Dissenting opinion of Judge Bhandari

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180-20221012-ORD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
180-20221012-ORD-01-00-EN
Date of the Document
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DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE BHANDARI Modification of an order indicating provisional measures — Requirement under Article 76 of the Rules of Court for “some change in the situation” — September 2022 hostilities created a “change in the situation” — Change in the situation would have justified modification of the 2021 Order — Risk of setting too high a bar for modification — Court’s interpretation of paragraph 98 (1) (a) of the 2021 Order is unfounded. 1. I regret that I am unable to vote in favour of this Order. 2. In the first operative paragraph of this Order, the Court “[f]inds that the circumstances, as they now present themselves to the Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its power to modify the measures indicated in the Order of 7 December 2021”1. I have difficulties understanding how this can be correct. 3. By letter to the Registrar dated 16 September 2022, Armenia requested the modification of paragraph 98 (1) (a) of the Court’s 7 December 2021 Order (hereinafter the “2021 Order”)2. That paragraph requires Azerbaijan to “[p]rotect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention, and ensure their security and equality before the law”3. Referring to Article 76 of the Rules of Court, Armenia requested that the Court modify that paragraph by adding the following italicized words: “protect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict, or any armed conflict between the Parties since that time, upon capture or thereafter, including those who remain in detention, and ensure their security and equality before the law”4. 4. Armenia’s request amounted, in essence, to a request that the Court extend the temporal and personal applicability of an obligation under the 2021 Order — the obligation to “protect from violence and bodily harm” — to current circumstances. It did not amount, in my view, to a request that the Court substantially modify obligations under the 2021 Order. 5. It is common ground between the Parties, and the Court takes note of this fact, that a ceasefire was declared on 9 November 2020 in the form of the so-called “Trilateral Statement” between Armenia, Azerbaijan and the Russian Federation5. It is also common ground, and again the Court takes note of this fact, that hostilities again erupted between the Parties in the week of 12 September 20226. 1 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 12 October 2022, para. 23 (1). 2 Letter from the Agent of Armenia requesting the modification of the Court’s Order indicating provisional measures, 16 September 2022. 3 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, para. 98 (1) (a). 4 Letter from the Agent of Armenia requesting the modification of the Court’s Order indicating provisional measures, dated 16 September 2022, p. 4. 5 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 12 October 2022, paras. 17-18. 6 Ibid., para. 18. - 2 - 6. Under Article 76 (1) of the Rules of Court, “[a]t the request of a party or proprio motu, the Court may, at any time before the final judgment in the case, revoke or modify any decision concerning provisional measures if, in its opinion, some change in the situation justifies such revocation or modification”. In paragraph 18 of the present Order, “the Court considers that the situation that existed when it issued the Order of 7 December 2021 is ongoing and is no different from the present situation”7. It adds in paragraph 19 “that the hostilities which erupted between the Parties in September 2022 and the detention of Armenian military personnel do not constitute a change in the situation justifying modification of the Order of 7 December 2021 within the meaning of Article 76 of the Rules of Court”8. I am unable to agree with these conclusions for three reasons. 7. First, the “2020 Conflict” was a defined term in the 2021 Order. In paragraph 13 of the 2021 Order, the Court stated: “Further hostilities erupted in September 2020, in what Armenia calls ‘the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War’ and Azerbaijan calls ‘the Second Garabagh War’ (hereinafter the ‘2020 Conflict’), and lasted 44 days”9. The words “and lasted 44 days” — in particular the past tense lasted — indicate to me that the 2020 Conflict, at least as that term was defined and used in the 2021 Order, is over. (The present Order’s definition of the “2020 Conflict” omits the words “and lasted 44 days”10.) The 2020 Conflict as originally defined was the reference point for and had created the “situation” existing at the time the Court adopted the 2021 Order. However, the September 2022 hostilities are new events, and it is these incidents that created the relevant “situation” in existence at the adoption of the present Order. 8. Second, even in the absence of the original definition, I would find it artificial to suggest that “the situation that [was present] when [the Court] issued the Order of 7 December 2021” can be characterized as “ongoing” for the purposes of Article 76 (1) of the Rules of Court. I find it difficult to see how, in light of all intervening events, the situation as it stood when the Court adopted the 2021 Order could be seen as unaltered by the renewed hostilities of September 2022, whether in fact or in law. 9. Third, and in any event, the Order seems to assume that only a different conflict could create “some change in the situation”, yet there could equally be a change in the situation within the same conflict, including an ongoing conflict. Article 76 (1) of the Rules of Court in my view does not require a drastic or even substantial change in the situation. On the contrary, it textually only requires “some change”. Interpreting these words too narrowly would, in my view, be inconsistent with Article 76 (1). 10. For these reasons, I would have concluded that “some change in the situation” within the meaning of Article 76 (1) of the Rules of Court had occurred. Any finding to the contrary strikes me as factually incorrect. Had the Court also concluded that such a change had occurred, I would have had little difficulty finding that this change in the situation justified modifying the 2021 Order in the terms Armenia requested. In particular, the totality of the evidence placed on the record before the Court suggests to me that the requirement of urgency, disputed in correspondence between 7 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 12 October 2022, para. 18. 8 Ibid., para. 19. 9 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, para. 13. 10 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 12 October 2022, para. 17. - 3 - the Parties 11, was satisfied. Moreover, this evidence indicates that the alleged incidents were not minor, day-to-day occurrences. Rather, differences between the Parties about specific events, numbers of detainees and evidentiary accuracy notwithstanding, the overall record to my mind demonstrates a flaring-up in brutality and violence — another circumstance indicating that these incidents should not be regarded as part of the same “situation”. 11. I recognize that Azerbaijan called into question the authenticity of elements of Armenia’s evidence12. To my mind, however, the Court is not required, at a provisional measures stage, to make a final determination on the authenticity of evidence. Rather, the evidence would in my opinion have been sufficient to satisfy the requirement of urgency for the indication of provisional measures. In any event, I note that according to a report by the Human Rights Defender of Armenia, supplied by Armenia in its letter to the Registrar dated 6 October 2022, the authenticity of videos and photographs received by that body had been verified by certain organs13. 12. More generally, this Order risks placing the bar for modification too high. A reasonable interpretation of Article 76 of the Rules of Court should not be unduly restrictive. Again, Armenia is not requesting that the 2021 Order be modified substantially. 13. Finally, the limited scope of the 2021 Order is scarcely remedied by the statement in the present Order “that treatment in accordance with paragraph 98 (1) (a) of its Order of 7 December 2021 is to be afforded to any person who has been or may come to be detained during any hostilities that constitute a renewed flare-up of the 2020 Conflict”14. Fitting the September 2022 hostilities into the 2020 Conflict strikes me as a tall order. The words “2020 Conflict” refer to precisely that: the 2020 Conflict. Reading these words to encompass hostilities that occurred in September 2022 not only places an uncomfortable strain on the ordinary meaning of those words — not to mention the Court’s original definition in the 2021 Order — but arguably also discounts efforts to establish a ceasefire in the interim. (Signed) Dalveer BHANDARI. ___________ 11 Written observations of Azerbaijan on the request of Armenia that the Court modifies its Order indicating provisional measures, dated 27 September 2022, pp. 2-5; Letter from the Agent of Armenia, dated 29 September 2022, pp. 1- 3; Letter from the Agent of Azerbaijan, dated 4 October 2022, pp. 2- 3; Letter from the Agent of Armenia, dated 6 October 2022, p. 2; Letter from the Agent of Azerbaijan, dated 6 October 2022, pp. 1- 2; Letter from the Agent of Armenia, dated 10 October 2022, pp. 1- 2; Letter from the Agent of Azerbaijan, dated 12 October 2022, pp. 1- 2. 12 Written observations of Azerbaijan on the request of Armenia that the Court modifies its Order indicating provisional measures, dated 27 September 2022, p. 6; Letter from the Agent of Azerbaijan, dated 4 October 2022, p. 3; Letter from the Agent of Armenia, dated 6 October 2022, Exhibit I, p. 5; Letter from the Agent of Azerbaijan, dated 7 October 2022, p. 1; Letter from the Agent of Azerbaijan, dated 12 October 2022, pp. 3- 4. 13 Letter from the Agent of Armenia dated 6 October 2022, Exhibit I, p. 5. 14 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 12 October 2022, para. 18.

Bilingual Content

595
21
DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE BHANDARI
Modification of an order indicating provisional measures — Requirement under
Article 76 of the Rules of Court for “some change in the situation” — September
2022 hostilities created a “change in the situation” — Change in the situation
would have justified modification of the 2021 Order — Risk of setting too high a
bar for modification — Court’s interpretation of paragraph 98 (1) (a) of the 2021
Order is unfounded.
1. I regret that I am unable to vote in favour of this Order.
2. In the first operative paragraph of this Order, the Court “[f]inds that
the circumstances, as they now present themselves to the Court, are not
such as to require the exercise of its power to modify the measures
indicated in the Order of 7 December 2021” 1. I have difficulties understanding
how this can be correct.
3. By letter to the Registrar dated 16 September 2022, Armenia requested
the modification of paragraph 98 (1) (a) of the Court’s 7 December
2021 Order (hereinafter the “2021 Order”) 2. That paragraph requires
Azerbaijan to “[p]rotect from violence and bodily harm all persons
captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention, and
ensure their security and equality before the law” 3. Referring to Article 76
of the Rules of Court, Armenia requested that the Court modify that
paragraph by adding the following italicized words:
“Protect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in
relation to the 2020 Conflict, or any armed conflict between the
Parties since that time, upon capture or thereafter, including those who
remain in detention, and ensure their security and equality before the
law” 4.
4. Armenia’s request amounted, in essence, to a request that the Court
extend the temporal and personal applicability of an obligation under the
2021 Order — the obligation to “protect from violence and bodily harm”
1 Order, para. 23 (1).
2 Letter from the Agent of Armenia requesting the modification of the Court’s Order
indicating provisional measures, 16 September 2022.
3 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021,
I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 393, para. 98 (1) (a).
4 Letter from the Agent of Armenia requesting the modification of the Court’s Order
indicating provisional measures, dated 16 September 2022, p. 4.
595
21
OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. LE JUGE BHANDARI
[Traduction]
Modification d’une ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires —
Article 76 du Règlement de la Cour exigeant qu’il y ait « un changement dans la
situation » — Hostilités de septembre 2022 ayant créé un « changement dans la
situation » — Changement de situation susceptible de justifier une modification de
l’ordonnance de 2021 — Risque de fixer un critère trop strict pour les modifications
— Absence de fondement de l’interprétation faite par la Cour de l’alinéa a) du
point 1 du dispositif au paragraphe 98 de l’ordonnance de 2021.
1. Je suis au regret de ne pouvoir voter en faveur de la présente ordonnance.
2. Au premier point du dispositif, la Cour « [d]it que les circonstances,
telles qu’elles se présentent actuellement à elle, ne sont pas de nature à
exiger l’exercice de son pouvoir de modifier les mesures indiquées dans
l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 » 1. J’éprouve des difficultés à comprendre
comment cela pourrait être exact.
3. Par lettre en date du 16 septembre 2022 adressée au greffier, l’Arménie
sollicitait la modification de l’alinéa a) du point 1 du dispositif de
l’ordonnance rendue le 7 décembre 2021 (ci-après l’ «ordonnance de
2021 ») 2, dans lequel la Cour enjoint à l’Azerbaïdjan de « protéger contre
les voies de fait et les sévices toutes les personnes arrêtées en relation avec
le conflit de 2020 qui sont toujours en détention et [de] garantir leur sûreté
et leur droit à l’égalité devant la loi » 3. Se référant à l’article 76 du Règlement
de la Cour, l’Arménie demandait à celle-ci de modifier cet alinéa en
y ajoutant les mots en italiques ci-après :
« Protéger contre les voies de fait et les sévices toutes les personnes
arrêtées en relation avec le conflit de 2020 ou tout conflit armé survenu
depuis entre les Parties, lors de leur arrestation et par la suite, y compris
celles qui sont toujours en détention, et ... garantir leur sûreté et leur
droit à l’égalité devant la loi » 4.
4. En substance, la demande de l’Arménie revenait à solliciter de la
Cour qu’elle étende aux circonstances actuelles les champs d’application
ratione temporis et ratione personae d’une obligation énoncée dans l’or-
1 Ordonnance, par. 23, point 1 du dispositif.
2 Lettre de l’agent de l’Arménie priant la Cour de modifier son ordonnance en indication
de mesures conservatoires en date du 16 septembre 2022.
3 Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 393, par. 98, alinéa a) du point 1 du dispositif.
4 Lettre de l’agent de l’Arménie priant la Cour de modifier son ordonnance en indication
de mesures conservatoires en date du 16 septembre 2022, p. 4.
596 application of the cerd (diss. op. bhandari)
22
— to current circumstances. It did not amount, in my view, to a request
that the Court substantially modify obligations under the 2021 Order.
5. It is common ground between the Parties, and the Court takes note
of this fact, that a ceasefire was declared on 9 November 2020 in the form
of the so-called “Trilateral Statement” between Armenia, Azerbaijan and
the Russian Federation 5. It is also common ground, and again the Court
takes note of this fact, that hostilities again erupted between the Parties in
the week of 12 September 2022 6.
6. Under Article 76 (1) of the Rules of Court, “[a]t the request of a
party or proprio motu, the Court may, at any time before the final judgment
in the case, revoke or modify any decision concerning provisional
measures if, in its opinion, some change in the situation justifies such
revocation or modification”. In paragraph 18 of the present Order, “the
Court considers that the situation that existed when it issued the Order of
7 December 2021 is ongoing and is no different from the present
situation” 7. It adds in paragraph 19 “that the hostilities which erupted
between the Parties in September 2022 and the detention of Armenian
military personnel do not constitute a change in the situation justifying
modification of the Order of 7 December 2021 within the meaning of
Article 76 of the Rules of Court” 8. I am unable to agree with these conclusions
for three reasons.
7. First, the “2020 Conflict” was a defined term in the 2021 Order. In
paragraph 13 of the 2021 Order, the Court stated: “Further hostilities
erupted in September 2020, in what Armenia calls ‘the Second
Nagorno-Karabakh War’ and Azerbaijan calls ‘the Second Garabagh
War’ (hereinafter the ‘2020 Conflict’), and lasted 44 days.” 9 The words
“and lasted 44 days” — in particular the past tense lasted — indicate to
me that the 2020 Conflict, at least as that term was defined and used in
the 2021 Order, is over. (The present Order’s definition of the “2020 Conflict”
omits the words “and lasted 44 days” 10.) The 2020 Conflict as originally
defined was the reference point for and had created the “situation”
existing at the time the Court adopted the 2021 Order. However, the
September 2022 hostilities are new events, and it is these incidents that
created the relevant “situation” in existence at the adoption of the present
Order.
8. Second, even in the absence of the original definition, I would find it
artificial to suggest that “the situation that [was present] when [the Court]
5 Order, paras. 17-18.
6 Ibid., para. 18.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid., para. 19.
9 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021,
I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 367, para. 13.
10 Order, para. 17.
application de la ciedr (op. diss. bhandari) 596
22
donnance de 2021 — celle de « protéger contre les voies de fait et les
sévices ». Elle ne revenait pas, selon moi, à demander que la Cour apporte
une modification de fond aux obligations prévues par ladite ordonnance.
5. Les Parties s’accordent sur le fait, et la Cour prend note de cette
entente, qu’un cessez-le-feu a été proclamé le 9 novembre 2020 sous la
forme d’un accord appelé « déclaration trilatérale » entre l’Arménie,
l’Azerbaïdjan et la Fédération de Russie 5. Elles conviennent aussi, ce
dont la Cour prend note également, que des hostilités ont de nouveau
éclaté entre elles dans la semaine du 12 septembre 2022 6.
6. Le paragraphe 1 de l’article 76 du Règlement de la Cour dispose
que, « [à] la demande d’une partie ou d’office, la Cour peut, à tout moment
avant l’arrêt définitif en l’affaire, rapporter ou modifier toute décision
concernant des mesures conservatoires si un changement dans la situation
lui paraît justifier que cette décision soit rapportée ou modifiée ». Au
paragraphe 18 de la présente ordonnance, « la Cour considère que la
situation telle qu’elle existait lorsqu’elle a rendu l’ordonnance [du 7 décembre
2021] a perduré et n’est pas différente de la situation actuelle » 7.
Elle ajoute au paragraphe 19 « que les hostilités qui ont éclaté entre les
Parties en septembre 2022 et la détention de personnel militaire arménien
ne constituent pas un changement de situation justifiant la modification
de l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 au sens de l’article 76 de son Règlement
» 8. Je suis incapable de me rallier à ces conclusions pour trois raisons.
7. Premièrement, l’expression « conflit de 2020 » avait été définie dans
l’ordonnance de 2021, au paragraphe 13 de laquelle la Cour précisait
ceci : « De nouvelles hostilités ont éclaté en septembre 2020. Qualifiées de
«deuxième guerre du Haut-Karabakh » par l’Arménie et de « deuxième
guerre du Garabagh » par l’Azerbaïdjan, ces hostilités (ci-après le « conflit
de 2020 ») ont duré 44 jours. » 9 Le membre de phrase « ont duré 44 jours »
— en particulier l’emploi du verbe durer au passé — me semble indiquer
que le conflit de 2020, du moins dans le sens qui lui était donné dans l’ordonnance
de 2021, a pris fin. (Lorsqu’elle définit le « conflit de 2020 » dans
la présente ordonnance, la Cour omet les mots « ont duré 44 jours » 10.) Le
conflit de 2020 tel qu’initialement défini était le point de référence et l’origine
de la « situation » qui existait lorsque la Cour a rendu l’ordonnance
de 2021. Or, les hostilités de septembre 2022 sont des événements nouveaux,
et ce sont elles qui constituent l’origine de la « situation » pertinente
existant au moment de l’adoption de la présente ordonnance.
8. Deuxièmement, même si l’on ne reprend pas la définition initiale,
j’estime qu’il y aurait quelque artifice à supposer que « la situation [qui]
5 Ordonnance, par. 17-18.
6 Ibid., par. 18.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid., par. 19.
9 Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 367, par. 13.
10 Ordonnance, par. 17.
597 application of the cerd (diss. op. bhandari)
23
issued the Order of 7 December 2021” can be characterized as “ongoing”
for the purposes of Article 76 (1) of the Rules of Court. I find it difficult
to see how, in light of all intervening events, the situation as it stood when
the Court adopted the 2021 Order could be seen as unaltered by the
renewed hostilities of September 2022, whether in fact or in law.
9. Third, and in any event, the Order seems to assume that only a different
conflict could create “some change in the situation”, yet there could
equally be a change in the situation within the same conflict, including an
ongoing conflict. Article 76 (1) of the Rules of Court in my view does not
require a drastic or even substantial change in the situation. On the contrary,
it textually only requires “some change”. Interpreting these words
too narrowly would, in my view, be inconsistent with Article 76 (1).
10. For these reasons, I would have concluded that “some change in
the situation” within the meaning of Article 76 (1) of the Rules of Court
had occurred. Any finding to the contrary strikes me as factually incorrect.
Had the Court also concluded that such a change had occurred, I
would have had little difficulty finding that this change in the situation
justified modifying the 2021 Order in the terms Armenia requested. In
particular, the totality of the evidence placed on the record before
the Court suggests to me that the requirement of urgency, disputed in
correspondence between the Parties 11, was satisfied. Moreover, this
evidence indicates that the alleged incidents were not minor, day-to-day
occurrences. Rather, differences between the Parties about specific events,
numbers of detainees and evidentiary accuracy notwithstanding, the
overall record to my mind demonstrates a flaring-up in brutality and
violence — another circumstance indicating that these incidents should
not be regarded as part of the same “situation”.
11. I recognize that Azerbaijan called into question the authenticity of
elements of Armenia’s evidence 12. To my mind, however, the Court is not
required, at a provisional measures stage, to make a final determination
11 Written observations of Azerbaijan on the request of Armenia that the Court
modifies its Order indicating provisional measures, dated 27 September 2022 [hereinafter
“written observations of Azerbaijan”], pp. 2-5; Letter from the Agent of Armenia, dated
29 September 2022, pp. 1-3; Letter from the Agent of Azerbaijan, dated 4 October 2022,
pp. 2-3; Letter from the Agent of Armenia, dated 6 October 2022, p. 2; Letter from the
Agent of Azerbaijan, dated 6 October 2022, pp. 1-2; Letter from the Agent of Armenia,
dated 10 October 2022, pp. 1-2; Letter from the Agent of Azerbaijan, dated 12 October
2022, pp. 1-2.
12 Written observations of Azerbaijan, p. 6; Letter from the Agent of Azerbaijan, dated
4 October 2022, p. 3; Letter from the Agent of Armenia, dated 6 October 2022, Exhibit I,
p. 5; Letter from the Agent of Azerbaijan, dated 7 October 2022, p. 1; Letter from the
Agent of Azerbaijan, dated 12 October 2022, pp. 3- 4.
application de la ciedr (op. diss. bhandari) 597
23
existait lorsqu[e la Cour] a rendu l’ordonnance [du 7 décembre 2021] »
puisse être qualifiée de « situation qui a perduré » aux fins du paragraphe 1
de l’article 76 du Règlement. Je vois mal comment, à la lumière de tous
les événements qui sont intervenus, on pourrait considérer que la situation
telle qu’elle prévalait lorsque la Cour a adopté l’ordonnance de 2021
n’a pas été modifiée, que ce soit en fait ou en droit, par la résurgence des
hostilités en septembre 2022.
9. Troisièmement, et en tout état de cause, l’ordonnance semble partir
du principe que seul un conflit différent pourrait créer « un changement
dans la situation », alors qu’il pourrait tout aussi bien y avoir un changement
de situation dans un même conflit, notamment si celui-ci a perduré.
A mon sens, le paragraphe 1 de l’article 76 du Règlement de la Cour
n’exige pas que le changement en question soit radical ou important. Au
contraire, il exige seulement, et textuellement, qu’il y ait « un changement
». Donner de ces mots une interprétation trop restrictive serait,
selon moi, incompatible avec le paragraphe 1 de l’article 76.
10. Pour ces raisons, j’aurais conclu qu’il y a eu « un changement dans
la situation » au sens du paragraphe 1 de l’article 76 du Règlement de la
Cour. Toute conclusion contraire me paraît factuellement incorrecte. Si la
Cour avait elle aussi conclu qu’un tel changement dans la situation s’était
produit, je n’aurais guère eu de difficulté à conclure qu’il justifiait de
modifier l’ordonnance de 2021 de la manière demandée par l’Arménie. En
particulier, il ressort selon moi de l’ensemble des éléments de preuve dont
dispose la Cour que la condition du caractère urgent, sur lequel les Parties
sont en désaccord dans leur correspondance, était remplie 11. Ces éléments
font de surcroît apparaître que les faits allégués n’étaient pas des événements
ordinaires d’importance mineure. Au contraire, même si les Parties
divergent au sujet d’événements précis, du nombre de détenus et de l’exactitude
des preuves, il me semble que le dossier dans son ensemble démontre
une recrudescence de brutalité et de violence — autre circonstance indiquant
que ces événements ne devraient pas être considérés comme faisant
partie de la même « situation ».
11. Il est vrai que l’Azerbaïdjan a remis en question l’authenticité des
éléments de preuve produits par l’Arménie 12. A mon sens, cependant, la
Cour n’est pas tenue, au stade des mesures conservatoires, de se pronon-
11 Observations écrites de l’Azerbaïdjan concernant la demande de l’Arménie tendant
à ce que la Cour modifie son ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires en date
du 27 septembre 2022, p. 2-5 ; lettre de l’agent de l’Arménie en date du 29 septembre 2022,
p. 1-3 ; lettre de l’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan en date du 4 octobre 2022, p. 2-3 ; lettre de l’agent
de l’Arménie en date du 6 octobre 2022, p. 2 ; lettre de l’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan en date du
6 octobre 2022, p. 1-2 ; lettre de l’agent de l’Arménie en date du 10 octobre 2022, p. 1-2 ;
lettre de l’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan en date du 12 octobre 2022, p. 1-2.
12 Observations écrites de l’Azerbaïdjan, p. 6 ; lettre de l’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan en date
du 4 octobre 2022, p. 3 ; lettre de l’agent de l’Arménie en date du 6 octobre 2022, pièce
jointe I, p. 5 ; lettre de l’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan en date du 7 octobre 2022, p. 1 ; lettre de
l’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan en date du 12 octobre 2022, p. 3-4.
598 application of the cerd (diss. op. bhandari)
24
on the authenticity of evidence. Rather, the evidence would in my opinion
have been sufficient to satisfy the requirement of urgency for the indication
of provisional measures. In any event, I note that according to a
report by the Human Rights Defender of Armenia, supplied by Armenia
in its letter to the Registrar dated 6 October 2022, the authenticity of videos
and photographs received by that body had been verified by certain
organs 13.
12. More generally, this Order risks placing the bar for modification
too high. A reasonable interpretation of Article 76 of the Rules of Court
should not be unduly restrictive. Again, Armenia is not requesting that
the 2021 Order be modified substantially.
13. Finally, the limited scope of the 2021 Order is scarcely remedied by
the statement in the present Order “that treatment in accordance with
paragraph 98 (1) (a) of its Order of 7 December 2021 is to be afforded to
any person who has been or may come to be detained during any hostilities
that constitute a renewed flare-up of the 2020 Conflict” 14. Fitting
the September 2022 hostilities into the 2020 Conflict strikes me as a tall
order. The words “2020 Conflict” refer to precisely that: the 2020
Conflict. Reading these words to encompass hostilities that occurred in
September 2022 not only places an uncomfortable strain on the ordinary
meaning of those words — not to mention the Court’s original definition
in the 2021 Order — but arguably also discounts efforts to establish a
ceasefire in the interim.
(Signed) Dalveer Bhandari.
13 Letter from the Agent of Armenia dated 6 October 2022, Exhibit I, p. 5.
14 Order, para. 18.
application de la ciedr (op. diss. bhandari) 598
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cer définitivement sur l’authenticité des preuves. Celles qui lui ont été présentées
en l’espèce auraient suffi, selon moi, à satisfaire au critère d’urgence
requis pour l’indication de mesures conservatoires. En tout état de cause,
je relève que, d’après un rapport de la défenseuse des droits de l’homme
de l’Arménie, joint par cette dernière à sa lettre en date du 6 octobre 2022
adressée au greffier, l’authenticité des vidéos et photographies reçues par
cette instance avait été vérifiée par certains organes 13.
12. De manière plus générale, la présente ordonnance risque de rendre
trop strict le critère permettant à la Cour de procéder à une modification.
Une interprétation raisonnable de l’article 76 du Règlement ne devrait
pas être excessivement restrictive. Je le répète, l’Arménie ne demande pas
une modification de fond de l’ordonnance de 2021.
13. Enfin, la Cour ne remédie guère à la portée limitée de l’ordonnance
de 2021 en déclarant dans celle qu’elle vient de rendre « qu’un traitement
conforme à l’alinéa a) du point 1 du paragraphe 98 de [l’]ordonnance du
7 décembre 2021 doit être réservé à toute personne qui a été détenue ou
qui pourrait l’être pendant toute survenance d’hostilités constituant une
résurgence du conflit de 2020 » 14. A mon sens, faire entrer les hostilités de
septembre 2022 dans le conflit de 2020 relève de la gageure. Les mots
« conflit de 2020 » renvoient précisément à cela : le conflit de 2020. Les
interpréter comme englobant des hostilités intervenues en septembre 2022
non seulement met à rude épreuve leur sens ordinaire — et, partant, toute
la définition initiale que la Cour avait donnée dans l’ordonnance de
2021 —, mais revient sans doute aussi à méconnaître les efforts déployés
pour instaurer un cessez-le-feu dans l’intervalle.
(Signé) Dalveer Bhandari.
13 Lettre de l’agent de l’Arménie en date du 6 octobre 2022, pièce jointe I, p. 5.
14 Ordonnance, par. 18.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion of Judge Bhandari

Order
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