age when this CO-operation in many fields is becoming
increasingly essential. Just as the very rule of pacta sunt servanda in the
law of treaties is based on good faith, so also is the binding character of an
international obligation assumed by unilateral declaration. Thus inter-

ested States may take cognizance of unilateral declarations and place
confidence in them, and are entitled to require that the obligation thus
created be respected.

50. Having examined the legal principles involved, the Court will now
turn to the particular statements made by the French Government.
The Government of New Zealand has made known to the Court its own
interpretation of some of these statements at the oral proceedings (para-
graph 27 above). As to subsequent statements, reference may be made to
what was said by the Prime Minister of New Zealand on 1November 1974
(paragraph 28 above). lt will be observed that New Zealand has recog-

nized the possibility of the dispute being resolved by a unilateral declara-
tion, of the kind specified above, on the part of France. In the public
statement of 1 November 1974, it is stated that "Until we have an assur-
ance that nuclear testing of this kind is finished for good, the dispute
between New Zealand and France persists". This is based on the viewthat "the option of further atmospheric tests has been left open". The

Court must however form its own view of the meaning and scopeintended
by the author of a unilateral declaration which may create a legal obli-
gation, and cannot in this respect be bound by the view expressed by
another State which is in no way a party to the text.

51. Of the statements by the French Government now before the

Court, the most essential are clearly those made by the President of the
Republic. There can be no doubt, in view of his functions, that his public
communications or statements, oral or written, as Head of State, are in
international relations acts of the French State. His statements, and those
of members of the French Government acting under his authority, up to
the last statement made by the Minister of Defence (of 11October 1974),

constitute a whole. Thus, in whatever form these statements were expres-
sed, they must be held to constitute an engagement of the State, having
regard to their intention and to the circumstances in which they were
made.

52. The unilateral statements of the French authorities were made
outside the Court, publicly and erga omnes, even if some of them were

communicated to the Government of New Zealand. As was observed
above, to have legal effect, there was no need for these statements to be
addressed to a particular State, nor was acceptance by any other State
required. The general nature and characteristics of these statements are
decisive for the evaluation of the legal implications, and it is to the inter-
pretation of the statements that the Court must now proceed. The Court

is entitled to presume, at the outset, that these statements were not made
in vacuo,but in relation to the tests which constitute the very object of the
present proceedings, although France has not appeared in the case.

53. In announcing that the 1974 series of atmospheric tests would
be the last, the French Government conveyed to the world at large,

including the Applicant, its intention effectively to terminate these tests.
It was bound to assume that other States might take note of these state-
ments and rely on their being effective. The validity of these statements
and their legal consequences must be considered within the general
framework of the security of international intercourse, andthe confidence
and trust which are so essential in the relations among States. It is from
the actual substance of these statements and from the circumstances

attending their making, that the legal implications of the unilateral act
must be deduced. The objects of these statements are clear and they were
addressed to the international community as a whole, and the Court
holds that they constitute an undertaking possessing legal effect. The
Court considers that the President of the Republic, in deciding upon the
effective cessation of atmospheric tests, gave an undertaking to the inter-

national community to which his words were addressed. It is true that the
French Government has consistently maintained that its nuclear experi-

2 1ments do not contravene any subsisting provision of international law,
nor did France recognize that it was bound by any rule of international
law to terminate its tests, but this does not affect the legal consequences of
the statements examined above. TheCourt finds that the unilateral under-
taking resulting from these statements cannot be interpreted as having
been made in implicit reliance on an arbitrary power of reconsideration.
The Court finds further that the French Government has undertaken an

obligation the precise nature and limits of which must be understood in
accordance with the actual terms in which they have been publicly ex-
pressed.
54. The Court will now confront the commitment entered into by
France with the claim advanced by the Applicant. Though the latter
has formally requested from the Court a finding on the rights and obliga-

tions of the Parties, it has throughout the dispute maintained as its final
objective the termination of the tests. It has sought from France an
assurance that the French programme of atmospheric nuclear testing
would come to an end. While expressing its opposition to the 1974tests,
the Government of New Zealand made specific reference to an assurance
that "1974 will see the end of atmospheric nuclear testing in the South

Pacific" (paragraph 33 above). On more than one occasion it has indicated
that it would be ready to accept such an assurance. Since the Court now
finds that a commitment in this respect has been entered into by France,
there is no occasion for a pronouncement'in respect of rights and obli-
gations of the Parties concerning the past-which in other circumstances
the Court would be entitled and even obliged to make-whatever the
date by reference to which such pronouncement might be made.

55. Thus the Court faces a situation in which the objective of the
Applicant has in effect been accomplished, inasmuch as the Court finds
that France has undertaken the obligation to hold no further nuclear
tests in the atmosphere in the South Pacific.
56. This conclusion is not affected by a reference made by the New

Zealand Government, in successive diplomatic Notes to the French
Government from 1966 to 1974, to a formal reservation of "the right to
hold the French Government responsible for any damage or losses
received by New Zealand ... as a result of any nuclear weapons tests
conducted by France"; for no mention of any request for damages is
made in the Application, and at the public hearing of 10 July 1974 the

Attorney-General of New Zealand specifically stated: "My Government
seeks a halt to a hazardous and unlawful activity, and not compensation
for its continuance." The Court therefore finds that no question of
damages in respect of tests already conducted arises in the present case.

57. It must be assumed that had New Zealand received an assurance,
on one of the occasions when this was requested, which, in its inter-

pretation, would have been satisfactory, it would have considered the
dispute as concluded and would have discontinued the proceedings in

22accordance with the Rules of Court. If it has not done so, this does not
prevent the Court from making its own independent finding on the sub-
ject. It is true that "the Court cannot take into account declarations,
admissions or proposals which the Parties may have made during direct
negotiations between themselves, when such negotiations have not led to a

complete agreement" (Factory ut Clzorzbw (Meriis),P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 17, p. 51). However, in the present case, that is not the situation
before the Court. The Applicant has clearly indicated what would satisfy
its claim, and the Respondent has independently taken action; the ques-
tion for the Court is thus one of interpretation of the conduct of each of
the Parties. The conclusion at which the Court has arrived as a result

ofsuch interpretation does not mean that it is itself effecting a compromise
of the claim; the Court is merely ascertainingthe object of the claim and
the effect of the Respondent's action, and this it is obliged to do. Any
suggestion that the dispute would not be capable of being terminated by
statements made on behalf of France would run counter to the unequivo-

cally expressed views of the Applicant both before the Court and else-
where.
58. The Court, as a court of law, is called upon to resolve existing
disputes between States. Thus the existence of a dispute is the primary
condition for the Court to exercise itsjudicial function; it is not sufficient
for one party to assert that there is a dispute, since "whether there exists

an international dispute is a matter for objective determination" by the
Court (Interpretation of' Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and
Romania (First Phase), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74).
The dispute brought before it must therefore continue to exist at the
time when the Court makes its decision. It must not fail to take cogni-
zance of a situation in which the dispute has disappeared because the final

objective which the Applicant has maintained throughout has been
achieved by other means. If the declarations of France concerning the
effective cessation of the nuclear tests have the significance described
by the Court, that is to Sayif they have caused the dispute to disappear, al1
the necessary consequences must be drawn from this finding.
59. It may be argued that although France may have undertaken

such an obligation, by a unilateral declaration, not to carry out atmos-
pheric nuclear tests in the South Pacific region, a judgment of the Court
on this subject might still be of value because, if the Judgment upheld
the Applicant's contentions, it would reinforce the position of the Appli-
cant by affirming the obligation of the Respondent. However, the Court
having found that the Respondent has assumed an obligation as to

conduct, concerning the effective cessation of nuclear tests, no further
judicial action is required. The Applicant has repeatedly sought from the
Respondent an assurance that the tests would cease, and the Respondent
has, on its own initiative, made a series of statements to the effectthat they
will cease. Thus the Court concludes that, the dispute having disappeared,
the claim advanced by New Zealand no longer has any object. It follows

that any further finding would have no raison d'être. 60. This is not to Say that the Court may select from the cases sub-
mitted to it those it feels suitable for judgment while refusing to give

judgment in others. Article 38 of the Court's Statute provides that its
function is "to decide in accordance with international law such disputes
as are submitted to it"; but not only Article 38 itself but other provisions
of the Statute and Rules also make it clear that the Court can exercise
itsjurisdiction in contentious proceedings only when a dispute genuinely
existsbetween the parties. ln refraining from further action in this case the
Court is therefore merely acting in accordance with the proper inter-

pretation of itsjudicial function.
61. The Court has in the past indicated considerations which would
lead it to decline to give judgment. The present case is one in which
"circumstances that have ... arisen render any adjudication devoid of
purpose" (Nortllern Cameroons, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 38).
TheCourt therefore sees no reason to allow the continuance of proceed-

ings which it knows are bound to be fruitless. While judicial settlement
may provide a path to international harmony in circumsta~ices of con-
flict, it is none the less true that the needless continuance of litigation is
an obstacle to such harmony.
62. Thus the Court finds that no further pronouncement is required
in the present case. It does not enter into the adjudicatory functions
of the Court to deal with issues in abstracto,once it has reached the

conclusion that the merits of the case no longer fall to be determined.
The object of the claim having clearly disappeared, there is nothing
on which to givejudgment.

63. Once the Court has found that a State has entered into a commit-
ment concerning its future conduct it is not the Court's function to

contemplate that it will not comply with it. However, the Court observes
that if the basis of this Judgment were to be affected, the Applicant could
request an examination of the situation in accordance with the provisions
of the Statute; the denunciation by France, by letter date2 January 1974,
of the General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes,
which is relied on as a basis of jurisdiction in the present case, cannot

constitute by itself an obstacle to the presentation of such a request.

64. In its above-mentioned Order of 22 June 1973, the Court stated
that the provisional measures therein set out were indicated "pending
its final decision in the proceedings instituted on 9 May 1973 by NewZealand against France". It follows that such Order ceasesto be operative
upon the delivery of the present Judgment, and that the provisional
measures lapse at theame time.

65. For these reasons,

by nine votes to six,
finds that the claim of New Zealand no longer has anyct and that the

Court is therefore not called upon to give asion thereon.

Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twentieth day of December, one
thousand nine hundred and seventy-four, in three copies, one of which
will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted
to the Government of New Zealand and the Government of the French
Republic, respectively.

(Signed)Manfred LACHS,
President.

(Signed) S. AQUARONE,
Registrar.

Judges FORSTER G,ROS,PETRÉN and IGNACIO-PINTaO ppend separate
opinions to the Judgment of the Court.

Judges ONYEAMD AI,LLARD,JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGa And Sir Humphrey
WALDOCK append a joint dissenting opinion, and JudDE CASTRO and
Judge ad hoc Sir Garfield BARWICK append dissenting opinions to the
Judgment of the Court.

(InitialleM.L.

(InitialleS.A.

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTlCE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

:NUCLEARTESTSCASE

(NEW ZEALAND v. FRANCE)

JUDGMENTOF 20 DECEMBER 1974

C'OURINTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DESESSAISNUCLÉAIRES

(NOUVELLE-ZÉLANDE c.FRANCE) Official citation :
Nuclear Tests(New ZealvFrance),Judgment,
I.C.J.Reports 1974,p.457.

Mode officidecitati:n
Essais nucléasNouvelle-Zélandec.France),arrêt,
C.1J. Recueil 1974,p.457.

~~IWIW~~W 401 1
NO devent:
I 20 DECEMBER 1974

JUDGMENT

NUCLEAR TESTS CASE

(NEWZEALAND vFRANCE)

AFFAIRE DES ESSAISNUCLÉAIRES

(NOUVELLE-ZÉLANDE c. FRANCE) INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1974
1974
20December
GeneralList 20 December 1974
No. 59

NUCLEARTESTSCASE

(NEW ZEALAND v. FRANCE)

Questions of jurisdiction and admissibility-Prexamination required of
qirestion of existence of dispute as essentially preliminary marrer-ofercise
inherentjurisdiction of the Court.
Analysis of claim on the basis of the Application and determination of object
of claim-Sigriificancof sirbmissions and of statements of the Applicant for
definition of the claim-Power of Court to interpretsubmissions-Public
statements made on behaif of Respondent hefore and after oral proceedings.
Unilateral acts creative of legal obligations-Priof good faith.

Resolution of dispute by ur~ilateraldeclaration giving rise to legal obligation
-Applicant's non-exercise of right of discontinuance of proceedings no bar to
independent finding by Court-Disappearancof dispute resulting in claim no

longer having any object-Jurisdictioonly to be exercised when dispute
genuinely exists between the Parties.

JUDGMENT

Present: President LACHS; Judges FORSTER,GROS, BENGZON,PETRÉN,
ONYEAMA,DILLARD, IGNACIO-PINTO, DE CASTRO,MOROZOV,
JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA,Sir Humphrey WALDOCK,NAGENDRA
SINGH,RUDA; Judge ad hoc Sir Garfield BARWICK;Registrar
AQUARONE.

In the Nuclear Tests case,

between

New Zealand,
representedby

Professor R. Q. Quentin-Baxter, of the New Zealand Bar, Professor of
International Law, Victoria University of Wellington,
as Agent and Counsel, COUR INTERNATIONALEDE JUSTICE

1974
20 décembre
20 décembr1 e974 Rôlegénéral
no 59

AFFAIRE DES ESSAISNUCLÉAIRES

(NOUVELLE-ZÉLANDE c.FRANCE)

Questions de compétence et de recevabilit- Nécessitéd'un examen préa-
lable portant surILIquestion essentiellement préliminaire de l'existence d'un
différend- Exercice d'unpouvoir inhérentde la Cour.
Analyse de la demande formulée dans la requêteet détermination de son
objet - Portéedes conclusions et déclarationsdu demandeur pour la définition
de la demande - Pouvoir de la Cour d'interpréterles conclusion- Déclara-
tions publiquesfaites au nom du défendeuravant et après laclôture de l'instance.
Les actes unilatérauxcomme sourcesd'obligations juridiques -Principede la
bonnefoi.

Règlement du difirend par l'effet d'une déclaration unilatérale créant une
obligation juridique- Le fait que le demandeur n'exerce pas son droit de se
désistern'empêche pas la Cour de parvenira sa propre conclusion - La dis-
parition dudiflérendentraîne celle de l'objet de la dema'-eLa Cour ne peut
exercersa compétenceque s'il existe réellementun différendentre lesParties.

Présents: M. LACHS,Président; MM. FORSTERG , ROS, BENGZON,PETRÉN,
ONYEAMA,DILLARD, IGNACIO-PINTO, DE CASTRO,.MOROZOV,
JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGAs,ir Humphrey WALDOCK,MM. NAGEN-
DRA SINGH, RUDA,juges; sir Garfield BARWICK,juge ad hoc;
M. AQUARONE G,reffier.

En l'affaire des essais nucléaires,
entre

la Nouvelle-Zélande,

représentéepar
M. R. Q. Quentin-Baxter, membre du barreau de Nouvelle-Zélande, pro-
fesseur de droit internationall'université Victoria de Wellington,
comme agent et conseil, assisted by
H.E. Mr. H. V. Roberts, Arnbassador of New Zealand,

as Co-Agent,

and by
Hon. Dr. A. M. Finlay, Q.C., Attorney-General of New Zealand,
Mr. R. C. Savage, Q.C., Solicitor-General of New Zealand,
Professor K. J. Keith, of the New Zealand Bar, Professor of International
Law, Victoria University of Wellington,

Mr. C. D. Beeby, of the New Zealand Bar, Legal Adviser, New Zealand
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mrs. A. B. Quentin-Baxter, of the New Zealand Bar,
as Counsel,

and

the French Republic,

composed as above,

delivers thefollowing Judgment:

1. By a letter of 9 May 1973, received in the Registry of theCourtthe same
day, the Arnbassador of New Zealand to the Netherlands transmitted to the
Registrar an Application instituting proceedings against France, in respect of
a dispute concerning the legality of atmospheric nuclear tests conducted by
the French Governrnent in the South Pacific region. In order to found the
jurisdiction of the Court, the Application relied on Article 36, paragraph 1,
and Article 37 of the Statute of the Court and Article 17 of the General Act
for the Pacific Settlernent of International Disputes done at Geneva on
26 Septernber 1928, and, in the alternative, on Article 36, paragraphs 2 and 5,

of the Statute of theCourt.
2. Pursuant to Article 40,paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Application was
at once comrnunicated to the French Governrnent. In accordance with para-
graph 3 of that Article, al1 other States entitled to appear before the Court
were notified of the Application.
3. Pursuant to Article 31, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, the
Government of New Zealand chose the Right Honourable Sir Garfield
Barwick, Chief Justice of Australia, to sit as judged hoc in the case.
4. By a letter dated 16 May 1973 from the Ambassador of France to the
Netherlands, handed by hirn to the Registrar the same day, the French
Government stated that, for reasons set out in theletter and an Annexthereto,
it considered that the Court was manifestly not competent in the case; that it
could not accept the Court's jurisdiction; and that accordingly the French
Governrnent did not intend to appoint an agent, and requested the Court to
remove the case from its list. Nor has an agent been appointed by the French
Government.

5. On 14 May 1973, the Agent of New Zealand filed in the Registry of the
Court a request for the indication of interim measures of protection under
5 assistépar
S. Exc. M. H. V. Roberts, ambassadeur de Nouvelle-Zélande aux Pays-
Bas,

comme coagent,
et par
l'honorable A. M. Finlay, Q.C., Attorney-General de Nouvelle-Zélande,
M. R. C. Savage, Q.C., Solicitor-General de Nouvelle-Zélande,

M. K. J. Keith, membre du barreau de Nouvelle-Zélande, professeur de
droit internationala l'université Victoria de Wellington,
M. C. D. Beeby, membre du barreau de Nouvelle-Zélande, conseiller
juridique au ministère des affaires étrangères,
Mme A. B. Quentin-Baxter, membre du barreau de Nouvelle-Zélande,
comme conseils,

la République française,

ainsi composée,

rendl'arrêt suivant:
1. Par lettre du 9 mai 1973 reçue au Greffe de la Cour le mêmejour l'am-
bassadeur de Nouvelle-Zélande aux Pays-Bas a transmis au Greffier une
requête introduisant une instance contre la France au sujet d'un différend
concernant la légalitédes essais nucléaires réalisésen atmosphère par le

Gouvernement français dans la région du Pacifique Sud. Pour établir la
compétence de la Cour, la requête invoque l'article 36, paragraphe 1, et l'ar-
ticle37 du Statut de la Cour, ainsi que l'article 17 de l'Acte généralpour le
règlement pacifique des différends internationaux conclu a Genève le 26 sep-
tembre 1928, et subsidiairement l'article36, paragraphes 2 et 5, du Statut de
la Cour.
2. Conformément à l'article 40, paragraphe 2, du Statut, la requête aété
immédiatement communiquée au Gouvernement français. Confarmément au
paragraphe 3 du même article,les autres Etats admis à ester devant la Cour
ont étéinformésde la requête.
3. En application de l'article 31, paragraphe 2, du Statut, le Gouvernement
néo-zélandais adésigné letrès honorable sir Garfield Barwick, Chief Justice
d'Australie, pour siégercomme juge ad hoc en l'affaire.
4. Dans une letitre de l'ambassadeur de France aux Pays-Bas datée du
16mai 1973et remise par celui-ci au Grefier le mêmejour, le Gouvernement

français a fait savoir que, pour les motifs exposés dans la lettre et dans une
annexe jointe à celle-ci, il estime que la Cour n'a manifestement pas compé-
tente en l'espèce,qu'il ne peut accepter sa juridiction, et qu'en conséquencele
Gouvernement français n'a pas l'intention de désignerun agent et demande à
la Cour d'ordonner que l'affaire soit rayée de son rôle. Le Gouvernement
français n'a pas désignéd'agent.
5. Le 14 mai 1973, l'agent de la Nouvelle-Zélande a déposéau Greffe une
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires fondée sur l'article 33 de

5 Article 33 of the 1928 General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International
Disputes and Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute and Article 66 of the Rules of
Court. By an Order dated 22 June 1973 the Court indicated, on the basis of
Article 41 of theStatute, certain interim measures of protection in the case.
6. By the same Order of 22 June 1973, the Court, considering that it was
necessary to resolve as soon as possible the questions of the Court's juris-
diction and of the admissibility of the Application, decided that the written
proceedings should first be addressed to the questions of the jurisdiction of the
Court to entertain the dispute and of the admissibility of the Application and
fixed 21 September 1973 as the time-limit for the filing of a Memorial by the
Government of New Zealand and 21 December 1973 as the time-limit for a
Counter-Mernorial by the French Government. The Co-Agent of New Zea-
land having requested an extension to 2 November 1973 of the tirne-limit
fixed for the filing of the Memorial, the time-limits fixed by the Order of 22
June 1973were extended, by an Order dated 6 September 1973,to 2 November
1973 for the Memorial and 22 March 1974 for the Counter-Memorial. The
Memorial of the Government of New Zealand was filed within the extended

time-limit fixed therefor, and was communicated to the French Government.
No Counter-Memorial was filed by the French Government and, the written
proceedings being thus closed, the case was ready for hearing on 23 March
1974, the day following the expiration of the time-limit fixed for theounter-
Memorial of the French Government.
7. On 18 May 1973 the Government of Fiji filed in the Registry of the
Court a request under Article 62 of the Statute to be permitted to intervene
inthese proceedings. By an Order of 12 July 1973 the Court, having regard
to its Order of 22 June 1973 by which the written proceedings were first to be
addressed to the questions of the jurisdiction of the Court and of the ad-
missibility of the Application, decided to defer its consideration of the appli-
cation of the Government of Fiji for permission to intervene until the Court
should have pronounced upon these questions.
8. On 24 July 1973, the Registrar addressed the notification provided for
in Article 63 of the Statute to the States, other than the Parties to the case,
which were still in existence and were listed in the relevant documents of the
League of Nations as parties to the General Act for the Pacific Settlement of
International Disputes, done at Geneva on 26 September 1928, which was

invoked in the Application as a basis of jurisdiction.
9. The Governments of Argentina, Australia, Fiji and Peru requested that
the pleadings and annexed documents should be made available to them in
accordance with Article 48, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court. The Parties
were consulted on each occasion, and the French Government having
maintained the position stated in the letter of 16 May 1973, and thus declined
to express an opinion, the Court or the President decided to accede to these
requests.
10. On 10and 11July 1974, after due notice to the Parties, public hearings
were held, in the course of which the Court heard the oral argument, on the
questions of the Court's jurisdiction and of the admissibility of the Appli-
cation, advanced by Professor R. Q. Quentin-Baxter, Agent of New Zealand,
and Dr. A. M. Finlay and Mr. R. C. Savage, counsel, on behalf of the
Government of New Zealand. The French Government was not represented
at the hearings.
11. In the course of the written proceedings, the following subinissions
were presented on behalf of the Government of New Zealand:

6 l'Acte généralde 1928 pour le règlement pacifique dey différends interna-
tionaux, les articles 41 et 48 du Statutet l'article 66 du Règlement de la Cour.
Par ordonnance du 22juin 1973, la Cour a indiqué, sur la base de l'article41
du Statut, certaines mesures conservatoiresen i'affaire.
6. Par la mêmeordonnance du 22 juin 1973, la Cour, considérant qu'il
était nécessaire de régler aussi rapidement que possible les questions relatives
à sa compétence et à la recevabilité de la requête, a décidéque les pièces
écritesporteraient d'abord sur ces questions et a fixéla date d'expiration des
délaisau 21 septembre 1973pour le dépôtdu mémoiredu Gouvernement néo-

zélandais et au 21 décembre 1973 pour le dépôt du contre-mémoire du Gou-
vernement français. Le coagent de la Nouvelle-Zélande ayant demandé que
soit prorogé au 2 novembre 1973 le délai dans lequel le mémoire devait être
déposé,la date d'expiration des délaisfixéspar l'ordonnance du 22juin 1973
a étéreportée par ordonnance du 6 septembre 1973 au 2 novembre 1973pour
le mémoire du Gouvernement néo-zélandais et au 22 mars 1974 pour le
contre-mémoire du Gouvernement français. Le mémoire du Gouvernement
néo-zélandaisa été déposé dans le délaiainsi prorogé et il a étécommuniqué
au Gouvernement français. Le Gouvernement français n'a pas déposé de
contre-mémoire et, la procédure écrite étant ainsi terminée, l'affaire s'est
trouvée en état le23 mars 1974, c'est-à-dire le lendemain du jour où expirait
le délaifixépour le dépôt du contre-mémoire du Gouvernement français.

7. Le 18 mai 1973, le Gouvernement fidjien a déposéau Greffe, conformé-
ment à l'article 62 diuStatut, une requêtà fin d'intervention dans l'instance.
Par ordonnance du 12juillet 1973, la Cour, eu égard à son ordonnance du
22 juin 1973 prescrivant que les pièces écrites porteraient d'abord sur les
questions relatives sa compétence et àla recevabilité de la requête,a décidé
de surseoir à l'examen de la requête par laquelle le Gouvernement fidjien
demandait à intervenir jusqu'à ce qu'elle eûtstatué sur ces questions.

8. Le 24 juillet 1973, le Greffier a dressé la notification prévue à I'ar-
ticle 63 du Statut aux Etats, autres que les Partieà l'instance, qui existaient
encore et étaient iridiqués dans les documents pertinents de la Sociétédes
Nations comme parties à l'Acte généralpour le règlement pacifique des diffé-

rends internationaux conclu àGenève le 26 septembre 1928, qui étaitinvoqué
dans la requêtecorrime l'un des fondements de la compétence de la Cour.
9. Les Gouvernements de l'Argentine, de l'Australie, de Fidji et du Pérou
ont demandé que les pièces de la procédure écrite soient tenuesà leur dis-
position conforménient à l'article 48. paragraphe 2, du Règlement. Les Par-
ties ont étéconsultkes dans chaque cas et, le Gouvernement français mainte-
nant la position prise dans la lettre du 16 mai 1973 pour refuser de donner un
avis, la Cour,ou le Président, a décidéde faire droit ces demandes.

10. Les Parties ayant étédûment averties, des audiences publiques ont eu
lieu les 10 et 11 juillet 1974, durant lesquelles la Cour a entenduM. R. Q.
Quentin-Baxter, agent de la Nouvelle-Zélande, M. A. M. Finlay et M. R. C.
Savage, conseils, plaider pour le Gouvernement néo-zélandais sur les ques-

tions relativesà la compétence de la Cour et à la recevabilité de la requête.
Le Gouvernement français n'était pas représentéaux audiences.

II. Dans la procédure écrite, les conclusions ci-après ont étédéposéesau
nom du Gouvernement néo-zélandais :in the Application:

"New Zealand asks the Court to adjudge and declare:
That the conduct by the French Government of nuclear tests in the
South Pacific region that give rise to radio-active fall-out constitutes a
violation of New Zealand's rights under international law, and that these
rights will be violated by any further such tests."

in the Memorial:
". ..the Government of New Zealand submits to the Court that it is
entitled to a declaration and judgment that-

(a) the Court has jurisdiction to entertain the Application filed by New
Zealand and to deal with the merits of the dispute; and
(b) the Application is admissible".
12. At the close of the oral proceedings, the following written submissions
were filed in the Registry of the Court on behalf of the Government of New
Zealand:

"The Government of New Zealand is entitled to a declaration and
judgment that :
(a) the Court has jurisdiction to entertain the Application filed by New
Zealand and to deal with the merits of the dispute; and
(b) the Application is admissible."

13. No pleadings were filed by the French Government, and it was not
represented at the oral proceedings; no forma1 submissions were therefore
made by that Government. The attitude of the French Government with
regard to the question of the Court's jurisdiction was however defined in the
above-mentioned letter of 16 May 1973 from the French Ambassador to the
Netherlands and the document annexed thereto. The said letter stated in
particular that:

"... the Government of the [French] Republic, as it has notified the
Government of New Zealand, considers that the Court is manifestly not
competent in this case and that it cannot accept its jurisdiction".

14. As indicated above (paragraph 4), the letter from the French
Ambassador of 16 May 1973 also stated that the French Government
"respectfully requests the Court to be so good as to order that the case
be removed from the list". At the opening of the public hearing con-
cerning the request for interim measures of protection, held on 24 May
1973, the President announced that "this request ... has been duly noted,

and the Court will deal with it in due course, in application of Article 36,
paragraph 6, of the Statute of the Court". In its Order of 22 June 1973,
the Court stated that the considerations therein set out did not "permit
the Court to accede at the present stage of the proceedings" to that dans la requête:
(La Nouvelle-Zélande prie la Cour de dire et juger que les essais
nucléaires provoquant des retombées radioactives effectués par le Gou-

vernement français dans la région du Pacifique Sud constituent une
violation des droits de la Nouvelle-Zélande au regard du droit inter-
national et que ces droits seront enfreints par tout nouvel essai. ))

dans le mémoire:
(Le Gouvernement néo-zélandaiss'estime fondé a ce que la Cour dise
et juge que:

a) la Cour a compétence pour connaître de la requête déposéepar la
Nouvelle-Zélande et pour examiner le différend au fond;
6) la requêteest recevable. 11

12. A l'issue de la procédure orale, les conclusions écrites ci-après ont été
déposéesau Greffe au nom du Gouvernement néo-zélandais:

Le Gouvernement néo-zélandais s'estime fondé a ce que la Cour
dise et juge que:

a) la Cour a compétence pour connaître de la requête déposéepar la
Nouvelle-Zélande et pour examiner le différend au fond;
6) la requêteest recevable. 11

13. Aucune pièceécrite n'ayant étédéposéepar le Gouvernement français,
et celui-ci ne s'étant pas fait représenter à la procédure orale, aucune con-
clusion n'a étéprise formellement par ce gouvernement. Toutefois, l'attitude
du Gouvernement français en ce qui concerne la question de la compétence
de la Cour a étédéfinie dans la lettre précitéede l'ambassadeur de France
aux Pays-Bas datée tJu 16 mai 1973, et dans le document qui y était joint en

annexe. La lettre de I'ambassadeur contenait notamment ce passage:
((ainsi qu'il en a averti le Gouvernement néo-zélandais,le Gouvernement
de la République estime que la Cour n'a manifestement pas compétence

dans cette affaire et qu'il ne peut accepter sa juridiction 1).

14. Comme il a été indiqué (paragraphe 4), I'ambassadeur de France
16 mai 1973 que le Gouvernement
déclarait aussi dans sa lettre du
français ((demande respectueusement à la Cour de bien vouloir ordonner
que cette affaire soit rayée de son rôle ». Au début de l'audience publique
consacrée à la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires qui s'est

tenue le 24 mai 1973, le Président a annoncé: ((11a étédûment pris acte
de cette demande ...et la Cour l'examinera le moment venu, conformé-
ment à l'article 36, paragraphe 6, de son Statut ))Dans son ordonnance
du 22 juin 1973, la Cour a dit que, pour les raisons énoncées dans cette
ordonnance, elle nepouvait ((faire droit, au stade actuel de la procédure, ))request. Having now had the opportunity of examining the request in the
light of the subsequent proceedings, the Court finds that the present case
is not one in which the procedure of summary removal from the list would
be appropriate.

15. It is to be regretted that the French Government has failed to

appear in order to put forward its arguments on the issues arising in the
present phase of the proceedings, and the Court has thus not had the
assistance it might have derived from such arguments or from any evi-
dence adduced in support of them. The Court nevertheless has to proceed
and reach a conclusion, and in doing so must have regard not only to the
evidence brought before it and the arguments addressed to it by the
Applicant, but also to any documentary or other evidence which may be

relevant. It must on this basis satisfy itself, first that there exists no bar to
the exercise of its judicial function, and secondly, if no such bar exists,
that the Application is well founded in fact and in law.

16. The present case relates to a dispute between the Government of
New Zealand and tht: French Government concerning the legality of

atmospheric nuclear tests conducted by the latter Government in the
South Pacific region. Since in the present phase of the proceedings the
Court has to deal only with preliminary matters, it is appropriate to
recall that itsapproach to a phase of this kind must be, as it was expressed
in the FisheriesJurisdiction cases, as follows:

"The issue being thus limited, the Court will avoid not only al1
expressions of opinion on matters of substance, but also any pro-
nouncement which might prejudge or appear to prejudge any even-

tual decision on the merits." (I.C.J. Report1973, pp. 7 and 54.)

It will however be necessary to give a summary of the principal facts

underlying the case.
17. Prior to the filing of the Application instituting proceedings in this
case, the French Government had carried out atmospheric tests of
nuclear devices at its Centre d'expérimentations du Pacifique in the
territory of French Polynesia, in the years 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1971
and 1972. The main firing site used has been Mururoa atoll, some 2,500

nautical miles from the nearest point of the North Island of New Zealand
and approximately 1,050 nautical miles from the nearest point of the ESSAISNUCLÉAIRES (ARRÊT) 46 1

à la demande du Gouvernement français. Ayant eu depuis lors la possi-
bilitéd'examiner cette demande compte tenu de la suite de la procédure,
la Cour estime que la présenteaffaire n'est pas de cellesauxquelles il con-
viendrait d'appliquer la procédure sommaire de radiation du rôle.

15. 11est regrettable que le Gouvernement français ne se soit pas
présentépour développersesargumentssur lesquestions qui seposent en
la phase actuellede la procédureet qu'ainsi la Cour n'ait pas eu'aide que
l'exposéde ces arguments et toute preuve fournie à l'appui auraient pu

lui apporter. La Cour doit cependant poursuivre l'affaire pour aboutir à
une conclusion et, ce faisant, doit tenir compte non seulement des preuves
et des arguments qui lui sont présentéspar le demandeur, mais aussi de
toute documentation ou preuve pertinente. Elle doit sur cette base
s'assurer en premier lieu qu'il n'existeaucun obstacle à l'exercice de sa
fonction judiciaire et en second lieu, s'il n'existe aucun obstacle de ce
genre, que la requêteest fondée enfait et en droit.

16. La présente affaire concerne un différendentre le Gouvernement
néo-zélandaiset le Gouvernement français au sujet de la légalité des
essais nucléaires réalisésn atmosphère par ce dernier dans la régiondu
Pacifique Sud. Attendu que, dans la phase actuelle de l'instance, laCour
ne doit traiter que de questions préliminaires, il convient de rappeler que,
dans une phase de cette nature, elle doit se placer dans l'optique qu'elle a

définieen ces termes dans les affaires de la Compétenceen matière de
pêcheries:
((La question étant ainsi limitée, laCour s'abstiendra non seule-
ment d'exprimer une opinion sur des points de fond, mais aussi de se
prononcer d'une manière qui pourrait préjugerou paraître préjuger

toute décision qu'ellepourrait rendre sur le fond. » (C.Z.J. Recueil
1973, p. 7 et 54.)
Il y a lieu cependant de résumerles principaux faits qui sont à l'origine
de l'affaire.
17. Avant le dépôt de la requête introductive d'instance en l'espèce,
le Gouvernement français avait procédé à des essais atmosphériques

d'engins nucléaires à son centre d'expérimentations du Pacifique, dans le
territoire de laPolynésiefrançaise, en 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1971 et
1972. Le lieu utilisépour les explosions a étéprincipalement l'atoll de
Mururoa, à quelque 4600 kilomètres du point le plus proche de l'île sep-
tentrionale de laNouvelle-Zélandeet à 1950kilomètres environ du pointCook Islands, a self-governing State linked in free association with
New Zealand. The French Government has created "Prohibited Zones"

for aircraft and "Dangerous Zones" for aircraft and shipping, in order
to exclude aircraft and shipping from the area of the tests centre; these
"zones" have been put into effect during the period of testing in each
year in which tests have been carried out.
18. As the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of
Atomic Radiation has recorded in its successive reports to the General
Assembly, the testing of nuclear devices in the atmosphere has entailed
the release into the atmosphere and the consequent dissipation, in varying
degrees throughout the world, of measurable quantities of radio-active
matter. It is asserted by New Zealand that the French atmospheric tests
have caused some fall-out of this kind to be deposited, inter alia,on
New Zealand territory; France has maintained, in particular, that the
radio-active matter produced by its tests has been so infinitesimal that it
may be regarded as negligible and that any fall-out on New Zealand
territory has never involved anydanger to the health of the population of
New Zealand. These disputed points are clearly matters going to the
merits of the case, and the Court must therefore refrain, for the reasons

given above, from expressing any view on them.

19. Byletters of 21 September 1973and 1November 1974,the Govern-
ment of New Zealand informed the Court that subsequent to the Court's
Order of 22 June 1973indicating, as interim measures under Article 41 of
the Statute, (inter aliathat the French Government should avoid nuclear
testscausing the deposit of radio-active fall-out on New Zealand territory,
two further series of atmospheric tests, in the months of July and August
1973 and June to September 1974,had been carried out at the Centre
d'expérimentations du Pacifique. The letters also stated that fall-out had
been recorded on New Zealand territory, analysis of samples of which,
according to the New Zealand Government, established conclusively the
presence of fall-out from these tests, and that it was "the view of the
New Zealand Government that there has been a clear breach by the

French Government of the Court's Order of 22 June 1973".

20. Recently a number of authoritative statements have been made on
behalf of the French Government concerning its intentions as to future
nuclear testing in the South Pacificregion. The significanceof these state-
ments, and their effect for the purposes of the present proceedings, will be
examined in detail later in the present Judgment.le plus proche des îles Cook, Etat autonome librement associé à la Nou-
velle-Zélande. LeGouvernement françaisa instituédes «zones interdites ))
aux aéronefset des «zones dangereuses ))pour la navigation aérienne et
maritime, afin d'empêcherles avions et les navires d'approcher du centre
d'expérimentations; ces zones ont étéétablies chacune des années où
des essais ont eu lieu, pour la duréede cesessais.

18. Comme le Comitéscientifique des Nations Unies pour l'étudedes
effets des rayonnements ionisants l'a indiquédans ses rapports successifs
à l'Assembléegénérale,les essais d'engins nucléaires effectuéd sans l'at-
mosphère ont libérédans celle-ciet disséminéensuite dans le monde en-
tierà des degrés variables des quantités mesurables de matières radio-
actives. La Nouvelle-Zélande affirmeque les essais atmosphériques fran-
çais ont provoquédes retombéesde cette nature notamment en territoire
néo-zélandais.La France soutient entre autres que les élémentsradio-
actifs produits par ses expériencessont si minimes qu'ils ne peuvent être
considérésque comme négligeableset que les retombéessur le territoire
néo-zélandais quien résultent n'ont jamais présenté dedanger pour la

santé de la population néo-zélandaise. Cespoints litigieux intéressant
manifestement lefond de l'affaire, la Cour doit s'abstenir, pour les raisons
précédemment indiquéesd ,'exprimer uneopinion à leur sujet.

19. Par lettres du 21 septembre 1973 et du ler novembre 1974, le
Gouvernement néo-zélandais a informéla Cour que, après l'ordonnance
du 22 juin 1973qui, à titre de mesures conservatoires prises en vertu de
l'article 41 du Statut, indiquaitnotamment que le Gouvernement français

devait s'abstenir de procéder à des essais nucléairesprovoquant le dépôt
de retombées radioactives sur le territoire de la Nouvelle-Zélande,deux
nouvelles séries d'essaisatmosphériques ont eu lieu au centre d'expéri-
mentations du Pacifique en juillet et août 1973 et de juin à septembre
1974. Ces lettres indiquaient aussi que l'on avait enregistré sur le terri-
toire néo-zélandaisdes retombées,que l'analyse des échantillonsprélevés
établissait de façon concluante, selon le Gouvernement néo-zélandais,la
présencede dépôtsprovenant de ces explosions et que «le Gouvernement
néo-zélandaisest d'avis que le Gouvernement français a clairement violé
l'ordonnance rendue par la Cour le 22juin 1973 n.
20. Un certain nombre de déclarations autoriséesont étérécemment

faites au nom du Gouvernement français, concernant les intentions de
celui-ci au sujet de ses futures expériences nucléairesdans la région du
Pacifique Sud. La portée de ces déclarations et leur incidence sur la
présente instance seront examinéesen détaildans la suite de l'arrêt. 21. The Application foundsthe jurisdiction of the Court on the follow-
ing basis :

"(a) Articles 36 (1)and 37 of the Statute of the Court and Article 17
of the General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International
Disputes, done at Geneva on 26 September 1928; and, in the
alternative,
(6) Article 36 (2) and (5) of the Statute of the Court."

22. The scope of the present phase of the proceedings was defined by
the Court's Order of 22 June 1973, by which the Parties were called upon
to argue, in the first instance, questions of the jurisdiction of the Court

and the admissibility of the Application. For this reason, as already
indicated, not only the Parties but also the Court itself must refrain from
entering into the merits of the claim. However, while examining these
questions of a preliminary character, the Court is entitled, and in some
circumstances may be required, to go into other questions which may not
be strictly capable of classification as matters of jurisdiction or admissibi-

lity but are of such a nature as to require examination in priority to those
matters.
23. In this connection, it should be emphasized that the Court possesses
an inherent jurisdiction enabling it to takesuch action as may be required,
on the one hand to ensure that the exercise of its jurisdiction over the
merits, if and when established, shall not be frustrated, and on the other,
to provide for the orderly settlement of al1matters in dispute, to ensure

the observance of the "inherent limitations on the exercise of the judicial
function" of theCourt, and to "maintain itsjudicial character" (Northern
Cameroons, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, at p. 29). Such inherent juris-
diction, on the basis of which the Court is fully empowered to make
whatever findings may be necessary for the purposes just indicated,
derives fromthe mere existence of the Court as ajudicial organ established

by the consent of States, and is conferred upon it in order that its basic
judicial functions may be safeguarded.
24. With these considerations in mind, the Court has therefore first
to examine a question which it finds to be essentially preliminary, namely
the existence of a dispute, for, whether or not the Court has jurisdiction
in the present case, the resolution of that question could exert a decisive

influence on the continuation of the proceedings. It will therefore be
necessary to make a detailed analysis of the claim submitted to the Court
by the Application of New Zealand. The present phase of the proceedings
having been devoted solely to preliminary questions, the Applicant has
not had the opportunity of fully expounding its contentions on the
merits. However the Application, which is required by Article 40 of the
Statute of the Court to indicate "the subject of the dispute", must be the

point of reference for the consideration by the Court of the nature and
existence of the dispute brought before it.
25. The Court would recall that the submission made in the Applica-
tion (paragraph 11 above) is that the Court should adjudge and declare 21. La requête invoque, comme base de la compétence de la Cour:

«a) l'article 36, paragraphe 1, et l'article 37 du Statut de la Cour et
l'article 17 de l'Acte généralpour le règlement pacifique des
différendsinternationaux signéà Genève le 26 septembre 1928;

et subsidiairement
b) l'article36, paragraphes 2 et 5, du Statut de la Cour 1).
22. La portée de la présente phase de la procédure a été définie dans

l'ordonnance rendue par la Cour le 22 juin 1973, qui demandait aux
Parties de traiter d'abord des questions relatives à la compétence de la
Cour et à la recevabilité de la requête.Pour cette raison, ainsi qu'il a été
indiqué, non seulement les Parties mais la Cour elle-mêmedoivent s'abs-
tenir d'aborder la demande au fond. Cependant, quand elle examine ces

questions de caractère préliminaire, la Cour a le droit et, dans certaines
circonstances, peut avoir l'obligation de prendre en considération d'au-
tres questions qui, sans qu'on puisse les classer peut-être à strictement
parler parmi les problèmes de con~pétenceou de recevabilité, appellent
par leur nature une étudepréalable à celle de ces problèmes.

23. A cet égard, ilconvient de souligner que la Cour possède un pou-
voir inhérent qui l'autorise a prendre toute mesure voulue, d'une part
pour faire en sorte que, si sa compétence au fond est établie, l'exercice
de cette compétence ne se révèle pas vain,d'autre part pour assurer le
règlement régulier de tous les points en litige a:nsi que le respect des
((limitations inhéreintesà l'exercice de la fonction judiciaire ))de la Cour

et pour ((conserver son caractère judiciaire )) (Cameroun septentrional,
arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1963, p. 29). Un pouvoir inhérent de ce genre, sur la
base duquel la Cour est pleinement habilitée à adopter toute conclusion
éventuellement nécessaire aux fins qui viennent d'êtreindiquées, découle
de l'existence même de laCour, organe judiciaire établi par le consente-

ment des Etats, et lui est conféréafin que sa fonctionjudiciaire fondamen-
tale puisse être sauvegardée.
24. Eu égard à ces considérations, la Cour doit examiner d'abord une
question qu'elle estime essentiellement préliminaire, à savoir l'existence
d'un différend, car que la Cour ait ou non compétence en l'espèce la

solution de cette question pourrait exercer une influence décisive sur la
suite de l'instance. II lui incombe donc d'analyser de façon précise la
demande que la Nouvelle-Zélande lui adresse dans sa requête. La pré-
sente phase de l'instance n'ayant étéconsacrée qu'à des questions pré-
liminaires, le demandeur n'a pas eu l'occasion de développer complète-
ment ses thèses sur le fond. II reste que c'est par rapport à la requête,

laquelle doit, d'après l'article 40 du Statut, indiquer ((l'objet du diffé-
rend ))que la Cour doit examiner la nature et l'existence du différend
porté devant elle.

25. La Cour rappelle que la demande présentée dans la requête

(paragraphe 11 ci-dessus) tend à ce que la Cour dise et juge ((que les"that theconduct bythe FrenchGovernment of nuclear tests in the South
Pacificregion that give rise to radio-active fall-out constitutes a violation
of New Zealand's rights under international 1aw"-the alleged rights so
violated being enumerated in the Application-and "that these rights will
be violated by any further such tests".
26. The diplomatic correspondence between New Zealand and France
over the past ten years reveals New Zealand's preoccupation with French
nuclear tests in the atmosphere in the South Pacificregion, and indicates
that its objective was to bring about their termination. Thus in a letter
from the Prime Minister of New Zealand to the French Ambassador in
Wellington dated 19 December 1972, the Prime Minister said:

"My Government is committed to working through al1 possible
means to bring the tests to an end, and we shall not hesitate to use
the channels available to us in concert as appropriate with like-
minded countries. It is my hope, however, Mr. Ambassador, that
you will convey to your Government while in Paris my earnest
desire to see this one element of serious contention removed from
what is in other respects an excellent relationship between our
countries. For my part, 1 see no other way than a halt to further
testing."

Furthermore in the Application of New Zealand, it is stated, in connec-
tion with discussions held in April 1973 between the two Governments
that :

"Unfortunately, however, they [the discussions] did not lead to
agreement. In particular, the French Government did not feel able
to give the Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand the assurance
which he sought, namely that the French programme of atmospheric
nuclear testing in the South Pacific had come to an end."
And in a letter to the President of the French Republic by the Prime

Minister of New Zealand dated 4 May 1973,following those discussions,
the Prime Minister said:
"Since France has not agreed to Ourrequest that nuclear weapons
testing in the atmosphere of the South Pacific be brought to an end,
and since the French Government does not accept New Zealand's
view that these tests are unlawful, the New Zealand Government
seesno alternative to itsproceeding with the submission of itsdispute
with France to the International Court of Justice.
1stress again that we see this as the one question at issue between

us, and that our efforts are solely directed at removing it from
contention."
27. Further light is thrown on the nature of the New Zealand claim
by the reaction of New Zealand, both through its successive Prime
Ministers and through its representatives before the Court, to the state-essais nucléaires provoquant des retombées radioactives effectuéspar le
Gouvernement français dans la régiondu Pacifique Sud constituent une
violation des droits de la Nouvelle-Zélande au regard du droit inter-

national)) - les droits qui auraient étéviolés sont énumérésdans la
requête - (cetque ces droits seront enfreints par tout nouvel essai ».
26. La correspondance diplomatique échangée entre la Nouvelle-
Zélande et la France pendant ces dix dernières années montre les pré-
occupations que les expériences nucléairesfrançaises effectuéesen atmo-

sphère dans la régiondu Pacifique Sud suscitent en Nouvelle-Zélande et
indique que celle-ci a eu pour objectif la cessation des essais. Ainsi, dans
une lettre à I'ambassadeur de France à Wellington en date du 19 dé-
cembre 1972, le premier ministre de Nouvelle-Zélande déclarait:

((Mon gouvernement s'est engagéà essayer, par tous les moyens
possibles, de faire cesser les essais, et nous n'hésiterons pas à utiliser
les voies dont nous disposons, d'un commun accord, le cas échéant,
avec les pays qui pensent comme nous. J'espère cependant, Monsieur

l'ambassadeur, que vous ferez part à votre gouvernement, pendant
votre séjour à Paris, de mon désir sincèrede voir disparaître ce seul
élémentde désaccord grave qui trouble les relations, par ailleurs
excellentes, entre nos pays. Quant à moi, je ne vois d'autre solution

que l'arrêt des essais.1)
De plus, dans la requêtede la Nouvelle-Zélande, il était dit à propos des
entretiens qui ont eu lieu en avril 1973entre les deux gouvernements:

cIls n'ont n~alheureusement pas abouti à un accord. En particulier

le Gouvernement français n'a pas cru pouvoir donner au premier
ministre adjoint de Nouvelle-Zélande l'assurance que celui-ci
demandait, à savoir que le programme français d'expériences nu-
cléairesatmosphériques dans le Pacifique Sud avait pris fin. ))

Dans une lettre au président de la République française en date du
4 mai 1973, qui faisait suite à ces entretiens, le premier ministre de Nou-
velle-Zélandedéclarait :

((La France n'ayant pas accédéà notre demande de mettre un
terme aux essais atmosphériques d'armes nucléairesdans le Pacifique

Sud, et le Gouvernement français n'acceptant pas le point de vue
néo-zélandaisselon lequel ces essais sont illégaux,le Gouvernement
néo-zélandais n'a pas d'autre choix que de soumettre à la Cour
internationale de Justice le différendqui l'oppose à la France.
Je souligne à nouveau que nous voyons là la seule question

litigieuse entre nous et que nos efforts ont pour seul objet d'éliminer
cet élémentde divergence. ))

27. La nature de la demande néo-zélandaisese trouve préciséeencore
par la manière dont la Nouvelle-Zélande - ses premiers ministres
successifs aussi bien que ses représentants devant la Cour - a réagiauxments, referred to in paragraph 20 above, made on behalf of France and

relating to nuclear tests in the South Pacificegion. In the course of the
oral proceedings, the Attorney-General of New Zealand outlined the
history of the dispute, and included in this review mention of diplomatic
correspondence exchanged between IO June and 1 July 1974 by France
and New Zealand, which was communicated to the Court on 3 July by
the Applicant, and of a communiqué issued by the Officeof the President

of the French Republic on 8 June 1974. The Attorney-General's com-
ments on these documents, which are thus part of the record in the case,
indicated that they merited analysis as possible evidence of a certain
development in the controversy between the Parties, though at the same
time he made it clear that this development was not, in his Government's
view, of such a nature as to resolve the dispute to its satisfaction. More
particularly, when referring to a Note of 10June 1974 from the French

Embassy in Wellington to the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs
(quoted in paragraph 36 below) he stated: "New Zealand has not been
given anything in the nature of an unqualified assurance that 1974 will
see the end of atmospheric nuclear testing in the South Pacific". The At-
torney-General continued :

"On 11June the Prime Minister of New Zealand, Mr. Kirk, asked
the French Ambassador in Wellington to convey a letter to the

President of France. Copies of that letter have been filed with the
Registry. It urged among other things that the President should, even
at that time, weigh the implications of any further atmospheric
testing in the Pacific and resolve to put an end to an activity which
has been the source of grave anxiety to the people of the Pacificregion
for more than a decade." (Hearing of 10 July 1974.)

It is clear from these statements, read in the light of the diplomatic
correspondence referred to above, that if the Note of 10 June 1974
could have been construed by New Zealand as conveying "an unqualified
assurance that 1974 [would] see the end of atmospheric nuclear testing"
by France "in the South Pacific", or if the President of the Republic,
following the letter of11 June 1974, did "resolve to put an end to [that]

activity", the applicantGovernment would have regarded itr objective as
having been achieved.
28. Subsequently, on 1 November 1974, the Prime Minister of New
Zealand, Mr. W. E. Rowling, commented in a public statement on the
indications given by France of its intention to put an end to atmospheric
tests in the Pacific, andaid:

"It should . ..be clearly understood that nothing said by the
FrenchGovernment, whether to New Zealand or to the international
community at large, has amounted to an assurance that there willdéclarations mentionnées au paragraphe 20 qui ont étéfaites au nom du
Gouvernement français et concernant les expériences nucléaires dans la
région du Pacifique Sud. Lors de la procédure orale, l'Attorney-General
de Nouvelle-Zélande a esquissé l'historique du différend et rappelé la
correspondance diplomatique échangéeentre le 10 juin et le ler juillet
1974 par la France et la Nouvelle-Zélande et portée à la connaissance de

la Cour par le demandeur le 3 juillet, ainsi qu'un communiqué de la
présidence de la République française en date du 8 juin 1974. Dans les
observations qu'il a formulées sur ces documents qui font partie du
dossier,l'Attorney-General a indiquéqu'on pouvait peut-êtreà l'analyse y
voir la preuve d'une certaine évolution de la controverseentre les Parties,
tout en soulignant que, de l'avis de son gouvernement, cette évolution

n'étaitpas de nature à résoudre le différendà sa satisfaction. Plus parti-
culièrement, se référantà une note adressée le 10juin 1974 par I'ambas-
sade de France à Wellington au ministère des affaires étrangères de
Nouvelle-Zélande (citéeau paragraphe 36 ci-après), il a déclaré: ((La
Nouvelle-Zélande n'a rien reçu qu'elle puisse considérercomme une assu-
rance ferme que 1974 verra la fin des essais nucléaires atmosphériques
dans le Pacifique Sud. ))L'Attorney-General a poursuivi en ces termes:

((Le Il juin, le premier ministre de Nouvelle-Zélande, M. Kirk, a

prié l'ambassadeur de France à Wellington de bien vouloir trans-
mettre une lettre au présidentde la République française. Des copies
de cette lettre ont également été déposéeasu Greffe. Le premier
ministre de Nouvelle-Zélande priait notamment le président de la
République de peser, mêmeau stade alors atteint, les conséquences
que pouvaient. avoir tous nouveaux essais en atmosphère dans le

Pacifique et de décider de mettre fin à une activité qui était depuis
plus d'une décennie une source de vive anxiétépour les populations
de la régiondu Pacifique. » (Audience du IOjuillet 1974.)

Il ressort de ces déclarations, rapprochées de la correspondance diploma-
tique mentionnée plus haut, que si la Nouvelle-Zélande avait pu inter-
préter la note du 10juin 1974 ((comme une assurance ferme que 1974
[verrait] la fin des essais nucléaires atmosphériques)) effectués par la
France ctdans le Pacifique Sud » ou si le président de la République

française, à la suite de la lettre du Il juin 1974, avait décidéde ((mettre
fin à [cette] activi»,le Gouvernement demandeur aurait considéréqu'il
avait atteint son objectif.
28. Plus tard, le lernovembre 1974, le premier ministre de Nouvelle-
Zélande, M. W. E. Rowling, a commenté dans une déclaration publique
les indications données par la France quant à son intention de mettre un

terme aux essais atmosphériques dans le Pacifique et il a déclaréce qui
suit:
ccII importe ..de bien saisir que rien de ce qu'a pu dire le Gou-

vernement français, soit à la Nouvelle-Zélande, soit à la commu-
nauté internationale dans son ensemble, ne constitue une assurance be no further atmospheric nuclear tests in the South Pacific. The
option of further atmospheric tests has been left open. Until wehave
an assurancethat nuclear testitzgof this kind isfinislzedfor good, the

dispute betweenNew Zealand and France persists ..." (Emphasis
added.)

Without commenting for the moment on the Prime Minister's inter-
pretation of the French statements, the Court would observe that the
passage italicized above clearly implies that an assurance that atmospheric

testing is "finished for good" would, in the view of New Zealand, bring
the dispute to an end.
29. The type of tests to which the proceedings relateis described in the
Application as "nuclear tests in the South Pacific region that gave rise to
radio-active fall-out", the type of testing contemplated not being specified.
However, New Zealand's case has been argued mainly in relation to
atmospheric tests; and the statements quoted in paragraphs 26, 27 and 28
above, particularly those of successive Prime Ministers of New Zealand,

of 11 June and 1November 1974, show that an assurance "that nuclear
testing of this kind", that is to say, testing in the atmosphere, "is finished
for good" would meet the object of the New Zealand claim. The Court
thereforeconsiders that,for purposes of the Application, the New Zealand
claim is to be interpreted as applying only to atmospheric tests, not to any
other form of testing, and as applying only to atmospheric tests so con-
ducted as to give rise to radio-active fall-out on New Zealand territory.

30. In the light of the above statements, it isessential to consider whether
the Government of New Zealand requests a judgment by the Court which
would only state the legal relationship between the Applicant and the
Respondent with regard to the matters in issue, or a judgment of a type
which in terms requires one or both of the Parties to take, or refrain from

taking, some action. Thus it is the Court's duty to isolate the real issue in
the case and to identify the object of the claim. It has never been contested
that the Court is entitled to interpret the submissions of the parties, and
in fact is bound to do so; this is one of the attributes of its judicial func-
tions. It is true that, when the claim is not properly forrnulated because the
subrnissions of the parties are inadequate, the Court has no power to
"substitute itself for them and forrnulate new subrnissions simply on the
basis of arguments and facts advanced" (P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 7, p. 33,
but that is not the case here, nor is it a case of the reforrnulation of sub-

missions by the Court. The Court has on the other hand repeatedly
exercised the power to exclude, when necessary, certain contentions or
arguments which were advanced by a party as part of the subrnissions,
but which were regarded by the Court, not as indications of what the
party was asking the Court to decide, but as reasons advanced why the qu'il n'y aura plus d'essais nucléairesen atmosphère dans le Paci-
fique Sud. La possibilité de nouveaux essais atmosphériques de-
meure ouverte. Tant que nous n'avons pasl'assuranceque les essais
nucléairesde cette natureont dejinitivement prisfin, le différendentre
la Nouvelle-Zélandeet la France subsiste ...» (Les italiques sont de
la Cour.)

Sans commenter pour le moment l'interprétation quele premier ministre
a donnéedes déclarationsfrançaises, la Cour voudrait faire observer que
le passage en italiques implique clairement qu'une assurance selon
laquelle les essais nucléaires ((ont définitivement pris fin)) mettrait,
d'aprèsla Nouvelle-Zélande,un terme au différend.
29. Les essais que l'instance concerne sont définis dans la requête
comme les essais nucléaires provoquant des retombées radioactives
effectués ... dans la régiondu Pacifique Sud», le caractère de ces essais
n'étant pas précisé.La Nouvelle-Zélande n'en a pas moins surtout
défendusa cause du point de vue des essais réalisés enatmosphère et les
déclarations citéesaux paragraphes 26, 27 et 28, en particulier celles

qu'ont faites les Iljuin et le'novembre 1974les premiers ministres de
Nouvelle-Zélande qui se sont succédé,montrent qu'une assurance selon
laquelle (lesessais nucléairesde cette nature n,autrement dit lesessaisen
atmosphère, ((ont définitivementpris fin)) répondrait à l'objet de la de-
mande néo-zélandaise.La Cour considéredonc qu'aux fins de la requête
la demande de la Nouvelle-Zélandedoit s'interprétercomme uniquement
applicable aux essais atmosphériques, et non à des essais d'un autre type,
et comme uniquement applicable à des essais en atmosphère réalisésde
façon à provoquer des retombées radioactives sur le territoire néo-
zélandais.
30. Compte tenu des déclarations citées plushaut, il estessentield'exa-
miner si leGouvernement néo-zélandaissollicite de la Cour un jugement
qui neferait que préciserlelienjuridique entre ledemandeuret ledéfendeur

parrapport auxquestions en litige,ou unjugement conçudefaçon telle que
son libelléobligerait l'une desParties ou les deux prendre ou à s'abstenir
de prendre certaines mesures. C'est donc le devoir de la Cour de circons-
crire levéritable problèmeen cause et de préciser l'objetde la demande. Il
n'a jamais été contesté que la Cour est en droit et qu'elle a mêmele
devoir d'interpréter les conclusions des parties; c'est l'un desattributs de
sa fonction judiciaire. Assurément,quand la demande n'est pas formulée
comme il convient parce que les conclusions des parties sont inadéquates,
la Cour n'a pas lepouvoir de ((sesubstituer [aux Parties] pour enformuler
de nouvelles sur la base des seules thèses avancées et faits allégués))
(C.P.J.I. sérieA no7, p. 35),mais tel n'est pas le cas en l'espèceet la
question d'une formulation nouvelle des conclusions par la Cour ne se
pose pas non plus. En revanche, la Cour a exercé à maintes reprises Je

pouvoir qu'elle possèded'écarter, s'il est nécessaire,certaines thèses ou
certains arguments avancéspar une partie comme élémentde ses con-
clusions quand elle les considère, non pas comme des indications de ceCourt should decide in the sense contended for by that Party. Thus in
the Fisheries case, the Court said of nine of the thirteen points in the

Applicant's submissions: "These are elements which might furnish
reasons in support of the Judgment, but cannot constitute the decision"
(I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 126).Similarly in the Minquiers and Ecrehoscase,
the Court observed that:

"The Submissionsreproduced above and presented by the United
Kingdom Government consist of three paragraphs, the last two
being reasons underlying the first which must be regarded as the
final Submission of that Government. The Submissions of the
French Government consist of ten paragraphs, the first nine being
reasons leading up to the last, which must be regarded as the final

Submissionofthat Government." (I.C.J. Reports 1953,p.52; see also
Nottebohm, Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1955, p. 16.)

31. In the circumstances of the present case, as already mentioned,
the Court must ascertain the true subject of the dispute, the object and
purpose of the claim (cf. Interhandel, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1959,p. 19;

Right of Passage oiler Indian Terrifory, Merits, Judgment, I.C,J. Reports
1960, pp. 33-34). In doing so it must take into account not only the
submission, but the Application as a whole, the arguments of the Appli-
cant before the Court, and other documents referred to above. If these
clearly define the object of the claim, the interpretation of the submission
must necessarily be affected. The Court is asked to adjudge and declare

that French atmospheric nuclear tests are illegal, but at the same time it
is requested to adjudge and declare that the rights of New Zea!and "will
be violated by any further such tests". The Application thus contains a
submission requesting a definition of the rights and obligations of the
Parties. However, it is clear thatthe,fons et origo of the dispute was the
atmospheric nuclear tests conducted by France in the South Pacific
region, and that the original and ultimate objective of the Applicant was

and has remained to obtain a termination of those tests. This is indeed
confirmed by the various statements made by the New Zealand Govern-
ment, and in particular by the statement made before the Court in the
oral proceedings, on 10July 1974,when, after referring to New Zealand's
submission, the Attorney-General stated that "My Government seeks
a halt to a hazardous and unlawful activity". Thus the dispute brought

before the Court cannot be separated from the situation in which it has
arisen, and from further developments which may have affected it.

32. As already mentioned, the Applicant itself impliedly recognized
the possible relevance of events subsequent to the Application, by drawing
the Court's attention to the communiqué of 8 June 1974and subsequent ESSAISNUCLÉAIRES(ARRÊT) 467

que la partie lui demande de décider, mais comme des motifs invoqués
pour qu'elle se prononce dans le sens désiré. C'est ainsique, dans I'affaire

des Pêcheriesl,a Cour a dit de neuf des treize points que comportaient les
conclusions du demandeur: ((Ce sont là des élémentsqui, le cas échéant,
pourraient fournir les motifs de l'arrêtet non en constituer I'objet. ))
(C.I.J. Recueil 1951, p. 126.) De même,dans l'affaire des Minquiers et
Ecréhous,la Cour a relevéque:

(Les conclusions du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, reproduites
ci-dessus, consistent en trois paragraphes, les deux derniers étant
les motifs à l'appui de la première proposition qui doit êtreconsidérée
comme la conclusion finale de ce gouvernement. Les conclusions du

Gouvernement français se composent de dix paragraphes, les pre-
miers neuf étant les motifs qui conduisent à la dixième proposition,
qui doit êtreconsidéréecomme la conclusion finale de ce gouverne-
ment.)) (C.I.J. Recueil 1953, p. 52; voir aussi Nottebohm, deuxième

phase, arrét,C.I.J. Recueil 1955, p. 16.)

31. Dans les circonstances de l'espèce, il appartient à la Cour, ainsi
qu'il a été mentionné,de s'assurer de I'objet véritable du différend, de
I'objet et dw but de la demande (voir Interhandel, arrét,C.I.J. Recueil

1959, p. 19; Droit de passage sur territoire indien, fond, arrét, C.I.J.
Recueil 1960, p. 33-34). Pour ce faire, elle doit prendre en considération
non seulement les conclusions du demandeur mais l'ensemble de la
requête,les arguments qu'il a développésdevant la Cour et les autres
documents dont il a été faitétat ci-dessus. Si ces éléments délimitent

nettement I'objet de la demande, ils ne peuvent manquer d'influer sur
l'interprétation des conclusions. Il est demandé à la Cour de dire etjuger
que les essais nucléaires atmosphériques effectués par la France sont
illicites, mais il lui est demandé aussi de dire et juger que les droits de la
Nouvelle-Zélande (seront enfreints par tout nouvel essai )).La requête

contient donc une conclusion tendant à ce que les droits et obligations
des Parties soient définis. 11est clair cependant que le différend trouve
son origine dans les essais nucléaires atmosphériques effectués par la
France dans la région du Pacifique Sud et que le demandeur a eu pour
objectif initial et conserve pour objectif ultime la cessation de ces essais.

C'est d'ailleurs ce que confirment les diverses déclarations faites par le
Gouvernement néo-zélandais,en particulier celle par laquelle l'Attorney-
General a dit devant la Cour pendant la procédure orale, le 10 juillet
1974, à propos des conclusions présentéespar la Nouvelle-Zélande:

«Mon gouvernement cherche à obtenir la cessation d'une activité
dangereuse et illicite. » Le différend porté devant la Cour ne peut être
isoléde la situation dont il est issu et des faits survenus depuis dont il a
pu subir l'influence.
32. Ainsi qu'il a été mentionné,le demandeur lui-mêmea implicite-

ment admis que des événementspostérieurs à la requête pouvaient être
pertinents quand il a appelé l'attention de la Cour sur le communiquédiplomatic correspondence, and making observations thereon. In these
circumstances, the Court is bound to take note of further developments,
both prior to and subsequent to the close of the oral proceedings. In view
of the non-appearance of the Respondent, it is especiallyincumbent upon

the Court to satisfy itself thatit in possession of al1the available facts.

33. At the hearing of 10July 1974the Court was presented by counsel
for New Zealand with an interpretation of certain expressions of inten-
tion communicated to the New Zealand Government by the French
Government and the French President. In particular he referred to a
communiqué of 8 June 1974 (paragraph 35 below) and a diplomatic
Note of 10June 1974(paragraph 36 below), and after quoting from that
Note, he said:

"1 emphasize two points: first, the most France is offering is that
in her own time she will cease to disregard an existing Order of the
Court; and second, even that offer is qualified by the phrase 'in the
normal course of events'. New Zealand has not been given anything
in the nature of an unqualified assurance that 1974 will see the end
of atmospheric nuclear testing in the South Pacific."

Since that time, certain French authorities have made a number of

consistent public statements concerning future tests which provide
material facilitating the Court's task of assessing the ~3~licant's inter-
pretation of the earlier documents, and which indeed require to be
examined in order to discern whether they embody any modification of
intention as to France's future conduct. It is true that these statements
have not been made before the Court, but they are in the public domain,
are known to the New Zealand Government, and were commented on
by its Prime Minister in his statement of 1November 1974. It will clearly
be necessary to consider al1 these statements, both those drawn to-the
Court's attention in July 1974and those subsequently made.

34. It would no doubt have been possible for the Court, had it consi-
dered that the interests ofjustice so required, to have afforded the Parties
the opportunity, e.g., by reopening the oral proceedings, of addressing to
the Court comments on the statements made since the close of those
proceedings. Such a course however would have been fullyjustified only
if the matter dealt with in those statements had been completely new,
had not been raised during the proceedings, or was unknown to the

Parties. This is manifestly not the case. The essential material which the
Court must examine wasintroduced into the proceedings bytheApplicant
itself, by nomeans incidentally, during the course of the hearings, when
it drewthe Court's attention to statements by the French authorities made
prior to that date, submitted the documents containing them and presen-
ted an interpretation of their character, touching particularly upon the ESSAISNUCLÉAIRES(ARRÊT) 468

du 8 juin 1974et la correspondance diplomatique qui a suivi et présenté
des observations à son sujet. Dans ces conditions la Cour est tenue de
prendre en considération des faits nouveaux survenus tant avant qu'après
la clôture de la procédure orale. Etant donné la non-comparution du
défendeur, il incombe tout particulièrement à la Cour de s'assurer
qu'elle est bien en possession de tous les faits disponibles.

33. A l'audience du 10juillet 1974, le conseil de la Nouvelle-Zélande
a fourni à la Cour une interprétation de certaines déclarations d'intention
communiquées au Gouvernement néo-zélandais par le Gouvernement
français et le président de la République française. 11s'est référénotam-
ment au communiqué du 8juin 1974(paragraphe 35 ci-après) et à la note
diplomatique du IO juin 1974(paragraphe 36 ci-après) et, après avoir cité

un passage de cette note, a déclaré:
((Je tiens à soulignerdeux points: le premier, c'est que le maximum

que la France offre, c'est de cesser, au moment qu'elle choisira elle-
même,d'agir au mépris d'une ordonnance existante de la Cour; le
second, c'est que cette offre est mitigée par l'adjonction du mot
((normalement B. La Nouvelle-Zélande n'a rien reçu qu'elle puisse
considérer domme une assurance ferme que 1974 verra la fin des
essais nucléaires atmosphériques dans le Pacifique Sud. ))

Depuis lors, des autorités françaises ont fait au sujet des expériences
futures un certain nombre de déclarations publiques allant toutes dans le
même sens,qui sont autant d'élémentspropres à aider la Cour à évaluer

l'interprétation des documents antérieurs présentéepar le demandeur
et qu'il importe d'examiner pour déterminer si elles consacrent un chan-
gement dans les iritentions de la France relatives à son comportement
dans l'avenir. Il est vrai que ces déclarations n'ont pastéfaites devant la
Cour mais elles sont du domaine public, sont connues du Gouvernement
néo-zélandaiset ont étécommentées par le premier ministre de Nouvelle-

Zélande dans sa déclaration du ler novembre 1974. 11est bien entendu
nécessaire d'examiner toutes ces déclarations, celles qui ont étéportées à
l'attention de la Cour en juillet 1974 comme celles qui ont été faites
ultérieurement.
34. Si la Cour avait estimé que l'intérêtde la justice l'exigeait, elle
aurait certes pu donner aux Parties la possibilité de lui présenter leurs

observations sur les déclarations postérieures à la clôture de la procédure
orale, par exemple en rouvrant celle-ci. Cette façon de procéder n'aurait
cependant étépleinement justifiée que si le sujet de ces déclarations avait
été entièrement nouveau, n'avait pas été évoqué en cours d'instance, ou
était inconnu des Parties. Manifestement, tel n'est pas le cas. Les éléments
essentiels que la Cour doit examiner ont étéintroduits dans la procédure

par le demandeur lui-mêmependant les audiences, et d'une façon qui
n'était pas seulement incidente, quand ila appelé I'attention de la Cour
sur une déclaration antérieure des autorités françaises, produit les
documents où elle figurait et présenté uneinterprétation de son caractère,
en particulier sur le point de savoir si elle renfermait une assurance ferme.question whether they contained a firm assurance. Thus both the state-
ments and the New Zealand interpretation of them are before the Court
pursuant to action by the Applicant. Moreover, the Applicant subse-
quently publicly expressed its comments (see paragraph 28 above) on
statements made bv the French authorities since the closure of the oral
proceedings. TheCourt istherefore inpossession not onlyofthe statements
made by French authorities concerning the cessation of atmospheric
nuclear testing, but also of the views of the Applicant onthem. Although
as a judicial body the Court is conscious of the importance of the prin-
cipleexpressedinthe maxim audialteram partem, it does not consider that
this principle precludes the Court fromtaking account of statements made
subsequently to the oral proceedings, and which merely supplement and
reinforce matters already discussed in the course of the proceedings,
statements with whichthe Applicant must befamiliar. Thus theApplicant,
having commented on the statements of the French authorities, both that
made prior to the oral proceedings and those made subsequently, could

reasonably expect that the Court would deal with the matter and come
to its own conclusion on the meaning and effect of those statements.
The Court, having taken note of the Applicant's comments, and feeling
no obligation to consult the Parties on the basis for its decision, finds that
the reopening of the oral proceedings would serve no useful purpose.
35. It will be convenient to take the statements referred to above in
chronological order. The first statement is contained in the communiqué
issued by the Office of the President of the French Republic on 8 June
1974, shortly before the commencement of the 1974 series of French
nuclear tests:

"The Decree reintroducing the security measures in the South
Pacific nuclear test zone has been published in the Official.Journal
of 8 June 1974.
The Officeof the President of the Republic takes this opportunity
of stating that in viewof the stage reached in carrying out the French
nuclear defence programme France will be in a position to pass on
to the stage of underground explosions as soon as the series of tests
planned for this summer is completed."

36. The second is contained in a Note of 10June 1974from the French
Embassy in Wellington to the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs:

"It should ... be pointed out that the decision taken by the Office
of the President of the French Republic to have the opening of the
nuclear test series preceded by a press communiqué represents a
departure from the practice of previous years. This procedure has
been chosen in view of the fact that a new element has intervened in
the development of the programme for perfecting the French
deterrent force. This new element is as follows: France, at the point
which has been reached in the execution of its programme of defenceC'est donc à l'initiative du demandeur que la déclaration et I'interpré-
tation qu'en donne la Nouvelle-Zélande se trouvent soumises à la cour.
De plus, ledemandeur a publiquement formulédesobservations par lasuite
(paragraphe 28 ci-dessus) sur des déclarations faites par les autorités
françaises après la clôture de la procédure orale. La Cour est donc en

possession non seulement des déclarations des autorités françaises con-
cernant la cessation des essais nucléaires dans l'atmosphère, mais aussi
des vues exprimées par le demandeur a leur sujet. ~ien que la Cour, en
tant qu'organe judiciaire, ait conscience de l'importance du principe que
traduit la maxime audi alteram partem, elle ne pense pas que ce principe

l'empêchede prendre en considération des déclarations postérieures à
la procédure orale etqui se bornent à compléter et à renforcer des points
déjàdiscutés pendant cette procédure - déclarations que le demandeur
ne peut pas ignorer. C'est pourquoi le demandeur ayant présentédes
observations sur les déclarations faites par les autorités françaises aussi

bien avant qu'après la procédure orale, il pouvait raisonnablement es-
compter que la Cour traite de ce sujet et aboutisse à ses propres conclu-
sions sur le sens et les effets de ces déclarations. La Cour, ayant pris note
des observations di1 demandeur et ne s'estimant pas tenue de consulter
les Parties sur la base de sa décision, considère qu'il ne servirait à rien
de rouvrir la procédure orale.

35. Il convient d''examiner les déclarations mentionnées plus hautdans
l'ordre chronologique. La première est celle que contient le communiqué
publié par la présidence de la République française le 8 juin 1974, peu
avant le débutde la.campagne d'essais nucléaires lancéepar la France en
1974 :

((Le Journal OfJiciel du 8 juin 1974 publie l'arrêtéremettant en
vigueur les mesures de sécuritéde la zone d'expérimentation nu-

cléairedu Pacifique Sud.
La présidence de la République précise, à cette occasion, qu'au
point où en est parvenue l'exécution de son programme de défense
en moyens nucléaires la France sera en mesure de passer au stade
des tirs souterrains aussitôt que la série d'expériencesprévues pour

cet été seraachevée. ))

36. La deuxièmedéclaration est contenue dans unenote de l'ambassade
de France à Wellington au ministère des affaires étrangèresde Nouvelle-
Zélande en date du 10juin 1974:

((il convient de faire observer que la présidence de la République
française a décidé,contrairement aux années précédentes,de faire
précéder l'ouverture de la campagne d'expérimentations nucléaires

par un communiqué à la presse. Cette procédure a étéchoisie en
raison du fait qu'un élémentnouveau est intervenu dans le déve-
loppen~ent du programme de mise au point de la force de dissuasion
française. Cet élémentnouveau est le suivant: la France, au point
où en est parvenue l'exécution de son programme de défense en by nuclear means, will be in a position to move to the stage of under-
ground firings as soon as the test series planned for this summer is

completed.
Thus the atmospheric tests which will be carried out shortly will,
in the normal course of events, be the last of this type.
The French authorities express the hope that the New Zealand
Government willfind this information of some interest and will wish
to take it into consideration."
37. As indicated by counsel for the Applicant at the hearing of 10July
1974, the reaction of the New Zealand Prime Minister to this second
statement was expressed in a letter to the President of the French Repub-
licdated 11June 1974,from which the following are two extracts:

". ..Ihavenoted that the terms oftheannouncement do not represent
an unqualified renunciation of atmospheric testing for the future."

"1 would hope that even at this stage you would be prepared to
weigh the implications of any further atmospheric testing in the
Pacific and resolve to put an end to this activityRichhas been the
source of grave anxiety to the people in the Pacificregion for more
than a decade."

Thus the phrase "in the normal course of events" was regarded by New
Zealand as qualifying the statement made, so that it did not meet the
expectations of the Applicant, which evidently regarded those words as a
form of escape clause. This is clear from the observations of counsel for
New Zealand at the hearing of 10July 1974.In a Note of 17June 1974,
the New Zealand Embassy in Paris stated that it had good reason to
believethat France had carried out an atmospheric nuclear test on 16June
and made this further comment:

"The announcement that France will proceed to underground
tests in 1975, while presenting a new development, does not affect
New Zealand's fundamental opposition to al1 nuclear testing, nor
does it in any way reduce New Zealand's opposition to the atmos-
pheric tests set down for this year: the more so since the French
Government is unable to give firm assurances that no atmospheric
testing will be undertaken after 1974."

38. The third French statement is contained in a reply made on 1July
1974by the President of the Republic to the New Zealand Prime Minis-
ter's letter of 11June:
"In present circumstances, it is at least gratifying for me to note
the positive reaction in your letter to the announcement in the
communiqué of 8 June 1974that we are going over to underground moyens nucléaires, sera en mesure de passer au stade des tirs sou-
terrains aussitôt que la série d'expériencesprkvues pour cet été sera
achevée.
Ainsi, les essais atmosphériques qui seront prochainement effec-

tuésseront normalement les derniers de ce type.
Les autorités françaises expriment le vŒu que le Gouvernement
néo-zélandaistrouvera de l'intérêt à cette information et voudra la
prendre en considération. ))

37. Comme le conseil du demandeur l'a indiqué à I'audience du 10
juillet 1974, le premier ministre de Nouvelle-Zélande a fait connaître sa
réaction devant cettedeuxièmedéclarationdans une lettre qu'ila adressée
au président dela République française le 11juin 1974et dont on trou-
vera ci-après deux extraits:

((J'ai..noté que l'annonce est faite en des termes qui ne cons-
tituent pas une renonciation expresse aux essais nucléairesdans I'at-
mosphère pour l'avenir. ))
«Je veux espérer que,mêmeau stade actuel, vous vous montrerez
disposé à peser les conséquencesque peuvent avoir tous nouveaux
essais en atmosphère dans le Pacifique et à déciderde mettre fin à
une activité qui est depuis plus d'une décennie unesource de vive
anxiétépour lespopulations de la régiondu Pacifique. ))

Ainsi la Nouvelle-Zélande a considéré quele mot ((normalement » cons-
tituait une réserveA la déclaration, desorte que celle-cine répondait pas
à l'attente du demandeur qui voyait là de toute évidence uneéchappatoire.
Cela ressort clairement des observations du conseil de la Nouvelle-
Zélande à I'audience du 10juillet 1974.De plus, aprèsavoir ditdans une
note du 17juin 1974 qu'il y avait des raisons de penser que la France

avait procédé aune explosion nucléairedans l'atmosphèrele 16juin 1974,
l'ambassade de Nouvelle-Zélande à Paris a formulé le commentaire
suivant :
((L'annonce que la France passera aux essais souterrains en 1975

constitue certes un élémentnouveau, mais qui ne modifie pas I'op-
position fondamentale de la Nouvelle-Zélande à toute expérimen-
tation nucléaireet ne diminue en aucune façon son opposition aux
essais atmosphériques prévuspour cette année,et cela d'autant plus
que le Gouvernement français n'est pas en mesure de donner l'assu-
rance ferme qu'aucun essai atmosphérique ne sera entrepris après
1974. >)

38. La troisième déclaration française est contenue dans une réponse
faite le lerjuillet 1974 par le président de la République à la lettre du
premier ministre de Nouvelle-Zélandeen date du 11juin:

((Dans les circonstances actuelles, c'est du moins une satisfaction
pour moi de noter que vous avez relevéde façon positive dans votre
lettre l'annonce faite dans le communiquédu 8juin 1974du passage471 NUCLEAR TESTS(JUDGMENT)

tests. There is in this a new element whose importance will not, 1

trust, escape the New Zealand Government."
39. These three statements were al1 drawn to the notice of the Court
by the Applicant at the time of the oral proceedings. As already indicated,
the Court will also have to consider the relevant statements subsequently

made by the French authorities: on 25 July 1974 by the President of the
Republic; on 16August 1974by the Minister of Defence; on 25 Septem-
ber 1974 by the Minister for Foreign Affairs in the United Nations
General Assembly; and on 11 October 1974 by the Minister of Defence.

40. The next statement to be considered, therefore, will be that made
on 25 July at a press conference given by the President of the Republic,
when he said:

". ..on this question of nuclear tests, you know that the Prime
Minister had publicly expressed himself in the National Assembly
in his speech introducing the Government's programme. He had

indicated that French nuclear testing would continue. 1 had myself
made it clear that this round of atmospheric tests would be the last,
and so the members of the Government were comp!etely informed
of our intentions in this respe.t.."

41. On 16 August 1974, in the course of an interview on French
television, the Minister of Defence said that the French Government had
done its best to ensure that the 1974 nuclear tests would be the last
atmospheric tests.
42. On 25 September 1974, the French Minister for Foreign Affairs,
addressing the United Nations General Assembly, said:

"We have now reached a stage in our nuclear technology that
makes it possible for us to continue our programme by underground
testing, and we have taken steps to do so as early as next year."

43. On 11 October 1974, the Minister of Defence held a press con-
ference during which he stated twice, in almost identical terms, that
there would not be any atmospheric tests in 1975 and that France was
ready to proceed to underground tests. When the comment was made

that he had not added "in the normal course of events", he agreed that
he had not. This latter point is relevant in view of the Note of 10 June
1974from the French Embassy in Wellington to the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of New Zealand (paragraph 36 above), to the effect that the atmos-
pheric tests contemplated "will, in the normal course of events, be the
last of this type". The Minister also mentioned that, whether or not
other governments had been officially advised of the decision, they could
become aware of it through the press and by reading the communiqués

issued by the Office of the President of the Republic. ESSAISNUCLÉAIRES(ARRÊT) 471

aux essais souterrains. Il y a là un élémentnouveau dont je veux
espérerque le Gouvernement néo-zélandais mesurera l'importance. ))

39. Ces trois déclarations ont toutes été portéesà l'attention de la
Cour par le demandeur lors de la procédure orale. Comme elle l'a déjà
indiqué, la Cour doit examiner aussi les déclarations faites ultérieurement

en la matière par les autorités françaises, à savoir le 25juillet 1974par le
président de la République, le 16août 1974par le ministre de la défense,
le 25 septembre 1974 par le ministre des affaires étrangères devant l'As-
sembléegénérale desNations Unies et le II octobre 1974par le ministre
de la défense.

40. La déclaration qu'il convient d'examiner d'abord est celle que le
président de la République a faite le 25juillet 1974lors d'une réunion de
presse dans les termes suivants:

((sur cette question des essais nucléaires, vous savez que le premier
ministre s'étai1exprimé publiquement à l'Assembléenationale, lors
du discours de. présentation du programme du Gouvernement. II
avait indiqué que les expériences nucléaires françaises seraient

poursuivies. J'avais moi-mêmepréciséque cette campagne d'expé-
riences atmosphériques serait la dernière, et donc les membres du
gouvernement étaient complètement informés de nos intentions à
cet égard...)I

41. Le 16 août 1974, au cours d'une interview donnée à la télévision
française, le ministre de la défensea dit que le Gouvernement français
avait tout mis en auvre pour que les essais nucléaires de 1974 soient les

derniers à se dérouler dans l'atmosphère.
42. Le 25 septernbre 1974, le ministre des affaires étrangères a dit,
s'adressant à l'Assembléegénérale desNations Unies:

((Parienus désormais, dans la technologie nucléaire, à un degré
où il devient possible de poursuivre nos programmes par des essais
souterrains, nous avons pris nos dispositions pour nous engager

dans cette voie dès l'année prochaine. 1)
43. Le I1octobre 1974,le ministre de la défensea tenu une conférence

de presse au cours de laquelle il a dit par deux fois en termes presque
identiques qu'il n'y aurait pas d'essai aérienen 1975et que la France était
prêteà procéderà des essais souterrains. La remarque ayant été faitequ'il
n'avait pas ajouté ~cnormalement 11,il en a convenu. Cette indication est
intéressante eu égard au passage de la note de l'ambassade de France à

Wellington au ministère des affaires étrangèresde Nouvelle-Zélande en
date du IOjuin 1974,citéau paragraphe 36 ci-dessus, où ilest préciséque
les essais atmosphériques envisagés ((seront normalement les derniers de
ce type)). Le ministre a mentionné aussi que d'autres gouvernements,
qu'ils aient étéofficiellement avisés ou non de la décision, ont pu la

connaître à la lecture desjournaux et des communiqués de la présidence
de la République. 44. In view of the foregoing, the Court finds that the communiqué
issued on 8June 1974(paragraph 35above), the French Embassy'sNote of
10June 1974(paragraph 36 above) and the President'sletter of IJuly 1974
(paragraph 38)conveyed to New Zealand the announcement that France,
following the conclusion of the 1974 series of tests, would cease the
conduct of atmospheric nuclear tests. Special attention is drawn to the
hope expressed in the Note of 10 June 1974 "that the New Zealand
Government will find this information of some interest and will wish
to take it into consideration", and the reference in that Note and in the
letter of 1July 1974to "a new element" whose importance is urged upon
the New Zealand Government. The Court must consider in particular
the President's statement of 25 July 1974(paragraph 40 above) followed
by the Defence Minister's statement of 11 October 1974(paragraph 43).
These reveal that the officia1statements made on behalf of France con-
cerning future nuclear testing are not subject to whatever proviso, if any,

was implied by the expression "in the normal course of events [normale-
ment]".

45. Before considering whether the declarations made by the French
authorities meet the object of the claim by the Applicant that no further
atmospheric nuclear tests should be carried out in the South Pacific, it is
first necessary to determine the status and scope on the international
plane of these declarations.
46. Itis well recognized that declarations made by way of unilateral
acts, concerning legal or factual situations, may have the effectof creating
legal obligations. Declarations of this kind may be, and often are, very
specific.When it is the intention of the Statemaking the declaration that
it should become bound according to its terms, that intention confers on

the declaration the character of a legal undertaking, the State being
thenceforth legally required to follow a course of conduct consistent with
the declaration. An undertaking of this kind, if given publicly, and with
an intent to be bound, even though not made within the context of inter-
national negotiations, is binding. In these circumstances, nothing in
the nature of a quid pro quo, nor any subsequent acceptance of the
declaration, nor even any reply or reaction from other States, is required
for the declaration to take effect, since such a requirement would be
inconsistent with the strictly unilateral nature of thejuridical act by which
the pronouncement by the State was made.
47. Of course, not al1 unilateral acts imply obligation; but a State
may choose to take up a certain position in relation to a particular matter
with the intention of being bound-the intention is to be ascertained by 44. Vu ce qui précède,la Cour estime que le communiqué du 8 juin
1974(paragraphe 35 ci-dessus), la note de l'ambassade de France en date
du 10juin 1974 (paragraphe 36 ci-dessus) et la lettre du président de la
République française en date du lerjuillet 1974(paragraphe 38 ci-dessus)

ont annoncé à la Nouvelle-Zélande qu'une fois terminée la campagne
d'essais de 1974 la France cesserait de procéder à des expériences nu-
cléaires en atmosphère. 11 convient de relever spécialement le vŒu
exprimé dans la note du 10 juin 1974 ((que le Gouvernement néo-
zélandaistrouvera de l'intérêtà cette information et voudra la prendre
en considération 1et la mention faite dans cette note et dans la lettre du

lerjuillet 1974d'((un élémentnouveau )dont le Gouvernement néo-zélan-
dais est invité à mesurer l'importance. La Cour doit en particulier tenir
compte de la déclaration du président de la République en date du
25 juillet 1974 (paragraphe 40 ci-dessus) suivie de la déclaration du mi-
nistre de la défense endate du 11 octobre 1974(paragraphe 43 ci-dessus).
L'une et l'autre révèlentque les déclarations officiellesfaites au nom de la

France sur la question des futures expériences nucléaires ne sont pas
subordonnées à ce que pouvait éventuellement impliquer l'indication
contenue dans le terme ((normalement n.

45. Avant d'examiner si les déclarations des autorités françaises ré-
pondent à l'objet de la demande néo-zélandaisetendant à ce qu'il soit
mis fin aux essais nucléaires en atmosphère dans le Pacifique Sud, il faut

d'abord déterminer la nature de ces déclarations ainsi que leur portée sur
le plan international.
46. 11est reconnu que des déclarations revêtantla forme d'actes uni-
latéraux et concernant des situations de droit ou de fait peuvent avoir
pour effet de créer des obligations juridiques. Des déclarations de cette

nature peuvent avoir et ont souvent un objet très précis. Quand I'Etat
auteur de la déclaration entend êtreliéconformément à ces termes, cette
intention confère à sa prise de position le caractère d'un engagement
juridique, 1'Etat intéresséétant désormais tenu en droit de suivre une
ligne de conduite conforme à sa déclaration. Un engagement de cette
nature, exprimé publiquement et dans l'intention de se lier, mêmehors

du cadre de négociations internationales, a un effet obligatoire. Dans ces
conditions, aucune contrepartie n'est nécessairepour que la déclaration
prenne effet, non plus qu'une acceptation ultérieure ni même uneréplique
ou une réaction d'autres Etats, car cela serait incompatible avec la na-
ture strictement unilatérale de l'acte juridique par lequel 1'Etat s'est
prononcé.

47. Bien entendu, tout acte unilatéral n'entraîne pas des obligations
mais un Etat peut choisir d'adopter une certaine position sur un sujet
donné, dans l'intention de se lier - ce qui devra être déterminé e-ninter-interpretation of the act. When States make statements by which their
freedom of action is to be limited, a restrictive interpretation is called
for.
48. With regard to the question of form, it should be observed that
this is not a domain in which international law imposes any special or
strict requirements. Whether a statement is made orally or in writing
makes no essential difference, for such statements made in particular

circumstances may create commitments in international law, which
does not require that they should be couched in written form. Thus the
question of form is not decisive. As the Court said in its Judgment on the
preliminary objections in the case concerning the Temple of Prealz Vihear:

"Where ... as is generally the case in international law, which
places the principal emphasis on the intention of the parties, the law

prescribes no particular form, parties are free to choose what form
they please provided their intention clearly results from it." (I.C.J.
Reports 1961, p. 31.)

The Court further stated in the same case: ". ..the sole relevant question
is whether the language employed in any given declaration does reveal a
clear intention ..." (ibid., p. 32).

49. One of the basic principles governing the creation and performance
of legal obligations, whatever their source, is the principle of good faith.
Trust and confidence are inherent in international CO-operation, in parti-
cular in an age when this CO-operation in many fields is becoming
increasingly essential. Just as the very rule of pacta sunt servanda in the
law of treaties is based on good faith, so also is the binding character of an
international obligation assumed by unilateral declaration. Thus inter-

ested States may take cognizance of unilateral declarations and place
confidence in them, and are entitled to require that the obligation thus
created be respected.

50. Having examined the legal principles involved, the Court will now
turn to the particular statements made by the French Government.
The Government of New Zealand has made known to the Court its own
interpretation of some of these statements at the oral proceedings (para-
graph 27 above). As to subsequent statements, reference may be made to
what was said by the Prime Minister of New Zealand on 1November 1974
(paragraph 28 above). lt will be observed that New Zealand has recog-

nized the possibility of the dispute being resolved by a unilateral declara-
tion, of the kind specified above, on the part of France. In the public
statement of 1 November 1974, it is stated that "Until we have an assur-
ance that nuclear testing of this kind is finished for good, the dispute
between New Zealand and France persists". This is based on the view ESSAIS NUCLÉAIRES (ARRÊT) 473

prétant l'acte. Lorsque des Etats font des déclarations qui limitent leur
liberté d'action future, une interprétation restrictive s'impose.

48. Pour ce qui est de la forme, ilconvient de noter que ce n'est pas là

un domaine dans lequel le droit international impose des règles strictes
ou spéciales. Qu'une déclaration soit verbale ou écrite, cela n'entraîne
aucune différence essentielle, car de tels énoncés faitsdans des circons-
tances particulières peuvent constituer des engagements en droit inter-
national sans avoir nécessairement à êtreconsignés par écrit. La forme

n'est donc pas décisive.Comme la Cour l'a dit dans son arrêt surles ex-
ceptions préliminaires en l'affaire du Temple de Préah Vihéar:

(([comme]c'est généralementle cas en droit international qui insiste
particulièrement sur les intentions des parties, lorsque la loi ne

prescrit pas de forme particulière, les parties sont libres de choisir
celle qui leur plaît, pourvu que leur intention en ressorte clairement ))
(C.I.J. Recueil 1961, p. 31).

La Cour a &joutédans la mêmeaffaire: ((la seule question pertinente est
de savoir si la rédaction employée dans une déclaration donnée révèle

clairement l'intention...)) (ibid., 32).
49. L'un des principes de base qui président à la création et à I'exé-
cution d'obligations juridiques, quelle qu'en soit la source, est celui de la
bonne foi. La confiance réciproque est une condition inhérente de la
coopération internationale, surtout à une époque où, dans bien des do-

maines, cette coopération est de plus en plus indispensable. Tout comme
la règle du droit des traités pacta sunt servanda elle-même,le caractère
obligatoire d'un engagement international assumé par déclaration uni-
latérale repose sur la bonne foi. Les Etats intéresséspeuvent donc tenir
compte des déclarations unilatérales et tabler sur elles; ils sont fondés à

exiger que l'obligation ainsi créée soit respectée.

50. Ayant examinélesprincipesjuridiques enjeu, la Cour en vient plus
précisémentaux déclarations du Gouvernement français. Le Gouverne-
ment néo-zélandaisa indiqué à la Cour pendant la procédure orale (para-
graphe 27 ci-dessus) comment il interprétait certaines de ces déclarations.
Au sujet de celles qui ont suivi, on peut se référerà ce qu'a dit le premier
ministre de Nouvelle-Zélande le ler novembre 1974 (paragraphe 28 ci-

dessus). On notera que la Nouvelle-Zélande a admis que le différend
pourrait êtrerésolupar une déclaration unilatérale, de la nature précisée
plus haut, qui serait donnée par la France. Dans la déclaration publique
du lernovembre 1974, il est dit: ((Tant que nous n'avons pas l'assurance
que les essais nucléaires de cette nature ont définitivement pris fin, le

différend entre la Nouvelle-Zélande et la France subsiste.)) Cela s'ex-that "the option of further atmospheric tests has been left open". The

Court must however form its own view of the meaning and scopeintended
by the author of a unilateral declaration which may create a legal obli-
gation, and cannot in this respect be bound by the view expressed by
another State which is in no way a party to the text.

51. Of the statements by the French Government now before the

Court, the most essential are clearly those made by the President of the
Republic. There can be no doubt, in view of his functions, that his public
communications or statements, oral or written, as Head of State, are in
international relations acts of the French State. His statements, and those
of members of the French Government acting under his authority, up to
the last statement made by the Minister of Defence (of 11October 1974),

constitute a whole. Thus, in whatever form these statements were expres-
sed, they must be held to constitute an engagement of the State, having
regard to their intention and to the circumstances in which they were
made.

52. The unilateral statements of the French authorities were made
outside the Court, publicly and erga omnes, even if some of them were

communicated to the Government of New Zealand. As was observed
above, to have legal effect, there was no need for these statements to be
addressed to a particular State, nor was acceptance by any other State
required. The general nature and characteristics of these statements are
decisive for the evaluation of the legal implications, and it is to the inter-
pretation of the statements that the Court must now proceed. The Court

is entitled to presume, at the outset, that these statements were not made
in vacuo,but in relation to the tests which constitute the very object of the
present proceedings, although France has not appeared in the case.

53. In announcing that the 1974 series of atmospheric tests would
be the last, the French Government conveyed to the world at large,

including the Applicant, its intention effectively to terminate these tests.
It was bound to assume that other States might take note of these state-
ments and rely on their being effective. The validity of these statements
and their legal consequences must be considered within the general
framework of the security of international intercourse, andthe confidence
and trust which are so essential in the relations among States. It is from
the actual substance of these statements and from the circumstances

attending their making, that the legal implications of the unilateral act
must be deduced. The objects of these statements are clear and they were
addressed to the international community as a whole, and the Court
holds that they constitute an undertaking possessing legal effect. The
Court considers that the President of the Republic, in deciding upon the
effective cessation of atmospheric tests, gave an undertaking to the inter-

national community to which his words were addressed. It is true that the
French Government has consistently maintained that its nuclear experi-

2 1plique par l'idéeque «la possibilité de nouveaux essais atmosphériques

demeure ouverte)). 11appartient cependant à la Cour de se faire sa propre
opinion sur le sens et la portée que l'auteur a entendu donner à une
déclaration unilatérale d'où peut naître une obligation juridique, et à cet
égard ellene peut êtreliéepar les thèses d'un autre Etat qui n'est en rien
partie au texte.
51. Parmi les déclarations du Gouvernement français en possession

desquelles la Cour se trouve, il est clair que lesplus importantes sont celles
du président de la République. Etant donné ses fonctions, il n'est pas
douteux que les communications ou déclarations publiques, verbales-ou
écrites,qui émanent de lui en tant que chef de 17Etat,représentent dans le
domaine des relations internationales des actes de 1'Etat français. Ses
déclarations et celles des membres du Gouvernement français agissant

sous son autorité, jusques et y compris la dernière déclaration du ministre
de la défense, en date du 11 octobre 1974,doivent êtreenvisagéescomme
un tout. Ainsi, quelle qu'ait pu en êtrela forme, ilconvient de les consi-
dérer comme constituant un engagement de I'Etat, étant donné leur in-
tention et les circonstances dans lesquelles elles sont intervenues.
52. Les déclarations unilatérales des autorités françaises ont été faites
publiquement en dehors de la Cour et erga omnes, mêmesi certaines ont

été communiquéesau Gouvernement néo-zélandais. Ainsiqu'on l'a vu
plus haut, pour que ces déclarations eussent un effet juridique, il n'était
pas nécessaire qu'elles fussent adresséesà un Etat particulier, ni qu'un
Etat quelconque signifiât son acceptation. Les caractères générauxde ces
déclarations et leur nature sont les éléments décisifs quand ils'agit d'en
apprécier les effetsjuridiques; c'està leur interprétation que la Cour doit

procéder maintenant. La Cour est en droit de partir de la présomption
que ces déclarations n'ont pas étéfaites in vacuo mais à propos des essais
qui forment l'objet mêmede l'instance, bien que la France ne se soit pas
présentéeen l'espèce.
53. Quand il a annoncé que la série d'essaisatmosphériques de 1974
serait la dernière, le Gouvernement français a signifiépar'là à tous les

Etats du monde, y compris le demandeur, son intention de mettre effec-
tivement fin à ces essais. 11ne pouvait manquer de supposer que d'autres,
Etats pourraient prendre acte de cette déclaration et compter sur son
effectivité. La validité de telles déclarations et leurs conséquences juri-
diques doivent être envisagées dans le cadre généralde la sécurité des
relations internationaleset de .laconfiance mutuelle si indispensable dans
les rapports entre Etats. C'est du contenu réelde ces déclarations et des

circonstances dans lesquelles elles ont étéfaites que la portéejuridique de
l'acte unilatéral doit être déduite. L'objet des déclarations étant clair et
celles-ci étant adressées à la communauté internationale dans son en-
semble, la Cour tient qu'elles constituent un engagement comportant des
effets juridiques. La Cour estime que le président de la République, en
décidant la cessation effective des essais atmosphériques, a pris un en-

gagement vis-à-vis de la communauté internationale à qui il s'adressait.
Certes le Gouvernement français a constamment soutenu que ses expé-ments do not contravene any subsisting provision of international law,
nor did France recognize that it was bound by any rule of international
law to terminate its tests, but this does not affect the legal consequences of
the statements examined above. TheCourt finds that the unilateral under-
taking resulting from these statements cannot be interpreted as having
been made in implicit reliance on an arbitrary power of reconsideration.
The Court finds further that the French Government has undertaken an

obligation the precise nature and limits of which must be understood in
accordance with the actual terms in which they have been publicly ex-
pressed.
54. The Court will now confront the commitment entered into by
France with the claim advanced by the Applicant. Though the latter
has formally requested from the Court a finding on the rights and obliga-

tions of the Parties, it has throughout the dispute maintained as its final
objective the termination of the tests. It has sought from France an
assurance that the French programme of atmospheric nuclear testing
would come to an end. While expressing its opposition to the 1974tests,
the Government of New Zealand made specific reference to an assurance
that "1974 will see the end of atmospheric nuclear testing in the South

Pacific" (paragraph 33 above). On more than one occasion it has indicated
that it would be ready to accept such an assurance. Since the Court now
finds that a commitment in this respect has been entered into by France,
there is no occasion for a pronouncement'in respect of rights and obli-
gations of the Parties concerning the past-which in other circumstances
the Court would be entitled and even obliged to make-whatever the
date by reference to which such pronouncement might be made.

55. Thus the Court faces a situation in which the objective of the
Applicant has in effect been accomplished, inasmuch as the Court finds
that France has undertaken the obligation to hold no further nuclear
tests in the atmosphere in the South Pacific.
56. This conclusion is not affected by a reference made by the New

Zealand Government, in successive diplomatic Notes to the French
Government from 1966 to 1974, to a formal reservation of "the right to
hold the French Government responsible for any damage or losses
received by New Zealand ... as a result of any nuclear weapons tests
conducted by France"; for no mention of any request for damages is
made in the Application, and at the public hearing of 10 July 1974 the

Attorney-General of New Zealand specifically stated: "My Government
seeks a halt to a hazardous and unlawful activity, and not compensation
for its continuance." The Court therefore finds that no question of
damages in respect of tests already conducted arises in the present case.

57. It must be assumed that had New Zealand received an assurance,
on one of the occasions when this was requested, which, in its inter-

pretation, would have been satisfactory, it would have considered the
dispute as concluded and would have discontinued the proceedings in

22 riences nucléaires ne contreviennent à aucune disposition du droit inter-
national en vigueur et iln'a pas reconnu non plus qu'il était tenu de
mettre fin à ses essais par une règle de droit international mais cela ne
change rien aux conséquences juridiques des déclarations étudiéesplus

haut. La Cour estime que l'engagement unilatéral résultantde ces déclara-
tions ne saurait être interprété commeayant comporté l'invocation d'un
pouvoir arbitraire de revision. La Cour constate en outre que le Gouver-
nement français a assumé uneobligation dont il convient de comprendre
l'objet précis et les limites dans les termes mêmes où ils sont exprimés

publiquement.
54. La Cour doit maintenant comparer I'engagement pris par la
France avec la demande formulée par la Nouvelle-Zélande. Bien que
celle-ci ait formellement priéla Cour de se prononcer sur les droits et les
obligations des Parties, elle a soutenu tout au long du différend que son

objectif ultime était la cessation des essais. Elle a demandé à la France
de lui donner l'assurance que le programme français d'expériences nu-
cléairesdans l'atmosphère prendrait fin. Tout en exprimant son opposition
aux essais de 1974, le Gouvernement néo-zélandais s'est référé spéci-

fiquement à une assurance d'après laquelle ((1974[verrait] la fin des essais
nucléaires atmosphériques dans le Pacifique Sud )) (paragraphe 33 ci-
dessus). IIa indique à plusieurs reprises qu'il étaitdisposéà accepter une
telle assurance. Puisque la Cour conclut qu'une obligation a étéassumée
par la France à cet égard, iln'y a pas lieu qu'elle se prononce sur les

droits et les obligations des Parties dans le passé - ce que la Cour aurait
le droit et mêmele devoir de faire en d'autres circonstances - quelle
que soit la date par rapport à laquelle un tel prononcé pourrait être
fait.
55. La Cour est donc en présence d'une situation où l'objectif du

demandeur a été effectivementatteint, du fait que la Cour constate que
la France a pris l'engagement de ne plus procéder à des essais nucléaires
en atmosphère dans le Pacifique Sud.
56. Cette conclusion n'est pas modifiéepar le fait que le Gouverne-
ment néo-zélandais a déclaré,dans une série de notes diplomatiques

adresséesau Gouvernement français de 1966à 1974, se réserver formelle-
ment ((le droit de tenir le Gouvernement français responsable de toute
perte ou dommage subi par la Nouvelle-Zélande ...à la suite de tout
nouvel essai d'armes nucléaires effectuépar la France ));en effet, aucune
mention d'une demande d'indemnisation n'est faite dans la requête et,

à l'audience du IOjuillet 1974, l'Attorney-General de Nouvelle-Zélande a
dit expressément: n Mon gouvernement cherche à obtenir la cessation
d'une activité dangereuse et illicite, non une compensation pour la pour-
suite de cette activité. )) La Cour constate donc qu'aucune question de
dédommagement pour les essais effectuésne se pose en l'espèce.

57. 11faut suppcrser que, si la Nouvelle-Zélande avait reçu une assu-
rance qui fût d'après elle satisfaisante, à l'un des moments où elle en
demandait une, elle aurait considéréle différendcomme clos et se serait
désistée conforménientau Règlement. Si elle ne l'a pas fait, cela n'em-

22accordance with the Rules of Court. If it has not done so, this does not
prevent the Court from making its own independent finding on the sub-
ject. It is true that "the Court cannot take into account declarations,
admissions or proposals which the Parties may have made during direct
negotiations between themselves, when such negotiations have not led to a

complete agreement" (Factory ut Clzorzbw (Meriis),P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 17, p. 51). However, in the present case, that is not the situation
before the Court. The Applicant has clearly indicated what would satisfy
its claim, and the Respondent has independently taken action; the ques-
tion for the Court is thus one of interpretation of the conduct of each of
the Parties. The conclusion at which the Court has arrived as a result

ofsuch interpretation does not mean that it is itself effecting a compromise
of the claim; the Court is merely ascertainingthe object of the claim and
the effect of the Respondent's action, and this it is obliged to do. Any
suggestion that the dispute would not be capable of being terminated by
statements made on behalf of France would run counter to the unequivo-

cally expressed views of the Applicant both before the Court and else-
where.
58. The Court, as a court of law, is called upon to resolve existing
disputes between States. Thus the existence of a dispute is the primary
condition for the Court to exercise itsjudicial function; it is not sufficient
for one party to assert that there is a dispute, since "whether there exists

an international dispute is a matter for objective determination" by the
Court (Interpretation of' Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and
Romania (First Phase), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74).
The dispute brought before it must therefore continue to exist at the
time when the Court makes its decision. It must not fail to take cogni-
zance of a situation in which the dispute has disappeared because the final

objective which the Applicant has maintained throughout has been
achieved by other means. If the declarations of France concerning the
effective cessation of the nuclear tests have the significance described
by the Court, that is to Sayif they have caused the dispute to disappear, al1
the necessary consequences must be drawn from this finding.
59. It may be argued that although France may have undertaken

such an obligation, by a unilateral declaration, not to carry out atmos-
pheric nuclear tests in the South Pacific region, a judgment of the Court
on this subject might still be of value because, if the Judgment upheld
the Applicant's contentions, it would reinforce the position of the Appli-
cant by affirming the obligation of the Respondent. However, the Court
having found that the Respondent has assumed an obligation as to

conduct, concerning the effective cessation of nuclear tests, no further
judicial action is required. The Applicant has repeatedly sought from the
Respondent an assurance that the tests would cease, and the Respondent
has, on its own initiative, made a series of statements to the effectthat they
will cease. Thus the Court concludes that, the dispute having disappeared,
the claim advanced by New Zealand no longer has any object. It follows

that any further finding would have no raison d'être. ESSAISNUCLÉAIRES(ARRÊT) 476

pêchepas la Cour d'arriver à sa propre conclusion sur la question. II est
vrai que ((la Cour ne saurait faire état des déclarations, admissions ou
propositions qu'ont pu faire les Parties au coursde négociations directes
qui ont eu lieu entre elles, lorsque ces négociationsn'ont pas abouti un
accord complet ))(Usinede Chorzow (fond),C.P.J.I. sérieA no 17,p. 51).
Mais telle n'est pas en l'espècela situation qui se présente la Cour. Le
demandeur a clairement indiqué ce qui lui donnerait satisfaction et le

défendeur a agi indépendamment; la question qui se pose à la Cour est
donc celle de l'interprétation du comportement des deux Parties. La
conclusion à laquelle cette interprétation a amenéla Cour ne signifie pas
qu'elle opère elle-mêmeun retrait de la demande; elle se borne à établir
l'objet de cette demande et l'effet desactes du défendeur,comme elle est
tenue de le faire. En prétendant que des déclarationsfaites au nom de la
France ne sauraient mettre fin au différend,on iraità l'encontre des vues
expriméessans équivoque par le demandeur aussi bien devant la Cour
qu'en dehors.

58. La Cour, comme organe juridictionnel, a pour tâche de résoudre

des différendsexistant entre Etats. L'existence d'un différend estdonc la
condition première de l'exercicede sa fonction judiciaire; on ne peut se
contenter à cet égard des affirmations d'une partie car ((l'existenced'un
différendinternationaldemande àêtreétablieobjectivement ))par la Cour
(Interprétationdes traitédepaix conclusavec laBulgarie,la Hongrieet la
Roumanie,première phase,avis consultatif, C.Z.J.Recueil 1950, p. 74).
Le différend dont la Cour a été saisiedoit donc persister au moment
où elle statue. Elle doit tenir compte de toute situation dans laquelle le
différenda disparu parce que l'objectif qui n'a cesséd'êtrecelui du de-
mandeur a étéatteint d'une autre manière.Silesdéclarations dela France
concernant la cessation effective des expériences nucléairesont la por-e
que la Cour a décrite,autrement dit si elles ont éliminle différend,il faut

en tirer les conséquencesqui s'imposent.

59. On pourrait soutenir que, bien que la France se soit obligée,par
déclaration unilatérale, à ne pas effectuer d'essais nucléaires enatmo-
sphèredans la régiondu Pacifique Sud, un arrêt dela Cour sur ce point
pourrait encore présenter de l'intérêc tar, s'il adoptait les thèses du de-
mandeur, il renforcerait la position de celui-ci en constatant l'obligation
du défendeur.Cependant, la Cour ayant conclu que le défendeur a assumé
une obligation de comportement sur la cessation effectivedes expériences
nucléaires,aucune autre action judiciaire n'est nécessaire. Ledemandeur
a cherché à maintes reprises à obtenir du défendeur l'assurance que les
essais prendraient fin et celui-ci a, de sa propre initiative, fait une sériede

déclarations d'où ilrésulte qu'ilsprendront fin. C'est pourquoi la Cour
conclut que, le différend ayant disparu, la demande présentéepar la
Nouvelle-Zélandene comporte plus d'objet. Il en résultequ'aucune autre
constatation n'aurait de raison d'être. 60. This is not to Say that the Court may select from the cases sub-
mitted to it those it feels suitable for judgment while refusing to give

judgment in others. Article 38 of the Court's Statute provides that its
function is "to decide in accordance with international law such disputes
as are submitted to it"; but not only Article 38 itself but other provisions
of the Statute and Rules also make it clear that the Court can exercise
itsjurisdiction in contentious proceedings only when a dispute genuinely
existsbetween the parties. ln refraining from further action in this case the
Court is therefore merely acting in accordance with the proper inter-

pretation of itsjudicial function.
61. The Court has in the past indicated considerations which would
lead it to decline to give judgment. The present case is one in which
"circumstances that have ... arisen render any adjudication devoid of
purpose" (Nortllern Cameroons, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 38).
TheCourt therefore sees no reason to allow the continuance of proceed-

ings which it knows are bound to be fruitless. While judicial settlement
may provide a path to international harmony in circumsta~ices of con-
flict, it is none the less true that the needless continuance of litigation is
an obstacle to such harmony.
62. Thus the Court finds that no further pronouncement is required
in the present case. It does not enter into the adjudicatory functions
of the Court to deal with issues in abstracto,once it has reached the

conclusion that the merits of the case no longer fall to be determined.
The object of the claim having clearly disappeared, there is nothing
on which to givejudgment.

63. Once the Court has found that a State has entered into a commit-
ment concerning its future conduct it is not the Court's function to

contemplate that it will not comply with it. However, the Court observes
that if the basis of this Judgment were to be affected, the Applicant could
request an examination of the situation in accordance with the provisions
of the Statute; the denunciation by France, by letter date2 January 1974,
of the General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes,
which is relied on as a basis of jurisdiction in the present case, cannot

constitute by itself an obstacle to the presentation of such a request.

64. In its above-mentioned Order of 22 June 1973, the Court stated
that the provisional measures therein set out were indicated "pending
its final decision in the proceedings instituted on 9 May 1973 by New 60. Cela n'est pas à dire que la Cour ait la faculté de choisir parmi les
affaires qui lui sont soumises celles qui lui paraissent se prêter à une
décision et de refuser de statuer sur les autres. L'article 38 du Statut
dispose que la mission de la Cour est ((de réglerconformément au droit
international les différendsqui lui sont soumis ))en dehors de l'article 38

lui-même, d'autres dispositions du Statut et du Règlement indiquent
aussi que la Cour ne peut exercer sa compétence contentieuse que s'il
existe réellement un différendentre les parties. En n'allant pas plus loin
en l'espèce la Cour ne fait qu'agir conformément à une interprétation
correcte de sa fonction judiciaire.

61. La Cour a indiqué dans le passé desconsidérations qui pouvaient
l'amener à ne pas statuer. La présente affaire est l'une de celles dans les-
quelles ((lescirconstances qui se sont produites ... rendent toute décision
judiciaire sans objet » (Camerounseptentrional, arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1963,
p. 38). La Cour ne voit donc pas de raison de laisser se poursuivre une
procédure qu'elle sait condamnée à rester stérile.Si le règlementjudiciaire

peut ouvrir la voie de l'harmonie internationale lorsqu'il existe un conflit,
il n'est pas moins vrai que la vaine poursuite d'un procès compromet cette
harmonie.
62. La Cour conclut donc qu'aucun autre prononcé n'est nécessaire
en l'espèce.11n'entre pas dans la fonction juridictionnelle de la Cour de
traiter des questions dans l'abstrait une fois qu'elle est parvenue à la

conclusion qu'il n'y a plus lieu de statuer au fond. La demande ayant
manifestement perdu son objet, il n'y a rien àjuger.

63. Dès lors que la Cour a constaté qu'un Etat a pris un engagement

quant à son comportement futur, il n'entre pas dans sa fonction d'envi-
sager que cet Etat ne le respecte pas. La Cour fait observer que, si le
fondement du présent arrêt était remis en cause, le requérant pourrait
demander un examen de la situation conformément aux dispositions du
Statut; la dénonciation par la France, dans une lettre du 2 janvier 1974,

de l'Acte généralpour le règlement pacifique des différends internatio-
naux, qui est invoquécomme l'un des fondements de la compétence de la
Cour en l'espèce, nesaurait en soi faire obstacle à la présentation d'une
telle demande.

64. Dans l'ordonnance déjà mentionnée du 22 juin 1973, la Cour a
préciséque les mesures conservatoires indiquées l'étaient ((en attendant
son arrêtdéfinitifdans l'instance introduite le9 mai 1973par la Nouvelle-Zealand against France". It follows that such Order ceasesto be operative
upon the delivery of the present Judgment, and that the provisional
measures lapse at theame time.

65. For these reasons,

by nine votes to six,
finds that the claim of New Zealand no longer has anyct and that the

Court is therefore not called upon to give asion thereon.

Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twentieth day of December, one
thousand nine hundred and seventy-four, in three copies, one of which
will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted
to the Government of New Zealand and the Government of the French
Republic, respectively.

(Signed)Manfred LACHS,
President.

(Signed) S. AQUARONE,
Registrar.

Judges FORSTER G,ROS,PETRÉN and IGNACIO-PINTaO ppend separate
opinions to the Judgment of the Court.

Judges ONYEAMD AI,LLARD,JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGa And Sir Humphrey
WALDOCK append a joint dissenting opinion, and JudDE CASTRO and
Judge ad hoc Sir Garfield BARWICK append dissenting opinions to the
Judgment of the Court.

(InitialleM.L.

(InitialleS.A.Zélande contre la Francen. L'ordonnance cesse donc de produire ses
effetsdèsle prononcé du présentarrêtet les mesures conservatoires pren-
nent fin en mêmetemps.

65. Par ces motifs,

LACOUR,

par neuf voix contre six,

dit que la demande de la ~ouvelle-~él'andeest désormais sans objet et
qu'il n'ya dès lors pas lieuatuer.

Fait en anglais et en français, letexte anglaisfaisant foi, au palais de la
Paix,àLaHaye, levingtdécembremilneufcentsoixante-quatorze, en trois
exemplaires, dontl'un restera déposéaux archives de la Cour et dont les
autres seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement néo-zélandais
et au Gouvernement de la République française.

Le Président,

(Signé)Manfred LACHS.
Le Greffier,

(Signé) S. AQUARONE.

MM. FORSTERG , ROS,PETRÉNet IGNACIO-PINTO ju,ges, joignenà
l'arrêtles exposésde leur opinion individuelle.

MM. ONYEAMA D,ILLARD, JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA et sir Humphrey
WALDOCKj,uges, joignent à l'arrêt uneopinion dissidente commune.
M. DE CASTROj,uge, et sir Garfield BARWICKj,uge ad hoc, joignenà
l'arrêtles exposésde leur opinion dissidente.

(Paraphé)M.L.
(Paraphé) S.A.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 20 December 1974

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