DECLARATION OF JUDGE TOMKA Power of the Court to interpret the submissions of the parties — Ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the submissions — Decisive weight of the final submissions. 1. Today’s Judgment of the Court most likely comes as a surprise to the Parties, in particular the Applicant. In fact, it decides almost nothing. Four of the final submissions of Chile are found to no longer have any object, and the last one is rejected. Of the three counter-claims made by Bolivia, the first two are found to no longer have any object, and the last one is rejected. 2. This outcome has been made possible by the Court’s recourse to and reliance on its pronouncement in Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France) that it “is entitled to interpret the submissions of the Parties, and in fact is bound to do so; this is one of the attributes of its judicial functions” (Judgment, para. 43, referring to I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 262, para. 29). As is well known, the approach adopted in that case was criticized by several Members of the Court who “vigorously dissent[ed]” (joint dissenting opinion of Judges Onyeama, Dillard, Jiménez de Aréchaga and Sir Humphrey Waldock, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 312, para. 1). They argued that the 1974 Judgment’s “basic premise fail[ed] to correspond to and even change[d] the nature and scope of . . . formal submissions as presented in the Application” (ibid., para. 3). 3. I accept that the Court may be entitled to interpret the final submissions of a party, in particular when their true meaning is not sufficiently clear. The Court is also entitled to seek clarification from the party that has formulated them. However, the Court should avoid an interpretation that is at odds with the ordinary meaning of the words and legal concepts used in the final submissions. While counsel for a party may use various formulations to advance the interests of a party, the decisive weight shall be put on the final submissions read out by the agent and subsequently submitted to the Registry in written, duly signed form. 4. It remains to be seen what useful role, if any, this Judgment will play in the relations between Chile and Bolivia. (Signed) Peter TOMKA. ___________
56
666
DECLARATION OF JUDGE TOMKA
[Original English Text]
Power of the Court to interpret the submissions of the parties — Ordinary
meaning to be given to the terms of the submissions — Decisive weight of the final
submissions.
1. Today’s Judgment of the Court most likely comes as a surprise to
the Parties, in particular the Applicant. In fact, it decides almost nothing.
Four of the final submissions of Chile are found to no longer have any
object, and the last one is rejected. Of the three counter-claims made by
Bolivia, the first two are found to no longer have any object, and the last
one is rejected.
2. This outcome has been made possible by the Court’s recourse to and
reliance on its pronouncement in Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France) that it
“is entitled to interpret the submissions of the parties, and in fact is bound
to do so; this is one of the attributes of its judicial functions” (Judgment,
para. 43, referring to I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 262, para. 29). As is well
known, the approach adopted in that case was criticized by several
Members of the Court who “vigorously dissent[ed]” (I.C.J. Reports 1974,
joint dissenting opinion of Judges Onyeama, Dillard, Jiménez de
Aréchaga and Sir Humphrey Waldock, p. 312, para. 1). They argued that
the 1974 Judgment’s “basic premise fail[ed] to correspond to and even
change[d] the nature and scope of . . . formal submissions as presented in
the Application” (ibid., para. 3).
3. I accept that the Court may be entitled to interpret the final submissions
of a party, in particular when their true meaning is not sufficiently
clear. The Court is also entitled to seek clarification from the party that
has formulated them. However, the Court should avoid an interpretation
that is at odds with the ordinary meaning of the words and legal concepts
used in the final submissions. While counsel for a party may use various
formulations to advance the interests of a party, the decisive weight shall
be put on the final submissions read out by the agent and subsequently
submitted to the Registry in written, duly signed form.
4. It remains to be seen what useful role, if any, this Judgment will play
in the relations between Chile and Bolivia.
(Signed) Peter Tomka.
___________
56
666
DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE TOMKA
[Texte original en français]
Pouvoir de la Cour d’interpréter les conclusions des parties — Sens ordinaire à
attribuer aux termes des conclusions — Poids décisif des conclusions finales.
1. Le présent arrêt constitue très probablement une surprise pour les
Parties, en particulier pour le demandeur. En fait, l’arrêt ne décide presque
rien. La Cour conclut que quatre des conclusions finales du Chili sont
devenues sans objet, et rejette la cinquième. Des trois demandes reconventionnelles
de la Bolivie, la Cour dit que deux sont devenues sans objet,
et rejette la dernière.
2. Cette conclusion a été rendue possible par le fait que la Cour s’est
référée et s’est appuyée sur ce qu’elle avait dit dans l’affaire des Essais
nucléaires (Australie c. France), à savoir qu’elle « est en droit et qu’elle
a même le devoir d’interpréter les conclusions des parties ; c’est l’un
des attributs de sa fonction judiciaire » (arrêt, par. 43, citant C.I.J.
Recueil 1974, p. 262, par. 29). Comme on le sait, la démarche adoptée par
la Cour dans cette affaire fut critiquée par plusieurs membres de la Cour
qui exprimèrent leur dissentiment « avec énergie » (C.I.J. Recueil 1974,
opinion dissidente commune de MM. les juges Onyeama, Dillard, Jiménez
de Aréchaga et sir Humphrey Waldock p. 312, par. 1). Ils firent valoir que
« [l’]hypothèse de départ [de l’arrêt de 1974] ne correspond[ait] pas à la
nature et à la portée des conclusions formelles … telles qu’elles figuraient
dans la requête, et même modifi[ait] l’une et l’autre » (ibid., par. 3).
3. J’admets que la Cour ait le droit d’interpréter les conclusions finales
d’une partie, en particulier lorsque leur sens véritable n’est pas suffisamment
clair. Elle peut également chercher à obtenir des éclaircissements sur
les conclusions présentées par une partie. Cependant, la Cour devrait se
garder de donner une interprétation qui n’est pas conforme au sens ordinaire
à attribuer aux termes des conclusions et aux concepts juridiques qui
y sont employés. Bien qu’un conseil puisse employer diverses formulations
afin de faire prospérer la cause de la partie qu’il représente, le poids décisif
doit être accordé aux conclusions finales dont l’agent donne lecture et qui
sont subséquemment remises au Greffe sous forme écrite et dûment signée.
4. Il reste à savoir quelle utilité aura cet arrêt, si tant est qu’il en ait
une, dans les relations entre le Chili et la Bolivie.
(Signé) Peter Tomka.
___________
Declaration of Judge Tomka