COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRETS,
AVISCONSULTATIF ET ORDONNANCES
DEMANDE D'INTERPRÉTATION
DE L'ARRÊT DU 20 NOVEMBRE 1950
EN L'AFFAIRE DU DROIT D'ASILE
(COLOMBIE/PÉROU)
ARRÊT DU 27NOVEMBRE 1950
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
REQUEST FOR
INTERPRETATION OF THE JUDGMENT
OF NOVEMBER zoth, 1950, IN THE
ASYLUM CASE
(COLOMBIAPERU)
JUDGMENT OF NOVEMBER 27th, 1950 Le présent arrêt doit êtrecité comme suit :
cDemande d'interprétationde l'Arrêt du 20 novembre 1950
en l'affaire du droit d'asile,
Arrêtdu 27 novembre 1950 : C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 395.))
This Judgment should be cited as follows:
"Request for interprctation of the JudgrnoftATovemberzoth, 1950,
in the asylufn case,
Judgrnent of November 27th, 1950 :I. C.J. Reports 1950,p. 395."
NO de vente : 52 1
Sales number INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
1950
November27th
General L:st
YEAR 1950 NO.13
November27th,1950
REQUEST FOR
INTERPRETATION OF THE JUDGMENT
OF NOVEMBER zoth, 1950, IN THE
ASYLUM CASE
(COLOMBIA /PERU)
JUDGMENT
Present:Presid8n.tBASDEVAN;T Vice-PresidentGUERRERO ;
JudgesALVAREZ H,ACKWORTW H,INIAKSKID, EVISSCHER,
Sir Arnold MCNAIR,KLAESTADK , RYLOV,READ, HSU
Mo ;NM. ALAYZA Y PAZSOLDAN and CAICEDOCASTILLA,
Judgesad hoc ; Mr. HAMBRO,egistrar.
In the case concerning the request for interpretation of the Judg-
ment of November zoth, 1950,
between
the Republic of Colombia,
representedy:
M. J. M. Yepes, Professor, Minister PlenipotentiLegal
Adviser to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Colombia, former
Senator, as Age;t
4 assisted by
M. Eduardo Zuleta Angel, former Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Ambassador in Washington, as Counsel :
and, as Advacates,
M. Francisco Urratia Holguin, Ambassador, Delegate to the
United Nations,
M. Alfredo Vasquez, Minister Plenipotentiary, Secretary-General
of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Colombia ;
and
the Republic of Peru,
represented by :
M. Carlos Saykn Alvarez, Barrister, Ambassador, former Minister,
former President of the Peruvian Chamber of Deputies, as Agent ;
assisted by
RI.Felipe Tudela y Barreda, Barrister, Professor of Constitutional
Law at Lima,
M. Raid Miro Quezada Laos, Barrister,
M. Fernando Morales Macedo R., Parliamentary Interpreter,
M.Juan JoséCalley Calle, Secretary of Embassy ;
and, as Counsel,
M. Georges Scelle, Honorary Professor of the University of Paris,
and
M. Julio L6pez Olivkn, Ambassador.
composed as above,
delivers the following Judgment :
On November zoth, 1950, the Court delivered its Judgment in
the asylum case between Colombia and Peru. On the very day on
which the Judgment was delivered, the Agent of the Government
of Colombia transmitted to the Registry of the Court a letter in
which, under instructions of his Government,he informed the Court
that the Colombian Government wished to obtain an interpretation
of the said Judgment, in conformity with Articles 60 of the Statute
and 79 and 80 of the Rules. The letter of the Agent of the Colombian Government reads as
follows :
[Translation]
"1. By order of my Govemment 1 have the honour to inform
you of the following :
2. The Government of the Republic of Colombia, faithful to the
international undertakings which it has signed and ratified and, in
particular, the obligation which is laid upon it by Article 94, para-
graph 1, of the Charter of the United Nations, declares its intention
of complying with the decision of the International Court of Justice
in the Colombian-Peruvian asylum case.
3. However, the manner in which the Court has ruled in its
Judgment of November zoth, 1950, had led my Government to
the conclusion that this decision, as has been notified, contains
gaps of such a nature as to render its execution impossible. This
conclusion is based on the following grounds :
4. In its Judgment the Court makes the following statement :
'It is evident that the diplomatic representative who has to deter-
mine whether a refugee is to be granted asylum or not must have
the competence to make such a provisional qualification of any
offence alleged to have been comrnitted by the refugee. He must in
fact examine the question whether the conditions required for
granting asylum are fulfilled. Theterritorial State would not thereby
be depnved of its right to contest the qualification. In case of
disagreement between the two States, a dispute would arise which
migkt be settled by the methods provided by the Parties for the
settlement of their disputes' (Judgment, page 274).
5. In the present case it is beyond doubt that the Parties have
in fact proceeded as the Court indicates in the above-mentioned
text : the Colombian Ambassador in Lima qualified the offence
attnbuted to the refugee ; the Government of Peru, for its part,
contested this qualification and the dispute which arose on this
point between the two States was brought before the International
Court of Justice.
6. The Court has confirmed the qualification made by the Colom-
bian Ambassador in a manner which is both clear and emphatic.
It has, in fact, declared : 'the Court considers that the Government
of Peru has not proved that the acts of which the refugee was
accused before January 3rdi4th, 1949, constitute common crimes'
(Judgment, page 281). As a consequence of this declaration, the
Court has rejected the counter-claim 'in so far as it is founded on
a violation of Article1, paragraph 1, of the Convention on Asylum
signed at Havana in 1928' (Judgment, page 288).
7. The qualification made by the Colombian Ambassador of the
political character of the offence attributed to the refugee having
thus been confirmed by the Court, the theoretical question of the
6 right appertaining to the State granting asylum may be left to one
side because it ceases to have any practical effect. As is evident
from the diplomatic correspondence between the Parties, if it is
true that Colombia, from the very beginning of this dispute, has
claimed the right of qualification, it is equally certain that shehas
always affirmed that, even if this right could be contested, the
qualification was in fact correct and could not be disregarded
because it had not been proved that M. Haya de la Torre was a
common criminal.
8. In stating that the Government of Peru has not proved that
the offence with which the refugee was charged wa's a common
crime, the Court has admitted that the qualification made by
Colombiawas well founded. In the circumstances a question anses :
must this qualification, which has been declared correct and
approved by the Court, be considered nevertheless as nul1 and
void because a dispute has arisen on the preliminary and theor-
etical question of the right to qualification in matters of asylum ?
9. In deciding on the counter-claim of Peru, the Court has found,
on the one hand, 'that the grant of asylum by the Colombian
Government to Victor Raul Haya de la Torre was not made in
conformity with Article 2, paragraph 2 ("First"), of that Conven-
tion' [Convention of Havana] (Judgment, page 288).
IO. The Court has declared, on the other hand, not only that
'the grant of asylum is not an instantaneous act which terminates
with the admission, at a given moment, of a refugee to an embassy
or a legation', but that asylum 'is granted as long as the continued
presence of the refugee in the embassy prolongs this protection'.
II. It would appear, consequently, that the idea of the Court, in
deciding on one of the aspects of the counter-claim, is that Colombia
might violate the provisions of Article 2, paragraph2,of the Havana
Convention if she does not surrender the refugee to the Peruvian
authorities.
12. The Court declares, however, that M. Haya de la Torre is a
political refugee and not a common criminal. It declares at the
same time that the Havana Convention, which is the only agree-
ment regulating the relations between Colombia and Peru in matters
of asylum, contains no clause providing for the surrender of a
political refugee.
13. It follows from the foregoing consideration that Colombia
has no obligation to surrender the refugee to the Peruvian author-
ities and that, if she abstains from doing so, she in no way violates
the Havana Convention.
14. Furthermore, the Court expressly states 'that the question
of the possible surrender of the refugee to the territorial authorities
7 is in no way raised in the counter-claim' and adds that 'this ques-
tion was not raised either in the diplomatic correspondence submit-
ted by the Parties or at any moment in the proceedings before the
Court, and in fact the Government of Peru has not requested that
the refugee should be surrendered' (Judgment, page 280).
15. On the basis of the foregoingconsiderations, it does not seem
possible to suppose that the Court, in deciding that the grant of
asylum was not made in conformity with Article z, paragraph z,
of the Havana Convention, intended to order, even in an indirect
manner, that the refugee should be surrendered, or even lesç that
it intended to declare that Colombia would violate an international
undertaking if she abstained from making the surrender which has
not been ordered by the Court.
III
16. Consequently, the Governnlent of the Republic of Colombia
has the honour to make a request for an interpretation of the
Judgment of November zoth, 1950,as follows :
MAY IT PLEASE THE COURT,
In accordance with Articles 60 of the Statute and 79 and 80 of
the Rules of Court, to answer the following question:
First.-Must the Judgment of November zoth, 1950, be inter-
preted in the sense that the qualification made by the Colombian
Ambassador of the offence attributed to M. Haya de la Torre, was
correct, and that, consequently, it is necessafy to attribute legal
effect to the above-mentioned qualification, in so far as it has been
confirmed by the Court ?
Second.-Must the Judgment of November zoth, 1950, be inter-
preted iri the sense that the Government of Peru is not entitled to
demand the surrender of the political refugee M. Haya de la Torre,
and that, consequently, the Government of Colombia is not bound
to surrender him even in the event ofthis surrender being requested
Thid-Or, on the contrary, does the Court's decision on the
counter-claim of Peru imply that Colombia is bound to surrender
the refugee Victor Raul Haya de la Torre to the Peruvian author-
ities, even if the latter do not so demand, in spite of the fact that
he is a political offender and not a common criminal, and that the
only convention applicable to the present case does not order the
surrender of political offende?"
As the Court dit not include upon the Bench any judge of the
nationality of the Parties, the latter availed themselves of the right
provided by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute. The Judges
ad hoc designated were M. José Joaquin Caicedo Castilla, Doctor
of Law, Professor, former Deputy and former President of the
Senate, Ambassador, for the Government of Colombia. and RI.Luis
Alayza y Paz Soldan, Doctor of Law, Professor, former hlinister,
8Ambassador, for the Government of Peru. These Judges made the
solemn declaration provided in Article 20 of the Statute in a public
meeting held on November 23rd, 1950.
The letter of the Agent of the C:olombian Government of Novem-
ber zoth, 1950, was communicated on the same day to the Agent of
the Government of Peru, who submitted his observations in the
following letter, dated November zznd :
[Translation]
"In reply to your letter of November zznd, 1950, No. 12125,
following your communication of November zoth, No. 12084, 1
have the honour to inform you that it was not my intention to
present observations on the request of the ColombianAgent because
that request is clearly inadmissible.
However, in deference to the implied invitation contained in
your second letter, 1 shall make the following statements :
1.-The Judgment of November zoth, 1950, is perfectly clear,
except for those who would have made up their minds beforehand
not to understand it. It gives a decision in the clearest way possible
on al1submissionspresented by both Parties. Therefore, we consider
that the Judgrnent does not cal1for interpretation.
2.-Moreover the request of the Colombian Agent is inadmis-
sible for legal reasons
(a) because it is not a request for interpretation. In wrongly
alleging that the Judgrnent contains 'gaps', it seeks, in fact, to
obtain a new ,decision, supplementing the first;
(b) because the conditions laid down in Article 60 of the Statute
of the Court concerning a request for interpretation have thereby
been disregarded. In fact, the Colombian request is an attempt to
disregard the statutory provision of Article 60, whereby the Court's
judgments are final and without appeal.
3.-In those conditions, the hidden purpose of the Colombian
Agent's request is obviously an attempt to escape the legal conse-
quences necessarily deriving from the Judgnient.
+-This intention seems al1 the more probable because, in a
case of this importance, it would have seemed logical and natural
for the two Governments concerned to take time for careful study
of the text of the decision, whereas the request of the Colombian
Agent came only a few hours after the public hearing, and its
contents had even been comriunicated to the press beforehand.
Personally,1would not have bei:n in a position to take such respons-
ibilities before my own Government.
Asking you to transmit to the Court the foregoing observations,
1have, etc."
The observations of the Agent of the Peruvian Government were
communicated to the Agent of the Government of Colombia. The
9latter, by a letter dated November 24th, 1950, replied in the
following terms :
[Translation]
"1 have the honour to acknowledgereceipt of your communication
No. 12114 of 23rd instant, transmitting to nie a certified true copy
of the letter from the Agent of the Peruvian Government, dated
November zznd, 1950.
1 shall disregard certain remarks and insinuations contained in
thisletter, because, out of respect for the Court,1 consider that it
should not be made use of for the transmission of disparaging
remarks conceming any govemment.
The Peruvian Agent declares that the Judgrnent of Novem-
ber 20th, 1950, is 'perfectly clear'. The Colombian Govemment,
on the contrary, as indicated in the request for interpretation,
declares that it is not. Therefore, there is a manifest dispute between
the Parties as to the meaning and scope of the Judgrnent.
The Peruvian Agent also sa'ys that 'the hidden purpose of the
Colombian Agent's request is obviously an attempt to escape the
legal consequences necessarily deriving from the Judgment'. If
the Peruvian Agent means by this that the legal consequences
which Colombia is trying to evade consist in the obligation to
surrender M. Haya de la Torre, the opposition between the two
Govemments could not be indicated more clearly, because Colombia
considers that nosuch conclusion can be drawn from the Judgment.
If, on the other hand, the Peruvian Agent believes that Colombia
is not under the obligation to surrender the refugee, he must say
so clearly and indicate what would then be 'the necessary legal
consequences' which Colombia is trying to evade.
1 take the liberty of pointing out that the main purpose of the
request for interpretation is to obtain a declaratistating whether,
in rejecting the Peruvian counter-claim 'as far as it is founded
on a violation of Article 1, paragraph 1, of the Convention on
Asylum signed at Havana in :1928',it was the Court's intention
to say that Colombia is not bound to surrender M. Haya de la
Torre to the Peruvian authorities.
1 further point out that the request for interpretation also
endeavours to obtain a declaration as to whether the Court, when
it 'found that the grant of asylum by the Colombian Government
to Victor Raul Haya de la Torre was not made in conformity with
Article2, paragraph 2 ("First"), of that Convention', meant that
the Government of Peru has t:he right to demand the surrender
ofM. Haya de la Torre.
This is a divergence of views, a difference of opinion, a dispute
as to the meaning and scope of the Judgment of November zoth,
the binding force of which1 have asked the Court to define."
The request for interpretation now before the Court is based on
Article 60 of the Statute which reads as follows :
IO "The judgment is final and without appeal. In the event of
dispute as to the meaning or scope of the judgrnent, the Court
shall contrue it upon the request of any party."
Thus it lays down two conditions for the admissibility of such a
request :
(1) The real purpose of the request must be to obtain an inter-
pretation of the judgment. This signifies that its object must
be solely to obtain clarification of the meaning and the scope
of what the Court has decided with binding force, and not to
obtain an answer to questions not so decided. Any other
construction of Article 60 of the Statute would nullify the
provision of the article that the judgment is final and without
appeal.
(2) In addition, it is necessary that there should exist a dispute
as to the meaning or scope of the judgment.
To decide whether the first requirement stated above is fulfilled,
one must bear in mind the principle that it is the duty of the Court
not only to reply to the questions as stated in the final submissions
of the parties, but also to abstain from deciding points not included
in those submissions.
The three questions raised in this proceeding by the Colombian
Government must be considered in the light of this principle.
The first question concerns the qualification which was in fact
made by the Colombian Ambassador at Lima of the offence imputed
to the refugee. It seeks to obtain from the Court a declaration that
this qualification was correct and that legal effect should be attrib-
uted to it. The Court finds that this point was not raised in the
submissions of the Colombian Government in the proceedings
leading up to the Judgment of November zoth, 1950. In those
submissions, the Court was asked to pronounce only on the claim
expressed in abstract and general terms, that Colombia as the
country granting asylum, was competent to qualify the offence.by
a unilateral and final decision binding on Peru.
The circumstance that, before the proceedings in Court in the
principal case, the qualification which was in fact made by the
Colombian Ambassador had given rise to discussions between the
two Governmentsthrough a diplomatic correspondence is irrelevant.
As regards that part of the counter-claim of the Peruvian Govern-
ment which was based on a violation of Article 1, paragraph 1,of
the Havana Convention of 1928, it is to be noted that, in order to
decide this question, it was sufficient for the Court to examine
whether the Peruvian Government had proved that Haya de la
Torre was accused of common crimes prior to the granting of
IIasylum, namely, January 3rd, 1949. The Court found that this had
not been proved by the Peruvian Government. The Court did not
decide any other question on this point.
Questions 2 and 3 are submitted as alternatives, and may be
dealt with together. Both concern the surrender of the refugee to
the Peruvian Government and the possible obligations resulting
in this connexion, for Colombia, from the Judgment of Novem-
ber zoth, 1950. The Court can only refer to what it declared in its
Judgment in perfectly definite terms :this question was completely
left outside the submissions of the Parties. The Judgment in no
way decided it, nor could it do so. It was for the Parties to present
their respective claims on this point. The Court finds that they did
nothing of the kind.
The "gaps" which the Colombian Government claims to have
discovered in the Court's Judgment in reality are new questions,
which cannot be decided by means of interpretation. Interpretation
can in no way go beyond the limits of the Judgment, fixed in
advance by the Parties themselves in their submissions.
In reality, the object of the questions submitted by the Colom-
bian Government is to obtain, by the indirect means of inter-
pretation, a decision on questions which the Court was not called
upon by the Parties to answer.
Article 60 of the Statute provides, moreover, that interpretation
may be asked only if there is a "dispute asto the meaning or scope
of the judgment". Obviously, one cannot treat as a dispute, in the
sense of that provision, the mere fact that one Party finds the judg-
ment obscure when the other considers it to be perfectly clear. A
dispute requires a divergence of views between the parties on
definite points ; Article 79, paragraph 2, of the Rules confirms
this condition by stating that the application for interpretation
"shall specify the precise point or points in dispute".
It is evident that this conditiondoes not exist in the present case.
Not only has the existence of a dispute between the Partiesnot been
brought to the attention of the Court, but the very date of the
Colombian Government's request for interpretation shows that
such a dispute could not possibly have arisen in any way whatever.
The Court thus finds that the requirements of Article 60 of the
Statute and of Article 79, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, have
not been satisfied. by twelve votes to one,
Declares the request for interpretation of the Judgment of
November aoth, 1950, presented on the same day by the Govern-
ment of the Republic of Colombia, to be inadmissible.
Done in French and English, the French text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-seventh day of
November, one thousand nine hundred and fifty, in three copies,
one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the
others transmitted to the Governments of the Republic of Colombia
and of the Republic of Peru respectively.
(Signed) BASDEVANT,
President.
(Signed) E. HAMBRO,
Registrar.
M. CAICEDO GASTILLA J,dge ad hoc, declares that he is unable
to concur in the Judgment of the Court because, in his opinion,
Article 60 of the Statute can be interpreted more liberally, as shown
by the Permanent Court of International Justice in the Chorzow
Factory case. He recognizes, however, that itis open to the Parties
to come before the Court if a divergence of views satisfying the
precise conditions required by this Judgment were to be submitted
to it.
(Initialled) J. B.
(Initialled) E. H.
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRETS,
AVISCONSULTATIF ET ORDONNANCES
DEMANDE D'INTERPRÉTATION
DE L'ARRÊT DU 20 NOVEMBRE 1950
EN L'AFFAIRE DU DROIT D'ASILE
(COLOMBIE/PÉROU)
ARRÊT DU 27NOVEMBRE 1950
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
REQUEST FOR
INTERPRETATION OF THE JUDGMENT
OF NOVEMBER zoth, 1950, IN THE
ASYLUM CASE
(COLOMBIAPERU)
JUDGMENT OF NOVEMBER 27th, 1950 Le présent arrêt doit êtrecité comme suit :
cDemande d'interprétationde l'Arrêt du 20 novembre 1950
en l'affaire du droit d'asile,
Arrêtdu 27 novembre 1950 : C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 395.))
This Judgment should be cited as follows:
"Request for interprctation of the JudgrnoftATovemberzoth, 1950,
in the asylufn case,
Judgrnent of November 27th, 1950 :I. C.J. Reports 1950,p. 395."
NO de vente : 52 1
Sales number COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
1950
LRBle général
no 13 ANNEE 1950
27novembre1950
DEMANDE D'INTERPRÉTATION
DE L'ARRÊT DU 20 NOVEMBRE 1950
EN L'AFFAIRE DU DROIT D'ASILE
(COLOMBIE /PÉROU)
Présent:M. BASDEVANT Présiden;M. GUERRERO ,ice-Prési-
dent; MM. ALVAREZ,HACKWORTX W, INIARSKI,DE
VISSCHER Sir ArnoMCNAIRM , M.KLAESTAD ,RYLOV,
READ, HSU MO, juges;MM. ALAYZA Y PAZSOLDAN,
CAICEDO CASTILLAj,ges ad ho;M. HAMBRO ,regier.
En l'affaire relative à la demande d'interprétation de l'Arrêtdu
20novembre 1950,
entre
la République de la Colombie,
représentéep:r
M. J.M. Yepes, professeur, ministre plénipotentiaire, juriscon-
sulte au ministère des Affaires étrangères de la Colombie, ancien
sénateur, comme agent
4 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
1950
November27th
General L:st
YEAR 1950 NO.13
November27th,1950
REQUEST FOR
INTERPRETATION OF THE JUDGMENT
OF NOVEMBER zoth, 1950, IN THE
ASYLUM CASE
(COLOMBIA /PERU)
JUDGMENT
Present:Presid8n.tBASDEVAN;T Vice-PresidentGUERRERO ;
JudgesALVAREZ H,ACKWORTW H,INIAKSKID, EVISSCHER,
Sir Arnold MCNAIR,KLAESTADK , RYLOV,READ, HSU
Mo ;NM. ALAYZA Y PAZSOLDAN and CAICEDOCASTILLA,
Judgesad hoc ; Mr. HAMBRO,egistrar.
In the case concerning the request for interpretation of the Judg-
ment of November zoth, 1950,
between
the Republic of Colombia,
representedy:
M. J. M. Yepes, Professor, Minister PlenipotentiLegal
Adviser to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Colombia, former
Senator, as Age;t
4 assistéde
M.Eduardo Zuleta Angel, ancien ministre des Affaires étrangères,
ambassadeur à Washington, comme conseil ;
ainsi que, comme avocats, de
M. Francisco Urrutia Holguin, ambassadeur, délégué auprès des
Nations Unies,
M. Alfredo Vasquez, ministre plénipotentiaire, secrétaire général
du ministèredes Affairesétrangères dela Colombie ;
et
la Républiquedu Pérou,
représentéepar :
M. Carlos SayAnAlvarez, avocat, ambassadeur, ancien ministre,
ancien président dela Chambre des Députésdu Pérou,comme agent;
assisté de
M. Felipe Tudela y Barreda, avocat, professeur de droit constibu-
tionnel à Lima,
M. Raid Miro Quezada Laos, avocat,
M. Fernando Morales Macedo R., interprète parlementaire,
M. Juan JoséCalley Calle,secrétaire d'ambassade ;
ainsi que, comme conseils, de
M. Georges Scelle, professeur honoraire de l'université de Paris,
M. Julio L6pez Olivhn, ambassadeur.
ainsi composée,
rend l'arrêt suivant :
Le 20 novembre 1950, la Cour a rendu son arrêtdans l'affaire du
droit d'asileentrela Colombieet le Pérou.Le jour mêmedu prononcé
de l'arrêt,l'agent du Gouvernement de la Colombie a fait remettre
au Greffe de la Cour une lettre par laquelle, d'ordre de son Gouver-
nement, il portait à la connaissance de la Cour que le Gouvernement
de la Colombie souhaitait obtenir une interprétation dudit arrêt,
conformément aux articles 60 du Statut et 79 et 80 du Règlement. assisted by
M. Eduardo Zuleta Angel, former Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Ambassador in Washington, as Counsel :
and, as Advacates,
M. Francisco Urratia Holguin, Ambassador, Delegate to the
United Nations,
M. Alfredo Vasquez, Minister Plenipotentiary, Secretary-General
of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Colombia ;
and
the Republic of Peru,
represented by :
M. Carlos Saykn Alvarez, Barrister, Ambassador, former Minister,
former President of the Peruvian Chamber of Deputies, as Agent ;
assisted by
RI.Felipe Tudela y Barreda, Barrister, Professor of Constitutional
Law at Lima,
M. Raid Miro Quezada Laos, Barrister,
M. Fernando Morales Macedo R., Parliamentary Interpreter,
M.Juan JoséCalley Calle, Secretary of Embassy ;
and, as Counsel,
M. Georges Scelle, Honorary Professor of the University of Paris,
and
M. Julio L6pez Olivkn, Ambassador.
composed as above,
delivers the following Judgment :
On November zoth, 1950, the Court delivered its Judgment in
the asylum case between Colombia and Peru. On the very day on
which the Judgment was delivered, the Agent of the Government
of Colombia transmitted to the Registry of the Court a letter in
which, under instructions of his Government,he informed the Court
that the Colombian Government wished to obtain an interpretation
of the said Judgment, in conformity with Articles 60 of the Statute
and 79 and 80 of the Rules.397 AFFAIRE DU DROIT D'ASILE (ARRÊT DU 27 XI 50)
La lettre de l'agent du Gouvernement de la Colombie était ainsi
conçue :
((I. J'ai l'honneur de porter à votre connaissance, d'ordre de
mon Gouvernement, ce qui suit :
2. Le Gouvernement de la République de Colombie, fidèle aux
engagements internationaux qu'il a souscrits et ratifiés et, en
particulier, à l'obligation qui découle pour lui de l'article 94,
alinéa 1, de la Charte des Nations Unies, déclare son intention de
se conformer à la décision de la Cour internationale de Justice,
dans l'affaire colombo-péruvienne sur le droit d'asile.
3. Toutefois, la façon dont il a étéstatué par la Cour, dans
son Arrêt du 20 novembre 1950, a conduit mon Gouvernement
à la conviction que cette décision, telle qu'elle lui a éténotifiée,
comporte des lacunes qui sont de nature à rendre son exécution
impossible. Cecipour les motifs suivants :
4. La Cour déclare dans son arrêt ce qui suit : ((11est évident
que le représentant diplomatique à qui il appartient d'apprécier si
l'asile doit ou non êtreoctroyé à un réfugié,doit avoir compétence
pour opérer cette qualificationprovisoire du délitimputéau réfugié.
Il doit, en effet, examiner si les cqnditions requises pour l'octroi
de l'asile se trouvent remplies. L'Etat territorial ne saurait être
privé par là de son droit de contester la qualification. En cas de
désaccord entre les deux Etats, un différends'élèveraitqui serait
susceptible d'êtreréglé selon lesméthodes prévuespar les Parties
pour le règlement de leurs différends ))(Arrêt,page 274).
5. Dans l'espèce il est incontestable que les Parties, en fait, ont
procédécomme la Cour l'indique dans le texte ci-dessus :l'ambassa-
deur de Colombie à Lima a qualifiéle délit imputé au réfugié ;le
Gouvernement du Pérou, de son côté,a contesté cette qualification
et le différend surgi à ce sujet entre les deux Etats a été porté
devant la Cour internationale de Justice.
6. La Cour a confirméd'une manière aussiclaire que catégorique
la qualification faite par l'ambassadeur de Colombie. Elle a déclaré
en effet :((la Cour estime que le Gouvernement du Pérou n'a pas
démontréque les faits dont le réfugiéa étéaccuséavant les 3-4 jan-
vier 1949 sont des délits de droit commun » (Arrêt,page 281).
Commeconséquencede cette déclaration,la Cour arejetélademande
reconventionnelle ((en tant qu'elle est fondéesur une violation de
l'article premier, paragraphe premier, de la Convention sur l'asile
signée à La Havane en 1928 ))(Arrêt,page 288).
7. La qualification faite par l'ambassadeur de Colombie du
caractère politique du délitimputé au réfugiéétant ainsi confirmée
par la Cour, on peut faire abstraction, parce qu'elle n'a plus d'effet
6 The letter of the Agent of the Colombian Government reads as
follows :
[Translation]
"1. By order of my Govemment 1 have the honour to inform
you of the following :
2. The Government of the Republic of Colombia, faithful to the
international undertakings which it has signed and ratified and, in
particular, the obligation which is laid upon it by Article 94, para-
graph 1, of the Charter of the United Nations, declares its intention
of complying with the decision of the International Court of Justice
in the Colombian-Peruvian asylum case.
3. However, the manner in which the Court has ruled in its
Judgment of November zoth, 1950, had led my Government to
the conclusion that this decision, as has been notified, contains
gaps of such a nature as to render its execution impossible. This
conclusion is based on the following grounds :
4. In its Judgment the Court makes the following statement :
'It is evident that the diplomatic representative who has to deter-
mine whether a refugee is to be granted asylum or not must have
the competence to make such a provisional qualification of any
offence alleged to have been comrnitted by the refugee. He must in
fact examine the question whether the conditions required for
granting asylum are fulfilled. Theterritorial State would not thereby
be depnved of its right to contest the qualification. In case of
disagreement between the two States, a dispute would arise which
migkt be settled by the methods provided by the Parties for the
settlement of their disputes' (Judgment, page 274).
5. In the present case it is beyond doubt that the Parties have
in fact proceeded as the Court indicates in the above-mentioned
text : the Colombian Ambassador in Lima qualified the offence
attnbuted to the refugee ; the Government of Peru, for its part,
contested this qualification and the dispute which arose on this
point between the two States was brought before the International
Court of Justice.
6. The Court has confirmed the qualification made by the Colom-
bian Ambassador in a manner which is both clear and emphatic.
It has, in fact, declared : 'the Court considers that the Government
of Peru has not proved that the acts of which the refugee was
accused before January 3rdi4th, 1949, constitute common crimes'
(Judgment, page 281). As a consequence of this declaration, the
Court has rejected the counter-claim 'in so far as it is founded on
a violation of Article1, paragraph 1, of the Convention on Asylum
signed at Havana in 1928' (Judgment, page 288).
7. The qualification made by the Colombian Ambassador of the
political character of the offence attributed to the refugee having
thus been confirmed by the Court, the theoretical question of the
6 pratique, de la question théorique du droit appartenant à l'État
accordant l'asile. Ainsi qu'il ressort de la correspondance diploma-
tique échangéeentre les Parties, s'il est vrai que la Colombie, dès
le début de cette controverse, a réclaméle droit à la qualification,
il n'est pas moins certain qu'elle a toujours affirmé que, mêmesi
cette faculté pouvait être contestée, la qualification en fait était
correcte et ne pouvait êtreméconnue parce qu'il n'avait pas été
prouvéque hl. Haya dela Torre fût un délinquant de droit commun.
8. La Cour, en affirmant que le Gouvernement du Pérou n'a
pas démontré que le délit dont le réfugiéa étéinculpé fut de droit
commun, a reconnu le bien-fondé de la qualification faite par la
Colombie. Dans ces conditions, une question se pose : cette quali-
fication déclarée correcte et approuvée par la Cour, doit-elIe être
néanmoins considérée comme nulle et sans effets, parce qu'une
contestation a surgi sur le point de vue préalable et théorique du
droit à la qualification en matière d'asile ?
g. En statuant sur la demande reconventionnelle du Pérou, la
Cour à décidé,d'une part, ((que l'octroi de l'asile par le Gouver-
nement de la Colombie à Victor Rad1 Haya de la Torre n'a pas
été faiten conformité de l'article 2, paragraphe 2, ((premièrement »,
de ladite convention ))[Convention de La Havane] (Arrêt, page 288).
IO. La Cour a déclaré,d'autre part, non seulement
qu'octroyer
asile n'est pas un acte instantané qui prendrait fin avec l'accueil
fait, à un moment donné, à un réfugiédans une ambassade ou
dans une légation »,mais que l'asile ((est octroyé aussi longtemps
que la présence continue du réfugiédans l'ambassade prolonge
cette protection ».
II. Il semblerait, par conséquent, que la pensée de la Cour,
lorsqu'elle a décidésur un des aspects de la demande reconven-
tionnelle, est que la Colombie pourrait violer la disposition de
l'article2, paragraphe 2, de la Convention de La Havane si elle
ne remet pas le réfugiéaux autorités péruviennes.
12. La Cour déclare, cependant, que M. Haya de la Torre est
un réfugié politique et non pas un délinquant de droit commun.
Elle déclare, en mêmetemps, que la Convention de La Havane,
unique instrument régissant les rapports entre la Colombie et le
Pérou en matière d'asile, ne contient aucune disposition imposant
l'obligation de remettre le réfugié politique.
13. Il s'ensuit de cette constatation que la Colombie n'a pas
d'obligation de remettre le réfugiéaux autorités péruviennes et que,
si elle s'abstient de le faire, elle ne viole nullement la Convention
de La Havane.
14. En outre, la Cour observe expressément (que la question
de la remise éventuelle du réfugiéaux autorités territoriales n'est
7 right appertaining to the State granting asylum may be left to one
side because it ceases to have any practical effect. As is evident
from the diplomatic correspondence between the Parties, if it is
true that Colombia, from the very beginning of this dispute, has
claimed the right of qualification, it is equally certain that shehas
always affirmed that, even if this right could be contested, the
qualification was in fact correct and could not be disregarded
because it had not been proved that M. Haya de la Torre was a
common criminal.
8. In stating that the Government of Peru has not proved that
the offence with which the refugee was charged wa's a common
crime, the Court has admitted that the qualification made by
Colombiawas well founded. In the circumstances a question anses :
must this qualification, which has been declared correct and
approved by the Court, be considered nevertheless as nul1 and
void because a dispute has arisen on the preliminary and theor-
etical question of the right to qualification in matters of asylum ?
9. In deciding on the counter-claim of Peru, the Court has found,
on the one hand, 'that the grant of asylum by the Colombian
Government to Victor Raul Haya de la Torre was not made in
conformity with Article 2, paragraph 2 ("First"), of that Conven-
tion' [Convention of Havana] (Judgment, page 288).
IO. The Court has declared, on the other hand, not only that
'the grant of asylum is not an instantaneous act which terminates
with the admission, at a given moment, of a refugee to an embassy
or a legation', but that asylum 'is granted as long as the continued
presence of the refugee in the embassy prolongs this protection'.
II. It would appear, consequently, that the idea of the Court, in
deciding on one of the aspects of the counter-claim, is that Colombia
might violate the provisions of Article 2, paragraph2,of the Havana
Convention if she does not surrender the refugee to the Peruvian
authorities.
12. The Court declares, however, that M. Haya de la Torre is a
political refugee and not a common criminal. It declares at the
same time that the Havana Convention, which is the only agree-
ment regulating the relations between Colombia and Peru in matters
of asylum, contains no clause providing for the surrender of a
political refugee.
13. It follows from the foregoing consideration that Colombia
has no obligation to surrender the refugee to the Peruvian author-
ities and that, if she abstains from doing so, she in no way violates
the Havana Convention.
14. Furthermore, the Court expressly states 'that the question
of the possible surrender of the refugee to the territorial authorities
7 aucunement posée dans la demande reconventionnelle » et elle
ajoute que, (ni dans la correspondance diplomatique produite par
les Parties, nià un moment quelconque de la présente instance,
cette question n'a étésoulevée, et, en fait, le Gouvernement du
Pérou n'a pas demandé la remise du réfugié ))(Arrêt,page 280).
15. Sur la base des observations précédentes,il ne semble pas
possible de supposer que la Cour, lorsqu'elle a décidéque l'octroi
de l'asile n'a pas étéfait conformément à l'articl2, paragraphe 2,
de la Convention de La Havane, ait voulu ordonner, mêmed'une
façon sous-entendue, la remise du réfugiéet encore moins qu'elle
ait voulu déclarer que la Colombie violerait un engagement inter-
national si elle s'abstenait de faire une remise qui n'a pas été
ordonnéepar la Cour.
III
16. En conséquence, le Gouvernement de la République de
Colombie a l'honneur de formuler la demande d'interprétation de
l'Arrêtdu 20 novembre 1950 en vue d'obtenir :
Conformémentaux articles 60 du Statutet 79et 80 du Règlement,
de répondre aux questions suivantes :
Premièrement. - L'Arrêtdu 20 novembre 1950 doit-il être inter-
prété dansle sens que la qualification faite par l'ambassadeur de
Colombie du délit imputé à M. Haya de la Torre fut correcte et
que, par conséquent,il y a lieu de reconnaître des effets juridiques
à la qualification susmentionnée, en tant qu'elle a étéconfirmée
par la Cour ?
Deuxièmement. - L'Arrêt du 20 novembre 1950 doit-il être
interprétédans le sens que le Gouvernement du Pérou n'a pas le
droit d'exiger la remise du réfugié politiqueM. Haya de la Torre
et que, par conséquent, le Gouvernement de la Colombie n'a pas
l'obligation de le remettre mêmedans le cas où cette remise lui
serait demandée ?
Troisièmement. - Ou, au contraire, la décisionprise par la Cour
sur la demande reconventionnelle du Pérouimplique-t-elle pour la
Colombie l'obligation de remettre le réfugié VictorRad Haya de
la Torre aux autorités péruviennes, mêmesi celles-ci ne l'exigent
pas et ceci malgré le fait qu'il s'agit d'un délinquant politique et
non pas d'un criminel de droit commun et que la seule convention
applicable dans le présent cas n'ordonne pas la remise des délin-
quants politiques ?»
La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de la nationalité des
Parties, chacune d'elles a usé du droit prévu à l'article 31, para-
graphe 3, du Statut. Ont été ainsi désignésen qualité de juges
ad hoc: par le Gouvernement de la Colombie, M. José Joaquin
Caicedo Castilla, docteur en droit, professeur, ancien député et
ancien président du Sénat, ambassadeur ;par le Gouvernement du
Pérou, M. Luis Alayza y Paz Soldan, docteur en droit, professeur,
8 is in no way raised in the counter-claim' and adds that 'this ques-
tion was not raised either in the diplomatic correspondence submit-
ted by the Parties or at any moment in the proceedings before the
Court, and in fact the Government of Peru has not requested that
the refugee should be surrendered' (Judgment, page 280).
15. On the basis of the foregoingconsiderations, it does not seem
possible to suppose that the Court, in deciding that the grant of
asylum was not made in conformity with Article z, paragraph z,
of the Havana Convention, intended to order, even in an indirect
manner, that the refugee should be surrendered, or even lesç that
it intended to declare that Colombia would violate an international
undertaking if she abstained from making the surrender which has
not been ordered by the Court.
III
16. Consequently, the Governnlent of the Republic of Colombia
has the honour to make a request for an interpretation of the
Judgment of November zoth, 1950,as follows :
MAY IT PLEASE THE COURT,
In accordance with Articles 60 of the Statute and 79 and 80 of
the Rules of Court, to answer the following question:
First.-Must the Judgment of November zoth, 1950, be inter-
preted in the sense that the qualification made by the Colombian
Ambassador of the offence attributed to M. Haya de la Torre, was
correct, and that, consequently, it is necessafy to attribute legal
effect to the above-mentioned qualification, in so far as it has been
confirmed by the Court ?
Second.-Must the Judgment of November zoth, 1950, be inter-
preted iri the sense that the Government of Peru is not entitled to
demand the surrender of the political refugee M. Haya de la Torre,
and that, consequently, the Government of Colombia is not bound
to surrender him even in the event ofthis surrender being requested
Thid-Or, on the contrary, does the Court's decision on the
counter-claim of Peru imply that Colombia is bound to surrender
the refugee Victor Raul Haya de la Torre to the Peruvian author-
ities, even if the latter do not so demand, in spite of the fact that
he is a political offender and not a common criminal, and that the
only convention applicable to the present case does not order the
surrender of political offende?"
As the Court dit not include upon the Bench any judge of the
nationality of the Parties, the latter availed themselves of the right
provided by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute. The Judges
ad hoc designated were M. José Joaquin Caicedo Castilla, Doctor
of Law, Professor, former Deputy and former President of the
Senate, Ambassador, for the Government of Colombia. and RI.Luis
Alayza y Paz Soldan, Doctor of Law, Professor, former hlinister,
8ancien ministre, ambassadeur, lesquels ont, au cours de l'audience
du 23 novembre 1950, pris l'engagement solennel prévu à l'article 20
du Statut.
La lettre de l'agent du Gouvernement de la Colombie en date du
20 novembre 1950 a étécommuniquée le même jour à l'agent du
Gouvernement du Pérou, qui a consigné ses observations dans la
lettre suivante, datée du 22 novembre :
«En réponse à votre lettre du 22 november 1950, no 12125,
faisant suite à votre communication du 20 de ce même mois,
no 12084, j'ai l'honneur de vous faire savoir que je n'avais pas
l'intention de présenter d'observations sur la demande de l'agent
du Gouvernement colombien, étant donné le caractère nettement
irrecevablede cette demande.
Toutefois, par déférenceenvers l'invitation implicite contenue
dans votre seconde lettre, je préciseraice qui suit:
I. - L'Arrêtdu .20 novembre 1950 est d'une clarté évidente,
excepté pour ceux qui seraient résolusd'avance à ne pas le com-
prendre. Il statue de la façon la plus claire sur toutes les conclu-
sions présentéespar les deux Parties. Nous estimons donc qu'il
n'y a pas lieuà interprétation.
2. - D'ailleurs, la demande de l'agent colombien n'est pas
recevable au point de vue juridique :
a) parce qu'elle n'est pas une demande d'interprétation, mais,
en alléguant à tort, que l'arrêtcontient des lacunes, vise, en fait,
à obtenir un nouveau jugement complémentaire du premier ;
b) parce que les conditions exigées par l'article 60 du Statut
de la Cour en ce qui concerne une demande d'interprétation se
trouvent par là même méconnuesE . n fait, la demande colombienne
tend à considérer comme non écrite la disposition statutaire de
l'article 60 en vertu de laquelle tout arrêtde la Cour est définitif
et sans recours.
3. - Dans ces conditions il apparaît clairement que le but
caché de la demande de l'agent colombien est de chercher un
moyen de se dérober aux conséquencesjuridiques nécessaires qui
découlentde l'arrêt.
4. - Cette intention nous parait d'autant plus vraisemblable
que, dans une affaire de cette importance, il eût semblé logique
et naturel que les deux Gouvernements intéressés prennent le
temps d'étudier soigneusement le texte de l'arrêt. Or, la demande
de l'agent colombien s'est produite quelques heures seulement
après la séancepublique, et le contenu en a mêmeétécommuniqué
antérieurement à la presse. En ce qui me concerne, je n'aurais
jamais pu prendre de pareilles responsabilités envers mon Gou-
vernement.
En vous priant de transmettre à la Cour les observations qui
précèdent,veuillez agréer, etc. 1)
Communication des observations de l'agent du Gouvernement du
Pérou a étéfaite à l'agent du Gouvernement de la Colombie. CeAmbassador, for the Government of Peru. These Judges made the
solemn declaration provided in Article 20 of the Statute in a public
meeting held on November 23rd, 1950.
The letter of the Agent of the C:olombian Government of Novem-
ber zoth, 1950, was communicated on the same day to the Agent of
the Government of Peru, who submitted his observations in the
following letter, dated November zznd :
[Translation]
"In reply to your letter of November zznd, 1950, No. 12125,
following your communication of November zoth, No. 12084, 1
have the honour to inform you that it was not my intention to
present observations on the request of the ColombianAgent because
that request is clearly inadmissible.
However, in deference to the implied invitation contained in
your second letter, 1 shall make the following statements :
1.-The Judgment of November zoth, 1950, is perfectly clear,
except for those who would have made up their minds beforehand
not to understand it. It gives a decision in the clearest way possible
on al1submissionspresented by both Parties. Therefore, we consider
that the Judgrnent does not cal1for interpretation.
2.-Moreover the request of the Colombian Agent is inadmis-
sible for legal reasons
(a) because it is not a request for interpretation. In wrongly
alleging that the Judgrnent contains 'gaps', it seeks, in fact, to
obtain a new ,decision, supplementing the first;
(b) because the conditions laid down in Article 60 of the Statute
of the Court concerning a request for interpretation have thereby
been disregarded. In fact, the Colombian request is an attempt to
disregard the statutory provision of Article 60, whereby the Court's
judgments are final and without appeal.
3.-In those conditions, the hidden purpose of the Colombian
Agent's request is obviously an attempt to escape the legal conse-
quences necessarily deriving from the Judgnient.
+-This intention seems al1 the more probable because, in a
case of this importance, it would have seemed logical and natural
for the two Governments concerned to take time for careful study
of the text of the decision, whereas the request of the Colombian
Agent came only a few hours after the public hearing, and its
contents had even been comriunicated to the press beforehand.
Personally,1would not have bei:n in a position to take such respons-
ibilities before my own Government.
Asking you to transmit to the Court the foregoing observations,
1have, etc."
The observations of the Agent of the Peruvian Government were
communicated to the Agent of the Government of Colombia. The
9dernier, par une lettre du 24 novembre 1950, y a répondu dans les
termes suivants :
cJ'ai l'honneur d'accuser la réception de votre communication
no 12114, du 23 courant, au moyen de laquelle vous avez bien
voulu me transmettre une copie certifiée conforme de la lettre
de M. l'Agent du Gouvernement du Pérou en date du 22 novembre
1950.
Je m'abstiens de relever certaines appréciations et insinuations
contenues dans cette dernière lettre car, par respect pour la Cour,
j'estime qu'on ne doit pas échanger, à travers elle, des propos
désobligeants pour aucun gouvernement.
M. l'Agent du Pérou affirme que l'Arrêtdu 20 novembre 1950
est d'une cclarté évidente)). Le Gouvernement colombien, en
revanche, comme il est expliqué dans la demande d'interprétation,
affirme le contraire.Il existe donc une opposition manifeste entre
les deux Parties sur le sens et la portée de l'arrêt en question.
D'autre part, l'agent du Pérou dit que «le but caché de la
demande de l'agent colombien est de chercher un moyen de se
dérober aux conséquences juridiques nécessaires qui découlent de
l'arrêts.SiM. l'Agent du Pérou veut indiquer que les conséquences
juridiques auxquelles la Colombie cherche à se dérober consistent
dans l'obligation de remettre M. Haya de la Torre, l'opposition
entre les points de vue des deux Gouvernements est on ne peut
plus marquée, car la Colombie considère que dudit arrêt ne se
dégage pas une pareille conclusion. Si, par contre, M. l'Agent
du Gouvernement du Pérou croit que la Colombie n'a pas l'obli-
gation de remettre le réfugié, ildoit le dire clairement et signaler
alors quelles seraient les ccconséquences juridiques nécessaires »
que la Colombie voudrait éluder.
Je me permets de rappeler que la demande d'interprétation
vise principalement à obtenir qu'il soit précisé si, en rejetant la
demande reconventionnelle du Pérou, cen tant qu'elle est fondée
sur une violation de l'article premier, paragraphe premier, de la
Convention sur l'asile signée à La Havane en 1928 », la Cour a
voulu dire que la Colombie n'est pas obligéede remettre M. Haya
de la Torre aux autorités péruviennes.
Je rappelle encore que la demande d'interprétation vise aussi
à obtenir qu'il soit précisé si, en ((disant que l'octroi de l'asile
par le Gouvernement de la Colombie à Victor Raul Haya de la
Torre n'a pas étéfait en conformité de l'article 2, paragraphe 2,
«premièrement )),de ladite convention D, la Cour entend par là
que le Gouvernement du Pérou a le droit d'exiger la remise de
M. Haya dela Torre.
Voilà donc une divergence de vues, une opposition d'opinions,
une contestation sur le sens et la portée de l'Arrêtdu20 novembre,
dont j'ai demandé à la Cour de préciser la force obligatoire. ))
L'article 60 du Statut est à la base de la demande en interpré-
tation dont la Cour est saisie. Cet article est ainsi conçu :
IOlatter, by a letter dated November 24th, 1950, replied in the
following terms :
[Translation]
"1 have the honour to acknowledgereceipt of your communication
No. 12114 of 23rd instant, transmitting to nie a certified true copy
of the letter from the Agent of the Peruvian Government, dated
November zznd, 1950.
1 shall disregard certain remarks and insinuations contained in
thisletter, because, out of respect for the Court,1 consider that it
should not be made use of for the transmission of disparaging
remarks conceming any govemment.
The Peruvian Agent declares that the Judgrnent of Novem-
ber 20th, 1950, is 'perfectly clear'. The Colombian Govemment,
on the contrary, as indicated in the request for interpretation,
declares that it is not. Therefore, there is a manifest dispute between
the Parties as to the meaning and scope of the Judgrnent.
The Peruvian Agent also sa'ys that 'the hidden purpose of the
Colombian Agent's request is obviously an attempt to escape the
legal consequences necessarily deriving from the Judgment'. If
the Peruvian Agent means by this that the legal consequences
which Colombia is trying to evade consist in the obligation to
surrender M. Haya de la Torre, the opposition between the two
Govemments could not be indicated more clearly, because Colombia
considers that nosuch conclusion can be drawn from the Judgment.
If, on the other hand, the Peruvian Agent believes that Colombia
is not under the obligation to surrender the refugee, he must say
so clearly and indicate what would then be 'the necessary legal
consequences' which Colombia is trying to evade.
1 take the liberty of pointing out that the main purpose of the
request for interpretation is to obtain a declaratistating whether,
in rejecting the Peruvian counter-claim 'as far as it is founded
on a violation of Article 1, paragraph 1, of the Convention on
Asylum signed at Havana in :1928',it was the Court's intention
to say that Colombia is not bound to surrender M. Haya de la
Torre to the Peruvian authorities.
1 further point out that the request for interpretation also
endeavours to obtain a declaration as to whether the Court, when
it 'found that the grant of asylum by the Colombian Government
to Victor Raul Haya de la Torre was not made in conformity with
Article2, paragraph 2 ("First"), of that Convention', meant that
the Government of Peru has t:he right to demand the surrender
ofM. Haya de la Torre.
This is a divergence of views, a difference of opinion, a dispute
as to the meaning and scope of the Judgment of November zoth,
the binding force of which1 have asked the Court to define."
The request for interpretation now before the Court is based on
Article 60 of the Statute which reads as follows :
IO ((L'arrêtest définitif et sans recours. En cas de contestation
sur le sens et la portéede l'arrêt,il appartiànla Cour de l'inter-
préter,àla demande de toute partie.»
Il en ressort que, pour qu'il puisse être donné suite à une telle
demande, deux conditions sont requises :
1) Il faut que la demande ait réellement pour objet une inter-
prétationdel'arrêt, ce qui signifiequ'elle doit viser uniquement
à faire éclaircirle sens et la portée de ce qui .a étédécidéavec
iorce obligatoire par l'arrêt, et non à obtenir la solution de
points qui n'ont pas étéainsi décidés.Toute autre façon d'inter-
préter l'article 60 du Statut aurait pour conséquence d'annuler
la disposition de ce même article selon laquelle l'arrêt est
définitif et sans recours;
2) Il faut ensuite qu'il existe une contestation sur le sens et la
portée de l'arrêt.
Pour décider si la première condition énoncée ci-dessus setrouve
remplie, il y a lieu de rappeler le principe que la Cour a le devoir
de répondre aux demandes des parties telles qu'elles s'expriment
dans leurs conclusions finales, mais aussi celui de s'abstenir de
statuer sur des points non compris dans lesdites demandes ainsi
exprimées.
C'est en appliquant ce principe qu'il faut examiner les trois
questions poséesdans la présente instance par le Gouvernement de
la Colombie.
La première question a trait à la qualification qui a étédonnée
en fait par l'ambassadeur de Colombie à Lima du délit imputé au
réfugiéet tend à faire déclarer par la Cour que cette qualification
fut correcte et qu'ily a lieu de lui reconnaître des effets juridiques.
La Cour constate que ce point ne lui a pas étésoumis par les conclu-
sions prises par le Gouvernement de la Colombie au cours de
l'instance qui a conduit à l'Arrêtdu 20 novembre 1950. En vertu de
ces conclusions, la Cour n'a étéappelée à statuer que sur la préten-
tion, formulée en termes abstraits et généraux, selon laquelle la
Colombie, en tant qu'État octroyant l'asile, a le droit de qualifier
la nature du délit par une décisionunilatérale et définitive, obliga-
toire pour le Pérou.
La circonstance que la qualification donnée en fait par l'ambassa-
deur de Colombie a, antérieurement à l'instance devant la Cour sur
l'affaire principale, été l'objet de discussions entre les Gouverne-
ments dans la correspondance diplomatique, est sans pertinence.
Quant à la partie de la demande reconventionnelle du Gouverne-
ment du Pérouquiétait fondéesur une violation de l'article premier,
paragraphe premier, de la Convention de la Havane de 1928, il
convient de noter que, pour en décider, il a suffi que la Cour exami-
nât si le Gouvernement du Pérou avait établi que Haya de la Torre
avait étéaccuséde délits de droit commun avant la date à laquelle "The judgment is final and without appeal. In the event of
dispute as to the meaning or scope of the judgrnent, the Court
shall contrue it upon the request of any party."
Thus it lays down two conditions for the admissibility of such a
request :
(1) The real purpose of the request must be to obtain an inter-
pretation of the judgment. This signifies that its object must
be solely to obtain clarification of the meaning and the scope
of what the Court has decided with binding force, and not to
obtain an answer to questions not so decided. Any other
construction of Article 60 of the Statute would nullify the
provision of the article that the judgment is final and without
appeal.
(2) In addition, it is necessary that there should exist a dispute
as to the meaning or scope of the judgment.
To decide whether the first requirement stated above is fulfilled,
one must bear in mind the principle that it is the duty of the Court
not only to reply to the questions as stated in the final submissions
of the parties, but also to abstain from deciding points not included
in those submissions.
The three questions raised in this proceeding by the Colombian
Government must be considered in the light of this principle.
The first question concerns the qualification which was in fact
made by the Colombian Ambassador at Lima of the offence imputed
to the refugee. It seeks to obtain from the Court a declaration that
this qualification was correct and that legal effect should be attrib-
uted to it. The Court finds that this point was not raised in the
submissions of the Colombian Government in the proceedings
leading up to the Judgment of November zoth, 1950. In those
submissions, the Court was asked to pronounce only on the claim
expressed in abstract and general terms, that Colombia as the
country granting asylum, was competent to qualify the offence.by
a unilateral and final decision binding on Peru.
The circumstance that, before the proceedings in Court in the
principal case, the qualification which was in fact made by the
Colombian Ambassador had given rise to discussions between the
two Governmentsthrough a diplomatic correspondence is irrelevant.
As regards that part of the counter-claim of the Peruvian Govern-
ment which was based on a violation of Article 1, paragraph 1,of
the Havana Convention of 1928, it is to be noted that, in order to
decide this question, it was sufficient for the Court to examine
whether the Peruvian Government had proved that Haya de la
Torre was accused of common crimes prior to the granting of
IIl'asile lui a étéaccordé, c'est-à-dire avant le 3 janvier 1949 : la
Cour a constaté que le Gouvernement du Pérou n'en avait pas
apporté la preuve. La Cour n'a statué sur aucune autre question à
cet égard.
Les questions 2et 3 se présentent comme alternatives et peuvent
êtreexaminées conjointement. Elles ont trait l'une et l'autre à la
remise du réfugiéau Gouvernement du Pérou et aux obligations
éventuelles qui découleraient à cet égard pour la Colombie de
l'Arrêtdu 20 novembre 1950. La Cour ne peut que se référerà ce
qu'elle a déclaré en termes absolument précis dans son arrêt :
cette question est restée entièrement en dehors des demandes des
Parties. L'arrêt n'a aucunement statué sur elle et ne pouvait le
faire. C'est aux Parties qu'il appartenait de formuler à cet égard
leurs prétentions respectives. La Cour constate qu'elles s'en sont
complètement abstenues.
Les (lacunes »que le Gouvernement de la Colombie croit aperce-
voir dans l'arrêtde la Cour sont en réalité despoints nouveaux sur
lesquels il ne peut êtrestatué par voie d'interprétation. L'inter-
prétation ne saurait en aucun cas dépasser les limites de l'arrêt
telles que les ont tracées d'avance les conclusions des Parties.
En réalité,les questions poséespar le Gouvernement de la Colom-
bie tendent à obtenir, par la voie indirecte d'un arrêtinterprétatif,
la solution de questions dont la Cour n'a pas étésaisie par les
Parties en cause.
L'article 60 du Statut dispose en outre qu'il n'y a lieu à inter-
prétation que s'il y a «contestation sur le sens et la portée de
l'arrêt1).Il va de soi qu'on ne peut considérercomme une contesta-
tion aux termes de cet article le seul fait que l'une des Parties
déclare l'arrêt obscur, tandis que l'autre le déclare parfaitement
clair. La contestation exige une divergence de vues entre parties
sur des points définis ; l'article 79, paragraphe 2, du Règlement de
la Cour confirme cette exigence en spécifiant que la requête aux
fins d'interprétation doit comprendre ((l'indication précise du ou
des points contestés 1).
Cette condition fait évidemment défaut dans l'expèce.Non seule-
ment l'existence d'une contestation entre Parties n'a pas été
à la connaissance de la Cour, mais il ressort de la date mêmeà
laquelle la demande en interprétation du Gouvernement de la
Colombie a été introduite qu'une telle contestation n'a mêmepas
pu se manifester d'une manière quelconque.
La Cour est ainsi amenée à constater que les conditions exigées
par l'article 60 du Statut et par l'article 79, paragraphe z, du
Règlement, ne sont pas remplies.asylum, namely, January 3rd, 1949. The Court found that this had
not been proved by the Peruvian Government. The Court did not
decide any other question on this point.
Questions 2 and 3 are submitted as alternatives, and may be
dealt with together. Both concern the surrender of the refugee to
the Peruvian Government and the possible obligations resulting
in this connexion, for Colombia, from the Judgment of Novem-
ber zoth, 1950. The Court can only refer to what it declared in its
Judgment in perfectly definite terms :this question was completely
left outside the submissions of the Parties. The Judgment in no
way decided it, nor could it do so. It was for the Parties to present
their respective claims on this point. The Court finds that they did
nothing of the kind.
The "gaps" which the Colombian Government claims to have
discovered in the Court's Judgment in reality are new questions,
which cannot be decided by means of interpretation. Interpretation
can in no way go beyond the limits of the Judgment, fixed in
advance by the Parties themselves in their submissions.
In reality, the object of the questions submitted by the Colom-
bian Government is to obtain, by the indirect means of inter-
pretation, a decision on questions which the Court was not called
upon by the Parties to answer.
Article 60 of the Statute provides, moreover, that interpretation
may be asked only if there is a "dispute asto the meaning or scope
of the judgment". Obviously, one cannot treat as a dispute, in the
sense of that provision, the mere fact that one Party finds the judg-
ment obscure when the other considers it to be perfectly clear. A
dispute requires a divergence of views between the parties on
definite points ; Article 79, paragraph 2, of the Rules confirms
this condition by stating that the application for interpretation
"shall specify the precise point or points in dispute".
It is evident that this conditiondoes not exist in the present case.
Not only has the existence of a dispute between the Partiesnot been
brought to the attention of the Court, but the very date of the
Colombian Government's request for interpretation shows that
such a dispute could not possibly have arisen in any way whatever.
The Court thus finds that the requirements of Article 60 of the
Statute and of Article 79, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, have
not been satisfied.404 AFFAIRE DU DROIT D'ASIZE (ARRÊT DU 27 XI 50)
par douze voix contre une,
Déclare irrecevable la demande d'interprétation de l'Arrêtdu
20 novembre 1950introduite ce même jourpar le Gouvernement de
la République de la Colombie.
Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au
Palais de la Paix,àLa Haye, le vingt-sept novembre mil neuf cent
cinquante, en trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux
archives de la Cour et dont les autres seront transmis respective-
ment au Gouvernement de la République de la Colombie et au
Gouvernement de la République du Pérou.
Le Président,
(Signé)BASDEVANT.
Le Greffier,
(Signé)E. HAMBRO.
M. CAICEDO CASTILLA j, ge ad hoc, déclaren'avoir pu se rallier
à l'arrêtde la Cour parce qu'à son avis, l'article 60 du Statut est
susceptible d'une plus large interprétation comme il a été étiarp
la Cour permanente de Justice internationale àl'occasionde l'affaire
de l'usine de Chorzow. Il reconnaît, néanmoins, que la voie reste
ouverte aux Parties pour un nouvel appel à la Cour au cas où il
lui serait soumis une divergence de vues réunissant les conditions de
précisionexigéespar cet arrêt.
(Paraphé) J. B.
(Paraphé) E. H. by twelve votes to one,
Declares the request for interpretation of the Judgment of
November aoth, 1950, presented on the same day by the Govern-
ment of the Republic of Colombia, to be inadmissible.
Done in French and English, the French text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-seventh day of
November, one thousand nine hundred and fifty, in three copies,
one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the
others transmitted to the Governments of the Republic of Colombia
and of the Republic of Peru respectively.
(Signed) BASDEVANT,
President.
(Signed) E. HAMBRO,
Registrar.
M. CAICEDO GASTILLA J,dge ad hoc, declares that he is unable
to concur in the Judgment of the Court because, in his opinion,
Article 60 of the Statute can be interpreted more liberally, as shown
by the Permanent Court of International Justice in the Chorzow
Factory case. He recognizes, however, that itis open to the Parties
to come before the Court if a divergence of views satisfying the
precise conditions required by this Judgment were to be submitted
to it.
(Initialled) J. B.
(Initialled) E. H.
(including the text of the declaration of Judge ad hoc Caicedo Castilla)
Judgment of 27 November 1950