Judgment of 28 November 1958

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033-19581128-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
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Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE A L'APPLICATION

DE LA CONVENTION DE 1902
POUR RÉGLER LA TUTELLE DES MINEURS

(PAYS-BAS c. SUÈDE)

ARR~TDU 28 NOVEMBRE 1958

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,

ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING THE APPLICATION
OF THE CONVENTION OF 1902

GOVERNING THE GUARDIANSHIP OF INFAN'I
(NETHERLANDS 2)SWEDEN)

JUDGMENT OF NOVEMBER28th, 1958 Le présent arrêt doit êtrecité comme suit:
«A8aire relative à l'application de la Convention de 1902 pour
réglerla tutelle des mineurs (Pays-BasSuède),
Arrêtdu 28 novembre 1958: C.I. J. Recueil 1958p.55. ))

This Judgment should be cited as follows
"Case concerningthe Application of the Conventionof 1902governing
the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden),
Judgment of November z8th, 19j8: I.C.J. Reports 1958p.55."

No de vente:
Salesnumber 200
/ INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

Puovembe28th
YEAR 1958 General List:
No. 33
November 28th, 1958

CASE CONCERNING THE APPLICATION

OF THE CONVENTION OF 1902

GOVERNING THE GUARDIANSHIP OF INFANTS

(NETHERLANDS v. SWEDEN)

Hague Convention1902governingtheGuardianship of Infants.-
Guardian's right to custody.-Law of June 6t1924,on the
protection of children andersans.-Placinand maintenance
under the regime of protective upbringing of a Dutch infant residing
inSweden.-Impedimenton the exercise of the guardian's right to

custody.-Protective upbringing and guardianship.law ofnal
the Infant.-Local.w.-Ordre public.-T1902 Convention and
the Law on the protection of children andons.

JUDGMENT

Present : PresideKLAEST.~ ;Dvice-PresidenZAFRULLA KHAN ;
Judges BASDEVANT H,ACKWORTH W ,INIARSKI, ADAWI,

ARMAND-UGOK NO, JEVNIKOVS,ir Hersch LAUTERPACHT,
MORENO QUINTANA, CORDOVA,WELLINGTONKOO,
SPIROPOULOS Si,r Percy SPENDEudges ad hocSTERZEL
and OFFERHAU ;Acting RegistrAQUARONE. In the case concerning the application of the Convention of 1902
governing the guardianship of infants,

between

the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
represented by
M. W. Riphagen, Legal Adviser to the Ministry forForeign Affairs,

as Agent,
assisted by
M. 1. Kisch, Professor of the Faculty of Law of the University of
Amsterdam,

as Counsel,
and by
M. J.G. Sauveplanne,

as Expert,

and

the Kingdom of Sweden,
represented by
M. Sven Dahlman, Ambassador of Sweden at The Hague,
as Agent,

assisted by
M. Sture Petrén, Ambassador, Director of Legal Affairs at the
Royal Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
M. Henri Rolin, Professor of International Law at the Free
University of Brussels,
as Counsel,

composed as above,

deliversthe followingJ~dgment :
In a letter of July gth, 1957, received in the Registry on July
~oth, 1957, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands
transmitted an Application dated July gth, 1957, instituting

proceedings in a dispute with the Government of the Kingdom of
Sweden concerning the application of the Convention of 1902
governing the guardianship ofinfants. At the same time, the Minister
for Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands notified the Registry of the
appointment of M. W. Riphagen as Agent for the Netherlands
Government in the case. CONVENTION OF 1902 (JUDGMENT OF 28 XI 58) 57

The Application thus filed in the Registry on July ~oth, 1957,
expressly refers to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court and to the acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice by the Kingdom of Sweden on
April 6th, 1957, and by the Kingdom of the Netherlands on Au-
gust ~st, 1956. It refers to a measure taken and maintained by the

Swedish authorities in respect of the infant Marie Elisabeth Boll,
a Dutch national, born at Norrkoping on May 7th, 1945, of the
marriage of Johannes Boll, of Dutch nationality, and Gerd Elisabeth
Lindwall, who died on December 5th, 1953, and who was of Swedish
nationality before her marriage. The Application alleges that the
Swedish authorities acted contrary to the provisions of the Conven-
tion of1902 governing the guardianship of infants, which provisions
are based on the principle that the national law of the infant is
applicable and the national authorities are competent.
Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Appli-
cation was communicated to the Government of the Kingdom of
Sweden and, pursuant to paragraph 3 of the same Article, other
Members of the United Nations as well as non-member States

entitled to appear before the Court were notified of it.
Since the Application referred to the provisions of the Convention
governing the guardianship of infants, signed at The Hague on
June ~zth, 1902, the States other than those concerned in the case
which are parties to the Convention were notified in accordance
with Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute.
Time-limits for the filing of the Memorial and Counter-Memorial
were fixed by an Order of the President of the International Court
of Justice of August ~gth, 1957, and time-limits for the filing of the
Reply and the Rejoinder were fixed by an Order of the Court of
April 17th, 1958.
The pleadings having been filed within the time-limits fixed bj7
these Orders, the case was ready for hearing on the date of the

expiry of the last time-limit, namely, August 28th, 1958.
M. Fredrik Julius Christian Sterzel, former Judge of the Supreme
Court of Sweden, and M. Johannes Offerhaus, Professor of Private
International Law at the University of Amsterdam, were respec-
tively chosen, in accordance with Article 31, paragraph 3, of the
Statute, to sit as Judges ad hoc in the present case by the Govern-
ment of the Kingdom of Sweden and the Government of the King-
dom of the Netherlands.
At the opening of the hearing on September 25th, 1958, the
Court heard the solemn declarations made, in accordance with
Article 20 of the Statute and Article 5 of the Rules of Court, by
MM. Sterzel and Offerhaus, Judges ad hoc.

In the course of hearings held on September 25th, 26th, 29th and
3oth, and October ~st, 3rd and 4th, 1958, the Court heard the oral
arguments and replies of M. Riphagen and Professor Kisch, on
behalf of the Government of the Netherlands, and of M. Dahlman,
6 CONVENTION OF 1902 (JUDGMENT OF 28 XI 58) 58

Professor Rolin and M. Petrén, on behalf of the Government of
Sweden.
During the written and oral proceedings the following Submis-
sions were presented by the Parties :

On behalf of the Government of the Netherlands, in the Application :

"May it please the Court:
To take note that for thepurpose of al1notifications and commu-
nications relating tothe present case, the Agent for the Government
of the Kingdom of the Netherlands selects as his address for service
the Ministry for Foreign Affairs at The Hague;
To notify the present Application, in accordance with Article 40,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court to the Government of the
Kingdom of Sweden;

To adjudge and declare, whether the Government of the Kingdom
of Sweden appears or not, and after such time-limit as, subject to
proposals made by agreement between the Parties, it will be for the
Court tofix:
That the measure taken and maintained by the Swedish authori-
ties in respect of Marie Elisabeth Boll, namely, the 'skyddsupp-
fostran' instituted and maintained by the decrees of May 5th, 1954,
June zznd, 1954, October 5th, 1954, June 3rd, 1955, and February
mst, 1956, is not in conformity with the obligations binding upon
Sweden vis-à-v tiesNetherlands by virtue of the 1902 Convention
governing the guardianship of infants;
That Sweden is under an obligation to end this measure."

On behalf of the Government of the Netherlands, in the Mernorial:
"The Netherlands Government submit that the Court should
adjudge and declare:

That the measure taken and maintained by the Swedish authori-
ties in respect of Marie Elisabeth Boll, namely, the 'skyddsupp-
fostran' instituted and maintained by the decrees of May 5th, 1954%
June zznd, 1954, October 5th, 1954, June 3rd, 1955, and February
zrst, 1956, is not in conformity with the obligations binding upon
Sweden vis-à-v tiesNetherlands by virtue of the 1902 Convention
governing the guardianship of infants;
That Sweden is under an obligation to end this measure."

On behalf of the Government of Sweden, in the Counter-Memorial:
"The Swedish Government respectfully prays the Court to

declare that the claim of the Government of the Netherlands is
unfounded. "
On behalf of the Government of the Netherlands, inthe Reply:

"The protective education in respect of Marie Elisabeth Boll is
not in conformity with the obligations binding upon Sweden vis-à-
vis the Netherlands by virtue of the 1902 Convention governing the
guardianship of infants, on the following grounds:

1. that the protective education affects Netherlands guardian-
ship, fully covered by the Convention;
7 II. that ordre public cannot prevail against the Convention, because

A. ordre public generally cannot overrule conventions, and
B. even if ordre 9ublic could overmle conventions, the condi-
tions for ordre public have not been complied with, since,
in the present case,
I. theré is no substantive connection between the situation

and Sweden;
2. no facts have been stated that warrant and bear out a
departure from the normal application of conilict des.
Therefore, Sweden is under the obligation to discontinue the
protective education."

On behalf of the Government of Sweden, in the Rejoinder:

"That it may please the Court
To declare that the measure of protective upbringing decreed in
respect of Marie Elisabeth Boll has in no way contravened the
obligations binding upon Sweden vis-à-vis the Netherlands under

the 1902 Convention goveming the guardianship of infants
I. because the rights to custody and control, the exercise of
which has been temporarily impeded as a result of the said
measure, are rights outside the scope of guardianship as
understood in the said Convention :
(a) in the case of the right of M. Johannes Boll to custody and
control, because that right was his independently of the said

guardianship,
(b) in the case of the right of Mme Postema to custody and
control, the right having devolved upon her in consequence
of a judicial decision in the Netherlands which was con-
cerned with the right of M. Johannes Boll to custody and
control and which was accordingly not covered by the
Convention ;

2. because the protective measure decreed in respect of a
foreign child on Swedish territory was decreed by virtue of a
Swedish rule of public law, the application of which is out-
side the scope of the rules of conflict of laws contained in the
1902 Convention.
In the premises, to hold that the Submissions of June ~Sth, 1958,
of the Agent for the Government of the Netherlands are inadmissible

and ill-founded.
To hold inadmissible the Submission of the Government of the
Netherlands seeking a declaration that the Swedish Government
has not established the existence of circumstances which would
justify the measure complained of.

In the alternntizieon the last point
If the Court should deem it necessary to take cognizance of the
reasons for the Sn-edish administrative decisions concerned with
the measure in dispute, to place on record that the Agent for the
Swedish Goverilment should be prepared to produce the administra-

8 tive file in this case in such manner and subject to such conditions
as the Court may prescribe."

On behalf of the Government of Sweden, at the hearing of Octo-
ber ~st, 1958:

"May it please the Court

to hold
(1) that the rights pertaining to custody and control, to up-
bringing and al1 other rights exercised by Johannes Boll over the
person of his daughter until August 5th, 1954, derived from his
puissance paternelleand not from guardianship within the meaning
of the 1902 Convention; that this was more particularly so in the
present case inasmuch as on his application his guardianship was
originally instituted in accordance with Swedishlaw which does not
regard as falling within this institution rights relating to the person
of the child; that the decision of May 5th, 1954c ,ould accordingly
not infringe any rights protected by the Convention;
(2) that when the Dutch authorities had subsequently instituted
the guardianship of Johannes Boil in accordance with the law of the
Netherlands and later released Johannes Boll from his functions,
replacing him by Catherine Postema, the Swedish Courts terminated
the guardianship instituted by them;
(3) that notwithstanding, Sweden not being bound by the 1902
Convention to recognize the validity of the Dutch decision putting
an end to the puissance paternelle of Johannes Boll, nor conse-
quently of the transfer of these rights to Catherine Postema, any
breach of those rights would not constitute a violation of the
Convention ;

As tothemerits :
to hold
that the rules'pertaining to conflictoflawswhichform the subject-
matter of the 1902 Convention on the guardianship of infant
children do not affect the right of the High Contracting Parties to
impose upon the powers of foreign guardians, as indeed of foreign
parents, the restrictions called for by their ordrepwblic;
that these rules leave unaffected in particular the cornpetence of
the administrative authorities responsible for the public service of
the protection of children;

that the measure of protective upbringing taken in respect of
Elisabeth Boll cannot accordingly in any way have contravened the
1902 Convention relied upon by the Netherlands;
that it is furthermore not for the Court, in the absence of any
allegation of denial of justice, to judge the grounds on which th>
comvetent Swedish authorities decided to decree or to maintaiil the
saidmeasure ; In the premises,

May it please the Court
to declare that the claim is neither admissible nor well-founded;
in the alternative,
before adjudication, to invite the Respondent to produce the
file of the administrative enquiries which led to the disputed
decisions."

On behalf of the Government of the Netherlands, at the hearing of

October 3rd, 1958:
"May it please the Court
to declare:

1. Netherlands guardianship as protected by the 1902 Conven-ls
tion governing the guardianship of infants;

II. that -ordre $.ublic cannot prevail against the Convention,
because ordre public generally cannot be invoked against
conventions ;
III. that, even if ordre public could be invoked against the
Convention :
A. the Court, in virtue of its powers under the Statute, is
fully competent to appreciate, in the light of all the
relevant facts and circumstances and the nature of the
municipal legalprovisions applied thereto, whether or not
the conditions for ordre public have been complied with;

B. inthe present issue ordre fiublicis not warranted,
i. either by the character of the case,
ii. or by the character of the provision of Swedish law as
applied to the case.

Therefore

Nay it please the Court
to adjudge and declare:
that the measure taken and maintained by the Swedish authori-
ties in respect of Marie Elisabeth Boll, namely the 'skyddsupp-
fostran' instituted and maintained by the decrees of May 5th,
1954, June zznd, 1954, October 5th, 1954, June 3rd, 1955, and
February z~st, 1956,is not in conformity with the obligations
binding upon Sweden vis-à-vis the Netherlands by virtue of the
1902 Convention governing the guardianship of infants;
That Sweden is under an obligation to end this measure."

The Submissions of the Parties, in the form in which they were
presented on October 1st and 3rd, 1958, respectively, constitute
their final Submissions. CONVENTION OF 1902 (JUDGMENT OF 28 XI 58) 62

The dispute upon which the Court is called on to adjudicate has
been clearly defined by the Parties in their Pleadings and oral
arguments. The Court has before it a concrete case :did the Swedish
authorities, by applying the measure of protective upbringing

(skyddsuppfostran) to the Dutch infant, Marie Elisabeth Boll, fail
to respect obligations resulting from the 1902 Convention on the
guardianship of infants? The task of the Court is thus limited. It
is not concerned with the correctness of the application of the
Swedish Law of June 6th, 1924, on the protection of children and
young perçons, nor has it to pass upon the proper appreciation of
the grounds on which the challenged decisions are based, or on the
circumstances to which those grounds are related. These questions
are not within the terms of the present dispute and would raise
points which are outside the proceedings.

The final Submissions of the Government of the Netherlands,
before asking the Court to adjudge and declare that Sweden, in
taking and maintaining the measure complained of, is in breach
of its obligations under the 1902 Convention, ask it to "declare"
certain propositions relating to the effect of protective upbringing

and to ordrepublic. These propositions are, in reality, the essential
considerations which, in the view of the Government of the Nether-
lands, must lead the Court to adjudge and declare that Sweden is
in breach of its obligations. In a less categorical form, the Submis-
sions of the Government of Sweden areset out in a similar way. The
Court has to adjudicate upon the subject of the dispute; it is not
called upon, as it ,pointed out in the Fisheries case, to pronounce
upon a statement of this kind (I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 126). It
retains its freedom to select the ground upon which it will base its
judgment, and is under no obligation to examine al1the considera-
tions advanced by the Parties if other considerations appear to it
to be sufficient for its purpose.

The essential and undisputed facts underlying the present case
are as follows: Gerd Elisabeth Lindwall, the wife of Johannes Boll
and mother of Marie Elisabeth Boll, having died on December 5th,
1953, Johannes Boll, the latter's father, thereupon became her

guardian by the operation of Article 378 of the Civil Code of the
Netherlands. On March 18th, 1954, on the application of the father
and without any reference then being made to the Dutch nationality
of the infant, the Second Chamber of the Court of First Instance atSorrkoping in Sweden registered the guardianship of the father and
appointed Emil Lindwall as godman of Marie Elisabeth, pursuant
to Swedish law of guardianship.
On May 5th, 1954, the Child Welfare Board at Norrkoping,
confirming the decision made on Aprilz6th, 1954, by the President
of the Board, decided to place the infant under the regime of pro-
tective upbringing under Article 22 (a) of the Swedish Law of
June 6th, 1924.
The Amsterdam Cantonal Court, on June znd, 1954, appointed

Jan Albertus Idema, of Dutch nationality, residing at Dordrecht,
deputy-guardian of the infant, Marie Elisabeth Boll, her father
being her guardian by operation of law.
The latter, jointïy with the deputy-guardian, appealed against
the institution of protective upbringing to the Provincial Govern-
ment of Ostergotland, which, by decision of June zznd, 1954,
confirmed the decision of the Child Welfare Board.
On August 5th, 1954, the Court of First Instance of Dordrecht,
upon the application of the Guardianship Council of that town and
with the consent of Johannes Boll, discharged the latter from his
functions as guardian of Marie Elisabeth Boll and appointed
Catharina Postema as guardian. The same judgment ordered that
the child should be handed over to the guardian.
The Second Chamber of the Norrkoping Court of First Instance,
on September 16th, 1954, cancelled the previous registration of the
guardianship of Johannes Boll and ordered that guardiançhip should

no longer be administered according to Swedish law. In the same
decision the Court dismissed an application for the removal of
Emil Lindwall as godman of the infant Marie Elisabeth. The Court
of Appeal of Gota, by decision of January z~st, 19j5, maintained the
godman, but a judgment of the Supreme Court of July and, 1955,
quashed this decision and discharged the god man of his functions.
An appeal having been lodged by Johannes Boll, Jan Albertus
Idema and Catharina Postema, against the decision of the Provin-
cial Government of Ostergotland of June zznd, 1954, the Supreme
Administrative Court of Sweden, by a judgment of October 5th,
1954, maintained the measure of protective upbringing.
The Child Welfare Board of Norrkoping, having before them a
letter from the father of the infant Marie Elisabeth Boll, and an
application by Jan Albertus Idema, decided on June 3rd, 1955, to
obtain a fiirther medical report before reviewing the measure of
protective upbringing. On October 28th, 1955, the Provincial

Government of Ostergotland, on appeal by Catharina Postema and
Jan Albertus Idema against this decision, ordered the measure of
protective upbringing to be terminated. On appeal by the Child
Welfare Board against that decision, the Supreme Administrative
Court, by a judgment of February z~st, 1956, maintained the
measure adopted by that Board on June 3rd, 1955. These decisions given in Sweden and in the Netherlands relate
to the organization of guardianship and to the application of the
Swedish Law on the protection of children. The Court is not
concerned with the decisions relating to the organization of guard-
ianship. The dispute relates to the Swedish decisions which insti-
tuted and maintained protective upbringing. It is of these decisions
that the Government of the Netherlands complains, and it is only
upon them that the Court is called upon to adjudicate.
The Government of the Netherlands submits that these decisions
are not in conformity with the provisions of the 1902 Convention.
The institution of protective upbringing in the case of Marie
Elisabeth Bol1 prevents the infant from being handed over to the

guardian for the exercise of her functions. The 1902 Convention
provides that the guardianship of an infant shall be governed by
his national law, and the Government of the Netherlands draws the
conclusion that the Swedish authorities could take no measure once
the nationalauthorities had taken decisionsorganizing guardianship
of the infant. The limitation on the principle of the national law
contained in Article 7 of the Convention, according to the Govern-
ment of the Netherlands, is not applicable to the present case
because Swedish protective upbringing is not a measure permitted
by that Article and because the condition of urgency required by
that provision has not been satisfied.
The Government of Sweden does not dispute the fact that pro-
tective upbringing temporarily impedes the exercise of custody to
which the guardian is entitled by virtue of guardianship under
Dutch law; this fact, however, does not constitute a breach of the
1902 Convention or a failure by Sweden to fulfil her obligations

thereunder. In support of its contentions the Government of Sweden
relies upon the following grounds:
(1) The right to custody, at the time when the infant was placed
under the regime ofprotective upbringing, belonged to her father,
and it was in his case an attribute of theuissance paternelle,which
is not governed by the 1902 Convention on guardianship. In the

circumstances in which guardianship and the right to custody were
conferred on Mme Postema, the 1902Convention is equallyinappli-
cable to that right which was merely the continuation of the father's
right to custody.
(2) The Swedish Law for the protection of children of June 6th,
1924, applies to every infant residing in Sweden, and the jurisdic-
tion which that Law confers upon the Swedish authorities remains

outside the Convention, which governs only conflicts of law and of
jurisdiction in respect of the guardianship of infants and which does
.not extend to the settlement of other conflicts of law. The Law for
the protection of children being a law within the category of ordre
public the protective upbringing decreed by the Swedish authorities
does not constitute a breach of the 1902 Convention, the Conven- tion being incapable of affecting the right of the contracting States
to make the powers of a foreign guardian, as indeed foreign parents,
subject to the restrictions required by ordre pztblic.
With reference to the first ground relied upon by the Swedish
Government, the Court observes that in the written and oral pro-
ceedings a distinction appears to have been made between the
period during which Johannes Bol1was invested with the guardian-
ship of his daughter under Dutch law, the law applicable in accord-
ance with Article Iof the 1902 Convention, andthe period after he
had been released from guardianship when the latter was entmst-
ed to Mme Postema. That may lead to a distinction being drawn

between the original institution of the regime of protective up-
bringing in respect of the infant and her maintenance under this
regime in face of the guardianship conferred upon Mme Postema.
The Court does not consider that it need be concerned with this
distinction. The grounds for its decision are applicable to the
whole of the dispute.
The Court has before it a measure taken in pursuance of the
Swedish Law of June 6th, 1924, on the protection of children and
young perçons. It hast~ consider this measure in the light of what
it was the intention of the Swedish Law to establish, to compare it
with the guardianship governed by the 1902 Convention and to
determine whether the application and the maintenance of the
measure in respect of an infant whose guardianship falls within
that Convention involve a breach of the Convention.
It has been contended that the measure is one "virtually amount-

ing to guardianship", that it constitutes a "rival guardianship" in
competition with the Dutch guardianship so that the latter, as a
result of the measure, "is completely absorbed, whittled away,
overruled and frustrated".
To judge of the correctness of this argument it is necessary to
consider the attitude adopted with regard to the Dutch guardian-
ship by the judgments given in Sweden.
So far as the administration of property is concerned, the judg-
ment of the Norrkoping Court of September 16th, 1954, and the
judgment of the Supreme Court of July end, 1955, both proceeded
on the basis of recognition of the Dutch guardianship. With regard
to the capacity of the guardian to concern herself with the person
of the infant, that capacity was recognized in the decision of the
Supreme Administrative Court of October 5th, 1954, given on
an appeal lodged by the guardian; reference was there made to

the fact that the decision of the Dordrecht Court, appointing
Mme Postema as guardian, extended to the custody of the child and
to the claim of the guardian that the regime ofprotective upbringing
should be terminated; this claim was dismissed, not on the ground
that it was inadmissible, but after it had been considered on the
merits and because it appeared to the Court thatto uphold it would,at that time, have constituted a serious danger to the mental
health of the ward.
The judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Febru-
ary 21st, 1956, merits particular attention. This judgment was
given on an appeal against a decision of the Provincial Government
of Ostergotland which had held that the measure of protective
upbringing should be terminated: if matters had ended there, there
would have been no subject for dispute. There is a subject for
dispute only as a result of the judgment of February z~st, 1956,
which decided that the measure should be maintained. That judg-

ment was given, as the decision appealed against had been, in the
light of and taking into account the desire expressed by the guard-
ian, Mme Postema, to entrust the infant to M. and Mme Torn-
quist, at Norrkoping. The Supreme Administrative .Court did not
question Mme Postema's capacity to take proceedings before it,
and it thereby recognized her capacity as guardian and her right to
concern herself with the person of the infant; it did not raise pro-
tective upbringing to the status of an institution, the effect of
which would be completely to absorb the Dutch guardianship; it
confined itself, for reasonsutside the scope of the Court's examina-
tion, to finding that the desire of the guardian and the satisfactory
information which she gave with regard to the household which
enjoyed her confidence did not constitute sufficient grounds for
terminating the regime of protective upbringing applied to the
infant. Finally, under the regime thus maintained, the person to
whom the Child Welfare Board has entrusted the infanthas not the

capacity and rights of a guardian. He receives her, watches over
her, provides for the care of her health: the infant is entrusted to
his care as she would have been entrusted to the care of the Torn-
quist family if the guardian's wish had been carried out.
The protective upbringing applied to the.infant, as it appears in
these decisions, i.e. according to the facts in the present case,
cannot be regarded as a rival guardianship to the guardianship
established in the Netherlands in accordance with the 1902 Con-
vention.
The Swedish measure of protective upbringing, as instituted and
maintained in respect of Marie Elisabeth Boll, placed obstacles in
the way of the full exercise by the guardian of her right to custody.
Before the Supreme Administrative Court she relied, as has been
recalled, upon her intention to entrust the infant to a home of her
choice: that intention clearly corresponded to an exercise by the
guardian of her right to custody. The guardian was not, however,

asking that her intention should simply be acted upon; she relied
upon it as a reason for terminating the regime of protective up-
bringing. The Supreme Administrative Court, by its judgment of
February zrst, 1956, dismissed her claim. In dismissing it, the
Court limited itself no doubt to adjudicating upon the mainte-
nance of protective upbringing, but, at the same time, it placed anobstacle in the way of the full exercise of the right to custody
belonging to the guardian. Does this constitute a failure to observe
the 1902 Convention, Article 6 of which provides that "the ad-
ministration ofa guardianship extends tothe person.. .ofthe infant" ?
In order to ansu7er this question, it is not necessary, as has
already been said, for the Court to ascertain the real or alleged
reasons wliich determined or influenced the decisions complained
of. It is called upon to pronounce only on the compatibility of the
measure with the obligations binding upon Sweden under the 1902
Convention. It has before it a measure instituted pursuant to a

Swedish law which impedes the exercise by the guardian of the
right to custody conferred upon her by Dutch law in accordance
with the 1902 Convention. Are the imposition and maintenance of
such a measure incompatible with the 1902 Convention?
The Court is not confronted by a situation in which it would
suffice for it to Say that a national law cannot override the obliga-
tions assumed by treaty. It is asked to say whether the measure
taken and impugned is or is not compatible with the obligations
binding upon Sweden by virtue of the 1902 Convention. To do
that, it must determine what are the obligations imposed by that
Convention, how far they extend and, especially, it must deter-
mine whether, by stipulating that the guardianship of an infant is
governed by the national law of the infant, the 1902 Convention
intended to prohibit the application to a foreign infant of a law such
asthe Swedish Law on the protection of children.

The 1902 Convention, as indicated by its preamble, was designed
to "lay down common provisions to govern the guardianship of
infants". It provides for the application of the national law of the
infant,for the institution and operation of guardianship by expressly
extending in Article 6 the administration of a guardianship to the
person and to al1 the property of the infant. It goes no farther
than that, and indeed it has been pointed out that it does not make
complete provision for guardianship, which should serve as a
warning against any construction which would extend it beyonci
its true scope. In providing that guardianship and,in particular,
that the guardian's right to custody should be governed by the
national law of the infant, the Convention was intended to deter-
mine what law should be a~~lied to settle these ~oints. It was
intended, in accordance with the general purpose of the Confer-
ences on Private International Law, that it should put an end tothe

divergences of view as to whether preference ought to be given in
this connection to the national law of the infant, to that of liis
place of residence, etc., but it was not intended to lay down, in the
domain of guardianship, and particularly of the right to custody.
any immunity of an infant or of a guardian with respect to tlie
whole body of the local law. The local lau- with regard to guardian-
ship is in principle excluded, but not al1the other provisions of the
local law. There may be some points of contact between matters governed
by the national law of the infant which is applicable to guardian-
ship and matters falling within the ambit of the local law. It does
not follow that in such cases the national law of the infant must
always prevail over the application of the local law and that,

accordingly, the exercise of the powers of a guardian is always
beyond the reach of local laws dealing with subjects other than the
assignment of guardianship and the determination of the powers
and duties of a guardian. If, for instance, for the purposes of the
administration of guardianship in respect of the person or the
property of an infant, a guardian finds it necessary to travel to
some foreign country, he will, so far as his journey is concerned, be
subject to the laws relating to the entry and residence of foreigners.
This is something outside the scope of guardianship as regulated
by the 1902 Convention.
If, in a country in which a foreign infant, to whom the 1902
Convention applies, is living, laws relating to compulsory education
and the sanitary supervision of children, professional -training or
the participation of young people in certain work, are applicable

to foreigners, in circumstances assumed to be in conformity with
the requirements of international law and of treaties governing
these matters, a guardian's right to custody under the national
law of the infant cannot override the application of such laws to a
foreign infant. In adopting the national law of the infant as the
proper law to govern guardianship, including the guardian's right
to custody, the 1902 Convention was not intended to decide upon
anything other than guardianship, the true purpose of which is to
make ~rovision for the ~rotection of the infant: it was not intended
to rehlate or to resthct the scope of laws désignedto meet pre-
occupations of a general character.
The same must be true of the Swedish Law on the protection of
children and young persons. Considered in its application to children
of Swedish nationality, the Law is not a law on guardianship, it

does not relate to the legal institution of guardianship. It is appli-
cable whether the infant be within the puissance paternelle of the
parents or under guardianship. Protective upbringing which con-
stitutes an application of the Law is superimposed, when that is
necessary, on either, without bringing either to an end but para-
lazin" their effects to the extent that thev are in conflict with the
requirements of protective upbringing.
1s the 1902 Convention to be construed as meaning-tacitly,
for the reason that it provides that the guardianship of an infant
shall be governed by his national law-that it was intended to
prohibit the application of any legislative enactment on a different
subject-matter the indirect effect of which would be to restrict,
though not to abolish, the guardian's right to custody? So to
interpret the Convention would be to go beyond its purpose. That

purpose was to put an end, in questions of guardianship, to diffi-culties arising from the conflict of laws. That was its only purpose.
It was sought to achieve it by laying down to this end common
rules which the contracting States must respect. To understand
the Convention as limiting the right of contracting States to apply
laws on a different topic would be to go beyond that purpose.
The 1902 Convention determines the domain of application of
the laws of each contracting State in the matter of guardianship.
It does this by requiring each contracting State to apply the
national law of the infant. If the 1902 Convention had intended to
regulate the domain of application of laws such asthe Swedish Law

on the protection of children and young persons, it would follow
that that Law should be applied to Swedish infants in a foreign
country. But no one has sought to attribute such an extraterri-
torial effect to that Law. The 1902 Convention is therefore not
concerned with the determination of the domain of application of
such a law.
A comparison betwecn the purpose of the 1902 Convention and
that of the Swedish Law on the protection of children shows that
the purpose of the latter places it outside the field of application of
the Convention. .
The 1902 Convention did not seek to define what it meant by
guardianship, but there is no doubt that the legal systems, as
between which it sought to establish some harmony by prescribing
what was the proper law to govern that situation, understood and
understand by guardianship an institution the object of which is
the protection of the infant: the protection and guidance of his
person, the safeguarding of his pecuniary interests and the fulfilling
of the functions rendered necessary by his legal incapacity. Guard-

ianship and protective upbringing have certain common purposes.
The ipecial feature of the regime of protective upbringing is that
it is put into operation only in respect of children who, for reasons
inherent in them or for causes external to them, are in an abnormal
situation-a situation which, if allowed to continue, might give
rise to danger going beyond the person of the child. Protective up-
bringing contributes to the protection of the child, but at the same
time, and above all, it is designed to protect society against dangers
resulting from improper upbringing, inadequate hygiene, or moral
corruption of young people. The 1902 Convention recognizes the
fact that guardianship, in order to achieve its aim of individual pro-
tection, needs to be governed by the national law of the infant;
to achieve the aim of the social guarantee which it is the purpose of
the Swedish Law on the protection of children and young persons
to provide, it is necessary that it should apply to al1young people
living in Sweden.

Protective upbringing is not, as is guardianship, applied for a
pre-ordained period during which it is maintained. The public
service of the protection of children is miich more flexible, just
because the measures taken depend upon the circumstances, and
rScan be modified in accordance with alterations in those circum-
stances. Its functions correspond to preoccupations of a moral and
social order. The Swedish Law being designed to provide a social
guarantee, it was presented, on behalf of the Government of
Sweden, as a law of ordrepublic which, as such, is binding upon al1
those upon Swedish territory. The consequences to be drawn from
such a characterization were argued at length before the Court. It
was contended that a proper interpretation of the 1902 Convention
must lead to recognition that this Convention, bringing about the
unification as between the contracting States of certain rules for
the settlement of conflicts ofaw, must be understood as containing
an implied reservation authorizing, on the ground of ordre public,
the overruling of the application of the foreign law recognized as
normally the proper law to govern the legal relationship in question.
It has been argued that such an exception is recognized in the

systems of private international law of those countries which
joined in the partial codification of this branch of the law. The
Court does not consider it necessary to pronounce upon this con-
tention. It seeks to ascertain in a more direct manner whether,
having regard to its purpose, the 1902 Convention lays down any
mles which the Swedish authorities have disregarded.
The 1902 Convention had to meet a problem of the conflict of
private law rules. It presupposes the hesitation which was felt
in the choice of the law applicable to a given legal relationship:
the national law of an individual, the law of his place of residence,
the lex fori, etc. It gave the preference to the national law of the
infant and thereby prescribed to the courts of each contracting
State that they should apply a foreign law when the infant in-
volved was a foreigner. It is perfectly conceivable that the courts
of a State should in certain cases apply a foreign law.
Very different is the sense of the question if it be asked what
is the domain of the applicability of the Swedish Law or of the

Dutch law on the protection of children. The measures provided for
or prescribed by Swedish law are applied, at least in the first stage
as was done in the present case, by an administrative organ. Such
an organ can act only in accordance with its own law: it is incon-
ceivable that the Swedish Child Welfare Board should apply
Dutch law to a Dutch infant living in Sweden and equally incon-
ceivable that the competent Dutch organ should apply Dutch law
to such an infant living abroad. What a Swedish or Dutch Court can
do in matters of guardianship, pursuant to the 1902 Convention,
namely apply a foreign law-Dutch law or Swedish law asthe case
may be-the authorities ofthose countries cannot do in the matter
of protective upbringing. To extend the 1902 Convention to such a
situation would lead to an impossibility. It is not permissible so
to construe the Convention as to bring about such a result. The 1902Convention was designed toput an end tothe competing
claims of several laws to govern a singlelegal relationship. There are
no such competing claims in the case of laws for the protection of
children and young persons. The claim of each of these laws is that
it should be applied in the country in which it was enacted: such a
law has not and, as has been seen, cannot have any extraterritorial
aspiration, for that would exceed its social purpose as well as the
means of which it disposes. The problem which was at the basis of
the 1902 Convention does not exist in respect of these laws, andthe
only danger which could threaten them would lie in the negative
solution which would be reached if, as a result of an extensive

construction which has not heretofore been considered justified,
the application of Swedish law was refused to Dutch children living
in Sweden; since Dutch law on the same subject could not be
applied to them, the protection of children and young persons,
desired bothby Swedishlaw and by Dutch law, would be frustrated.
The 1902 Convention never intended that a negative solution should
be reached in the domain with which it is concerned: this confirms
that what is understood by the protection of children and young
persons does not fa11within the domain of the Convention.
It is scarcely necessary to add that to arrive at a solution which
would put an obstacle in the way of the application of the Swedish
Law on the protection of children and young persons to a foreign
infant living in Sweden would be to misconceive the social purpose
of that law, a purpose of which the importance was felt in many
countries particularly after the signature of the 1902 Convention.
The social problem of delinquent or even of merely misdirected
young people, and of children whose health, mental state or moral
development is threatened, in short, of those ill-adapted to social
life, has often arisen; lawsuch as the Swedish Law now in question

were enacted in several countries to meet the problem. The Court
could not readily subscribe to any construction which would make
the 1902 Convention an obstacle on this point to social progress.
It thus seems to the Court that, in spite of their points of contact
and in spite, indeed, of the encroachments revealed in practice, the
1902 Convention on the guardianship of infants does not include
within its scope the matter of the protection of children and of
young persons as understood by the SwedishLaw of June 6th, 1924.
The 1902 Convention cannot therefore have given rise to obliga-
tions binding upon the signatory States in a fieldoutside the matter
with which it was concerned, and accordingly the Court does not
in the present case find any failure to observe that Convention on
the part of Sweden.
This finding makes it unnecessary to examine a further sub-
mission put forward by the Government of the Netherlands after
the main submission which is not upheld bythe Court. Furthermore,
in view of the reply given to the main submission put forward bythe Government of Sweden, it is unnecessary to examine its alter-
native submission.

For these reasons,

By twelve votes to four,
rejects the claim of the Government of the Netherlands.

Done in French and English, the French text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-eighth day ofNovember

one thousand nine hundred and fifty-eight, in three copies, one of
which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others will
be transmitted to the Government ofthe Kingdom ofthe Netherlands
and to the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden, respectively.

(Signed) Helge KLAESTAD,
President.

(Signed) S. AQUARONE,
Acting Registrar

Judge KOJEVNIKOV states that he is unable to concur either
in the reasoning or in the operative clause of the Judgment
because, in his opinion, on the basis of the principle pacta sunt
servanda, having regard to the fact that the rights and obliga-
tions of the Parties under the 1902 Convention governing the
guardianship of.infants are abundantly clear, having regard to
the character of the case and the available facts, as well as the
legitimate interests of the infant concerned-who is of Dutch
nationality-the Court ought to have held that the measures taken
by the Swedish administrative authorities in respect of the said
infant, which impede the exercise of the right of guardianship
based on the treaty, are not in conformity with the obligations
binding upon Sweden vis-à-vis the Netherlands by virtue of the
aforementioned 1902 Convention, in particular Articles I and 6

of the Convention.
Judge SPIROPOULO states that, although he shares the opinion
of the Court that Sweden cannot be held to have failed to respect
her obligations under the 1902 Covention in this case, he considers
that the rejection of the claim of the Government of the Nether-
lands ought rather to be based upon the character of ordre eublicof the Swedish Law on the protection of children and young persons.
In his opinion, this character enables the Law to override the 1902
Convention, since the 1902 Convention must be understood as
containing an implied reservation authorizing,on the ground of
ordre public, the overruling of the application of the foreign law
recognized as the proper law, in accordance with the Convention,
to govern the legal relationship in question.

Judges BADAWIS , ir Hersch LAUTERPACHM T,ORENOQUINTANA,
WELLINGTONKOO and Sir Percy SPENDER,availing themselves
of the right conferred upon them by Article 57 of the Statute,
append to the Judgment of the Court statements of their separate
opinions.

Vice-President ZAFRULLA KHANstates that he agrees generally
with Judge WELLINGTOK NOO.

Judges WINIARSKIC , ORDOVA and M. OFFERHAUSJ,udge ad hoc,
availing themselves of the right conferred upon them by Arti57e
of the Statute, append to the Judgment of the Court statements of
their dissenting opinions.
(Initialled) H. K.

(Initialled) S. A.

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE A L'APPLICATION

DE LA CONVENTION DE 1902
POUR RÉGLER LA TUTELLE DES MINEURS

(PAYS-BAS c. SUÈDE)

ARR~TDU 28 NOVEMBRE 1958

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,

ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING THE APPLICATION
OF THE CONVENTION OF 1902

GOVERNING THE GUARDIANSHIP OF INFAN'I
(NETHERLANDS 2)SWEDEN)

JUDGMENT OF NOVEMBER28th, 1958 Le présent arrêt doit êtrecité comme suit:
«A8aire relative à l'application de la Convention de 1902 pour
réglerla tutelle des mineurs (Pays-BasSuède),
Arrêtdu 28 novembre 1958: C.I. J. Recueil 1958p.55. ))

This Judgment should be cited as follows
"Case concerningthe Application of the Conventionof 1902governing
the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden),
Judgment of November z8th, 19j8: I.C.J. Reports 1958p.55."

No de vente:
Salesnumber 200
/ COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

Le28novembre
Rôle général ANNEE 1958
no 33
28 novembre 1958

AFFAIRE RELATIVE A L'APPLICATION

DE LA CONVENTION DE 1902

POUR RÉGLER LA TUTELLE DES MINEURS

(PAYS-BAS c. SUÈDE)

ConventiondeLa Haye d1902 +ourréglela tutelle desmin-urs.
Droit degardedu tute-rLoi suédoisedu 6 jI924 sur la protec-
tion de l'enfanceet de la j-unMise et maintien sous le régime
de l'édztcationerotectrice d'une mineure néerlandaiserésidant en
Suède- Entrave a++orttl'exercicedu droitde gardedu t-teur.
Éducation protectriceet t-teLoi nationale du mineu-. Loi

locale.-Ordre fiub-iLa Conventiond1902 etla loi sur laprotec-
tion de l'enfanceet de la jeunesse.

Présents:M. KLAESTAD ,résident;M. ZAFRULLA KHAN, Vice-
Président;MM. BASDEVANT H,ACKWORTH W,INIARSKI,
BADAWI,ARMAND-UGON , OJEVNIKOV,Sir Hersch
LAUTERPACHT M, M. MORENOQUINTANA,CORDOVA,

WELLINGTON KOO, SPIROPOULOS Si,r Percy SPENDER,
Juges; MM. STERZELet OFFERHAUS ,uges ad hoc;
M. AQUARONE Grefier en exercice.

4 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

Puovembe28th
YEAR 1958 General List:
No. 33
November 28th, 1958

CASE CONCERNING THE APPLICATION

OF THE CONVENTION OF 1902

GOVERNING THE GUARDIANSHIP OF INFANTS

(NETHERLANDS v. SWEDEN)

Hague Convention1902governingtheGuardianship of Infants.-
Guardian's right to custody.-Law of June 6t1924,on the
protection of children andersans.-Placinand maintenance
under the regime of protective upbringing of a Dutch infant residing
inSweden.-Impedimenton the exercise of the guardian's right to

custody.-Protective upbringing and guardianship.law ofnal
the Infant.-Local.w.-Ordre public.-T1902 Convention and
the Law on the protection of children andons.

JUDGMENT

Present : PresideKLAEST.~ ;Dvice-PresidenZAFRULLA KHAN ;
Judges BASDEVANT H,ACKWORTH W ,INIARSKI, ADAWI,

ARMAND-UGOK NO, JEVNIKOVS,ir Hersch LAUTERPACHT,
MORENO QUINTANA, CORDOVA,WELLINGTONKOO,
SPIROPOULOS Si,r Percy SPENDEudges ad hocSTERZEL
and OFFERHAU ;Acting RegistrAQUARONE. En l'affaire relative à l'application de la Convention de 1902 pour
réglerla tutelle des mineurs,

entre

le Royaume des Pays-Bas,
représentépar
M. W. Riphagen, conseiller juridique au ministère des Affaires
étrangères,

comme agent,
assisté de
M. 1. Kisch, professeur à la Faculté de droit de l'université
d'Amsterdam,

comme conseil,
et de
M. J. G. Sauveplanne,
comme expert,

le Royaume de Suède,

,représentépar
M. Sven Dahlman, ambassadeur de Suèdeà La Haye,
comme agent,
assisté de
M. Sture Petrén, ambassadeur, directeur des affaires juridiques
au ministère royal des Affaires étrangères,

M. Henri Rolin, professeur de droit international à Suniversité
libre de Bruxelles,
comme conseils,

ainsi composée,
rend l'arrêstuivan:

Par lettre dug juillet1957 ,eque au Greffe leIO juille1957 e
ministre des Affaires étrangères des Pays-Bas a transmis une
requête introductive d'instance, datée du juillet1957 ,xposant
un différendavec le Gouvernement du Royaume de Suède au sujet
de l'application de la Convention de 1902 pour réglerla tutelle des
mineurs. En mêmetemps, le ministre des Affaires étrangères des
Pays-Bas notifiait au Greffe quM.W. Riphagen avait étédésigné
comme agent du Gouvernement néerlandais dans cette affaire. In the case concerning the application of the Convention of 1902
governing the guardianship of infants,

between

the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
represented by
M. W. Riphagen, Legal Adviser to the Ministry forForeign Affairs,

as Agent,
assisted by
M. 1. Kisch, Professor of the Faculty of Law of the University of
Amsterdam,

as Counsel,
and by
M. J.G. Sauveplanne,

as Expert,

and

the Kingdom of Sweden,
represented by
M. Sven Dahlman, Ambassador of Sweden at The Hague,
as Agent,

assisted by
M. Sture Petrén, Ambassador, Director of Legal Affairs at the
Royal Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
M. Henri Rolin, Professor of International Law at the Free
University of Brussels,
as Counsel,

composed as above,

deliversthe followingJ~dgment :
In a letter of July gth, 1957, received in the Registry on July
~oth, 1957, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands
transmitted an Application dated July gth, 1957, instituting

proceedings in a dispute with the Government of the Kingdom of
Sweden concerning the application of the Convention of 1902
governing the guardianship ofinfants. At the same time, the Minister
for Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands notified the Registry of the
appointment of M. W. Riphagen as Agent for the Netherlands
Government in the case. La requête ainsidéposéeau Greffe le IO juillet 1957vise expressé-
ment l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut de la Cour et l'acceptation

de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice par
le Royaume de Suède le 6 avril 1957 et par le Royaume des Pays-
Bas le I~~août 1956. Elle se réfèreà une mesure prise et maintenue
par les autorités suédoisesà l'égard dela mineure Marie Elisabeth
Boll, de nationalité néerlandaise, née à Norrkoping le 7 mai 1945,
du mariage de Johannes Boll, de nationalité néerlandaise, et de
Gerd Elisabeth Lindwall, décédée le 5 décembre 1953, qui possédait
la nationalité suédoise avant son mariage. La requête allègue que
les autorités suédoisesn'ont pas agi conformément aux dispositions
de la Convention de 1902 pour régler la tutelle des mineurs, dont

les dispositions sont basées sur le principe que la loi nationale du
mineur est applicable et que les autorités nationales sont compé-
tentes.
Conformément à l'article 40, paragraphe2, du Statut, la requête
a étécommuniquée au Gouvernement du Royaume de Suède.
Conformémentau paragraphe 3 dy mêmearticle, les autres Membres
des Nations Unies, ainsi que les Etats non membres admis à ester
en justice devant la Cour, en ont étéinformés.
La requête ayant fait état des dispositions de la Convention
signée à La Haye le 12 juin 1902 pour réglerla tutelle des mineurs,
les Etats autres que les Parties en litige ayant participé à cette

Convention en ont été avertis, conformément à l'article 63, para-
graphe 1,du Statut.
Les délais pour le dépôt du mémoire et du contre-mémoire ont
étéfixéspar ordonnance du Président de la Cour internationale de
Justice du 19 août 1957, et les délais pour le dépôt de la réplique
et de la duplique ont étéfixéspar ordonnance de la Cour du 17 avril
1958.
Les pièces de la procédure écrite ayant été déposéesdans les
délais prévuspar ces ordonnances, l'affaire s'est trouvée en état à
l'expiration du dernier de ces délais,le 28 août 1958.

En application de l'article 31, paragraphe 3, du Statut, ont été
désignéspour siégercomme juges ad hoc dans la présente affaire:
M. Fredrik Julius Christian Sterzel, ancien juge à la Cour suprême
de Suède, par le Gouvernement suédois et M. Johannes Offerhaus,
professeur de droit international privéà l'université d'Amsterdam,
par le Gouvernement des Pays-Bas.

A l'ouverture de l'audience du 25 septembre 1958, la Cour a reçu
les déclarations solennelles faites par MM. Sterzel et Offerhaus,
juges ad hoc, conformément à l'article 20 du Statut et à l'article5

du Règlement.
Lors des audiences qui ont ététenues les 25, 26, 29 et 30 sep-
tembre, ler, 3 et 4 octobre 1958, la Cour a entendu en leurs plai-
doiries et répliques M. Riphagen et M. le professeur Kisch, au nom
du Gouvernement des Pays-Bas, et M. Dahlman, M. le professeur
6 CONVENTION OF 1902 (JUDGMENT OF 28 XI 58) 57

The Application thus filed in the Registry on July ~oth, 1957,
expressly refers to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court and to the acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice by the Kingdom of Sweden on
April 6th, 1957, and by the Kingdom of the Netherlands on Au-
gust ~st, 1956. It refers to a measure taken and maintained by the

Swedish authorities in respect of the infant Marie Elisabeth Boll,
a Dutch national, born at Norrkoping on May 7th, 1945, of the
marriage of Johannes Boll, of Dutch nationality, and Gerd Elisabeth
Lindwall, who died on December 5th, 1953, and who was of Swedish
nationality before her marriage. The Application alleges that the
Swedish authorities acted contrary to the provisions of the Conven-
tion of1902 governing the guardianship of infants, which provisions
are based on the principle that the national law of the infant is
applicable and the national authorities are competent.
Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Appli-
cation was communicated to the Government of the Kingdom of
Sweden and, pursuant to paragraph 3 of the same Article, other
Members of the United Nations as well as non-member States

entitled to appear before the Court were notified of it.
Since the Application referred to the provisions of the Convention
governing the guardianship of infants, signed at The Hague on
June ~zth, 1902, the States other than those concerned in the case
which are parties to the Convention were notified in accordance
with Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute.
Time-limits for the filing of the Memorial and Counter-Memorial
were fixed by an Order of the President of the International Court
of Justice of August ~gth, 1957, and time-limits for the filing of the
Reply and the Rejoinder were fixed by an Order of the Court of
April 17th, 1958.
The pleadings having been filed within the time-limits fixed bj7
these Orders, the case was ready for hearing on the date of the

expiry of the last time-limit, namely, August 28th, 1958.
M. Fredrik Julius Christian Sterzel, former Judge of the Supreme
Court of Sweden, and M. Johannes Offerhaus, Professor of Private
International Law at the University of Amsterdam, were respec-
tively chosen, in accordance with Article 31, paragraph 3, of the
Statute, to sit as Judges ad hoc in the present case by the Govern-
ment of the Kingdom of Sweden and the Government of the King-
dom of the Netherlands.
At the opening of the hearing on September 25th, 1958, the
Court heard the solemn declarations made, in accordance with
Article 20 of the Statute and Article 5 of the Rules of Court, by
MM. Sterzel and Offerhaus, Judges ad hoc.

In the course of hearings held on September 25th, 26th, 29th and
3oth, and October ~st, 3rd and 4th, 1958, the Court heard the oral
arguments and replies of M. Riphagen and Professor Kisch, on
behalf of the Government of the Netherlands, and of M. Dahlman,
6Rolin et M. Petrén, au nom du Gouvernement de la Suède.

Au cours de la procédure écrite et orale, les conclusions ci-après
ont étéprises par les Parties:

Au nom du Gouvernement des Pays-Bas, dans la requête:
((Plaiseà la Cour:

Donner acte à l'agent du Gouvernement du Royaume des Pays-
Bas que, pour toutes notifications et communications relatives à
la présente affaire, il élit domicile au ministère des Affaires étran-
gères à La Haye;
Notifier la présenterequête,conformément à l'article 40, alinéa2,
du Statut de la Cour, au Gouvernement du Royaume de Suède;

Dire et juger, tant en l'absence qu'en présencedudit Gouverne-
ment et après tel délaique, sous réserve des propositions faites par
accord entre les Parties, il appartiendra à la Cour de fixer:

Que la mesure prise et maintenue par les autorités suédoises à
l'égard de Marie Elisabeth Boll, à savoir le (cskyddsuppfostran ))
institué et maintenu par décrets du 5 mai 1954, du 22 juin 1954,
du 5 octobre 1954, du 3 juin 1955 et du 21 février 1956, n'est pas
conforme aux obligations qui incombent à la Suède vis-à-vis des
Pays-Bas, en vertu de la Convention de 1902 pour réglerla tutelle
des mineurs;
Que la Suède est obligéede lever cette mesure. ))

Au nom du Gouvernement des Pays-Bas, dans le mémoire:
« Plaise à la Cour dire et juger:

Que la mesure prise et maintenue par les autorités suédoises à
l'égard de Marie Elisabeth Boll, à savoir le « skyddsuppfostran ))
institué et maintenu par décrets du 5 mai 1954, du 22 juin 1954,
du 5 octobre 1954, du 3 juin 1955 et du 21 février 1956, n'est pas
conforme aux obligations qui incombent à la Suède vis-à-vis des
Pays-Bas, en vertu de la Convention de 1902 pour réglerla tutelle
des mineurs;
Que la Suède est obligéede lever cette mesure. ))

Au nom du Gouvernement de la Suède, dans le contre-mémoire:
« Le Gouvernement suédois prie respectueusement la Cour de
déclarer la demande du Gouvernement néerlandais sans fonde-
ment. ))

Au nom du Gouvernement des Pays-Bas, dans la réplique:
« L'éducation protectrice à l'égardde Marie Elisabeth Boll n'est
pas conforme aux obligations dont la Suède est tenue vis-à-vis des
Pays-Bas en application de la Convention de 1902 pour réglerla

tutelle des mineurs, et ceci pour les motifs suivants:
1. l'éducation protectrice porte atteinte à la tutelle néerlandaise
à laquelle la Convention s'applique pleinement;

7 CONVENTION OF 1902 (JUDGMENT OF 28 XI 58) 58

Professor Rolin and M. Petrén, on behalf of the Government of
Sweden.
During the written and oral proceedings the following Submis-
sions were presented by the Parties :

On behalf of the Government of the Netherlands, in the Application :

"May it please the Court:
To take note that for thepurpose of al1notifications and commu-
nications relating tothe present case, the Agent for the Government
of the Kingdom of the Netherlands selects as his address for service
the Ministry for Foreign Affairs at The Hague;
To notify the present Application, in accordance with Article 40,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court to the Government of the
Kingdom of Sweden;

To adjudge and declare, whether the Government of the Kingdom
of Sweden appears or not, and after such time-limit as, subject to
proposals made by agreement between the Parties, it will be for the
Court tofix:
That the measure taken and maintained by the Swedish authori-
ties in respect of Marie Elisabeth Boll, namely, the 'skyddsupp-
fostran' instituted and maintained by the decrees of May 5th, 1954,
June zznd, 1954, October 5th, 1954, June 3rd, 1955, and February
mst, 1956, is not in conformity with the obligations binding upon
Sweden vis-à-v tiesNetherlands by virtue of the 1902 Convention
governing the guardianship of infants;
That Sweden is under an obligation to end this measure."

On behalf of the Government of the Netherlands, in the Mernorial:
"The Netherlands Government submit that the Court should
adjudge and declare:

That the measure taken and maintained by the Swedish authori-
ties in respect of Marie Elisabeth Boll, namely, the 'skyddsupp-
fostran' instituted and maintained by the decrees of May 5th, 1954%
June zznd, 1954, October 5th, 1954, June 3rd, 1955, and February
zrst, 1956, is not in conformity with the obligations binding upon
Sweden vis-à-v tiesNetherlands by virtue of the 1902 Convention
governing the guardianship of infants;
That Sweden is under an obligation to end this measure."

On behalf of the Government of Sweden, in the Counter-Memorial:
"The Swedish Government respectfully prays the Court to

declare that the claim of the Government of the Netherlands is
unfounded. "
On behalf of the Government of the Netherlands, inthe Reply:

"The protective education in respect of Marie Elisabeth Boll is
not in conformity with the obligations binding upon Sweden vis-à-
vis the Netherlands by virtue of the 1902 Convention governing the
guardianship of infants, on the following grounds:

1. that the protective education affects Netherlands guardian-
ship, fully covered by the Convention;
7 II. l'ordre public ne peut pas écarter la Convention parce que

A. l'ordre public engénéralne peutpas écarterlesconventions, et
B. quand bien mêmel'ordre public pourrait écarter les conven-
tions, les conditions de son intervention ne sont pas réunies,
étant donné que, dans l'espèce présente,
I. il n'existe aucun lien dé rattachement au fond entre la

situation ligitieuse et la Suède;
2. aucun fait n'a été invoqué qui justifie et permette une
dérogation à l'application normale des règles de conflit.
Par conséquent, la Suède est tenue de mettre fin à l'éducation
protectrice. n

Au nom du Gouvernement de la Suède, dans la duplique :
« Plaise à la Cour:

Dire pour droit que la mesure d'éducation protectrice prise à
l'égardde Marie Elisabeth Boll n'a en rien contrevenu aux obliga-
tions liant la Suèdeà l'égard desPays-Bas en vertu dela Convention
de 1902 concernant la tutelle des mineurs
IO parce que les droits de garde dont l'exercice a ététempo-
rairement entravé par l'effet de ladite mesure sont étrangers
à la tutelle, telle qu'elle est comprise dansladite Convention:

a) soit quant au droit de garde de M. Johannes Boll, parce
que ce droit de garde lui appartenait indépendamment de
ladite tutelle,
b) soit quant au droit de garde de Mme Postema, celui-ci lui
étant échu à la suite d'une décision judiciaire néerlandaise
qui visait le droit de garde de M. Johannes Roll et n'était

dès lors pas couverte par la Convention;

2' parce que la mesure protectrice prise à l'égard d'un enfant
étranger se trouvant en territoire suédois l'a étéen vertu
d'une loi suédoisede droit public dont l'application échappe
aux règles de conflit de lois contenues dans la Convention
de 1902.

En conséquence, dire les conclusions prises par M. l'agent du
Gouvernement néerlandais le 18 juin 1958 non recevables et non
fondées.
Déclarer non recevable la conclusion du Gouvernement néerlan-
dais tendant à faire déclarer que le Gouvernement suédois n'établit
pas de circonstances pouvant justifier la mesure incriminée.

Subsidiairementsuv cedevnierpoint:
Si la Cour jugeait devoir connaître des motifs des décisionsadmi-
nistratives suédoisesrelatives à la mesure litigieuse, donner acte à
M. l'agent du Gouvernement suédois qu'il soit prêt à produire le
dossier administratif de cette affaire, suivant les modalités que la

8 II. that ordre public cannot prevail against the Convention, because

A. ordre public generally cannot overrule conventions, and
B. even if ordre 9ublic could overmle conventions, the condi-
tions for ordre public have not been complied with, since,
in the present case,
I. theré is no substantive connection between the situation

and Sweden;
2. no facts have been stated that warrant and bear out a
departure from the normal application of conilict des.
Therefore, Sweden is under the obligation to discontinue the
protective education."

On behalf of the Government of Sweden, in the Rejoinder:

"That it may please the Court
To declare that the measure of protective upbringing decreed in
respect of Marie Elisabeth Boll has in no way contravened the
obligations binding upon Sweden vis-à-vis the Netherlands under

the 1902 Convention goveming the guardianship of infants
I. because the rights to custody and control, the exercise of
which has been temporarily impeded as a result of the said
measure, are rights outside the scope of guardianship as
understood in the said Convention :
(a) in the case of the right of M. Johannes Boll to custody and
control, because that right was his independently of the said

guardianship,
(b) in the case of the right of Mme Postema to custody and
control, the right having devolved upon her in consequence
of a judicial decision in the Netherlands which was con-
cerned with the right of M. Johannes Boll to custody and
control and which was accordingly not covered by the
Convention ;

2. because the protective measure decreed in respect of a
foreign child on Swedish territory was decreed by virtue of a
Swedish rule of public law, the application of which is out-
side the scope of the rules of conflict of laws contained in the
1902 Convention.
In the premises, to hold that the Submissions of June ~Sth, 1958,
of the Agent for the Government of the Netherlands are inadmissible

and ill-founded.
To hold inadmissible the Submission of the Government of the
Netherlands seeking a declaration that the Swedish Government
has not established the existence of circumstances which would
justify the measure complained of.

In the alternntizieon the last point
If the Court should deem it necessary to take cognizance of the
reasons for the Sn-edish administrative decisions concerned with
the measure in dispute, to place on record that the Agent for the
Swedish Goverilment should be prepared to produce the administra-

8 Cour prescrirait.))

Au nom du Gouvernement de la Suède, à l'audience du I~~octobre
1958 :

«Plaise à la Cour,

Quant à larecevabilité:
dire pour droit

1) que les droits de garde, d'éducation et autre exercés par
Johannes Boll sur la personne de sa fille jusqu'au 5 août 1954 rele-
vaient de sa puissance paternelle et non de la tutelle au sens de la
Convention de 1902; qu'il en était d'autant plus sûrement ainsi en
l'espècequ'à son initiative sa tutelle avait été initialement organisée
suivant la loi suédoise qui ne comprend pas dans cette institution
les droits relatifsà la personne de l'enfant; que la décision du
5 mai 1954 n'a pu dès lors léserdes droits protégéspar la Conven-
tion ;

2) que lorsqu'ultérieurement les autorités néerlandaises eurent
successivement organisé la tutelle de Johannes Boll suivant la loi
néerlandaise, puis déchargéJohannes Boll de ses fonctionspour lui
substituer Catherine Postema, les tribunaux suédois mirent fin à
la tutelle organisée par eux;
3) que néanmoins, la Suède n'étant pas tenue par la Convention
de 1902 dereconnaîtrela validité de la décisionnéerlandaise mettant
fin à la puissance paternelle de Johannes Boll, ni par suite, du

transfert de ces droitsà Catherine Postema, la lésionéventuelle de
ceux-ci ne constituerait pas non plus une violation de la Convention;

Quantau fond

dire pour droit
que lei règles de conflits de loi qui font l'objet de la Convention
de 1902 sur la tutelle des enfants mineurs n'affectent pas le droit
des Hautes Parties contractantes d'imposer aux pouvoirs des
tuteurs étrangers, comme du reste des parents étrangers, les limi-
tations réclaméespar leur ordre public;

que ces règles laissent notamment intactes les compétences des
autorités administratives assurant le service public de la protection
de l'enfance;
que la mesure d'éducation protectrice prise à l'égard d'Elisabeth

Boll n'a pu dès lors violer en rien la Convention de 1902 dont les
Pays-Bas se réclament;
que d'autre part il n'appartient pas à la Cour en l'absence de
toute imputation de déni de justice d'apprécier les motifs qui ont
amené les autorités suédoises compétentes à décréterou maintenir
ladite mesure ; tive file in this case in such manner and subject to such conditions
as the Court may prescribe."

On behalf of the Government of Sweden, at the hearing of Octo-
ber ~st, 1958:

"May it please the Court

to hold
(1) that the rights pertaining to custody and control, to up-
bringing and al1 other rights exercised by Johannes Boll over the
person of his daughter until August 5th, 1954, derived from his
puissance paternelleand not from guardianship within the meaning
of the 1902 Convention; that this was more particularly so in the
present case inasmuch as on his application his guardianship was
originally instituted in accordance with Swedishlaw which does not
regard as falling within this institution rights relating to the person
of the child; that the decision of May 5th, 1954c ,ould accordingly
not infringe any rights protected by the Convention;
(2) that when the Dutch authorities had subsequently instituted
the guardianship of Johannes Boil in accordance with the law of the
Netherlands and later released Johannes Boll from his functions,
replacing him by Catherine Postema, the Swedish Courts terminated
the guardianship instituted by them;
(3) that notwithstanding, Sweden not being bound by the 1902
Convention to recognize the validity of the Dutch decision putting
an end to the puissance paternelle of Johannes Boll, nor conse-
quently of the transfer of these rights to Catherine Postema, any
breach of those rights would not constitute a violation of the
Convention ;

As tothemerits :
to hold
that the rules'pertaining to conflictoflawswhichform the subject-
matter of the 1902 Convention on the guardianship of infant
children do not affect the right of the High Contracting Parties to
impose upon the powers of foreign guardians, as indeed of foreign
parents, the restrictions called for by their ordrepwblic;
that these rules leave unaffected in particular the cornpetence of
the administrative authorities responsible for the public service of
the protection of children;

that the measure of protective upbringing taken in respect of
Elisabeth Boll cannot accordingly in any way have contravened the
1902 Convention relied upon by the Netherlands;
that it is furthermore not for the Court, in the absence of any
allegation of denial of justice, to judge the grounds on which th>
comvetent Swedish authorities decided to decree or to maintaiil the
saidmeasure ; En conséquence,
Plaise à la Cour
déclarerla demande ni recevable ni fondée,

subsidiairement,
avant faire droit, inviter la Partie défenderesse à produire le
dossier des enquêtesadministratives qui ont conduit aux décisions
contestées. »

Au nom du Gouvernement des Pays-Bas, à l'audience du 3 octobre
1958 :

Plaise à la Cour
déclarer :

1. que le (skyddsuppfostran ))(éducationprotectrice) limite la
tutelle néerlandaise telle qu'elle est protégéepar la Conven-
tion de 1902 pour réglerla tutelle des mineurs;
II. que l'ordre public ne saurait prévaloir contre la Convention
parce que l'ordre public, d'une manière générale, nepeut
êtreinvoqué à l'encontre des conventions;
III. que mêmesi l'ordre public pouvait êtreinvoqué contre la
Convention :
A. la Cour. en vertu des vouvoirs qui lui sont conférésDar
le statut, est compktente pour apprécier à
la lumièrede tous les faits ~ertinents et des circonstances
et de la nature des dispodtions législatives internes qui
leur ont étéappliquéessi les conditionsde l'ordre public
ont étérespectéesou non;

B. dans le présent litige, l'ordre public ne se justifie pas,
i, ni *ar le caractère de l'affaire,
ii) ni par le caractère de la disposition de la loi suédoise
telle qu'elle a étéappliquée à l'affaire.

En conséquence,

Plaiseà la Cour
dire et juger:
que la mesure prise et maintenue par les autorités suédoises à
l'égard deMarie Elisabeth Boll, à savoir le (skyddsuppfostran »
institué et maintenu par décrets du 5 mai 1954, du 22 juin 1954,
du 5 octobre 1954, du 3 juin 1955 et du 21 février 1956, n'est
pas conforme aux obligations qui incombent à la Suède vis-à-vis
des Pays-Bas, en vertu de la Convention de 1902 pour réglerla
tutelle des mineurs;

Que la Suède est obligéede lever cette mesure. »

Les conclusions des Parties, en la forme à elles donnée les I~*et
3 octobre 1958, respectivement, constituent leurs conclusions
finales. In the premises,

May it please the Court
to declare that the claim is neither admissible nor well-founded;
in the alternative,
before adjudication, to invite the Respondent to produce the
file of the administrative enquiries which led to the disputed
decisions."

On behalf of the Government of the Netherlands, at the hearing of

October 3rd, 1958:
"May it please the Court
to declare:

1. Netherlands guardianship as protected by the 1902 Conven-ls
tion governing the guardianship of infants;

II. that -ordre $.ublic cannot prevail against the Convention,
because ordre public generally cannot be invoked against
conventions ;
III. that, even if ordre public could be invoked against the
Convention :
A. the Court, in virtue of its powers under the Statute, is
fully competent to appreciate, in the light of all the
relevant facts and circumstances and the nature of the
municipal legalprovisions applied thereto, whether or not
the conditions for ordre public have been complied with;

B. inthe present issue ordre fiublicis not warranted,
i. either by the character of the case,
ii. or by the character of the provision of Swedish law as
applied to the case.

Therefore

Nay it please the Court
to adjudge and declare:
that the measure taken and maintained by the Swedish authori-
ties in respect of Marie Elisabeth Boll, namely the 'skyddsupp-
fostran' instituted and maintained by the decrees of May 5th,
1954, June zznd, 1954, October 5th, 1954, June 3rd, 1955, and
February z~st, 1956,is not in conformity with the obligations
binding upon Sweden vis-à-vis the Netherlands by virtue of the
1902 Convention governing the guardianship of infants;
That Sweden is under an obligation to end this measure."

The Submissions of the Parties, in the form in which they were
presented on October 1st and 3rd, 1958, respectively, constitute
their final Submissions. Le différendsur lequel la Cour se trouve appeléeà statuer a été
nettement précisépar les Parties dans leurs écritures et plaidoiries.
La Cour est saisie d'un cas concret : les autoritéssuédoisesen appli-
quant la mesure d'éducation protectrice (skyddsuPPfostran) à la
mineure néerlandaise Marie Elisabeth Boll ont-elles manqué à des

obligations découlant de la Convention de 1902 sur la tutelle des
mineurs? La tâche de la Cour reste ainsi limitée. Elle n'a pas à se
préoccuper du bien-fondé de l'application de la loi suédoisesur la
protection de l'enfance et de la jeunesse du 6 juin 1924, ni àse pro-
noncer sur la juste appréciation des motifs sur lesquels les décisions
contestées se fondent, ni sur les circonstances auxquelles se rat-
tachent ces motifs. Ces questions sortiraient des termes du présent
différendet feraient surgir des points qui sont hors du litige.

Les conclusionsfinales du Gouvernement des Pays-Bas, avant de
prier la Cour de dire et juger que la Suède,en prenant et maintenant
la mesure incriminée, a manqué à ses obligations en vertu de la
Convention de 1902, lui demandent de «déclarer ))certaines propo-
sitions relatives à l'effet de l'éducation protectrice et à l'ordre
public. Ces propositions sont, en réalité,les considérations essen-
tielles qui, selon le Gouvernement des Pays-Bas, doivent conduire

la Cour àdire et juger que la Suèdea manquéàses obligations. Dans
une forme moins catégorique, les conclusions du Gouvernement de
la Suède procèdent d'une façon analogue. La Cour doit statuer sur
l'objet du litige; elle n'a pas, ainsi qu'elle l'a observédans l'affaire
des Pêcheries,à se prononcer sur un énoncéde cette sorte (C. 1.J.
Recueil 1951, p. 126). Elle reste libre dans le choix des motifs sur
lesquels elle fondera son arrêtet n'est pas tenue d'examiner toutes
les considérations présentéespar les Parties, si d'autres lui parais-
sent suffisantes à cettefin.

Les faits essentiels non contestés qui se trouvent à la base de la
présente affaire sont les suivants : Gerd Elisabeth Lindwall, épouse
de Johannes Boll et mère de Marie Elisabeth Boll, étant décédéle e
5 décembre1953, Johannes Boll, père de celle-ci, est devenu de ce
fait son tuteur par l'effet de l'article 378 du Code civil néerlandais.
Le 18mars 1954,àla demande du pèreet sansqu'ait étémentionnée
alors la nationalité néerlandaise de la mineure, la seconde chambre

du Tribunal de premièreinstance de Norrkoping en Suèdea enregis- CONVENTION OF 1902 (JUDGMENT OF 28 XI 58) 62

The dispute upon which the Court is called on to adjudicate has
been clearly defined by the Parties in their Pleadings and oral
arguments. The Court has before it a concrete case :did the Swedish
authorities, by applying the measure of protective upbringing

(skyddsuppfostran) to the Dutch infant, Marie Elisabeth Boll, fail
to respect obligations resulting from the 1902 Convention on the
guardianship of infants? The task of the Court is thus limited. It
is not concerned with the correctness of the application of the
Swedish Law of June 6th, 1924, on the protection of children and
young perçons, nor has it to pass upon the proper appreciation of
the grounds on which the challenged decisions are based, or on the
circumstances to which those grounds are related. These questions
are not within the terms of the present dispute and would raise
points which are outside the proceedings.

The final Submissions of the Government of the Netherlands,
before asking the Court to adjudge and declare that Sweden, in
taking and maintaining the measure complained of, is in breach
of its obligations under the 1902 Convention, ask it to "declare"
certain propositions relating to the effect of protective upbringing

and to ordrepublic. These propositions are, in reality, the essential
considerations which, in the view of the Government of the Nether-
lands, must lead the Court to adjudge and declare that Sweden is
in breach of its obligations. In a less categorical form, the Submis-
sions of the Government of Sweden areset out in a similar way. The
Court has to adjudicate upon the subject of the dispute; it is not
called upon, as it ,pointed out in the Fisheries case, to pronounce
upon a statement of this kind (I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 126). It
retains its freedom to select the ground upon which it will base its
judgment, and is under no obligation to examine al1the considera-
tions advanced by the Parties if other considerations appear to it
to be sufficient for its purpose.

The essential and undisputed facts underlying the present case
are as follows: Gerd Elisabeth Lindwall, the wife of Johannes Boll
and mother of Marie Elisabeth Boll, having died on December 5th,
1953, Johannes Boll, the latter's father, thereupon became her

guardian by the operation of Article 378 of the Civil Code of the
Netherlands. On March 18th, 1954, on the application of the father
and without any reference then being made to the Dutch nationality
of the infant, the Second Chamber of the Court of First Instance attré la tutelle du père et nommé Emil Lindwall curateur (god unan)
de Marie Elisabeth. conformément au droit suédois sur la tutelle.

Le 5 mai 1954, l'office des mineurs de Norrkoping, confirmant
la décision prise le26 avril1954 par le président de cet office, a
décidéde placer la mineure sousle régimede l'éducation protectrice,
en application de l'article22 a) de la loi suédoisedu 6juin 1924.

Le juge cantonal d'Amsterdam, le 2 juin 1954, a nommé Jan
Albertus Idema, de nationalité néerlandaise, domicilié à Dordrecht,
subrogé-tuteur de la mineure Marie Elisabeth Boll, son père étant

de plein droit son tuteur.
Celui-ci a, avec le subrogé-tuteur, interjeté appel contre l'institu-
tion de l'éducation protectrice, auprès du Gouvernement de la
province d'ostergotland, lequel a, par décision du 22 juin 1954,
confirméla décisionde l'officedes mineurs.
Le 5 août 1954, le Tribunal de première instance de Dordrecht,
à la demande formuléepar le conseil de tutelle de la même villeet
du consentement de Johannes Boll, a relevé celui-cide ses fonctions
de tuteur de Marie Elisabeth Boll et nommé aux fonctions de
tuteur Catharina Postema. Ce même jugement ordonne que ladite
enfant soit remise à la tutrice.
La seconde chambre du Tribunal de première instance de Norr-
koping, le 16 septembre 1954, a annulél'enregistrement antérieure-
ment effectué de la tutelle de Johannes Boll et ordonné que la
tutelle ne soit plus régléeconformément à la loi suédoise. Dans la

même décision letribunal rejette la requête visant à relever Emil
Lindwall de ses fonctions decurateur de la mineure Marie Elisabeth.
La Cour d'appel de Gota, par décisiondu 21 janvier 1955, a main-
tenu ce curateur mais un arrêtde la Cour suprêmedu 2juillet1955
a annulé cette décisionet déchargéde ses fonctions le curateur.
Sur le recours de Johannes Boll, Jan Albertus Idema et Catharina
Postema, contre la décision du Gouvernement de la province
d'ostergotland, en datedu 22 juin 1954, la Cour suprêmeadminis-
trative de Suède a, par arrêt du5 octobre 1954, maintenu la mesure
d'éducation protectrice.
L'officedes mineurs de Norrkoping, le3 juin 1955, sur une lettre
du père de la mineure Marie Elisabeth Boll et à la demande de
Jan Albertus Idema, a décidé d'obtenir un nouveau rapport
médical avant de revoir la mesure d'éducation protectrice. Le
Gouvernement de la province d'ostergotland, sur appel contre

cette décision interjeté par Catharina Postema et Jan Albertus
Idema, a, le 28 octobre 1955, ordonné la levéede la mesure d'édu-
cation protectrice. Sur appel de l'office des mineurs contre cette
décision, la Cour suprêmeadministrative, par arrêt du 21 février
1956, a maintenu la mesure adoptée le 3 juin 1955 par cet office.Sorrkoping in Sweden registered the guardianship of the father and
appointed Emil Lindwall as godman of Marie Elisabeth, pursuant
to Swedish law of guardianship.
On May 5th, 1954, the Child Welfare Board at Norrkoping,
confirming the decision made on Aprilz6th, 1954, by the President
of the Board, decided to place the infant under the regime of pro-
tective upbringing under Article 22 (a) of the Swedish Law of
June 6th, 1924.
The Amsterdam Cantonal Court, on June znd, 1954, appointed

Jan Albertus Idema, of Dutch nationality, residing at Dordrecht,
deputy-guardian of the infant, Marie Elisabeth Boll, her father
being her guardian by operation of law.
The latter, jointïy with the deputy-guardian, appealed against
the institution of protective upbringing to the Provincial Govern-
ment of Ostergotland, which, by decision of June zznd, 1954,
confirmed the decision of the Child Welfare Board.
On August 5th, 1954, the Court of First Instance of Dordrecht,
upon the application of the Guardianship Council of that town and
with the consent of Johannes Boll, discharged the latter from his
functions as guardian of Marie Elisabeth Boll and appointed
Catharina Postema as guardian. The same judgment ordered that
the child should be handed over to the guardian.
The Second Chamber of the Norrkoping Court of First Instance,
on September 16th, 1954, cancelled the previous registration of the
guardianship of Johannes Boll and ordered that guardiançhip should

no longer be administered according to Swedish law. In the same
decision the Court dismissed an application for the removal of
Emil Lindwall as godman of the infant Marie Elisabeth. The Court
of Appeal of Gota, by decision of January z~st, 19j5, maintained the
godman, but a judgment of the Supreme Court of July and, 1955,
quashed this decision and discharged the god man of his functions.
An appeal having been lodged by Johannes Boll, Jan Albertus
Idema and Catharina Postema, against the decision of the Provin-
cial Government of Ostergotland of June zznd, 1954, the Supreme
Administrative Court of Sweden, by a judgment of October 5th,
1954, maintained the measure of protective upbringing.
The Child Welfare Board of Norrkoping, having before them a
letter from the father of the infant Marie Elisabeth Boll, and an
application by Jan Albertus Idema, decided on June 3rd, 1955, to
obtain a fiirther medical report before reviewing the measure of
protective upbringing. On October 28th, 1955, the Provincial

Government of Ostergotland, on appeal by Catharina Postema and
Jan Albertus Idema against this decision, ordered the measure of
protective upbringing to be terminated. On appeal by the Child
Welfare Board against that decision, the Supreme Administrative
Court, by a judgment of February z~st, 1956, maintained the
measure adopted by that Board on June 3rd, 1955. Ces décisions intervenues, soit en Suède, soit aux Pays-Bas se
réfèrent à l'organisation de la tutelle et à l'application de la loi
suédoise sur la protection de l'enfance. Les décisions relatives
à l'organisation de la tutelle sont hors de cause. Le différend se
rapporte aux décisions suédoises qui ont institué et maintenu
l'éducation protectrice. C'est de ces décisionsque le Gouvernement
des Pays-Bas se plaint et c'est sur elles uniquement que la Cour doit
statuer.
Le Gouvernement des Pays-Bas soutient que ces décisions ne
sont pas conformes aux dispositions de la Convention de 1902.

L'institution de l'éducation protectriceà l'égardde Marie Elisabeth
Bol1met obstacle à ce que la mineure soit remise à la tutrice pour
l'exercice de ses fonctions. La Convention de 1902 établit que la
tutelle d'un mineur est régiepar sa loi nationale et le Gouvernement
des Pays-Bas en déduit que les autorités suédoises ne pouvaient
prendre aucune mesure dès que les autorités nationales avaient
pris des décisionsorganisant la tutelle de la mineure. La restriction
apportée au principe de la loi nationale par l'articl7 de la Conven-
tion, selon le Gouvernement des Pays-Bas, ne s'applique pas au
cas actuel parce que l'éducation protectrice suédoisen'est pas une
mesure permise par cet article et parce que la condition d'urgence
exigéepar cette disposition n'a pas étéremplie.

Le Gouvernement de la Suède ne conteste pas que l'éducation
protectrice entrave temporairement la garde que détient la tutrice
en vertu de la tutelle conformément au droit néerlandais; ce fait
cependant ne constitue pas une violation de la Convention de 1902
ni un manquement aux obligations qui en résultent pour la Suède.
Il fait valoir, pour soutenirsa thèse, les motifs suivants:

IO Le droit de garde, au moment où la mineure a étéplacée sous
le régime del'éducation protectrice, appartenait à son père et était
chez celui-ci un attribut de la puissance paternelle, laquelle n'est
pas régiepar la Convention de 1902 sur la tutelle. Dans les circons-
tances où MmePostema a étéinvestie de la tutelle et du droit de
garde, la Convention de 1902 n'est pas davantage applicable à
celui-ci, qui n'était que la continuation du droit de garde du père.

2' La loi suédoise sur la protection de l'enfance du 6 juin 1924
est applicable à tout mineur domiciliéen Suède et la compétence
que cette loi attribue aux autorités suédoisesreste en dehors de la
Convention, laquelle règle exclusivement les conflits de lois et de
juridiction relatifs à la tutelle des mineurs, sans s'étendre au
règlement d'autres conflits de lois. La loi sur la protection de
l'enfance étant une loi d'ordre public, l'éducation protectrice insti-
tuée par les autorités suédoisesne constitue pas une violation de la
Convention de 1902, laquelle ne peut affecter le droit des Etats These decisions given in Sweden and in the Netherlands relate
to the organization of guardianship and to the application of the
Swedish Law on the protection of children. The Court is not
concerned with the decisions relating to the organization of guard-
ianship. The dispute relates to the Swedish decisions which insti-
tuted and maintained protective upbringing. It is of these decisions
that the Government of the Netherlands complains, and it is only
upon them that the Court is called upon to adjudicate.
The Government of the Netherlands submits that these decisions
are not in conformity with the provisions of the 1902 Convention.
The institution of protective upbringing in the case of Marie
Elisabeth Bol1 prevents the infant from being handed over to the

guardian for the exercise of her functions. The 1902 Convention
provides that the guardianship of an infant shall be governed by
his national law, and the Government of the Netherlands draws the
conclusion that the Swedish authorities could take no measure once
the nationalauthorities had taken decisionsorganizing guardianship
of the infant. The limitation on the principle of the national law
contained in Article 7 of the Convention, according to the Govern-
ment of the Netherlands, is not applicable to the present case
because Swedish protective upbringing is not a measure permitted
by that Article and because the condition of urgency required by
that provision has not been satisfied.
The Government of Sweden does not dispute the fact that pro-
tective upbringing temporarily impedes the exercise of custody to
which the guardian is entitled by virtue of guardianship under
Dutch law; this fact, however, does not constitute a breach of the
1902 Convention or a failure by Sweden to fulfil her obligations

thereunder. In support of its contentions the Government of Sweden
relies upon the following grounds:
(1) The right to custody, at the time when the infant was placed
under the regime ofprotective upbringing, belonged to her father,
and it was in his case an attribute of theuissance paternelle,which
is not governed by the 1902 Convention on guardianship. In the

circumstances in which guardianship and the right to custody were
conferred on Mme Postema, the 1902Convention is equallyinappli-
cable to that right which was merely the continuation of the father's
right to custody.
(2) The Swedish Law for the protection of children of June 6th,
1924, applies to every infant residing in Sweden, and the jurisdic-
tion which that Law confers upon the Swedish authorities remains

outside the Convention, which governs only conflicts of law and of
jurisdiction in respect of the guardianship of infants and which does
.not extend to the settlement of other conflicts of law. The Law for
the protection of children being a law within the category of ordre
public the protective upbringing decreed by the Swedish authorities
does not constitute a breach of the 1902 Convention, the Conven-contractants d'imposer aux pouvoirs du tuteur étranger, comme du
reste aux parents étrangers, des limitations réclaméespar l'ordre
public.
Se référantau premier moyen de défenseprésentépar le Gouver-
nement suédois, la Cour constate que dans la procédure écrite et
au cours des débats une distinction a paru être faite entre la période

où Johannes Boll était investi de la tutelle de sa fille en vertu de la
loi néerlandaise, loi applicable d'après l'article premier de la
Convention de 1902, et la périodeoù le père, ayant étédéchargé de
la tutelle, celle-ci avait étéconfiée à MnlcPostema. Cela peut
conduire à distinguer entre l'établissement initial du régime de
l'éducation protectrice à l'égard dela mineure et son maintien sous
ce régime en face de la tutelle conférée à M'ne Postema. La Cour
estime n'avoir pas à s'attacher à cette distinction. Les motifs de
décision qu'elle retiendra s'appliquent à l'ensemble du différend.

La Cour se trouve en présence d'une mesure prise en application

de la loi suédoisedu 6 juin 1924 sur la protection de l'enfance et de
la jeunesse. Il lui faut considérer cette mesure selon ce que la loi
suédoisea entendu instituer, la comparer à la tutelle que la Conven-
tion de 1902 a régléeet déterminer si l'application et le maintien de
ladite mesure à une mineure dont la tutelle relève de cette conven-
tion comportent un manquement à celle-ci.

Il a étéalléguéque ladite mesure « équivaut virtuellement à une
tutelleB, qu'elle constitue une ((tutelle rivale» de la tutelle néer-
landaise de sorte que celle-ci, par l'effet de cette mesure, serait
« complètement absorbée, dissoute, contrecarrée et mise en échec ».

Pour apprécier la valeur de cette thèse, il convient de considérer
l'attitude adoptée à l'égard de la tutelle néerlandaise par les juge-
ments rendus en Suède.
En ce qui concerne l'administration des biens, le jugement du
Tribunal de Norrkoping du 16 septembre 19.54et l'arrêtde la Cour
suprême du 2 juillet 19.55procèdent l'un et l'autre de la reconnais-
sance de la tutelle néerlandaise. Quant à la qualité de la tutrice
pour s'occuper de la personne de la mineure, cette qualité lui a été
reconnue dans la décision de la Cour suprême administrative du
5 octobre 1954 rendue sur recours formé par la tutrice; mention y
était faite de la circonstance que la décisiondu Tribunal de Dor-

drecht nommant tutrice Mme Postema s'appliquait également à la
garde de l'enfant, et de la demande de la tutrice de voir mettre
fin au régime de l'éducation protectrice; cette demande était
rejetée non pas en la déclarant irrecevable mais après examen au
fond et parce qu'il apparaissaità la Cour que l'admettre aurait alors
constitué un danger sérieuxpour la santé mentale de la pupille. tion being incapable of affecting the right of the contracting States
to make the powers of a foreign guardian, as indeed foreign parents,
subject to the restrictions required by ordre pztblic.
With reference to the first ground relied upon by the Swedish
Government, the Court observes that in the written and oral pro-
ceedings a distinction appears to have been made between the
period during which Johannes Bol1was invested with the guardian-
ship of his daughter under Dutch law, the law applicable in accord-
ance with Article Iof the 1902 Convention, andthe period after he
had been released from guardianship when the latter was entmst-
ed to Mme Postema. That may lead to a distinction being drawn

between the original institution of the regime of protective up-
bringing in respect of the infant and her maintenance under this
regime in face of the guardianship conferred upon Mme Postema.
The Court does not consider that it need be concerned with this
distinction. The grounds for its decision are applicable to the
whole of the dispute.
The Court has before it a measure taken in pursuance of the
Swedish Law of June 6th, 1924, on the protection of children and
young perçons. It hast~ consider this measure in the light of what
it was the intention of the Swedish Law to establish, to compare it
with the guardianship governed by the 1902 Convention and to
determine whether the application and the maintenance of the
measure in respect of an infant whose guardianship falls within
that Convention involve a breach of the Convention.
It has been contended that the measure is one "virtually amount-

ing to guardianship", that it constitutes a "rival guardianship" in
competition with the Dutch guardianship so that the latter, as a
result of the measure, "is completely absorbed, whittled away,
overruled and frustrated".
To judge of the correctness of this argument it is necessary to
consider the attitude adopted with regard to the Dutch guardian-
ship by the judgments given in Sweden.
So far as the administration of property is concerned, the judg-
ment of the Norrkoping Court of September 16th, 1954, and the
judgment of the Supreme Court of July end, 1955, both proceeded
on the basis of recognition of the Dutch guardianship. With regard
to the capacity of the guardian to concern herself with the person
of the infant, that capacity was recognized in the decision of the
Supreme Administrative Court of October 5th, 1954, given on
an appeal lodged by the guardian; reference was there made to

the fact that the decision of the Dordrecht Court, appointing
Mme Postema as guardian, extended to the custody of the child and
to the claim of the guardian that the regime ofprotective upbringing
should be terminated; this claim was dismissed, not on the ground
that it was inadmissible, but after it had been considered on the
merits and because it appeared to the Court thatto uphold it would, L'arrêt de la Cour suprêmeadministrative du 21 février 1956
mérite une attention ~articulière. Cet arrêta étérendu sur recours
contre la décisiondu kouvemement de la province dJOstergotland
qui s'était prononcé en faveur de la levéede la mesure d'éducation
protectrice: à s'en tenir là, le différenddisparaissait faute d'objet.

Il n'a d'objet réel qu'à la suite de l'arrêt du 21 février 1956 qui
décide le maintien de ladite mesure. Or cet arrêt, ainsi que la
décisionqu'il réforme, a étérendu en présence et compte tenu du
désir exprimépar la tutrice, MmePostema, de confier la mineure
à M. etMme Tomquist, à Norrkoping. La Cour suprême administra-
tive n'a pas contesté la qualité de MmePostema pour agir devant
elle; elle a par là reconnu sa qualitéde tutrice et son tàts'occuper
de la personne de la mineure; elle n'a pas élevél'éducation protec-
trice en institution dont l'effet serait d'absorber complètement la
tutelle néerlandaise; elle s'est bomée, pour desmotifs qui ne relèvent
pas de l'examen de la Cour, à ne pas trouver dans le désir de la

tutrice et les bons renseignements qu'elle donnait sur le ménage
ayant sa confiance, des motifs suffisants pour mettre fin, à l'égard
de la mineure, au régime de l'éducation protectrice. Enfin, sous le
régime ainsi maintenu, celui à qui l'office des mineurs a confiéla
mineure n'a pas la qualité et les droits d'un tuteur. Il la reçoit,
veille sur elle, pourvoit aux soins de sasanté: la mineure est confiée
à ses soins comme elle aurait été confiée aux soins du ménage
Tomquist si le désir de la tutrice avait prévalu.

L'éducation protectrice appliquée à la mineure, telle qu'elle ap-
paraît dans ces décisions,c'est-à-dire dans les données de fait du
présent litige, ne saurait êtreconsidéréecomme une tutelle rivale
de la tutelle constituée aux Pays-Bas conformément à la Conven-
tion de 1902.
La mesure suédoise d'éducation protectrice telle qu'elle a été
établie et maintenue à l'égard de Marie Elisabeth Bol1 a apporté
des obstacles au plein exercice par la tutrice de son droit de garde.
Celle-ci, comme il vient d'êtrerappelé, a invoqué devant la Cour
suprême administrative son intention de confier la mineure à

un ménage de son choix: cette intention correspondait assurément
à l'exercice par la tutrice de son droit de garde. La tutrice ne deman-
dait cependant pas qu'il fût donné suite purement et simplement
à cette intention; elle invoquait celle-ci pour qu'il fût mis fin au
régime del'éducation protectrice. La Cour suprêmeadministrative,
par son arrêtdu 21 février1956, a rejeté cette demande. Ce faisant,
cette Cour s'est sans doute bornée à statuer sur le maintien de
l'éducation protectrice, mais en même temps elle a apporté un

15at that time, have constituted a serious danger to the mental
health of the ward.
The judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Febru-
ary 21st, 1956, merits particular attention. This judgment was
given on an appeal against a decision of the Provincial Government
of Ostergotland which had held that the measure of protective
upbringing should be terminated: if matters had ended there, there
would have been no subject for dispute. There is a subject for
dispute only as a result of the judgment of February z~st, 1956,
which decided that the measure should be maintained. That judg-

ment was given, as the decision appealed against had been, in the
light of and taking into account the desire expressed by the guard-
ian, Mme Postema, to entrust the infant to M. and Mme Torn-
quist, at Norrkoping. The Supreme Administrative .Court did not
question Mme Postema's capacity to take proceedings before it,
and it thereby recognized her capacity as guardian and her right to
concern herself with the person of the infant; it did not raise pro-
tective upbringing to the status of an institution, the effect of
which would be completely to absorb the Dutch guardianship; it
confined itself, for reasonsutside the scope of the Court's examina-
tion, to finding that the desire of the guardian and the satisfactory
information which she gave with regard to the household which
enjoyed her confidence did not constitute sufficient grounds for
terminating the regime of protective upbringing applied to the
infant. Finally, under the regime thus maintained, the person to
whom the Child Welfare Board has entrusted the infanthas not the

capacity and rights of a guardian. He receives her, watches over
her, provides for the care of her health: the infant is entrusted to
his care as she would have been entrusted to the care of the Torn-
quist family if the guardian's wish had been carried out.
The protective upbringing applied to the.infant, as it appears in
these decisions, i.e. according to the facts in the present case,
cannot be regarded as a rival guardianship to the guardianship
established in the Netherlands in accordance with the 1902 Con-
vention.
The Swedish measure of protective upbringing, as instituted and
maintained in respect of Marie Elisabeth Boll, placed obstacles in
the way of the full exercise by the guardian of her right to custody.
Before the Supreme Administrative Court she relied, as has been
recalled, upon her intention to entrust the infant to a home of her
choice: that intention clearly corresponded to an exercise by the
guardian of her right to custody. The guardian was not, however,

asking that her intention should simply be acted upon; she relied
upon it as a reason for terminating the regime of protective up-
bringing. The Supreme Administrative Court, by its judgment of
February zrst, 1956, dismissed her claim. In dismissing it, the
Court limited itself no doubt to adjudicating upon the mainte-
nance of protective upbringing, but, at the same time, it placed anobstacle au plein exercice du droit de garde appartenent à la
tutrice. Est-celà un manquement à l'article 6 de la Convention de
1902 aux termes duquel ((l'administration tutélaire s'étend à la

personne ...du mineur )?
Pour répondre à cette question, la Cour, ainsi qu'il a étédit
précédemment, n'a pas à rechercher les motifs réels ou allégués
qui ont déterminéou influencé les décisions critiquées. Elle n'est
appelée à prononcer que sur la compatibilité de la mesure prise
avec les obligations résultant pour la Suède de la Convention de
1902. Elle se trouve en présenced'une mesure établieen application
d'une loi suédoise et qui apporte une entrave à l'exercice par la
tutrice du droit de garde que lui reconnaît la loi néerlandaise con-
formément à la Convention de 1902. L'établissement et le maintien

d'une telle mesure sont-ilsincompatiblesavec la Convention de 1902?
La Cour n'est was en rés en ced'une situation dans laauelle il
lui suffirait dediie clu'u<e loi nationale ne peut prévaloi<çur les
obligations assumées par traité. Il lui est demandé de dire si la
mesure prise et contestée est ou non compatible avec les obligations
incombant à la Suède en vertu de la Convention de 1902. Elle doit
pour cela déterminer quelles sont les obligations imposées par cette
convention, jusqu'où elles s'étendent et, spécialement, déterminer
si, en disposant que la tutelle d'un mineur est régiepar la loi natio-
nale de celui-ci, la Convention de 1902 a entendu interdire l'appli-

cation à un mineur étranger d'une loi telle que la loi suédoise sur
la protection de l'enfance.
La Convention de 1902 répond, comme l'indique son préambule,
à l'intention d'«établir des dispositions communes pour régler la
tutelle des mineurs 1)Elle prescrit l'application de la loi nationale
du mineur pour l'établissement et le fonctionnement de la tutelle
en étendant expressément, par son article 6, l'administration tuté-
laire à la personne et à l'ensemble des biens du mineur. Elle ne
va pas au-delà et même ila pu êtrerelevé qu'elle ne règle pas
complètement cette matière, ce qui doit mettre en garde contre une

interprétation qui la ferait sortir de son cadre propre. En disposant
que la tutelle et, en particulier, que le droit de garde du tuteur
sont régispar la loi nationale du mineur, la Convention a entendu
déterminer quelle est la loi compétente pour régler ces points.
Elle a voulu, conformément à l'objet généraldes conférences de
droit international privé, mettre fin aux oppositions de vues tou-
chant la préférence à donner ici à la loi nationale du mineur, à la
loi de son domicile, etc., mais elle n'a pas entendu établir, dans le
domaine de la tutelle et spécialement du droit de garde, une immu-
nitédu mineur et du tuteur au regard de l'ensemble de la législation

locale. La législation locale en matière de tutelle est en principe
exclue, mais non toutes les autres dispositions de la législation
locale.obstacle in the way of the full exercise of the right to custody
belonging to the guardian. Does this constitute a failure to observe
the 1902 Convention, Article 6 of which provides that "the ad-
ministration ofa guardianship extends tothe person.. .ofthe infant" ?
In order to ansu7er this question, it is not necessary, as has
already been said, for the Court to ascertain the real or alleged
reasons wliich determined or influenced the decisions complained
of. It is called upon to pronounce only on the compatibility of the
measure with the obligations binding upon Sweden under the 1902
Convention. It has before it a measure instituted pursuant to a

Swedish law which impedes the exercise by the guardian of the
right to custody conferred upon her by Dutch law in accordance
with the 1902 Convention. Are the imposition and maintenance of
such a measure incompatible with the 1902 Convention?
The Court is not confronted by a situation in which it would
suffice for it to Say that a national law cannot override the obliga-
tions assumed by treaty. It is asked to say whether the measure
taken and impugned is or is not compatible with the obligations
binding upon Sweden by virtue of the 1902 Convention. To do
that, it must determine what are the obligations imposed by that
Convention, how far they extend and, especially, it must deter-
mine whether, by stipulating that the guardianship of an infant is
governed by the national law of the infant, the 1902 Convention
intended to prohibit the application to a foreign infant of a law such
asthe Swedish Law on the protection of children.

The 1902 Convention, as indicated by its preamble, was designed
to "lay down common provisions to govern the guardianship of
infants". It provides for the application of the national law of the
infant,for the institution and operation of guardianship by expressly
extending in Article 6 the administration of a guardianship to the
person and to al1 the property of the infant. It goes no farther
than that, and indeed it has been pointed out that it does not make
complete provision for guardianship, which should serve as a
warning against any construction which would extend it beyonci
its true scope. In providing that guardianship and,in particular,
that the guardian's right to custody should be governed by the
national law of the infant, the Convention was intended to deter-
mine what law should be a~~lied to settle these ~oints. It was
intended, in accordance with the general purpose of the Confer-
ences on Private International Law, that it should put an end tothe

divergences of view as to whether preference ought to be given in
this connection to the national law of the infant, to that of liis
place of residence, etc., but it was not intended to lay down, in the
domain of guardianship, and particularly of the right to custody.
any immunity of an infant or of a guardian with respect to tlie
whole body of the local law. The local lau- with regard to guardian-
ship is in principle excluded, but not al1the other provisions of the
local law. Des points de contact se rencontrent parfois entre ce que régit
la loi nationale du mineur applicable à la tutelle et les matières re-
levant de la loi locale. Il n'en résulte pas que la loi nationale dy
mineur doive alors l'emporter toujours sur l'application de la 101
locale et que, par suite, l'exercice des pouvoirs du tuteur échappe
toujours à l'application des lois locales portant sur d'autres objets
que l'attribution de la tutelle et la détermination des pouvoirs et
obligationsdu tuteur. Par exemple si, pour l'exercice de l'adminis-

tration tutélaire à l'égard de la personne ou des biens du mineur,
le tuteur a besoin de se rendre dans un autre pays que le sien, ce
tuteur est soumis, pour ce déplacement, aux lois sur l'entrée et le
séjour des étrangers. On est en cela en dehors du régime de la
tutelle qu'a entendu régler la Convention de 1902.

Si, dans le pays où résideun mineur étranger auquel s'applique
la Convention de 1902, les lois sur l'instruction obligatoire et la
surveillance sanitaire des enfants, la formation professionnelle ou
la participation de la jeunesse à certains travaux sont applicables
aux étrangers, cela dans des conditions supposées conformes aux
exigences du droit international et des traités concernant ces ma-

tières, le droit de garde du tuteur qu'il tient de la loi nationale
du mineur ne peut mettre obstacle à l'application de ces lois à un
mineur étranger. En consacrant la compétence de la loi nationale
du mineur pour régler la tutelle, y compris le droit de garde du
tuteur, la Convention de 1902 n'a pas entendu statuer sur autre
chose quela tutelle dont l'objet propre est de pourvoir àla protection
du mineur; elle n'a pas entendu régler ni restreindre le domaine
d'application des lois qui répondent à des préoccupations d'un
caractère général.
Il doit en êtrede mêmepour la loi suédoisesur la protection de
l'enfance et de la jeunesse. Considéréedans son application aux
enfants de nationalité suédoise, cette loi n'est pas une loi sur la

tutelle, elle n'a pas trait à l'institution juridique de la tutelle. Elle
est applicable, que le mineur soit sous la puissance paternelle des
parents ou sous tutelle. L'éducation protectrice qui en est une
application se superpose, quand il y a lieu, à l'une ou à l'autre, sans
annuler l'une ou l'autre mais en en paralysant les effets dans la
mesure où ceux-ci seraient contraires aux exigences de l'éducation
protectrice.
La Convention de 1902 doit-elle êtreinterprétée en ce sens que
- sans le dire et parce qu'elle fait réglerla tutelle du mineur par
sa loi nationale - elle a entendu prohiber l'application de toute
disposition légaleportant sur un objet différent dont l'effet indirect
serait de limiter, sans le supprimer, le droit de garde du tuteur?
L'interpréter ainsi serait dépasser le but de cette Convention.
Celle-ci s'est proposé de mettre fin, en matière de tutelle, aux

difficultés naissant du conflit des lois. Tel est son seul but. Elle There may be some points of contact between matters governed
by the national law of the infant which is applicable to guardian-
ship and matters falling within the ambit of the local law. It does
not follow that in such cases the national law of the infant must
always prevail over the application of the local law and that,

accordingly, the exercise of the powers of a guardian is always
beyond the reach of local laws dealing with subjects other than the
assignment of guardianship and the determination of the powers
and duties of a guardian. If, for instance, for the purposes of the
administration of guardianship in respect of the person or the
property of an infant, a guardian finds it necessary to travel to
some foreign country, he will, so far as his journey is concerned, be
subject to the laws relating to the entry and residence of foreigners.
This is something outside the scope of guardianship as regulated
by the 1902 Convention.
If, in a country in which a foreign infant, to whom the 1902
Convention applies, is living, laws relating to compulsory education
and the sanitary supervision of children, professional -training or
the participation of young people in certain work, are applicable

to foreigners, in circumstances assumed to be in conformity with
the requirements of international law and of treaties governing
these matters, a guardian's right to custody under the national
law of the infant cannot override the application of such laws to a
foreign infant. In adopting the national law of the infant as the
proper law to govern guardianship, including the guardian's right
to custody, the 1902 Convention was not intended to decide upon
anything other than guardianship, the true purpose of which is to
make ~rovision for the ~rotection of the infant: it was not intended
to rehlate or to resthct the scope of laws désignedto meet pre-
occupations of a general character.
The same must be true of the Swedish Law on the protection of
children and young persons. Considered in its application to children
of Swedish nationality, the Law is not a law on guardianship, it

does not relate to the legal institution of guardianship. It is appli-
cable whether the infant be within the puissance paternelle of the
parents or under guardianship. Protective upbringing which con-
stitutes an application of the Law is superimposed, when that is
necessary, on either, without bringing either to an end but para-
lazin" their effects to the extent that thev are in conflict with the
requirements of protective upbringing.
1s the 1902 Convention to be construed as meaning-tacitly,
for the reason that it provides that the guardianship of an infant
shall be governed by his national law-that it was intended to
prohibit the application of any legislative enactment on a different
subject-matter the indirect effect of which would be to restrict,
though not to abolish, the guardian's right to custody? So to
interpret the Convention would be to go beyond its purpose. That

purpose was to put an end, in questions of guardianship, to diffi-4;a pourvu en établissant à cet effet des règles communes que les
Etats contractants doivent respecter. Ce serait dépasser cet objet
que d'entendre la Convention comme 1iIfiitant le droit des Etats
contractants d'appliquer leurs propres loi9 portant sur une matière
différente.
La Convention de 1902 détermine le domaine d'application des
lois de chaque Etat cpntractant en matièrd de tutelle. Elle le fait

en obligeant chaque Etat contractant à apfliquer la loi nationale
du mineur. Si la Convention de 1902 avait entendu réglerle domaine
d'application de lois telles que la loi suédoise sur la protection de
l'enfance et de la jeunesse, il en résulterait que cette loi devrait être
appliquée aux mineurs suédois se trouvant en pays étranger. Or,
nul n'a prétendu attribuer à cette loi un tel effet extraterritorial.
C'est donc que la Convention de 1902 est étrangère à la détermina-
tion du domaine d'application d'une telle loi.

La comparaison entre l'objet de la Convention de 1902 et celui
de la loi suédoise sur la protection de l'enfance fait apparaître que
l'objet de celle-ci la place en dehors du cadre d'application de
ladite Convention.
La Convention de 1902 ne s'est pas attachée à définirce qu'elle

entend par tutelle, mais il n'est pas douteux que les législations
entre lesquelles elle a cherché à établir une certaine harmonie en
déterminant la loi compétente pour régir cette institution enten-
daient et entendent par tutelle une institution dont l'objet est la
protection du mineur :protection et direction de sa personne, sauve-
garde de ses intérêtspécuniaires, substitut à son incapacité juridi-
que. La tutelle et l'éducation protectrice ont certains buts communs.
Le régime de l'éducation protectrice présente cette particularité
qu'il n'est appelé à jouer qu'à l'égard d'enfants qui, en raison de
causes propres ou extérieures à eux, sont dans une situation anor-
male - une situation qui, si elle se prolonge, est susceptible de
faire surgir des dangers qui dépasseraient la personne de l'enfant.
L'éducation protectrice contribue à la protection de l'enfant mais
en mêmetemps et surtout elle est destinée à protéger la société
contre les dangers résultant de la mauvaise éducation, de l'hygiène

défectueuse ou de la perversion morale de la jeunesse. La Conven-
tion de 1902 a admis que la tutelle, pour atteindre son but de pro-
tection individuelle, a besoin d'êtrerégie par la loi nationale du
mineur; pour atteindre le but de garantie sociale qui est le sien, la
loi suédoisesur la protection de l'enfance et de la jeunesse a besoin
de s'appliquer à toutela jeunesse vivant en Suède.

L'établissement de l'éducation protectrice n'est pas, comme la
tutelle, opérépour une durée fixéeà l'avance et pour êtremaintenu
durant celle-ci. Le service public de protection de l'enfance a beau-
coup plus de souplesse précisément parce que les mesures prises

1Sculties arising from the conflict of laws. That was its only purpose.
It was sought to achieve it by laying down to this end common
rules which the contracting States must respect. To understand
the Convention as limiting the right of contracting States to apply
laws on a different topic would be to go beyond that purpose.
The 1902 Convention determines the domain of application of
the laws of each contracting State in the matter of guardianship.
It does this by requiring each contracting State to apply the
national law of the infant. If the 1902 Convention had intended to
regulate the domain of application of laws such asthe Swedish Law

on the protection of children and young persons, it would follow
that that Law should be applied to Swedish infants in a foreign
country. But no one has sought to attribute such an extraterri-
torial effect to that Law. The 1902 Convention is therefore not
concerned with the determination of the domain of application of
such a law.
A comparison betwecn the purpose of the 1902 Convention and
that of the Swedish Law on the protection of children shows that
the purpose of the latter places it outside the field of application of
the Convention. .
The 1902 Convention did not seek to define what it meant by
guardianship, but there is no doubt that the legal systems, as
between which it sought to establish some harmony by prescribing
what was the proper law to govern that situation, understood and
understand by guardianship an institution the object of which is
the protection of the infant: the protection and guidance of his
person, the safeguarding of his pecuniary interests and the fulfilling
of the functions rendered necessary by his legal incapacity. Guard-

ianship and protective upbringing have certain common purposes.
The ipecial feature of the regime of protective upbringing is that
it is put into operation only in respect of children who, for reasons
inherent in them or for causes external to them, are in an abnormal
situation-a situation which, if allowed to continue, might give
rise to danger going beyond the person of the child. Protective up-
bringing contributes to the protection of the child, but at the same
time, and above all, it is designed to protect society against dangers
resulting from improper upbringing, inadequate hygiene, or moral
corruption of young people. The 1902 Convention recognizes the
fact that guardianship, in order to achieve its aim of individual pro-
tection, needs to be governed by the national law of the infant;
to achieve the aim of the social guarantee which it is the purpose of
the Swedish Law on the protection of children and young persons
to provide, it is necessary that it should apply to al1young people
living in Sweden.

Protective upbringing is not, as is guardianship, applied for a
pre-ordained period during which it is maintained. The public
service of the protection of children is miich more flexible, just
because the measures taken depend upon the circumstances, and
rSsont inspiréespar les circonstances et peuvent êtremodifiéessuivant
les changements qui surviennent. Ses fonctions correspondent à des
préoccupations d'ordre moral et social. La loi suédoiseayant un but
de garantie sociale a étéprésentéeau nom du Gouvernement suédois
comme une loi d'ordre public qui s'impose à ce titre à tous sur le
territoire de la Suède. Les conséquences à tirer de ce caractère ont
étélonguement débattues devant la Cour. II a étésoutenu qu'une
juste interprétation de la Convention de 1902 doit conduire à
admettre que, portant unification entre les États contractants de
certaines règlespour la solution de conflits de lois, cette Convention
doit s'entendre comme comportant une réserveimplicite autorisant
à faire échec, pour motif d'ordre public, à l'application de la loi
étrangère reconnue normalement compétente pour régirle rapport

de droit considéré.On a invoquéqu'une telle exception est reconnue
dans les systèmes de droit international privé des pays qui ont
partiellement codifié entre eux cette branche du droit. La Cour
n'estime pas nécessairede seprononcer sur cette thèse. Elle recherche
plus directement si, compte tenu de son objet, la Convention de
1902 pose des règlesque les autorités suédoisesauraient méconnues.

La Convention de 1902 s'est placée en face d'un problème de
conflit de lois de droit privé. Elle présuppose l'hésitation que l'on
a éprouvéedans le choix de la loi applicable à un rapport dedroit
déterminé: loi nationale de telle personne, loi du domicile, loi du
juge saisi, etc. Elle a donné préférence àla loi nationale du mineur
et ainsi prescrit au juge de tout Etat contractant d'appliquer une
loi étrangère lorsque le mineur en cauçe est étranger. II est par-
faitement concevable que le juge d'un Etat applique dans certains
cas une loi étrangère.

Tout autre est le sens de la question poséequand on se demande
quel est le domaine d'application de la loi suédoise oude la loi néer-
landaise sur la protection de l'enfance. Les mesures prévues ou pres-
crites par la loi suédoisesont appliquées, tout au moins au premier
stade, et tel a étéle cas en l'espèce, par un organe administratif.
Celui-ci ne peut agir que selon sa propre loi:il est inconcevable que
l'office des mineurs suédois applique à un mineur néerlandais se
trouvant en Suède la loi néerlandaise et tout aussi inconcevable
que l'organe néerlandais compétent applique cette même loi à ce
mêmemineur se trouvant à l'étranger. Ce que le juge suédois ou
néerlandais peut faire en matière de tutelle, conformément à la
Convention de 1902, à savoir appliquer une loi étrangère - loi
néerlandaise ou loi suédoise suivant le cas -, les autorités de ces
pays ne peuvent pas le faire en matière d'éducation protectrice.
L'extension à cette situation de la Convention de 1902 conduirait
à une impossibilité. On ne peut, par voie d'interprétation, diriger

cette Convention vers un tel résultat.can be modified in accordance with alterations in those circum-
stances. Its functions correspond to preoccupations of a moral and
social order. The Swedish Law being designed to provide a social
guarantee, it was presented, on behalf of the Government of
Sweden, as a law of ordrepublic which, as such, is binding upon al1
those upon Swedish territory. The consequences to be drawn from
such a characterization were argued at length before the Court. It
was contended that a proper interpretation of the 1902 Convention
must lead to recognition that this Convention, bringing about the
unification as between the contracting States of certain rules for
the settlement of conflicts ofaw, must be understood as containing
an implied reservation authorizing, on the ground of ordre public,
the overruling of the application of the foreign law recognized as
normally the proper law to govern the legal relationship in question.
It has been argued that such an exception is recognized in the

systems of private international law of those countries which
joined in the partial codification of this branch of the law. The
Court does not consider it necessary to pronounce upon this con-
tention. It seeks to ascertain in a more direct manner whether,
having regard to its purpose, the 1902 Convention lays down any
mles which the Swedish authorities have disregarded.
The 1902 Convention had to meet a problem of the conflict of
private law rules. It presupposes the hesitation which was felt
in the choice of the law applicable to a given legal relationship:
the national law of an individual, the law of his place of residence,
the lex fori, etc. It gave the preference to the national law of the
infant and thereby prescribed to the courts of each contracting
State that they should apply a foreign law when the infant in-
volved was a foreigner. It is perfectly conceivable that the courts
of a State should in certain cases apply a foreign law.
Very different is the sense of the question if it be asked what
is the domain of the applicability of the Swedish Law or of the

Dutch law on the protection of children. The measures provided for
or prescribed by Swedish law are applied, at least in the first stage
as was done in the present case, by an administrative organ. Such
an organ can act only in accordance with its own law: it is incon-
ceivable that the Swedish Child Welfare Board should apply
Dutch law to a Dutch infant living in Sweden and equally incon-
ceivable that the competent Dutch organ should apply Dutch law
to such an infant living abroad. What a Swedish or Dutch Court can
do in matters of guardianship, pursuant to the 1902 Convention,
namely apply a foreign law-Dutch law or Swedish law asthe case
may be-the authorities ofthose countries cannot do in the matter
of protective upbringing. To extend the 1902 Convention to such a
situation would lead to an impossibility. It is not permissible so
to construe the Convention as to bring about such a result. La Convention de 1902 a pour but de mettre fin à la prétention
concurrente de plusieurs lois de régler un mêmerapport de droit.
LTnetelle prétention concurrente n'existe pas quand il s'agit des
lois sur la protection de l'enfance et de la jeunesse. La prétention
de chacune de ces lois est de s'appliquer dans le pays où elle a été
édictée: unetelle loi n'a pas et, on vient de le voir, ne peut pas
avoir d'aspiration extraterritoriale,ce serait dépasser son but
social ainsi que les moyens dont elle dispose. Le problème qui est
àla base de la Convention de 1902 n'existe pas à l'égard deces lois
et le seul danger qui peut les menacer se trouverait dans la solution
négative à laquelle on aboutirait si, par une interprétation exten-
sive et qui, jusqu'ici, n'a pas paru justifiée, on refusait l'appli-

cation de la loi suédoise aux enfants néerlandais vivant en Suède;
la loi néerlandaise sur le mêmeobjet ne pouvant pas s'appliquer à
eux, la protection de l'enfance et de la jeunesse voulue tant par la
loi suédoiseque par la loi néerlandaise se trouverait mise en échec.
La Convention de 1902 n'a jamais entendu aboutir à une solution
négative dans le domaine dont elle s'occupe: cela confirme que ce
que l'on entend par la protection de l'enfance et de la jeunesse
ne rentre pas dans le domaine de cette Convention.
Il està peine besoin d'ajouter qu'aboutirà une solution qui met-
trait obstacle à l'application de la loi suédoise sur la protection
de l'enfance et de la jeunesseà un mineur étranger vivant en Suède
serait méconnaître le but social de cette loi, but social dont l'im-

portance a étéressentie dans de nombreux pays, surtout après la
signature de la Convention de 1902. Le problème social de la jeunesse
délinquante ou mêmesimplement dévoyéeet des enfants dont la
santé, l'état mental ou le développement moral est compromis,
bref mal adaptés à la vie sociale, a étésouvent posé; des lois telles
que la loi suédoise actuellement en cause ont étéédictéesdans
plusieurs pays pour y pourvoir. La Cour ne pourrait aisément sous-
crire à une interprétation qui ferait de la Convention de 19oe un
obstacle sur ce point au progrès social.
Il apparaît ainsià la Cour que, malgré leurs points de contact
et même malgré lesempiétements que la pratique révèle,la Conven-
tion de 1902 sur la tutelle des mineurs laisse en dehors de son

cadre la matière de la protection de l'enfance et de la jeunesse
telle que l'entend la loi suédoise du 6 juin 1924. La Convention
de 1902 n'a donc pu créer des obligations à la charge des Etats
signataires dans un domaine qui est resté en dehors de ses préoccu-
pations et, dès lors, la Cour ne relève pas, en l'espèce, de manque-
ments à cette Convention à la charge de la Suède.

Cette constatation rend inutile l'examen d'une conclusioncomplé-
mentaire énoncéepar le Gouvernement des Pays-Bas àla suite de la
conclusion principale qui n'est pas retenue par la Cour. D'autre
part, en raison de la réponse donnée à la conclusion principale The 1902Convention was designed toput an end tothe competing
claims of several laws to govern a singlelegal relationship. There are
no such competing claims in the case of laws for the protection of
children and young persons. The claim of each of these laws is that
it should be applied in the country in which it was enacted: such a
law has not and, as has been seen, cannot have any extraterritorial
aspiration, for that would exceed its social purpose as well as the
means of which it disposes. The problem which was at the basis of
the 1902 Convention does not exist in respect of these laws, andthe
only danger which could threaten them would lie in the negative
solution which would be reached if, as a result of an extensive

construction which has not heretofore been considered justified,
the application of Swedish law was refused to Dutch children living
in Sweden; since Dutch law on the same subject could not be
applied to them, the protection of children and young persons,
desired bothby Swedishlaw and by Dutch law, would be frustrated.
The 1902 Convention never intended that a negative solution should
be reached in the domain with which it is concerned: this confirms
that what is understood by the protection of children and young
persons does not fa11within the domain of the Convention.
It is scarcely necessary to add that to arrive at a solution which
would put an obstacle in the way of the application of the Swedish
Law on the protection of children and young persons to a foreign
infant living in Sweden would be to misconceive the social purpose
of that law, a purpose of which the importance was felt in many
countries particularly after the signature of the 1902 Convention.
The social problem of delinquent or even of merely misdirected
young people, and of children whose health, mental state or moral
development is threatened, in short, of those ill-adapted to social
life, has often arisen; lawsuch as the Swedish Law now in question

were enacted in several countries to meet the problem. The Court
could not readily subscribe to any construction which would make
the 1902 Convention an obstacle on this point to social progress.
It thus seems to the Court that, in spite of their points of contact
and in spite, indeed, of the encroachments revealed in practice, the
1902 Convention on the guardianship of infants does not include
within its scope the matter of the protection of children and of
young persons as understood by the SwedishLaw of June 6th, 1924.
The 1902 Convention cannot therefore have given rise to obliga-
tions binding upon the signatory States in a fieldoutside the matter
with which it was concerned, and accordingly the Court does not
in the present case find any failure to observe that Convention on
the part of Sweden.
This finding makes it unnecessary to examine a further sub-
mission put forward by the Government of the Netherlands after
the main submission which is not upheld bythe Court. Furthermore,
in view of the reply given to the main submission put forward byprésentéepar le Gouvernement de la Suède, il n'y a pas lieu d'esa-
miner sa conclusion subsidiaire.

Par ces motifs.

Par douze voix contre quatre,

rejette la demande du Gouvernement des Pays-Bas.

Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au
Palais de la Paix,à La Haye, le vingt-huit novembre mil neuf cent
cinquante-huit, en trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux
archives de la Cour et dont les autres seront transmis respecti-
vement au Gouvernement du Royaume des Pays-Bas et au Gou-

vernement du Royaume de Suède.

Le Président
(Signé)Helge I~LAESTAD.

Le Greffier en exercice,
(Signé) S. AQUARO EY.

M. KOJEV~.IKOV ju,ge, déclarene pouvoir se rallier ni aux motifs
ni au dispositif de l'arrêtparce que, selon son avis, en partant du
principe pacta sunt servanda, vu la complète évidence et netteté
desdroits et des obligations des Parties en vertu de la Convention
de 1902 pour régler la tutelle des mineurs, vu le caractère même

de l'affaire et les faits connus, ainsi que les intérêtslégitimes de la
mineure dont il s'agit - de nationalité néerlandaise -, la Cour
aurait dû reconnaître que les mesures des autorités administra-
tives suédoises prises à l'égard de ladite mineure, qui entravent
l'exercice du droit de la tutelle fondé sur le traité, ne sont pas
conformes aux obligations qui incombent à la Suède vis-à-vis des
Pays-Bas en vertu de la susmentionnée Convention de 1902,
surtout des articlesI et 6 de la Convention.

M. SPIROPOULOS ju,ge, bien que partageant l'opinion de la Cour
qu'en l'espèce on ne saurait imputer à la Suède un manquement
aux obligationsdécoulant de la Convention de 1902, déclare qu'il
croit devoir plutôt baser le rejet de la demande du Gouvernement
des Pays-Bas sur le caractère d'ordre public de la loi suédoisesur

21the Government of Sweden, it is unnecessary to examine its alter-
native submission.

For these reasons,

By twelve votes to four,
rejects the claim of the Government of the Netherlands.

Done in French and English, the French text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-eighth day ofNovember

one thousand nine hundred and fifty-eight, in three copies, one of
which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others will
be transmitted to the Government ofthe Kingdom ofthe Netherlands
and to the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden, respectively.

(Signed) Helge KLAESTAD,
President.

(Signed) S. AQUARONE,
Acting Registrar

Judge KOJEVNIKOV states that he is unable to concur either
in the reasoning or in the operative clause of the Judgment
because, in his opinion, on the basis of the principle pacta sunt
servanda, having regard to the fact that the rights and obliga-
tions of the Parties under the 1902 Convention governing the
guardianship of.infants are abundantly clear, having regard to
the character of the case and the available facts, as well as the
legitimate interests of the infant concerned-who is of Dutch
nationality-the Court ought to have held that the measures taken
by the Swedish administrative authorities in respect of the said
infant, which impede the exercise of the right of guardianship
based on the treaty, are not in conformity with the obligations
binding upon Sweden vis-à-vis the Netherlands by virtue of the
aforementioned 1902 Convention, in particular Articles I and 6

of the Convention.
Judge SPIROPOULO states that, although he shares the opinion
of the Court that Sweden cannot be held to have failed to respect
her obligations under the 1902 Covention in this case, he considers
that the rejection of the claim of the Government of the Nether-
lands ought rather to be based upon the character of ordre eublicla protection de l'enfance et de la jeunesse. A son avis, ce caractère
permet à cette loi de faire échec à la Convention de 1902 étant
donnéquela Convention de 1902 doit s'entendre comme comportant
une réserve implicite autorisant faire échec, pour des raisons
d'ordre public,à l'application de la loi étrangère compétente,
d'après la Convention en question, pour régir le rapport de droit
considéré.

M. BADAWI ,ir HerschLAUTERPACHM T,M.MORENO QUINTANA,
M~ELLINGTO KNOOet Sir Percy SPENDERj,uges, se prévalant du
droit que leur confère l'article du Statut, joignent à l'arrêt
l'exposéde leur opinion individuelle.

M. ZAFRULLA KHAN, Vice-Président, déclare se rallier d'une
façon généraleà l'opinion dM. \VELLINGTOK NOO.

MM. WINI~IRSKC I,ORDOVA juges, eM. OFFERHAUS j,ge ad hoc,
se prévalant du droit que leur confèrel'a57iduStatut, joignent
à l'arrêtl'exposéde leur opinion dissidente.

(Paraphé) H. K.

(Paraphé) S.A.of the Swedish Law on the protection of children and young persons.
In his opinion, this character enables the Law to override the 1902
Convention, since the 1902 Convention must be understood as
containing an implied reservation authorizing,on the ground of
ordre public, the overruling of the application of the foreign law
recognized as the proper law, in accordance with the Convention,
to govern the legal relationship in question.

Judges BADAWIS , ir Hersch LAUTERPACHM T,ORENOQUINTANA,
WELLINGTONKOO and Sir Percy SPENDER,availing themselves
of the right conferred upon them by Article 57 of the Statute,
append to the Judgment of the Court statements of their separate
opinions.

Vice-President ZAFRULLA KHANstates that he agrees generally
with Judge WELLINGTOK NOO.

Judges WINIARSKIC , ORDOVA and M. OFFERHAUSJ,udge ad hoc,
availing themselves of the right conferred upon them by Arti57e
of the Statute, append to the Judgment of the Court statements of
their dissenting opinions.
(Initialled) H. K.

(Initialled) S. A.

ICJ document subtitle

(including the text of the declarations of Judges Kojevnikov, Spiropoulos et Zafrulla Khan)

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 28 November 1958

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