Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures of Protection submitted by the Government of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES OF PROTECTION
8UBWITPED 3Y THE GOVERNMEHT OF
THE RFPUBLIC OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

To His Excellency the President, to the Judges of the
International court of Justice, the undersigned being duly
authorized by the Repubaie of r os niaand Her~egovina:

1 have the honor ta refer ta the Application submitted to the
Court on 20 March 1993 instituting proceedings by Bosnia and
Herzegavinaagainst Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) in the case
of the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and

punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Rerzesovina v.
Yuboslavia (~erbia and Montenesroll,and to the Order of this court
in that case which was dated 8 April 1993, ,granting provisional
measures on our behalf. On behalf of Bosnla and Herzegovina, I
hereby request.urgently, in accordance with Article 41 of the
Statute of this Court and Articles 73, 74, and 75 of the Rules of
Court, that the Court indlcate additional provisional measures of
protection immediately, which aught tu be taken Eorthwith to
preserve the rights of the People and State of Bosnia and
Herzegovina pnding the detemination of the issues raised by our
Application. This extraordinary step is being taken because the
Respondent has violated each and everyone of the three measures of
protectionon behalf of Bosnia and Herzegovina that were indicated
bythis Court on 8 April 1993, to the grave detriment of both the
People &nd State of Bosnka and Herzegovina. In addition to
continuing its campaign of genocide against the Bosnian People--
whether Muslim, Christian, Jew, Croat or Serb--the Respondent is
now planning, preparing, conspiring to, proposing, and negotiating
the partition, dismemberment,annexation and incorporationof the
sovereign state of Bosnia and Herzegovina--a Membes of the United
Nations Organization--by means of genocide.

After the Court issued its Order in the late afternoonof 8
April 1993, the President of the Court convened a meeting with me
and the Acting Agents for the Respondent with the ~egistrar ef the
Court in attendance pursuant to Article 31 of the Rules of Court.
At that time, 1 stated quite clearly that in the event the .
Respondent continued with its carnpaign of genocide and
extermination against the . People and State of Boçnia and
Herzegovina, 1 would have no alternative but to return to the Court
with another Request for additional provisional measures on behalf
of the Applicant and its citizens. If 1 remember correctly, the
President of the Court took note of my Statement. For reasons that
will be explained in more detail belaw, the time has now corne for
me to carry out that cornitment,

In the recent past this Court has emphasized that a Request
for the indication of provisional measures "rnuçtby its very nature
relate to the substance of the case since, as Article 41 [of the
Statute] expressly states, their object is to preserve theres'pective rights of eitherpartyw (UnitedStates Di~lomaticand
Consular Staff in Tehran, Provisional MeasUres, I.C.J. Reports
1979, p. 16, para. 28) :

Article 41

1. The Court sha11.' have the power to indicate, if it
considers thatcircumstancesso require, anv provisional
measures which ought to be taken to preserve the
respective rishtsof either partv.

.... . [Emphasisadded.]

This Request for additional measures of protection is
motivatedby the desire to have the Court protect the "rightsWof
the People and State of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Moreover, this
Requestfor additional measures of protection is also motivatedby
the desire to have the Court protect the very existence of the
People and State of Bosnia andHerzegovinafrom extermination by
means of genocide, partition, dismemberment, annexationand
incorporationby the Respondent. Since the Court has the legal
power to protect the ggrightsu of Bosnia and Herzegovina,then a
fortiorithe Courtmust have the legal power to protect Bosniaand
~erzegovina&self.

The sovereign right of the People and State of Bosnia and
Herzegovinato their independentexistenceas a Member State of the
United Nations Organizationmust certainly be among the "rightsW
that the Court can protect under Article 41 of the Statute,which
is Ilanintegralpartw of the'U.N.Charterunder article92 thereof.
In essence, 1 am today asking the Court to act under Statute .
Article41 in order to protectthe very existence ofa StateMember
currentlypending before the Court from physical mutilationthent is
total annihilationby the other "partytg to that same case. The
word "anyu found in Article 41 indicates thatthe Court has the
power to protect Bosniaand Herzegovinaby al1 means possiblefrom
genocide, extermination, partition, dismemberment,annexation,
incorporation,and ultimate destruction.

....
A. * Com~ellina Circumstances ~e~uirina the Indication of
Additional Provisional Measures of Interim Protection.

1 hereby incorporateby reference the factsset.forthin Our
Applicationand Request for ProvisionalMeasuresof 20 March 1993,
as well as al1 subsequentfactssubmittedto the Court--bothorally
and in writing--through the closureof oral proceedings. on 2 April .
1993, as well as al1 factual determinations made by this Court in
its Order of 8 April 199'3. In particular, 1 wish to draw to the
attentionof the Court Paragraph 48 of the Court'sOrder of 8April
1993, which provides.inrelevantpart as follows: Il...whereas from the informationavailableto the Court it is
satisfied that there is 'agrave risk of action being taken
which may aggravate or extend the existing dispute over the
it more difficult of solution; cr...Ilf genocide,.or render

1 hereby reaffirm and reassert each and every factual
allegation and determination that has been set forth during the
course of these proceedings as of 8 April 1993. Furthermore,the
rapidly escalating human catastrophe in Bosnia and Herzegovina is
so enormous, monstrous, and unacceptable that it cannot be
adequatelydescribed in the Requestas of todayfs date. Therefore,
Bosnia and Herzegovina respectfully asks the Court to take judicial
notice of the facts on the ground as they have developed and been
reported by Organs of the United Nations, by foreign governments,
and by reputable news media sources from 8 April 1993 up to and
includingwhen the Court finallydeliberates uponthis Request for
the indication of additionalprovisional measures of protection.
For the same reasons, 1 must hereby respectfully reservethe right
to amend, supplement, or alter, this Request for additional
provisional measuresat any time.

On 8 April 1993 the InternationalCourt of Justice issued the
following Order of ProvisionalMeasures in this case:

n52. For these reasons,

The COURT,

Indicates, pending its final decision in the
pr0ceeding.s instituted on 20 March 1993 by the Republic
ofBosnia.andHerzegovinaagainstthe FederalRepublic of
Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) , the following
provisionalmeasures:

A. (1) Unanimously,

The Governinentof the Federal Republicof Yugoslavia
(Serbia and Montenegro) should immediately,in pursuance
of its undertaking in the Convention on the Prevention L
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide-of 9 December
1948, take al1 measures within its power to prevent'
commission of the crime of genocide;

(2) By 13 votes to 1,

The Government ofthe Federal Republicof Yugoslavia
(Serbiaand Montenegro) should in particular ensure that
anymilitary,paramilitaryor irregular armeduriits which
may be directed or supported by it, as well as any
organizations and persons which 'maybe subject to its
control,direction, or influence,do not commit any acts
of genocide, of conspiracy to commit genocide, of directl and public incitement to commit genocide; or of
complicity in genocide, whether directed against the
Muslim population of Bosnia and Herzegavina or against
any other national, ethnical, racial or religious group;

....

B. Unanirnously,

The Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
(Çerbia and Nonlenegro) and the Government of the
~epublic of Bosnia and Herzegovina should not take any
action and shauld ensure that no action is taken which
may aggravate or'extend the existing dispute over the
prevention or punishment of the crime of genocide, or
render it more difficult of ~olution.~

Pursuant to its own tems, the Court directed that one original
copy of its 8 April 1993 Order be transmitted IBto the Secretary-
General of the United Nations for transmission to the ~ecurity
Council .qu

Nevertheless, the Respondent paid absolutely no attention
whatsoever to the Courtfs Order, and irnmediatelyproceeded to
violate each and every one of its provisions, as will be
demonstrated below in Section B. Furthemore, pursuant to its
campaign of genocide against the People and State of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, the Respondent is now proposing their partition, ,
dismemberment,annexation, and incorporatiop which will constitute
the logical culmination and ultimate success of its genocidal plan
ta establish a "Greater SerbiaM as explained in our 20 Mrch 1993
.Application and, in particular, Paragraphs 22 through 29, inter
alia. If not prevented by this Court, the Respondent plans to
annex and incorporate substantial postions of the sovereign
territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina and to remove therefrorn al1
People who recognize Bosnian citizenship irrespective of their
other affiliations-whether Muslim, Christian, Jew, Serb, Croat--by
means of genocide and acts of genocide in violation of the 1948
Genocide Convention and this Court's Order of .8 April 1993.
Clearly, the destructionof a sdverelgn nation state by means of
genocide by another state must fa11 within the prohibitions of the
Genocide convention to which both states are parties, The
Respondentfs proposed partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina will be
the prelude to the final extinction of our State and the ultimate
exterminationof our People. '

B. Chxonolosvof Respondent's Violations of This Court's Order of
8 April 1993. 5

9 April 1993

U.S. Senator Joseph Biden, chairman of the U.S. Senate's
European Affairs, described Serbian attacks on Muslim populations
in Srebrenica and elsewhere as ltgenocide." Biden further stated:

"1 will report back to my governraent that 1 believe ~erbia is
an aggressor, that there is no legitimate desire on the part
of Mr. (Slobodan) Milosevic (the president of Çerbia) for
peace ... and that 1 believe the greater objective is a
greater Serbia ...women and children who are bring massacred In
what is a heinous policy that we thought we saw the end of at
the end of World War II. It is nathing short of genocide."
IaU.S, Senator Calls for U.N. to Use Force .in osn nia, Acrence France
Presse, 9 April 1993.

10 April 1993

Serbian General Ratko Mladic refused to allow Canadian U.N.
Peacekeepers into ~rebrenica for the third straight day, stating
the Canadians would enter the village "over my dead .body." In
addition, Serb fighters turned back aid trucks from Goradze, "Serb
Officer Bars U.N. Troops from Muslim Town, The Toronto Star, 10
April 1993. l'

An eyewitness,Mrs. Azreta Habibovic described her escape £rom
~rebrenica:

"The Serbs threw stones at us in Zvarnik. They screamed and
one woman was badly hurt. But anything was worth getting out
of there. The Serbs are shelling al1 of the tirne, It is
hell .II
IiSerbs Say UN Aid in Bosnia Can Continue: Canadian Troops Will Hot
Be Allowed Into Srebrenica to End Siege of Financial Times,
10 April 1993.

UN Peacekeepers were barred from reaching the besieged town of
Srebrenica. A UN spokeswoman stated: #'The Serbs are in cuntrol.
We now expect to be slowed down con~lderably.~~
In addition, a diplomat added:

"The Serbs refused tu sign the Vance-Owen deal. They
blatantly carry on their offensive in eastern Bosnia including
military activitiesacross the Serbian border under the noses
of the UN. The publicly insult the UN commander in Bosnia.
They have called the bluff of the international conuriunityand
it turned out to be bluff."

"Yugoslavia: Serbs Thrive on Western Disarray, gtGuardlan, 10 April
1993.in on Srebrenica, even thoughOR notthethSerbs agreed tosbsa cease-fire.g
Serb forces captured villages on the edge of Srebreniça. In
addition, the spokesman added:

tmTownshitherto in the hands of Muslims outside of Srebrenica
have indeed fallen under Serb contsol now. No question that
the pocket has shrurik somewhat."

In other developments, U.N. officials noted that Serb forces
were ringing Sarajevo with antiaircraft batteries closer to the
airport. "Diplornacy Under Fire in Eastern Bosnia; Battle of
Srebrenica Tests U.N. Strategy," The Washincrton Post, 11 April
1993.

12 April 1993 J

.U.N. forces were forced to cancel another aid convoy scheduled
for Srebrenica. Bosnian officialsstated that 8 people were killed
and 24 were wounded across Bosnia in a 24-hour period. "MATO
Action Won't Stop His Forces, Serb General 'Says; Bosnia: As
Alliance Planes Prepare to Enforce 'No-Fly' Sone'Today, the Rebel
Leader is Defiant,lf Los Angeles Times, 12 April 1993.

U.N. forces stated that shelfs from Serbs stuck near their
relief areas, In addition, after meeting with UNPROFOR commander,
General ~arç-Erik Wahlgren, serbian General ~atk6 MLadic refused
once again to allow UN troops into Srebrenica. "UN Credibility on
the Line as Serbs Near Srebrenicafml The Christian Science Monitor,
12 April 1993.

Three U.N. relief convoys were scrapped among a shasp increase
in fighting by Serbs, UNPROFOR réported 35 civilians kilfed and 68
wounded in Srebrenica by Serbian shelling. Two bursts in shelling
lasted 75 minutes total.
In addition, Sarajevo also came under heavy bonbardment £rom
Serb gunners . "Moslerns Boycott Peace Meeting Amid Heavy Shelling, IV
Aaence France Presse, 12 April 1993,

....
13 April 1993

At least 56 people, 15 of them children, were killed and 106
wounded, 73 of them seriously, during rnortar and howitzer shelling
of Srebrenica. IrU.N. Convoys Evacuate Wounded Basnians," m, 13
April 1993.

The U,S, issued its çeventh report on Serbian atrocities in .
Bosnia-~erzegovina by Serbs to the United Nations. The
overwhelming preponderance of alleqations concerned ~erbian
atrocities against Bosnian Muslims. wfU.s, Presses for ~roceedings
on Serbian War Crirne~,~W 'ashinston News, 13 April 1993. John McMillan, U.N. High Çommissioner for Refugees spokesman,
stated that minutes after NATO planes began enforcement of the U.N.
no-fly zone, Serb launched çhells against Srebrenica set tu explode
in mid-air to wreak the greatest havoc on people caught in the
open,
In addition, one person was killed and 35 people hurt when
there was an hour-long artillery assault on Sarajevo. "Bosnian
truce is shattered even as NATO jets prowl the akies,l'Reuters, 13
~pril 1993.

Louis Gentille, a United Nations relief official, stated the
attack on ~rebrenica was the worst since the shelling began seven
months ago.
In addition, the Serbian attacks on Sarajevo and Srebrenica
appear to be part a£ a larger offensive against Boçnia. Bosnian
Army reports stated that Bosnian towns of Bihac, Olovo, and Kladanj
were bombarded by Serbs.
The Sarajevo attack by Çerbs killed at least 10 people and
required many amputations. "2-week ~ease-fire) ~roken in Bosnia as
Serbs Attack," The New York Times, 13 April 1993,

John McMillian, spokesman for the UN High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR) stated the following after the Serbian attack:

"fts an attack on civilians. Anything that kills 15 children
- that8s crimina1.lf
"Serb Attacks Break Truce in Bosnia," Chicase Tribune, 13 April
1993.

14 April 1993

John McMillian, UNHCR spokesman, stated:

*'Intheir drive to conquer territory, the Serbs are willing to
kill anybody to achieve their aims,lW

*'UNAsks EC for Food Aid to Bosnia, " Financial Times, 14 April
1993. /

15 April 1993

Louis Gentille, a Canaelan UN off icial and a witness to the
attacks in Srebrenica stated:

"It was very clearly intended to wound as many civilians as
possible. People were throwing bodies on to ox-carts or
anything that would move, throwing bodies into wheelbarrows.
1 say bodies because some of the people were alive and
sorne were not. Çome were not really looking like people
anymore. There were parts of bodies. There were people whose
intestines were falling out, people whose brains were coming
out of their eyes. 1 saw two children who did not seem to
have any faces lef t, IV."Group of Seven: West Pins Peace Hopes on Tougher ~erbian
Sanctions," Guardian, 15 ApriL 1993.

16 April 1993
~
Biha~ suffered heavy Serb shelling, causing a U.N. military
spokesman to say that the 28 Harch 1993 ceasefire was dead.
mBosniacs Bloody Labyrinth," The Independent, 16 April 1993.

Short wave radio operators in Srebrenica reported that former
Yugoslavian army troops crossed the Drina River separating Basnia
from Serbia and had mounted their own aggressive offensive against
Srebrenica. A U.N.,of£icial noted that the Serbs were closing in
fast against Srebrenica. 'VJ.N. Ready to Evacuate srebrenica,"
Aqence France Presse, 16 April 1993.

U.S. special envoy Reginald Barthalomew arrivedin Belgrade on
a peace mission. He stated that "The whole world is convinced that
the Serbs carry special responsibikity . t91.akk$-of Russian and
U.S. Envoys on Bosnia; U.S. Envoy Arrives in Belgrade, 1s Briefed
by Russian Envoy On Talks On Bosnia," British Broadcastinq
Corporation, 16 April 1993.

ItWhenthe war in Croatia erupted in 1991, General Mladic was
transferred to Knin, the mountain stronghold of Croatiars rebel
Serbs. ... A caraer officer in the Yugoslav People's Amy, he was
pisked by Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic over the objections
of senior officers. 'He was intentionally installed by Milosevic
to supervise the war in Bosniar one dip1oma.t says. tg ?IMladic scorns
Western Threats," Financial Times, 16 April 1993.

17 April 1993

Helsinki Watch issued a second report regarding war crimes in
Bosnia. Executive Director Jeri Laber stated:

"This report provides ample evidence of the atrocities that
have been comitted in Bosnia-Herzegovina ....but especiallyby
Serbian military and paramilitary forces."

"Helsinki Watch Calls for U.N. War Crimes Tribunal for Bosnia,"
Reuter Librarv Resort, 17 April 1993,

Srebrenica reported heavy shelling by Serbs. People were
dying as they waited for medicak attention. Despite a U.N.
Resolution calling ~rebrenica a safe area, the Serbs ignored it.
U.N. troops trying to get into Srebrenica were denied again by Serb
coramanders. lsrebrenica Teeters On the Brink of Collapse, m, 17
April 1993. 18 April 1993

Reports out of Srebrenica were that 5,000 people dled as a
resukt of the Serbian offensive since it began. U.N. officials
reported heavy shelling in Srebrenica, killing several civilians in
the city center. An embittered U.N. officia1 stated that the
current situation set the stage for wbat he called "Another chapter
of ethnic ~leansing.'~
U.N+ officials also stated that "Srebrenica is dead" and that
U.N. officials were turning their energies to prevent genocide by
the Serbs around Srebrenica. "Struggle in the Balkans; Cease-Fire
in Battered Muslim Town Seals .aKey Victory for Serb For~es,'~ The
New York Times, 18 April 1993.

The United Nations imposed tighter sanctions on the rump
Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro). The sanctions were imposed
under the theory that the rump Yugoslavia has the power to pressure
Bosnian Serbs into halting their aggression. This action came
after further reports of the Sesbs shelling Bosnians cowering in

the ruins af Srebrenica. This shelling was aimed at Muslim wunien,
children, and the elderly, a spokesman atU.N, mission headquarterç
in Zagreb, Croatia said. In addition to shellin the Serbs also
launched sniper âttacks at the town center. The o%f icial stated it
was clear that the Serbians were targeting Bosnian civilians, where
at very least twelve people were killed and were probablp many
more. Despite a U.N. Resolution demanding Serbian withdrawal, the
Serbs failed ta leave. A U.N. official stated:

nThis is the second time in a week that the [U.N. J force
commander has sat down with [Generalj Ratko Mladic and
listened to his words of reason whike [Mladicfsj guys were at
the same time Firing on civilians in Çrebrenica."

"SecurityCouncil Votes to Tighten Sanctions Against Serbs; Bosnia:
Despite News of a Cease-Fire, U.N. Aets After Rebels SheLl
kivilians in Srebrenica, Russia and China Abstain, tuLas Anseles
Times, 18 April 1993.

U.S. Arnbassador Madeleine Albright said that the U.N. imposed
sanctions on the rurap Yugoslavia were a means of bringing home to
the Bosnian Serbs and their allies in Çerbia and Montenegro the
price they would have to pay for their genocidal practices.
In addition, the commander of Serb forces around Srebrenica
was quoted as saying everyone in Srebrenica was an extremist and
should be killed. As a result, Muslim forces were reluctant to
disarm themselves. The Serbian army vowed over and over to destroy
the Bosnian def enders. National Public Radio (NPR) , 18 April 1993.

Short wave radio operators in Srebrenica reported renewed
shelling which claimed the lives of at least 20 people, injured 30
more, and set the town aflarne. The reporter noted that "Every
seven seconds a shell lands." Because of the shelling, there were
reports that civilianç in ~rebrenica'bled to death in the streets.
Serbian snipers. fired on al1 movement in'srebrenica. Sosnia claimed interception of a conversation between General
Ratko Mladic and an artillery officer. Mladic waç quoted as
telling the officer to avoid hitting a factory because IqWeneed the
machines." Mladic stated that the target of shelling was humanity.
Mladic told the officer to shell: lm..only the human flesh. Donlt
do anything but shell the hunan flesh," Mladic also told the
officer to let Serbian snipers fire on Muslim civilians. W.N.
Votes to Punish Serbia," The Toronto Star, 18 April 1993,

Lord David Owen toLd BBC television: "[The Serbs] are cocky,
confident, they think they can get their Greater Serbia." Owen
feared current pressure on Serbian forces would not be enough to
stopthem from attempting to create Greater Serbia. German Foreign
Minister Klaus Kinkel stated: ltSerbian politicians do not want
peace. They have deceived the international community and led it
around by the nose." "Calls Mount for Air Strikes Despite New
Sanctions," Reuters, 18 April 1993.
i

~ 19 April 1993

Witnesses reported that Srebrenica was the victim of another
coordinated bornbardment attack by the Serbs. France's U.N. envoy,
Jean-Benard Merirnee, added that it vas time to act against the
Bosnia Serbs ..and their backers in Belgrade. t1 "Boçnia: U. N.
Bid to End Bosnia Horror," The Aqe IMelbournel, 19 April 1993.

l Lord David Owen confimed that supplies to the Bosnian Serbs

were coming throwgh Belgrade, and suggested selective bombing
strikes to prevent Belgrade £rom giving the Bosnian Serbs
logistical support. laBosnia: Policy Disarray As Serbs Arrive,"
Australian Financial Review, 19 April 1993,

I Lord David Owen stated that Serbs surrounding Srebrenica were
dolng just as they pleased, and added: "They have no right to
Srebrenica--Srebrenica is a Muslirn éown." .Owen also noted that
under the Vance-Owen peace plan, Srebrenica would be part of a
EIuslim province. utOwenStill Recommends Military Force in Bosnia,"
peuters, 19 April 1993.

20 April 1993

A U.N. military ~fficial in Tuzla was quoted as saying:
"These [Serbj commanders really donlt care a bit about the people
in these pockets. They only care about holding and capturing
territory. i'
In addition, reports indicated that the Serbian militias were
engaged In the process of executing men of fighting age, which
caused U.N. off icials to fear a massacre. ttU.N. Fliers Remove
Trapped Bosnians," The New York Times, 20 April 1993.

Lord David Owen, when asked about the Vance-Owen plan, had the
' following to Say: "f'm also careful not to use the simplistic classification
aggressionn....[Thee BosnianisSerbs] haveil of course been aidedof

they havetebeen substantially equipped militarily by. Serbs

outside Bosnia-Herzegovina."
*'~avid Owen On the BalkansImt ~oreisn ~ffairs, ~pring 1993.

Belgian Foreign Minister, Willy Class, suggested the use of
air strikes if the Serbs persisted in their campaign to grab land.
l TheosAqe-(Melbourne), 20eAprilit1993.r the Use of Force in B~snia,~~

On hearings at the United States Senate Foreign Relations
~ommittee, Senator Biden stated that while Milosevic was not at the
peace table: "The Serbs are at the table, Mr. Karadzic is at the
table, but he is a puppet of Mr. Mil~sevic.~ Blden also noted
intelligence reports indicating that the Yugoslav National Amy in
Çerbia was "directly responsible for at least part of the shelling
of Srebrenica ...lt "Capital Hill Hearing with Defense Department
Personnel, la Federal News Service, 20 April 1993.

~ NATO reported a violation of the U.N. no-fly zone, this time
appearing to be by a white cargo helicopter with no markings. A
second violation was reported later, but no details were given.
wNATO Reports Probable Violation of the No-fly Zone, tgReuters, 22'
April 1993.

~arajevo reported renewed shelling by the Serbian forces which
killed at least two people and wounded 18 others. laSrebrenicaRow
Piles New Pressure on U.S. in osn nia,'^ Reuters,22 April 1993.

~resident Slobodan Milosevicof the rum Yugoslavia,boasting
of new oil discoveries, stated: "~erbia will never bend to the
will of the weçt" after the rump Yugoslaviawas hit with additional
economic sanctions by the U.N. Zoran ~ilic, parliamentary speaker,
added: "While we have food, the world cannot do anything against
us." "The Balkan Conflict: Tighter Sanctions ~nlikely to Hasten
WarJ.s End - As the UN Prepares to Tighten the Noose Rround Serbia,
Laura Silber Assess the Growing Impact on the Republic's Economy
and the Defiance of its Political Leaders, ina an ci aTimes, 22
April 1993.

Five shells Eell on the Muslim city of Tuzla, 45 miles
northwest of Srebrenica. .
Radovan Karadzic, president of the Bosnian Serbs, was quoted
as saying of Srebrenica: "This area is now Iiberated. this is now
a 100 percent Serb district." "srebrenica Disarmed, U.N. ,saYs,;
Besieged Bosnians Breathe Easier with Serb Guns Silent," Chicaso
Tribune, 22 April 1993. American President Bill Clinton compared the so-called
saethnic-cleansingml operations by the Serbs to the Nazi Holocaust.
''Bosnia: Bosnian Croatç and Muslims Agree ceasefire," Asence
Europe, 22 April 1993.

23 April 1993

Germanyls Representative to the United Nations, Ambasçador
Detlev Graf zu Rantzau, in noting Serbian repression of 'the
Albanian people in Kosovo, stated:

. "Al1 this means, in a word, the continuation of the Serbian
policy of violence against the srnaller and weaker nations in the
former Yugoslavia, and.above all, it means the continuation of the
campaign to externinate the Muslirn~,*~

"Kohl Calls for International Isolation of Serbia, The Week in ,
Gemany, 23 April 1993.

The Security Counckl investigated first-hand the conflict by
flying to Sarajevo. "Bosnian President Says U,N. May Need to Use
Force," Reuters, 24 April 1993.

The chief of the generaf staff of the rump Yugoslavia, General
Zivota Panic, in an interview with the Geman weekly Der Sweisel
said that the West wanted to take away Serbia8s mlLebensraum'm
(living space) in Bosnia. *rSerbs Will Fight to the Bitter End,
General Saystqm Reuters, 24 April 1993,

A United Nations Relief column headed to Srebrenica had tons
confiscated by rebel Serbs. "Bosnian Serbs Back Further Owen
Talks," The Independent, 24 April 1993.

25 April 1993

The U.N. levelled sanctions against Serbia because it is the
main military and political backer of the Bosnian serb
nationalists.
Also, Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic rejected a Lord
Owen peace initiative and added that the Bosnians Serbs had no
intention of giving up land to the Croats. Karadzic did not want
Bosnia united as a single country.
In addition, Serbs from Bosnia and CroaCia took additional

steps towards the creation of "Greater Serbiat' by merging their
parliaments, creating "one government, one army, one police, and
one admini~tration.~~ lmSerbs Spurn Bid to Save Peace Pact; Bosnian
Faction Leader: 'We Have to be Separate, 't*The Washinqton Post, 25
April 1993. 26 April 1993

A speech by Yugoslav Foreign Minister Valdislav Jovanovic
attacked UN Resolution 820 as 'la drastic attack on the sovereignty
of Our country and act of open unfriendliness to the ~erbian
nation." "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; JovanovicTells Deputies

1993.Resolution 820 'Drastic Attack on Sovereigntyfl' w, 26 April
I

27 April 1993

A UN Spokesman said that the Bosnian Serbs began to step up
pressure on 150 Canadian UN force in Srebrenica. 'qT~~gher
Sanctions Slapped on SerbiafW The Dailv Telesraph, 27 April 1993.

Lord Owen waa reported as saying liIfYugoslavia applied the
United Nations resolutions and cut the Bosnian Serbs from the
,supply sources such a çtep could lead to peace fairly guickly.Iu
9gOwen Urges Belgrade to Pressure Bosnian Serb~,~' United Press
International (UPI), 27 April 1993.

28 April 1993

~erbian.tanks, heavy artillery, rnortars, and infantry were
part of a new seuthward attaek on Bihac, Bosnia. Much of the
attack was based from Serbian positions in Croatia. This appeared
ta underscore the Serbian willingness to press on a campaign of
territorial conquest, ' without regard to the wishes of the
internationalcomunity. ~t least 150 shells fell on Bihac in the
attack, and additional fighting was reported in Gsabez. The Bihac
pocket sits amid Serb c~ntrolled lands in Croatia and Serb leaders
discussed their programme to unify the twd areas. A UNHCR official
explained that "If the serbian republics (self-styled mini-states
in Bosnia and in Croatla) are to join, then the Bihac pocket is in
the way .II
In addition, two UN relief workers were badly wounded In a
mortar attack between the Bosnian toms of Zenica and Tuzla,
luBosnia: Fierce Attack on Muslim Enclave Threatens 'New
Srebrenica, '" Guardian, 28 April' 1993.

Bosnian 'Serb authorities .barred United Nations aid convoys
from reaching. the besieged Muslim enclave of Goradze for two weeks,
according to a U.N. statement. Reuters, 28 April 1993.

A senior U,N. official , Cedric Thornberry, reported that 1,000
Serbs backed by 10 tanks were In the assault against Bihac. "Serbs
Attack Musliru Stronghold in Northwest Bosnia," The New York Times,
28 April 1993.

A U.N. refugee agency spokesman, Peter Kessler, stated Serbs
in the Bihac area ransacked on U.N. aid convoy and confiscated 20
tons of food meant for the civilians in the area. uBosnia's Rivals
Fight New Battles, Aid Effort Threatened,"Reuters, 28 April 1993. 29 April 1993

' Diego Arria, Venezuela*~ U.N. Ambassador and head of a fact-
Einding mission to Bosnia was quoted as saying MSlow-motion
gerioci.de is still going onw in regards .to the besieged town of
Srebrenica. Arria noted that water had been cut ts Srebrenica by
the Serbs, "U.N. Mission Calls for Expanding Safe Havens in
Bosnia," Asence France Presse, 29 April 1993.

Western diplomats and analysts noted that the government in
Belgrade appeared divided on the proper way to conquer Bosnia and
partition it into the "Greater Serbia.Ir "Yugoslavia: Milosevic
Maves to Bend the Rebels to His Devious Willfti Guardian, 29 April
1993.

Serbs threatened U.N. military commander Bob Stewart that his
base would be the target for artillery strikes if the West launched
air strikes against the Serbian positions.
Also, U.M. officials reportedan.increase in sporadic f ighting
around Srebrenica. qtBosnia: British Troops At Risk as West Wavers
on Bosnia," Guardian, 29 April 1993.

Diego Arria, Venezuelan Ambassador to the U.N. reported that
around Srebrenica:

"No water, no physicians, no electricity is, I repeat, a slow
proceçs of genocide, qf

In addition, the U.N. suspended Yugoslavia from the U.N. Economic
and Social Council. miU.N. Group Recommends Expanding Safe Zones in
Bosnia," m, 29 APril 1993.

30 April 1993

The self-styled Bosnian Serb parliament reconsidered the
Vance-Owen peace plan after receiving pressure to do so from
Belgrade and slobodan Milosevic, Belgrade apparently had
confidence that the year-old plan çatisfied most of the Serbsr
territorialaims,
In addition, Venezuelan Ambassador to the U.N., Diego Axria,
noted :

"An indication of the prevailing conditions of the city
[Srebrenlca] is that the mutilated remains of... children
who were playing soccer when killed, are still sçattered
in the area. IV

"Bosnia: Rebel Serbs Ready to Talk on Peace Plan," Guardian, 30
April 1993.

UNPROFOR spokesman Barry Frewer reported that a reconnaissance
patrol of Canadian U.N. solders came under mortar and small-ams
fire at a Serb checkpoint after leaving the demilitarized town of Srebrenica. The U.N. soldiers had been attempting ta reach the
nearby village of Zeleni Jadar, where the Serbç besieging
Srebrenica have turned off the townfs water'supply. Relief workers
report at least 800 cases of scabies in srebrenica, and say the
water situation is desperate. "Fighting Intensifies Along Several
Fronts in Bosnia," Asence France Presse, 1 May 1993.

1 May 1993
~
1 NATO reported that two rnilitary helicapters were caught
ogerating "in areas controlled by Bosnian Serbs" in violation of
the no-fly zone. One of the helicopters was escor.tedout of the no-
fly zone into serbia and the other landed at Zaluzani airport after
being detected by NATO monitors. "NATO Reports Violations of
Bosnian No-fly Zone," The Reuter Library Report, 1 May 1993

At the peace negotiation in Greece, Mr. Rancic, an aide to the
president of rump Yugoslavia, Dobrica Cosic, stated that, "This
state [Basnia]. Itfs a monster. It cari" exist. "A Moment of
Peace by the Aegean to Plot Another End to the War," Guardian, 3
May 1993.

4 May 1993

The UN High ~ommission for ~efu~ees reported forcible
population expulsions, under the guise of %thnic.cleançingO, were
being stepped up by Serbs and croats. Serbian forces charged $63
per adult and $31.50 per child to Muslims to leave ~anja Luka.
sWNJ3CR Çayç 'ethnic cleansing' ~ncreasing," >m, 4 May 1993

Alemka ~isinski, spokeswoman for the U.N. High Commission for
Refugees, noted that the population of Goradze was being deprived
of essential commodities and food, and mariy inhabitantshad lost up
to 30 kilograms in weight. In addition, suicides by the elderly
were also reported to be on the rise. Attacks on Gosadze by Serbs
were also reported. "Goradze Suffering. Acute Food Çhortaqles,
Suicides on the Rise: U.N.," Aqence France Presse, 4 May 1993.

Bosnia reported Zepa was in flames after a severe Serb armored
and mechanized attack. "Main Developments in Yugoslav C~nflict,~l
Rm, 4 May 1993.

5 May 1993
I
UN officiais looking to verify the damages caused by the
Serbian attack on Zepa were turned away by the Serb forces
surrounding the city. "US, France Agree to Send Troops if Bosnia
Serbs Accept Peace Plan," The Irish Times, 5 May 1993. In Sarajevo, Bosnian Serbs shelled the downtown area with
shells exploding aruund 11 AM near the presidency and the Marshal
Tito barracks where the Ukrainian U.N. battalion is quartered.
"Karadzic Urges Serbs to Çign Peace Plan, Offensive on Zepa,''
Asence France Presse, 5 May 1993.

6 May 1993

Zepa was the target of Serbian attackç. Serb forces would not
allow U.N. monitors to enter the city, SICongress Wants To Have Its
Say," USA Todav, 6 May 1993.

7 May 1993

Sarajevo radio reported a massacre in Zepa of 130 civilians,
The UN could not confirm the report due to the refusal of Serbian
commanders tu allow UN officiais into the area. "Belgrade
Retaliates," ~alsarv Herald, 7 May 1993.

8 May 1993

Bosnian Serbs landed reinforcements on the town of Zepa, a

"safe" area declared by U.N. resolution. Independent reports
stated that the village of Ribhac had been torched by Serbian
forces. 'IBosnianSerbs Hove in on UM-designated 'Safel Area," The
Montreal Gazette, 8 May 1993.

Bosnian Serbs blew up three histork'mosques in the northern
Bosnian town of Banja .Luka. Two of the Mosques were dated 1583 and
1587, and were considered to be some of the most beautiful in the
Balkans.
In addition, the rump Yugoslavia declared that it was cutting
off military and logistic support for the Bosnian Serbs. "Conflict
in the Balkans; 2 Major Mosques Blown up by Serbs," The New York
Times, 8 May 1993.

A spokesman for the U.N, High Commissioner for refugees said
that the bombing of the three mosques in an anti-Muslim terror
campaign is a typical prelude to Serb Irethnic cleansingw campaigns.
"West struggles for unity on B~snia,~~ Chicaso Tribune, 9 Hay 1993.

Ron Redmond, a spokesman for the UN High Commissioner for
Refugees noted an increase in murder, violence, and intimidation
during the past manth in Banja Luka as Serbs pursued açts of
genocide. Mr. Redmond was quoted as saying: "As world attention
focuses elsewhere, these thugs [the Serbs] corne out of the

woodwork.18 "Karadzlc Accepts Muslim Havens," The Independent, 8
May 1993. 10 May 1993

UN. officials finally confirmed that Zepa had been under a
fierce military attack in violation of UN orders and promises of
the Serb leadership. Zepa was reported as being "completely
destroyedw and in the "last stagesqf of Serbian 'lethnie cleansingw
against the Muslim population. "Bosnia ceasefire Holds as UN
Observers Reach Besieged Zepa," The Times, 10 May 1993.

UNHCR off icial John McMillian said, in connection with the
destruction of Zepa by Serbs:

"If the situation as reported in Zepa is correct then it is a
human catastrophe of the greatest magnitude. If there are
only 50 people wandering around in a town which had 6000
people then it buggles the mind as to what humanitarian aid
will be necessary,"
1
I *aExodus Ernpties Bosnian Muslim Encla~e,~~ The Toronto Star, 10 May
1993.

Muslims who fled Zepa after the Serbian bombardrnent slowly
returned in search of food and shelter. Many wese wearing nothing
except makeshift clothes cut out of US parachutes. One UNHCR
official, after hearing that a military observer at one time had
dismissed the assault on Zepa as Muslim propaganda said:

[the observer] was wrong and Z pa was being bombed to
bits, C

Ron Redmond of the UNHCR reported that people returning to
Zepa were in "very bad conditi~n.~~ Larry Hollingworth of the
UNHCR, in trying ta reach Zepa, was turned back by drunken Serb
militiamen. IfBosnia: Starving MusIims Trickle Back to WN-
protected Town," Guardian, 12 May '1993,

Bosnian Serb forces stopped two U.N. helicopters from
evacuatingwounded Muslims out of Zepa. "Serb Forces Stop Two U.N.
Helicopters From Gsing to Zepa," Asence France Presse, 12 May 1993.

13 May 1993

Over a period of Eive hours on May 12, at least a half-dozen
large tankers and a score or more of other trucks were seen
crossing Serbia to the Bosnian Serb enclave of Bijeljina, which was
used as a base and staging area for Serbian attacks against Bosnia.
The truck traffic raised serious doubts that Slobodan Milosevic was
really complying with his promise to end aid shipments to Bosnian
Serbs. In any event, many observers stated that fuel and other
supply trucks £rom the rump Yugoslavia consistently cross into
Bosnia and end up in Serbian hands in Bosnia. tlSerbials Cross- Border Embargo Far from Airtight; Fuel Tankers Roll Int0
Nationalist-held B~snia,~ The Washinqton Post, 13 May 1993.

The head of the rump Yugoslavian Serbian Radical Party,
Vojislav Seselj, whose private militia with the skull-and
crossbones emblem had attacked Muslims in Bcisnia and destroyed
mosques, was quoted as saying at a Yugoslavian rally at the
Bosnian-Yugoslav border:

"Brother and sister Serbs, 80% of our land in Croatia and 90%
of our land in Bosnia is already liberated. Our enemies see
that they'cannot defeat us with weapons, so they are playing
another card, which is to divide us.lt (bphasis added.)

uYugaslav Serbs Vow to Kill U.N. Troops if the West Steps In," The
New York Times, 14 May 1993,.

15 May 1993

The UN reported a fierce attack by Serbs against the'Muslim
town of Brcko. lgBickering Serbs Talk Peace As War Rages," Chicaso
Tribune, 15 May 1993.

16 May 1993

U.N. spokesman Commander Barry Frewer confirmed continued
' fighting around the town of Brcko. "More Bmnia Fighting As Voting
Resumes in Peace Referendum," Reuters, 16 May 1993.

17 May 1993

U.M. spokesman Barry Frewer reported that the Serbs have
launched a major offensive against the town of Brcko, Frewer
reports that the Serbs are using artillery, martars and'multiple
rocket launchers and calls the offensive an extremely serious
violation of the cease-£ire, E, 17 May 1993.
..Frewer-also reported "the first significant cease-fire
violationi around the eastern Moslem enclave of Zepa, declared a
Iqsafe areaM by the U.N. last week. Frewer said that snipers were
firing at civilians who were trying to pick up airdropped food
parcels. mgBosnian Serbs Say Peace Plan Dead, " Reuters, 17 May 1993.

18 May 1993

After the rejection of the Vance-Owen peace plan, Bosnian
Serbs stepped up attacks on the UFJ-pratected "safe areas" in order
ta widen the strateglc Posavina corridor in northern os nia.
Commander Barry Frewer, spokesman for UNPROFOR, stated: "In Srebrenica, air-dropped relief bundles have been landing
near the line of confrontation and Serb forces have fired upon some
residents as they tried to retrieve them.

General Ratko Mladic, Bosnian Serb commander, threatened
terrorist attacks on Great Britain and the United States if he was
bombarded.

"Serb Forces Fire'At Aid Drops'1n "afe Areas,'" The Independent,
19 May 1993.

A Serb offensive was reported around the town of Brcko. Ln
addition, diplomats suggested that military supplies were still
passing from the rump Yugoslavia to the Bosnian Serbs. "Guns are
Still Doing the Talking in Bosnia-Her~egovina,'~ m, 18 May 1993.

Croats seized 1800 Muslim men, women, and children in Mostar
and held them in a helicopter factory. This action was laelieved to
be evidence that the Croats have turned against the Bosnians and
have a secret plan ta divide up Basnia between themselves and the
Serbians. taSerbians Taunt the West; Officers Mock Threats of
Action," The Boston Globe, 18 May 1993.

19 May 1993

Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic refused to allow UU-
observers on the Drina River because the move would highlight
Belgrade's non-enforcement of a proclaimed blockade against the
Bosnian Serbs .
In addition, lorries and petrol tankers Tre seen crossing the
river from rump Yugoslavia to the Bosnian Serbs in Bosanska,
Boçnia--a fact that UN. obsesvers could hardly fail to notice.
Also, Radovan Karadzic told the West to refer to him as the
wPresidentwg of a new Serbian state in the Balkans. "Serbs to
'Examine a Plan for Border Observers , The Independent, 19 May 1993.

20 May 1993

Croats were seen attacking Muslims in Vitez. A U.N. human
rights envoy accused the Croats of-committing war crimes mainly
against the Muslims in Bosnia. The U.N. official, Tadeusz
Mazoweicki, accused the Vance-Owen plan of encouraging war crimes.
amBosnia's factions mock peacs efforts, tqThe Washinston Times, 20

May 1993.

21 May 1993

Fighting between Muslirns and Serbs around Brcko was again
reported, Croatia pulled back its forces into barracks.
"War in Busnia: THE COMBATANTS: Vance-Owen hopes rise on Serbs'
Surprise Offer; Karadzic Tries to Edge His Way Back Into Peace
process," The Daily Teleqra~h, 21 May 1993. 22 May 1993

Bosnian Serbs continued fighting against Government troops,
despite statements by their leaders that the fighting had stopped.
UN efficials noted that the town of Brcko, strategically located,
was the target of severe Serbian attacks. "Attacks By Serbs on
Rise, laCalsarv Herald, 22 May 1993.

23 May 1993

Along the narrow, winding roads of Bosanska Raca, large
numbers of supplies from the rump Yugoslavia to the Bosnian Serbs
was witnessed. So much petrol was taken to the Bosnian Serbs, that
it was actually cheaper on the Bosnian side of the river Drina than
in rump Yugoslavia itself. Other commerce was seen leaving the
Bosnian Serbs for the rump Yugoslavia. More than a third of the

trucks had'Banja Luka license plates, "Golden highway makes a joke
of Bosnian Blockade, Sundav Times, 23 May 1993.

Bosnian Serb forces set up elaborate police systems and
checkpoints inside Bosnia. Radcivan Karadzic stated:

'*Bosnianever existed, and it will never exist ...there will be
a Republic of Srpska once and for all. Anybody who wants to deal
with us has to take into account that Serbs have decided to have
their own province that will be Independent,lT

Additional evidence thatrump Yugoslavia was supplying fuel to
the Bosnian Serbs is that the Serbs allowed foreign reporters in
Bosnia to fell up their cars with petrol. General Milan Gvero,
depvty commander of the Serbian nationalist forces, pointing out
lands in the Western part of the Drina valley, stated:

"We Say everybody has to live on his own territory, Muslirns on
Mus1im terrltory, Serbs on Serbian. This is pure Serbian
territory, and there is no power on earth that can make us
surrender it , 1

I1CONFLICT IN THE BALKAUS; Exuding Confidence, Çerbian Nationalists
Act As if War for Bosnia is Won," The New York Times, 23 May 1993.

24 May 1993

In Kozluk, Bosnia, a Serbian soldier took pride in demolishing
a Mosque in the center of the town. Muslim citizens stated that
the majority of their homes kad been destroyed and that the town
was now almost exclusively Serbian. "Defiance; The Serbs of Bosnia
Are Ready to Take on the World," Maclean's, 24 May 1993. 25 May 1993

Boçnian radio reported Bosnian Serb shelling of the town of
Maglaj continued for the tenth straight day and Serb artillery also

attacked Brcko. 'IBosnian Serb Guns Batter Moslems as NATO Debates
Strategy," Reuters, 25 May 1993.

Attacks by Serbs were reported around Brcko, Maglaj, Olovo,
and Sarajevo itself. In the last 24 hours, 7 people were reported
killed and 38 wounded in this latest barrage. "Fresh Fighting in
Bosnia as NATO Debates Strategy," Reuters, 25 May 1993.

26 May 1993

Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic, stated that observers
were no longer needed to show that Yugoslavia l'sealed'r its borders.
Nilosevic refused to allow munitors on the Drina river. laBelgrade
Reneges on Verification.of Ban on Arming Bosnian Serbsrn The New
York Times, 26 May 1993.

U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christapher endorsed the U.Nm
plan for safe havens, even though earlier he had rejected it as
confining the Muslims to ghettos and effectively ratify Serbian
conquests elsewhere in Bosnia. "Allies Paçte a Fig Leaf Over
Bosnia, " Sacramento Bee, 26 May 1993.

27 May 1993

A U.N. military spokesman reported that water was very scarce
in Srebrenica, while Serbs pushed another offensive against the
Muslims in Maglaj. "Fighting in Maglaj in Bosnia: Situation in
Srebrenica Desperate,"'Asence France Presse, 27 May 1993.

A Reuters Television crew, witnessing the attack in Maglaj,
reported that Serb artillery shel* smashed into Maglaj every 10
minutes. The shells were 1SSmrn and destroyed every house. The
news agency reported that a couple walking along a bridge were cut
down by shrapnel, causing both of them to lose their legs. 50 to
100 shells were reported to be landing in the town every day.
Christian Mulders, a European Community monitor, said that Serbian
shel.1~ landed near his team as -they entered Maglaj. He added:

"That was scary for lots of us. 1 think the whole world

should know what's happening in Maglaj, that the Serbs are
called ceasefire agreement." the entire northern area despite a so-

IISerb Shells Hit Bosnian Town Every 10 Minutes, Reuters, 27 May
1993. 29 May 1993

Independent observers stated that, since the Bosnian war began
13 months ago, tens of thousands of Muslims had been expelled from
Sandzak by Serbs. "Borderland Braces for Ethnic War; Serb Militias
Active in Muslim Regi~n,~' The Washinston Post, 29 May 1993.

30 May 1993

Zelijko Raznatovic, known as ItArkan,faarrived in Kosovo after
being elected to the Serbian Parliament last December as a
representative From Pristina. Arkan was cited by the U.S. and
other governmental agencies as a war criminal for the acts of his
militia group in Bosnia. "Fear of the Serbs Spreads in the South,"
The New York Times, 30 May 1993.

Witnesses describe that, in the so-called UN safe-areas in
Bosnia:

1. Women sel1 their bodies for a single cigarette,
2. Al1 the cemeteries are full to overflowing,
3. Al1 the schools are closed,
4. Fire service and refuse servi& are not available,
5, Electricity and water services are unavailable,
6, Most have a refuge@ population at least 50% of the total
population.

Tuzla, often cited as the Muslims' main stsonghold, has 132,000
residents and 60,000 refugees. Ln addition to the problems
described above, Tuzla's supply routes have been cut to the north
and the south, and the airport has been shut due to Serb shelling.
"Safe areasmg appear to be littlemore than euphemisms for *ghettosf
or 'concentration camps.' The mxafe-arealt systern has many Muslims
fearing for a Palestinian-like existence, and sends a wrong mesSage
to other peoples in the world, "Fear of the Serbs Spreads in the
South,Ii The New York Times, 30 May 1993,

In addition, it appears clear that Slobcidan Milosevic of
Serbia and Franjo Tudjman of Croatia have made a secret deal ta

partition Bosnia between the two of them. The Bosnian Croats have
Sormed a state which is al1 but in name part of Croatia proper.
"Wandering .in a Balkan Blunderland; Tony Barber, East Europe
Editor, Explains How the West's Catalogue of Errors Has Turned a
Crisis Into a Tragedy," The Independent, 30 May 1993.

Serbs initially attacked the Bosnians in Mostar by using siege
artillery. New attacks, however, have been by the Croats looking
to drive the remaining Muslims away. muClinton Plan in Bosnia Hints
New U.S. Policy,lN Chicaso Tribune, 30 May 1993. 31 May 1993

Observers passing through Vlasenica in Eastern os nia to
Zvornik on the Drina report that Muslim village after Muslirn
village have been burned and abandoned, their Masques deçtroyed.
Serbian graffiti was sprayed over the ruins. Even though the
Serbian campaign ended a month ago, some MusLim houses were still
burning. "Beyond Pale: Bosnia - Postcard," The New Wepublic, 31
May 1993, .

1 June 1993

On the same day that Belgrade deputies voted to oust President
Casic of rump Yugoslavia, three children were killed and five
children wounded in shelling of the Old Town district of Sarajevo.
In Goradze, 30 civilians were killed in a Serbian offensive. Other
Bssnian cities, Maglaj, Brcko, and their environs were targets of
artillery strikes by the Serbs. "Yugoslav Parliament Ousts
President Co~ic,'~Reuters, 1 June 1993.

Peter Kessler, a U.N. Refugee official, stated publicly that
Bosnian Croats were in the process of expelling Muslims from the
Bosnian city of Mostar. Kessler stated that this was ethnie
cleansing of 'I10opeople a day."
In addition, U.N. officials attempting to enter the town of
Goradze were turned away by the Serbs, In Srebrenica, the U.N.
reported a Severe water supply crisis. The Serbs have refused to
allow UN officials access to the water plant which serves the city.
"Bosnian Croats Breach Ceasefire Dealtt1The Ottawa Citizen, 1 June
1993.

Bosnian Serbs, retaliating against a successful Muslim
offensive, used their artillei-y, to shell clvilian districts in .
central Sarajevo. Radovan Karadzic suggested that the West was
interested only in a Itrapid victorytaby the Serbs to Save them £rom
further embarrassment. l'BosnianMuslims Capture Strategic Mountain
Heights; Serbs Warn of Retaliation Against Sarajevo if Offensive
' Continues,*IThe Inde~endent, 1 June 1993.

2 June 1993

While demonstrators protesting President ~ilosevic's
goverment were put down by police in Belgrade, two Serbian çhells
explodecl in the midst of a soccer game in Sarajevo, killing at
least 15 people and wounding 80. Most of the players killed were
boys aged around fifteen. "~resident's Fkring Leadç to Rioting in
Yugosla~ia,'~The Financial Post, 2 June 1993.

3 June 1993

Serb forces attacked and tightened their grip on Goradze,
using both artillery and infantry attacks against the city'sdefenders, This attack was carried out despite the UN declaration
that Goradze is a "safe area." "Serbs Close in on 'Safe Haven,"'
The Guardian, 3 June 1993.

4 June 1993

The U.N. issued a repart on the six U.N. declared "safe areasw
to protect Muslims in Bosnia. The conditions of each were
appalling at best, and deteriorating. Al1 six were dealing with a
lack of basic food and medicine, and an increase in disease. "U.N.
Lists ~ppalling Conditions in Muslim 'Safe Areas, "' Reuters, 4 June
1993.

Military analysts reported that Serbs, intent on creating a
g'corridormt between Serb held areas of Bosnia, have initiated alrnost
constant attacks around Brcko and Maglaj. "Summer Serb Offensive
Seen Likely in Bosnia," Reuters, 4 June 1993.

5,June 1993

Bosnia reported severe fighting in the Goradze area, as well
as shelling against the cities of Maglaj, Tusla, Olovo, Gradacac,
Bihac, and even the Old Town part of Sarajevo. U.N. observers were
again turned away from Goradze by the Serbs. lîMoslems report
Fighting in East and North Bosnia,ItReuters, 5 June 1993.

June 6 1993

40 villages around Goradze were destroyed completely by the
Serbs intent on destroying the last Muslirn enclave in eastern
Bosnia. Fighting has left more than 138,000 people dead or
missing. 'aGuatemaiaTries to Pick a New President" (sic) , Çt.
Petersburq Times, 6 June 1993.

7 June 1993

Croatian forces'of the HVO used Muslim civillans as human
sbields in order to stall a Muslirn counterattack. lfKill Al1 the
Muçlirns,~~ Newsweek, 7 June 1993.

10,000 additional Muslim refugeeç were reported around the
Goradze area, amidst continued heavy attacks by the Serbs.
Additional attacks were reported an Brcko and Gradacac. "~erbian
Offensives in Northern Bosnia at Brcko; ln the South-east at
Goradze, lu ml 7 June 1993.

8 June 1993

Serbian TV, a governmental controlled media, reported that
Serb forces "liq~idated~~what was termed as wfUstashe" andt~notorious Islamic terrorists .Il Serbs also reported several
successful attacks in the Goradze area. Bf~osnja-Herzegovina;
Bosnian Serbs Claim Successes in Fighting in Goradze Ares," El 8
June 1993.

Haned celik, a Muslim gathering information in sarajevo for
possible war crimes violations, reports of being held in a
concentration camp run by Serbs where he witneççed and suffered,
torture at the hands of his Serbian captors. He was required to
become a human minesweeper by the Serbs, and witnessed one civilian
kikled by mines when used in this manner.
Starvation and recreational killings by the Serbs were alsa
witnessed. Repeatedly, the Serbs at the camp referred to the
Muslirn heritage of the victims.
Helsinki Watch reported that rapes by serbs against Muslim
women numbered in the tens of thousands. Sexual mutilations,by
Serbs against Muslims were also reported. l'The New ~ribalism:
Defending Human Rights in An Age of Ethnic Conflict; Case Study:
Bosnia-Berzegovina; A Tragic Portrait of Civilizntion Gone Wrong;
'Ethnie Cleansing,' Torture and Killing Feed a Hopeless Cycle of
Violence in the War-Torn RepubliclqmLos Anseles Times, 8 June
1993.

9 June 1993

Seven civllianswere wounded in Serb artillery attacks against
Goradze in eastern Bosnia. Serb forces, who began the offensive
two weeks ago, still refused tu allciw U.N. peacekeepers access to
the settlement, which holds an estimateà 60,000 refugees. "Radio
Reports Keavy Fighting in Muslim Enclave, IgReuters, 9 June 1993,

.10 June 1993

Heavy fighting was reported in tWGoradze area. Two people
were killed and seven wounded in the latest fighting. "British
Troops Rescue Trapped Croat Civilians, The Ottawa Citizen, 10 June
1993.

Sarajevo was attacked after dark by Serb artillery. Hospital
and mortuary officialç reported 6 dead and 37 wounded. Sarajevo
radio reported 3000 shells struck Goradze from Serbian artillery
positions. qgConvoyAmbush Sparks Fresh Bosnia ~ighting,~'
Financial Times, 11 June 1993.

12 June 1993

In what was termed as a ltquasi-allianceti of at least "short
term conveniencelgt~erbian forces released thousands of Croatian
men taken prisoner. Serbs allowed the Croats to leave with their weapons, provided that the Croats return to battle the Muslims. In
addition, Goradse reported that around 400 people had been killed
by Serbian shelling attacks. 'WAR IN THE BALKANS: British Kill
Two, UN Role in ~uestion,~~ The Ottawa Citizen, 12 June 1993.

I A mortar shell exploded among funeral nourners .inSarajevo,
I killing eight and wounding five others. Radio Sarajevo reported
that in the last 24 hours 57 people had been killed and 69 wounded
in Goradze from Serbian attacks. l9Shel1 Kills Eight in Sarajevo,
U.N. Soldier Killed in Mostar," Asence France Presse, 12 June
1993.

,...
13 June 1993

The UN. commander in Bosnia, Lt,-Gen. Philippe Morillon
stated that the republic had descended into a state of grtotal
anarchyu and he added 'tT1venever felt that we were so close to
catastrophe-fa ltBosnia Near 'total anarchy,' Morillon Warnslm The

Toronto Star, 13 June 1993.

Goradze reported that 600 people had died in the two weeks
aince the serbs began their offensive to'capture the city. 60,000
Muslim civklians remained, trapped in the town. IqMuslim Civilians
Trapped in Goradze,'~, 13 June 1993.

U.N. observers in Sarajevo logged 256 shells exploding in
Sarajevo on Saturday . Overnight , Serb positions took 30 hits,
while Muslims were hit with 160 incomingrounds. ''Sarajevo Gunners
Ignore Morillonls Warning," Reuters, 13 June 1993,

14 June 1993
L
Serbs erected a new checkpoint at the Sarajevo airport,
cutting off road access to the airport. Serb soldiers claimed it
was now a border zone. "Serbs Block Access to Sarajevo Airport,"
Reuters, 14 June 1993.
Shells whieh pounded Sarajevo were responsible for killing
three people and injuring over fifty, hospital officiais reported.
138,000 people are now estimated to have died since April 1992 in
Bosnia, and two million people lost their homes. ItSerbs pound
Bosnia 'safe area1 , Artillery kills at least 52 .at first-aià center
in Muslim city, chicaqo Tribune, 14 June 1993.

15 June 1993

Bosnia reports that Serbian shells struck a makeshift hospital
in Goradze, killing al1 50 wounded in it. The place was described
as a mixture of body-parts, bricks, and plaster. ItRadio Bosnia-
Herzegovina Reports 'mssaic of horrers' in Gorad~e,~' BJ3C, 15 June
1993. 16 June 1993

Sarajevo Radio reported that since the latest offensive by
Serb forces against Goradse, 640 people had died and 1,500 people
were wounded. Sniper fire was reported in Sarajevo, "shelling of
l Goradze Continues--Sarajevo Radio," Reuters, 16 June 1993.

~ 17 June 1993

Serbian mortar fire intensified in Goradze. Seventeen people
were reported killed and many more were reported wounded. "Goradze
Hospital Overflowing a& Serbs Increase Artillery Fire; 17 Dead,"
The Gazette [Montreal), 17 June 1993.

UNPROFOR spokesman Barry Frewer reported Serbian shelling of
Sarajevo and attacks which shook the UNPROFUR headquarsers in
western Sarajevo , 'IFighting in Bosnia Day Before Ceasefire,"
mence France Presse, 17 June 1993.

Presidents Franjo Tudjman of Croatia and Slobodan Milosevic 06
i Serbia devised a plan for the partition of Bosnia into ethnic
- cantons. Radovan Karadzic stated that he was highly pleased with
the joint ~erbian-Croatian proposal. The plan proposed would unify
ethnic regions of Bosnia, contiguous with Serbia and Croatia, and
that the Muslim regien would be cut in two and entirely encircled
by the other groups. "Serbia, Croatia Proposed Scrapping UN Bosnia
Plan," Chicaso Tribune, 17 June 1993.

1
18 June 1993

Speculation rose about a coverJ Croat-Serbian alliance. when
the Serbian and Croatian presidents agreed to negotiate an
ethnically based partition of Bosriia over the protest 02 the
Bosnian government. ItPeacekeeper Killed as Latest Bosnia Ceasefise
Evaporatesft8 Press Association -Newsfile, 18 June 1993.

Bosnia reported very heavy Serbian attacks against Ilovaca, 10
kilometers (6 miles) south of Goradze. Sarajevo also reported the
52nd Muslim village which was burned down by the Serbs. There was
also sporadic shelling of Sarajevo .itself. I1Fighting in Bosnia
.Heurs Before Ceasefire," Aqence France presse, 18 June 1993.

i 19 June 1993

1 Nationalist Serb forces were reported to have carried out
attacks in Bosnia, despite a ceasefire agreement. Asence France
Presse, 19 June 1993.
1 20 June 1993

Serb forces halted a relief column - the first in a month - to
the besieged town of Goradze. Goradze was in the midst of the 15th
nonth of fighting. U.N. officiais expected fighting ta continue
around al1 'strategic areas' of Bosnia. "Bosnian Rivals Fight for
Territory," Reuters, 20 June 1993.

21 June 1993

The U.N.' reopened relief efforts after several days of
fighting. Artillery strikes were stlll heard around the besieged
Muslkm 'safe areas. ' IqUM Relief Efforts Resume in Bosnia, 8îThe
Christian Science Monitor, 21 June 1993.

Eleven people, including a whole farnily, were wounded by
mertar shells in Sarajevo. Asence France Presse, 21 June 1993.

A U.N. official stated that there was no lull in the fighting
in Basnia, The official stated that Serbian natinnakists were
engaged in a battle for Brcko, which slices apart Serb-held
territory. The official added:

"1 think anyone who believes that the Serbs have stopped
fighting to get themselves a corridor is being silly."

"Fighting in Bosnia is Said to Resume," The New York Times, 21 June
1993.

22 June 1993

In a step many observers believe will lead to the creation of
"Greater Serbia," Serbs in Croatia votsd t unite with the Bosnian
Serbsï self-styled republic. Croatia vow 12.to use force to return
those lands to croatia, which were conquered from Croatia by Serbs
in 1991. Croatian Serbs, as well as those in Bosnia, are dependent
on the government in Belgrade for economic sueport. IgCroatia
Braces After Serb Vote, Ir The Christian Science Manitor, 22 June
1993.

'Alija Izetbegovic, President of Bosnia, said the following
after his bid to have the arms embargo lifted was denied by Great
Britain, Denmar.k, and Belgium:

'tThose who vote [for] the embargo are practically voting for
capitulation of Bosnia-Aerzegovina and accepting a fait
in international relations."
accompli and the use of force

Cyrus Vance, CO-author of the Vance-Owen plan, stated that
accepting the Tudjman-Hilosevic plan would be "A tragic mistake
[thatj wkll end up rewarding those ,who engaged in ethnic
cleansing."nWar in osn nia Overshadows EC Meeting, lt St. Petersburq Times, 22
June 1993.

Serb gunrnen fired on NATO planes today. This was ,freely
admitted by the government of the rump Yugoslavia (Serbia and
Montenegro), and was reported by an official news agency in
Belgrade. wlWrong Track," The Jerusalem Pust, 22 June 1993,

Serb forces blocked a U.N. relief column headed for Goradze,
U.N. refugee agency spokeswoman Lyndall Sachs reported,
In addition,. U.N. spokesman Maj. Pepe Gallegos reported that
twelve people were killed in heavy shelling of Jablanica, about 50
miles west of Sarajevo. U.N. forces stated that Croats were
responsible. '@Serbs Block U.N. Relief Column For plluslims,
Anseles Times, 22 June 1993.

Bosnian Serb ieader Momcilo Krajisnik demanded control of the
inner districts of Sarajevo as part of the plan to divide Bosnia.
He was ,quotedas saying:

"We cannot permit that al1 riches, which we jointly gained,
remainwith the Muslims..

In addition, fighting continued to. rage around Brcko.
"Bosnia's MuSlim Leaders Discuss Partition vs. War, Th'@Orlando
Sentinel, 22 June 1993.

A serious scanda1 broke in the United Nations, when it was
learneà that retised Major General Lewis HacKenzie, former
commander of U.N. forces in Bosnia-~erzegovina, was in the pay of
SerbNet, a Serbian-Arnerican public relations Eirrnbased in Chicago,
and was paid as much as $10,000 (U.S.) for appearances after his
retirement. MacKenzie has often appeared at important governmental
functions, including one visit to give testirnony in front of the
U.S. Foreign Relations Cornittee where he argued for the partition
of Bosnia. George Kenney, a former U. S. ~t3te Department off icial,
stated that MacKenziets activities were 'kgregiously unethical."
Muhamed Sacirbey, Boçnian's government envoy to the U.N. stated

that it proves that MacKenziewas a Serbian partisan, even while a
commander in Bosnia. Mac~enzie was alse known to have argu. in
favor of a ItGreater Serbiatl in fact, if not in name. "Serbs
Bankroll Speeches By Ex-UN C~rnmander,~N 'ewsdav, 22 June 1993.

' 23 June 1993

Mcimcilo Krajisnik , speaker for the so-called Serbian Republic
of Bosnia admitted meetings with the Bosnian Croats. Krajisnik
proposed a confederation of Bosnia, but, made territorial demands
and demands for compensation for Sarajevo. Kraj isnik added that no
ethnic Serb territory would be the subject of haggling with either
skde. laBosnian Serb and Croat Leaders Comment On Their Secret
Talks In Montenegro,I1 m, 23 June 1993. . Radovan Karadzic adnitted that the Serbian Army and nation
were assisting Croats engaged in Eighting with Bosnian forces:

"At this moment the Serbian Army and the Serbian nation play
a role of a çubstitute WN Protection Farce, by allowing the
civilians and the army of the Croatian Herceg-Bosna onto the
territory, helping them and allowing them ta return if they
want to, or to proceed £urther.'I

Such statements lend credence to the claim that the Croatian and
Serbian forces planned a joint partition of Bosnia. "Bosnia Serb
and Croat Leaders Comment On Their Secret Talks In M~nteneqro,~~
E, 23 June 1993.

Radovan Karadzic was also quoted as stating that a Bosnian
state in the."heartof Europe.. .this may endanger Christianity, and
that's our problem tao." Karadzic asserted that "Bosnia is unable
to exist as an independent and unitary state." "Slovak TV:
Karadzic Says Bosnia Cannot Exist As An Independent and Unitary
State," w, 23 June 1993,

Radovan ~aradzic, after a Sunday meeting with Croat leader
Mate Boban (drawing maps and plotting population exchanges),
offered a scheme for Bosniars partition, stating it was Hr*
Izetbegovic's "last chance to save at Least part of hls people."
This plan would allow the Muslirns (44 per cent of the total
population) only 20 per cent of the land, and less if the ~usPims
retained Sarajevo, l'DoomedPresident Tries To Halt Partition," The
Guardian, 23 June 1993.

Radovan Karadsic stated that "there will be no radical
territorial concesskonslv in the division of Bosnia into three
ethnic states. Karadzic stated ominously that if the Bosnians did
not avail themselves of this flopportunitytl, it was l1anopportunity
they will not have again."' "Basnian Amy Chief Indicates Support
For Izetbegovicm, Asence France Presse, 23 J ne 1993.
P

24 June 1993

United Nations officiais cornmented that the Bosnian collective
Presidency showed up to the talks in Geneva so as to appear more
unified. As one U.N. official stated:

"They donf t want to advertise theytve corne to surrender their
country before they know the terrns.'l

In addition, the new United States Ambassador tc~ Bosnia,
Victor Jackovich, after arriving in Sarajevo stated:

"1 was personally shaken and very saddened by what 1have seen
05 the city of Sarajevo in terms of how it looks physically."During his speech, a mortar shell exploded outside the Bosnian
Presidency building. "Serb-Croat Plan to Split Up Bosnia Worrieç
Mediators", The New York Times, 24 June 1993.

Peace mediators in Geneva held private meetings with Serbian
and Croatian leaders to discuss the partition of Bosnia into ethnic
lines, Radovan Karadzic stated in the peace negotiations that he
might be willing to give up Sarajevo tu the Muslims, if Serb
control was granted over the besieged towns of Garadze, Zepa, and
Srebrenica. tmMediators Bring Carve-up Closer", The da il^
Teléqraph, 24 June 1993.

Nine people were shelled to death in Zenica in central Bosnia.
Officiais in the city stated that it fitted the pattern of terror
directed against the civilian population. A shell £el1 five yards
from a block of flats, decimating a group of people playing chess
in the open air, trEnvoys Table New Bosnian Peace Planmt, The
Guardian, 24 June 1993.

James Gow, military specialist at King's College, University
of London, in estimating the number of troops possessed by the
three forces Elghtlng in Bosnia, noted that the Bosnian Serbs have
about 60,000 troops but were reinferced by up to.20,000 soldiers
from the rump Yugoslav (Serbia and Montenegro) Amy. Gow also
noted that at the start of the war, the Bosnian Serbs received
crucial support Erom irregular militias based in Serbia, who were
able to overrun much of northern and eastern Bosnia. Gow also
noted that the Bosnian Serbs were assisted by helicopter missions
flown by the Serbian led rump YugosLav (Serbia and Montenegro)
Army. "Muslim Mumbers Make Up for Force3 lack of Weaponsml, The
Independent, 24 June 1993.

25 June 1993

The Vienna World Conference on Human Edghts accuçed "Serbia-
Montenegro, the Yugoslav national army, the Serbian militia and the
extremist elements in the Bosnian Croatian militia forcesm of
cornrnitting war crimes in Bosnia. "Serbs, Croats Move To Split
Bosnia Into Mini States", The Gazette (Montreal), 25 June 1993,

26 June 1993

U.N. relief efforts were only able to deliver 4,000 tons of
food and relief supplies into central and northern Bosnia, cornpared
to a regular monthly average of about 16,000. This waç blamed on
an increase in fighting and harassrnent of relief workers. mWoosnian
Leader Resists Pressure To Negotiate on Partition Planu, The New
York Times, 26 June 1993. 27 June 1993

Serbs turned back another relief column at Goradze. Aid
workers in Goradze called the U.N. l'safe areagl to be a war-ravaged
hell-hale with most buildings either damaged or destroyed, no fuel,
and a stench permeating throughout the city from the dead and dying
in Goradzefs hospital. Stated Jerri Hulme, UNHCR1s representative
in Goradze:

nThe town is the worst 1 seen which is still being
inhabited. There is hardly a house without damage. There is no
fuel, electricity or gas. There is some potable water. The basic
fuel is wood.

He added that airdrops of food landed too far away and pallets
contained the wrong kinds of medicine.
In addition, a shell struck Sarajevo, killing seven children
or near children. A doctor at the Kciseve Hospital stated that the
youngest victim was a 4 year old boy while the oldest was a 22 year
old woman. ItBosniarisMeet European Chiefs as Fighting FLaresmt, The
Toronto Star, 27 June 1993.

28 June 1993

Serb and Croat farces began a coordinated offensive against
the Bosnian city of Maglaj, held by Muslims, in an effort to force
the Musliras to submit to partition. Croats and Serbs also
strengthened their cooperaticn around the Muslim town of Konfjc,
south-westof Sarajevo.' Serb forces again refused to allow relief
convoys into the so-called 'safe-havenPof Goradze.
Presi'dent Izetbegovic stated, with the agreement of relief
workers in Bosnia, that the Serb-Croat plan of partition would
require tens of thousands of people ta,bg' uprooted to make the
ethnic maps work. ltMuslims Pummeled Tu Make Them Sign; Izetbegovic
Faces Military and Diplornatic Onslaughtlf , The Guardian, 28 June
1993.

Several prominent persons in Sarajevo commented on the
unjustness and problems that the partitioning of p os nia along

ethnic lines would cause. Vice-President Ejup Ganic stated:

"Some 30 to 40 percent of us corne from mixed marriages. You
cannot divide up the country like this. These ethnic lines
would have to run through some of our bedroums. There are
about 80,OO.û Serbs in Sarajevo who have been defending Bosnia
with us. 1 canft tell these people to pack up and go ta Pale
[the capital of the sa-called Serbian Republic (Srpska) in
Bosnia]. Nobody elected me to move thousands of people from
one area to another. ItJs the end of civilization. Itrs
fascisrn, a crime against humanity."

Dragon Petrovic, a Serb married tu a Muslim added:

Vhey should decide for a united Bosnia, or it will be a 100
yearsf war - we will never give up.If"Prospect of partition Provokes Bitterness Among Sarajevans", The
Christian Science Monitor, 28 June 1993.

29 June 1993

os ni an Serbs, emboldened by international support 'for an
ethnic division of Bosnia, shelved a plan to trade Sarajevo for
cities in eastern Bosnia, the Serbs have demanded an ethnic
division of Sarajevo. Radovan Karadzic insisted that the Serbs
retain possession of the southernpart of Sarajevo, The Serbs also
stated that if part of Sarajevo was not granted to the Serbs, they
would retreat their armies to the çuburbs of Dobrinja, Ilidza, and
Vogosca. Under either plan, the Muslim held areas would.be cut-
off, leaving any hope for a viable Muslim state semote at best.
"Two Cities Plan For Besieged Bosnian Capital 1s Attacked As 'The
Biggest Crime of the Warf; Sarajevo Carve-up Poçtponedtî, The Dailv
TeLesraph, 29 June 1993.

Venezuela's Ambassador Diego Arria, reflecting on the vote for
lifting the arms embargo on the Bosnian Muslirns called it a
question of making a "political and moral statement .'qeferring to
the U.S. invocation of Article 51 for its striijSeagainst Iraq,
Arria stated:

"One is [for] an act of terrorism against the U. S. and the
other an act of terrorism and the slaughtering of a nation
[Bosnia] ,

"Right To Self-Defense At Heart Of U.N. Debate On 3osniatQ, Asence
France Presse, 29 June 1993.

30 June 1993

Serb and Croat forces jointly attacked Muslim forces in areas
north of Zepce, while Serb tanks rolled over Mushim lines in
Maglaj. U.N. officiais reported that hundreds of civilians were
killed, while thousands were sent as refugees. This attack
appeared to coincide with Serb-Croat plans ta divide up Bosnia
between them, since the attack would link up strategic areas of
land between the Serbs and the Croats. "War In the Balkans:
Serbs, Croatç Strike To Stem Muslim Advance", The Ottawa Citizen,
30 June 1993.

1 July 1993

The WNHCR announced that for Bosnia's 1.4 million refugees,
their daily rations of food - already at starvation levels - would
be cut in half due to an upsurge in fighting and a shortfall in
contributions from donor nations, The UNHCR is down to just two
days of supplies for Zepa, Goradze, and Srebrenica. "Leading
Article: Leaving Them To Starve," The ~uardian, 1 July 1993.1 2 July 1993

Serb and Croat forces, pressing for new territory, allied to
cut Bosnian army supply routes. U.N. officials in Vitez reported
éhat Serbs and Croat forces surrounded Maglaj. This attack
followedthe SerbianjCroat plan ta partition Bosnia, and created an
enclave of over 100,000 people. Six other enclaves surrounded by
the Serbs and declared by the U.N. as l'sait?areas" also came under
sporadic attack.
In addition Peter Kessler of the UNHCR reported that a '
truckload -of fuel destined for Sarajevo was robbed by Serbian
farces. "New Setback for Muslims Scars Balkans, tqPress Association
Newsfile, 2 June 1993.

Bosnian Serbs and Croats were reported by the U.N. to be
charging "tollsqt to allow relief convoys tu pass through. The
Croatç charged up to $20 million for one convoy;while the Serbs
imposkd a scale of charges ranging from $350 each for heavy lorries
and $140 for cars. U.N. escorts must pay $700 for tracked vehicles
and $500 for armored personnel carriers. Lyndall Sachs of the
United Nations agency for refugees in Belgrade r%orted that Serbs
would not even talk to humanitarian missions to Srebrenica until
the Htollsm were paid. Sachs noted that the Serbs required no
tolls for humanitarian missions destined for Serbian controlled
areas.
Michael Lewington of the UNHCR in Zagreb indicated that the
decisisn to levy tolls was made at officia1 levels. He stated:

"We are dealing with this by talking to the Serb palitical
authorities in Pale [the so-called 'capital' of the self-
styled 'Serbian republicr in B~snia].~l

faCroats and Serbs Order Huge Tolls on U,N. Convoys,la The
Times, 2 June 1993.

3 July 1993
I
U.N. officials discussed the evacuation of the sa-called
"safe-areau of Srebrenica, noting that the daily ration of water
for the people was only two liters. Serbs continued to refuse U.N.
relief convoys from bringing tents into Srebrenica, calling them
"military itemsM, despite statements by the U.N. that these were
standard issue for refugees, and not declared Irmilitary" anywhere
else in the world. The Serbs refusal has forced almost al1 of the
refugees (some 49,000 estimated at last count) ta live out in the
open. A U.N. official added:

"This iç nothing more than an effort to make life untenable
for the Muslims in Srebrenica."

In addition, the U.N. official. noted that without shelter, most
people would not be able to survive the winter. Serbs continued their reign of terror in the Banja Luka area,
Four more mosques were blown up, two dating back to the 16th .
century. Ten out of the sixteen mosques in the Banj'a Luka area
were destroyed hy Serbs in the past year. 'Serrb Artillery Shells
Sarajevotq, Financial Times, S July 1993.

6 July 1993

U.N. officiais stated that the Croatian forces of the IWO
began another attack on Maglaj. They were supported by at least
seven Serb tanks and an eçtirnated 10 armored vehicles, so as to
isolate the area.
When the press entered Zavidovici - another Muslim stronghold
under attack by Serbs and Croats - the shelling stoppeà. The
shelling was estimated before as being 600 a day. Speculation was
that the Serbs and Croats did not want their attack on ~avidovici
to be documented. llU.N. Impotent as Land-Grab in.Bosnia Gathers
Pace; With No Prospect of .International Intervention and Aid
Convoys Halted, Bosnian Serbs and Croats are Closing In On the
Haglaj tFinger1,9t The Indewendent, 6 July 1993.

Lyndall Sachs of the U.N. stated that Serbs broke their
promise to allow aid convoys into Srebrenica, Sachs stated that
the U.N. obtained a broad authorization from the Bosnian Serbs to '
allow passage of aid convoys, but the Serbs still de nded road
tolls. 7
In Sarajevo, Tony Land of the UNHCR stated:

"Except for the period of last December and Januaryi when we
had serious doubts as to how the city [Sarajevo] would
survive, I would say that this is the most serious time we
have seen. With no water and the inability to process food,
we face the possible inability to sustain human life."

In addition, radio reports stated that Maglaj came under
renewed shelling and was now, literally, burning tu the ground.
"Serbs and Croats Attack Besieged Bosnian Town," The New York
Times, 6 July 1993.

T July 1993

Bosnian Çerbian and Croatian generals refused to meet with the
new U.N. General in Bosnia, further underlining their lack of
respect for the U.N. military presence in Bosnia. Furthermore,
Radovan Karadzic again threatened the Bosnian Muslirns by stating:

"If they [the Huslirns jdo not want to accept the Serb-Croatian
confederal project ...the (Bosnian) Serb republic will close
its borders, reinforce them, and seek international
recognitionwithout any territorialconcessionsand absolutely
within the preçent borders. lBTribune,d 7 Julyia1993,ass Snub New UPJ General in Bosnia," Chicaso

8 July 1993

9 July 1993

Dr. JO Asvall of the World Health Organisation (WHO) stated
that due to the deteriorating conditions in Sarajevo, thousands of
civilians would die of hepatitis A, dysentery, and typhoid.
Medical staff in Sarajevo reported the situation so desperate that
people were beginning to boil sewage. "Despair Grows Over Bosniau,
The Guardian, 9 July 1993.

10 July 1993

The situation in Sarajevo was reported by an American disastes
relief team as being so bad it was Ilthe world8s largest
concentration camp" because there was no drinking water or fuel.
President Clinton of the United States was so disturbed by the
situation in Sarajevcl that he called the State Department in an
effort ta help provide the city with food, medicine, and water.
In addition, the United States government reported that the
U.N, mediators and the European Community were seeking to have the
U.N, pull out of Bosnia altogether in an effort to pressure the
Bosnian Government to accept the partition plan set forth by
Slobodan Milosevic and Franjo Tudjman. Sadako Ogata of the UNHCR
stated that two mediators told her that if the Bosnian Government
refused to accept the partition plan, tkey would recommend to
SecretaryGeneral Boutros Boutros-Ghalithatthe U.N. withdraw from
Bosnia. If the U.N. withdrew, would be part of that
withdrawal, Ogata added. "Bosniathehra eneHd Yi<h U.N. Pullout, 2
U.S. Reports Sayu1, The New York Times, 10 July 1993.

11 July 1993 ,-

The U.N. suspended aid convoys for 72 hours due to fighting in
central Bosnia. In an area of Shippergai where Muslims and Serbs
used,te live together in peace, Serb forces began new rounds of so- l
called "ethnie cleansing." Muslims were forced at gunpoint to sign
statements indicating they left "voluntarily'~, but Muslims were
forced to turn over their valuables with no compensation.
Furthemore, Serbs destroyed the Mosque in the center of the town. 1I
m, 11 July 1993.

12 July 1993

Sadako Ogata of the UNHCR reported that 750 new cases of
typhus were reported in Sarajevo, with thousands more on the way.
With only three weeks of supplies to f eed two million people, Ogata predicted "disaster" for Bosnian civilians. 'lTwo Mil-li,oin Boçnia
Are On the Brink of Starvation", The Independent, 12 July 1993.

The Belgrade-based news agency Tanjug reported that the Serbs
had captured Trnovo, Tosici, Tureivi, and Godinje. This unit,
personally led by Serbian General Ratko Wladic, cut the last link
between Sarajevo and Goradze. taMuslims Attack, Sarajevo's
Suffering Deepens,I1 Reuters, 13 July 1993.

Warren Zinmerman, director for..the Bureau for Refugee Programs
(U.S.) and former U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia, called Bosnia:

''Ahumanitarian crisis of a scale we have not seen in Europe
since World War II."

The U.Ç, State Department estimated that 600,000 ~uslims would be
forced tu have their homes under the ~ilosevic-~udjman partition
plan.
In addition, Frederick C. Cuny, a U.S. refugee consultant
added that under the partition plan:

"If you use the Milosevic map, the Nuslims get a raw
deal ...The Serbs, of course, benefit the mast and, in effect,
the Bosnians would become economically dependent on Serbia,"

Cuny added that while the Bosnians would receive 53% of the coal
reserves, the coal is of low quality and since the Bosnians would
receive no steel mills, the coal would be of little use anyway.
Bill Frelick, a senior analyst for the United States Cornittee
for Refugees stated that as a result of the partition, Bosnia would
become the ground for "genocidal-type killingH, mass' exodus of
refugees, and the creation of Palestinian-like camps for the
Bosnian Muslims, "U.S. Fears a Sharp Rise In Balkan Refugee
Flow1',The New York Times, 13 July 1993.u

A mortar shell fired by Bosnian Serbs struck a crowd of people
in Sarajevo lining up for fresh water, killing twelve people
outright and wounding 15 others. Doctors had to work on the
wounded without anesthetics, due to a lack of medicinal supplies.
"Bosnia Attack Adds To Tension On Peace Talks,lg The New York Times,
I 13 JU~Y 1993.

~ . 14 July 1993

United ~ations diplomats stated that the decision to negotiate
I on the Milosevic-~udjman partition plan has led to the
i deteriorating conditions in Bosnia. One diplomat stated:

"What this [the partitionplan j amounts to is negotiatingwkth
I terrorlsts . By backing off [on Varice-Owen] , that was a signal
that the West was weak and unwilling to act." Diplornats added that the Bosnian Government was left with no choice
but to fight harder so as to gain additional bargaining leverage.
In addition, Bosnian Serbs cut off water supply to the 30,000
residents rernaining in srebrenica. Bosnian Serbs refüsed UN aid
convoys fuel needed tu bring relief to the people in Sarajevo. "UN
Aid Efforts in Yugoçlavia Verge On Collapse," The Christian Science
ponitor, 14 July 1993.

l 15 July 1993

UNPROFOR reported that the Serbç launched a fierce attack on
the Bosnian town of Brcko, and stepped up their shelling of
Sarajevo. UNPROFOR stated that 35.shells landed in Brcko in a 35
minute period. In addition, Barry Frewer in Srebrenica reported
that the Serbs Eired six shells on the town. "Serbs Launch
Offensive In Northern Bosnia and Shell Sarajevo, lmAsence France
Presse, 15 July 1993.

16 July 1993

Sadako Ogata of the UNHCR stated 'that the humanitarian
situation in srebrenica, Zepa, and Goradze was wdisastrous.M Ogata
stated:

uvEvacuation of the civikian population, particularly from
Srebrenica where conditions are most dire, may soon prove to
be the only life-saving alternative. *'

"West Pledges Cash For U.N. Bosnia Relief," Reuters, 16 July 1993.

Barbara rancis, spokeswoman for UNHCR, stated that 4 million
people had been displaced in the former YugosLavia, 2,2 million of

them in Bosnia alone, u, 16 July 1993.

Çadako Ogata of UNHCR again warned of human catastrophe in
Bosnia, She staéed:

"If we are unable to alleviate the plight of thousands of
victims n~w, I fear the worst for the monthç to corne,
particularly when the autumn and winter set in."

Ogata feared for the lives of civilians in Bosnia if there was
another winter of war. "U;N. Aid Agency Warns of Bosnia
'Catastropheft1' in an ci al Times, 17 July 1993.

18 July 1993

Dr. Radovan Karadzic indicated that he would push to destroy
the Muslims as a people by dividing Basnia into Serbian and
Croatian states. Karadzic indicated he believed that a two-way division would "decreaçe the danger of the spreading of Islarnic
militancy.Ir Karadzic suggested Muslim autonomous regions would be
set up with separate Serbian and Croatian çtates around Zenica.
In addition, Radislav Starcevic, Serbian mayor of Pale stated:

"If the world doesn't stick its firiger into this, the war will
be over çoon for the Muçlirns, and they will have to accept
what the Serbs and Croats offer them. We have offered the
Muslims territory which should satisfy thern. But the stubborn
Muslim leadership has refused to accept it. Now, they will
have to face the conseq~ences~~~

Starcevicfs comments followed other more militant statements made
by the Bosnian Serbs, indicating a willingness to strip the.Muslims
of Bosnia of al1 political influence and keep them from having
their own state. tlSerbian Plan Would Deny the Muslims Any State,"
The New York Times, 18 July 1993.

14 July 1993

Two more mosques were blown up by Serbs in Banja Luka, meaning

that 12 of the 16 historic mosques in Banja Luka have been
destroyed forever, Meanwhile the Serbs in Banja Luka have been
deporting Muslims 500 at a time, stealing their property and
forcing them to pay an "exit tax." Of Banja Luka's pre-war
population of 45,090 Muslims, only 15,000 remain. The totals are
even worse in neighboring Prijedor, whose pre-war population of
76,000 Muslkms have been reduced to 7,000, llWar In the Balkans:
Dark Deeds Are Hidden By Curfew; Town's Muslims and Mosques Gone,"
The Ottawa Citizen, 19 July 1993.

The U.S. State Department estimated. that a complete ethnic
carve-up of Bosnia would require the resettlement of 1.5 to 2,5
million people. Evidence from the partition of India and Pakistan
in 1947 suggested that such transfers would wkthout doubt be
1 accompanied by violence. "Failure On ,Bery Front," Financial
Times, 19 July 1993.

Serbs began a fierce offensive against Bosnian Goverment
forces on o ou n~gman, averlooking Saraj evo , UNHCR spokesnian Peter
Kessler stated that a Serb victory in the battle would bring 30,000
people across the Sarajevo airport, where they would be exposed ta
Serbian sniper fire.
In addition, Serbs attacked Muslim forces around Tuzla. U.N.
aid convoys reported that Serhs refused to allow aid convoys into
Goradze for the eighth straight day. "Bosnia Calls For Peace as
Serbs and Croats Hamrner Government Forcesfgl Aqence France Presse,
19 July 1993.

I 20 July 1993

The Serbian assault on Mount Igman .was stated as
t'unprecedented" and the most severe since the war began. Serb forces used at least 25 tanks in the attack, and helicopters for
transport services. One UNBCR official stated that a Serbian
victory would be "very tragic" for people in the area. "Serbs Wage
Fierce Assa~lt,'~Sacramento Bee, 20 July 1993.

C. The Respondent Ras officially Admitted Its ~esponsibili't~ for
Arminq, ~cmippinq~ and Supplyinq the Serbian Army and Militia
Forces, Paramilitarv an8 frresular med Units O~eratinq in
Bosnia and Hereesovina.

During the course of the 2April 1993 Oral Proceedings held by
the Court on BosniaOs 20 March 1993 Request for Provisional
Measures, the Acting Agents for the Respondent told the Court that
theis government was not responsible to any extent for the conduct
of the Serbian rnilitary, paramilitary, militia or irregular amed
units operating in Bosnia and Herzegovina, The entire World now
knows that the Acting Agents for the Respondent were lying to the
Court on behalf of their gavernment when they made these
statements, inter alia. Rere 1 must quote from some of the
relevant portions of the uncorrected version of the Verbatim Record
l of the Oral Proceedings held before the Court on 2 April 1993 in
this case--CR 93/13. This is because I do nat yet have an official
l copy of the corrected version:
l

The Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is
represented by:

Mr. Ljubinko Zivkovic, Charge dfAffaires a.i.. of the
Embassy of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, The Hague,

Mr. Shabtai Rosenne, Professor of International Law,
University of Haifa; Member of the Israel Bar; Member of
the Institute of International Law; Honorary Member of
the Arnerican Society of International Law,

as Acting Agents. (p.4) d

Mr. ZIVKOVIC: ... (POO)

That also brings us to one of the key arguments in this
case brought by the Government in Sarajevo against the Federal
Republic of ~ugoslavia, ive., the contention that we are here
dealing with a situation of an aggression of one State against
the other. There are no grounds for this assertion, (p.6) our impression that the Appliçants are persisting in their
inability to see a distinction between the actions of the
Federal Government and the standpoint of the Federal
Goverment of Yugoslavia itself, and the actions and the
standpoints of the Serbs in Bosnia-Herzegovina. ... (p.52)

Nevertheless, despite these pious and rnendacious protestations of
innocence that were solemnly uttered to this Court by the
Respondentfs ~cting Agents on the afternoon of Friday, 2 April
1993, five weeks later the rump Yugoslav governrnent officially and
publicly announced that it was cutting off rnilitaryand logistical
support for the Bosnian Serb forces. Sec "Conflict in the Balkans;
2 Major Plosques BLown up by Serbs," The New York Times, 8 May 1993.

In this regard, what follows are the actual texts of two
official communiqués--one by the so-called Republic of Serbia, the
other by the rump Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegrol--psoclaiming
this cut-off. At my specific request, these two communiqués were
provided tçzme as is in English and in conjunction with each other
on one page via facsimile transmission frorn the Respondentls so-
called "Missiont' in New York .City. For this reason, 1 believe them
to be valid and authentic. As proof thereof, 1 have attached the
original of this one page document sent to ne by the Respondentts
HMissionw in New York to the end of this Request and hereby
incorporate it in full by reference and as an integral part of this
Request. & Attachment,

The so-called "Serb RepublicM to which these documents refer
is the self-styled "Republic of Srpskaw that was illegally
proclaimed by ElosnianSerbs acting at the behesé of the Respondent.
This so-called "Republictm has not been recognized by any state in
the wçirld community. Indeed, its self-styled "Pre~ident,'~ Radovan
Karadzic, has been publicly identified as a war criminal by the
United States governrnent.

COMMUNIQUE XSSUED AFTER THE SESSION OF THE GOVERNMENT
OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF J~ERBIA DIÇCUSÇED THE
REPORT, PREPARED BY PRIME MINISTER N. SAINOVIC, ON THE RESULTS OF
THE NEGOTIATIONS PROCESS FOR PEACE IN FORMER BOSNIA AND
HERZEGOVINA, AND OF THE SESSION OF THE SERB REPUBLIC PARLIAMENT,
THE GOVERNPlENT REACHED THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS:
FIRMLY BELIEVING THAT A JUST BATTLE FOR FREEDOM AND THE
EQUALITY OF THE SERBIAN PEOPLE IS BEING CONDUCTED IN THE SERB
REPUBLIC, THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA HAS BEEN IJNRESERVEDLY AND
GENEROUSLY HELPING THE SERB REPUBLIC, IN SPITE OF THE ENORMOUS
PROBLEMS IT HAD TO FACE DUE TO THE SANCTIONS INTRODUCED AGAINST IT
BY THE UEJSECWRITY COUNCIL,
AT THE SAME TIME, THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA GREATLY
CONTRIBUTED TO THE PEACE WITHIN THE UN EFFORTS, WITH THE INTENTION
OF SECURING INTERNATIONAL GUWTEES FOR A JUST AND HONORaBLEPEACE, ENSURING THE SECURITY, THE TEMITORIES AND THE CONSTITUENT
STATUS OF THE SERBIAN PEOPLE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVPNA.
THE GOVERNMFNT BELLEVES THAT SUCH CONDITIONS HAVE BEEN
MET AFTER THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE VANCE-OWEN PLAN AT THE ATHENS
MEETING.
TAKING PART IN THE SESSION OF THE SERB REPUBLIC
PARLIAMENT S. MILOSEVIC, PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIL OF SERBIA, N.
SAINOVIC, PRIME MINISTER OF SERBIA AND 2. LILIC, PRESIDENT OF THE

SERBIAN PARLIAMENT,PRESENTED NUMEROUS ELEMENTS AND FACTS, IN ORDER
TO HELP THE DEPUTIEÇ OF THE SERB REPUBLIC PARLIAMENT APPROVE THE
VANCE-OWEN PLAN, NOT AS A FINAL SOLUTION, BUT CERTAINLY AS A GOOD
BASIS FOR PREVENTING, WITHIN THE PEACE PROCESS, THE L05S OF LIVES,
AS WELL AS TO ENSURE A LASTING PEACE MD THE JUST OBJECTIVES OF THE
SERBIAN PEOPLE.
THE GOVERNMENT REACHED THE CONCLUSION THAT THE DECISION
OP THE SERB REPUBLIC PARLIAMENT, I.E. TO TWSFER THE FINAL
DECXSXOM REGARDING THE VANCE-OWEN PLAN TO THE PEOPLE, REPRESENTS AN
IRRESPONSIBLE ACT, SINCE THE PEOPLE DID NOT TAKE PART IN THE
NEGOTIATIONS TKAT LASTED SFWERAL MONTHS, AND THEY SHOULD NOT BE
USED AS A SCREEN BY THE LEADERS FACED WITH CRITICAL DECXÇIONS,
SINCE THE LEADERS ARE OBLIGED TO MAKE DECISIONS AND TO CONÇEQUENTLY
ANSWER TO THE PEOPLE FOR THEIR ACTIONS.
SINCE THE CONDfTIONS FOR SPACE HAVE BEBN MET. THE
GQVERNMENT ALSO AGREED, THAT.ANY FURTHEZ ECONOMIC DEPLETION OF THE
REPUBLIC OF SERBIA fS VOW UNJUÇTIFIED AND UNSUPPORTABLE, AND THAT
FUTURE AID TO THE SERB REPUBLIC SHOULD BE LIMITED TO FOOD AND
~DICINES IN SUCH 'OUANTITIE SS THE COMPETENT MINISTRIES WILL
DETERMZNE. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA ALSO BELIEVES

THAT. AS TUE CONDITIONS FOR ESTABLISHING PEACE HAVE BEEN REACHED,
WY F~THER AID IN FUN&, FUEL, RAW MATERIALS ETC.. PROVTDED UNTIL
NOW WITH GREAT SACRIFICES BY THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA ITSELF, IS NOT
JUSTIFIED ANY MORE.
THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA WILL ALWRYS UNRESERVEDLY OPFER
SHELTER TU THE WOUNDED, REFUGEES, AND ALL THREATENED PERSO~ FROM
FORMER BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, BUT IT CAN NOT TOLERATE THAT CERTAIN
OEFICIALS FROM THAT AREA LIVE COMFORTABLY AND IMMODESTLY IN
BEXRADE, WHILE THEY OFFER ONLY A HARSH POLICY OF SACRIFICES AND
POVERTY TO.THE PEOPLE OF THE SERB REPUBLIC.
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA UNDERSCORES ITS
DEEP APPRECIATION FOR THE EFFORTS, INTENDED TO HELP THE PEACE
PROCESS IN LOCO WfTH POLITICAL MEANS AND PERSONAL ENGAGEMENT, MADE
BY THE GREEK GOVERNMENT, AND ESPECIALLY BY PRIME MINISTER
MITZOTACKIS.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT- COMMUNIQUE

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA
REVIENED TODAY THE CONSEQUENCES RESULTXNG FROM THE DECISION OF THE
ASSEMBLY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSXa AT PALE NOT TU ACCEPT THE VANCE-
OWEN PLAN BUT TO LEAVE THE FINAL DECISION TO THE SERB PEOPLE IN
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINATO BE TAKEN AT A REFERENDUM,
IN THIS CONNECTION, THE GOVERNMENT EXPRESÇED ITS
INDIGNATION AND PROFOUND CONCERN ON ACCOUNT OF SUCH A DECISION AND
THE POSSIBLE COURSE SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTÇ COULD TAKE AS WELL ASprovisions of this Court's Order of 8 April 1993 found in Paragraph
52 thereof as guoted above. But the first communiqué's use of the
abbreviati~n lfETC.,ql raises the far more seriaus and ominous
implication that the Respondent has been providing military
wéapons, equipment, supplies, and troops to Serbian forces in
Bosnia who, in turn, have used these instruments of war ts inflict
acts of genocide upon the People and State of Bosnia and
Herzegovina. This is made quite cleas by all af the facts
introduced into evidence so far in this case. Furthemore, this
conclusion can be confirmed by a Statement given by Mr. SLcbodan
Mklosevic, President of the Republic of Serbia and de facto ruler
and dictator of the rump Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), that
was issued in conjunction with the,promulgation of the two abeve-
quoted communiqués. Hence, al1 three of these official Statements
must be read and interpreted together and in conjunction with each
other .

Thus, on 11 May 1993, the President of the so-called Republic
of Serbia, Slobodan Milosevic, received theDirector-General of the
semi-officialTanjug News Service, Slobodan Jovanovic, in Belgrade,
and on that occasion made the following Statement for public
release. Apparently, the original Statement was relkased by the
Yugoslav Telegraph Service in the Serbo-Croatian language at 15:53
hours gmt on 11 May 1993. What follows is the text of the
Statement provided by the British Broadcasting Corporation, Sumary
of World Broadcasts, 13 May 1993, Thursday. 1 have obtained this
BBC Report from the Lexis-Nexis Legal Research Service of Mead Data
Central, Inc. The Lexis-Nexis Legal Research Service is routinely
relied upon by lawyers and judges in the United States of America
during the course of legal proceedings as an off,icial and
authorltative source for both texts and citations. Therefore, 1
believe the following text to be valid and authentic as well as an
accurate translation of Mr. Milosevicls Statement:

Copyright (c) 1993 The British Broadcasting Corporation;
Summary of World Broadcasts

May 13, 1993, Thursday

SECTION: Part 2 Eastern Europe; C.1 SPECIAL SUPPLEMEMT;

PAGE: EE/1687/Cl

LENGTH: 812 words

HEADLINE: FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSUVIA;
MILOSEVLC ARGUES FOR ACCEPTANCE OF BOSNIAN PEACE PLAN: IISERBIA
NEEDÇ PERCE1'

SOURCE: Yugaslav Telegraph Service in Serbo-Croat 1553 gmt 11 May
93

BODY : Text of report of statement by Serbian ~resident Slobodan
Milosevic to ~anjug news agency datelined Belgrade, 11th May
Slobodan Milosevic,
today receiveddenTanjugheDirector-General Slobodan Jovanovic, and on
that occasion he made the following statement:

In the past two vearç, the ~epublic of Serbia - by assistinq
Serbs outside Serbia - has forced its economy to make massive
efforts and its citizens to make substantial sacrifices. These
efforts and these sacrifices are now reaching the limits of
endurance, Most of the assistance was sent to peorile and fishters
,inBosnia-Herceaovina,but a substantialamount of aid was given to
the 500,000 refugees in Serbia. At the same tirne, because of its
solidaritywith and assistance to the Serbs in Bosnia-Hercegovina,
Serbia is subjeeted to brutal international sanctions. Today there
can be no cornparison between us and any other country in the world,
or very few coùntries, in terms of the economic and general
difficulties we face. Clearlv, we were aware we would face theçe'
difficulties when decidins to pravide assistance to Serbs who were
at war.

Now conditions for peace in Bosnia have been created.
Following a year of war and long-terrn peace negotiations, the Serbs
have gained their freedom and have regained.the equality taken from
them when the war started. Most of the territory in the former
Bosnia-Herceaovina belonss now to Serb provinces. This is a
sufficient reason to halt the war, and to remove further
misunderstandings through negotiations and by peaceful means.

The signing of the peace plan is an act of goodwill, which
ends the war and opens up peaceful negotiations between the three
warring sides in Bosnia and the neighbouring republics of former
Yugoslavia and the internationalcommunity, This is not an end to
negotiations about relations between Serbs, Muslims and Croats, but
it is an end to the war. Hence ne in Yugoslavia and Serbia have
appealed to the Serbs in Bosnia to support an end to the war and to
embark on the road to peace by signing the plan. Serbs in Bosnia, -,
as well as Serbs and al1 other citizens of Serbia, now really do
need peace.

~ Serbia finds it difficult to sustain the burden of the qreat .
assistance which soes to Boçnia, and of the sanctions which have
been 'imposedon Serbia because of its so1i"aarity with the Serbs
outside Serbia, and there is no reason for it to sustain the burden
i if the war In Bosnia stops. We have of course not excluded further
humanitasian aid to the population of Bosnia-Hercegovina, but the
people there will in peace-time becorne capable of rebuilding their
economy and taking care of their own lives.
l
Serbia urgently needs peace in Bosnia. When the current great
sacrifices are over and the sanctions are lifted, Serbia will soon
recover - tensions will ease, the standard of living will increase,
the burden of uncertainty and fear £rom war and poverty will be
removed from the çitizenç. The interests of 10 million citizens ofSerbia must now have priority. These interests cannot be made use
of for the sake of some other interests, especially if these
interests of Serbiar.s citizens are of vital importance and are in
extreme jeopardy.

Serbia has lent a sreat, sreat deal of assistance to the Serbs
in Bosnia. Owins tu that assistance thev have achieved most of
what thev wanted. Wow Serbia has to start taking care of itself -
concentrating primarily on the revival and the development of its
industry and economy, increasing the living standard of its
citizens and protecting them frorn violence and crime which are also
a consequence of the war and of the great and uncontrolled flow of
people between the two republics. I therefore believe that support
for the peace plan is real support for peace which is of the
greatest vital importance for Serbia, for its citizens, for every
citizen of Serbia. Only someone who iç not moved by the interests
O£ Serbia and its people, but by some other personal or group
interests cannot see and not accept this. No one who considers the
interests of Serbia and its citizens as subordinate to his own
interests can count on our understanding and our support.

The decision on the peace plan concerns the interests of
Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro, Krajina [in Croatia] and the
Serbian Republic [in Bosnia-Hercegovina], al1 citizens and the
whole of the ~erbian nation - not only the Assembly and the
citizens of the Serbian Republic.

1 therefore believe that the decision on this cannot be made
enly by the citizens of the Serbian Republic, but by al1 the
people's representatives elected to the parliaments of Yugoslavia,
Serbia, Montenegro, Krajina and the Serbian Republic - equally and
with full respect for the interests of their citizens and the
Serbian nation for peace, freedom, equality, and against war and
violence.
[Emphasis added.]

Notice that Mr. Milasevic, acting in his official capacity as
President of ~erbia, the predominant part of the rump Yugoslavia
(Serbia and Montenegro), which is the Respondent in this case,
admitted that the Republic of Serbia has been l'assisting Serbs
outside of Serbia'l for "the past two years.lm He Eurthermore
admitted that ''Most: of the assistance was sent to veorile and
fighters in Bosnia-Her~eqovina.~' (Emphasis added.) Hence, he
admitted that the Republic of Serbia was supporting *'Eightersin
Bosnia-Bercegovinanwith substantial amounts of nassistance.u He
also admitted that such assistance was provided in express
violation of the will of the United Nations Security Councik,

Even more astonishingly,Mr. Milosevic took prkde in the fact
that such assistance by the Republic of Serbia to the Bosnian Serbs
is responsible for the fact that 'IMost of the territory in the
former Bosnia-Hercegovina belongs now to Serb provinces," Hence,
he concludes, that owing to the assistance provided by.the Republicof Serbia, the Bosnian Serbs "have achieved most of what they
wanted .

The above three documents speak for thernselveç. They need no
elaborate interpretation by me. The rump ~ugoslavia has admltted
that it supplied weapons, equipment, supplies etc. to Serbian
military, paramilitary, militia and,irregulararmed units operating
in the sovereign state of Bosnia and Herzegovina until at least 11
May 1993. This support clearly violated the terrns of the 1948
Genocide Convention and this Courtr sOrder of 8 April 1993 that was
based up.on the Genocide Convention.

Furthermore, as indicated above in section 3, all informed
observers, foreign governments,and reputable news media sources--
including eye-witness accounts--agree that despite the three above-
quoted Statements, the rump Yugoslavia has continued to provide
weapons, equipment and supplies to Serblan military, militia,
paramilitary forces and irregular armed units operating in Bosnia
and ~erzegovina.frorn 11 May 1993 until today in violationof the
Genocide Convention and this Court's Order of 8 April 1993. That
is precisely why the rump Yugoslavia rejected its prior offer to
permit the stationing of U.N. Monitors along its border with osn nia
and Herzegovina in order to verify the so-called cut-off. The
Court uill recall that the Acting Agent for the rump Yugoslavia,
W. Zivkovkc, touted this offer before the Court during the course
of the Oral Proceedings on 2 April 1993 as some indicatian of the
Respondent's supposed peaeeful intentions towards Bosnia and
Herzegovina. Sec CR 93/13, at pp. 7-8. Everything the Acting
Agents for the rump Yugoslavia told the Court on 2 April 1993 was
a bald-faced lie. Respondent's three Statements quoted above
testify to the true facts in this case. These three Statements
also indicate why the Court must grant aur Request for the
additional provisional measures of protection that are set forth
below .

D. The ConseauencesBOuqht to be Avoided bv Provisional MeasUres.

The overriding objective a£ this Request is to prevent the
further loss of human life and further acts of genocide agalnst the
People of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as to prevent the
partition, dismemberment, annexation, incorporation and final
destruction of the ~epublic of Bosnia and Herzegovina itself, a
sovereign state and Member of the United Nations Organization. The
continuance and deterioration of the situation that is the subject
of the present Request will continue to expose hundreds O£
thousands of innocent hunan beings to the certainty of death,
starvation,malnutrition, severe bodily injury, torture, physical
and mental harm, as well as the mass rape of women and the
systematic abuse of children. The provisional measures to be
indicated are thus compelled by the most fundamental humanitarian
concerns ,

The legal rights to be protected by the requested indication
of provisional measures are: (a) The right of the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina
.physicallyto survive as a People and as a State;

(b) The rights of the People of Bosnia and Herzegovina to
life, liberty,security., and bodily andmental integrity,
as well as the other basic human rights specified in the
1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights;

(c)' The right of the People and State of Bosnia and
Herzegovina to be free at al1 times from genocide.and
other genocidal actsperpetratedupon Them by Yugoslavia
(Serbia and Montenegro),acting together with its agents
and surrogates in Bosnia..and elsewhere;

(d) The right of the -People and State of Bosnia and
Herzegovina to be-free..atal1 times from the use or
threat of force.directedagainst Them by a foreign state
acting in conjunction with its agents and surrogates on
Their sovereign territory andelsewhere;

(e) The right of Bosnia and Herzegovina to conduct its
affairs and to determine matters within its domestic
jurisdictionwithout interference orinterventionby any
foreign state acting directly or by means of agents and
surrogates, or both;

(f) The right of self-determination of the People of Bosnia
and Herzegovina.

(g) The basic right of sovereignexistence for the People and
State of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

(h) The right of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina to
continue to exist as a Member State of the United Nations
Organization itself.

The Respondentfs gross, systematic, and consistent violation of
these basic internationallegal rights pertainingto the People and
State of Bosnia and Herzegovinacan never be adequately compensated
for by the payment of monetary reparations should the Court
ultimately decide in favor of Bosnia and Herzegovinals clairnsas
set .forthin Our Application of 20 March 1993. .

Pending the Courtfs decision on the merits, it is imperative
that the Respondentfscriminal and genocidal behaviorbe terminated
forthwith by additional provisional measures. Otherwise,
Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) and its agents and surrogates
will inflict inmediate and irreparable harm upon the People and
State of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Only by granting the provisional
measures set forth below can the rights of the People and State of
Bosnia and Herzegovina be protected and preserved. Failure to
grant these additional provisional measures will prevent the
vindication of the rights asserted by Bosnia and Herzegovina inthis case if the Court should ultimately decide in favor of Bosnia
and Herzegovina on the merits of its claims.

Indeed, if the Court does not grant the additional provisional
measures indicated below, then Bosnia and Herzegovina will not be
able to argue its case on the merits to the Court. 1 hereby
certify this fact to be true in my capacities as General Agent for
the Repub1.i~ of Bosnia and lieriegovina before the Court with
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Powers, as a Professor of
International Law, as a Member of the Bar of the Supreme Court of
the United States of America, as 'a Member of the Bar of the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and as an Officer of the Court in
these and other ,Federal.Courts in the United States of America.
This Court must not allow the Respondent to win this case by means
of exterminating the People and State of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The Court must act to protect. us immediately, fully, and
'effectivelyfromgenocide, extermination, partition, dismemberment,
annexation, incorporationand destruction of Our existence as a
sovereign People and State and .Member of the United .Nations
Organization by the Respondent.

Otherwise, what good is the rule of international law, the
United Nations Charter, and this Court itself? 1s the law-of the
jungle to.prevail? Can the strong do what they will,'and the weak
su'fferwhat they must?

This Court must not stand by and watch the People and State of
Bosnia andHerzegovina--a Memberof the United Nations Organization
and a Party to a case that is currently pendingbefore -theCourt--
to be destroyed before your very eyes, to perish from the face of
the earth forever. The foregoing recitals sufficientlyindicate
the urgent need for the provisionalmeasures requested belowto be
granted forthwith by the Court. The very lives, well-beïng,
health, safety, physical, mental and bodi.1~integrity, homes;
property and persona1 possessions of hundreds of thousands of
completely innocent People in osn nanad Herzegovina are right now
at stake, hanging in the balance, awaiting thenext order of this
Court,.

Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) and its agents and
surrogateshave give'nno indicationthat they are willing to desist
fromtheir criminal and genocidal actions. Indeed, the Respondent.
is aJready in manifest and gross violation of this Courtfs Order of
8 April '1993. And now the Respondent is planning, preparing,
proposing, conspiring, and negotiating with o.ther states to
partition,dismember,annex and incorporatethe sovereignterritory
of Bosnia .and Herzegovina itself,and then driving al1 non-Serb ,
Bosnians and even pro-Bosnian Serbs out of their own homes and
traditional lands by means of genocideand acts of genocide. There
are no limits to the rapacity, cruelty,ambitions,and bloodlust of
the Respondent. Onlythe provisionalmeasures requested below can
restrain the rump Yugoslavia from totally annihilating both the
People and State of Bosnia and Herzegovina.E. Provisional MeasuresRequested.

Given that.theCourt's jurisdictionin this case is already
prima facie established under the ,GenocideConvention, and given
that the Court has already indicated provisionalmeasures on Our
behalf in.its 8 April 1993 Order, Bosnia andHerzegovina submits
that there are no impedimentsto indicatingadditionalprovisional
measures in light of the aforementioneddevelopmentssince 8 April
1993. Accordingly, Bosnia and Herzegovina respectfully requests
that the Court indicate the ,following additional provisional
measures to be in effect while the Court is seized of this case:

1. That Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)must immediatelycease
and desist from providing,directlyor indirectly, anytype of
support--including training, weapons, arms, ammunition,
supplies, assistance, finances,direction orany other form of
support--to any nation, group, organization, movement,
military, militia or paramilitaryforce,irregulararmed unit,
or individual in Bosnia and Herzegovina for any reason or
purpose whatsoever.

2. That ~ugoslavia (Serbiaand Montenegro)and al1 of its public
officiais--includin agnd especiallythe President of ~erbia,
Mr. SlobodanMilosevic--mustimmediatelycease and desist from
any and al1 efforts, plans, plots, schemes, proposals or
negotiationsto partition,dismember, annexor incorporatethe
sovereign territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

3. That the annexation .or incorporation of any sovereign
territory of the Republic of .Bosnia and Herzegovina by
Yugoslavia (Serbiaand Montenegro) by any means or for any
reason shall be deemed illegal, null, and void ab initio.

4. That the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina must have the
means "to preventa1 the commissionof acts of genocide against
.its own People as required by Article 1 of the Genocide
Convention.

5. That .al1 ~ontracting Parties to the Genocide convention are
obliged by Article 1 thereof "to preventM the commission of
acts of genocide against the People and State of Bosnia and
.Herzegovina.

6. That the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina must have the
means to defend the People and State of Bosnia and Herzegovina
from acts of genocide and partitionand dismembermentby means
of genocide. . .

7. That al1 Contracting Parties to the Genocide Conventionhave
the obligation thereunder "to preventu acts of genocide, and
partition and dismembermentby means of genocide, against the
People and State of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 8. That in order to fulfill itç obligations under the Genocide
Convention under the current circurnstance, the Government of
Bosnia and Herzegovina must have the ability to obtain

military weapons, equipment, and supplies from other
Contracting Parties.

9. That in order to fulfill their obligations under the Genocide
Convention under the current circumstances, al1 Contracting
Parties thereto must have the ability to provide military
weapons, equipment, supplies and armed forces (soldiers,
sailors, airpeople) to the Gcivernrnent of Bosnia and
Herzegovina at its request . 9,

10. Thar United Nations Peacekegcj Farces in Basnia and
Herzegovina (= e. UNPROFOR) m st do al1 in their power to
ensure the flou of humanitarian relief supplies to the Bosnian
People through the Bosnian city of Tuzla.

P. The Court Should Also Indicate Provisional Measures Proprio
Mo~u.

In addition to indicating the aforementioned provisional
meaçures, the procedure laid down in Article 75 of the Rules of
Court would also seem to be particularly appropriate for the Court
to apply at this time:

"1. The Court rnay at any time decide to examine proririo
motu whether the circumstances of 'the case require the
indication of provisional meaçures which ought to be taken or

complied with by any or al1 of the parties."

We hereby urgently ask the Court to fashion whatever type of relief
the Judges deem to be necessary and sufficient to protect both the
People and the State of Boçnia and Herzegovina from extermination
and annihilation by means of genocide and other genocidal acts such
as partition, dismemberment, annexation and incorporation by the
Respondent.

In these circumstances. the Court will no doubt see fit to
cal1 upon the Respondent {lj to ensure the prevention of any act
which might prejudice our rights, including Dur right to the
implementation of such judgment as the Court may deliver on the
merits; (2) to,ensure that a stop is put to any act of whatsoever.
description which might aggravate or extend the dispute submitted
to the Court and to specify such acts by name; (3) to obey the
Order of this Court dated 8 April 1993; and (4) to grant çuch other
and further relief as the Court may deem to be juçt, proper,
necessary and sufficient. In this regard, the Court might wish to
reexamine and to reconsider the six measures of provisional
protection set foréh in our previous Request to that effect, which
was dated 20 March 1993. Finally, concerning Article 75 of the Rules of Court, we must
most respectfully request that the Members of this Court
continuously keep the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina under
daily review for as long as this case is pending on the General
List: "The Court mav at anv time decide to examine pro~rio motu
whether the circumstances of the case require the indication of
provisional measures..." (Emphasis added.) Should the Court
decide "at any time" in the indefinite future that "the
circumstances~in Bosnia and Herzegovina warrantthe indication of
even more provisionalmeasures, then we hereby request in advance
that the Court exercise its powers under Statute Article 41 and
Rules Article 75(1) to indicate proprio motu whatever additional
provisionalmeasures the Court deem,sto be just, proper, necessary
and sufficient without waiting for us to file another written
request .
..
1must make this extraordinaryrequest at this time because of
the extreme difficulties 1 have experienced in trying to
communicatewith my Government in Sarajevo. Needless' to say, these
wdifficulties8ghave been purposefully created 'bythe illegal and
criminal acts perpetrated upon us by the rump Yugoslavia in gross
violation of the United Nations Charter, the Genocide Convention,
' and this Courtfs Order of 8 April 1993. The Court must'not permit
the Respondent to benefit in any .way from its own 'illegal
activities that directly violate the very rules of international
law that are at issue in this lawsuit.

Therefore, we most respectfully suggestthat this problem can
be solved by the, Court keeping the situation in Bosnia and
Herzegovina under active and constant review for the purpose of
indicating provisional measuresprobrio motu for as long as this
case shall appear on the General List. And in regard to this
latter point, 1 must today most respectfully request in advance
that the Court thoroughly and carefully examine and inquire into
any request or attempt to remove this case from the GeneraL List

for any reason. The rump Yugoslavia has continuously perpetrated
the most extreme measures of compulsion, coercion, and -duress
against the People, State and.Governmentof Bosnia and Herzegovina
from the very moment of Our Declaration of Independenceon 6March
1992 until today. The Respondent seeks to destroy al1 traces of
Our independent existence--includingthis lawsuit.

G. Conclusion.

In view of the seriousness of the present situation in Bosnia
and Herzegovina, the Applicant urges that this Request.be treated
as a matter of the most extreme urgency. Accordingly, Bosniaand
Herzegovina most respectfully requests that the Court convene
immediatelyupon receipt of this Request, and that immediatelyupon
the convening of a quorum of the Court, that the Court, pursuant to
Articles 74(1) and 74(3) of the Rules of the Court, set a hearing
on this Request no .later than twenty-four (24.)hours after the
filing of this Request as of todayfs date. and 'tirne. This
extraordinary procedure should be followed (1) because of the 55

urgent and compelling reasons set forth above in this Request; and
(2) because the Respondent is already in manifest and gross
one of the Respondentfs Acting Agents is its self-styled "Chargédfe
Affaires a.i.," who is already present in The Hague. Time is of
the essence for the People and State of Bosnia and ~erzegovina!

In the meantime, Bosnia and Herzegovina respectfullyrequests
that pursuant to the tenus of Article 74, paragraph 4 of the Rules
of Court, that the President of the Court immediately and
personallycontact the President and ForeignMinister of Yugoslavia
(Serbiaand Montenegro) and the President of the Republic of Serbia
and inform them that they and their governments must immediately
cease and desist from planning, preparing,proposing, conspiring,
and negotiating to partition, dismember, annex or incorporate any
portion of the sovereign territory of the Republic of Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
I Make no mistake about it: This will be the last opportunity
that this Court shall have to Save both the People and 8tate of
Bosnia and Herzegovina from exterminationand annihilation by means
of genocide by the Respondent. God will record your response to
our Request for the rest of eternity.

Respectfully submitted by,
l

/C
A--. /:m, /, -
Francis A. Boyle
General Agent for the Republic of '
Bosnia and Herzegovina Beforethe
InternationalCourt of Justice.

Attachment

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