JOINT DECLARATION OF JUDGES TOMKA, XUE, ROBINSON, NOLTE AND JUDGE AD HOC SKOTNIKOV The Court’s power under Article 48 of the Statute Question whether the Court should divide the hearing on the merits into two separate parts No precedent for such a procedure in the annals of the Court No judicial economy The Court’s function to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it The Court to rule on final submissions of the Parties, not on legal arguments advanced by each Party in support of its submissions. 1. With today’s Order, the Court, for the first time in its history, has divided the oral proceedings on the merits of a case into two separate parts, and directed the Parties to confine their arguments only to two legal questions it has formulated. We are not convinced that this “innovation” was called for in the present case, and it raises delicate questions, the importance of which is not apparent from a perusal of the Order. We thus feel compelled to state our position and to offer some remarks. 2. Article 48 of the Statute provides that the Court “shall make orders for the conduct of the case”. We accept that this provision is sufficiently broad to allow the Court to organize its procedure as it sees fit, provided that the procedural rights of both parties are respected. In the exercise of its power under Article 48, the Court has consistently and efficiently adapted its procedure in the interest of the sound administration of justice, while meeting the expectations of the parties appearing before it in a fair and timely manner, on occasion devising ad hoc procedures to solve specific issues not contemplated by the Rules of Court (see e.g. Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain), Order of 30 March 1998, I.C.J. Reports 1998, pp. 243-246; Order of 17 February 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), pp. 3-7; and Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, pp. 46-47, paras. 19-23)1. 3. What the Court has not done, however, is split the hearings on the merits into two separate parts. 4. On several occasions, the Court has not seemed inclined to deal separately with certain issues said to be preliminary in character (see Fisheries (United Kingdom v. Norway), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 126; Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain), Order of 30 March 1998, I.C.J. Reports 1998, pp. 243-246; Western Sahara, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1975, p. 17, para. 12, mutatis mutandis). The Court’s reluctant attitude on these occasions suggests that it will be slow to cut the hearings on the merits into parts. This is a wise judicial policy, for it is not always easy to tell which issues are of a preliminary character and which issues constitute an indivisible part of the substance of the case. This is well illustrated by the Court’s Judgment in the Fisheries case (United Kingdom v. Norway). 1 In that case, Bahrain requested that the Court divide the written proceedings on the merits into two parts and hold separate hearings on the issue of certain documents, the authenticity of which had been challenged. For Bahrain, this issue was logically preliminary to, and severable from, the determination of the substantive effects of these documents on the merits. Qatar expressed the view that this issue was linked to the merits and therefore should be considered within the framework of the merits of the case. Qatar later maintained its position as to the indivisible nature of the proceedings on the merits. Instead of dividing the oral proceedings into two parts, the Court adopted a different course of action. - 2 - In that case, the United Kingdom suggested that the Court should give a ruling of principle only on certain legal issues in a judgment; while the second judgment, to be rendered subsequently, would decide on the concrete case. The Court did not entertain this suggestion. It stated that “Points 3 to 11 [of the United Kingdom’s Conclusions] appear to be a set of propositions which, in the form of definitions, principles or rules, purport to justify certain contentions and do not constitute a precise and direct statement of a claim. The subject of the dispute being quite concrete, the Court cannot entertain the suggestion made by the Agent of the United Kingdom Government . . . that the Court should deliver a Judgment which for the moment would confine itself to adjudicating on the definitions, principles or rules stated, a suggestion which, moreover, was objected to by the Agent of the Norwegian Government . . . These are elements which might furnish reasons in support of the Judgment, but cannot constitute the decision.” (Fisheries (United Kingdom v. Norway), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 126; emphasis added). 5. To our mind, any decision to divide the hearings on the merits into two parts may be taken only if it is necessary for an efficient conduct of the proceedings, while respecting the procedural rights of the parties and ensuring that they can present their case as they deem appropriate. 6. For one thing, it does not appear from the Order that the views of the Parties with regard to the procedure were ascertained before it was adopted. That alone, in our view, is a matter of concern and regret. 7. In the present instance, we fail to see good reasons for dividing the oral proceedings into two separate parts, and no sound basis is given in the Court’s Order. Although the Court states that it is necessary to decide on certain questions of law, after hearing the Parties, before proceeding to any consideration of the technical and scientific questions in relation to the delimitation of the continental shelf between them beyond 200 nautical miles from Nicaragua’s baselines, we are not convinced. It should have been possible for the Court to prepare a proper examination of the technical and scientific evidence and then proceed to hearing the Parties thereon, together with all legal arguments relied upon by the Parties in support of their submissions. 8. Will today’s Order serve the need for judicial economy? One may doubt it. It seems that the Court will have to resume or reopen the oral proceedings at least to pass upon Nicaragua’s submissions that are not dependent upon the two questions identified in the Order2. These two questions do not govern the whole case, nor the fate of all of Nicaragua’s submissions. The procedural route taken by the Court, therefore, is more of a detour than it is a shortcut. 2 In its submission (2), Nicaragua asks the Court to adjudge and declare that “[t]he islands of San Andrés and Providencia are entitled to a continental shelf up to a line consisting of 200 nm arcs from the baselines from which the territorial sea of Nicaragua is measured connecting the points with the following co-ordinates” (Reply of Nicaragua, p. 209) [co-ordinates intentionally omitted]. In its submission (3), Nicaragua asks the Court to adjudge and declare that “Serranilla and Bajo Nuevo are enclaved and granted a territorial sea of twelve nautical miles, and Serrana is enclaved as per the Court’s November 2012 Judgment” (ibid., p. 210). - 3 - 9. The Court’s function is, under Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute, “to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it”. In the exercise of its judicial function, the Court does not rule on legal arguments advanced by the parties in support of their claims; it must pass upon the parties’ submissions (Fisheries (United Kingdom v. Norway), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 126; Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1960, p. 32). It is useful to recall what the Court said on arguments in the Right of Passage case: “It goes without saying that the Court would take such arguments into consideration in the reasons for its Judgment if it regarded any of them as likely to assist it in arriving at the decision it is called upon to take. But it is no part of the judicial function of the Court to declare in the operative part of its Judgment that any of those arguments is or is not well-founded.” (Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1960, p. 32.) The Order adopted today by the Court is in tension with this well-established principle. It puts a magnifying glass on two legal questions formulated by the Court based on the arguments advanced by the Respondent in opposing the claims presented by the Applicant, while leaving the Applicant’s submissions, upon which the Court is duty-bound to rule, out of sight. 10. It remains to be seen when and in what form the Court, once it has heard the Parties’ arguments, will make its determinations on the questions it has put to them. 11. Under Article 61, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Court may, prior to the hearing, indicate any points or issues to which it would like the parties “specially to address themselves”. We emphasize that Article 61 uses the word “specially”, and not “exclusively” or “only”. It does so for the fundamental reason that each party must be free to choose and follow its own judicial strategy and fully develop all its arguments. During the oral proceedings, the parties are moreover at liberty to present their case in a different light or to base it upon new arguments. Great caution must therefore be exercised when controlling the oral proceedings to avoid jeopardizing their rights3. 12. We would have had an understanding for the Court indicating, in accordance with Article 61 of the Rules of Court, a point or a question it would like the Parties specially to address themselves, if that point or question, in the view of the Court, had not been sufficiently dealt with by the Parties in their pleadings and if the Court had considered that point or question relevant for adjudicating on the Parties’ formal submissions. As it is, the Parties have addressed in their written pleadings, and have done so in some detail, the legal issues encompassed in the Court’s questions4. The Court should have addressed these legal issues when considering Nicaragua’s submissions, in particular the first one5. The Court is supposed to know the law (iura novit curia). 3 Mohammed Bedjaoui, “The ‘Manufacture’ of Judgments at the International Court of Justice”, 1991, Pace Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 3, p. 44; Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga, “The Amendments to the Rules of Procedure of the International Court of Justice”, American Journal of International Law, 1973, Vol. 67 (1), p. 7. 4 Memorial of Nicaragua, pp. 26-40; Counter-Memorial of Colombia, pp. 31-162; Reply of Nicaragua, pp. 9-25, 159-191; Rejoinder of Colombia, pp. 21-49, 51-96. 5 Which reads: “The maritime boundary between Nicaragua and Colombia in the areas of the continental shelf which appertain to each of them beyond the boundary determined by the Court in its Judgment of 19 November 2012, follows geodetic lines connecting the points with the following co-ordinates” (Reply of Nicaragua, p. 209) [co-ordinates intentionally omitted]. - 4 - 13. Equally concerning is the possibility that the merits phase of this case may be completed by the Court in two different compositions. In our view, the indivisibility of the issues in the merits phase requires that, in the interests of justice, the composition of the Court should, barring reasons for a judge being unable to sit, remain the same. 14. In our view, the Court should have followed its established procedure and heard the Parties on the merits in full on the totality of the issues in dispute between them. There is no doubt that the Court has shown flexibility and inventiveness over the years in applying certain procedural rules, and, it might be said, with some success. We question, however, whether the “innovation” set out in today’s Order corresponds to the Court’s judicial function and serves the purposes of sound administration of justice and judicial economy. (Signed) Peter TOMKA. (Signed) XUE Hanqin. (Signed) Patrick L. ROBINSON. (Signed) Georg NOLTE. (Signed) Leonid SKOTNIKOV. ___________
7
566
DÉCLARATION COMMUNE DE M. LE JUGE TOMKA,
Mme LA JUGE XUE, MM. LES JUGES ROBINSON ET NOLTE,
AINSI QUE M. LE JUGE AD HOC SKOTNIKOV
[Texte original français]
Pouvoir de la Cour au titre de l’article 48 du Statut — Question de savoir si la
Cour devrait diviser la procédure orale sur le fond en deux parties distinctes —
Aucun précédent d’une telle procédure dans les annales de la Cour — Pas
d’économie judiciaire — Mission de la Cour consistant à régler conformément au
droit international les différends qui lui sont soumis — Cour se devant de statuer
sur les conclusions finales des Parties, et non sur les moyens avancés par celles-ci
pour étayer leurs conclusions.
1. Avec l’ordonnance d’aujourd’hui, la Cour, pour la première fois de
son histoire, a divisé la procédure orale sur le fond d’une affaire en deux
parties distinctes et enjoint aux Parties de circonscrire leurs plaidoiries à
deux questions juridiques seulement, formulées par elle. Nous ne sommes
pas convaincus que la présente affaire appelait une telle « innovation »,
cette dernière soulevant en outre des questions délicates dont on ne saurait
prendre toute la mesure à la seule lecture de l’ordonnance. Nous nous
sentons donc tenus d’exposer notre position et de formuler quelques
observations à cet égard.
2. L’article 48 du Statut prévoit que la Cour « rend des ordonnances
pour la direction du procès ». Nous admettons que cette disposition est
assez large pour permettre à la Cour de fixer sa procédure comme elle
l’entend, à condition que les droits procéduraux des parties soient respectés.
Dans l’exercice du pouvoir que lui confère l’article 48, la Cour a
toujours su adapter efficacement sa procédure dans l’intérêt d’une bonne
administration de la justice, tout en répondant avec impartialité et dans les
meilleurs délais aux attentes des parties qui comparaissaient devant elle,
allant même jusqu’à concevoir des procédures ad hoc afin de résoudre des
problèmes spécifiques qui n’étaient pas prévus par son Règlement (voir
notamment Délimitation maritime et questions territoriales entre Qatar et
Bahreïn (Qatar c. Bahreïn), ordonnance du 30 mars 1998, C.I.J. Recueil 1998,
p. 243-246 ; ordonnance du 17 février 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 3-7 ;
et fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 46-47, par. 19-23) 1.
1 Dans cette affaire, le Bahreïn avait prié la Cour de diviser la procédure écrite sur
le fond en deux parties et de tenir des audiences distinctes sur la question de certains
documents dont l’authenticité avait été contestée. Selon le Bahreïn, cette question était
logiquement d’ordre préliminaire et pouvait être séparée de la détermination des effets
desdits documents sur le fond. Selon le Qatar, en revanche, la question était liée au fond
et, partant, devait être examinée dans ce cadre. Le Qatar a par la suite réaffirmé sa position
quant à la nature indivisible de la procédure sur le fond. Plutôt que de diviser la procédure
orale en deux parties, la Cour a choisi une autre voie.
7
566
JOINT DECLARATION OF JUDGES TOMKA,
XUE, ROBINSON, NOLTE
AND JUDGE AD HOC SKOTNIKOV
[Original English Text]
The Court’s power under Article 48 of the Statute — Question whether the
Court should divide the hearing on the merits into two separate parts — No
precedent for such a procedure in the annals of the Court — No judicial economy
— The Court’s function to decide in accordance with international law such
disputes as are submitted to it — The Court to rule on final submissions of the
Parties, not on legal arguments advanced by each Party in support of its submissions.
1. With today’s Order, the Court, for the first time in its history, has
divided the oral proceedings on the merits of a case into two separate
parts, and directed the Parties to confine their arguments only to two
legal questions it has formulated. We are not convinced that this “innovation”
was called for in the present case, and it raises delicate questions,
the importance of which is not apparent from a perusal of the Order. We
thus feel compelled to state our position and to offer some remarks.
2. Article 48 of the Statute provides that the Court “shall make orders
for the conduct of the case”. We accept that this provision is sufficiently
broad to allow the Court to organize its procedure as it sees fit, provided
that the procedural rights of both parties are respected. In the exercise of
its power under Article 48, the Court has consistently and efficiently
adapted its procedure in the interest of the sound administration of
justice, while meeting the expectations of the parties appearing before it
in a fair and timely manner, on occasion devising ad hoc procedures to
solve specific issues not contemplated by the Rules of Court (see e.g.
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and
Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain), Order of 30 March 1998, I.C.J. Reports 1998,
pp. 243-246; Order of 17 February 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), pp. 3-7;
and Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, pp. 46-47, paras. 19-23) 1.
1 In that case, Bahrain requested that the Court divide the written proceedings on the
merits into two parts and hold separate hearings on the issue of certain documents, the
authenticity of which had been challenged. For Bahrain, this issue was logically preliminary
to, and severable from, the determination of the substantive effects of these documents on
the merits. Qatar expressed the view that this issue was linked to the merits and therefore
should be considered within the framework of the merits of the case. Qatar later maintained
its position as to the indivisible nature of the proceedings on the merits. Instead of dividing
the oral proceedings into two parts, the Court adopted a different course of action.
8
567 délimitation du plateau continental (décl. commune)
3. La Cour n’a cependant jamais jugé bon de scinder la procédure
orale sur le fond en deux parties distinctes.
4. En plusieurs occasions, la Cour n’a pas semblé encline à traiter
séparément certaines questions qualifiées de préliminaires (voir Pêcheries
(Royaume-Uni c. Norvège), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1951, p. 126 ; Délimitation
maritime et questions territoriales entre Qatar et Bahreïn (Qatar c.
Bahreïn), ordonnance du 30 mars 1998, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 243-246 ;
Sahara occidental, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1975, p. 17, par. 12,
mutatis mutandis). Les réticences de la Cour en pareil contexte donnent à
penser que ce n’est qu’après mûre réflexion qu’elle pourrait être amenée à
scinder la procédure orale sur le fond en plusieurs parties. Il s’agit là
d’une sage politique judiciaire, puisqu’il n’est pas toujours aisé de savoir
quelles questions revêtent un caractère préliminaire et quelles autres font
indissociablement partie du fond de l’affaire. L’arrêt que la Cour a rendu
en l’affaire des Pêcheries (Royaume-Uni c. Norvège) l’illustre fort bien.
Dans cette affaire, le Royaume Uni avait suggéré que la Cour rende un
arrêt de principe portant uniquement sur certains points de droit, puis un
second arrêt, dans lequel elle se prononcerait concrètement sur l’affaire.
La Cour n’a pas accepté cette suggestion, indiquant que
« [l]es points 3 à 11 [des conclusions du Royaume-Uni] se présent[
ai]ent comme un ensemble de propositions qui, sous la forme de
définitions, de principes ou de règles, tend[ai]ent à justifier certaines
prétentions et [n’étaie]nt pas l’énoncé précis et direct d’une demande.
Le différend ayant un objet tout à fait concret, la Cour ne saurait
donner suite à la suggestion qui lui a été faite par l’agent du Gouvernement
du Royaume-Uni … de rendre un arrêt qui se bornerait pour
le moment à statuer sur les définitions, principes ou règles énoncés,
suggestion qui a d’ailleurs été combattue par l’agent du Gouvernement
norvégien… Ce sont là des éléments qui, le cas échéant, pourraient
fournir les motifs de l’arrêt et non en constituer l’objet. »
(Pêcheries (Royaume-Uni c. Norvège), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1951,
p. 126 ; les italiques sont de nous.)
5. A notre sens, une décision consistant à diviser la procédure orale sur
le fond en deux parties ne peut être prise que si cela est nécessaire au bon
déroulement de la procédure, et à condition de respecter les droits procéduraux
des parties et de s’assurer que celles-ci sont en mesure de présenter
leur argumentation comme elles l’entendent.
6. Pour commencer, rien dans l’ordonnance n’indique que la Cour ait
consulté les Parties sur cette question de procédure avant que ladite
ordonnance ne soit adoptée. Cet élément, à lui seul, est pour nous source
de préoccupation et de regret.
7. En la présente instance, nous ne voyons pas de bonnes raisons de
diviser la procédure orale sur le fond en deux parties, et l’ordonnance de
la Cour n’en donne aucune. Bien que cette dernière ait indiqué qu’il était
nécessaire, avant de procéder à tout examen des questions techniques et
scientifiques qui se rapportent à la délimitation du plateau continental
8
delimitation of the continental shelf (joint decl.) 567
3. What the Court has not done, however, is split the hearings on the
merits into two separate parts.
4. On several occasions, the Court has not seemed inclined to deal
separately with certain issues said to be preliminary in character (see
Fisheries (United Kingdom v. Norway), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1951,
p. 126; Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and
Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain), Order of 30 March 1998, I.C.J. Reports 1998,
pp. 243-246; Western Sahara, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1975,
p. 17, para. 12, mutatis mutandis). The Court’s reluctant attitude on these
occasions suggests that it will be slow to cut the hearings on the merits
into parts. This is a wise judicial policy, for it is not always easy to tell
which issues are of a preliminary character and which issues constitute an
indivisible part of the substance of the case. This is well illustrated by the
Court’s Judgment in the Fisheries case (United Kingdom v. Norway). In
that case, the United Kingdom suggested that the Court should give a
ruling of principle only on certain legal issues in a judgment; while the
second judgment, to be rendered subsequently, would decide on the
concrete case. The Court did not entertain this suggestion. It stated
that
“[p]oints 3 to 11 [of the United Kingdom’s Conclusions] appear to be
a set of propositions which, in the form of definitions, principles or
rules, purport to justify certain contentions and do not constitute a
precise and direct statement of a claim. The subject of the dispute
being quite concrete, the Court cannot entertain the suggestion made by
the Agent of the United Kingdom Government . . . that the Court
should deliver a Judgment which for the moment would confine itself to
adjudicating on the definitions, principles or rules stated, a suggestion
which, moreover, was objected to by the Agent of the Norwegian
Government . . . These are elements which might furnish reasons in
support of the Judgment, but cannot constitute the decision.” (Fisheries
(United Kingdom v. Norway), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 126;
emphasis added.)
5. To our minds, any decision to divide the hearings on the merits into
two parts may be taken only if it is necessary for an efficient conduct of
the proceedings, while respecting the procedural rights of the parties and
ensuring that they can present their case as they deem appropriate.
6. For one thing, it does not appear from the Order that the views of
the Parties with regard to the procedure were ascertained before it was
adopted. That alone, in our view, is a matter of concern and regret.
7. In the present instance, we fail to see good reasons for dividing the
oral proceedings into two separate parts, and no sound basis is given in
the Court’s Order. Although the Court states that it is necessary to decide
on certain questions of law, after hearing the Parties, before proceeding
to any consideration of the technical and scientific questions in relation to
9
568 délimitation du plateau continental (décl. commune)
entre les deux Etats au-delà de 200 milles marins des lignes de base du
Nicaragua, de se prononcer sur certaines questions juridiques après avoir
entendu les Parties, nous ne sommes pas convaincus. La Cour aurait dû
pouvoir préparer un examen approprié des éléments de preuve techniques
et scientifiques, puis entendre les Parties à ce sujet en même temps que sur
l’ensemble des arguments juridiques sur lesquels celles-ci se fondent à
l’appui de leurs demandes.
8. L’ordonnance rendue ce jour participe-t-elle de l’économie judiciaire
? Il est permis d’en douter. En effet, il semble que la Cour devra
reprendre ou rouvrir la procédure orale, ne serait-ce que pour statuer sur
les conclusions du Nicaragua qui ne dépendent pas des deux questions
définies dans l’ordonnance 2. Ces deux questions ne déterminent pas
l’affaire dans son intégralité, pas plus qu’elles ne déterminent le sort de
toutes les conclusions du Nicaragua. Le chemin procédural sur lequel
s’engage la Cour n’est donc pas un raccourci, mais plutôt un détour.
9. Aux termes du paragraphe 1 de l’article 38 du Statut, la mission de
la Cour est « de régler conformément au droit international les différends
qui lui sont soumis ». Dans l’exercice de sa fonction judiciaire, la Cour ne
statue pas sur les moyens avancés par les parties au soutien de leurs
demandes ; elle doit statuer sur leurs conclusions (Pêcheries (Royaume-Uni
c. Norvège), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1951, p. 126 ; Droit de passage sur territoire
indien (Portugal c. Inde), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1960, p. 32). A
cet égard, il est utile de rappeler ce qu’elle a dit dans l’affaire du Droit de
passage au sujet des thèses développées par les parties :
« Que de telles thèses soient prises en considération par la Cour
dans les motifs de son arrêt si elle estime que telle ou telle d’entre elles
est de nature à la guider dans la décision qu’elle est appelée à rendre,
cela va de soi. Mais prononcer dans le dispositif de l’arrêt que telle ou
telle de ces thèses est oui ou non fondée ne rentre pas dans les fonctions
judiciaires de la Cour. » (Droit de passage sur territoire indien
(Portugal c. Inde), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1960, p. 32.)
L’ordonnance rendue ce jour est en porte à faux avec ce principe bien
établi. Les deux questions formulées par la Cour, sur la base des moyens
avancés par le défendeur en réponse aux conclusions présentées par le
demandeur, seront examinées à la loupe, cependant que les conclusions
du demandeur, sur lesquelles la Cour est pourtant tenue de statuer, seront
perdues de vue.
2 Dans sa deuxième conclusion, le Nicaragua prie la Cour de dire et de juger que
« [l]es îles de San Andrés et Providencia ont droit à un plateau continental jusqu’à une
ligne constituée d’arcs de 200 milles marins partant des lignes de base à partir desquelles
est mesurée la mer territoriale du Nicaragua, ligne qui relie les points ayant les coordonnées
suivantes » (réplique du Nicaragua, p. 119) [les coordonnées sont omises à dessein]. Dans sa
troisième conclusion, le Nicaragua prie la Cour de dire et de juger que « Serranilla et Bajo
Nuevo sont enclavées et bénéficient chacune d’une mer territoriale de 12 milles marins, et
[que] Serrana est enclavée, ainsi que la Cour en a décidé dans son arrêt de novembre 2012 »
(ibid., p. 119).
9
delimitation of the continental shelf (joint decl.) 568
the delimitation of the continental shelf between them beyond 200 nautical
miles from Nicaragua’s baselines, we are not convinced. It should
have been possible for the Court to prepare a proper examination of the
technical and scientific evidence and then proceed to hearing the Parties
thereon, together with all legal arguments relied upon by the Parties in
support of their submissions.
8. Will today’s Order serve the need for judicial economy? One may
doubt it. It seems that the Court will have to resume or reopen the oral
proceedings at least to pass upon Nicaragua’s submissions that are not
dependent upon the two questions identified in the Order 2. These two
questions do not govern the whole case, nor the fate of all of Nicaragua’s
submissions. The procedural route taken by the Court, therefore, is more
of a detour than it is a shortcut.
9. The Court’s function is, under Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute,
“to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are
submitted to it”. In the exercise of its judicial function, the Court does
not rule on legal arguments advanced by the parties in support of their
claims; it must pass upon the parties’ submissions (Fisheries (United Kingdom
v. Norway), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 126; Right of Passage
over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1960, p. 32). It is useful to recall what the Court said on arguments
in the Right of Passage case:
“It goes without saying that the Court would take such arguments
into consideration in the reasons for its Judgment if it regarded any
of them as likely to assist it in arriving at the decision it is called
upon to take. But it is no part of the judicial function of the Court to
declare in the operative part of its Judgment that any of those arguments
is or is not well-founded.” (Right of Passage over Indian Territory
(Portugal v. India), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1960, p. 32.)
The Order adopted today by the Court is in tension with this wellestablished
principle. It puts a magnifying glass on two legal questions
formulated by the Court based on the arguments advanced by the
Respondent in opposing the claims presented by the Applicant, while
leaving the Applicant’s submissions, upon which the Court is duty-bound
to rule, out of sight.
2 In its submission (2), Nicaragua asks the Court to adjudge and declare that “[t]he
islands of San Andrés and Providencia are entitled to a continental shelf up to a line
consisting of 200 nm arcs from the baselines from which the territorial sea of Nicaragua
is measured connecting the points with the following co-ordinates” (Reply of Nicaragua,
p. 209) [co-ordinates intentionally omitted]. In its submission (3), Nicaragua asks the Court
to adjudge and declare that “Serranilla and Bajo Nuevo are enclaved and granted a territorial
sea of twelve nautical miles, and Serrana is enclaved as per the Court’s November
2012 Judgment” (ibid., p. 210).
10
569 délimitation du plateau continental (décl. commune)
10. Reste à savoir quand et comment la Cour, une fois qu’elle aura
entendu les arguments des Parties, se prononcera sur les deux questions
qu’elle leur a posées.
11. Aux termes du paragraphe 1 de l’article 61 du Règlement, la Cour
peut, avant les débats, indiquer les points ou les problèmes qu’elle voudrait
voir « spécialement étudier par les parties ». Nous soulignons que
l’article 61 emploie le mot « spécialement », et non « exclusivement » ou
« uniquement ». Cela tient à une raison fondamentale, à savoir que les
parties doivent être libres de choisir leurs stratégies judiciaires et de développer
pleinement leurs arguments. De surcroît, à l’audience, les parties
sont libres de présenter leur cause sous un jour nouveau ou de s’appuyer
sur des arguments nouveaux. La plus grande prudence est donc de mise
lorsqu’il s’agit d’encadrer la procédure orale pour ne pas compromettre
leurs droits 3.
12. Nous aurions pu comprendre que la Cour indique, conformément
à l’article 61 du Règlement, un point ou problème qu’elle aurait souhaité
voir spécialement étudier par les Parties, si celui-ci, selon elle, n’avait pas
été suffisamment traité dans leurs écritures et si elle l’avait considéré
comme pertinent aux fins de statuer sur leurs conclusions formelles. Or,
les Parties ont traité les points de droit contenus dans les questions
formulées par la Cour dans leurs écritures, et elles l’ont fait de manière
assez approfondie 4. La Cour aurait dû se pencher sur ces points en
examinant les conclusions du Nicaragua, et en particulier la première 5.
Elle est censée connaître le droit (iura novit curia).
13. La possibilité que la Cour siège dans deux compositions différentes
pour ce qui concerne la phase du fond de la présente affaire est tout aussi
préoccupante. Selon nous, le caractère indivisible des questions qui se
posent dans cette phase requiert, dans l’intérêt de la justice, que la composition
de la Cour demeure inchangée, sauf impossibilité pour un juge de
siéger.
14. A notre sens, la Cour aurait dû, conformément à sa procédure bien
établie, entendre tous les arguments des Parties au fond sur la totalité des
questions en litige entre elles. Il ne fait aucun doute qu’elle a, au fil des
années, fait montre de souplesse et d’ingéniosité dans l’application de
3 Mohammed Bedjaoui, « La « fabrication » des arrêts de la Cour internationale de
Justice », Le Droit international au service de la paix, de la justice et du développement :
mélanges Michel Virally, 1991, Pedone, p. 95 ; Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga, « The
Amendments to the Rules of Procedure of the International Court of Justice », American
Journal of International Law, 1973, vol. 67, no 1, p. 7.
4 Mémoire du Nicaragua, p. 26-40 ; contre-mémoire de la Colombie, p. 31-162 ; réplique
du Nicaragua, p. 9-25 et 159-191 ; duplique de la Colombie, p. 21-49 et 51-96.
5 Qui se lit comme suit : « Dans les zones du plateau continental qui relèvent respectivement
du Nicaragua et de la Colombie au-delà de la frontière fixée par la Cour dans son
arrêt du 19 novembre 2012, la frontière maritime entre ces deux Etats suit des lignes géodésiques
reliant les points dont les coordonnées sont les suivantes » (réplique du Nicaragua,
p. 119) [les coordonnées sont omises à dessein].
10
delimitation of the continental shelf (joint decl.) 5619
10. It remains to be seen when and in what form the Court, once it has
heard the Parties’ arguments, will make its determinations on the questions
it has put to them.
11. Under Article 61, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Court
may, prior to the hearing, indicate any points or issues to which it would
like the parties “specially to address themselves”. We emphasize that
Article 61 uses the word “specially”, and not “exclusively” or “only”. It
does so for the fundamental reason that each party must be free to choose
and follow its own judicial strategy and fully develop all its arguments.
During the oral proceedings, the parties are moreover at liberty to present
their case in a different light or to base it upon new arguments. Great caution
must therefore be exercised when controlling the oral proceedings to
avoid jeopardizing their rights 3.
12. We would have had an understanding for the Court indicating, in
accordance with Article 61 of the Rules of Court, a point or a question it
would like the Parties specially to address themselves, if that point or
question, in the view of the Court, had not been sufficiently dealt with by
the Parties in their pleadings and if the Court had considered that point
or question relevant for adjudicating on the Parties’ formal submissions.
As it is, the Parties have addressed in their written pleadings, and have
done so in some detail, the legal issues encompassed in the Court’s questions
4. The Court should have addressed these legal issues when considering
Nicaragua’s submissions, in particular the first one 5. The Court is
supposed to know the law (iura novit curia).
13. Equally concerning is the possibility that the merits phase of this
case may be completed by the Court in two different compositions. In our
view, the indivisibility of the issues in the merits phase requires that, in
the interests of justice, the composition of the Court should, barring reasons
for a judge being unable to sit, remain the same.
14. In our view, the Court should have followed its established procedure
and heard the Parties on the merits in full on the totality of the
issues in dispute between them. There is no doubt that the Court has
shown flexibility and inventiveness over the years in applying certain pro‑
3 Mohammed Bedjaoui, “The ‘Manufacture’ of Judgments at the International Court
of Justice”, Pace Yearbook of International Law, 1991, Vol. 3, p. 44; Eduardo Jiménez de
Aréchaga, “The Amendments to the Rules of Procedure of the International Court of
Justice”, American Journal of International Law, 1973, Vol. 67 (1), p. 7.
4 Memorial of Nicaragua, pp. 26-40; Counter-Memorial of Colombia, pp. 31-162;
Reply of Nicaragua, pp. 9-25 and pp. 159-191; Rejoinder of Colombia, pp. 21-49 and
pp. 51-96.
5 Which reads: “The maritime boundary between Nicaragua and Colombia in the areas
of the continental shelf which appertain to each of them beyond the boundary determined
by the Court in its Judgment of 19 November 2012, follows geodetic lines connecting the
points with the following co-ordinates” (Reply of Nicaragua, p. 209) [co-ordinates intentionally
omitted].
11
570 délimitation du plateau continental (décl. commune)
certaines règles procédurales, et ce, il est permis de le penser, avec un
certain succès. Nous doutons toutefois que l’« innovation » apportée dans
l’ordonnance d’aujourd’hui soit conforme à la fonction judiciaire de la
Cour et contribue à la bonne administration de la justice et à l’économie
judiciaire.
(Signé) Peter Tomka.
(Signé) Xue Hanqin.
(Signé) Patrick L. Robinson.
(Signé) Georg Nolte.
(Signé) Leonid Skotnikov.
11
delimitation of the continental shelf (joint decl.) 570
cedural rules, and, it might be said, with some success. We question, however,
whether the “innovation” set out in today’s Order corresponds to
the Court’s judicial function and serves the purposes of sound administration
of justice and judicial economy.
(Signed) Peter Tomka.
(Signed) Xue Hanqin.
(Signed) Patrick L. Robinson.
(Signed) Georg Nolte.
(Signed) Leonid Skotnikov.
Joint declaration of Judges Tomka, Xue, Robinson, Nolte and Judge ad hoc Skotnikov