Declaration of Vice-President Gevorgian

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155-20220421-JUD-01-01-EN
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155-20220421-JUD-01-00-EN
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DECLARATION OF VICE-PRESIDENT GEVORGIAN Disagreement with the Court’s finding that Colombia has infringed upon Nicaragua’s EEZ rights by issuing fishing permits  Conclusion that related incidents at sea imply an authorization to fish in Nicaragua’s EEZ is not fully convincing  Doubts over whether there is sufficient evidence that resolutions by DIMAR and the Archipelago’s Governor constitute fishing permits. 1. I am not fully convinced by the finding of the Court that, “by authorizing fishing activities in the Republic of Nicaragua’s exclusive economic zone, the Republic of Colombia has violated the Republic of Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and jurisdiction in this maritime zone” (paragraph 3 of the dispositif). The following paragraphs address why I believe Nicaragua has failed to substantiate this claim. 2. In my view, Nicaragua did not provide sufficient evidence to prove that Colombia issued permits to Colombian and foreign-flagged vessels authorizing them to fish in areas appertaining to Nicaragua’s exclusive economic zone (hereinafter “EEZ”). In particular, I am not convinced by the majority’s assessment of the available evidence relating to the alleged incidents at sea, which were relied upon to justify the conclusion in paragraph 3 of the dispositif. The Court has consistently emphasized in its jurisprudence that it “will treat with caution evidentiary materials specially prepared for this case and also materials emanating from a single source. It will prefer contemporaneous evidence from persons with direct knowledge. It will give particular attention to reliable evidence acknowledging facts or conduct unfavourable to the State represented by the person making them”1. In addition, the Court has consistently held that the value of government reports “depends, among other things, on (1) the source of the item of evidence (for instance partisan, or neutral), (2) the process by which it has been generated (for instance an anonymous press report or the product of a careful court or court-like process), and (3) the quality or character of the item (such as statements against interest, and agreed or uncontested facts)”2. 3. The main evidentiary source for the incidents alleged by Nicaragua are the “Daily Navy Reports”, as well as a letter from the Nicaraguan Naval Force, all of which seem to have been prepared specifically for the purpose of the current proceedings and emanate from a single, partisan source. Accordingly, they can only be awarded limited probative value. Admittedly, some incidents are also supported by additional audio recordings. However, for a number of such recordings, there is no way to assess the date and location of their creation, nor are the recordings always clear about the precise circumstances of the exchange. 1 See e.g. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment of 9 February 2022, para. 121, quoting Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 201, para. 60; see also Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 41, paras. 64-65. 2 See e.g. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment of 9 February 2022, para. 122; Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (I), p. 76, para. 190. - 2 - 4. Moreover, even if conclusively proven, I remain unconvinced that said incidents at sea necessarily lead to the conclusion that Colombia has authorized unlawful fishing activities in Nicaragua’s EEZ. While Colombian ships did indeed in some instances accompany Colombian and foreign-flagged vessels engaged in unauthorized fishing in the Luna Verde area, this cannot be equated with the authorization of such fishing. There can be no requirement for Colombia’s naval frigates to dissociate themselves from private fishing activities in Nicaragua’s EEZ3. These incidents cannot be relied on to remedy, by way of inference, the additional evidentiary defects in relation to the resolutions issued by the General Maritime Directorate of the Ministry of National Defence of Colombia (hereinafter “DIMAR”) and the Governor of the Department of the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina (hereinafter “Governor of the Archipelago”). 5. In this regard, I am not certain the relevant resolutions adopted by DIMAR and the Governor of the Archipelago constitute fishing permits in the first place. In particular, it remains unclear whether DIMAR is an authority that is competent to issue such permits, as opposed to a body in charge of merely prescribing technical arrangements. It is the responsibility of Nicaragua, as the Party alleging the fact, to discharge the burden of proof in line with the principle of onus probandi incumbit actoris, and demonstrate that these authorities are in fact competent to issue fishing permits4. However, Nicaragua has not responded to Colombia’s argument that DIMAR has no such powers and provided no convincing evidence to the contrary5. 6. In addition, even when assuming that DIMAR and the Governor of the Archipelago are competent authorities, and that said resolution actually constitutes fishing permits, I remain unconvinced that there is sufficient evidence to conclude that any authorization granted by these permits extends to areas appertaining to Nicaragua’s EEZ. The only reference to the areas of Luna Verde or La Esquina appears in the preambular section of two “permits”, and not in their operative parts. These operative parts define the authorized fishing grounds as “the area of the Department of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina” and include no reference to Luna Verde or La Esquina6. In its response to Nicaragua’s allegations, Colombia specifically highlighted these facts. However, Nicaragua again chose not to address this issue in the oral hearings. 7. In light of these considerations, I have difficulties supporting the conclusion expressed in paragraph 3 of the dispositif that Colombia has violated Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and jurisdiction in its exclusive economic zone by authorizing fishing in this maritime zone. For this reason, I also voted against paragraph 4 of the dispositif, which orders Colombia to cease conduct that was found to be unlawful in the two preceding paragraphs. However, I disagree with paragraph 4 only in so far as it relates to paragraph 3. In contrast, I support the finding that Colombia must cease to interfere with fishing and marine scientific research activities of Nicaraguan-flagged or Nicaraguan-licensed vessels as expressed in paragraph 4 of the dispositif. (Signed) Kirill GEVORGIAN. ___________ 3 Judgment, para. 117. 4 See Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I), p. 71, para. 162. 5 CR 2021/15, p. 22 (Bundy). 6 MN, Ann. 11, p. 175; RN, Ann. 14, p. 313.

Bilingual Content

369
107
DECLARATION OF VICE-PRESIDENT
GEVORGIAN
Disagreement with the Court’s finding that Colombia has infringed upon
Nicaragua’s EEZ rights by issuing fishing permits — Conclusion that related
incidents at sea imply an authorization to fish in Nicaragua’s EEZ is not fully
convincing — Doubts over whether there is sufficient evidence that resolutions by
DIMAR and the Archipelago’s Governor constitute fishing permits.
1. I am not fully convinced by the finding of the Court that, “by authorizing
fishing activities in the Republic of Nicaragua’s exclusive economic
zone, the Republic of Colombia has violated the Republic of Nicaragua’s
sovereign rights and jurisdiction in this maritime zone” (Judgment, subpara.
3 of the dispositif). The following paragraphs address why I believe
Nicaragua has failed to substantiate this claim.
2. In my view, Nicaragua did not provide sufficient evidence to prove
that Colombia issued permits to Colombian and foreign-flagged
vessels
authorizing them to fish in areas appertaining to Nicaragua’s exclusive
economic zone (hereinafter “EEZ”). In particular, I am not convinced by
the majority’s assessment of the available evidence relating to the alleged
incidents at sea, which were relied upon to justify the conclusion in subparagraph
3 of the dispositif. The Court has consistently emphasized in its
jurisprudence that it
“will treat with caution evidentiary materials specially prepared for
this case and also materials emanating from a single source. It will
prefer contemporaneous evidence from persons with direct knowledge.
It will give particular attention to reliable evidence acknowledging
facts or conduct unfavourable to the State represented by the
person making them” 1.
In addition, the Court has consistently held that the value of government
reports
“depends, among other things, on (1) the source of the item of evidence
(for instance partisan, or neutral), (2) the process by which it
1 See e.g. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of
the Congo v. Uganda), Reparations, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (I), p. 55, para. 121,
quoting Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the
Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 201, para. 61; see also Military and
Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 41, paras. 64-65.
369
107
DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE GEVORGIAN, VICE-PRÉSIDENT
[Traduction]
Désaccord avec la conclusion de la Cour indiquant que la Colombie, en octroyant
des permis de pêche, a porté atteinte aux droits du Nicaragua dans sa zone
économique exclusive — Conclusion que les incidents en mer relatifs à la pêche
supposent la délivrance d’autorisations de pêcher dans la zone économique exclusive
du Nicaragua n’étant pas totalement convaincante — Doutes quant à l’existence
de preuves suffisant à établir que les résolutions de la DIMAR et du gouverneur de
l’archipel constituent des permis de pêche.
1. Je ne suis pas totalement convaincu par la conclusion de la Cour
indiquant que, « en autorisant des activités de pêche dans la zone économique
exclusive de la République du Nicaragua, la République de Colombie
a violé les droits souverains et la juridiction de la République du
Nicaragua dans cette zone maritime » (arrêt, point 3 du dispositif). Dans
les paragraphes suivants, j’expliquerai pourquoi j’estime que le Nicaragua
n’est pas parvenu à étayer cette affirmation.
2. A mon sens, le Nicaragua n’a pas présenté suffisamment d’éléments
attestant que la Colombie a délivré à des navires battant pavillon colombien
et à des navires étrangers des permis les autorisant à pêcher dans des
espaces relevant de la zone économique exclusive du Nicaragua. En particulier,
je ne suis pas convaincu par l’appréciation que la majorité a faite
des preuves produites en lien avec les incidents qui seraient survenus en
mer, sur lesquelles se fonde la conclusion du point 3 du dispositif. La
Cour ne cesse de souligner dans sa jurisprudence qu’elle
« traitera avec prudence les éléments de preuve spécialement établis
aux fins de l’affaire ainsi que ceux provenant d’une source unique.
Elle leur préférera des informations fournies à l’époque des événements
par des personnes ayant eu de ceux-
ci une connaissance
directe. Elle prêtera une attention toute particulière aux éléments de
preuve dignes de foi attestant de faits ou de comportements défavorables
à l’Etat que représente celui dont émanent lesdits éléments » 1.
En outre, la Cour a systématiquement jugé que la valeur des rapports
émanant de gouvernements
« dépend, entre autres, 1) de la source de l’élément de preuve (par
exemple, la source est-elle partiale ou neutre ?), 2) de la manière dont
1 Voir, par exemple, Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (République démocratique
du Congo c. Ouganda), réparations, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2022 (I), p. 55, par. 121,
citant Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (République démocratique du Congo
c. Ouganda), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2005, p. 201, par. 61 ; voir aussi Activités militaires et
paramilitaires au Nicaragua et contre celui-
ci (Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), fond,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1986, p. 41, par. 64 et 65.
370 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (decl. gevorgian)
108
has been generated (for instance an anonymous press report or the
product of a careful court or court-like process), and (3) the quality
or character of the item (such as statements against interest, and
agreed or uncontested facts)” 2.
3. The main evidentiary source for the incidents alleged by Nicaragua
are the “Daily Navy Reports”, as well as a letter from the Nicaraguan
Naval Force, all of which seem to have been prepared specifically for the
purpose of the current proceedings and emanate from a single, partisan
source. Accordingly, they can only be awarded limited probative value.
Admittedly, some incidents are also supported by additional audio
recordings. However, for a number of such recordings, there is no way to
assess the date and location of their creation, nor are the recordings
always clear about the precise circumstances of the exchange.
4. Moreover, even if conclusively proven, I remain unconvinced that
said incidents at sea necessarily lead to the conclusion that Colombia has
authorized unlawful fishing activities in Nicaragua’s EEZ. While Colombian
ships did indeed in some instances accompany Colombian and
foreign-flagged
vessels engaged in unauthorized fishing in the Luna Verde
area, this cannot be equated with the authorization of such fishing. There
can be no requirement for Colombia’s naval frigates to dissociate themselves
from private fishing activities in Nicaragua’s EEZ 3. These incidents
cannot be relied on to remedy, by way of inference, the additional evidentiary
defects in relation to the resolutions issued by the General Maritime
Directorate of the Ministry of National Defence of Colombia (hereinafter
“DIMAR”) and the Governor of the Department of the Archipelago of
San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina (hereinafter “Governor of
the Archipelago”).
5. In this regard, I am not certain the relevant resolutions adopted by
DIMAR and the Governor of the Archipelago constitute fishing permits
in the first place. In particular, it remains unclear whether DIMAR is an
authority that is competent to issue such permits, as opposed to a body in
charge of merely prescribing technical arrangements. It is the responsibility
of Nicaragua, as the Party alleging the fact, to discharge the burden of
proof in line with the principle of onus probandi incumbit actori, and demonstrate
that these authorities are in fact competent to issue fishing permits
4. However, Nicaragua has not responded to Colombia’s argument
2 See e.g. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of
the Congo v. Uganda), Reparations, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2022 (I), p. 56, para. 122;
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Croatia v. Serbia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (I), p. 76, para. 190.
3 Judgment, para. 117.
4 See Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2010 (I), p. 71, para. 162.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (décl. gevorgian) 370
108
il a été obtenu (par exemple, est-il tiré d’un rapport de presse anonyme
ou résulte-t-il d’une procédure judiciaire ou quasi judiciaire
minutieuse ?) et 3) de sa nature ou de son caractère (s’agit-il de déclarations
contraires aux intérêts de leurs auteurs, de faits admis ou
incontestés ?) » 2.
3. Pour prouver ses allégations d’incidents en mer, le Nicaragua s’appuie
principalement sur des rapports quotidiens de la marine, ainsi que
sur une lettre de la marine nicaraguayenne, qui semblent tous avoir été
produits spécifiquement en vue de la présente instance et émanent d’une
source d’information unique et partisane. En conséquence, ces éléments
ne peuvent se voir attribuer qu’une valeur probante très limitée. Certes,
des enregistrements audio de certains de ces incidents ont aussi été versés
au dossier, mais il est parfois impossible de savoir où et quand il y a été
procédé, et dans quelles circonstances précises les échanges ont eu lieu.
4. De surcroît, je ne suis pas convaincu que les incidents en mer en
question, même s’ils étaient prouvés de manière irréfutable, permettent
nécessairement de conclure que la Colombie a autorisé des activités de
pêche illicites dans la zone économique exclusive du Nicaragua. Bien que,
en certaines occasions, des bateaux colombiens aient en effet accompagné
des navires battant pavillon colombien et des navires étrangers se livrant
à des activités de pêche non autorisées dans le secteur de Luna Verde, cela
ne peut être assimilé à une autorisation desdites activités. Les frégates
colombiennes ne peuvent être tenues de se dissocier des activités de pêche
privées menées dans la zone économique exclusive nicaraguayenne 3. Ces
incidents ne peuvent être invoqués pour suppléer, par voie de déduction,
les lacunes supplémentaires des preuves liées aux résolutions publiées par
la direction générale des affaires maritimes et portuaires du ministère de
la défense colombien (DIMAR) et par le gouverneur du département de
l’archipel de San Andrés, Providencia et Santa Catalina (ci-
après le « gouverneur
de l’archipel »).
5. A cet égard, je ne suis pas certain que les résolutions pertinentes
adoptées par la DIMAR et le gouverneur de l’archipel constituent de toute
façon des permis de pêche. Il reste notamment difficile de déterminer si la
DIMAR est une autorité compétente pour délivrer de tels permis, plutôt
qu’un organe simplement chargé de fixer les modalités techniques en
vigueur. C’est le Nicaragua, en tant que Partie affirmant les faits en cause,
qui doit s’acquitter de la charge de la preuve en vertu du principe onus
probandi incumbit actori, et c’est à lui qu’il incombe de démontrer que ces
autorités sont bel et bien compétentes pour délivrer pareils permis 4. Or, le
2 Voir, par exemple, Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (République démocratique
du Congo c. Ouganda), réparations, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2022 (I), p. 56, par. 122 ;
Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Croatie
c. Serbie), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2015 (I), p. 76, par. 190.
3 Arrêt, par. 117.
4 Voir Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c. Uruguay), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2010 (I), p. 71, par. 162.
371 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (decl. gevorgian)
109
that DIMAR has no such powers and provided no convincing evidence to
the contrary 5.
6. In addition, even when assuming that DIMAR and the Governor of
the Archipelago are competent authorities, and that said resolution actually
constitutes fishing permits, I remain unconvinced that there is sufficient
evidence to conclude that any authorization granted by these permits
extends to areas appertaining to Nicaragua’s EEZ. The only reference to
the areas of Luna Verde or La Esquina appears in the preambular section
of two “permits”, and not in their operative parts. These operative parts
define the authorized fishing grounds as “the area of the Department of
San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina” and include no reference to
Luna Verde or La Esquina 6. In its response to Nicaragua’s allegations,
Colombia specifically highlighted these facts. However, Nicaragua again
chose not to address this issue in the oral hearings.
7. In light of these considerations, I have difficulties supporting the
conclusion expressed in subparagraph 3 of the dispositif that Colombia
has violated Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and jurisdiction in its exclusive
economic zone by authorizing fishing in this maritime zone. For this reason,
I also voted against subparagraph 4 of the dispositif, which orders
Colombia to cease conduct that was found to be unlawful in the two
preceding paragraphs. However, I disagree with subparagraph 4 only in
so far as it relates to subparagraph 3. In contrast, I support the finding
that Colombia must cease to interfere with fishing and marine scientific
research activities of Nicaraguan-flagged
or Nicaraguan-licensed
vessels
as expressed in subparagraph 4 of the dispositif.
(Signed) Kirill Gevorgian.
5 CR 2021/15, p. 22 (Bundy).
6 Memorial of Nicaragua, Ann. 11, p. 175; Reply of Nicaragua, Ann. 14, p. 313.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (décl. gevorgian) 371
109
Nicaragua n’a pas répondu à l’argument de la Colombie, selon qui la
DIMAR ne disposerait pas de tels pouvoirs, et n’a présenté aucun élément
de preuve concluant attestant du contraire 5.
6. En outre, même à supposer que la DIMAR et le gouverneur de l’archipel
soient des autorités compétentes et que lesdites résolutions constituent
bien des permis de pêche, je ne suis pas convaincu qu’il existe
suffisamment d’éléments de preuve pour établir que les autorisations
accordées par ces permis s’étendent à des secteurs relevant de la zone économique
exclusive du Nicaragua. La seule référence aux secteurs de
Luna Verde ou de La Esquina figure dans le préambule de deux « permis
», et non dans leur dispositif. Ces dispositifs définissent les zones de
pêche autorisées comme étant « la région du département de l’archipel de
San Andrés, Providencia et Santa Catalina », sans faire référence à Luna
Verde ni à La Esquina 6. Dans sa réponse aux allégations du Nicaragua,
la Colombie n’a pas manqué d’attirer l’attention sur ces faits précis, mais
le Nicaragua a choisi une fois de plus de ne pas aborder cette question
pendant les audiences.
7. A la lumière de ce qui précède, il me semble difficile de souscrire à la
conclusion, formulée au point 3 du dispositif, que la Colombie, en autorisant
la pêche dans la zone économique exclusive nicaraguayenne, a violé
les droits souverains et la juridiction du Nicaragua dans cet espace maritime.
Pour cette raison, j’ai également voté contre le point 4 du dispositif,
par lequel la Cour ordonne à la Colombie de cesser le comportement jugé
illicite aux deux points précédents. Toutefois, je ne suis en désaccord avec
le point 4 qu’en ce qui concerne la référence expresse au point 3 et appuie
en revanche l’autre conclusion à laquelle il est renvoyé, à savoir que la
Colombie doit cesser d’entraver les activités de pêche et de recherche
scientifique marine de navires battant pavillon nicaraguayen ou détenteurs
d’un permis nicaraguayen.
(Signé) Kirill Gevorgian.
5 CR 2021/15, p. 22 (Bundy).
6 Mémoire du Nicaragua, annexe 11, p. 175 ; réplique du Nicaragua, annexe 14, p. 313.

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