INTERNATIONCOURTOF JUSTICE
PLEADINGORAL ARGUMENTS,DOCUMENTS
CASE CONCERNING DELIMITATION
OF THE MARITIMEBOUNDARY
IN THE GULF OF MAINE AREA
(CANADA/UNITED STATESOF AMERICA)
VOLUMEIl
MernorlftheUnitStaof America
COURINTERNATIONADE JUSTICE
MÉMOIRES, PLAIDOIRIESET DOCUMENTS
AFFAIRE DE LA DÉLIMITATION
DE LA FRONTIEREMARITIME
DANS LA RÉGION DU GOLFE DU MAINE
VOLUMEII
Mémoirees Etats-Unisd'Amérique The case conceming Delimitationof the Maritime Boundary in the Gulfof
MaineArea,entered on the Court's General Liston 25 November 1981under
number 67, was the subject of a Judgment delivered on 12October 1984by
the Chamber constituted hy the Order made by the Court on 20 January 1982
(Delimitationof the Maritime Boundaryin the Gulfof Maine Area, Judgmenr.
1.C.LReports 1984.p. 246).
The pleadings and oral arguments in the case are being published in the
followingorder:
Volume1. Special Agreement: Memorial of Canada.
VolumeII. Mernorial of the Unilcd States or Ameriw.
VolumeIII. Counter-Memorial of Canada.
volume IV. Counter-Mernorial of the United Swtes of America.
VolumeV. Replies ofCanada and the United States of America.
VolumeVI. commencement of Oral Arguments
volume VII. Conclusion of Oral ~r~uÏnents: Documents submittcd to the
Court after closurc of the written proceedings; Correspondenu.
VolumeVIII. Maps, charts and illustrations.
Canada filed its pleadingsboth in Englishand in French. AlthoughCanada
has two official languages, only the English text oftbose documents is repro-
duced on the ensuing pages of these volumes, as Canada has informed the
Registrythat the English textshould be seen as authoritative for the purposes
of interpretation.
Certain pleadings and documents of this edition are reproduced photo-
graphicallyfrom the original printed text.
In addition to the normal continuous pagination, the Volumesfeature on the
inner margin of pagesa bracketed indication of the original pagination of the
~ ~o~ ~ ~. the Counter-Memorials. the Reuliesand certain Annexes.
In intemal references,bold Roman numeials(in the textor inthe margin)are
used to refer to Volumesof this edition: if thcy are immediatelyfollowed by a
nagerefcrcnce. this relatesto the newpagination ofthc Volumcinquestion.On
iheother hand, the page numbers whicrare preceded by a referenceto one of
the pleadings relate to the original pagination of that document and accord-
refer6 the bracketed pagination of the document in question.
The main mapsand charts are reproduced in a separate Volume(Vol.VIII),
with a renumbering, indicated by ringed numerals, that is also added in the
marein in Volumes 1-VI1wherever conesponding references appear: the
abs&ce of such marginal teFerencemeans that themap or illustrat/on is not
reproduced in the present edition.
Neither thel..oerap.v -or the prcientütion may bc uled for the r>urposeof
interpreting the texts reproduced.
L'affairede la Délimitationde/afmière maritimedam la régiondugolfedu
Maine, inscrite au rôle généralde la Cour sous le numéro 67 le 25 novembre
1981,a fait l'objet d'un arrêtrendu le 12octobre 1984par la Chambre consti-
tuéepar ordonnance de la Courdu 20janvier 1982(Délimitationdelafrontière
maritimedans la régiondugolfedu Maine,arrér.C.1J.Recueil1984.p. 246).Vttt GULF OF MAINE -GOLFE DU MAINE
Lespiècesde procédure écriteetles plaidoiries relatives àcette affaire sont
publiéesdans l'ordresuivant:
Volume1. Comoromis: mémoiredu Canada.
VolumeII. hlémoiredes Etats-Unis d'Amérique.
VolumeIII. Contre-mémoiredu Canada.
VolumcIV. Contre-mémoiredesEtats-Unis d'Amérique.
VolumeV. Répliquesdu Canada et des Etats-Unis d'Amtrique.
VolumeVI. Débutdc la procédureorale.
VolumeVI1 Suiteet fin de la procédureorale: documents oresentési la Cour
après la finde laprocédurekcrite; correspondance.
VolumeVIII. Cartes et illustrations.
LeCanada a déposéses pitces de procédure écrite cn anglais et en francais.
Bienque le<:anada ait deux languesofficielles.seul lelexieanglaisde sesécri-
tures est reproduit dans les \~olumesci.dessus. lc Canada ayant Taitsavoir au
Grcffe que, en cas d'interprétation,c'étaitle texte anglais qui devait faire foi.
Certaines oiecesde la oresenteédition sontohotoeW .hiees daores leur texte
impriméoriginal.
Outre leur pagination continue habituelle, les volumes comportent, entre
crochetssur le bord intérieurdes pages, l'indicationde la pagination originale
des mémoires,des contre-mémoires,des répliqueset de certaines de leurs an-
nexes.
S'aeissant des renvois. les chiffresromains eras (dans le texte ou dans la
marge) indiquent le volume de la présenteédiGon;;'ils sont immédiatement
suivispar une référence de page, cette référence renvoieà la nouvelle pagina-
tion du volumeconcerné. ~n revanche. lesnumérosde oaee aui sont &cédés
dc l'indicationd'une piècede procédurevisentla pagination originalede ladite
pitce et ren\,oient doncA la pagination entre crochetsdc la pi.?cementionnée.
Les orincioales cartes sont reoroduites dans un volumeséoaré.III).u clles
ont reçu un 'numérotagenouveau indiquépar un chiffre &rclé.Dans les vo-
lumes 1àVII,les renvoisaux carteset illustrations du volumeVI11sont portés
en mareeselon cenouveau numérotaee.et l'absencede tout renvoi à la orésente
éditionsignifiequ'une carte ou illus6alion n'estpas reproduite.
Nila typographieni la présentationne sauraientctre utiliséesaux finsde I'in-
terprétationdes textes reproduits. CONTENTS . TABLE DES MATIGRES
Pase
Mernorialof the United State of Ameriea . MémoiredesEtn&Unis
d'Amérique
INTRODUCTION ........................ 3
....................
SUMMAR OYARGUMENT S
PART 1.THEFA~S ...................... 8
Introduction ........................ 8
Chapter I.The geographicalsetting .............. 9
. ...................
Section I Geography 9
A .Macrogeography .................. 9
B .TheGulf of Maine area ................ 11
Section2. Thegeomorphologyofthe Gulf of Mainearea ..... 12
A Northeast Channel .................. 12
B .GeorgesBank .................... 13
C ScotianShelf .................... 14
D. Gulf of Maine Basin ................. 14
Section . Thegeologyofthe Gulfof Mainearea ........ 14
Chapter Il.Themarine environment .............. 16
Section I Thewaters ................... 16
A Circulation patterns ................. 16
B . Other characteristic................. 17
1.ScotianShelf ................... 17
2 .Gulfof Maine Basin ................ 17
3 .GeorgesBank .................. 18
C . Fronts ....................... 18
Section2 ïhe food chain ................. 18
A . Phytoplankton ................... 18
B. Zooplankton .................... 19
C . Benthos ...................... 19
..... 19
Section4. Summary she...................importance 21
Chapter III Adivities of the Parties and their nationals inthe Gulf of
MaineArea ....................... 23
Section . Fishing .................... 23
A . Earlydevelopment .................. 23
B . Developmentof fisherieson Georges Bank........ 25
C . Deyelopmentoffisheriesduringthe 20thcentury ..... 27
D . Foreign fishing on Georges Bank and the reaaion of the
United States .................... 29X GULF OFMAINE-GOLFE DU MAINE
Page
Section2 .Continental shelf ................ 33
A. United States ....................
B. Canada ......................
Section 3.Other relevantactivitie..............
A. Aidstonavigation ..................
2. Electronicaidsto navigationar............veying ...
3. Otheraidsto navigation ..............
B. Scientificresearch..................
C. Searchand rescue ..................
D. Defense ......................
Chapter IV .Historyof thedispute ...............
PART II.THELAW ......................
Introduction ........................
Chapter 1. Delimitationof fisheryjurisdictio..........
Section I. Earlydevelopmenu ...............
Section2 . Delimitationbetweenneighboring States ......
The Grisbadamacase ..................
Section 3.Theprinciple ofconservation ...........
A. Emergence ofthe principle of conservatio........
B. The failure of conservation by agreement and the develop-
ment of200-nautical-mileiishing zones .........
C. Delimitationof200-nautical-milef ..s..ingzones
Chapter II. Delimitationofthe continental shel.........
Section I. Earlydevelopments ...............
Section 2. Internationaladjudications ............
A. The NorthSeoContirientalShelfcases ..........
B. TheAnglo-FrenchArbitration ..............
C. The Tunisia/LibyaConrinenfolShelfcase .........
Chapter III. Rinciples of international lawapplicableto delimitation
ofasinglemaritimeboundary beyond theterritorialsea .....
Section I.The single maritime boundary must be delimited in
accordance with equitable principles,king account of the rele-
vant circumstancesinthearea.to produce an equitablesolution.
Section 2. Equitableprinciples ...............
A. The boundary must respect the relationship between the
coasts of the Parties and the maritime areas in front of those
coasts .......................
I. Nonencroachment ................
2. Proportionality..................
3. Natural prolongation ...............
B. The boundary should facilitate resource conservation and
management ....................
C. nie boundary should minimizethe potential for international
disputes ...................... XI
Pare
D. The boundary mus1 take acwunt of the relevant circum-
stancesinthearea . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section3. Methodsof delimiiation .'. . . . . . . . . . . .
A. Aline perpendicular to the generaldirectionofthe wast . .
B. An equidistant line. . . , , . . . . . , , . . . . . .
PART III. APPLICATIO ONTHE LAW TOTHE FACTS . . . . . . . .. .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 1. The relevantcircumstancesto be taken into accaunt inthis
case ..........................
Section 1. Geographicalfeatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. Thebroad geographicalrelationship ofthe Parties . . . . .
1. The UnitedSraiesand Canada areadjacent States . . . .
2. ïhegeneral directionofthecoast isnoriheasiward . . .
3. Theland ho~ndaryliesnorth oftheGuIfof Maine . . . .
B. Geographical irregularitiesinthe relevantarea . . . . . .
1. nie four-fold change in dinction of the wast creates a
short Canadian wastline at right angles to the general
direction ofthe wast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. The Nova Scotia peninsula protmdes south of the land
boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. . . . .
3.cavityinthe coast bo. . . . .rm. .s . . . . . .in . .n-. .
C. 'Mainearea astspecialfeaturese f. . . . . . . . . .he Gu.f.o. III
Section2. Themarineenvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
A. The waters above Georges Bank, the Swtian Shelf, and the
Gulf of Maine Basinformthree separate and identifiable eco-
B. 'TheNortheast Channel isa signifiant geomorphological. .fea-
ture thatisa natural boundary betweenewlogical regimes . .
Section 3. Activitiesof the Parties and theirnationals. . . . . .
Chapter II. nie boundary proposed by the United States is the per-
oendicular to the aeneral direction of the wast adiusted ta take
Chapter III. The adjusted perpendicular line produces an equirable. .
solution whilethe equidistancc method wouldno1 . . . . . . .
Segraphical relationship between the wasü of the Parties and the-
celevant maritime areas in front of their wasü; an equidistant
linewould not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
A. The adjusted petpendinilar line respects the coastal fmnts of
the Parties inthe area: an equidistantline would not. . . .
B. nie adjusted perpendicular line produces a proportionate
delimitation: anequidistant line would not . . .. . . . .
C. Although the natutal prolongation pnnciple may be inappli- GULF OFMAINE - GOLFEDU MAINE
Page
cable in this case, the Northeast Channel constitutes a rele-
vant circumstance that the adjusted perpendicular line takes
into awunt: an eauidistant line would not........
Section 2. The adjusted perpendicular line facilitates conservation
and management;an equidistant line would obstmct them ...
Section 3. The adiusted ~eroendicular line minimizesthe Dotential
Section4. The adjusted perpendicular line takes into acmunt , .
the relevant circumstanies in the area: an equidistant line would
not ..........................
Chapter IV. Summaryofthe application ofthe lawto the faas ...
Anneres to theMernorialofthe UnitedStates ofArnerica
Documentary Annexes, Nos. Ito 1I (Vol.1)
Anna I. Certification ....................
Anna 2. Special Agreement between the Government of the United
States ofAmerica and the Government of Canada to Submit to a
chamber of the International Court of Justice the Delimitation of
the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine area, notified to the
Courton 25November 1981 ................
Annex 3.
TheTruman Proclamations:
Roclamation No. 2667,Policyof the United States with Respect
to the Natural Resources of the Subsoil and Sea Bed of the
Continental Shelf, 28 September 1945, 10Federal RegiFter
12303(2October 1945) .................
~roclamàtion No. 2668.~olic~of the United States with Respect
to Coastal Fisheries in Certaineas of the High Seas. 28Sep-
tcmber 1945.10FederalRenister1230412Octobcr 1945) ...
XII1 Bullefin.nie ~e~artm&t of tat te,‘^3^.7, 30 ~é~tember
1945,pp.484486 ...................
Drafts of the Tmman Roclamations given to the Embassy of
Canada, 26 April 1945,reprinted in Foreign Relations of the
UniredStares,1945,VoI.2,pp. 1495-1503 .........
Note from the Secretan, of State to the Chare- d'affaire~ ~f
~anada.dated 220ct;ber 1945 .............
Note No. 383fromthe Chargt d'aNairesof Canada to the Secre-
tan, of Staie.dated 23Onoberl945 ............
1.Brownlie, Rinciples ofiùblic InfernafionaLaw. Oxford, Claren-
don Ress, 1966,pp.202-205 ...............
A. L.Shalowitz,ShoreandSeo Boundaries,Washington,D.C.,Gov-
ernment Rinting Office,Vol.1,1962,pp. 182-184 .......
Annex 4. nie Grisbadamacase (Nonvay v.Sweden), 1909,Hague Ct.
Rep.(Scott) 121(1916) ...................
Anna 5.
Convention on the Continental Shelf,done at Geneva, on 29April
1958,UNdoc.A/CONF.13/L.5 U5N,4S391I ....... -
Convention on the High Seas, done at Geneva, on 29April 1958,
UNdoc.tVCONF.13/L.53, U4N50S82 .......... 170
Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone,one
at Geneva, on 29 April 1958,UN doc. A/CONF.13/L.52, 516
UNTS205.. ..................... 170
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources
of the High Seas, done at Geneva, on 29 April 1958,UN doc.
A/CONF.13/L.54,559 UNTS285 ............. 170
Annex6. Exchange of Notes conceming the Conference of Ottawa,
23 September 1920,for Cooperation in Scientific Investigation of
Deep Sea Fisheries, reprinted in Foreign Relations of the United
States, 1920, Vol.1,pp. 406.409............... 171
Annex 7. Reciprocal Fisheries Agreement hetween the Govemment
of the United States of America and the Govemment of Canada,
24Fehniary 1977,28UST5571,TIASNo. 8648 ......... 176
Annexa. Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976, 16
USC,Secs. 1801-1882,asenacted .............. 185
Annex9.
Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, 43 USC, Secs. 1331-1343
(1976);asamended, Secs.1331-L356(1976,SuppIl I)men.t. 207
Notice of Proposed Authorization for Geological and Geophysical
Exploration of Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf. 25 Federal
Regisfer8759(10September 1960) ............. 207
Regulations for Geological and Geophysical Explorations of the
Outer Continental Shelf, 45 FederalRegisrer6344.6352(25Janu-
ary1980) .................... : ... 207
Regulations for Geological and Geophysical Explorations of
the Outer Continental Shelf, 41 Federal Register 25891-25897
(23June 1976) ..................... 207
~nnei IO.
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 42 USC, Secs.
4321-4347a ,s enacted .................. 263
Coastal Zone ManagementActof 1972.16USC,Secs.1451-1464a , s
enacted ........................ 263
Endangered Species Act of 1973, 16 USC, Secs. 1531-1543,as
enacted ........................ 263
Marine Protection, Researchand Sanctuaries An of l972,33 USC.
Secs.1401-1444,asenacted ................ 263
AnnexII.
Canadian laws:
T-he.P~ ~lic Lands Grants Act. ..............evisedStatures
(1952),Chap.224,pp. 115.117 306
OilRevisedStaruresofCanadq 1970,Chap. 30(1stSupp.), Sec.3 . 306
Canadian Regulations:
Canada Oil and Gas Land Regulationsand Canada Oil and Gas
Drilling and Production Regulations, 6June 1961(SORI61-
253). paras. 24-40, Canada Gazette, PaII,Vol. 95, pp. 805,
813-817.28June 1961 ................. 306XIV GULF OF MAINE-GOLFE DU MAINE
Page
Documentary Annexes, Nos. 12to 44 (Vol.II)
Anna 12. S. E. Morison. ïhe Maritime Historv of Massachusetts:
1783-1860.Boston, h'okheasrern University ges;, 1979,Chap. II,
"The Colonial Background: 1602-1760. pp. 8-26,and Chap. XIX,
"CaneCodandCaoe Ann: 1820-1860.~~.300-313 .......
~nna-13. H. A. lnni's,ïhe Cod ~isheriei! ihe Historyof an Interna-
tional Economy,New Haven, Yale University Press, 1940,pp. 111-
119 ...........................
Annex 14.L. Sabine, Reportof the PrincipalFisheriesof theAmerican
Seas, Washington, D.C., The Treasury Department of the United
States.Robert Annstronn. Printer. 1853.D.174 .........
Anna 15. Journals of the ?ontinen;al ~ohgress,1774-1789,Vol. XIV,
1779,Washingt-n,Govemment PrintinnOfic-, 1909. .... 960-962 .
Anna 16.
Treaty of Peace, 1783,United States-Great Britain, 8 Stat. 80, TS
No. 104,reprinted from Treatiesand Other International Agree-
mentsoftheUnitedStates:1776-1949C . harles Bevans. ... Vol.12.
pp.8-12 ........................
Map depicting the coasts covered bythe Convention of 1818(from
C. C. Tansill. Canadian-Americon Relations: 1875-1911.New
~aven,~ale~niversit~ Press. 1943.facingp. 1) .........
Con\,enrion on Fisheries, Boundary and Restoration of Slnves,
1818.United States-Great Britain, 8 Stai. 248, TS No. 112,re-
printed from Trealiesand Olher InrernationalAgreementsof the
UniredStares: 1776-194Y,CharlesBevans.ed., Vol.12.pp.. .-60
Annex17.
R McFarland, A Historyof the NewEngland Fisheries,New York,
University of Pennsylvania Press,by D. Appleton and Co.
Agents, 1911,Chap. XIX, "The Fisheries Question", pp.321-337
ListofTreaties ......................
Anna 18.
G. B. Goode, ïhe Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United
States, Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1887,
Vol.1,"History ofthe Fresh Halibut Fishery",pp. 29-34 ....
-, Vol.1,"The Georges BankCod Fishery",pp. 187-198 .....
-,Vol. Il.D.201 ..................... ~ ~ ~ ~
-,Atlas, Plates30-35,"The Georges BankCod Fishery"847" ....
.....
Anna 19. Table of Gloucester Shipsand Men Loston GeorgesBank:
1837-1July 1873(adaoted froma listfromG. H. Proctor.î71eFisher-
man's ~emorial'and Record Book, Gloucester, Proctor Brothers
Publishers, 1873) .....................
Anna 20. United States Department of Commerce,FisheryIndustries
ofthe UnitedStates: 1928,Washington, D.C.,Govemment Printing
Office, 1929,Bureau ofFisheries Document No. 1067,p.471 ...
Anna 21. R M. Doherty, G. P. Draheim, D. I. White, and C. L.
Vaughn, "Sea Scallop lndustry of Canada", printed in Commercial
FisheriesReview,No.7,July 1963,pp. 11 .16 ..........
Anna 22. Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations,
"Review of the State of World Fishery Resources",Committee on Fisheries, 14th session, FlRM/C710 (Rev.2). COFI/8l/lnf. 5,
March 1981,pp.4-5.29-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annex23. C.Southack. TheNewEneland CoastinePilotII718) . . .
Annex24. P. ~inkliam;A Chart of Georges~an~lncludin~ cape Cod
and Nantucker(l797) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AnE. M. Blunt, NewChart of the NortheostemCoasrof North America
extendingfrom Lot. 37" 20'N. Long. 75"20'W.to ht. 47" 55'
N.Long.62"S'W(1821) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E. M. B1unt.ANewChartoftheAIlanticor WesternOcean(1826) . .
E. M. Blunt, île Norrheastem Coastof North Americafrom New
York toCapeCansoIncludingSableIsland(1844) . . . . . . .
AnnMountDesertdrRock,10GoyewHeadt IncludingGeoxes Bankand Shoah
(1856) . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
Annex27. C.Wilkes,ChartofGeorgesShoalandBank(l837) . . .
Anna 28.
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, Chart No. 1000: An
lndex of Hydrographic Surveysconducted by the United States
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, Chart No. IWO: An . . .
lndex of Hydrographic Surveysconducted hy the United States
between 1929and 1939fromCape Sableto Cape Hatteras . . .
United States Coast and Geodetic Survev. Chart No. 1000: An
lndex OF Hydrographic Surveysconducied by the Unitcd States
betwccn 1940and 1975fromCapeSabletoCape Harterüs . . .
AnnUnited StatesCoast andGeodctic Survcy. Chart No.3075:Georges
Pink, EasternPart.SpcciaiChsri forFishinglndustry(June 1934)
United Stales Coast and Gcodetic Survcy,Chart No. 3076:Georges
Bank.Western Part..n.cialChart for Fishine-ndustw (.~421 ,
Annex30.
Canadian Hydrographic Service 1980 Annual Activities Report:
Canadian Hydrogr.dphicServiceChart. .-. ApproachesIothe Bayof. .
Fundy,CanadianChart 425,FirstEdition, 1924 . . . . . . .
Annex31.Agreement on Establishment of LongRange Aid to Navi-
gation (LORAN-C) Station in Newfoundland, 1964,United States-
Canada, 15UST 1835,TIASNo.5657 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annex32. United StatesConeress.Joint ResolutionNo.22.9 Febmarv
1871,CongressionalGlobe,Gst cong., 3rdSess.,~ppendi;, p.398 .
AnMaine", Washington, D.C.,Government Printing Office, 1928,in
Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries,Vol. XL, 1924,
Part lI.pp.513-521 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annex34. North American Council on Fishety Investigations, Pm
ceedings:1921-1930,No. 1,1932,p.27 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Anna 35.
SeaForceand theUnited StatesCoastGuard, dated7 Onober 1957 .
Search and Rescue Agreement betweenthe Chief of Defence Staff, Page
Canadian Forces, and the Commandant, United States Coast
Guard. dated 6Aueust 1965.amended 19Ami11966 ..... 336
Search and Rescueheemeni betweenthe chef of Defence Staff,
Canadian Forces. and the Commandant Un.te~ ~tates Coast
~uard, dated 250ctober 1974 .................
Anna 36. Map depicting Flight Information Regions (FIR) in the
American and ~acific'~e~iois, IOed.; 1977,do: 8755/10, Interna-
tional CivilAviationrganization ..............
Annex37.
Map depicting Air Defense Identification Zones of the New
England Region ....................
UnitedStatesRegulations:I4CFR,Sec .9.9(..981)
Canadian Regulations: Security Control of Air Trafic Order,
Consolidaied Regulaiions of Canada, Vol. 1, Chap. 63, 1978,
pp. 432-438 ......................
Annex 38.Geological Suweyof Canada, "Canada's ConventionalOil
andGas Resources",Open-File767,March 1981,pp. 10-14 ....
Anna 39. A map of selected physiographic regions of eastem North
America ........................
Annex40.
Permits for exploratory work including the northeast portion of
Georges Bank .....................
Sample exploration permit: OCS Permit E2-68,issued to Explora-
tion Suweys,Inc.,dated 2April 1968 ............
Annex41. United States Geological Suniey, "North Atlantic Sum-
mary Report", Open-FileReport 82-16,l April 1982update, p. 10 .
Anner 42.
Selened documents relating to outer continental shelf lease sale
. -..-.
Cal1for Nominations, 40 FederalReni-ter25608-25609(17June
1975) ........................
The coven and tables of contents forthe draft and final Environ-
mental Impact Statements for Outer Continental Shelf Lease
SaleNo.42 .....................
Department of the lnterior press releases, dated 17June 1975,
2January 1976,120ctober 1976and7 December 1976 ....
44 FederalRegister56042-5604 928September 1979) .....
44 FederalRegirter6614 91-N ov7m3ber 1979) .....
Annex43.
Sel. .-.-.ocuments relating to outer continental shelf lease sale
Call for Nominations, 47 FederalRegirter 18805-18823(30April
1982) ........................
The coven and tables of contents forthe drdft and final Environ-
mental Impact Statemenls for Outcr Continental Shelf Lease
SaleNo. 52 .....................
Anna 44.
Table 1: Zooplankton: Spring Distribution of Taxa in Tems of
Percentage Composition of the Total Biomass(May 1977)Spe-
ciesComposition(October 1974) ............. XVll
Page
Table II: Zooplankton: Spring Distribution of Taxa in Terms of
PercentageCompositionofthe Total Biomass(May 1977) ... 346
Table 111:Benthos: Distribution of Dominant Taxa in Terms of
PercentageCompositionoftheTotal Biomass ........ 346
Documentary Annexes. Nos.451051(Vol.III)
Annex45.
lnternational Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries,
done at Washineton.on 8 Fehmaw 1949,157 UNTS 157 ....
Map depining th; subarcas cstabli;hed hy the International Con-
ventionforthe Northwcsl Atlantic Fisheries.........
Annex46.
lnternational Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries,
StatisticalBulletin,Vol.2forthe year 195..........
Annex47.
International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries,
Statistical Bulletin,Vols. 3-28,for the yean 1953-1978,selened
pages - includingTable 1foreach yearindicatingtotal landings
bycountryandsuharea .................
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization, "Pmvisional Nominal
Catches inthe Northwest Atlantic,980".bythe AssistantExecu-
tiveSecretary,Serial No. N366,NAFO SCSdoc. 81/V1/15 (Rev.
6July 1981) ......................
AnInternational Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries,
"Mesh Regulation to lncrease the Yield of the Georges Bank
Haddock Fishery", by H. W. Graham, Second Annual Report,
1951-1952,pp.23-33 ..............:....
lnternational Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries,
Report of Panel 5,Administrative Report for the Year Ending
30June 1952,SecondAnnualReport, 1951-1952,p.7 ......
International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries,
Reports of the Committeeon Researchand Statisticsand Panels,
Panel 5, Mesh Regulation, Second Annual Report. 1951-1952,
pp.13-14 .......................
Annex49. lnternational Commission forthe Northwest AtlanticFish-
eries, Reports of Meetings of Panels,Annual F'roceedings, ol. 19,
1968-1969,pp. 24-28....................
Anna 50.
lnternational Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries,
Report of the 23rd Annual Meeting, June 1973,Annual Report,
Vol.23,1972-1973,pp.50-51 ...........
lnternational Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries,
Report ofthe 3rd Special Meeting,15-19October 1973,Reportof
Panel5,AnnualReport,Vol.241973.1974. pp. 18-20 .....
International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries,
Report of the 3rd Special Meeting, 15-19Octoher 1973,Ress
Notice, AnnualReport,Vol.24,1973-1974,pp.32-33 ......
Annex51. P. Finkle, "The lnternational Commission for the North-
WestAtlantic Fisheries: An Experiment in Conservation", inDal-
housielawJournal,Vol. 1,October 1974,pp.526-550 ......XVlll GULF OF MAINE-GOLFE DU MAINE
Page
Documentaty Annexes, Nos. 52to 91(Vol.IV)
Anna -~. -
United Nations,Convention on the Continental Shelf (1958).Rati-
fication by Canada. 4 March 1970,"Multilaieral Treaties Depo-
sited withthe Secrelary-General: Statusasat 31Decemher 1981".
UN doc. ST/LEG/SER.E/I al p. 604; see also 716 UNTS 390
(1970);seealso Le1terC.N.21.1970.Treaties-2of4 March 1970 .
United Nations Convention on the Continental Shelf(1958).Com-
munication from the United States of America. 13Aunusi 1970.
"Multilaterol Treaties Deposited with the ~;cretarykeneral~
Status as at 31 December 1981.UN doc. ST/LEG/SER.E/I ai
D. 607: see ais0 737 ~NTS ~-394: see al~~ L~ ~ ~ ~.N. 119~1~ ~.~ ~
kreatiis-3 of 13August1970 ................
Annex 53.
Letter from the Assistant Direnor for Lands and Minerals, Bureau
of Land Management, United StatesDepartment of the Interior,
to the Depanment of Northem Affain and Natural Resourcesof
Canada,dated l April1965 ................
Letter (rom A. D. Hunt, Chief, Resources Division,Department of
Northem Affairs and Natural Resources of Canada, to L. T.
Hoffman, Assistant Director for Lands and Minerals, Bureau of
Land Management, United StatesDepartment of the Interior,
dated 8April1965 ...................
Letter from L. T. Hoffman, Bureau of Land Management, United
States Department of the Interior, Io D. G. Crosby, Department
of Northem Affairs and Natural Resources of Canada, dated
14May 1965 ......................
Letter from A. D. Hunt, Chief, Resource Management Division,
Department of Northem Affairs and Natural Resources of
Canada, to L.T. Hoffman,Assistant Director - Lands and Min-
erals, Bureauof Land Management, United StatesDepartment of
the lnterior,dated 28May 1965 ..............
Letter from A. D. Hunt, Chief, Resource Management Division,
Department of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources of
Canada, to L.T. Hoffman,Assistant Director - Landsand Min-
erals, Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior,
dated 16June 1965 ...................
....-.....
Letterfrom Robert K.Olson,Second Secretaryof the United States
Embassy. to J. W. McNeil. Director, Rcsearch Developmeni
Branch. Depariment of Minesand TechnicalSuwcys of Canada.
dated l6~'gust 1966 .................. 1
Letter from the Undenecretary of State for Extemal Affairs of
Canada, to Robert K. Olson, Second Secretary of the United
States Embassv.dated 30Aunust1966 ...........
Annex 55. ide-mimoir fe6m th; United StatesDepartment of State
tothe EmbassyofCanada.dated 10May 1968 .........
Annex56.
Note (rom the Department of State to the Embassy of Canada,
dated 5 November 1969 ................. CONTENTS-TABLE DESMATIERES XIX
Page
Note No. 366 from the Embassy of Canada to the Depanment of
State,dated I December 1969 ............... 356
Annex57. Notice of Resewation of Exploration and Exploitation
Rights of the United States andlu Nationals, 35 FederalRegkter
3301(21Febmary 1970) .................. 358
Annex58. BartlettAU, 16USC Secs.1081-1086(1966) ....... 360
Anna 59.
Note from the Secretary of State to the Ambassador of Canada,
dated 18January 1974 .................. 361
Secretaryof State'sCircular Noteto the Governmentswhose fisher-
men have been known to or currently do fish in the Northwest
AtlanticOcean off thecoast of the United Statesand othen con-
cerned with Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, dated 18 January
1974 ......................... 361
Note from the Secretary of State to the Ambassador of Canada,
dated ll September 1974 ................. 361
Secretaryof State'sCircular NotetoIheGovemments whosefisher-
men have been known to or currently do fish in the waten adja-
cent10the coastof the United Statesof America,dated 5 Septem-
ber 1974 ........................ 361
Annex60.
Letter from Digicon, Inc., to the United States Geological Suwey,
dated I Febmary 1974 ..................
Letter from the United States Department of the Interior, United
StatesGeologicalSurvey,to Digicon,Inc.,dated 13Febmary 1974
Note No. 1126 from the Department of External Affain to the
Embassyofthe UnitedStates,datcd 19September 1974 ....
Note from the Embassy of the United States to the Department of
ExternalAflairs,dated 11October 1974 ........
Anna 61.
Note from the Department of State to the Embassy of Canada,
dated 15May 1975 ...................
Note No. 180from the Embassy of Canada to the Department of
State,dated 3lune 1975 .................
Annex62.
. .~-No~ 52 from the Embassv of Canada to the Department of
State,dated 2 February 1976 ...............
Note from the Department of State to the Embassy of Canada,
~ ~ ~ 10Febmarv 1976 .................
Annex63.
Territorial Sea and Fishing Zones Act, Proposed Fishing Zones of
Canada (Zones 4 and 5) Order, 110 Canado Gazette,Part 1
EXTRA N^O. 101,1~ovémberl976,pp. 1-6 ........
Territorial Sea and Fishing Zones Act,Fishing Zones of Canada
(Zones 4 and 5) Order, II 1 CanadaGazette,Part Il (EXTRA),
I January L977,pp.1-5 ..................
Annex64.
Maritime Boundaries between the United States and Canada,
Department of State, Public Notice 506, 41 FederalRegister
48619-48620(4November 1976) .............
Department of StateRess ReleaseNo. 543,dated4 November 1976XX GULF OF MAINE-GOLFE DU MAINE
Page
Fishery Conservation Zone, Notice of Limits, Department of
State, Public Notice 526, 42 Federal Register 12937-12940
(7 March 1977) . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .
Annex 65.
Aide-mémoirefrom the Embassy of Canada to the Department of
State, dated 22December 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Aide-mémoire from the Department of State to the Embassy of
Canada, dated 30December 1976 . . . . .. . . . . . . .
Anna 66.
Note No. 626 from the Embassy of Canada to the Department of
State. dated 22December 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Note from the Department of State to the Embassy of Canada,
Annex67.ed 16Febmary 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Note No. 221 from the Embassy of Canada to the Department of
State,dated 26May 1977 . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aide-mémoirefrom the Embassy of Canada to the Department of
State,dated 26May 1977 . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
Note from the Department of State to the Embassy of Canada,
dated27June1977 ..... ........... ...
Aide-mémoire from the Department of State to the Embassy of
Canada,dated 7July 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Anna 68."U.S., Canada to Negotiate Maritime Issues", 77 Bulletin,
the Department of State, No. 1992,29August 1977,p. 282 . . . .
AnnNote No. GNT-067 from the Department of Extemal Affain tothe
Embassy of the United States, dated 3 November 1977 . . . . .
Note from the Department of State to the Embassy of Canada,
dated 2 December 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Anna 70.
Note from the Department of Extemal Main to the Embassy of
the United States. dated 25Januaw 1978 . . . . . . . . . .
Department of tat teress ReleasNO. 53,dated 27January 1978 .
Note from the Department of State to the Embassy of Canada,
dated 3Febmary 1978 . . . . .. . . . . . . . . , . . .
Anna 71.
NoCanada, to Lloyd Cutler, Special Negotiator of the United States,
dated lOApril1978 . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Letter from Lloyd Cutler to Marcel Cadieux,dated IIApril1978 .
Annex 72.
Letter from Marcel Cadieux to LloydCutler,dated 2June 1978 . .
Note No. FLM-0092fromthe Departmentof External Affain to the
Embassy ofthe United States, dated 2June 1978 . . . . . . .
Note fromthe Embassv of the United States to the Deoartment of
~xtcrnal ~ffairs.datëd 2 un e978 . . . . , , . .' . . .
Department of State Press Release No. 237,dated 2June 1978.
Annex 73.
TeFishing Zones of Canada (Zones 4 and 5) Order, II2 Canadao the
Garerte(EXTRA). No. 79.15 Septcmber l978.p~. 1-4 . . . . . XXI
Page
Tenitorial Sea and Fishing Zones Act, Fishing Zones of Canada
(Zones 4 and 5)Order, Amendment, 113 CanadaGazerre, No. 3,
26Januarv 1979.pp.482-483 ...............
...
Anna 74.
Aide-mémoire fromthe Department of Sta.............assy of
Canada, dated 14September 1978
Nnte ~~.~~t~e Denartment of.................assy of Canada,
dated 20September 1978
Note from the Department of .................ssy of Canada,
dated 15Febmary 1979
Annex 75.
Note No. 160from the Embassyof Canada to the Department of
State,dated29 March 1979 ................
Note from the Department of State to the Embassy of Canada,
dated 2April1979 ...................
Annex76. Lener from Ronald Reagan, Presidentof the United States,
r.......... Char.....e~-~,,h...man. Cornmiltee on Foreim Rela-
tions,~nited tat tesenate, dated 6~arch 1981 .........
.-ne-..7. United States Depanment of State, Bureau of Intelligence
and Research, Office of ihe Geographer, Series A, Limits in the
Seas,No.2,Continental ShelfBoundary: Norway-Sweden ....
Anna 78. United States Depanment of State, Bureau of Intelligence
and Research, Officeof the Geographer, Limilsin theSeas. No. 83,
Continental ShelfBoundary: Bayof Biscay,France-Spain ....
Annex79. United States Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence
and Research,Officeof the Geographer, Limitsin rheSeas, No. 86,
Continental ShelfBoundary:Chile-Peni ...........
Annex 80. United States Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence
and Research, Officeof the Geographer, Limitsin theSeas, No. 88,
Continental ShelfBoundary: Pem-Ecuador ..........
..~~~... United States Department of State. Bureau of Intelligence
and ~esearch, Oifice of the Geographer, LirnirsintheSeas. No. 69,
ContinentalShelfBoundary:Colombia.Ecuador ........
...........Un~tedStates Department of Siate. Bureauof Intelligence
............................ieon"~~.er. Limitsin Be Seas. NO.79.
~ontinental~helf~oundaty:~olombia-panama ........
Annex83. United States Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence
and ..------.~, -~~~~--.he Geozraoher. Lirnitsin theSeas.NO.73,
Continental ShelfBoundary: ~ràSi~:~nigua~ .........
Annex 84. United States Denartment of State, Bureau of lntelligence
....................... the Geoerapher. Limilsin theSeas, NO.64,
~ontinental~helf~oundary:~r~>niina-Uruguay ........
Anna 85. United States Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence
-.- ..--. -. .Office o~-the Geozranher. Limitsin theSeus, NO.85,
continental ~helf~oundary:Th~~&nbia-~enegal ........
Annex 86. United States Department of State, Bureau of Intelltgence
-.- .---. -. ..........he Geoera--er. .LirnitsintheSeas, NO.68,
Continental ShelfBoundary: Guinea-Bissau -Senegal .......
Annex87. United States Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence
and Research, Officeof the Geographer, Lirnitsin theSem, No. 92,
Continental ShelfBoundary: Kenya-Tanzania ....XXll GULF OF MAINE- GOLFE DU MAINE
Page
Anna 88.
Treaty on Demarcation of Marine Areas and Maritime Coopera-
tion between the Republic of Costa Rica and the Republic of
Panama, signed 2 February 1980,entered into forcIIFebruary
1982 .........................
A map of the maritime boundaries between Costa Rica and Pan-
ama .........................
Anna89. Treaty of Delimitation betweenthe Republic of Venezuela
and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, signed on 31 March 1978,
entered into force 15December 1978 .............
Annex90. United States Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence
and Research,Office of the Geographer, LimitsintheSeas,No. 96,
Continental ShelfBoundary: Greece-ltaly...........
Annex91.
Working paper submitted by the delegations of Argentina and
Canada, "The Special Case of Fish Stocks WhichOccur Both
Withinthe ExclusiveEwnomic Zone and in an AreaBeyondand
lmmediately Adjacent toIt": submitted atthe second part of the
ninth session ofUNCLOS III, Geneva, 1980 .........
Working paper on management of the living resources of the sea,
submitted by Canada, Report of the Committee on the Peaceful
Uses of the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor Beyond the Limits of
National Jurisdiction, pp. 164-174,UN doc. A/AC.138/SC.II/
L.8 ..........................
Documentary Annexes, Nos. 92to 99(Vol.V)
Annex 92.
C. H. M. Waldock, "The International Court and the Law of the
Sea", the First Cornelis van Vollenhoven Memorial Lecture,
22 May 1979,Cornelis van Vollenhoven Foundation, T. M. C.
Asserlnstitute, 1979,pp. 1-1...............
C. H. M. Waldock, "The Legal Basisof Claims to the Continental
Shelf', the Grotius Society, Transactions,950, Vol. 36, pp.
115-148 ........................
Annex93. A.Gros,"La Conventionsur lapêcheet laconservationdes
ressources biologiquesde la haute mer",ecueildescourst,ome 97,
1959,pp. 1-89 ......................
Annex94. T. W. Fulton, ïhe Sovereignto yf theSea.Edinburgh, Wil-
liam Blackwood and Sons, 1911,pp. 581, 609-610,612, 616-617,
630-640,701-711 .....................
Annex95.
D. J. Driscoll and N. McKellar, "The Changing Regime of North
Sea Fisheries", inhe EflectiveManagementof Resourcesï:he
InternarionalPolitN icrsh/teheC. M.Mason,ed.,iondon/
NewYork, 1979,pp.125,128-139 .............
A. Underdal, Ae Politicsof InternationalFisheriesManagement:
Ae Caseof the NortheastAtlantic,Oslo, Univenitetsforlaget,
198O,pp.61-99 .....................
Annex96.S. Oda, "Proposals for Revising the Convention on the
Continental Shelf', Columbia Journaolf Transnationalaw, Vol.7,
Spring 1968,No. I,pp. 1-31.................Annex97. S. Rhee, "Sea Boundary Delimitation between States
before World War II", Arnerican Journal of intemillional Law,
Vol.76,No.3,1982,555,pp. 556-558 .............
Anna 98.
Knighrv.Wilder, 56Mass.(2Cush.) 1990848) . . .
Wonsonv.Wonson.96Mass.(7Allen)71(1867) .........
Sprhv. Lnrsen.20Wash. 2d500.148 P.2d834(1944) ......
Driesbachv. Lynch.71 Idaho 501,234P.2d446(1951) ......
Annex99. Chart ofproportionality test applied to an equidistant line:
area dete.........................e base points which determine
that line MEMORIALOFTHE
UNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA
MÉMOIRE
DES~A'lSUNIS D'AMÉRIQUE INTRODUCTION
1. This Memorial is filedin accordance with the 1 February 1982Order issued
by the lnternational Court of Justice fixing 26 August 1982as the lime-limit for
the filing of Memorials by the United States of America and by Canada (the
"Parties") in the case concerning the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in
the Gulf of Maine Area, and with the Order of 28 July 1982 issued by the
President of the Chamber of the Court formed to deal with the case extendingthat
time-limit to 27 September 1982.
2.As provided in Article 40, paragraph 1of the Statute of the Court, this case
was brought before the Court by nolilication of a Special Agreement. The Special
Agreement isannexed tothe Treaty betweenthe Governmentof the United States
of America and the Government of Canada to Submit to Binding Dispute
Settlement the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine
Area. The Treaty and Special Agreement were signed in Washington on 29
March 1979and, as subsequentlyaltered. entered into force upon the exchange of
instruments of ratification in Ottawa on 20 November 1981. On 25 November
1981, the Ambassador of the United States of America to the Netherlands and
the Ambassador of Canada 10the Netherlands, by ajoint letter. transmitted 10the
Registrar of the lnternational Court of Justice a certified copy of the Special
Agreement. and certified copies of the Treaty and the Protocol of Exchange
record& the exchange of instruments of ratification '.
3. The Special Agreement provides for the submission of the dispute to a
Chamber of the International Court of Justice, composed of five persons. ta be
constituted after consultation with the Parties, pursuant to Article 26, paragraph
2, and Article 31 of the Statute of the Court. and in accordance with the Special
Agreement. The requirements of the Statute and Rules of the Court having been
met, the Court on 20 January 1982issued an Order forming a Chamber to hear
the case.
4. Article II, paragraph 1 of the Special Agreement sets forth the precise
question the Parties have agreed to submit for binding decision:
"1. The Chamber is requested to decide, in accordance with the
principles and rules of international law applicable in the matter as
between the Parties, thefollowing question:
What is the course of the single maritime boundary that
divides the continental shelf and fisheries zonesof Canada and
the United States of America from a point in latitude
44°11'12"N, longitude 67a16'46"W to a point to be deter-
mined by the Chamber within an area bounded by straight
lines connecting the followingsets of geographic coordinates:
>Theinslrumcnts referrcdIoin thispara~raphare containcdin I.C.J.1981 GeneralList:
Na. 67.rcproducedhere a1Annex2.Vol. 1. GULFOF MAINE f21
latitude 40°N. longitude 67OW; latitude 40°N, longitude
6S0W; latitude 4Z0N. longitude 6S0W '?"
By Article 111.paragraph 1of the Special Agreement. the Parlies have agreed
that the single maritime boundary to beestablished by the Chamber shall serve
for al1purposes relating to the clafm or exercise of sovereign rights or jurisdiction:
"1. South and Westof the maritime boundary to be determined by the
Chamber in accordance with this Special Agreement Canada shall not.
and north and east of said maritime boundary the United States of
America shall not. claim or exercise sovereign rights or jurisdiction for
any purpose over the waters or seabed and subsoil."
5. In compliance with Article 49 of the Rules of Court, this Memorial of the
United States of America is divided into the following parts:
Part 1contains a statement of the relevant facts including the geographi-
cal setting (geography. geomorphology. and geology); the marine envi-
ronment (the waters, the foodchain. and fish and shellfishofcommercial
importance); the activities of the Parties and their nationals: and the
history of the dispute.
Part IIcontains a statement of the applicable law.
Part III contains the application of the law to the facts of this case.
The final part of the Memorial sets forth the United States' Submissions to the
Chamber. In addition. a Summary of Argument is at the beginning of the
Memorial. and a 5-volume Annex containing various documents to which the
Memorial refers is included.
'Thcstartingpoint (44'1I'I2"N. 67°16'46"W)and the trianglcdcscribedbystraightlincs
canncctingthespeciliedsetsof geoeraphiccoordinatn(40aN.67OW;40°N. 6S0W;42*N,
6S0W)rcquirccxplanation.Thcstarting pointis the lirst pointof intcrrcctionsouof the
international boundaryterminusof the fisherylimitsclaimedrcspcctivclyby thc United
Statu andCanadauwn thecxtcnsionoflishcriesjurisdictionto 200nauticalmilesin 1977.
Landwardof this point thcrc is a disputas10 sovcrcigntyovcr MachiasScal Islandand
NorthRockT .hestartingpointwaschoscn 10cnsurcthat the issucofsavcreigntyoverthose
islandsis no1bcforcthis Court.The trianglwas establishcdto avoidthe oarribilitvof the
dccisionin this carc prciudicingthe dci&mtnatianof the ouicr cdgcof the caniincntal
margin or other questionsarisingindrtcrminingthe outcr Iimltof ihc 200.nauticaI.milc
ronc This Courirnay tcrminalcitr dclimniationaany wint inthe triangle Nopoint tnthc
trianglcis moresigniliîantthan any othcr. SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT
6. The United States and Canada have asked thisCourt 10 resolvea dispute
over the locationof their maritime boundaryoff the east coast of North ~meiica.
The Parties have agreed that the single maritime boundary tobe delimited by this
Court will serve for al1purposesunder international law as between the Parties.
7. The question before this Court is one of first impression. There are no
judicial decisions delimiting between neighboring States a single maritime
boundary beyond the territorial sea. There is. however, a large body of law
relating to the delimitation of lishing zones. to the delimitation of the continental
shelf. as well as to other boundaries. That body of law serves to delineate the
principlesthat govern delimitation of this singlemaritime boundary.
8. Thc cardinal principle in delimiting a single maritime boundary is that the
del~ ~ ~iionshall bein accordance with quitable principles,taking account of the
relevantcircumstances in thearea, to producean kuitable solution.The equitable
principlesto beapplied include the following:principlesregarding the relationship
between the relevant coasts of the parties and the maritime areas lyingin front of
those coasu. including nonencroachment, proportionality, and natural prolonga-
tion; the principle of effective conservation and management of the natural
resources of the area: the principle of conflict avoidance; and the principle of
taking into account the relevant circumstances of the area. Any method or
combination of methods that produces an equitable solution may be used to
delimit the singlemaritime boundary.
9. The United States proposesthat the course of the single maritime boundary
inthe Gulf of Maine area should followa line drawn oeroendicular 10the eeneral
~ ~..~- ~ . . -
directionof the coast from the starting point for delimitation specifiedin Article II
of the Special Agreement between the Parties, into the triangle described in that
Article. but adjusted during ifs course to avoid dividingtwo fishing banks on the
Scotian Shelf. Browns Bank and German Bank, both of which wouldbe left in
@ their entirety to Canada. Figure 30. para. 304. Canada has relied principally on
the equidistance methodof delimitation during the course of this dispute. Figure
@ 32, para. 310. The adjusted perpendicular boundary line prowed by the United
States (the "adjusted perpendicular line") is consistent with each of the principles
governingdelimitation of the single maritime boundary and producesan equitable
solution. An equidistant boundary line is not consistent with any of these
principlesand does not produce an equitable solution.
10. The circumstances relevant to the delimitation of the single maritime
boundary in this case include the following:the geographical setting. the marine
environment. and the activities of the Parties and their nationals. The relevant
area (the "Gulf of Maine area") is boundedby the coasts on both sidesof the inter-
national boundary terminus from Nantucket Island. Massachusetts to Cape
Canso, NovaScotia. and extendsseaward to the limitofcoastal State jurisdiction.
II Thc rclcvdnt geographical circum\tanccs thnt musi be iakcn into dccount
includc (IIthe brond ncograrihicalrcl~tionshi~of the Partic\. with Canada to the
north andthe IJnitedStates to the south; (2) the northeastern trend of the east
coast of North America and of the coastsof the Parties in the Gulf of Maine area;
and (3)the radical changes in direction of the coastlineof Canada creating: (a)the6 GULF OFMAINE 141
short secondaryCanadiancoastlineat a rieh- anele-to the eastcoastof North
America and acrossfrom the land boundaryterminus.and (b) the protrusionof
the Nova Scotiapeninsulasouthof the land boundary.This rotr rus icnmbines
with the curvatuie of the New Englandcoastto createthe Concavitythat is the
Gulf of Maine. Specialgeographicalfeaturesin the Gulf of Maine area are: (1)
Georges Bank, (2B ) rownsBank. GerrnanBank, andother fishing bankslccated
on the ScotianShelf,and (3) the NortheastChannel,dividing GeorgesBankfrom
the ScotianShelf.
12. The relevantcircumstancesof the marineenvironmentthat mustbetaken
into accountinclude theseparateand identifiable ecologicalregimes associated
with theGulfof Maine Basin.Georges Bank,andtheScoiianShelf, respectively.
The different characteristicsof the-watersof each reeimeand the seabedover
which they fiow define the biological communitieswithin each regime. These
different characteristicsalso integrate such biological communities, including
stocks ofcommercially important fish, and separatethose communities from
similar communitiesin theother regimes.
13. The NortheastChannel,dividing GeorgesBankfrom the ScatianShelf. is
importantas botha specialgeographicalandspecialgeomorphological featureI.t
is the only signilicant break in thesurfaceof the continentalshelf alongthe east
coastof North America from Florida to the LaurentianChannel.The Northeast
Channelalso separatesthe ecologicalregimeof GeorgesBank from that of the
Scotian Shelf,as wellasmostof thecommerciallyimportantfishstocks associated
with thoseregimes
14. The following activities of the Partiesand their nationals in the Gulf of
Maine areaare relevantto this delimitation: United Statesfishermenhave fished
longer and ta the largest extent; United States fishermen alone developedthe
fisheriesof Georges Bank;until recently,GeorgesBankwasfishedexclusivelyby
UnitedStates fisherment;he UnitedStates andils nationalshaveprovidedaidsta
navigation.including the detailedsurveyingand charting; the United States has
conductedand coordinatedsearchand rescue operations;the United States has
provided for defense;the United States has conductedmost of the scientific
research;and the United States proposedand led international efforts to protect
the fisheries.
15. The adjusted perpendicular line respectsthe relationship between the
relevantcoastsof thePartiesandthemaritime areaslying in front of thosecoasts.
The line takes into account the broad geographicalrelationship betweenthe
PartiesasadjacentStates locatedoncoastshavinga northeasterndirection. The
line alsoreskcts the mostprominentgeomorpho6gicalfeature in the area-the
Northeast Channel.The adjusted perpendicularline leavesto the Partiesareas
lying in front of each of their resgectivecoasts.These areas are reasonably
proportionalto the lengthof the Parties'coastlinesin therea.Applicationof the
equidistancemethodignoresthe broadgeographicalrelationshipof the Partiesin
the area, and insteadgiveseffect ta a few selectedbasepoints on the Parties'
coasts.Theequidistantlineswingshalfwayacrossthe lengthof thecoastlineof the
United Statesin the Gulf of Maine area. It reachesa point 285 nautical miles
southof the internationalboundaryterminus.at approximately thesamelatitude
as Philadelphia. Pennsylvania.The equidistant line thus would encroachupon
areaslying in front of the coastof the United States.and allocateta Canadaan
areadisproportionaleto ilsshortsecondary coastline.15-61 MEMORIALOFTHE UNITED STATES 7
16. The adjusted perpendicular line facilitates the conservation and manage-
ment of the natural resourcesof the Gulf of Maine area. The line respects the in-
tegrity of the ecological regimesassociated with Georges Bank and the Scotian
Shelf. It allocates to Canada IWO important fishing banks. German Bank and
Browns Bank,parts of which lie in front of the Coastof the United States. An
equidistant line, by contrast, divides the ecological regime of Georges Bank. so
that jurisdiction to conserveand to,manage most ofthe commercially important
fish stocks associated with that re-ime would be divided between the Parties. An
equidistant line would also divide jurisdiction over other activities within the
ecoloaicalreeime of Georges Bank. such as developmentof the mineral resources
of théseabed. which could threaten the fishery r&ources found throughout such
regime.
17. The adjusted perpendicular line minimizes the potential for disputes. The
line ensures that stocks are, to the extent practicable, managed by a single State.
minimizing the need for agreement on particular conservation measures or on
allocation of the resource. Moreover.because it borders the Northeast Channel,
the adjusted perpendicular linecan be identified easily by fishermen and is in an
area of little fishine activity. An equidistant line. bycontrast. wouldsplit Georges
Bank. mandatingthe need for joint management and. thereby. significantly
increasing the potential for disputes between the Parties. By passing through the
Bank, an equidistant line could not be identified as readily and would cross an
area of intense fishingactivity, increasing the potential for disputes.
18. The adjusted perpendicular linetakes account of, and balances,the relevant
circumstances. In addition to respecting the broad geographicalrelationshipof the
P3rties. the special gcogr~phical and gcomorphological feature\ ~ch as the
Norihcasi Channel. and the principal ecolog~calregimes in the area. the adjuited
.-~.en~ ~ ~ ~ line takes into account the oredominant interest of the United
States and its nationals in the relevantarea. particularly as regards GeorgesBank.
The line leaves to the United States an area within whichil has fished the loneest
and to the largest extent (and indeed until recently, an area it fished exclusivély).
The adjusted perpendicular line also leaves IOthe United Statesan area in which
it has exercised a broad range of responsibilities (in many instances with the
expressagreement ofCanada). In contrasi. an equidistant boundary would leave a
large part of Georges Bank to Canada, in disregard of these relevant circum-
stances and. in particular, of the predominant interest of the United States and its
nationals established through continuous activitiesfor more than 200 years. PART 1
THEFACïS
INTRODUCTION
19. This Part will describe the factual context of the maritime boundary
dispute subrnitted to this Court by the Parties. This Part divided into four
chapters:(1) the geographical setting, including geography. geornorphology. and
gwlogy;(2) the marine environment. including the waters, the food chain, and tïsh
and shelliish of commercial importance; (3) the activities of the Parties and their
nationals; and4)the history of the dispute. CHAPTER 1
THE GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING
SECTION 1. Ceography
A. MA~ROGEOGRAPHY
20. The United States of America and Canada are neighbors on the North
American continent. Canada lies north of the United States, except for thestate of
Alaska. Figure 1.The principal international boundary extends from the Pacific
Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean in a generally west-to-east direction. It follows
parallels of latitude or natural features along its course. From its western end at
the entrance to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the baundary runs through the Strait,
then followsthe 49th parallel of North latitude due east for approximately one-
half the width of the continent, until it reaches the Lake of the Woods. The
boundary then continues eastward. following rivers and lakes, including the Great
Lakes and the St. Lawrence River, and then the 45th parallel of North latitude.
the Connecticut River, the highlands forming the watershed between the St.
Lawrence drainage basin and the Atlantic drainage basin, and the St. Croix
River. The boundary meets the sea on the east coast at Passamaquoddy Bay. at
about the 45th parallel of North latitude. The international boundary then runs
through Passamaquoddy Bay and terminates at a point (the "international
boundary terminus") between Canada's Grand Manan Island and the United
States mainland '.
21. The eastern seaboard of North America is oriented along an axis that runs
from southwest to northeast < parallel to the Appalachian Mountains and to the
seaward edge of the continental shelf. The east coast is marked by a number of
major geographical features-the Canadian islands north of Hudson Strait, the
coast of Labrador facing northeast on the Labrador Sea, the island of Newfound-
land and the neighboring French islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, the Gulf of
'The finalpointof theinternationalboundarywasestablishedpursuan10 Article111ofthe
Treaty in Regard to the BoundaryBetweenthe United States and Canada, sinned nt
Washington. 24Feb. 1925;entercdintoforce17July 1925.44Stat. 2102;43L.N.T.S. 239.
The gcographicalcoordinates of the final point are: 44O46'35.346 North latitude;
66°54'11.253" West Ionpitude.
*Al1dircctionrrcferred 10in this Mcmorialare dcicrminedfrom truc north. Directions
betweenprimary wstal featuru along the cari coast of North America attest 10 the
southwest-t*natheast axi(secFicure2):
SouthFlorida toCapcRacc.Newfoundland 45.7degrees
North Florida toCapcPinc.Ncwfoundland 53.6degrecs
CapcHatteras. North Carolinato CapcSI. Mary's,
Newfoundland 54.1dcgreer
CapeHenry.VirginiaIoCapeBreton,NovaSwtia 53.3degreu
CapeCharles,Virpiniato Cap Canro.NovaScotia 53.9degreu
CapcHcnlopcn,DelawaretoPennantPoint(Halifax),
NovaScotia 56.6degrces
Nantucket lsland,Massachuscttsto CapcSable.
NovaSwtia 56.7degrecs
Boston.MassachusettstoYarmouth.NovaSwtia 56.9degrecs
CapcAnn,Massachusettsto the Chigncctolsthmus 54.5degreu
' Portsmouth.NewHamp~hirt 10Saint John.
NewBrunswick 56.6degrecs 10 GULFOF MAINE [12-18]
St. Lawrence. Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island. the Nova Scotia
peninsula, the concavity in the North American coast al the Gulf of Maine, and
the two large coastal curvatures in the coast of the United States between Cape
Cod and Cape Hatteras. and between Cape Hatteras and southern Florida.
Figure 2.
22. Parallel to the coast is the continental shelf. There are no major breaks in
the surface of the continental shelf from Florida to Newfoundland, with the
exception of the Laurentian Channel (which separates the Grand Banks of
Newfoundland from the Scotian Shelf') and the Northeast Channel (which
@ separates the Scotian Shelf from Georges Bank). Figure 3. The continental shelf
varies substantially in width. Off Florida it is in some plam no more than 4
nautical miles (7 kilometers) wide. Off Cape Hatteras. midway along the United
States coast, itsabout 20 nautical miles (37kilometers) wide. The shelf gradually
broadens to about 200 nautical miles (370 kilometers) off New England, where il
extends to the eastern edge of Georges Bank. Further to the north, off Canada's
coast, the shelf continues to broaden. eventually reaching a width of over 260
nautical miles (482 kilometers) on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland '.
23. The entire United States continental shelf off its east coast measures
approximately 95,000 square nautical miles (326,000 square kilometers). The
Canadian east coast continental shelf measures approxirnately 275.000 square
nautical miles (943.000 square kilometers)'. There have been no reported
discoveries of commercial degosits of oil and pas on the east coast continental shelf
of the United States. Bv contrast. thelatest available estimates oublished bv the
Geo~o~ica~ Survey of canada indkate that the Hibernia discover; off ~ewfound-
land contains al least one-half billion barrels of recoverable oil. and that the
Venture discovery off Sable Island contains commercial quantities of gas exceed-
ing one trillion cubic fe'.
24. The United States' 200-nautical-mile fishery conservation zone off the east
coast encompasses approximately 266,000 square nautical miles (912.000 square
kilometers). The major fishing ground off the east coast of the United States is
'The ScoiianShclfisdescribedatpara. 34.
'Thc brcadthsnotedin this paranrapharc mcasuredfromthe coastlincta the IOO-fathom-
depth contourfor the United Statcs and thc 200-mctcr-dcpthcontourfor Canada. Undcr
internationallaw.the continentalshclfcxtcndsbeyondthcsc depths:the ofcthcscdepths
hcrcinisin nowayintcndedto prcjudiccthe rightsofthe UnitedStates andCanada to the
fullextentof thcir continentalshclvcsundcrinternationallaw.The100-fathorndcpthisnot
the samc as the 200-metcrdepth-100 fathomsquals 182.9metcrs. Charting practice
variesin the mcanby whichdcpthsoundingsare dcpicted.Thisdiversepracticchas lcdto
thcgcncralacccptanceofequatinglhcIwodcpths.ThecurrcntUnitedStateschartsrcferred
to in this Memorialdcpictthe 100-fathom-dcpcontourwhilethe Canadianchart uscdta
calculatcthe brcadthsnotedin this paragraph depictsthe 200-mcter-dcpthcontour.
'The Unitcd Statcs' cas1mas1 continentalshelf is mcasurcdto includcthe arca of ths
seabed outta the 100-fathorn-dchontourfrom thesouthcrn tiaf Floridata theboundary
proposcdby the UnitcdStates in this casc. Canadiancharts uscd in the mcasuremcntof
Canada's eastcaast contincntalshclf Varyin thcir use of the lm-fathom and 200-mcter-
depth contours.TheCanadianeastcoastcontinentalshclfismcaruredtoincludcthcseabed
areaoutta the 200-mctcr(orthe 100-iathom)dcpthcontourfromtheboundary promed by
the UnitedStatesin thiscascnorthcastwardIothe LincolnSca intheArclicOcean.
'Sec "PotcntialEvaluation",iCanado'sConvenrionalOil ond Cas Resourees,Cwlagical
Sumeyof Canada. Open Filc767. Mar. 1981.pp. 10-14Anncx 38.Vol.II. 1191 MEMORIAL OFTHEUNITEDSTATES 11
Georges Bank. which liessouthwest of the Northeast Channel. The Canadian 200-
nautical-mile exclusivefishing zone off the east coast encompasses approximately
599.000 square nautical miles (2,055,000 square kilometers). It includes rich
fishing grounds on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, in the Gulf of SI.
Lawrence, and on the banks of the ScotianShelf '.
B. THE GULF OF MAINEAREA
25. The international boundarv between the United States and Canada termi-
nates at the northern corner ofttk large concavity in the coast of North America
knownas the Gulf of Maine. Figure 4. The geographical area relevant to this case
includes the coasts and geographical features From Nantucket Island to Cape
Canso. on both sidesof the international ùoundary terminus, and the marine areas
se;iw$rd from thex coasts IOthc limits uf coartal Silite m3ritime )urisdiccion This
area willbe rcferred IO as the "Gulf of Maine area >."The Gulf of Mainc area has
an interior and an exterior component. The major geographical features in the
interior include the Nova Scotia peninsula, the Bay of Fundy '.the Gulf of Maine
....~.. and t-e~~ ~~t~.e of the New Eneland coastline. Seaward of these features
-
lies the exterior component, which includes the Atlantic Ocean to the limits of
coastal State jurisdiction, and the submerged features of Georges Bank. the
Northeast Channel, and the Scotian Shelf (includingGerman Bank. BrownsBank,
Roseway Bank, LaHave Bank. Emerald Bank, Sable Island Bank, Middle Bank,
Canso Bank. and Banquereau).
26. From the international boundarv terminus. the Canadian coastline. like the
castcrn seaboard. follou\ a northeastern direction untilitreaches the 17-mile(27-
kilometerl widc Chienecto Isthmus. 147 miles (237 kilometers) to the northeasi.
The ~sthmus,whichiorms the boundary betwee" the Canadian provinces ofNova
Scotia and New Brunswick,connects the Nova Scotia peninsula to the mainland.
There. the Canadian coastline changes direction dramatically. The coastline
plunges back Io the southwest. creating the Bay of Fundy. Across from the
international boundary terminus the coastline then turns at a right angle to the
general direction of the east coast of North America and continues to Cape Sable,
100 nautical miles (185 kilometers) southeast of the international boundary
terminus. The coastline then turns to the northeast, parallel ta the general
direction of the east coast of North America, giving Nova Scotia a long primary
coastal front on the Atlantic Ocean.
'The Unitcd States' 200-nautical-milefisheryconscrvalion zonc off ils east coastis
mcaauredfromthesoutherntipof Flaridatotheboundaryproposcdbythe UnitcdStatesin
thiscase.Canada's2Wnautical-milcfishingzoneoff ils cas1wast is measuredfromthe
boundaryproposcdbytheUnitedStatcsinthis casenortheastwardtothe66O15'parallelof
Northlafilude,whichisthe northcrnlimitofthe fishingzonc claimedbyCanada.
'In thisMemorial,"Gulfof Maine"refersto thc seabcdand bdy of watcrlandwardof a
hyl>othclicallinebctwcenNantucket Island andCapeSable.It doesnotincludethe Bayof
Fundy. "Gulfof MaincBasin"refcrsta thc Gulf of Mainc.eiccpt for that part of the
SuitianShclfand superiaccntwaters thatare in the Gulfof Mainc."Culfof Mainc area"
rcfcrstothcbroaderara describedinthelent.ThcGutfof Maincareaisalsothe"relevant
area" fordeterminingthe relevantcircumstanccsin thiscase.See Part III. Chap.1para.
278.
'The Bayof Fundyisa long.narrowbay.about30 nauticalmiles(56kilomcters)inwidth
and 105nauticalmiles (194kilometers)inlenzth.Theentire bay isboundcdbythecoastof
Canada.cxccptfor a vcryshort coasof thcUnitedStatesfacingPassamaquoddy Bay,inthc
westernwrncrofthe Bayof Fundy. 12 GULFOF MAINE [20-22)
27. From the international boundary terminus, the United States coastline, like
the eastern seaboard,ollowsa southwestern direction until it reaches the vicinity
of Cape Ann. From that point the coastline curves in a more southern direction
ward Cape Cod. It then continues 10the southwest [rom Cape Cod toward Long
Island.
28. Because of the location of the international boundary and the configuration
of the coasts, the single maritime boundary to be determined by this Courts1
reach the open waters of the Atlantic Ocean through the Gulf of Maine, although
al1of the Gulf of Maine is south of the international boundary terminus. In the
Gulfof Maine, the coastline of the United States is several times longer than the
Canadian coastline. 00th coasts are deeply indented and cul into. and in some
places are lringed with small islands. rocks.and shoals. The short Canadian coast
in the Gulf of Maine isconvex.while the long NewEngland coast is concave.The
coasts of the two countries are adjacent where the international boundary meets
the sea, they are adjacent in the seaward area beyond the Gulf of Maine, and they
are adjacent in their broad geographical relationship in the Gulf of Maine area.
29. The geographical features of the Gulfof Maine area are aligned with the
northeastern direction of the east coast of North America. In the interior. the
coast in the vicinity of the international boundary terminus forms a straight line
from Cape Ann 10the Chignecto Isthmus, along a northeastern bearing. In the ex-
terior of the area, seaward of a line between Nantucket Island and Cape Sable,
the features similarly are situated along a northeastern bearing. The Bay of
Fundy, the Nova Scotia peninsula, Georges Bank, and the continental shelf al1
stretch in a similar northeastern direction. Bath the Northeast Channel and the
short coastline of Nova Scotia facing onto the Gulf of Maine, however. are
perpendicular 10the general direction of the east coast of North America.
SECTION 2. The Geomorphologyof the Gulf ofMaine Area
30. The continental shelf in the Gulf of Maine area is a part of the North
American Atlantic continental margin, which extends from the Straits of Florida
in the southwest to beyond the Grand Banks of Newfoundland in the northeast.
@ Figu~e 3.The geomorphology(the shape of the sea fioor)of the Gulf of Maine area
consists of banks and ledges, together with shallow depressionsknown as basins.
and a channel that marks a significant break in the surface of the continental
shelf. Al1of these features were cut by fluvial erosionand later modifiedby glacial
action. The four principal geomorphologicalfeatures in the Gulf of Maine area
are the Northeast Channel. Georges Bank, the Scotian Shelf, and the Gulf of
Maine Basin.
A. NORTHEASC THANNEL
31. The Northeast Channel is a deep, wide channel that separates Georges
Bank from the Scotian Shelf and connects the floor of the Gulf of Maine Basin to
the continental slope. It measures up ta 25 nautical miles(46 kilometers)in width,
averages 123 fathoms (225 meters) in depth, and reaches a depth of 127 fathoms
(232 meters) where it joins the continental slope. Landward, the Northeast
Channel descends gradually in10the Georges Bank Basin, which reaches a depth
of 206 fathoms (377meters).The Northeast Channel isone of onlytwo significant
breaks in the surface of the continental shelf offthe east coast of North America. MEMORIALOF THE UNITED STATES 13
il31
The other such break, the Laurentian Channel, separates the Scotian Shelf [rom
the Grand Banks of Newfoundland to the northeast. The formation of the
Norihcasi Channel began approximïtel) JO iu 45 million )cars ago. uhrn the sea
levelfcll and the Guliol Majnc Baqin.Georges Bank. and the Scoiian Shcli were
dry land for long perids of time. lnland riveis and streams extended their courses
through the entire area. Twomajordrainage systemsdeveloped.One flowedta the
sea in the vicinity of the Northeast Channel. while the other drained over what is
now the western part of Georges Bank. Within the past 1 million years. huge
glacial icesheets from the north advanced and retreated through the area several
times. Durinr! the most recent perid of glacial activity, occurring about 17,000
years ago. a Ïongue of the ice sheet covering the Gulf of Maine advanced through
what is nowthe Northeast Channel. reaching the open sea. The scouring actionhy
the ice sheet widened and deepened the Channel, and gaveit ils present U-shawd
profile.
32. Georges Bank is an extension of the Atlantic Coastal Plain into and under
the sea '.It extends approximately 200 nautical miles (370 kilometers) from
Nantucket Shoals to the Northeast Channel. The maximum width of the Bank is
about 100 nautical miles (185 kilometers). The area of the Bank is a~~roximately
18.100square nautical miles (62.200square kilomrlcrs~' The depth of the uileri
over the Bank aierages 27 fathoms (50meters).with \urne arcs,.such 3s Georgcs
Shoals, as shallowai 1.5 fathoms (3 meters).
33. Georges Bank is capwd by a layer of surficial sediments less than 25
meters thick. These sediments consist for the most part of unconsolidated
materials deposited as "glacial outwash". Le..by the runoff of streams and melt
water fmm the frontal edge of the ice sheet, which wasprevented fromadvancing
over al1 but the northeastern part of the Bank by the steep northern edge of the
Bank. These unconsolidated materials consist primarily of sand. with lesser
amounts of grave1in certain local areas, particularly on the northeast portion of
Georges Bank. Over the las1 10,000 years. large Sand waves and shoals have
formed on Georges Bank. Some of these sand waves measure as much as 15
meters in height and over 750 meters in length. The southern edge of Georges
Bank rapidly descendsto the deep ocean floorand has an irregular surface, incised
by a number of deep submarine canyons and gullies. On the southwestern part of
the Bank, the glacial outwash inundated, or "choked", the western drainage
system. The remnant of the western drainage system (the Great South Channel) is
an ill-defined. shallow depression on the southwestern part of Georges Bank. It
reaches depthsof no more than 46 fathoms (85meters) and does not extend to the
seaward edge of the continental shelf. By contrast, the Northeast Channel is as
'ThcAilanticCoastalPlainisoneofthreedistinctphysiographic regianan theeüstCoastof
North Amcrica.The CoastalPlain reaches from FloridaIo LongIsland. IIextendsto the
shoreline.whereit plungcsbcncaththe seato formthe contincnlalshclfextcndingto the
northcaricrncdgeofGeorgesBank. LangIsland.Mariha'sVineyard.NaniuckeiIsland. and
CapeCodare eastwardcxtcnsiansof the CoastalPlainthal are above sca Icvcl.Further
inlandarc the AppalachianHighlandProvince,from AlabamatoNewBrunswick .nd the
CanadianShield,nonh of the Gulfof SI .awrence.A mapshowingihesephysiographic
regionsisfound atAnnex39,Vol. 11.
'The area of GeorgesBank is measuredfrom the western edge of Nantucket Shoals.
eastwardwithinthe 100-fathom-deptchontourtothe Northeast Channel.-.4 GULFOF MAINE 1241
muchasfour ta five timesdeeperanddoesextendto theseawardedgeof thecon-
tinentalslope.
C. SCO~ANSHELF
34. The geomorphologyof the Scotian Shelf iscomplexin comparisonto the
GeorgesBank portion of the continental shelf off New England, which is one
continuoustopographicfeature.TheScotianShelfconsistsofa seriesof banksand
interspersed basinsextendingoff the Nova Scotia peninsulafrom the Northeast
Channelto the LaurentianChannel.from GermanBankand BrownsBank atthe
southwesternend.through Roseway Bank, LaHave Bank. Emerald Bank. Sable
Island Bank, Middle Bank, and CansoBank. Io Banquereauat the northeastern
end. The seaward edge of the Scotian Shelf,from the Northeast Channel
northeastwardfor a considerabledistance,descends Io the deep oceannoor more
graduallythan doesthe seawardedgeof Georges Bank.and hasa moreregular
surface.marked onlyby occasionalgullies.Thewidthof the ScotianShelf ranges
from approximately 70 nautical miles (130 kilometers)off Cape Sable ta
approximately 138 nautical miles (256 kilometers)off Cage Canso. The long
southwest-northeasatxisof theScotianShelf isapproximately 400nautical miles
(740 kilometers)in length. Itis more than two-and-one-halftimes as large as
Georges Bank,with an area of approximately 48,400 square nautical miles
(166.000squarekilometers)'. The bankson the ScotianShelf, other than Sable
IslandBank. lack thelarge sandshoalsandother wave-likeconfigurationsround
on GeorgesBank. The glacial and fluvialdepositson thesebanksare lessthick
than the materialsonGeorgesBank.
35. TheGulf of Maine Basin.a largerectangulardepressionwith anareaofap
proximately 21,430 squarenautical miles (74,180 squarekilometers) and an
averagedepthof 82 fathoms(150meters),is landward ofGeorgesBank andWest
of the Scotian Shelf.On the floor of theGulf of Maine Basinare manysmall ba-
sins,separatedby ridges,ledges.and knolls. This irregular surfacewas caused
primarily by the riversand glaciersthat traversedthe area whenitwasdry land.
anderodedthesoftersedimentaryrocksmoredeeplythan the harderrocks.
SECTION 3. The Geologyof theGulf of Maine Area
36. The subsurfacegeologicalstructureunderlyingtheentire North American
Atlantic continentalmargin, including the Gulf of Maine area, isbelievedta be
essentiallycontinuous.The basic trend of this structureeenerall. .rallelsthe
Coast.~he geologicalbasementof the continental margin is composedof hard
igneousand metamorphicrock. formed primarily by volcanic activity and the
hardeningof moltenmaterials.A thick layerof sedimentaryrocks,which in some
placesexceeds10 kilometers, gradually coveredthe aeo.ocic.l basement.The
sedimentaryrocks obscure the basemenlstructure.
37. The precisecharacteristicsof individual basementfeaturesin the Gulf of
Maine area can be ascertainedonly by moreextensivedeepdrilling than has
occurredtadate.Thegeologicalstructure ofthearea has been studiedextensively,
The areaoftheScotianShclfirmcasurcd framthemstline ofNova Scotiatthc 200-mc-
ier-dcpthcontour.[25-261 MEMORIAL OFTHE UNITED STATES 15
however,through seismic surveysand other inferenfial means.A number of
features have beenidentified. For instance,a seriesof deepbasinsand stable
platforms areknown ta underliethe seabedin the arra. Thesegeologicalbasins.
filled with sedimentaryrocks, are to be distinguished from geomorphological
basins,suchasthosethat characterize thefloor of the Gulf of Maine Basin.The
GeorgesBank basin. which is the collective name for a numberof geological
basins.lieseneathmuchof GeorgesBankitself.To the northeast.theScotianba-
sinunderliesthe seawardsideof the ScotianShelf. Landwardof thesebasinsare
three stablebasementplatforms: theLong Island. the LaHave, and theGuli OC
Maine platforms.A faulted transitionalzoneseparatesGeorgesBank basinfrom
theseplatforms.andcontainsa numberof features,includinga broaddepression
known as the Yarmouth sag, and an elongated,uplifted area known as the
Yarmouth arch.The precisenatureof thesefeaturesandtheir relationshipto one
another cannotbestatedwith certainty without extensivedeepdrilling. CHAiTERII
THE MARINEENVIRONMENT
38. The marine environment of the Gulf of Maine area is characterized by
three principal ecological regimes:hose of the Gulf of Maine Basin. Georges
Bank, and the Scotian Shelf. These separate and identifiable ecological regimes
play a major role in determining the distribution and abundance of commercial
fish and shellfish in the Gulfof Maine area. The location ofthe fishery resources
has. in turn, shapeduman activities in the ar'.
39. The geomorphalogical features of the three principal ecological regimes in
the Gulfof Maine area. together with the Northeast Channel. largely determine
the circulation patterns of the overlyingwaters. The circulation patterns and other
physical characteristics of the overlying waters. in turn. largelyshape the
communities of flora and fauna within them. Thur, distinct communities of life
forms inhabit each regime at al1levelsof the food chain. frmicroscopie plant
life (phytoplankton)to small animal organisms (zooplankton)to iish and shelliish.
Although no such community is totally isolated. the community within each
regime has iis own distinctive characteristics and, in important respects. does no!
interact with the communities of the other regimes. The location and maintenance
of the commercial fishery resourcesin the Gulfof Maine area are dependenton
these regimes.
SECTION 1. The Waters
40. The different characteristics of the waters overlying the Scotian Shelf. the
Gulf of Maine Basin, and Georges Bank, and aCthe seabed over which they flow,
define and integrate the biologicalcommunities within each of the three ecological
regimes. Thus. the distribution of flora and fauna is a function of the patterns of
water circulation and the preferences of marine organisms for areas characterized
by certain temperatures. salinity. andttom sediments. Furthermore. transition
zones.or fronts. occur where thcse bodiesof wateret. Someof these zones.par-
ticularly the one between Georges Bank and the Scotian Shelf, limil movement
and exchange between regimesof many speciesof marine organisms.
A. CIRCULATIOP NATTERNS
41. The pattern in which the waters flow through the Gulf of Maine area is il-
@ lustrated in Figure 5. The water flowing ovcr the Scotian Shelf cornes from the
Gulf of St. Lawrence and the subarctic region to the north. It flows generally
southwestward over the Shelf, parallel to the Nova Scotia peninsula. Some of this
water continues southwestward seaward of the continental shelf. The remainder
curves around Cape Sable. with a portion of it forming a clockwise gyre over
Bmwns Bank. and the bulk of it feeding into the surface waters of the Gulf of
Maine Basin and the Bay of Fundy. Water also flows rapidly into the bottom of
the Gulf of Maine Basin through the Northeast Channel. This water. which
Thepionccringstud)unthissub~cctar ihai oH B Bipelow".PhysicalOccanopraphof
thcGulfof Maine".BullciinofihcUnitedSiaicsBurcauofFirhcrics.VoXL. 1924.Part2
tDoçumcnt969hpp 513-521 (Intrduciion10ihisstud)IPPAnnci 33.Val II128-301 MEMORIALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES 17
originales seaward of the continental shelf,is highly saline. As il fills the bottom
of the Basin. it lifts the upper. lesssaline. and therefore lessdense. layers of water.
Within the Basin, the water moves ina complex counterclockwise gyre. Water
moves from the Gulf of Maine Basin to Georges Bank in a variety of ways.
Surface water spins out of the gyre in the Gulf of Maine Basin and flows onto
Georges Bank. In addition. water wells upward on10 Georges Bank from the
depths of the Gulf of Maine Basin '.Lastly, a strong current developsthat flows
eastward along the steep northern edge of Georges Bank and turns southward
along the eastern end of the Bank. A separate clockwisegyre forms over Georges
Bank. As this water circulates. some of il leavesGeorges Bank and ilowsonto the
southern New England shelf.
42. The water in each of the three principal ecological regimes has distinctive
seasonal temperature and salinity characteristics, and varies in the extent to which
it is either stratified or mixed vertically.ese differences are a function of the
source of the water. the extent to which it is mixed withwater from other sources,
and the depth of the water.
1. Scotian SheU
43. The surface water over the Scotian Shelf is less saline, and ils average
temperature significantly colder. than the waters of the Gulf of Maine Basin or
Georges Bank.The waters over the Scotian Shelfare relativelylow insalinity, due
to the mixing of the fresh water from the St. Lawrence River with the ocean
waters. The waters over the ScotianShelf are relativelycold due to their northern
origins. Limited vertical mixing occurs over the banks of the Scotian Shelf. The
waters surrounding and between the banks of the ScotianShelf are stratified into
layers of different temperature and salinity during the summer, and are mixed
during the winter.
2. Gui/ of Maine Bosin
44. The waters of the Gulf of Maine Basin reach depths of approximately 206
fathoms (377 meters).The water entering the surface of the Gulf of Maine Basin
from the ScotianShelf is relatively lowin salinity. whereasthe water entering the
bottom of the Basin through the Northeast Channel is highly saline and rich in
nutrients. The bottom water remains relatively constant in temperature through-
out the year. while the surface water varies greatly in temperature seasonally.
During the winter, the surface water coolsand tends to sink; consequenlly. the top
82 to 109 fathoms (150 10 200 meters) of the water column are mixed vertically.
Salt and nutrients from the deeper water are mixed in10the rest of the water col-
umn at this time. During the spring and summer, the water in the Gulf of Maine
Basin is more stratified because the surface waters are warmed by the sun, while
the inflowthrough the Northeast Channel continues to maintain the temwrature
of the tmttom layer. Between the surface and the bottom waters, a cold
intermediate layer, a remnant of the winter cooling.remains and slowlydissipates
through the summer.
'SomeofthiswatcralsoupwcllronIoNantucketShoals.18 GULF OFMAINE Pl1
3. GeorgesBank
45. Over Georges Bank. the water column is well-mixed (rom top ta bottom
vear-round due to the shallownessof its water and the stronn .idal currents. The
water column warms in the summer, reaching temperatures comparable to those
off southern New England. Becauseof their origins and becauseof the mixing
action aboveGeorgesBank, thesewaters are more saline than the waters over the
Scotian Shelf and the surface waters of the Gulfof Maine Basin.
46. Marked fronts exist where bodies of water with differing temperature,
salinity. density, and other characteristicsrnetogether. These fronts are similar
to the familiar weather fronts that separatecold air massesfrom warm air masses.
Such fronts occur betweenthe waters of Georges Bank and those of the Scotian
Shelf. A slightly lesswell-defined front also occurs between thewaters of Georges
Bank and thoseof the Gulf of Maine Basin.
SECTION 2. The Food Chain
47. The distribution and abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton. the
initial links in the marine food chain, determine to a largextent the location of
other species.including commercial fish and shellîish, that feed upon them. The
distribution and abundance of plankton in the Gulf of Maine area depend upon
the characteristics of both the seabedand the waters of the separate ecological
regimes in the area.
48. Phytoplankton are food for herbivorous organisms. including zooplankton,
lamal fish. larval benthos.someadult fish, and many adult benthos '.Phytoplank-
ton have either a rudimentary or no form of locomotion, and are transported
passivelyby water currents. Consequently, they are usually retained in the Gulf of
Maine Basin by its counterclockwise gyre, and over Georges Bank and Browns
Bank by their respective clockwise gyres. Thus, it is not surprising that phyto-
olankton soecies are not uniformlv distributed throunhout the area. Those on
~eor~es ~ank tend to be larger (net) plankton, characteristic of the continental
shelf to the southwest. Bv contrast..~h.to.lankton swcies along the edne of the
Gulf of Maine Basin an-d on the Scotian Shelf aie generall; smalle; (nanno)
plankton.
49. Becausethey are plants, phytoplankton need light and nutrients to grow.
They arow best in shallow. well-mixed waters. where nutrients on the bottom are
chuinid upward and reach the sunlit surface waters. In the Gulf of Maine area.
phytoplankton are most plentiful in the well-mixed waters along the Coast,in the
mouth of the Bay of Fundy. and over Georges Bank. Phytoplankton are also
plentiful over the shallower banks of the Scotian Shelf. They are not plentiful in
the Northeast Channel or in the center of the Gulf of Maine Basin. Relative
phytoplankton distribution is shown by satellite imagery. Figure 6.
'Manyspcciesof whalesalsorcly onplanktan as aprimaryfd source [32-34) MEMORIAL OFTHE UNITED STATES 19
50. Zooplankton congregate in areas of high phytoplankton production. Like
phytoplankton. they are usually kept in the Gulf or Maine Basin by ils
counterclockwise gyre, and over Georges Bank and Browns Bank by their
clockwise gyres. There are differences in the species composition and quantity
(biomass)of the respective zooplanktoncommunities of the Gulf of Maine Basin,
Georges Bank. and the Scotian Shelf. Although the dominant speciesof zooplank-
ton are similar throughout the area. each community includes species that do not
appear in the others '.
51. An important source of food for fish are benthos-bottom-dwelling organ-
isms, such as crustacea, starfish. worms,snails, sponges, barnacles. crabs, lobsters,
and scallops. The benthic communities of Georses Bank, the Scotian Shelf, and
the Gulf of Maine Basin differ from each other in species comwsition and
suantity (biomass)'. These differences result to a large extent from variations in
bottom sediment. water temperature. and phyto~.ank~on production. Georges
~ank, like areas of the shelf off southern New England. is shallow and consists
lareely of sandy sediments. The knthic community on Georges Bank istypical of
thoie jound oniandy sediments, and isdominated by burrowingand surficial sand
dwellers. including crustacea. molluscs, free-living worms. and echinoderms. The
Scotian Shelf, by contras!. includes large areas of coarser sediments. such as
gravels. cobbles,and boulders, as well as sandy sediments, silts, and muds. As a
result, the benthic community on the Scotian Shelf is characterized by a greater
variety of organisms than the community on Georges Bank. These organisms
include attached forms such as plume worms, barnacles. lamp shells. sponges,
coelenterates, and bryozoans.The Gulf of Maine Basinconsistslargely of silts and
muds. The benthos that inhabit the Basin include brittle stars. sea urchins. sea
squirts. and tube-dwelling worms.
SECTION 3. Fish and Shellfish of Commercial Importance
52. Approximately 200 speciesof fishand shellfish can be round in the Gulf of
Maine area, of which some 40 to 50 s~eciesare of commercial significance. Each
of these species has preferred habitais. That is, the species are found in areas
where the water temperature, salinity, depth, bottom sediments. and other
ecologicalfeatures are suitable for survivalof the species.Many speciesof fish and
shellfish, distribiued over large portions of the Gulf of Maine area, are divided
into separate stocks associated with the area's ecalogical regimes. A "stock" is a
community of iish or shellfish that. under normal circumstances, is capable of
maintaining itself without immigration from other communities of the same
species.Damage doneto the fish in one stock. whether by overfishingor other hu-
man activities,will affect the stock throughout the ecological regime in which it
lives. Such damage would not, however, have any significant impact on mainte-
nance of other stocks of the same species associated with different ecological
'Far tables showingthe springand fall spccicscompositionof zooplankton.see Annex
44.Vol.II.
'Fara tableshowingthespccicscomposition ofbenthos.seeAnnex44.Vol.II.20 GULFOF MAINE 1351
regimes. A fish stock, rather than a species. is the appropriate subject of fisheries
conservation and management efforts '.
53. The Northeast Channel is a natural division between separate stocks of fish
and shellfish found in the respective ecological regimes of Georges Bank and of
the Scotian Shelf'. In the Gulf of Maine Basin, there is also a division between
stocks that follows the line of dee~est water in the Basin. This natural division
uiihin ihcGulf of Maine Basin. and the natural divisions bciwecn the Basin and
thc Scotian Shelf. and bctucen the Basin and Gçoraes Bank. are lcss wcll-defined
than the division in the Northeast Channel between~eorges Bank and the Scotian
Shelf. The following discussion focuses on the natural division belween Georees -
Bank and the Scotian Shelf.
54. Many stocks over Georges Bank and over the Scotian Shelfare maintained
as separate units by the same features that define those two ecological regimes in
other respects. For example, the gyre formed by the waters overlying Georges
Bank and the gyre overlying Browns Bank keep free-floating eggs and larvae of
the fish and shellfish that inhabit these separate areas within their respective
ecological regimes, where they mature. nrow. and ultimatelv mav .e ha.vested.
The water ci~culation patterns-also help to prevent free-floating eggs and larvae of
one regime from entering the other. Similarly, mature fish and shellfish of manv
species normally do not cross the Northeast Channel between Georges Bank and
the Scotian Shelf.
'Canada acccptsthis wint ofvicw:
': .srocksshould be monogedos individu01unirs.
Fcwspcciesform homogencousmixtures of individuals throughout ihc spccies'
range.RAther thcseindividuals tend to be groupedinto separatcpopulationsor
stocks.oftcn associaledwith parlicular oceanographicfeaiures.such as current
systemsor distinct shelf arcas. with littlc interchange betwccn the scparatc
groups. Each group will haveitr awn particular set of biological charactcristics
such as growth ratc or mortality rate. dcpendcnton ils gcnctic makcupand the
cnvironmcnt whichil inhabits. Eachwill rcswnd Io fishing pressurein a diffcrent
way. dependingon the sizeof the particular stock and ils uniquecharactcrirtics.
Managcmcnt proceduresshould k dcsigncd to take account of ihc varying
charactcristicsofeachstock.
The arcas inhabited by suchstockswill Varyin sim. but for Mastal spccicsarc
usually well-defined. For some siocks. thc distribution may crtcnd to coastal
watcrsof scvcraladjaccntstatcs:for othcrsihc distribution will bewnfined 10the
adjacentwatcrs of a single staic. In any case,the stock mus1k managed as a
wholc if managementis to k effective. This is no1to say that stacksrhould bc
managedin isolation from othcr stocksof the samespccies,or in isolationlrom
otherspccics.The managementsystcmmustk effectivefor exploitedspeciesovcr
broad coastalarcas:othcrwiscfishing cffort issimply diverted to spcciesor siocks
not undcr rcgulation."
Workine Pamr onMannecmrni ofthr LivingRoourccr df ihc Sca.,ubmiticd by Canddd iri
the Commiticc on ihc PcaccfulLiscsof the Scakd and the Occankloor tle)ond ihc limiis
of Nation3l Jurisdiction. U. NDoc A/AC138/SC.ll/1.8. pn.172-173.rrt hnncx 91. Vol.
IV
'Thc scparationof stocksat the Northcast Channelhaslongbeenrecognizcdand hasken
rcflcctcd in many studicsdoncundcrtheauspicesof the North American Council on Fishery
Investigations(NACFI). and later. of the International Commission for ihc Narthwcst
Atlantic Fishcries(ICNAF). See Pari 1.Chap. III.para. 126. 136.381 MEMORIALOF THE UNITEDSTATES 21
55. Figure 7 lists 16wmmercially important speciesin the Gulf of Maine area.
@ Separate stocks of 12of these speciesare associated with Georges Bank. Separate
stocksof II of these same 12speciesare associated with the Swtian Shelf'Thus.
separate stocksof silver hake, herring, haddock, cod, red hake, yellowtailflounder.
redfish, scallops. white hake, and lobster are found in each regime. Fishing on
Georges Bank of any of these stocks. and management measures relating thereto,
would not affect maintenance of the stocks of the same species over the Scotian
Shelf. Similarly, fishing of any of these stocks over the Scotian Shelf, and
manaeement measures relating thereto, would no1 affect maintenance of the
stockiof the same species over~eorges Bank. The same cannot be said of the ef-
fect within either regime of fishing for these stocks within any part of that regime.
Thus, fishing for a stock on any part of Georges Bank will affect the maintenance
of that stock throughout Georges Bank.
@ 56. Stocks of the other four species shown in Figure 7-mackerel, pollock,
shortfin squid, and argentine-may migrate from one ecological regime to
another. and are not necessarily identified with any one regime. They may be
found from lime 10lime in the Northeast Channel.
@ 57. Figure 7 indicates the ranges of stocks of the 16 commercially important
species in a zone extending from Block Island (off Rhode Island), across Georges
Bank. the Northeast Channel, and Browns Bank.ta LaHave Bank on the Scotian
Shelf (off the southernoastof Nova Scotia). The range of individual stocks is
indicated on the chart by bars'. For example, the chart shows that stocks of
yellowtail flounder are found on Georges Bank. on Browns Bank, and to theWest
of Georges Bank on the southern New England shelf. It showsthat there is a sharp
division marked by a separation between the stocks of yellowtail flounder at the
Northeast Channel, and a less well-defined division between the stocks of
yellowtail flounder West of Georges Bank. In all, the chan shows sharp stock
divisionsai the Northeast Channel in12 of the 16species depicted. Regardless of
the season. most species are not found in fishable quantities in the Northeast
Channel. Thus, the Northeast Channel is a natural boundary between fishing
activities, asllas a natural division betweenthe stocksofGeorges Bank and the
stocks of the Scotian Shelf.
SECïION 4. Summary
58. Three separate and identifiable ecological regimesexist side by side in the
Gulf of Maine ares-ver Georges Bank. overthe Scotian Shelf, and over the
Gulf of Maine Basin. These regimes are a result of the unique coincidence of the
geomorphological features of the Gulf of Maine area, including the Northeast
Channel. The -eomor~holoe-calfeaturesdetermine the oattern in whichthe waler
nows through ihc arca. with thc conscqucnce thai d~ffcrenimarine environmcnis
cxisiincach of the ccological rcgimcs lf ihe\e gçomorphologicalfc~turesdid no1
exist, there would be a graduaÏcontinuum of marine climate, flora, and fauna
from Cape Hatteras to the Laurentian Channel. Instead. the Northeast Channel
stands between the Georges Bank and Scotian Shelf ecological regimes, and
greatly innuences the ecologicalregime in the Gulfof Maine Basin by acting as a
- ~
'A stockoflongfinsquidisfoundintheGcorges Bank rcgimc,butna1in iheSwtian Shclf
regimc.
'Thebarsindicatc therangeinwhichthestocksmaybefound infishablequantities.22 GULF OF MAINE [39-401
wnduit for the flowof dense water from seaward of the continental shelf into the
Basin.The ecologicalregimes are distinguished from one another by the respective
characteristics of their waters and consequently by the food chains round within
them. The natural boundary that divides the Georges Bank regime from that of
the Scotian Shelf also divides many species of fish and shellfish into separate
stocks.These stocks have beenthe subject of intense fishingactivities. The division
of the stocks at the Nartheast Channel rnakes it both possibleand appropriate to
manage the stocks over Georges Bank separately from the stocks overthe Scotian
Shelf. CHAPTER III
ACTlVlTlES OF THE PARTlES ANDTHElR NATlONALS
IN THEGULF OF MAINE AREA
59. In the Gulf of Maine area, most human activities fall into two broad
categories:those of private citizens and those of governments. The activities of
private citizensare principallyfishing. developmentof the mineral resourcesof the
seabed (primarily hydrocarbons),maritime commerce. and recreation. Govern-
mental activitiesinclude marinesurveyingand charting, developmentand mainte-
nance of other aids10 navigation. search and rescue services. resource manage-
ment, scientific research, and defense. As this chapter will demonstrate, both
categories of activities have been conducted in the Gulf of Maine area primarily.
and on Georges Bank almost exclusively,by the United States and ils nalionals.
SECTION 1. Fishing
60. The history of fishing in the Gulf of Maine area is bound up with the
European settlement of North America and with fishing in the Northwest
Atlantic from New England to the coast of Labrador. The United States fisheryin
New England evolvedfrom a local subsistenceindustry in the early 17thcentury
into a thriving commercial industry from New England to Labrador by the 18th
century. In the 19th century, political disputes with Canada and technological
changes in the harvesting, processing,and marketing of lish led the New England
fishermen to shift their efforts away from the inshorecod fisheries offNewfound-
land and Nova Scotia. The New England fishermen at that time developed the
offshore fisheries on Georges Bank and on BrownsBank and the other banks on
the Scotian Shelf. By contrast, Canadian fishermen did not developa significant
year-round offshorefishery in any part of the region until the 20th century. When
such a fisherydid first develop,it was locatedon the Grand Banksof Newfound-
land and on the northern banks of the Scotian Shelf.
61. In the 1950%other States began to compete with the United States and
Canada in the fisheriesoff Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Canada began al this
time to fish on Georges Bank and was soon followed by other States. In the
followingyears, up to 1977. large harvests on Georges Bank severely depleted
severalstocksand threatened the continuing existenceof the New England fishing
industry.
62. In 1977. the United States and Canada extended their fisheries jurisdic-
tions 1200 nautical milesfrom the coast. The United States asserted exclusiveju-
risdiction over ils traditional fishery on Georges Bank, but did not claim
jurisdiction over its traditional fisheries on Browns Bank and the other banks of
the Scotian Shelf. Canada asserted exclusivejurisdiction over vast fisheries off
Labrador. on the Grand Banksof Newfoundland.in the Gulf of St. Lawrence,and
on the Scotian Shelf. At the same lime, Canada claimed a significant part of the
Gulf of Maineand Georges Bank.
A. EARLY DEVELOPMENT
63. As early as the 16th century, vessels from Europe fished off the coasis of
Newfoundland to supply European markets. The fish. mostly cod, were either
dried onshoreand salted. or packed insalt brine and shippedto Europe. Bythe be-24 GULFOF MAINE 1421
ginning of the 17th century, both France and Great Britain were sending
expeditions to explore beyond the already well-developed fishing banks off
Newfoundland. Thev found stocks ofcod alone-the shoresof the Gulf of Maine ri-
valing thoseof Newfoundland. Also, the climate was more hospitable along these
shores than in the northern areas. Consequently, seasonal fishing stations and
permanent settlements. suchas the famous settlement at Plymouth in 1620,began
to appear along the Gulf of Maine u~st '.
64. The early New England settlers were dependentupon the local fisheries for
their subsistence.They lacked the vesselsto compete with the Europeans on a
commercial level in the Newfoundland fishery. New England fishermen beganto
develop larger vessels and to venture beyond the inshore banks as the New
England population grew and the demand for salt cod increascd. Additionally.
many fishing vesselsleft England in the middle of the 17th century and adopted
New England asthe basefor their Newfoundland operations. Theseevents.along
with an expanding demand for salt cod in the British sugar coloniesof the West
Indies, transformed the New England fishery from a subsistence activity to a
large-scale commercial enterprise. It forrned a basis for New England's rise to
economic maturity '.
65. By the time of the American Revolution (1775-1783). over 650 vessels
employed more than 4,000 men in the New England fishery '.Fishing rights were
one of the United States' most important interests in the peacc negotiations at
Paris in 1783,asevidenced by the negotiating instructions given to the American
PeaceCommissioners.They were instructed not to agree to any treaty with Great
Britain:
"without an explicit stipulation on her [Great Britain's] part not to
molest or disturb the lnhabitants of the United States of America in
taking fish on the Banks of Newfoundland, and other fisheries in the
American Seasany where. excepting within the distance of three leagues
of the Shoresof the Territory remaining to Great Britain at the closeof
the war. if a nearer distance cannot be obtained by negotiation-and in
the negotiation you are to exert your most strenuous endeavorsto obtain
a nearer distance in the Gulf of SI. Lawrence. and particularly along the
shores -~Nov~~-~otia. As to which latter we are desirous. that eventhe
Shores may be occasionally used for the purpose of carrying on the
Fisheries by the lnhabitants of theseStates'."
66. The peace negotiations did not question the rights of United States
fishermen to fish on Georges Bank. but only concerned their rights to engage in
the more distant inshore fisheries off Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and in the Gulf
of St. Lawrence. as well as to dry fish on the shores north Io Labrador. The
'For a gcncral discussionof the scttlcmcntof New England. see S.E. Moriron, "The
ColonialBackground. in Maririme HisrorydMorsoehuserrs1783-1860,1979.Anncx 12.
Vol. II.
'Sce generoliyH. Innis.TheCod FisheriesA : Hisroryofon inrernarionolEconomy.1940.
pp. 111-119.Anncx 13. Vol. II.
'See L. Sabine, Reporron the Principal Fisheriesd rhc AmericonSeos, Thc Treasury
Dcpt.of theUnitedStatcs. 1853.p. 174,Annex14,Vol.II.
<ContinentalCongress,Instruction for Negotiating a Trcaty of Commercewith Great
Briiain, 1Aug. 1779.Journolsdrhe ConrlnenralCongress .ol. XIV.PP.961.962,Annex
IS.V0l.II. - -
MEMORIAL OFTHEUNITEDSTATES
1431
American Peace Commissioners succeeded in the negotiations ',thus permitring
the United States to continue to dominate the fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic.
67. Followingthe War of 1812, Great Britain restricted fishing in the inshore
grounds off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland on the basis that the War had
abrogated the 1783Treaty of Peace. The Convention of 1818between the United
States and Great Britain redefined the rights of American fishermen in the
fisheries off Canada '.These inshore rights were no1as extensive as those in the
1783 Treaty of Peace, but the New England fishing industry continued to
dominate fishing in the region. In the 19th century, there were many disputes over
the meaning of the provisions of the Convention of 1818'. These disputes
culminated in the North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration al 1910, which
upheld Great Britain's right to regulate American activities in certain bays and
within 3 miles of the Canadian Coast '.
68. Scattered reports of New England vessels landing summer catches from
Georges Bankdate back to the early 18thcentury '.The severe weather conditions
and treacherous shoals of Georges Bank (including Georges Shoal) discouraged
early development. Moreover, little reason existed at that time to venture out 10
Georges Bank because codfish-the industry's mainstay-and mackerel were
abundant in safer inshore waters.
69. New England fishermen begansustainedoperations on Georges Bank in the
1820s'. The ra~id industrialization and woulation arowth in New England. the
mid-Atlantic siates. and the ~merica" midwest brought about an increased
demand for fish,especially fresh fish '. The cod taken from Georges Bank. known
as "Georges Fish" in the 19thcentury, gained a favorable reputation '.It was soon
discovered that halibut, mackerel. and haddock were well-suited to processing as
fresh fish. By 1825, portions of the Gloucester, Massachusetts mackerel fleet
visited Georges Bank regularly during the summer months. The halibut fishery
was established on Georges Bank by New England fisherrnen by 1828. By 1839,
United States fishermen were braving Georges Bank to harvest their catch the
year-round O.
70. As United States interest in Georges Bank increased, technological innova-
tions were made by New Englanders to facilitate Iishing on the Bank. The Fst
'SeeArt. IIIof theTreaty ofPeace. 1783,Annc1 x6. VolI.I.
' ForihcConventionof 1818, and a rnapof ilsfishinareas.soc Annex16.Vol. II.
'Filteentrcatiesconcerningthesefishinpdisputerwercconcluded inthe 19th andcarly20th
centuries.Far a list of the treatiesand a dctailcd accot f the problemsconcerningthe
Conventionof 1818, sec R. McFarland. A Hisloryof the New EnglandFisheries. 1911,
Chap.XIX."TheFishciiesQuestion". Annex 17,Vol.II.
' IIR. Int'lArb.Awards167.
'See C. Southack, 7he New England CoastnigPilol, 1718,Annex 23, Vol. II, and
discussionat para. 105,below; andG.B. Goode, 7heFuheriesand FuheryInduririesof the
UnitedSl4les.Vol.1,p. 187A, nnex18,Vol.II.
'Gmdc, op.cil.. Vol 1.p. 197.Annex18,Vol.II.
'Morison. op.cil..Chap.XIX. "CapeCodand CapeAnn".p.308.Anncn12.Vol.II.
' Goode,op.cit..Vol.II.p. 201.Anncx18.Vol.II.
'See generallyGde, op.cil.Anner 18.Vol.II, particularilyplatc30-35.26 GULF OF MAINE Id41
major innovation was the introduction in 1836 of "well smacksn-a new type of
fishing vesseldesignedspecifically for the halibut fishery on Georges Bank 'This
vessel had a shallow draught allowing it to operate in the shallow waters of
Georges Bank, and a compartment filled with sea water that enabled the
fishermen to kecptheir catch fresh until they could bring it to port. Another major
development occurred in 1839 with the first useof ice to preservethe catch and
bait. The growth of the cod and haddock fisheries on GeorgesBank in the mid-
19th century prompted the development of yet another type of vessel-the
Gwrges Bank schmner. or "George's-men", as these vesselswere called. 'These
vesselswere swift and. like the well smacks.had shallow drauahts that were suited
tu the shoals of Georges Bank and to the more shallou of New England'> ports
The increased levcl of acliviiy on Georges Bank broueht aboui ihe developmçnt or
a specialized marine insurance company 10 cover the risks associatedkith the
Gwrges Bank fisheries'.
71 The Sew England fisheries on Georges Bank ihrivcd throughout the 19th
scntury. notwithstanding the dangers Bctween 1837 and 1873.87 ~chooner,and
722 mcn lrom Glouccstcr. Massachusett slone wcre lost on George>Bank' The
New England fishing industry pcrservered.and. in rcsponseio cxpanding dcmand,
established new offshore fis~ ~ ~ ~on Browns Bank and on Sable Islan~ ~ ~k on
the Shelf, in addition to its exclusive province on Georges Bank. New
England vesselsalso continued to work the traditional inshore grounds for cod,
herring. and mackerel, including thoseoff Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and in
the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The skill. darine. and resourcefulnessof New Eneland's
fishermen were legendary. Challenied b;an ever-growing market, New land
fishermen of the 19thcenturv alwavs searched for new places10fish. newsoecies
ro develop.and ncw ways to catch. preserve. package.ship. and market them Scu
Enelanders tinkcred with the desienof their vcsselsto make thcm laster and inore
seaiorthy. They developed specialized vesselsand gear for each branch of their
trade, and versatilc. multi-purpose vesselsas well. They were the first to adopt new
methods. andthe first to abandon them when they no longer offered a competitive
advantage. They braved someof the most treacherous watersin the world, under
al1conditions, the year-round. Individual fishermen sailed together in great fleets
and worked for a share of the catch. They considered themselvesthe best in the
world at their trade '.
72. The fisheries of the Canadian Maritime provinces in the 19th century
presented sharp contrasts. Agriculture, trade, and shipbuilding dominated the
local economy, although fish were plentiful on the banks near the coastsof Nova
Scotia and Newfoundland, in the Gulfof St. Lawrence, and in the Bay of Fundy.
The local population remained sparse.The fisheries were part-lime and seasonal.
There was little reason for a large, specialized, year-round offshore commercial
fishery likeNew England's becausethe local Canadian market wassmall, the bulk
of the Canadian domestic market was far away. and the export market was
limited primarily to meetingthe demand for salted cd. The small offshore fishery
1Gmdc. op. cilPlatc4. Anncx 18.Vol. II.
'Godc. op. cilVol. 1p. 191.Anncx 18.Vol. II.
'Gode. op. cilVol. 1.p. 188.Annex18.Vol. II.
'Sec Table alAnncx 19.Vol. II.
'See generallyMorison.op. cil.. Chap.XIX. Annex 12.Vol. II. 1451 MEMORlAO LFTHE UNITES DTATES 27
wa*conducted only in the summer months and uas located on the Grand Banks uf
Newfoundland. off the coast of Labrador. and on some of thc banks oithe Scotian
Shelf. Thus. a thorough review of Canadian fishing on the east coast of North
America, conducted by the Halifax Commission in 1878, found that only one
Canadian vesse1had fished on Georges Bank up to that time '.
C. DEVELOPMEN TF FISHERIES DURINC THE ~OTH CENTURY
73. During the first half of the 20th century, fishing practices changed with
innovations in harvesting, processing. andransportation. prompted by a growing
demand for fresh fish. As a result. United States nationals increased their fishing
on Georges Bank and in the waters off Canada. and Canadian nationals began
sustained fishing on the offshore banks of Novacotia and Newfoundland.
74. United States innovations in the harvesting and processing of fresh fish
included the introduction in Boston in 1921 of filleting. This process reduced
shipping weight by 60 per cent, and transportation cosls fell. Advertising
campaigns were launched in the United States to encourage the consumption of
fish as a regular part of people's diets. Prepacked brandame fish of consistent
quality found new markets. Several different methods for quick-freezing fillets
improved the quality of frozen fish in the mid-1920s. By the 1930s. refrigerated
trucking made frozen fish fillets from New England commonly available in much
of the United States. The expanded markets resulting from these United States
innovations intensified the New England-based fishing effort on Georges Bank
and the banks on the Scotian Shelf. New species. such as sea scallops, flounder.
and redfish (ocean perch). began to be harvested and marketed successfully by
United States fishermen.
75. The most important technological change in the New England fishery was
the introduction in 1905 ofsteam-powered "otter trawlers." These trawlers were
first developed for the North Sea kheries. Previously, most fishing had been done
with "line trawls", which were long lines with numerous bailed hmks. tended by
dories carried to the Fishing grounds on sailing schooners. Steam-driven otter
trawlers had several advantages over such earlier methods of fishing. Steam-
powered vessels were not dependent upon winds and tides and could travel more
rapidly to and from the fishing grounds. Nets with "otter boards" on the leading
edge (fo hold the nets opcn as they were pulled through the water) could land fish
more efficiently than could schooners using dories and line trawls.
'ThcHalifaxCommissionwascstablishedpursuanttothcTreaty ofWashingtonof 1871.by
whichGreat Britain and the UniicdStates accordcdreciprocallishingprivil10each
other.The tark of the Commission wasto dctcrmincif cither Grcat Britainor thc Unitcd
States shouldpay compensaiioIO the othcr for grivilegcsgrantcd undcr the Trcaiy. In
presentationof ils case.Grcai Briiainargucd ihai Canadianvcrrclrdid not fishon Unitcd
Statcs grounds. and.thcreforc,ihat Grcat Britain war entitlcd to compensationfor the
Commissionindicatesthat, whilsamef Canadian fishermenrcprted fishinandGeorgese
BankaboardUnitcdStatesvcssclrouiof NcwEngland pris.onlyone Canadianveîsclhad
bcenrcpartedto have fishcdon the Bank.The UnitcdStates soughtto showthat trade
concessionsgrantcd to Canadianlish productsundcrthe Treaiywcrcsufficientmmpnsa-
iionfor UnitedStatcs fishinpoffCanadianuiasiOn 3 Navcmber1877.the Commission
roundforGrcat Britainand awardcdilU.S. S5.JOO.û ûOcompcnsatianSee McFarland.
OP.cil..pp328.329,Annex17.Vol. II. 28 GULF OF MAINE 146-481
76. The increased fishing activity in the first two decades of the 20th century
heightened interest in fishery conservation and management. This highlighted the
need for b~ ~ ~ scientific information. leadine to the formation in 1920 of the
North American Council on ~isher; lnvesiigations (NACFI)l. The Council
originally was composed of fisheries scientists from the United States. Canada,
and Newfoundland. French scientistsjoined in 1922.The Council's functions were
IO coordinate research activities and to imorove and standardire the collection of
fisheries statistics. Toward this end, NACFI established statistical areas based on
thedivisions between major fishinggrounds. In the Gulf of Maine area, Statistical
Area XXI. designated "Nova Scotia", and Statistical Area XXII, designated
"New England. were divided by a line through the Northeast Channel'. The
resulting lineseparated Georges Bank fromthe banks of the Scotian Shelf. Figure
@ 8.
77. Only the United States fished Georges Bank in the years leading to World
War 11.Canada fished off Newfoundland, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the
eastern Scotian Shelf. and in the Bay of Fundy. The United Stateslso caught sig-
nificant amounts from those areas, particularly cod and haddock, and dominated
the fisherieson BrownsBank '.
78. FollowingWorld War II, large mechanized fishing iieets from outside the
region increased their catches in the fisheries off the coasts of Nova Scotia and
Newfoundland. Because of its interest in these fisheries, the United States
proposed an international conference to discuss cwperation in the investigation
and. where necessary, conservation of the fishery resources of the Northwest
Atlantic. The United States invited the States whosecoasts bordered the area. as
well as those whose nationals fished there, to a conference held in Washington in
1949. Canada. Denmark. France. Iceland. Italy, Newfoundland, Norway, Portu-
gal, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States attended the conference,
which oroduced the International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisher-
ies'. ~he Convention entered into force in 1950. It provided for the scientific
investigation of the fisheries (thus taking over the function of NACFI) and for
cwperative measures for the conservation of the stocks through the lnternational
Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF). The Convention
covered the high seas north of 39 degrees North latitude and Westof 42 degrees
West longitude, dividing the area into five management regions-Subarea I off
the Westcoast of Greenland. Subarea 2 off Labrador, Subarea 3 off Newfound-
1and;Subarea 4 off Nova Scotia and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Subarea 5
off New England'. The dividing line between Subarea 4 (off Nova Scotia) and
Subarea 5 (off New England) generally followed the NACFI line through the
'Thcoriginalnamevas thc IntcrnationalCommitteeonMarineFisheryInvesligatians S.ee
ExchanpeofnotesbctweenEmbassyof Canada andtheDepl.ofStaie, ForeignRcloliom o/
the UniredSloles1920. Vol1.....406-409.Anncx 6. Vol.1.
'That line was subsquently foundby the lntcrnationalCommission for the Narihwest
AtlanticFiahcricstodividcseparateand distinct stofkcommerciallyimportantfishSee
paras.78and 126,below.
'BrownrBank oftcn .#as dcscribeas beinp off the Unitcd States coastSee Fishcry
lndustricsNlhe UnitedStoies.U.S. Dcpi.ofCommerce.1928. p.471.Anncx20. VolI.I.
' 157U.N.T.S.157.Anner45.Vol. III.
'The ICNAF Subarcas arcshownon a Chartal Anncx45.Vol.III. 1491 MEMORIALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES 29
Northeast Channel, again separating the Georges Bank fishery fromthe Scotian
@ Shelf fisherie'.Figure 9.
79. In 1952, ICNAF issued a statistical bulletin describing the historical
development of the fisheries in the ICNAF Convention Area and containing
graphs of the catches of each country by Subarea'. This bulletin shows that
Georges Bank was fished exclusivelyby the United States. In wntrast. the banks
off Nova Swtia and Newfoundland were shared by Canada, the United States,
and others. No country other than the United States had any reported catches
from Subarea 5 (off New England), including Georges Bank, prior to 1952. The
bulletinestablishes that the United States alsohad significant catches in Subareas
3 (off Newfoundland) and 4 (off Nova Scotia) throughout the recorded period.
Canada's only catches are shown to have come from Subareas 3. 4. and 2 (off
Labrador).
D. FOREIGNFISHING ON GEORGES BANK AND THE REACTION OF THE UNITED
STATES
80. The United States continued to dominate the fisheries of Georges Bank
during the 1950sand to fish actively off the Coastof Canada as well. During this
period.whileCanada's fisheriesexpanded inSubareas 2.3 and 4. fishingvesselsof
third States also began to put pressure on those fisheries. In respnse. Canadians
turned to the Georges Bank fishery and became the first foreign fishermen to
report landings from Subarea 5(offNew England).Canada took 1,148metric tons
in Subarea 5 in 1954, as compared to the United States catch of 412,917 metric
tons'. That same year, the United States look 66,564 metric tons in Subarea 4, as
compared with 334.756 metric tons taken by Canada and 49.770 metric tons
taken bv other States. In Subarea 3. the United States twk 31.834 metric tons.
canada-31 1,078metric tons, and other States 255,811 metric tons.These figures,
exceot for the Canadian intrusion on Georaes Bank and the growth of the fisheries
of third States off Canada, reflectedthehistoric pattern ;f activity in the 20th
century. By 1960, third States took 410,893 metric tons in Subarea 3 while the
Canadian and United States catches fell to 284.562 and 15.245 metric tons,
respectively.In Subarea 4, Canada and other States increased their harvest to
389,376 metric tons and 108.61 1metric tons. respectively. whilethe United States
catch fell to 50,552 metric tons. The United States look 411.518metric tons in
Subarea 5 (off New England), about as many as it had taken in 1954,but Canada
increased ils catch to 31.679 metric tons'.
81. In 1961, ICNAF first reported catches in Subarea 5 by third States'. By
1964,the Canadian catch had more than doubled from 1960to 75.178 metric tons
while the third-State catch had exploded to 338.024 metric tons. The combined
foreign harvest on Georges Bank was larger that year than the United States'
' Forone Canadianvicwof ICNAF, see P.Finklc."The InternationalCommissionforthe
NorthwestAtlanticFishcrics:An Expcrimcntin Conservation". DalhousL ieawJournal,
Vol.1,1974. pp.526-550.Anncx51.Vol.III.
'International Commissionfor the Noflhwest Atlantic Fishenes, SralisirtiBlulierin
[hereinafteICNRFSlat. BulllVol.2 forthe Year1952,Annex 46,Vol.III.
'ICNAFSrar. Bull.. 1954.TotalLandings.Anncx47.Vol.III.
'ICNAFSlol. Bull.. 1960.TotalLandings.Anncx47.Vol.III.
'ICNAFSral. Bull.. 1961.Total Landings, nnex 47,Vol.III.30 GULFOF MAINE [SO-531
harvest of 342.520 metric tons '.This pattern continued into the 1970s. In 1973,
.~~~total S~b~ ~ ~ ~catch exceeded one million metric tons for the first lime
(1,062,796 metric tons), more than twice the average '.The United States took less
than one-fourth of this 1226.022metric tons). about one-half of its catch in 1954.
Figurc 10dcmonstratcs thc massivebuildup of third-Statc flect~in the Northwest
Atlantic fishcrics inthe 1955-1975period Figure 10alsoshous the rclationship of
that buildup, first to the increase in totaÏ catch and then to the decline in
abundanceof the stocks. In addition. Figure 10 illustrates the significant increase
in the tanadian offshore fishery in Subarea 4 and the incursion of foreign
fishermen, including Canadians, into the Subarea 5 fishery.
82. The Georges Bank sea scallop fishery faced a serious challenge from
Canada. Since the early 1930s. United States fishermen, primarily €rom New
Bedford, had harvcstedsea scallopson Georges Bank. Until well after World War
II, al1Canadian scalloping had been from small boats in othcr areas, principally
on inshore grounds in thc Bay of Fundy. The Canadians began to exploit the
offshore grounds on Georges Bank in the iate 1950s.By the early 1960s.Canada
had an offshore scallop fleet of 32 bats. Large Canadian and provincial
government subsidies hclpcd 10build the Canadian fleet and to meet ils operating
costs.Thesesubsidiescontinue in differine forms to the oresent dav. Virtuallv al1
scallops harvcstcd from Gcorges Bank b; Canadians hive been crported tothe
Unitcd States. Whilc both thc Unitcd Statcs and Canada in recent vears have
harvested scallops (rom Georges Bank, the United States has cmsistentlr
consumed over 80 per cent of the Canadian catch as well as al1 of ils own '.
Table A. p. 54.
83. As a result of the Canadian intrusion, the United States portion of the
scallop catch on GeorgesBank dropped steadily between 1955and 1965. In 1955,
United States vcssels look 98.3 per cent of a total catch of 8.435 metric tons of
mats'. In 1963. the United States twk 7,910 metric tons. but that amounted to
only 57 percent ofthc total catch. In 1964, Canadian vesselslanded almost half of
the total catch of 12.142 metric tons. The total catch droooed in half in 1965. to
5.901 metric tons. Canada took 75 percent.This pattern c&tinued until the mid-
1970s. Manv Unitcd States scalloo fishermen converted to other fisheries. while
others turne2 & scallop grounds $f the mid-&lintic stales. The United States'
scallop fishery onGcorgcs Bank beganto rebound with the establishment of 200-
nautical-mile fishery jurisdictioninthe late 1970s.The fishery is recovering, and
the United States once again is taking the majority of the scallop catch from
GeorgesBank.
'ICNAFSlor. Bull., 1964,Total Landings.Anna 47. Vd. Ill.
ICNAFSlar. Bull., 1973.Total Landings.Anncx47.Vol. III.
'For discussionof thecffcctof thescsubsidicsandihccxportofCanadian.caughisc.4lom IO
ihc UniicdSiates.srr Anner 21. Val II Canadianrcatlopcrporis IOtheUniicdSinier iake
ad\aniagcof market expansioncfforis by UnitedSiatcr scallopfishcrmrn Stncc1954. the
United Statcs lishcrmcn have contributed a prccntape of thcir incorneto a market
dcvclopmcntfund. whichthroughconsumereducationandadvcrtisingsccksto erpandthc
xallop market.
'Scallop landinasarc mtasurcdin iwo ways-*shcll weight" and "rncatwcight." Shell
wcightrcfcrstothc grosswcightof thcentircscallop.whilc rncatweightrcfers10theweight
of the adductormusclethat is soldcommerciallyin the Unitcd States.Inthe conversion
formula usedbytheUnitcdStatcs.oneunit of shellweightequals8.33unitsof mcatwcight.1541 MEMORIAL OFTHEUNITEDSTATES
Table A:
UNITED STATES'SCALLOP IMPORTÇ FROM CANADA
US. SEallovlmportr
Totil Canadian CanadianSeallop United States from Canadaasa
Scallo~ Lsndinils from SesIlopImoorts Pereentaneof Total
Yesr ~mrg& Bank ' from canada ' ~anadian~andings
~ p - - - -
'Shelllish Markct Rcview.Unitcd StatesDept.01Commcrcc.National Occanagraphicand
Atmosphcric Administration. Nalional Marine Fishcries Service, Curreni Ecanomic
Analy~isS-44.June 1982,Tablc A-Il. p. 26.(quantiticscanvertedta metric tonsfrom Ibs.
x 1,OOo).
' 1961-1978:lCNAF Sial.Bulls.
1979:NAFO SCSDoc.80/1X/27.
1980:NAFO SCS Doc.81/V1/15.
(Canadian Landings from subdivision 52 (1961-1967)and 5Ze plus 5Zw (1968-1980).
mnverted IO mcat weight lrom shcll wcight).
'1961-1964: M.A. AltobelIo. D.A. Storey. and J. Conrad, "The Atlantic Sca Scallop
Fishery:A Descriptiveand EconamctricAnalysis." RescarchBull. No. 643. Massa:husetts
Agricultural RcscarchSfation. January1 .977,Table 4.2.
1975:Shclliirh Markct Review. OD. cil.Currcnl EconomicAnalvsisS-38.
1976.1971 Ibd Curreni ~conomicAnal,,ir S 41
1978-19S0lbid . Currcnt EcooomicAndlb,is S 42
iqunntitics con<crtcdlu mrlric ionslrom Ihs r I.M)Oi
'Roundcdto ncareslwholepcrccntagepoint32 GULF OF MAINE I551
84. The Georges Bank haddock fishery is another example of how increased
foreign fishing in a traditional United States fishery resulted in reduced catches
for United States fishermen and a serious decline in the stocks. For many years.
New England fishermen had taken about 50,000 metric tons per year from the
Georges Bank haddock fishery. It was, along with cod. the most important
groundfish fishery on the Bank. No foreign vessels engaged in this fishery until
1955, when Canada reported a small catch '.In the period 1961 to 1963. while the
United States' catch remained at ils traditional level, the Canadian catch
increased and pressure on the resource intensified '.
85. In 1965. the Soviet Union concentrated irs fleet on the Georges Bank
haddock stock and took 81,882 metric tons in that year alone. This. combined with
the normal United States catch of 52,823 metric tons and an increased Canadian
catch of 14.889 merric tons (and 768 merric tons ofother States), tripled the usual
catch in this fishery 10 150,362 metric tons '.Heavy fishing on the stock continued
in 1966'. Thereafter. total landin~- drooo.d.steadilv. In 1976. orior to the
extension of United States fishery jurisdiction to 200 nautical miles, only 6,280
metric tons of haddock were taken from Subarea 5 (off New Eneland)'. Since that
time. undcr a more effectivecr>n,crvation regimc. the rtocks have bcgun 10recover
and rhe United States carch 15moving iuward ils ir~ditidnal level "
86. ICNAF attempted in the 1960s and 1970s 10hall the severe overfishing in
the Northwest Atlantic. The United States took the lead within ICNAF on issues
concerning Subarea 5, as did Canada on issues concerning Subarea 4. ICNAF.
however. could set quotas only by agreement of the member States. The flag
States rerained ultimate enforcement responsibility. This system proved to be
ineffectivebecause some foreign fishing interests were more devoted to short-term
gains from resource exploitation than to the long-term conservation of the stocks.
The quotas and surveillance programs adopted by ICNAF in 1969. 1972. and
1974 failed to prevent the decline of the stocks.
87. In response to the massive overfishing by foreign fleets, the collapse of fish
stocks off their coasts, and the inability of ICNAF to reverse the trend. the United
States joined Canada in 1977 in extending their fishery jurisdictions to 200
nautical miles from the Coast'. The United States took this action under the
'Canada rcpartcd a haddockcatchof 181mctric tonsin 1955:thc Unitcd Statescatch that
year was50,344mctric tons.ICNAFSlol. Bull.. 1955,Anncn 47. Vol. III.
a1961:Canada 189mctric tons; Unitcd Statcs 51.681mctric tons.
1962:Canada3.568metric tons; Unitcd States54.412mctric tons.
1963:Canada8.382 mctric tans; Unitcd Statcs48.892metric tons.
ICNAFSIol. Bull.. 1961.1963,Anncr 47. Vol. III.
'ICNAFSlor. Bull.. 1965.Annex 47. Vol. III.
'Canada 19,417mctric tons: USSR 48.409 mdric tons; Unitcd Statcs 57.497metric tons
othcrs 1.759rnctric tons.ICNAFSlol. Bull.. 1966.Anncr 47. Vol. III.
'Canada 1.452mctric tons; Unitcd States4.769metric tons:othcrr 59 metric tons. ICNAF
Slor Bull.. 1976,Annex 47. Vol. Ill.
'1980:Canada 10,304metric tons: United Statcs 24,740mctric tons.Provisional Nominol
Coiches inrheNorthwerr Ailonri<-.1980.NAFO SCS Doc.81/VI/I5. Anncx 47. Vol. III.
'For a detailcd account.see Part 1. Chap. IV. bclow. Thc Unitcd States withdrcw lram
lCNAF cflcctivc 31 Dec. 1976.1561 MEMORIAL OFTHEUNITED STATES 33
Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 (FCMA)'. The FCMA. in
addition to extending fishery jurisdiction. established a comprehensive system of
management. requiring the development of fishery management plans for each
fishery. These plans mus1conform to strict standards, including the following:
"(1)Conservation and management measures shall prevent overfishing
while achieving.on a continuing basis. the optimum yield from each
fishery.
(2)Conservation and management measures shall be based upon the
best scientificinformation available.
(3) To the extent practicable, an individual stock of fish shall be
managed as a unit throughout its range, and interrelated stocks of
fish shall be managed as a unit or in closecoordination.
..........................................
(6) Conservation and management measures shall take into account
and allow for variations among, and contingencies in. fisheries,
fishery resources,and catches '."
Each plan under the FCMA contains elaborate scientific analyses of the fishery
and of possibleconservation and management measures. Each plan determines the
portion of theallowable catch that United States fishermen will harvest and the
surplus that. under the FCMA. will be allocated to foreign States. In addition,
United States law requires the preparation of detailed analyses of the environmen-
ta1 impact of each plan on the particular fishery and on marine and coastal
environments. These environmental impact statemerits also analyze the potential
effects of alternative management approaches.
88. In the past five years. management plans have been implemented for a
number of stocks in the Gulf OF Maine area. including herring, ccd. haddock,
yellowtail tlounder. squid. hake. mackerel. and sea scallops. The prcductivity of
many of these stocks already has improved. In 1981,the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations reported that the fisheries of the
Northwest Atlantic were recovering under extended coastal State jurisdiction.
The FA0 also noted that the recovery of many stocks had progressed sufficiently
by the end of the 1970sto permit mcdest increases in catches whilethe stocks con-
tinued to rebuild'.
SECTION 2. Continental Shelf
89. The United States extended its jurisdiction and control over the natural
resources of its continental shelf by the well-known Truman Proclamation of
1945'. At thatlime. the United States asserted jurisdiction and control out to the
FCMA.'16U.S.C.secs.1801-1884A . nnex8.Vol.1.
'Ibid.sec.1851(a).
'MarineResourccsScrvicc.FishcryRcsourccsand EnvironmentDivision.FisheriesDept..
Rcviewof lhe Srarof Warld FishcryResourees.FAO.1981. m. 4-5.Anncx 22.Vol.II.
'Proclamation No. 2667, Policyof thc United States With Rcspcct 10 the Naiural
ResourcesoftheSubsoilandSea Bedofthe ContinentaS l hell,28Scp.1945. Anncx 3.Vol.
1.34 GULF OF MAINE 1571
100-fathom-depth contour '.which encompassed Georges Bank'. On 12 April
1961, the United States ratified the 1958 Convention on the Continental Shelf,
and became a party when the Convention came into force on 10 June 1964'.
Canada became a party 10the Convention in 1970'.
90. Exploration for hydrocarbon resources of the continental shelf in the Gulf
of Maine aiea began in the 1960s'. Since that lime, the United States has
explored extensively the continental shelf in this area. It also has undertaken a
lengthy, complex. and ongoing investigation of the environments of that area and
of the New England coastal areas that border on the Gulf of Maine and the
Atlantic Ocean. In this process there has been a thorough review of the potential
effects of oil and gas development upon those environments. Comprehensive
environmental safeguards renulate everr stage of the exploration and development
process. Although geophysical explorat~onb; the ~nited States has been extensive
in areas of Georges Bank known tube claimed by Canada. no exploratory drilling
has taken place in those areas by the United States.
91. Canada has explored areas of the Scotian Shelf and has begun to develop
hydrocarbon resources in some of those areas. particularly in the vicinity of Sable
Island. Canada has not, however, engaged in a process'of investigating the
potential effects of oil and pas development on the marine and coastal environ-
ments comparable to the comprehensive procedures followed bythe United States.
Although Canada has purported to authorize exploration on Georges Bank. no
Canadian exploratory drilling has occurred pursuant to these authorizations.
A. UNITED STATES
92. The United States in 1953enacted the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act '
(OCSLA). That Act, together with other statutes'. governs activities on the
continental shelf of the United States. Two principal goals of the OCSLA are the
'PrcssRclcascof 28Sep. 1945.Dcpt.of State Bull..Anner 3, Vol.1.
'A. L. Shalowitz,Shore and Sen Boundarics. Vol. 1.Unitcd States Dcpt.of Commcrcc.
1962. P.184.Anncx3.Vol.1.
'499 U.N.T.S.311.Anncr 5.Vol.1.
'For the notificationrcccivcdby the UnitcdStates, from theUnitcdNationsof Canada's
ratification.eAnncx 52.Vol.IV.
'Explorationinvolvcsboth gcophysical(inferential)and geological(direct) explorationto
obtain information aboutthe scabcdand subsoil.Gcophysical exploration includesscismic
rcflcctionprofilcs,aswcasgravityand magnetic SUNCYS. noncofwhichinvolvesdrilling or
othtr activiticsthat significantlydistuihc rcabed and subsoil.Gcnlogicalcxploration
includcsbothwrc samplingand crploratory drillinC.arcsamplingusuallyreferstoshallow
drillin10 examinethc surficialand othcruppcr laycrsof scdimcnt.Exploratorydrilling
refcrsboth to stratigraphicdrill(ordrilling"off-struclurc")intodeeplyburicdlaycrrof
sediment(slrata)inordcrtoobtain informationgcncrallyaboutan arca.and ta dccp drilling
in10subsurfaccgcologicalstructuresinordcr10determinewhcthcrthorcstructurescontain
ailor casdemsits.
'43 U;S.C.;& 1331-1343(1976).asamcndcdin 1978.43 U.S.C. rccr.1331-1356(1976.
Supp. III)Anncx9. Vol.1.
'Thcsc includc.amonpothcrs, ihs followin~statutcs intcndcdto protcct the marine and
wastal cnvironmcnt:the NationalEnvironmentalPolicyActof 1969.42U.S.C.sccs.4321-
4347. the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, 16 U.S.C. secs.1451-1464.the
EndangcrcdSpcciesAct of 1973. 16U.S.C. sccs.1531-1543.the Marinc Protection.
RcscarchandSanctuaricsActof 1972.33U.S.C.secs.1401-1444A . nncx10.Vol.1.andthe
FishcryConservationand~anagcmcntAct. 16U.S.C.sccs.1801'-1882~.nnex8, vol. 1.(581 . MEMORIALOFTHE UNITED STATES 35
orderly development of shelf resources and the protection of the environment. The
Act, as amended, provides that the United States shall select:
"the timing and location of leasing, 10the maximum extent practicable,
so as to obtain a orooer balance between the wtential for environmental
damage. the pot&tial for the discovery of oii and gas, and the potential
for adverse impact on the coastal zone '."
Because the prospects for discovering and successfully developing the oil and sas
resources beneath Georges Bank were less favorable than those ofother areas of
the continental shelfof the United States, and because the status of Georges Bank
as the principal fishing bank on the east coast of the United States raised
important environmental concerns. exploration and development of the Georges
Bank area proceeded slowly.
93. Interest in the potential development of the oil and pas resources of the
continental shel~ ~ll the east coast of the United States eradually increased during
the 1960s1. Beginning in 1964, the United States ?ieological Sun'ey issued
permits for geophysical exploration of areas covering the continental shelf off New
England. including Georges Bank. These permits authorized activities that do not
s~~nificantlv disturb the seabed. includine a--vity a.d magnetic surveys, seismic
rekection profiles. and shallowcore sampling. Deep exploratory drilling to test
susoected demits of oil and sas and drilling 10develop any oil or gas depsits dis-
&red by such exploratory drilling could oily be conducted underthe tërms of an
oil and gas lease from the United States Government '.Since 1964, approximately
19,185 miles (30,869 kilometers) of geophysical data 'have been collected, under
some 24 United States' exploration permits. in the northeastern part of Georges
Bank alone '
94. The first step in the process leading 10 the sale of oil and pas leases is the
publicarion of special maps called protraction diagrams, which divide an area or
potential deposits into tracts not exceeding 5.760 acres6. A "Call for Nomina-
tions" is then published in the Federal Register', requesting comments from
industry, concerned state and local governments, and the general publie. on the
desirability of ail and gas development within the area. The protraction diagrams
for the Gulf of Maine Basin and Georges Bank were publishedbeginning in 1974.
The Call for Nominations was postponed, however, by litigation between the
Atlantic coastal States and the federal United States Government over their
'43 U.S.C. sec. 1344(aX3)(1976,Supp.III). Annex 9, Vol. 1.
'25 Fed. Reg.8759, 10Sep. 1960.Annex 9. Vol. 1.
'See 25 Fed. Reg.8759.Annex 9. Vol. 1:exploration permit issucdto Exploration Surveys.
Inc.. Anncr 40. Vol. 11:41Fcd. Re. 25893.23 June 1976. Annoi 9. Vol. 1.Sine 1980,ex-
ploratory drilling may ècauthorized. undercertain conditions,pursuantto permits. 45 Fcd.
Reg. 6344.25 January 1980.Annex 9, Vol. 1.
'A gwphysical rcsearchvcssclcollcctsdata as itmovcrin a linc. and mcasurcsthequantity
of data collcctedby the numècrof milestravcllcd.
'For a listof thcsepermitsanda copyof one. aee Anncr 40. Vol. II.
'43 U.S.C sec. 1337(b)(1976).43 U.S.C. sec. 1337(bXl)(1976. Supp.III). Annex 9. Vol. I
15,760acrescquals2.331hectares].
'Thc Frdrral Regisrer.a compilation of regulaiions. notices. and othcr documents and
information.is publisheddaily hy the Unitcd Statu Govcrnmcnt. 36 GULFOF MAINE 4 I591
respective rights to the oil and gas resources of the continental shelf l.~ftei the
conclusion of the litigation in 1975, which upheld the federal position, the
Department of the Interior. thc agency within the United States Government
primarily responsible for administering the OCSLA. issued a Call for Nomina-
@ lions '.Figure 11.Numerous comments were received inresponse to the Call. and
206tracts on Georges Bank were selected forfurther study.
95. As required by law ',the United States Department of the lnterior next
prepared an "Environmental lmpact Statement". which evaluated the potcntial
dangers to the environment posed by exploration and development under the
proposed leases. Preparation of this statement for the Georges Bank lease sale
involvedcomorchensivestudies of geo-oev.-.i.atc. tides. marine ol~7~~an~ animal
ewsystcms. socio-cconomicfactors. navigation, commcrcial fishing, sport fishing.
and other mattcrs. In addition. the United Statcs Gcoloeical Surve\ suthorizcd
the drilling of twosiratigraphic test holes on Gcorgcs ~aik '.Thc Ënvironmcntal
Imoaci Siatementconsidered in deiail ihe oo3sihleeîfects of a maior discharre of
oil'on the manne and coastal environAent of New ~n~lani including the
pollution of some of the rich fisheries of the area. It also considered the great so-
cial and economic problemsthat such pollution might cause. The ~nvironmental
Impact Statement evaluated alternatives to oil and pas development onGeorges
Bank. including the postponement, modification. or cancellation of the proposed
lease sale. As required by law ',a draft of thc Environmental Imvact Statement
was published<,and al1 intercsted parties were afforded the opportunity to
commenton thedraft at public hearings and to submitcomments in writing. Local
statc govcrnmcnts that could bc affectcd by the exploration and devclopment of
the Georges Bank contincntal shclf also wcrc consulted ' After considcring thcse
commen&. and the comments of other intcrested United States Government
apencies, thc Department of the Interior published the final Environmental
Impact Statemcnt and. later, draft and final supplements to that study '.
96. The Department of the lnterior evaluated these studies and the comments
received from concerned statc and federal aeencies and the ~ublic. It concluded
that oil and gas development on Georges Bank could onl; proceed if special
vrecautions were taken to vrotect the important fishinn arounds of Georges Bank.
~mrdingly. the ~epartment of the lnterior. in consulÏaiion with the ~eiartment
of Commerce. the agency within the United States Government primarily
responsible foradministering the Fishery Conservation and Management Act and
other laws cnacted for the protection of the living resources of the adjacent seas.
'Unilrd Slaresv.Maine. er.al..415U.S.520 (1975)T . helitigationwarprccipitatcdbyan
attcmptbytheStatcofMainein 1969Iogranta privatcwmpanya "liccnscta mine"thcoil
andpasraourccsofa portionofthemntinentalrhelfintheGulfofMaineBarin.
'FortheCallforNominations and othcrdocumcntrrclating10thissale, seeAnncx42,Vol.
II. Callsfor Nominationsarc nowknownas"CallsforInformation."
'42 U.S.C.sec.4332. Anncx10.Vol.1.
'Spillsarc highlyunlikclyin this typeof drillingbecauscit avoidsdrillingdircctlyinto
rtnicturcs that have thc potcntial for oil and gai depits. Nancthelers. an oil spill
wntingencyplanwasdcvclopcdandsubmittcdtothcGwlogicalSvrveyforapprovalpriorto
IhcwmmcnccmcntofdrillinpoperationsonGcorgcsBank.
'42 U.S.C. xc. 4332,Anner 10.Vol.1.
'Fors dacriptionofthemntcntsofthis study. srr Anncx42.Vol.II.
'43 U.S.C. sec.1345(1976S . upp.III)Anncx 9.Vol.1.
'For a descriptionofthcmntcntsofthac studies, seeAnncx 42. Vol.II.38 GULF OF MAINE 1631
have been completed. Draft and final Environmental Impact Statements have
been published. The tracts selected for sale are not in the area known 10 be
claimed by Canada.
B. CANADA
100.The Government of Canada's regulatory Drogram for continental shelf
dcvclopmentstands incontrast to the carcïul practices of the United Stîtcs In the
1960s. the Govcrnmcnt of Canada dividcd virtually ils entire e3st coîst conlincn-
ta1 shelf into administrative blocks. The Canadian Government then began to
issue exploratory permits for individual blocks. Canada included part of Georges
Bank and the adjacent areas in this program '.Canada neither consulted nor
notified the United States about these activities.
LOI. The statute pursuant to which the Canadian exploratory permits were
issued applied on its face only to onshore development '.According to pertinent
Canadian regulations at the lime ',permit holders couldobtain. upon payment of
a fee, an "exploratory license." These licenses authorized the holder to conduct
geophysical or geological examinations and aerial mapping, and to "investigaie
the subsurface." Unlike the exploration permits issued by the United States
Gwlogical Suwcy, the Canadian licenses apparently entitled the holders to
conduct deep exploratory drilling'. Apparently no comprehensive provisions
existed inthe peninent laws or regulations ensuring the extensive protectionof the
marine and coastal cnvironment, or specifically requiring scientific and technical
studies. analyses. or public hearings on environmental matters. as under United
States law. No exploratory drilling in the Gulf of Maine or Gwrges Bank areas
has occurred undcr the Canadian exploration permiis.
SECTION 3.OiherRelevantActivities
102. The sea has ~layed an important role in the history of the United States.
especiallyin the historyof ~ew ~ngland. A major impetusforthe exploration and
settlement of New England was the promise of abundant fisheries and safe.
sheltered harbors. As the fishing and. later, other industries developed. New
England ports became important ccnters of maritime commerce. This reliance on
the sea prompted the early and continuing exercise of responsibility by the people
of New England and by the United States Govcrnment for improving and
safeguarding navigation, for conducting scientific research, and for defending the
area off the coast of the United States, in particular the Gulf of Maine and
Georges Bank.
A. AIDS TO NAVIGATION
103. lnterest in navigational safety inspired both United States citizens and the
United States Governmcnt to investconsiderable resources in navigational aids to
'Chap.IVofthisPan discussuthercactionofthcunitcdStatu totheseCanadianactions.
'ThePublicLandsGrantsAct.CanadaStatutcs(1950).chap.19.Subsequcntlyt.heOiland
Cas Production and Conservatio Anctof 1968-1969. ovcrninpsuchmattcrsas thepmling
ofworkingintcrcstsinoilandgas productionw, asamcndcdtoapplytosubmarinearcas,dc-
fincdgencrallyin the tcrrnsof the 1958ContinentalShelf Convention.Canada Rcviscd
Statutcs.1970.ch.30(1stSupp.).sec.3.Anncx II.Vol.1.
'CanadaOilandCar LandRepulationsand CanadaOiland Cas Drillingand Production
Rcgulations.P.C. 1961-797.6Junc 1961.(SOR/61-253)p . aras.24-40.Anncr II.Vol.1.
Ibid.para.27. 164-661 MEMORIAL OFTHEUNITEDSTATES 39
marinerstransiting or operatingin the Gulf of Maine area.In the 18thand 19th
centuries. the principal aids IO navigation-navigational charts and sailing
directions-were often producedby privatecitizens.By the mid-19th century. the
United StatesGovernmenthadassumedprimary responsibilityfor surveyingand
charting. During the 20th century, the ,United Stateshas updated its charts
continually and has used the best technologyavailable to reduce the risks to
marinersin the Gulf of Maine area.Canadahasprovidedaids to navigationoff
Newfoundlandand alongthe Coastof Nova Scotia. TheUnited States.sincethe
early colonialpcriod.hasprovidedvirtually al1the aidsto navigationon Georges
Bank,Browns Bank, andin the Gulf of Maine.
1. TheMeasuremenfdrhe Sea:ChartingandSurveying
104. The people of New Ensland assumedresponsibility for surveyinc!and
charting theGulf of Maine areaduring thecolonialera. ~avi~ationalcharrsand
sailing directionswereproducedwarning marinersof treacherousoffshoreshoal
watersin areassuchasGeorges Bank,andguiding merchantandfishingvesselsto
a safeapproachto the New Englandports. Asthe fisheriesin the Gulfof Maine
areadeveloped.New Englandersalsosurveyedandchartedthefishing grounds.
105. The first notable effortsof New Englanders to chart the Gulf of Maine
areadatefrom theearly 18thcentury.CyprianSouthack'sNewEnglandCoasting
Pilot', published in 1718. contained charts, sailing directions, and notes on
navigationalhazards encounteredbetweenLong Island and CapeBreton Island.
Southack's depictionof "St. GeorgesBank" indicatesthat.evenin the early 18th
century, the dangersof GeorgesBank-and its lucrative fisheries-were well-
known. Southack's New Englond Coasting Pilot was used widely by New
Englandersand by other British mariners in the area. including officers of the
RoyalNavy.
106. Southack wassucceededbr Paul Pinkham. ashi~masterand local pilot
from Nantucket. Pinkhamwas pe;sonally familiarwith the Gulf of Maine area
and devoted himselfto comvilinn anaccuratedevictionof GeorgesBank.In 1797,
hepublished thefirst chariconcerned specifica11w ~ith GeorgesBank,entitled A
Chart d GeoraesBank Including C-peCo~ and Nantucket. The chart. shown
hereat Figure i2andin a larger versionin Annex24, Volume1, isremarkablefor
ils carefuldepictionof thenatural hazardsof GeorgesBank.It wasthe first to lo-
calespecificallythetreacherousGeorgesShoal.Pinkhamalsonotedthecontinuity
of Gwrges Bank from NantucketShoalsto the northeasternedgeof the Bank.
107. Fishermen and merchant mariners during the 18th and early 19th
centuries relied principally on the Southackand Pinkham charts.Although these
chartsgavesailing directionsbetweenNew Englandand GeorgesBank, neither
containedany sailing directionsbetweenports in Nova Scotiaand theGeorges
Bank fishinggrounds.
108. In the 19th century. EdmundBlunt and his sons. of Newburyport.
Massachusetts,published two works that becamethe standard references for
navigators during that pcriod: The American Coast Pilot and Nathaniel Bow-
'Anncx23. Vol.Il40 GULF OF MAINE i671
ditch's' The New Pracrical Navigolor. The American Coast Pilof contained
extensive sailine directions and notations on navinational hazards. includine those
on Georges ~aik, Blunt personally sponsoredsukeys of such dangerous a&s as
Nantucket Shoals and Georees Shoal. He incorwrated thc results of his work.
together with later United States Government iurveys, into a series of charts
published beginning in 1821. Blunt's 1821. 1826, and 1844 editions are repro-
duced at Annex 25, Volume 1. Of particular note is the 1844 edition, published
durina the ~eak of the United States halibut fisherv on Geornes Bank. This chart
was the first to show bathymetric lines on Georges~hoal. oser New Englanders
made efforts to denict the fishina erounds accurately as the fishine on the Bank
intensified. captai" George ~ldridge of Chatham.~~assachusetts~ master of a
fishing vessel,preparcd a chart in 1856 that set a new standard of simplicity and
legibility. Because of ils small size, large scale, and detailed depiction of the
lishing banks, if was particularly useful on the open decks of New England fishing
vessels'.
109. In the 19thcentury. the United States Government assumed responsibility
for surveying and charting the Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank. and Browns Bank.
In 1837, the United States Navy commissioned Li. Commandant Charles Wilkes
to conduct a dctailed survc) of Georgcs Shoal. This was the lirst ina long Iine of
govcrnmcnt survc)s of the area. Wilkes cmploycdthe most modern techniques and
set a new standard for accuracy '. Nautical charts of the era widely relied on
Wilkes' survey. For instance. British Admiralty charts of North America, which
had been based on surveys conducted during the American Revolution. incorpo-
rated Wilkes' results.
110. Thc record of subs~uent survevs bv the United States Government in the
Gulf of Mainc area 1svolu~inous Th& ;urve)s arc depicted on thrce chnrts at
Anncx 28.Volume II.The Ilne\ and numbers un the chart\ indicate the numerous
survers that have ken conducted between Cape Hatteras and Caw Sable by the
United States from the mid-19th century to the present. These charts show that
the United States has ovcr the years conducted a long-term systematic hydro-
graphie survey program in thc Gulf of Maine. on Georges Bank, and on Browns
Bank.
111. These surveys resulted in the publication of general navigational charts
and numerous specialized charts providing supplemental information for persons
with particular interests. Examples of the specialized governmentpublications are
United States Coast and Gcodetic Survey Charts No. 3075 GeorgesBank Eastern
Parr.Special Charrfor the Fishing Indusrry and No. 3076 GeorgesBank Western
Parr. Special Charr for the Fishing Industry'.The United States Governmenthas
'NathaniclBowditch(1773.1830)o . f Salcm.Massachusetts,wasa shipmasler andmathc-
matican.In 1799.at thc rcquertof Blunt.Bowditchupdatcdan oldnavigationaltcxt.This
vas publishcdin 1799as The NewProcricalNavig<llor .owevcr, Bawditchfound sa many
crrorsinthe updatcdtcxt that hc ultimatclyundcrtmkto wriicancntirclyncw volume.In
1802.Bowditch'sThe New Amcricon Praeiieol Novigaror waspublishcd.Thistrcatischas
bccn reviscdandupdalcdmanytimcssincc.It rcmainsthe standardtcxt [orUnitcdStatcs
marincrsand navaloffiîcrs.
' Anncx 26,Vol.11.
' Anncx 27,Vol.II.
' Anncx29.Vol.II.I681 MEMOR~AL OFTHE UN~TEDSTATES 41
published these special charts for the fishing industry since the 1930s. Their
detailed descriptions of the hydrographic features in the area. includingcurrents.
tides, and bottom characteristics, are of particular value ta fishermen onGeorges
Bank.
112. Bycontrast, Canada has no1undertaken hydrographicsurveys onGeorges
Bank. on BrownsBank, or in the Gulf of Maine Basin. Upon the request of the
British Admiralty. Canada assumed responsibilityfor surveyingils coastal waters
in 1904.The firsl Canadian hydrographic survey on the east coast was not carried
out until 1915.That survey did no1reach south of Halifax. As demonstrated by
the chart at Annex 30. VolumeII.Canada has historicallyfocusedils hydrograph-
ic survey efforts north of Cape Sable. The chart, which is from the Canadian
Hydrographic Service 1980Annual Activities Report, depicts the areas in which
Canada has carried out hydrographic surveys.The chart showsthat Canada has
made a surveyof German Bank. but has not carried out surveysof BrownsBank,
Georges Bank,or the Gulf of Maine Basin.
113. Until recently. Canada also has disregarded GeorgesBank and the Gulf of
Maine Basin in the compilation and publication of nautical charts. As laie as
1928, the Canadian ~jdro~raphic ~urvey' had listed no Canadian charts
wvering Georges Bank and Browns Bank, and only one covering any portion of
the Gulf of Maine. That chart, which is entitled ApproochesIOBoy&Fundy. in-
cluded only lhose waters immediately off the southwest coast of Nova Scotia,
south to approximately 43O North latitude. Annex 30, Volume II.Canadian
charts dcpicting Georges Bank and the Gulf of Maine Basindid not appear until
the late 1960s.Since Canada has never reported a hydrographic surveyof Georges
Bank or the Gulfof Maine Basin. il must be assumed that the information shown
on Canadian charts of these areas has been taken from the information gathered
by the United States hydrographic surveyingprogram.
2. Elecrronic Aids IO Novigorion
114. Inthe 20th century, radio communicationand other electronicinnovations
improvedthe quality of the navigationalaids available to mariners. In the Gulf of
Maine area. these have included RDF (radio direction finder), DECCA, and
LORAN (Long Range Aid to Navigation).
115. RDF was the earliest electronic navigation systemin use in the Gulf of
Maine area. To use RDF. a vessel (or aircraft) must be within range of a
transmitting beacon. There are 14 beacons on the United States coast between
Nantucket Island and the international boundary terminus, and four on the
Canadian coast between the international boundary terminusand Cape Sable. A
vessel(or aircraft) lunes in a beacon's frequencyto determine a line of positionto
the transmitting station. The vessel(or aircraft) may determine ils actual position
by obtaining two or three linesof positionto one or more beacons.
116. DECCA is an electronic position-fixingsystem developed by the United
Kingdomin World War II. Canada has maintained a DECCA system that is now
being phased out and replaced by LORAN. The Canadian DECCA system
provided navigational assistance for vessels on the Scotian Shelf (exceot in the
'TheCanadianHydr~gra~hiS cervicewarknown astheCanadianHydrographic Survcyin
1928and carlieryean.42 GULF OF MAINE 1691
vicinity of BrownsBank)and in the northern part of the Gulf of ~àine. it did no1
mver Georges Bank.
117. By far the most important elcctronic aid to navigation today is LORAN,
an electronic position-fixing system that allows aircraft and vessels to plot their
position within at least 1 nautical mile of accuracy. The United States developed
LORAN during World War II to assist military air navigation between North
America and Great Britain. Although the system was originally designcd for air
navigation. it was put to use by surface vesselswhcn the system was opened to ci-
vilian air traffic after the War. It is used extensively by almost al1 vessels
operating in the Gulf of Maine area, including fishing vessels, warships. rare-
ational vessels.and merchant vessels.
118. The World War II LORAN-A system has ken replaced by the new and
better LORAN-C system. A LORAN-C network (or chain) consists of at least
three land-based transmitting stations located several hundred miles apart. One
station is designated the "master station", and the others are designated
"secandary stations." Signals transmitted by each secondary station arc synchro-
nized with the signal from the master station. The LORAN-C receiverson vessels
and aircraft measure the lime difference betwccn signals fmm the master and
each secondary station. and provide a readout of the two numbers. Mariners
determine their positionsby plotting these numbcrs on a navigation chart that has
LORAN lines printed on it.
119. Two LORAN-C chains provide LORAN coverage in the Gulf of Maine
area today. The first chain includes five stations, al1 in the United States and
operated by United States personnel. The master station is in central New York
state. The sewnd chain, wbicb began oprations in 1980. is made up of two of the
United States stations, at Nantucket Island. Massachusetts, and Caribou, Maine.
and of one station at Cape Race. Ncwfoundland. The station al Cape Race is
operated by Canadian personnel, but has becn financed by the United States
Coast Guard '.The United States station at Caribou. Maine. is the master station
in the secondchain.
3. Other Aids to Navigolion
120. The United States maintains a variety of other aids to navigation in the
Gulf of Maine area, including stationary aids', marine weather broadcasts, and
Nolices to Mariners warning of hazards to navigation. Canada also publishes a
'ThcAgrccmcntonEstablishmentofLongRangcAidtoNavigation(LORAN-C)station in
Ncwfoundland. 16 Scp 1964.bctuccnthe UnitcdStatesand Cam&. originallyproridcd
forihcaiablnshmcntof the LORANstationat Cap Race.NcwfoundlandA . nncr31. Vol.
II. An agrccmcnt is now pnding bctwccn thc two gwcrnmcnts 10 tvrn ovcr full
rcsponsibilitfor the stationtoCanada.
'Each Party maintainsnumcrous navigation buoysin the watersdircctlyoff ils aoast.
NavigationbuoysarcnotnormallyfoundinoffshorewaterslikcGwrgcsBank.Inthc 1950s
andearly1960s.theUnitedStata maintaincdnavigationbuoysanda large"TexasTowcr"
that markedGmrga Shnalwitha 250.000candlcpowcrilashinglightand fogwhistlc.It
scwcd as pan of the UnitcdStates air defenseearly warningsystcm.The buoyswcrc
~cma~c-- ~..955andtheTer~s ~owcrwasdcmolirhcdin 1964.Stationarvaids aredifficult
and cxpcnsivcto maintainon Gwrga Bank,becauseof the strongcurrentsand shifting
bottoms.andarc nowlargclyunnccssarybecauseofmodernnavigationwuipment. 1701 MEMORIAL OFTHEUNITEDSTATES 43
Notice ro Mariners. It did not cover Georges Bank until 1969.The United States
also compiles and publishes a monthly Nofice IO Fishermen to supplement the
regularly published Notice to Meriners. 90th United States publications are
widely disseminated throughout the New Enaland and mid-Atlantic States. The
Notice 10 Fishermen addiesses topics of particular interest to fishermen who
operate in the Northwest Atlantic fishery, including recent scientific research,
changes in offshoreoil and pas regulations that might affect fishing,areas of fixed
fishing-gear concentrations, and reports on enforcement of United States fishery
laws.
121. Scientific research in the Gulf of Mainearea began in 1807when Thomas
Jefferson established the "Survey of the Coast '."The survey was responsible for
measuring coastal elevations. recording depths and currents. and charting the
coast. In the 19thcentury, the Survey of the Coast and ils successorUnited States
agencies did much to develop accurate bottom profiles of the Gulf of Maine and
Georges Bank '.
122. In 1871,the establishment of the United States Fish Commission began a
new era in scientific research. Congress char-ed the first Commissioner,Spencer
F. Baird:
"to oroswute investieations and inauiries on the subiect. withthe viewof
askrtainiq whetheFany and whatdiminution in th; number of the food
fishesof the coast...has taken place:and. ifso.to what causes the same
is due; and also whether any and what proteciive, prohibitory. or
precautionary mcasures should be adopted .. .>".
Baird began his investigation in New England because of the importance of its
fisheries. He established in 1885at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, the world'sfirst
major fisheries rescarchlaboratory. He directed an extensivesamplingprogram of
the fauna of New England waters. including Georges Bank and the Gulf of
Maine. In the 1880s. several specialized fishery research vessels were commis-
sioned through Baird's efforts. Thus was begun a succession of United States
'Thisagcncylater&camethe"CoastSurvey"11835)".Coast andGmdcticSurvey"(1878).
andiscurrcntlythe "Nationalhn Survey"(1970).For agencralrcvicwofUnitcdStates
scicntificrescarchin the Gulf of Mainearca in the 19thand carly 20th centuries,sec
Bigclowo.p. cilAnncx 33,Vol.II.
'The inabilityto takeaccuratesaundinnsindccpwatcr.howcvcr,meantthat thesubmafinc
canyonsonthesouthcrncdgcofGeorgesBankwcntundiscovcrduntilIater.Thesixmajor
canyonsthat mark the southcrncdgeofGmrgesBankwcrcno1diswcrcd untilthe Unitcd
Stalcr Coast andGmdeticSurvcycxpcditionsof the carly 1930s. hnographcr Canyon.
LydoniaCanyon,HydrugraphcrCanyon,GilbertCanyon,and Wclkcr Canyoa nre namcd
for UnitcdStates Coastand GcodeticSurvcyvcssclsresponriblcfor their dimvcry and
survcy.CorsairCanyon innamedforayacht.Corsair 111.ddonatctotheCoast andGcodctic
Survcyby the UnitcdStatw financierJ. P. Morgan.Thc yacht waslater refittedand
rcnamcdtheOceonographer.
'Forthis JointRaolutionofthe UnitcdStatesCongrcss.secAnncx32. Vol.II.44 GULP OF MAINE 1711
research vessels maintained by public and private funds devoted to fisheries
research in the Gulf of Maine area '.
123. United States fishermen facilitated the work of the United States Fish
Commissioner by forming in 1885 the American Fish Bureau, with offices in
Gloucester. Massachusetts. The ouroose of the Bureau was to provide reliable
statisticalnd other information on fisheries. Henry Bigelow of~arvard Universi-
ty wnducted pioneering research for the Bureau. His workson "Fishes of the Gulf
of Maine" (1925),"Plankton of the Offshore Waters of the Gulf of Maine" (1926).
and "Physical Oceanography of the Gulf of Maine" (1927) became the leading
scholarly publications in the fiel'.
124. The first general oceanographic survey of eastern Canadian waters was
carried out by the Canadian Fisherics Exdition in 1919.This expedition did not
wncern itself with Georges Bank. It concentrated on northern areas and ran only
one profile over the western Swtian Shelf, in the vicinity of Halifax, Nova
Swtia '.
125. The predominance of the United States in scientific research in the Gulf
of Maine and on Georges Bank continued under NACFI. which sought 10compile
more wmpletc statistics on the fisheries as well as data on oceanographic
conditions and their relation to the fisheries. In its early years. NACFI was
particularly interested in determining the water circulation patterns in the North
Atlantic and in idcntifying individual fish stocks. In general, under NACFI each
Party wnducted ils research in waters off its coast. The United States undertook
the primary research responsibility in the Gulf of Maine and on Georges Bank,
whileCanada undertook the primary research responsibilityon the Scotian Shelf.
For instance. the record statei that:
"the BiologicalBoard of Canada, with the assistance of Newfoundland.
France. and the International Ica Patrol, took charge of the drift bottle
experiments from the bay of Fundy northward. and the United States
Bureau of Fisheries look charge of the experiments at the south '."
This investigationof the water circulation patterns in the region helped determine
those described in Chapter II of this Part.
126. Under NACFI, the principal fisheries investigated in the Gulf of Mainc
area were cod. haddock, and mackerel. United States and Canadian scientists
noted the relationship between the fishing banks and fish stocks and recognized
'The National Occanicand AtmorphcricAdministrationdcvotcstwo public scientific
rcscarchvcssclsfull timctofishcricsrcscarchintheGulfofMainearca.Othcrpublicvcsscls
arcusd forscientificrcsearchin the Gulfof Maine areaon a . .icetbasis.Wds Holc
Occanographiclnslitutcmaintainsfouroccan-goingrcscarchvcsscls.In addition,manyof
the cnllcgcsand univcrsiticsalongthe New Englandcoast maintainscicntific research
'"Fishcsoflhc Gulfof Mainc".asrcvircdandupdatcd. Istila uidrlyvscdrcfcrcncc HB
Bigclowand W.C. Schrdcr."Firhcr of ihc Gulf of Mainc". Unilcd Sialcs Fish and
WildlifcService.FishcryBull.74.Vol.53.pp. 1-557(Firsivcrrion).
'H.B. Bigclow .p. cilp.516.Annsx 33. Vol.II.
'North AmcricanCouncilon FishcryInvestigations ,roceedings1921-1930, No. 1.p. 27,
Anncx 34,Vol.II. 1721 MEMORIALOF THEUNITEDSTATES 45
~hat ~he~ ~wa-~little or no exchanee ofla&ae between Georees Bank and the banks
of the Scotian Shelf. Tagging jt;diss conïirrncd that the cod and haddock stocks
o~ ~ ~ ~~~recs Bank are difirent from thosc on the Scotian Shclf. Thcrc studies
provided a biological basis for the continued division of Statistical Areas XXI
(Nova Scotia) and XXII (New Eneland) at the Northeast Channel. That division,
às noted abo;e, was retained by ICNAF.
127. Under ICNAF, United States scientists concentrated on assessment of the
fishery resources in Subarea 5.and cod. haddock, and redfish in Subareas 3 and 4.
In 1953, based largely on United States research. ICNAF imposed minimum
mesh sizes on trawls for haddock in Subarea 5 '. In later years, minimum mesh
sizes were required in other Subareas and to protect other spcies. In 1969. based
on the work of ils scientists, the United States proposed limitations on haddock
fishing on Georges Bank. ipcluding closure of haddock spawning grounds to
fishing. Canada proposed similar measures for Subarea 4. The adoption of these
proposais was ICNAF's first action to limit catch'. In the 1970s, the United
States proposed a total limit on the catch of al1 fish in Subarea 5. This proposal
was bascd on the United States' research into rnultispecies fisheries and ecosystem
productivity. ICNAF put the proposal into effcct in 1973 '.
128. ICNAF annually recorded the scientific research conducted by the parties
in the various subareas. The research reflects the pattern of fishing activity
described in Section 1 of Chapter III of this Part. Until 1959. only the United
States reported conducting scientific research in Subarea 5. During this time. the
United States also conducted research throughout the entire area covered by the
Convention. After 1959, Canada bcgan to uinduct scientific investigations in
Subarea 5. BY 1961, other foreign fishing States began conducting scientific
research on Georges Bank as well. Nevertheless, the United States continued to
conduct most of the research on the Subarea 5 fisheries. The scientific research
conducted by otber foreign fishing States in Subarea 5 was comparable in scope
and extent with that of Canada. For example, between 1960 and 1976. 415
1 For the United States scicntific rcrart prcparcd by H.W. Graham. Diraior of the
Laboralory.Fishand WildlifcScrvicc.WmdsHolc.Massachusetts:the Reportofthe Pancl
for Subarea5:and themcshrcgulationsas adoptedbyICNAF, seeAnnex48.Vol.III.
' Forthe reportofthe panelsforSubarcas 4 and 5.seeAnnex49,Val.III.
United Statespropnals forovcrallcatchqvorarforthr toialbnomars ucrc basedprimarily
on IWO papcrs prepred by UnitcdStatcr xicntlsts
M.D. Grosslcin,B.E. Brown. J.A. Brcnnan,A prcliminarycvaluationof the
cffcctsof fishingon total fish biomass, andfirst approximationsof maximum
sustainableyicldforfinfishes.in ICNAF Division52 andSubarca 6.1.Changes
in rclativcbiomassof groundfishin Division52 as indicatedby researchvesse1
rurvcys. and probablemaximum yicldof the total groundfish rcsourcc. II.
Estimatcsof total fishingeffort and its relationto sustainablcyicldof finfish.
ICNAF Rcrcarch Document 1912.72/119 2835.
B.E. Brown; J.AB . rcnnan;E.G. Hcycrdahl;M.D. Grosslein:R.C. Hcnncmuth;
An cvaluation of the cffcct of firhingon the total linfish biomassin ICNAF
Subarca 5.andStatisticalArca 6. ICNAFRescarchDocument.1973.73182910.
UnitedStates Droposalswercput lorward in lunc. 1973and again at the Third Special
Mcctingin October. 1973, whcrcthcy wcrcin part adopted.For the Pancl5 rcparts and
pras noticeofthc October.1973meeting. sep Anncr 50,Vol.III. 46 GULF OFMAINE i731
research documents relating to Subarea 5 were submitted to ICNAF'. United
States scientists submitted 68 per cent ofhese documents. the USSR accounted
for IOver cent. Canada 8 ver cent. and other oarties the remain-.e 14oer cent. As
another example. of the 5,000 vessel-days of research time devoted 10 fisheries
research in Subarea 5 between 1960and 1979.the United States accounted for 63
per cent, the USSR for 18per cent. Canada for 6 per cent, and others for 13per
cent '.Throuahout the entire oeriod. Canada directed its orimary research effort .
at its major fishery in subarci 5-scallops. The United ~Ltes, on the other hand.
investiaated al1 fish in the Gulf of Maine Basin and Georges Bank ecosystems.
without specific reference to their commercial character.
129.The maritime activity in thc Gulf of Maine area has prompted the United
States and Canada to agree to cmrdinate search and rescue operations'. The
United States and Canada presently divide their search and rescue regions along
the line used by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)' to divide
responsibility for routing and control of aircraft, and for air search and rescue.
The United States is rwponsible for a region that includes a large area seaward of
@ Nova Scotia and al1but a corner of Georges Bank. Figure 13.
130.niese a-r~ ~ ~ ~ between the United States and canada do not restrict
operational mobility.The United States CoastGuard therefore regularly conducts
search and rescue ooerations in the Canadian search and rescue reei-n '.These
agreements only serve to identify the means by which the two countries maintain
and coordinate searcb and rescuc services.
131 During World Wsr II.thc United Sratcs, with the soncurrencc of Canada.
açsumed ortmart reswnabtl~ty for thc defense of most dfthc Gulf of Maine area.
including-al1ofthe ~ulf of Maine Basin and Georges Bank. Canada agreed to
orovide naval and air defense for thc sea area only within 30 nautical miles of ma-
jor Canadian ports. Thc United States took responsibility for surface and air
patrols scaward of the Canadian arca of responsibility. In addition. a Change of
ûperation Control Line (CHOP line) divided responsibility for the control and
'Thac liguresandpcrccntagerarcdcrivcdfromVolumes1-3oftheIndexand ListofTitlcs
ofMcctinpDocumenis.ICNAF.1979.Thisindexcnntainsa complttclistof thedocuments
prcparcd andsubmittcdIoICNAF.includingthcdocumentsprcparcdandsubmittcdbythe
scicntistsofmcmbcrsral-. By crms-rcferencingthc lis!titlawilhthe auihorindcxin
cachvolumc.lhcnationalilyofthcscicntisuprcparinpandsubmittingcachdocumentmay
bedctcrmincd.
'Thse estimatesof rescarchvesscl-daarc bascdupon acompilationofvarioussourccsof
information. includicporisofthc UnitcdStalcsGovcrnmcntt,hcCanadianGovcrnmcnt.
ICNAF.andthereportsofpublic andprivatcinstitutions.
'Forlhcscaprccmcnts,see Anncx35.Vol.II.
'InternationalConventiononCivil Aviatio.7Dcc.1944.cntcrcdintoforccforthe Unitcd
Slata 4 Apr. 19471. 5U.N.T.S.295.Fora mapof ICAû'srcpians.scr Anncr36. Vol.II.
'Of theapproximatcly226sortieswnductcdbythcUnitcdStatcrCoast Guardbctwccn 66O
and67OWestlonpitudconGcarpesBankfrom1976to 1981.54wcreconduclcdinthc Ca-
nadianscarchand rcscucrcpion. [74-801 MEMORIALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES 47
routingof shipscrossingthe Atlantic with war supplies forGreat Britain. Figure
@ 14.That lineextended southeastwardthroughthe Northeast Channeluntil it was
seaward of Georges Bankand the Scotian Shelf, where it turned northeasf.
running roughly parallel to the general directionof the east coast of North
America.Today.the UnitedStates patrolsthis samearea.
132. The United States and Canada maintain air delense identificationzones,
or areas overland and water in whichthe identificationand controlof aircraft are
required for purposesof national security. The United States and Canada each
haveissuedregulations defining the extent of their respective zonesand prescrib
ing rules governingthe operation ofaircraft in these zones l.The rules relate to
suchmattersas the filingof specialflightplans,themakingofpositionreportsand
-~~~~ noti~ ~~~ion reuuirements. and the necessitv of comolyin..wit- soecial
security and erncrgeniy instructions. The regulationsduignate a commo" line
bctweenthe coastal air identificationzone ofthe United States (coastal ADIZ)
and the wastal air identificationzone of Canada (wastal CADIZ), whichadjoin
one anotherin the Gulf of Maine area. This line runs southeastthrough Browns
Bank, roughlypcrpendicularto the general directionof the coast. Figure 15.
'Fortherespective rqulations anda map ofthezones,set Anncx 37. Vol.II. CHAPTER IV
HISTORY OF THE DISPUTE
133. The present dispute asit relates to the continental shelf stems from the is-
suance in 1945 by President Truman of the Proclamation relating ta the
Continental Shelf '.Although the dispute relating Io fishery rights may be said to
have originated with thc first intrusion of Canadian fishing vesselsonto Georges
Bank in the 1950s, il arises more immediately from the extensions of exclusive
fishing zonesto 200nautical miles by bath Canada and the United States in 1977.
134. The Truman Proclamation on the Continental Shelf is well known to the
International Court of Justice. It established for the United States exclusive
jurisdiction and control over the natural resources of the seabed and subsoilof the
shelf off itsoasts extcnding to a depth of 100 fathoms. It specifically provided:
"ln cases where the continental shelf extends to the shores of another
State, or-is shared with an adjacent State, the boundary shall be
determined by the United States and the State concerned in accordance
with equitable principles'."
The United States consulted with ils neighbors before the Proclamation was made
public in 1945. During these consultations. the United States transmitted ta
Canada drafts of thc Continental Shelf and Fisheries Proclamations. along with a
detailed explanation of the proposed policies '.Neither Canada nor any of the
other governmcnts consulted objected to the proposed policies. On 28 Seplember
1945, President Truman issued the Proclamations. The United States formally
transmitted both Proclamations and an accomoanvin. -.ss rclease to Canada on
22October 1945 '.Thc press rclcase dcscribcd'thc Unitcd Statcs continental shclf
as an arca of 750.000 sauarc miles "covercd bb no morc than 100 fathoms 1600
feet) of water'." ~ec~i~t of the rocl la mat ioansacknowledged without
comment by Canada on 23 October 1945 '.The Proclamation was widely known
throughout the international community: as was the fact that the claim
specifically included the continental shelf within the 100-fathom-depth contour '.
All of Georges Bank fcll within that claim.
135. No State qucstioned United States jurisdiction and control over the
continental shelf ofthe Gulf of Maine Basin and Georges Bank until the 1960s.
'Annex 3.Vol.1.
For a summary of the consultations, see Foreign Relarions01 the United Srores.
"ContinentalShellandCoastalFisheries':pp. 14961503(Vol.2..1945).Annex 3,Vol.1.
'Notcofthe DepartmentofStatc.datcd 22Oct. 1945.Anncr 3.Vol.1.
'Pras Rclcax of28Sep.1945.Dcpt.ofState Bull.Anncx 3.Vol.1.
'CanadianNotcNo. 383 of 23Oct. 1945. Annex3. Vol.1.
'1. Brownlic. rinciplcsdPublic InrernaiionLaw. 1966.pp.202-203.Anncx 3.Vol.1.
'Shalowilz,op.cil.ai 184.Anncr 3, Vol.1. i821 MEMORIALOFTHEUNITEDSTATES 49
Through that long period, al1 activities in this area-fishing, charting and
surveying,scientific research, and defense-evidenced the complete dominanceof
the United States over it. The United States ratified the 1958Convention onthe
Continental Shelf in 1961and became a party when the Conventionentered into
forcc in 1964 '.During the same period, the United States began the exploration
of its continental shelf off the New England States. Over the next few years,
seismic explorationpermits coveringal1of the continental shelf off New England,
including the entirety of Georges Bank. were granted by the United States. and
activities began.
136. In 1964, Canada, without explanation to the United States. granted
exploration permits for a portionof Georges Bank.These permits apparently were
granted in connection with a program aimed at immediate developmentof al1of
wha- Canada vu. .ted to claim as its continental shelf. The United States was
neither consulted nor given any notice of Canada's intentions or of its actions in
this resvect. In Avril. 1965.after the Canadian exoloration ~ermits were issued.
the ~istant ~irector for ~ands and Minerals 01-the ~nit;d States Bureau of
Land Manaeement of the Deoartment of the Interior. Mr. Hoffman. became
aware of thé Canadian program through trade publications. He wrote the
Canadian Deoartment of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources. seeking
further information about the location of the Canadian permits and the regula-
tions governingthem and mineral leasing. In his letter, Mr. Hoffman referred to
his understanding that the Conventionon the Continental Shelf had recently come
into force,and indicated his interest in identifyingthe locationof the permits with
reference to Article 6 of that Convention.Mr. Hoffman apparently was unaware
that the 1958 Convention onthe Continental Shelf was not applicable because
Canada had not yet become aparty to il at that time. Mr. Hunt, Chiefof the Re-
sources Divisionof the Department of Northern Affairs and Natural Resourcesof
Canada. res~ondedto Mr. Hoffman on 8 April 1965.sendinc!him cooiesof mam
and reg;lations and requesting information an the United tat t e sntinen sa llf
vroeram. In a reswnse datcd 14 May 1965. Mr. Hoffman noted that Canada
Scemed to have iss"ed offshorcpermitson the continental shelfappertaining to the
United States. and he questioned whether Canada had properly applied Article 6
of the Convention.In this connection, Mr. Hoffman specificallystated that he and
his a.ency.had no authority to enter in10 formal discussions in case of a
disagrecment as to the continental shelf boundary. Mr. Hoffman also indicated
that, while nooil and gas lcases had been granted off the cast wast by the United
States, scismicpermits for that area had &en issuedto United States applicants'.
137. When the United States agency responsible for foreign affairs, the
Department of State, became aware of the Canadian permits. the United States
Embassy in Ottawa rûquested that the Canadian Department of Mines and
Technical Surveys supply pertinent information. In a response dated 30 August
1966. the Canadian Department of External Affairs provided technical descrip
tions and charts and referred the Embassy to oil and pas trade publications for
further information regarding the canadian offshore program'. The United
States Covernment received no information indicating that any activity by
Canadian permittees was imminent.
Anncx 5.Vol.1.
'Forthiswrrcspandcncc .ecAnncx53,Vol.IV.
'Forthiscorrespondence setAnncx 54, Vol.IV.50 GULFOF MAINE La31
138. In 1966and 1967,diplomatic consultationsbetweenthe United States and
Canada occurred during which bothgovernmentsnoted the need for a continental
shelf boundary delimitation.On 10May 1968.the Department of State presented
the Embassy of Canada in Washington with an aide-memoire that stressed the
lack of agreement on the continental shelf boundary in the Gulfof Maine area.
The United States suggested a temporary suspensionof exploration and exploita-
tion activities onthe northern half of Gwrges Bank. to allowconsultationsand the
opportunity Io seek agreement on the location of the boundary. In that aide-
memoire, the United States referred to the interrelationship between the fisheries
of the area and hydrocarbon development.The United States expressedits strong
concern that steps be taken to ensure the protection of the living resources of the
area against pollution and other disturbances that might result from mineral
activitie'.
139. In view of the lack of progrcss following this communication, the
Dcpartment of State on 5 November 1969 presented a formal diplomatic note
requesting a moratorium on mineral exploration and exploitation on Georges
Bank. The United States protested Canada's assertion of jurisdiction there in the
followingterms:
"Until the exact location of the United States-Canada continental
shelf boundary in the Gulf of Maine is agreed upon. the United States
cannot acquiesce in any Canadian authorization of exploration or
exploitation of thc natural resources of the Georges Bank continental
shelf. The United States Government. therefore.cannot recognize the
validity of Canadian permits for any part of the Georges Bank. reserves
its rights and the rights of its nationals to this continental shelf area, and
intends to make its position a mattcr of public record in the Federal
Register so that individuals and companies concerned with exploration
and exploitation in the area may be aware of this position.
In the near future. the United States Government will suggest to the
Canadian Government dates for the initiation of forma1negotiation of
al1of the United Statcs-Canada continental shelf boundaries'."
140. The Canadian Government on I Dccember 1969 rejected the United
States' suggestion of a moratorium'. Nonetheless. il was and remains the
understanding of the United States that Canada tmk action to suspend or modify
any work requircmcnts in the permits held by companies for tracts on Gwrges
Bank.therebv avoidinnthe orosocct that the Canadian ocrmittecs mieht eneaee in
activiiies on ihe unitcd staies' continental shclf,suchexploratorydrillin~.;hat
mieht oreiudicc the resolutionof the disnute. As far as the United States is aware.
~aiadiahlicensees have undertaken noiuch activities on these tracts
141. On 21 February 1970.to ensurc that the public would'not misunderstand
its position.the Unitcd States Governmcnt lookthe unusual step of announcing in
'Forthe Aide-memoire fromthe Departmentof State to the CanadianEmbassy.10 May
1968 .ecAnnci 55,Vol.IV.
'Annex 56.Vol.IV.
'NoteNo.366oftheCanadianEmbassy.IDcc.1969A .nnex 56. Vol.IV.in41 MEMoRlAL OF THE UNITEDSTATES 51
the FederalRegisfer that the United States had protested purported Canadian
authorizations relating to Georges Bank '.
142. In the meantime. on 6 February 1970.after the dispute had been ongoing
for several years, Canada ratified the Convention onthe Continental Shelf. In so
doing. Canada chose Io rnake what it termed a "declaration" with respectto
Article I of the Convention.despite the prohibition on reservationsin Article 12of
the Convention:
"ln the view of th Canadian Government the presence of an
accidental feature such as a depressionor a channel in a submerged area
should not be regarded as constituting an interruption in the natural
prolongationof the land territory of the coastal state into and under the
sea'."
The United States objected to the Canadian so-called "declaration" in the
followingterms:
"The Government of the United States does no1find acceptable the
declaration made by the Governmentof Canada with respect to article I
of the Conventionon the Continental Shelf. The United States considers
that Convention to be in force and applicable between it and Canada.
but that such application does not in any manner constitute any
concurrence by the United States in the substance of the declaration
made by Canada with respectto article I of that Convention '."
143. Formal negotiations between the United States and Canada on the
continental shelf boundary began in Ottawa on 9 July 1970. Canada look the
positionthat no specialcircumstances existed in the area and that the continental
shelf boundary should be the equidistant line. The United States asserted that
special circumstances did cxist in the area, that the equidistant line was
inequitable. and that the continental shelf boundary should followthe Northeast
Channel. During the next several years, neither State authorized drilling activities
in the Gulf of Maine or on the northeastern part of Georges Bank. The United
States rnaintained its position.taken at the limeof the Truman Proclamation, that
continental shelf boundarieswould be established by agreement as the need arose.
in accordance with equitable principles.
144. The United States on 18January 1974enacted a law whichdeclared the
Amcrican lobster(Homarus Americanus) to be a creature of the continental shelf
for the purposes of the Bartlctt Act '.That Act, passed in 1966 by the United
States Congres?.,implemcnted Article 2, paragraph 4 of the Convention on the
Continental Shelf, whichprovidedthat livingresourcesof the continental shelfare
subject to the sovereign rights of the coastal State. On 18 January 1974, the
United States notified the governments of al1 States fishine in the Narthwest
Atlantic, includingCanada. that fishing for American lobster by foreignnationals
on the United States continental shelf was prohibited.The United States further
'35 FedcrolRcgirrer3301.21 Feb.1970. Anncx 57.Vol.IV.
'Anncr 52.Vol. IV.
'16U.S.C. sec1805(1974). The BartlctAct, 16 U.S.C.secs1801-18060966). Annex 58.
Val. IV.The BartlctAct alsacriablishcda 12-naulical-milefishingzone. 52 GULF OF MAINE [851
informed them that it would exercisc restraint in enforcement for a limited
period '.
145. On 5 September 1974, plans for the strict enforcement of the United
States lobster law werecommunicated ta al1governments whose nationals fished
off the United States Coast In order to im~rovethe prospectsfor neaotiation. the
United Statcs informcd Canada that it wo"ld not enforce the requir~mentsof the
Iawagainst Canadian iishcrmen '.Vieorouscnforcement of the United States Iaw
began on 5 December 1974 against >II other fishermen catching lobster on the
United States continental shelf out ta the 100-fathom curve of Georges Bank.
@ Figure.16. For the next 2 years. repeated boardings of third-party iishing vessels
by United States enforcement officers were made throughout Georges Bank ta
ensure the conservation of the lobster fisheries'.
146. The question of the continental shelf boundary in the Gulf of Maine area
also arose in 1974 in connection wit~ ~ ~ ~uthorization bv the United States of
permits to conduct exploration activities on the northeastern part of Georges
Bank. Canada had no1protested the issuanceof such permits by the United States
between 1964and 1973. nor the gathering of seismic or other geophysical data
through exploration in that area pursuant to those permits. Canada formally
entered its first reservation concerning such activities in 1974 with reierence ta
United States authorizations under oermit No. OCS E-1-74. issued to the United
States firm of Digicon, Inc. The United States' formal response to Canada's
reservation rejected the Canadian claim to any part of Georges Bank, and
reiterated the longstanding position thal Georges Bank was withinthe jurisdiction
of the United States '.
147. The United States recognized that the absence of an agreed continental
shelf boundary with Canada would discourane commercial ex~loitationunder any
oil and gas léasesthe United States might grant on the northeastern part of
Georges Bank.The United States decided. however,to begin its procedures for the
sale of such leases. The United States expected that the complex requirements of
United States law leading 10the offer of leases on the continental shelf. which
take several years to complete. could be fulfilled pending resolution of the
maritime boundary. Thus, followingthe conclusionof domestic litigation that had
previously prevented the United ~iates from formally proceeding with prepara-
'Forthe UnitcdStatesCircular Notcof 18Jan. 1974.and thc scparatenoteof the same
daletoCanada. see Anncx59.Vol.IV.
'Forthe UnitedStatesCircularNote of5 Sep. 1974,seeAnncr59. Vol.IV.
'Forthescparatcnoteof II Sep.1974,see Anncx59.Vol.IV.
'Coast Cuard actionsenforcingthe lobstcrlaw ivrcsultcn 2 seizuresof forcignfishing
vcsselsonrhcnorrhcastcrnpartofGwrgesBank.On II Jvnc 1975.theBulgarianvesse1Ar-
gonourwasboardcdat 40°58'N.66°32.9'W.and wasfoundto have600poundrof lobstcr
aboard.ThcvessclwasseizcdandlaterrelcascduponpaymentofU.S.1425,000infines.On
7 Jan. 1976,the Cubanvcsscl CoUo de Tonkin wasboardedai 40°32.2'N.67O47.7.WI.l
wasscizedwhcn65poundsoflobsterwcrcroundonboard. Itwasreleasedonthepaymentof
U.S. 140.000in lins.
'For Canada'snoteof 19Sep.1974.thecarrespandcnce ofI Fcb.and 13Fcb.1974.relating
tothe UnitcdStatesauthorization10Digican. andthcNotclromDept.ofState 10Dept.of
Extcrnal AffairsIIOct. 1974.see Anncr 60. Vol.IV. [Sb-881 MEMORIALOF THEUNITED STATES 53
tions to grant leasesoff the Atlantic coast, the United States ori 15May 1975noti-
fied Canada of its plans to issue a Call for Nominations on Georges Bank'.
148. The area covercd by the Call for Nominations included al1 of Georges
Bank. Canada respondcdto this notification by reservingils positio'.The United
States did not regard the reiteration of the Canadian position as a reason to delay
the many technical and environmental studies required before decisionscould be
taken to proceed with a lease sale that might affect the dispute (see ChapteIII.
Section 2 of this Part). Accordingly, on 17 June 1975,the Depanment of the
lnterior announced a CallforNominationsfor a lease sale to coveral1of Georges
@ Bank'. The area covered by the Call is shown in Figure II, paragraph 94. On 2
January 1976. the Department of the lnterior announced the selection of 206
tracts on Georges Bank for intensive study '.Twenty-eight of these tracts were
locatcd on the noriheastcrn part of Gcorge;Flank. The ~cpanment of thc Interior
also announced ils intention to fulfill thc ncxt resuircment Icading ta the cventual
sale ofleaseson Georges Bank-the preparation of a draft environmental analysis
to be released forpublic comment. Canada objected to the United States' decision
to prepare such an analysis'.The United States' reply of 10February 1976made
clear that the environmental analysis was a means to assis1government decision-
makers in determining whether a sale should take place, and, if so. what tracts
would be involvedand under what conditions. The reply of the United States also
restated ils position that al1 the tracts being studied were on the United States
continental shelf6. On 12 October 1976, the initial environmental analysis was
completed and a draft made availablefor public review '.
149. In the meantime. officiais in both countries realized that an extension of
fisheries jurisdiction to00 nautical miles would add a new dimension to the
existing continental shelf boundary dispute between the United States and
Canada in the Gulf of Maine area. In the latter part of 1975,the Parties began a
serics of consultations and negotiations. Although many meetings were held
throughout 1976, including several at the Secretarial and Ministerial level, little
headway was made in resolvingthe boundary matter.
150. In 1976, both countries announced their intention to establish 200-
nautical-mile fishing zones. Figure 17. On 13 April 1976. the United States
enacted the Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976'. This Act
established a 200-nautical-mile fishery conservation zone off the coast of the
United States, effective 1 March 1977. The Government of Canada soon look
similar action. On 1 November 1976, Canada published in The Canada Gaiene
an Order in Council setting forth the limits of its 200-nautical-mile fishing zone,
effective I January 1977 '.On 4 Novembxr 1976,the United States Government
'Notc(romDept.ofStatcto EmbassyofCanada,15May1975. Anncx 61,Vol.IV.
'Notc No. 180 fromEmbassyof CanadaIoDcpartmcntofStatc, 3 Junc1975,Anncx61.
Val.IV.
'40Fcderol Regisrer 5608.17June 1975. Annex 42.Vol.II.
'Dcpi.ofihc lnteriorNcwsRcleasc,2Jan. 1976. Anna 42.Vol.II.
' NotcNo.52EmbassyofCanada toDcpt.ofStatc. 2Feb.1976.Anncx62.Vol.IV.
'Note fromDcpt.ofStatcto Embassy ofCanada.10Feb.1976.Annen62.Vol.IV:
'Dcpt.ofthe lntcriorNcwsRclease.12Oct. 1976. Annex 42.Vol.II.
'16U.S.C.secs.1801etreg..Annex 8,Vol.1.
' 101 The Conodo Gozerrr(EXTRA),Vol. 110. I Nov. 1976:11 1 The Canoda Gozetrr
(EXTRA)1.1Jan. 1977.Anncx63.Vol. IV. 54 GULFOF MAINE 1891
respondedwith a Federal Reaister noticesetting the limits of its 200-nautical-mile
fishery conservation zone and its continental ihelf in areas bordering Canada '.
Figure 17.The Federal Regisrer notice referred to the newly published Canadian
fisheries limits and the conlinuing wntroversy with Canada over those limits and
the continental shelf boundary as well. The notices of both the United States and
Canada p'rovidedthat the limits of the maritime jurisdictions, as set forth in each
notice. were intended to be without prejudice to any negotiations orpositions that
might be taken
151. The line published by Canada defined its fishing zone in the Gulf of
Maine area by an equidistant line. every point of which wasequidistant from the
two countries. Canada purported to claim on this basis a part of Georges Bank as
well asal1the banks on the Scotian Shelf. The published linedefining the United
States fishery conservation zoneand continental shelf in the Gulf of Maine area
followed the line of deepest water through the Northeast Channel. The United
States zone included al1of Georges Bank, leaving to Canada al1of the banks on
the Scotian Shelf. The lines published in the two notices resulted in an area of
.overlap interna1to the Gulfof Maine coveringapproximately 210 square nautical
miles (720 square kilometers) (Area A in Figure 17)', and an unclaimed area
wvering approximately 1.120 square nautical miles (3.842 square kilometers)
(Area B in Fi-ure 17)'.The larve area of overlao between the twoclaims in the vi-
cinity of Georges Bank coveredapproximately 9.000 square nautical miles(30,870
souare kilometers). Uwn the effective dates of the 200-nautical-mile fishina
zones. I ~anuary.197; for Canada and 1 March 1977 for the United tat te;
domestic law in each country provided forthe arrest and seizure of unauthorized
foreign vessels in those zones. Prior to the effective dates. the efforts of the
Governments of the United States and Canada focused on interim fishery
arrangements to provide tirne ior lurther negotiations on the boundary in the Gulf
of Maine area and elsewhere. In an effort to avoid actions that would make those
negotiations more difficult. the United States Department of the lnterior with-
drew for ashort period from the prowsed oil and gas leasesale the 28 tracts locat-
ed on the northeastern part of ~eorges Bank'. sefore the end of 1976,the Parties
agreed to refrain from enforcing their respective lawsagainst the vesselsof each
other in the area between the two published boundary positions in order 10
facilitate ongoing negotiation'.
'41 FedcrolRcgisler48619.4Nov.1976,Anncr64. Vol.IV.
'Thisarca islandwardofthestartingpointof ArticlIIof theSpccialAgreementandisnot
incontroversybcforethis CourtSee para.4. not2.
'A fmtnotc 10theUnitedStatcsFederal Regisre raticeof4Nov.1976statcd that:
"lnvicwofthe factthat claimcdboundarierpublishedbythe UnitcdStatesand
Canadawouldlcavcan unclaimedarea withinthe Gulf of Maine.the United
StalcswillcnerciseitsfishericsmanagemenjturisdictiontothcCanadian-claimed
linewhercthat lineir situalcdcastwardofthc UniledStates-claimedline.until
suchlimeas a pcrmancntmaritimcbaundarywithCanadaiscstablishedin the
GulfofMaine."
Dcpt.ofthe lntcriorPressRcleasc7 Dec. 1976A. nncx42. Vol.IV.
'Far the Aide-memoire fromthc EmbassyofCanada, 22 Dec.1976 andthc Aide-memoire
framDept.ofStalc 10Dept.of ExtcrnalAffairs30 Dec.1976. seeAnner65.Vol. IV. [9&92] MEMORIAL OFTHE UNITED STATES 55
152. On 24 February 1977, the United States and Canada signed the 1977
lnterim Reciorocal Fisheries Aereement '.Thisshort-term aereement vrovided for
the continua;ion of existing fisheries off the east and westcoasts of-each State.
bath within and beyond the boundary reeions. at existing levelsand under terms
and conditions applicable to the fishermen of the coasial Siate. The boundary
regions were defined for this purpose by reference in the preamble toTheCanada
Careiies of I November 1976 and I January 1977 and IO the United States
FederalRegisler Notice of 4 November 1976.Article IX of the interim agreement
provided that enforcement wouldbe conducted. as between the Parties, by the flag
State; that neither Party was to authorize fishing by vessels of third parties; and
that either Party could enforce against third parties. Fishing by nationals of both
Parties continued in 1977on both the east and Westcoasts under the terms of the
agreement.
153. During the negoiiations on the interim fisheriesagreement, the diplomatic
debate concerning the relative merits of the respective boundary positions
continued. A Canadian note of 22 December 1976objected that the United States
fishery conservationzone. as published on 4 November 1976,fell on the Canadian
side of the equidistant line publicly claimed by Canada'. At the same lime. the
C--adian note made reference to further so-called "Canadian claims". foreshad-
owing Canadian interest in expanding rather than narrowing the differences
between the Parties. The United States in ils note of 16 February 1977 rejected
Canada's contentions'. The United States asserted in that note that. under the
1958 Convention on the Continental Shelf and applicable principles of interna-
tional law, maritime boundaries were to be determined by agreement and in
accordance with equitable principles.The United States noted that the application
of ~uidistance as a means for determining the mariiime baundary in the Gulf of
Maine area did not accord with equitable principlesbecause specialcircumstances
existed in the area. The ~nitedstates contended that an examination of the
relevant factors, including coastal configuration, the geology and geomorphology
of the area, and coastal proportionality, confirmed that a maritime boundary in
accordance with equitable principles wasone that extended through the Northeast
Channel
154. Canada responded on26 May 1977with a further restatement of ils view
re~ardine eauidistance '.On the same date. in another communication. Canada
foFihe Krst'time began to question the United States continental shelf activities
southwest of Canada's claimed equidistant line, characterizing the earlieranadi-
an note of 22 December 1976as a reservation of Canada's positionconcerning al1
activities on the entirety of Georges Bank'. The United States reswnded that
further debate of legal positionswiuld not contribute to a solutionof ihe problem.
'T.I.A.S.8648. Anncx 7.Vol.1.ThcAgrccmcntwasnotformally inforccwhcnthc Unitcd
Statu 200-nautical-milfirhcryainscrvationmnc bccamc effectivon IMarch 1977.but
thcPartiescxcrciscdcnforccmcntrcstraintandallowcdlishingactiviti10 bcmnductcdas
iftheAgrcemcntwcrcinforce.On26July1977.thcUnitedStatescnactcd Public Law PL-
96-6.authorizingthe 1977lntcrimRcciprocalFishcriuAgrecrncnt.On 26July 1977.the
UnitedStatcsnorificdCanadaof thisevent.brindngtheAprccmcntformallyintoforcc.
'Note No. 626Embassy oC f anada10theDept.ofStatc.22Dcc. 1976. Anne6 x6. Vol.IV.
'Notc ofDcpt.ofStatc. 16Fcb.1977. Anncx 66. Vol.IV.
'Notc No.221EmbassyofCanada10Dcpt.ofStatc.26May 1977.Anncx67.Val.IV.
'Aidc-mcmoirc fromthcEmbassy ofCanada,26 May1971.Anncx67.Vol.IV.56 GULFOFMAINE 1931
and resewed the right 10 respond further ta Canada's legal contentions '.The
United States also informed Canada that Canada could not, simply by making a
reference to an area off the United States Coast,effectively hall United States
actions 'The United States advised the Canadian Government. however, that the
United States would not take stepsrelating ta developmentof the resourcesof the
disputed area that could prejudice negotiation of a boundary settlement:
"The United States Government agreed on November 4, 1976, that
both countries would avoid steps for the time being relating to the
development of non-living resourcesin the boundary areas between the
United States and Canada which could prejudice negotiation of a
boundary settlement. To implement this decision, the Department of the
lnterior on December 7. 1976,withdrew 28 tracts in the disputed area of
the Gulf of Maine from its proposed 1977 North Atlantic Outer
Continental Shelf oil and gas lease sale. All O( the remaining sites
scheduled for test drilling and the tracts programmed for lease sale in
the Gulf of Maine area in the latter part of 1977 are located not in a
boundary area, but outside of the area claimed by the Government of
Canada which has been the subject of discussions and negotiations
between the two governments over the past several years. In the view of
the United States Government. its Outer Continental Shelf program is
entirely consistent with ils stated position on the delimitation of mari-
time boundaries.
The Government of the United States remains committed to a
mutually acceptable settlement of United States-Canada maritime
boundaries and believes that bath governments should refrain from
actionswhich makesettlement more difficult. However, the actions to be
taken in connection with the planned leasesale in this area later this year
will take placeonly inareassubject to United Statesjurisdiction and not
affected by a maritime boundary settlement. Accordingly. the Govern-
ment of the United States believesthat theseactions will not add to the
complexity of continuing negotiations on maritime boundaries '."
155. Senior leaders in both countries were aware of the need to break the
impassethat was developing. Special negotiators were appointed by both govern-
ments on 27 July 1977 '.Their mandate was to report ta their governments by 15
October 1977 on the principles of a comprehensive settlement on maritime
boundaries. and related matters as appropriate. On 14 October 1977, however.
while United States diplornais were in Ottawa 10 negotiate the principles of a
comprehensivesettlement required by the mandate. Canadian officiaissummoned
State Department lawyers to Ottawa to inform them that Canada intended to
expand its claim in the Gulf of Maine area basedon its interpretation of the then-
recent award of the Court of Arbitration in the Anglo-FrenchArbitrarion. The
'Notc from Dcpt.of Statc10Embarsyof Canada.27Junc 1977.Anncx67. Vol. IV.
'Note (romDcpt.of Statcto Embassyof Canada.7 July 1977. Anncx 67V . ol. IV.
'77Dept.of StateBull.No. 1992,p. 282,29Aug. 1977.Annex68,Vol. IV.1941 MEMORIALOF THE UNITED STATES 57
eventsof this sessionwere followed o3 November 1977 by a formal note setting
forth the new Canadian position'.
156. In this manner. the United States was informed of the new Canadian
position regarding the law applicable to the delimitation of the boundary in this
case. Canada did express ifs opinion that the decision in the Anglo-French
Arbirrarion made clear that the equidistance methcd is subordinate to equitable
principles and to the prevailing gwgraphicacircumstances. Canada also recog-
nized that there is no presumption that operates in favor of equidistance. These
views correspondedto thoseof the United States. Canada, however.went on to as-
sert that there were no special circumstances within the Gulfof Maine that would
cause application of the equidistanceethcd to prcduce an inequitable result.
Moreover. in the delimitation of the area seawardof the Gulf-ithe vicinity of
Georges Bank-Canada was of the view that the onlyeographical factors that
needed to be abated in the application of equidistance were Cape Cod and
Nantucket Island. Canada stated that the relationship of the Parties in this
seaward area is analoeous to the Atlantic reeion in the AnnloFrench Arbirrorion:
that is. that the coast;of the Unitetat tes Canndda Ge laterally related. On
the basisof aourwrted analoev to the decision in the AnpIeFrench Arbilrorion.
Canada declaied ihat Cape CL and Nantucket Island were entitled to no effect
in theavolication of the eauidistance method. As a result. Canada vurwrtedto
expand ;& claim and to assert enlitlement to an additional 2,900 square nautical
miles (9,947 square kilometers)of Georges Bank.
157. The United States Government vigorously protested the new Canadian
claim, stating that it could not agree that the decision in the Anglo-French
Arbirrarion justified such an expansion of Canada's posit'The United States
addedthat it wasdisappointed that Canada would take such a step, which was in-
consistent with the ongoing processof narrowing differences through good-faith
negotiations to reach a comprehensive solution. The United States reiterated its
position that the equidistant line previously claimed by Canada was not in
conformity with equitable principles becauseof the special circumstances of the
area:
"Therefore. the Government of the United States can look with no
svm. .hv on anv Canadian claim or wsition that further aeeravates
that inequity. ln-the view of the ~nited States Government, amaritime
boundary in the Gulf of Maine area that accords with equitable
principless a line which takes in10account the coastal conliguration of
thearea. particulariy the distorting effect on an equidistant line of the
concavity of the U.S. coastline and the protrusion of theninsula of
Nova Scotia. Such a line should produce a delimitation consistent with
the principle of natural prolongation and with a reasonablegree of
proportionalitywith the length of relevant coastlines of the two
countries."
158. On 25 January 1978, Canada presented another note requesting that
certain tracts on Georges Bankscheduled for sale by the United States Govern-
'Note No. GNT-067.Departmentof ExtcrnalAlfairs10the Dcpt.of Stat3.Nov. 1977.
Anncx69,Vol. IV.
'UnitedStatesNoteof 2 Dec. 1977.Annex69.Vol. IV.58 GULFOFMAINE 1951
ment on 31 January 1978 in Outer Continental Shelf Lease Sale No. 42 be.
withdrawn '.In yet another effort by the United States to promote negotiations.
but without prejudice to its rights, the United States removedfrom the sale the
tracts in the area between theoriginal claim of Canada and its asyet confidential
expandedclaim of 3 November 1977 'The United States indicated that il would
continue to exercise enforcement restraint in thoseareas under the jurisdiction of
the United States but covered by Canada's original claim as published in The
Canada Gazette on I Januarv 1977. The United States stated that it would not.
however. "givc an) crcdence or recognition to the newCansdian position" made in
the midst of what the United Siaics had assumcduere gd-faith negotiations'.
159. Subsequently. the diplomatic focus again shifted to fisheries. On 31
December 1977, the 1977 lnterim Reciprocal Fisheries Agreement expired. Each
government nonethelessrefrained from enforcing national laws against fishermen
of the other while fisheries negotiations continued. In April 1978, the two
governments exchanged notes constituting a proposed 1978 lnterim Reciprocal
Fisheries Agreement'. This agreement was essentially the same as the 1977
agreement insofar as enforcement restraint in the boundarv reeions was con-
- -
cërned; the boundary regions were defined as in the 1977 agreement. The 1978
Agreement, however. never entered into force. Before the Coneresscould act. the
Canadian Government decided to terminate al1United States ishing off the coast
of Canada, thereby ending 300 years of fishing by New Englanders off Nova
Scotia and Newfoundland. In a diplomatic note of 2 June 1978, Canada notified
the United States that United Slales-flag fishing vesselswould be required to
lave the Canadian fishing zone by 4 June 1978 '. The note stated that the
Government of Canada was preparedto undertake efforts, on a reciprocal basis,to
avoid confrontation in the boundary region by adopting flag-State enforcement
proceduresalong the lines of the 1977 agreement. In response,the United States
had no alternative but to terminateCanadian fishing off the United States Coast;
however, in this regard. the responding note o2 June 1978 indicated the United
States' intention "toadopt flag-State enforcement proceduresin the boundary
regions along the lines of the 1977 Reciprocal FisheriesAgreement t."
160. Negotiations continued. Canada, however. on 15 September 1978, made
public ils new expanded claim'. The United States formally rejected the
Canadian claim on the same day, and informed the public and the Canadian
Government tbat it would no1exercise enforcement restraint in the area of the
'CanadianNotc, 25Jan. 1978A .nncx70.Vol. IV.
'Dept.of StatePressRclcascNo. 53.27Jan.1978.Anncx70,Val. IV.
'Notcfrom Dcpt.ofSta1cIo Embassyof Canada.3 Fcb. 1978.Anncx70.Vol. IV.
'Notc No. FLP-130.Marccl Cadicui to Lloyd Cutlcr. 10Apr. 1978;Lcttcr from Lloyd
Cutlcr 10MarcelCadicux,II Apr. 1978,Anncx71.Vol. IV.
'Diplomatic notefrom Canada.2 Junc 1978.Annex72.Vol. IV.
#Anncx 72, Val. IV. Notwithslandingthis brcakdown. theUnited Statcs procccdcdto
complctcthe stcpsrcguiredto allow thc 1978lntcrim Rcciprwal FishcricsAgrccmcntto
enterin10force.On I July 1978.thc Prcsidcntsigncdinto law PL 95-314,authoriring thc
agreement.The Unitcd Statcs formally notificd Canadato this effcct on 7 Scp. 1978.
Canada, howcvcr,rcfvscdto procecdwith theintcrim apreemcnt.
'112The Canoda GazrrrcNo. 79(EXTRA). 15Sep.1978.Anncx73.Vol. IV. MEMORIAL OFTHE UNITED STATES 59
1961
expanded Canadian claim '.After reiterating ils view that the new Canadian
claim was without foundation, the United States formally delineated its objection
to both the original andhc expanded Canadian claims:
"The United States believesthat Georges Bank is a natural prolonga-
tion of United States territory and that, in view of the special circum-
stances existing in the Gulf of Maine area. the maritime boundary
puhlished by Canada on November 1, 1976, based on the principle of
equidistance.is not in acwrd with equitable principles. A forfior ai.
delimitation allocating an even larger area of the United States Conti-
nental Shelf to Canada is no1in acwrd with equitable principles.
In the view of the United States. there is no justification in interna-
tional law for discounting the effect to be given Cape Cod and
Nantucket Island in dctermining the maritime boundary in the Gulf of
Maine area. Cape Cod and Nantucket Island. areas closely linked to
Georges Bank and of great historical. politicaland economic importance
to the United States, do not constitute distorting projections.
Neither the claim oublished bv Canada on November 1. 1976.nor the
expanded Canadian claim can bé justificd byreference to the judgment
'of the Court of Arbitration conccrnina the delimitation or the Continen-
ta1Shelf between the United ~ingdom and the French Republic. In that
case the Court rejected the equidistance theory Canada espoused in
asserting its original claim and adopted the position whichthe United
States maintains with respect to the relation of the concepts ofidis-
tance', 'specialcircumstances' and 'equitable principles'.Nothing in that
judgment lends credence to the expanded Canadian claim, which gives
no effect to Cape Cod and Nantucket Island '."
The United States again objccted to an expansion of the Canadian claim in the
midst of ncgotiations:
"Further. the United States wnsiders that expansion of the Canadian
claim in the midst of negotiations is not in keeping with the obligation of
States undcr the Convention on the Continental Shelf, done at Gencva
April 27, 1958, and applicable principles of international law. to
negotiate with a view to arriving an agreement on the delimitation of
maritime boundaries. The United States. althounh convinced that its
boundary positionwould be uphcld in an; third party adjudication, has
wnsistentlv indicated ils readiness to arrive at a neaotiated resolution of
theboundary in the Gulf of Maine area. ~nfortunaïely, Canada's action
expands rather than narrows the differences between the two
governments.
For these reasons, the United States rejects the expanded claim of
Canadian jurisdiction. The United States will continue to exercise
fisheries jurisdiction in the area of the expanded claim in accordance
with United States law.
'The UnitcdStaler maintaincdthis positionunt20 Nov. 1981.Sec bclowat para.162.
SinccnoCanadianvasels Fishcdinthc arca.hawcvcr,nocnforccmcntwasrequired.
'Note from Dept.ofStateto Embassyof Canada, 20Scp.1978,Annex74.Vol. IV.60 GULF OF MAINE i971
The United States is nonethelessprepared ta continue negotiations
toward a settlement of maritime boundary issues,or an agreement to
submit unresolved maritime boundary issues to international
adjudication'."
161. Desoite domestic wlitical difficultiescreated for the United States
negotiators by the expanded Canadian claim, the two delegations. in March, 1979,
reached agreement to submit a ~ackageof two treaties for the aooroval of their re-
spective &vernments. One proposed-treaty would have estabiiihed a regime ta
govern east Coastfishery resourcesextending from Cape Hatteras to Newfound-
land. The other submitted the boundary dispute to binding adjudication *.
162. The proposedresolution of the dispute by a package of two treaties failed
to obtain the necessary approval of the United States Senate. Opposition to the
proposedfishery agreement in the Congresswas strong, and was exacerbated by
the late attempt by Canada to expand ils claim in the area. It wasargued that the
complicated joint management system envisionedwascumbersome,if not unwork-
able; that the different fishery management objectivesand policies of Canada and
the United States were likely to lead to numerous disputesunder such a system;
and that. asa result. conservation of the stockswould not be effective. In addition.
it was firmly believed that the amount of Canadian fishing permitted on ceorgel
Bank and in the Gulfof Maine under the agreement was not justified by past Ca-
nadian activities in thoseareaswhere United States fishermen had beenpredomi-
nant for centuries. The conclusion in the Senate that the fisheries aereementwas
unbalanced and inequitable to the United States led ta a prop&al that the
fisheries agreement be withdrawn but that both countries proceed with the
boundary treaty. Canada initially resistedthis proposal. In an effort to resolvethe
matter, the United States indicated that it would refrain from enforcement
against Canadian fishing vessels in al1 areas claimed by Canada until the
boundary wasestablished by adjudication, if Canada would agreeto the boundary
settlement treaty. The President of the United States wrote to the Chairman of
the SenateCommittee on Foreign Relations in the spring of 1981:
"ln connection with the exchangeof instruments of ratification of the
boundary settlement treaty it is my intention to .. .order the Coast
Guard ta forbear from the enforcement of US laws against Canadian
fishing vesselsin al1 maritime areas now claimed by Canada. White 1
firmlv believe that thereisno basis in international law for the claims
that Canada has made,1alsobelieve that if there is to be a peaceful res-
olution of the maritime boundarv disoute.1 must exercisethis discretion
in law enforcement '."
'Ibid C.anadatcokthefinal stepunderCanadianproceduresformallytoexpand ilclaimon
26Jan. 1979.Anncx73.Vol. IV. In aNote of 15Feb.1979.theUnitedStatesrejcctedthe
exiiandedclaim.in largemcasurerestatinsits Note of 20Seo. 197.nnex74,Vol. IV.
>On 29 Mar. 1979 and 2 API. 1979.the United States and Canadarchangeddiplomatic
correspondencacgreeingthat further exchangesof diplamaticcorrespondencconcerning
the legal merits of the respctive positionswcre not necessaryin the light of the
comprehensivp cackagethe delegationsereprapasingtoresolvethedisputeSee Annex75.
Val. IV.
' Letter from thePresidcntta SenatorCharlesPercy,Chairman,SenateForeign Relations
Committce.6 Mar. 1981.Annex76,Vol. IV. t981 MEMORIAL OFTHE UNITED STATES 61
163. On 19April 1981.the United StatesSenateconsentedto ratification of
the boundarvsettlementtreatv in ils final form. On 3 June 1981.the President
signédihe~iited Statesinstrumentof ratification. havingwiihdrawn thefisheries
agreementfrom Senateconsideration.Canadathereafteracceptedthis ap~roach
inUthcfall of 1981 Instrumentsof raiificaiion of the boundaryseitlerncnitresty,
astcchnisall~altcred. ucreexchangedon20 November1981The Particsnoiified
the lnternaional Court of .Justiceof the Special Agreementon 25 November
1981,asrequiredby Article 1of theTreaty between theParties. PARTII
THE LAW
INTRODUaION
164. BySpecial Agreement. the United States and Canada have requested this
Court to decide the course of the single maritime boundary that divides their
continental shelves and fishing zones in the Gulf of Maine area. This boundary
willserve for al1purposesin international law.This is not a case ofapplying solely
the law governing the delimitation of the continental shelf or solely the law
governing,the delimitation of exclusive fisheries rights. Il is a case of first
impressionrequiring the application of law that serves both functions, as well as
any other purposes for which the Parties may under international law exercise
their jurisdiction in this area.
165. The Parties seek a judgment based upon principles and rules of law in
accordance with Article 38, paragraph I of the Statute of the International Court
of Justice. The United States and Canada are no1 parties to any Convention
establishing the law applicable, as such, to the question before thisCourt. The
United States and Canada are oarties to the 1958Conventionon the Continental
Shelf, and Article 6 of that convention is relevant to this proceedingas a source of
principles and rules for delimitation of the continental shelf; however. the
Continental Shelf Convention is not determinative in the delimitation of a single
maritime boundary. State oractice concernine sinele maritime boundaries sea-
ward of the territoiial sea a; yet is sparse. international judicial proceedings have
not dealt with the delimitation of the single maritime boundary beyond the
territorial sea. There is, however. international law relating separately to the
delimitation of coastal fisheries and of the continental shelf. as well as to other
boundaries, from which the principles and rules that apply to the delimitation of
the singlemaritime boundary may be derived.
166. This Court may not enter a judgment ex aequo et bono based uwn "an
exercise of discretion or conciliation '."This Court's authority is limited by the
conditionsset forth in paragraph 2 of Article 38 of the Statute of the Court '.The
Parties have no1consented to a decision ex aequo et bono and the United States
does not do so now. This Court must arrive at ils decision through "the strict
application of legal rules'." Thus, it is not open to this Court to enter a
compromisejudgment that merely splits the difference between the Parties.
167. In this Part. the United States will identify the legal rules as they relzte to
the delimitation between neiehborinn States of fishery riehts (Ch.oter.1)and of
the continental shelf(chapte; II). ~aied upon this exGsitLn. and a consideration
of relevant principlesin land boundary cases, the United States will identify the
'I.C.J.Reporls1982. p.60. para.71.
'lbid.Sm ntso/.CI. Reorrs 1969.p.48. para.88.(101-1021 MEMORIALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES 63
principlesand rules of international law that apply to the delimitation of a single
maritime boundary (Chapter III).It will be shown that a single maritime
boundary must be delimited in accordance with equitable principles. taking
account of the relevant circumstances in the area. to prcduce an equitable
solution. Among those equitable principles are: the principles regarding the
relationshipbetween relevantcoasts and the maritime areas lyingin front of thosc
coasts (i.e.. nonencroachment. proporlionality, and natural prolongation); the
principle that delimitation should facilitate conservationand management of the
natural resourcesof the area; the principle thaî delimitation should minimize the
potential for disputes between the parties; and the principle that delimitation
should take account of and balance the relevant circumstances in the area. Any
method or combination of methods that will produce an equitable solution in the
application ofthese principles may be used. CHAPTER 1
DELIMITATION OF FlSHERY JURlSDICTlON
168. Following a brief historical discussion.the United States will demonstrate
that the principles employed by the Arbitral Tribunal in 1909 in the Grisbadarna
case are aooiicabie in this adiudication of a sinele maritime boundarr. The
~risbodarni case shows that a delimitation where fishing zones are involved
should take into account the relevant circumstances of the oarticular casesoas to
produce an equitable solution. Grisbadarnastressesthe relationship between the
relevant coastsand the marine areas lying in front of thosecoasts,the objective of
minimizing the potential for disputes between Statesand their nationals. and the
relevance of the historic activities of States and their nationals in the area.
Developments in the ~nternaiional law of fisheries sub\equeni to Grrsbadarnu
stressan additional principle. th31the boundîr) should facil~iate the conservation
and management of the living resourcesof the area.
SECTION 1. Early Developments
169. The early development of the law of coastalState fisheriesjurisdiction was
characterized by conilicts between those States whosenationals fished primarily
the waters adjacent to their shores (the coastal States) and those States whose
nationals fished the waters adjacent to the shoresof other States. States whose
nationals primarily fished off other States' coasts assertedthe doctrine of freedom
of fishing on the highseas.Coastal States assertedexclusiverights to the Iisheries
adjacent to their shores to varying distances. jncluding at times claims to vas1
areasof the sea.premised on a widevariety of legal theories. Throughout history,
this controversy led Io international disputes and. al times. to hostilities. For
instance. the attempt of Great Britain ta exclude the Dutch from the herring
fishery off the Britishoastwas a major causeof three wars between themduring
the 17th century, and formed the background for the famous debate between
Hugo Grotius and John Selden over the freedom of the seas. By the end of the
17th century. a consensus wasemerging that the coastal State had a special
interest in regulating and controlling Iishing in a narrow belt of waters off ils
coasts.
170. In response10 the frequent naval wars of the 17th and 18th centuries.
coastal States also beganto assertjurisdiction over their coastal waters ta protect
against involvement in hostilities between belligerents. These "neutrality" claims
were sometimes based on the control that the coastal State could exercise over
those waters from the shore. In this regard, the 3-nautical-mile rule gained
widespread acceptance.By the start of the 19th century, neutrality claims and
fisherv claims beean to meree into the modern conceot of the territorial sea. A
number of ~reatieidurin~ the-19th century usedthe 3-"autical-mile limit to define
the limits of exclusive fishery iurisdictio'.The 3-nautical-mile limit also was
incorporated into the first major multilateral fishery convention. the North Sea
Fishery Convention of 1882 (concludcd among G'eat Britain, France. Germany.
the Nethcrlands. Belgium, and Denmark)'.
'T. W. Fulton.TheSovereignlyoflhr Sea. 1911.pp. 581.612.616-617. Annex 94.Vol. V.
'Internationalonventionfor the Purpoîcof Rcgvlatingthe Policeof the Fishcrierin the
North Sca autsidcTerritorial Waters.signcdat Thc Hague.6May 1882. p.219. [1@5-106] MEMORIAO LFTHEUNlTEDSTATES 65
171. Bv,the bee-nnine -f the 20th century. the concept of the territorial sea.a
narrow Loncof exclusive codstal State jurisdictiiln for fishcr) and olhcr purwscs.
wascstablishcd 'Sovcrcianiy over ihc tcrritorial se3w;is considercdan incident of
. ~
the sovereignty over the land territory of the abutting coasi. The establishment of
zones with narrow fixed limits struck a balance betweenthe special needs and
interests of the coastal State for fishery and securityrposesand the interests of
other States in use of the high seas for fishing, navigation, and defense. The
Grisbadarna case wasdecidedat this time.
SECTION 2. Delimitation BetweenNeighboring States
172. The Grisbadarna case. also known as the Maritime Frontier case, was
decided by a Special Arbitral Tribunal stablished in 1908.The decision resolved
a dispute between Norway and Sweden concerning rights over certain marine
areas adjacent ta their coasts. Both parties claimed the areas in dispute on the
basisof treaties of 1658(Treaty of Roskilde) and of 1660(Treaty of Copenhagen).
whereby the King of Denmark and Norway cededto the King of Swedenan area
called Bohuslan, adjacent 10 the Skagerrak. This cession necessitated a new
national boundarv between Norwav and Sweden. which was delimited bv a
specially appointed commission in 1561and incorpo;ated into anagreed boundary
orotocol and an attached mao. The boundarv delimited both the lands and the
waters located in the ceded area. The mariiime portion of the 1661 boundary
commenced in the sea. oroceeded throueh oart of a chain of frinaine islands.
through a narrow passage (Svinesund)and a narrow inlet of the sea(Id&ord). to
the adjacent land. The 1661boundary was marked by the commissionerson a maD
attached to their dclimitation, but the maritime portion of thai map was neither
specific nor accurate.
173. Disputes over the fisheries in the area occurred in the 19th century after
the lobster fishery on thefishing banks, especially the Grisbadarna Bank, became
a valuable resource. To forestall further conllicts, Sweden and Norway in 1897
established a new joint commission to clarify the courseof the maritime boundary
from the ldefiord to the ouen sea.The Commissionersaereed on the courseof the
boundary from the fjord io a point midway between agroup of Swedish islands
(called Hcllsot and a erouo of Norweeian islandslcalled Herfol),.desi-nated bv the
~0mmissione;s as point XVIII. ~igure 18.~heykuld not, however, agree on the
'CoasialStatesovcreigntyin theterritoriascawassubjectIothc right of innocentpassage.
'This accountof the caseis basedontheGcrmantext of the Mcmorial.Countcrmemorial.
and Rcpliquc, with Appendicesand map. svbrnittcd by Nonvay. prinied by Kirsic &
Sicberth.Buch-and Kunîtdruckcrci. Krisiiania1909:the Gcrmanici1 of the Mcrnorial.
Countcrmcmorial.and Rcplique.with Appendices and maps.submittcdby Swcdenp .rinted
by Kunpl.Boktryckcrict.P.A.No~icdi & Soncr.Stockholm1909;andBurcauInternational
de laCourPcrmancntcd'Arbitrage, Recueid l esComptesrendusdela vitiredeslieuxerdes
ProIrnolesdesskonccrdu Tribunal orbirral, consriruO en verru de la Convenliondu 14
Mars 1908.pour juger Io qurvion de Io délimitationd'unecertaineportie delo/ronliPre
moriiime entre Io NorvPneer Io SuPde.Van LanncnhuvsenFreres.The Haeue. 1909.
-.
coniainingthc accountsofthe b~cuinpof ihearca byihc Tribunal.thr'or~lplend;ne,01ihc
pariics.andihc ici# olihc dcciriun Copiesof ihcrcm3teriaarc ~vsilablcinihr library ai
the PcaccPdlaccin Thr Haguc Thedccirionis rcproduced in Annri 4. \'al. 1.66 GULF OF MAINE (1071
courseof the boundaryseawardfrom that point. The NorwegianCommissioners
proposedthat the boundaryshould run in a straight line from Point XVIII.
througha point in the middleof a straight lineconn&ting the northernmost point
of a Swedishisland(Nord Koster)with the southernmostpoint of Kloverenin the
Norwegian Tisler Islandsgroup(designatedasPoint XIX onthe Norwegianline)
to the seaward boundary of the territorial sea. The Swedish Commissioners
~romseda straieht line connectinr!Point XVIII with a Point XIX. locatedta the
korih of the ~orwegianPoint %if, andrunningsouthof thc ~orwegianislandof
Heia and the Heiefluer Reefsbut north of the GrisbadarnaBank. The Grisba-
daina Bankwaslocatedbetweenthe linesassertedby the parties.
174. The failure of the Commissioners ta agreeupon theboundaryfrom Point
XVlll seaward led to an agreementin 1908 to submit the controversy ta
arbitration. The Arbitral Tribunal was to decide whether. andhow far. the
boundaryhad becncstablishedby the termsof the 1661boundaryprotucoland
thc attachcdman.To the extent that the boundarv hadbcenestablishedbv these
documcnts.the Arbitral Tribunal was to decide-theparticular location of that
boundary. To the extent that the boundary was not establishedby the 1661
documents.the Arbitral Tribunal was ta fix the boundary,"taking into account
the circumstancesof fact and the principlesof international la'."
175. In ils Memorial,eachparty claimeda boundaryincludingareasoutsideof
the line proposedby ils membersof the Commissionof 1897.Figure 19.Norway
contendedthat theboundaryshouldbedrawnasa medianline betweentheclosest
pointsof the coastsof the two countries.Norway ~.guedthat sucha line should
run to a pointof intersectionof twoarcsdrawnwith a radiusof I mile aroundthe
most seawardpointsof thecoastsof thetwo countries.Norwayarguedthat such a
line shouldrun to a point of intersectionoftwo arcsdrawnwkh a radiusol I mile
aroundthemost seawardpoints of the Swedishisland of Klofningen(point "1"on
Figure 19)andthe Norwegian islandof Midtre Heieflu (point "q" on Figure 19).
Becausethe relevantcoastsconsistedof islands,islets.andreefs,the choiceof the
Drowr basewints resultedin anumberof chaneesof directionin the line.Norwar
;uggested a iimplified boundaryby identif>ingho particular rnidpoints(designai-.
edasPoint XIX andPoini XX) andconncctinnthoscwints andPoint XVlll with
straight lines. Point XIX was the midpoint betweenthe most northern reef of
Roskaren and the mosstouthernreefof Svartskjar(points"m" and"1" on Figure
19). Point XX was identified as the midpoint of a line connecting the most
southernreefof Heiefluerwith a reefnamedStora Drammen(points"p" and "O"
on Figure 19).Seaward,Norway claimed a true equidistant line and identified
midpoints designated as Points XXa, XXb, XXc, XXd, and XXI, whose
connectionwould allccate al1of the SkjottegrundeBanks and theGrisbadarna
Bankto Norway.
176. SwedenadoptedthesamepositionasNorway for PointXIX, but argueda
different positionfor Point XX and thecourseof the boundaryseawardof that
point, withoutindicating an endpoint. In Sweden'sview. Point XX was to be
located at the middle of a straight line connecting Stora Drammen. on the
Swedishsidc.and a rock called Hejeknub,southeastof the Norwegian islandof
HejaontheNorwegianside.Sweden proposed that the line shouldbedrawn from
'Agrccmcntfor Arbitralion.Arl.3.HagueCl. Rep. (Scott),1916.121.P.134,Anncx 4.
Vol. 1foricrtin French ec II R.Int'l Arb.Awards147.p. 153. [108-1121 MEMORIALOF THEUNITED STATES 67
there due West,leaving toSweden al1of the ~risbadarna Bank and the middle and
southern section of the Skjottegrunde Banks.
177. The Award of the Arbitral Tribunal left the wholeof Grisbadarna Bankto
@ Sweden and al1of the Skjottegrunde Banks to Norway. Figure 20. The Arbitral
Tribunal concluded that the starting point of the boundary iïxed by the 1661
boundary documents was al some place between Points XIX and XX. The
Arbitral Tribunal accepted the location of Point XIX as agreed upon by the
parties. The Arbitral Tribunal wncluded that the location of the line seaward of
Point XIX was no1 determined by the boundary map of 1661. The Arbitral
Tribunal found that the parties were in agreement as to the method to be applied
in determining Point XX. The only disagreement was the location of the starting
point onthe Norwegian side for the connecting line, Norway urging Heiefluerand
Sweden urging Hejeknub. The Arbitral Tribunal adopted theagreed method as to
Point XX and concluded that the Swedish position as to the starting point was
preferable, because Heicfluer in 1661 had not yet emerged from the water.
178. Seaward of Point XX, in "taking in10accounl the circumstances of fact
and the principles of international law '", the Arbitral Tribunal rejected the
methods advocated by Norway and Sweden. The Arbitral Tribunal agreed with
the parties that the marine territory was divided automatically between Norway
and Sweden along with the land in the Peace of Roskildeof 1658. It stated:
"Whereas. this opinion is in wnformity with the fundamental principles
of the law of nations. both ancien1 and modern, in accordance with
which the maritime territory is an essential appurtenance of land
territory, whence it follows that at the lime when, in 1658, the land
territory called the Bohuslan was ceded to Sweden. the [zone] of
maritime territory constituting an inseparable appurtenance of this land
territory must have automatically formed a part of this cessio'."
To be consistent with this "essential" relationshi~ between the land and the sea.
the Arbitral Tribunal chose to base the boundar; seaward of Point XX on a lin;
drawn ~e.~e.dicuiar to the eeneral direction of the coast. followine detailed
wmmcntary by the parties during oral argument '.In the words of the Tribunal:
"Whereas. wnseauently. the automatic dividinr!line of 1658 should bc
dctcrmined (or. what is cxdctly thc same thing ciprcsscd in othcr words).
the dclimitstion should be made to-da. b~ tracin- a Iin~.err>endicularly
to the general direction of the coas.."'.
The Arbitral Tribunal stated in that connection that the direction of the coast
situated on both sides of the boundary was to be wnsidered in order to ascertain
the direction of the coast. which was determined to be 20degrees Westof north for
this purpose.
'AgrccmcntforArbitrafion,Art. 3,Haguc Cl.Rcp.(Scotl).1916.121. p. 134.Anncx 4,
Vol.1:forlentinFrcnch.see IIR. Int'lArb. Awards147.p. 153.
'Crisbador~. HagueCl. Rcp.(Swtt), 1916.p. 127(24thWhcrcas)[replacinn"radius" in
Prof.Swtl's translationo"rayon" with"zone"];for tcxi in Frenchree IIR. Int'Arb.
Awards147.p. 159.
'ReceuildesCornplesRendus.op.cil..PP.97-101.
' GrNbodorna. HagueCl.Rcp.(Scott).1916. p.129(39thWhcrcas[rcplacing"bars"inProf.
Scott's translation '3ancs"with"banksWL Annex 4.Vol 1;fortexiin Frcnch.>ec1I R.
Int'lArb. Awards147.p. 160.68 GULF OFMAINE 11131
179. Because the perpendicular to that line would have crossed the edge of the
Grisbadarna Bank, however, the Arbitral Tribunal adjusted the direction of the
boundary by I degree so as not to cross the bank. Consequently, the Grisbadarna
Bank was left entirely to Sweden and the Skjottegrunde Banks entirely to
Norway. The Arbitral Tribunal indicated that it was adopting a line that was
easily identifiable by iishermen of the two countries' and that would avoid "the
great unsuitability of tracing the boundary-line across important [banks]'." The
line adopted by the Arbitral Tribunal followed the deeper water between the
banks. The apparent effect was the creation of a buffer zone that would assist in
keeping the fishermen of the two countries apart and reduce the likelihd of
disputes between them. The Arbitral Tribunal also look acwunt of certain
relevant factual circumstances, in particular the historic activities of fishermen
and of their governments in the area. The Arbitral Tribunal attached importance
10the fact that Swedish fishermen had fished Grisbadarna "a much longer time,
10 a much larger extent. and by a much larger number" than had the
Norwegians'. With respect to the historic activities of governments, the Arbitral
Tribunal attached importance IO the fact that Sweden had performed various acts
in the Grisbadarna region. at wnsiderable expense, such as "the placing of
beacons. the measurement of the sea, and the installation of a light-boat". while
Norway had undertaken few such activities'.
180. The Grisbadarna case illustrates three basic considerations relevant to the
delimitation of fisheries jurisdiction between adjacent States. First, the Arbitral
Tribunal relied upon the "fundamental principle of the law of nations" that a
legally signifiant relationship exists between a State's wastline and the adjacent
seas '.The use of a perpendicular to the gencral direction of the mas1 ensured that
each neighboring State received the maritime areas and associated iisheries lying
in front of its Coast'. Second. the Arbitral Tribunal modified the course of the
boundarv to avoid dividine a fishine bank. This ensured that an area of intense
fishing activity wouldno1be dividedbetween two governments (and two groups of
fishermenk minimizine the wtential for disoutes between the two States and
among th& fishermei. ~inall~. the ~rbitraj Tribunal specifically stressed the
historical predominancc of Swedish activities in the area.
l"[Wpilc taking in10awunt the ncccssilyof indicating the boundaryin a clcar and
unmistakablcmanncr,thus facilitatingils obcrvatian by the intcrcstcdpartiesas far as
pmsiblc."Crisbadorna.HagucCI. Rq. (Scott),1916.p. 129(39th Whcrcas).
'Ibid.p. 129;fortcxt in Frencsee II R.lnt'lArb. Awards147.p. 160.
Ibid.. p.130;fortcxtin French.seeII R. Int'lArb.Award147.p. 161.
' Ibid.p. 127.
'Althauph the Tribunal,bccauscof its task ofdctcrminingthe latcral maritimeboundary
rcsultingfroma 17th-ccnturyccssion,strcsscdthc confarmityof thc mcthodchoscnwith
notionsof ihat lime, il did no1rosi ils dclimitationofrespectivmaritime lcrritorics
seawards from Point XX solcly on principlcsof intcrtcmparal law. Thc Tribunal in
"Whcrcas"Nos. 34.38. and39madeilclcarthata dclimitationofa maritimcboundarybc-
twecnadjaccntnationsbymcansofa pcrpcndicular 10the gcncraldircctionof themas1on
bath sidcs of that linc was alro considcrcd to bc warrantcd by thcn-üintcmporary
internationallaw.Thc arbitral dceisionwasintcrprctcdin that manncrby ProfessorKarl
Struppin hisdctailcdstudy ofthcGrisbodarnacase.Der Sfreil/ollrwischenSchweden und
Nonvegenin Dos Wcrk vom Haag (cd. by Walther Schucking)Scrics11.Vol. 11.1914.
ProfcssorStrupp.whiledcploringthescarcityoftrcatmcntof maritimcboundaricsbctwr.cn
neighboringStates(In.97).statcsrcpcatcdlythat thc mcthoduscdbythcTribunalwas
Lfwrnoieconrinuedon thenexrpoge) 141 MEMORIA OF THE UNITESD TATES 69
181. The Anelo-Norweeian Fisheries case of 1951 illustrates the continuing
vitality of the three principles of the Crisbadarna case '.In the ~nglo-Norwegian
Fisheries case. the United Kingdom challenged the straight baseline method used
by Norway Io delimit its exclusive fishery zone. The United Kingdom argued that
the baselines for the zone. which was to be treated as the territorial sea of Norway,
must followthe sinuosities of the coast. At issue were large areas of water, rich in
fish. where Norwegians had ken fishing for centuries and where United Kingdom
ve......had resumed fishine in 1906 after a lone hiatus. The Court uoheld
Norway's straight baseline sistem. guided by the "b& consideration" that "[ir is
the land which confers uwn the coastal State a rieht to the waters offits coasis '."
The Court found that ;raight baselines that do not depart to any appreciable
extent from the general direction of the coast in certain geographical circum-
stances are lawful '.
182. The Court in the Anelo-Norweaian Fisheries case also relied upon the
historic pattern of fishing on the rich-banks along the coasts to support the
legitimacy of the Norwegian baselines '. "[These grounds were known Io Norwe-
gian fishermen and exploitcd by them from time immemorial'." In contrast.
"British fishermen refrained from fishina in Norweaian coastal waters for a long
period, from 1616-1618 until 1906~." The resilt in the ~nglo-Norwegion
Fisheries case also is consistent with the need for boundaries that minimize future
conflict. Norway's straight baselines, upheld by the Court, resulted in limits that
were easy to observe and to police'. Thus. althouah the AnaIo-Nonueaian
p ~ -
Umrnorccontinucdfrom rheprcviouspage)
wnsistcnt net onlywith 17th-ccnturynotions.but alu, withmodcrnprinciples. op. cil.. pp.
97. 109.123-125:
"Althouphthe Tribunal rejectcdal1principlesinvokcdby the partiesit nevcrthclcss
designalcdthat principlcasconformingwiththe modcrnlawofnations as wellaswith
that in the 17thCenturywhcrebythc boundarybetwecntwo sca territoriesmus1 be
detcrminedinthe fashionthat a pcrpcndicular isdrawnto thcgeneraldirectionof thc
coast(id.at 123)."[Translationfromthe German.1
ProfessorGidclalsoexpresscdthe vicwthat the Arbitral Tribunac lonsidercdils methodas
wnsistcnt withand favarcdby moderninternationallaw. 3 Gidel.Le Droit lniernotionol
Publicde lu Mer. 1934, pp. 769.770.Accord,Prof. Munch,in F. Munch,Dietechnisehen
Frocen desKUstenmeer1 sAbhandlunnen zurforüchreitendcnKodilikatiandesinternationa-
I~nk~ ~ts. .H. d.~lnsti~ui ~ur~.nterna~t-o~lcsRechtan der Univc~~.ttitKiel. 1934.... 157.
Ccrrainl) the partics to thc arbitralion zonsidcrcdthc Trib~nal.5mcthod rclctsnt under
modemlawsinccbathgovcmmenüdrcw attentiotothc decisioninthcirwmmuntwtionsto
the InternationalLawCommissionin 1953.Swedeninparlicularaddcd:"LeGouvernement
suédoiscstimcccpcndant quc la mtthodc pour Ictractde fronti&rea,doptéeen principepar
Ictribunal. savoir employeu rnelipnctracte perpcndiculaircmen At ladirectiongtnéralcdc
la Mte. wt prtftrable 2 celle qui a ett proposec par Ic rapporteur s&cial de la
Commission.. .".1953Y.B.Int'l.L. Comm..Vol.II, p. 88.
'I.C.J. Reports1951.P. 116.
Ibid.. p. 133
'Ibid..pp. 133.142.
'Ibid..p. 142.
'Ibid..p. 127
'lbid..p. 124.
'Ibid..p. 135.70 GULFOF MAINE
Fisheries caseconcernedthe delimitation of the seawardlimit of the territorial sea
rather than the delimitation of a maritime boundary betweenadjacent States. the
case confirms the importance of the principles of Grisbadarno.
SECTION 3. The Principleof conservation
A. EMERCENC O FTHEPRINCIPLEOFCONSERVATION
183. Since the Grisbadarno and Angl+Norwegian Fisheries cases,significant
developmentshave occurred. both in the world's fisheriesand in the international
law relating to coastal State jurisdiction over fisheries:Market demand and
technological developments increasedcompetition for fishery resourcesbeyondthe
territorialseas,especially after World War II. International law, prompted by
increased fishing. came to recognize coastal State jurisdiction over fishing
seawardof the territorial sea,first to 12 nautical miles from the Coastand then to
200 nautical miles. Also, in responseto the increased fishing, there developed in
international law the principle of conservation, i.e., that al1 States have the
obligation to conservethe high seasliving resourcesthat they exploit.
184. With the establishment of the territorial sea, it was believed that
jurisdiction exercisedinthosenarrow waters would serveto protect the interests of
the coastal Stateinthe iïshery resourcesadjacent to ils shores, and thai freedom
of fishing onthe adjacent high seaswas in the hesi interesü of the international
communitv. tlowcver. this beiicf was no! borne out in thc history of fishine 3s ii
developedin fact. DU& the late 19th century. for example, thé developm-entof
steam trawlers led to intensified fishing and gear conflicts in the North Sea.
Stocks began to decline. Concerned governmentsmet in The Hague in 1881 to
nenotiatc a convention to deal with these issues.In Dart becauseit was thought
thi stocks found further out to sca brcd in the nea;-shore uaters. a 3.nautical-
mile cxclusivc fiqhery lone w3s adopted in the resulting North Seî Convention of
1882 .to protect these "nurseries" from overfishingL. It soon became clear.
however. that the exerciseof freedom of fishing beyondthe 3-nautical-mile limit
was continuing to deplete the important coastal fisheries. As a result, fishermen
and their govcrnments along the North Seaand elsewhere soughtin a number of
ways to conserveand to manage fishery resources beyondthe territorial sea '.
185. Following World War II.coastal States began to assert their interests in
the conservation and management of fisheries off their coasts. seaward of the
territorial seas.For example. the Truman Proclamation on Fisheries declared in
1945 that coastal States had the righl to establish conservation zones off their
coasts beyond the territorial sea'. The Proclamation focused attention on the
coastal State interest and the need for conservation during a time of rapid
'Fulton.op. cil.PP. 609-610.630-640.Anncr 94. Vol. V. For a survcyof the various
mcasurcstakcnto dcvclopan effective rcgimc forfishcricsandtheprotectionof thc living
rcsourccsof theseain thepriod bctwccnthc North SeaConventionandthe First United
NationsConfcrcnccon the Law of the Seas.seeGros."La Conventionsur la Péchcet la
Conservationdes Ressources biologiquese la Haute Mer". 97 Re. da Cours. Hague
Acad.. 1959. p..Anncx93.Vol. V.
'Se< Fultonop. cil.pp.701-711.Anncx94. Vol.V.
'ProclamationNo. 2668. Policyof the UnitedStateswith Rcspcctto CoastalFishcricsin
CertainAreasof theHighScas.28Scp.1945.Anncr 3, Vol. 1.(1161 MEMOR~ALOFTHE UNITED STATES 71
change 'The Proclamation. however,did not assert coastal State jurisdiction over
foreign fishing vessels inthose zones. except by agreement with the iiag States.
186. In 1949, the International Law Commission proposed to review the
principles and rules of international law relating to the high seas and the
territorial sea.This review. inturn. led to the 1958 United Nations Conference
on the Law of the Sea and the four conventions it produced '.With respect to fish-
eries law, the most important developments were codificationof the principle of
conservation. applicable to al1States, and recognitionof the special interest of the
coastal State in the living resources off ils coasts. This principle wasexprwsed in
Article 1(2) of the Convention on the Conservation of the Living Resourcesofthe
High Seas:
"All States have the duty to adopt, or to CO-oprate with other States in
adopting, such measures for their respective nationals as may be
necwsary for the conservation of the living resources of the high seas."
Article 2 went on to define "conservation":
"As erndoved in this Convention. the expression 'conservationof the
living r&o"rces of the high seas' means &e aggregate of the measures
rendering possiblethe optimum sustainable yield from those resources so
as to secure a maximum supply to food and other marine products.
Conservation programmes should be formulated with a viewto securing
in the first place a supply of food for human consumption."
Article 6 (1) recognized that the coastal State "has a special interest in the
maintenance of the productivity of the living resources" in the high seas adjacent
to its territorial sea. Article 7 gave the coastal State certain special rights in case
of imminent threats to the stocks'.
187. Fishery stocks that are exploited in common by more than one State
present special conservation problems. If one State were to limit ils fishing to
protect the stocks. the fish it did not catch mightbe caught by another State, so
that the firsl State's conservation measures would limit ils share of the harvest
without protecting the stocks. As a result, practice has shown that no one State
will impose conservation measures upon itself unless it is assured that the other
States will do the same. The Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the
Living Resources of the High Seas sought to deal with this "common pool"
'RcgardingthcTrumanPmlarnation'sinflucncconsubscqucnldcvcloprncnts secGros, op.
ci!.,p29, Anncx93,Vol.V.
' 1949Y.B. Int'lLawComm.. ...280-281.
'Convcntiononthe HiphScaî. U.V.Doc.A/CONF 13/L.53.29April1958.450CNTS.
82: Convcniionon thc TerritorialSca andthc ContipuausZone. UNDw A/CONF.
13lL.52.29 Aoril1958.516U.N.T.S.205:ComcntionontheContincnialShcll.UN Da'.
A~CONF.I~/L.S~2 .9April1958.499U.N.T.S.311;Convcntion onFirhingandConscrva-
lionofthcLivingRcwiurcerofthe HighScas.U.N.Doc.A/CONF.13/L.54.29April 1958.
559 U.N.T.S.285.At Annex 5,Vol.1.
'For an ansersmentofthc rolcofthe~oastalStatc,sec Cm. Op. cilpp. 42-54,Anncx93,
Vol.v.72 GULF OF MAINE [Il71
problem by requiring Statesthat fished stocksin common to enter into negotiations
to prescribe conservation measures by agreement'.
188. The Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of
the High Seas sought to isolate conservation efforts from political considerations
by giving an important role to science'. The Convention required States to
identify as amatter of scientific fact the points at which increased exploitation
would adversely affect the sustainable yield of the living resources of an area.
Scientists were to determine the relationship between stocks and their environ-
ment. the effects on stocks of various fishing practices, the range of stocks. their
abundance, and other biological data needed to understand and to conserve the
resource. It was hoped that the principle of conservation as elaborated by the
Convention would ensure protection for the stocks.and thereby further the
international community's interest ina supply of food for human consumption.
The Convention was adoptcd by 37 nations, including the United States but no1
including Canada '.
B. THE FALLUR EF CONSERVATIOB NKAGREEMEN TND THE DEVELOPMEN OF
~~~-NAUTICAL-MIL FISHING ZONES
189. Developments subsequent to the 1958 United Nations Conference on the
Law of the Sea showed that the Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the
Living Resources of the High Seas was incapable of achieving its goals.
Experience demonstrated that States often were unable to agree upon, and to
enforce. effective conservation measures. It was no1 enough ta conduct îisheries
research, even in cooperation. Fishery conservation and management inevitably
concern social and political issues that transcend scientific findings. Most
importantly, conservation measures involve the distribution of resources among
fishermen-an issue that is notoriously difficult to resolveby negotiation'.
Disagreements over management objectives, management techniques, and scien-
'See Article4, 5. 6. 7. and 8, Convcntionon Fishing and Conservatnf the Living
Rcrourcesofthe HighScas.Anncx 5.Vol.1.
21bid.iArticles7(2Xb,(1).10(1).
'559 U.N.T.S.285. Anncx5. Vol. 1.The UnitedStates ratificdthe Conventionin 1961.
Scncgal withdrcwfrom the Conventionin 1971. Bardonnet, "La Dénonciationpar le
Gouvernementstntgalaisde laConventiosurla mericrrilorialeezone conriglicetdela
Convcntionsur la &hc et la wnscmationdes ressources biologiquedse la haute mer. en
dateAGcnévcdu 29avril 1958".1972 Ann.Franqoisde Droitlnlernarionol123.
'Forexample,thc Eurown EconomicCommunityhasbccntryingsincc1976ta inslitutea
CommonFishtria Policy.Aprecmcnthas beendclaycdprimarilyby distributionalissues
conccrningthe rightsof acccssof othcrmcmberStates to UnitedKingdomcoastalwalers
and lhc relativenationalsharesof the totalallowablccatches. Thisdistribufionalproblemis
discusscdin thmreticaltcrmsand ciamincdinthecaseofthe NorthEaslAtlanticFishcries
Commissionin D.J.Drirwll and N. McKellar, "The Changing Regimcof North Sea
Fishcries".in TheMostUfecriveMonagemenldResourcrs: TheIntern~tionolPolilicsOJ
ihc Norih Seo. 1979.pp. 128-139;and in A. Undcrdal. The Polirics lnrernorionol
FisheNesManogemeni.1980.pp.61-99,Anncx 95.Vol.V. Il181 MEMORIALOFTHEUNITEDSTATES 73
tific conclusions increase the difficulty of reaching agreement '.As a resuli, as
long as responsibility for the conservation and management of fishery resources
remained divided among different States, necessary conservation measures fre-
quently were not imposed because mutual agreement could not be reached.
190. Multilateral and bilateral conservation and management agreements that
were reached may in some cases have saved certain stocks from destruction'.
Disagreements among interested States. however. often led to overfishing. to the
detriment of the resources and the interest of the international community in
securing a reliable supply of food for human consumption. The intrinsic difficul-
ties of conservation by agreement were considerable. Olten the States that fished a
resource were unable to agree 10 impose meaningful conservation measures. In
most cases, States continued to exercise exclusive enforcement jurisdiction over
their fishinç! vessels. and the conservation measures that were negotiated often
uere indde&ately enforced Even ICSAF > ~nd YEAFC ' proved Unable to cope
uith the increased and more efficient fishine that occurred in the 1960sand edrl,
1970;. though virtually al1 States fishing inThe North Atlantic became parties
one or both of these conventions. Conservation in these organizations fell victim to
the bargaining behavior of States and ta enforcement practices that encouraged
fishermen to flout conservation rules because they believed others were doing sol.
For example, one comprehensive study of NEAFC revealed that the total
allowable catches (TAC) set by NEAFC clearly exceeded the average estimate of
allowable catch, and usually were closest to the least restrictive proposal made by
any of the participaling States. The author of that study suggested:
"ln negotiations on international fishery regulations the outwme will
most often be close to the position advocated by the party(-ies) most
reluctant ta accept the measures in question. Thus, in determining TACS
the outcome will usually be significantly closer to the highest TAC
advocated than 10the lowest '."
'Thc managcrncntobjectives ofStatesthat sharc stocksarc oftcn wntrary and difficult to
rcconcilc.OneStatc. for cramplc, mayprefcr Ioacceptlargc rcductionsin currcnr catchesin
hop of larger future hawests; thc othcr may no1be willing to accept Ihc short-term
dislocationsinhcrcnt in sucha policy. OncStatc may prefcr asa mattcr of nutritional or cm-
ployment policy to hawcst the maximum rustainable yicld of a givcn stock: the othcr may
prcfer to,maxirnizcprofit by capturing fcwcr fish but at grcatcr catchperunit of effort. One
Statc may wishto maximirc theyicld of a singlevaluablespecicsin a mixed-swcicsfishery.
whilc thc othcr Statc may prefer toacceptlowcr yieldsof thal specicsin order to marimize
the yield of the cntire fishery. Thcrc may also be disagrcements over management
tcchniqucs. such as basic choices betwccn gcar typcs. sctting annual quotas or fixing
minimum fish sizcs.ycar-roundor scaronalfishing. andlimitcd cntry or frceampetition. as
wcll asrcientilic disputeswncerning such mattcrs asthc statusof thestak. rhc amount of
allowablecatch. andtheeffcct of proposedmanagementmcasurcs.Thcsedisagreementsarc
more than tcchnical. Thcy affect howmuch is caught, whtn, andby whom.
Gros, op. cil.p. 8. Anncr 93. Vol. V.
'InternationalConvcntionon the Northwcst Atlantic Fisheries,8 Fcb. 1949.157U.N.T.S.
157,Anncx 45. Vol. III.
'Northeast Atlantic FisheriesConvention,24 Jan. 1957.486U.N.T.S. 157.
'On NEAFC. see D. J. Driscoll and N. McKcllar, op. cil.Anncr 95, Vol. V. Far one
Canadianasscssmcntof ICNAF, see Finklc.op.cil..Anncx 51. Vol. III.
'A. Underdal.op. cil.P.85, Annex 95, Vol. V.74 GULFOFMAINE 11191
191. In the 1960sand 1970s,a growing demand for fishand improvements in
distant-water fishing technology enabled distant-water fishing fleets to harvest
unprecedcnted amounts of coastal fishery resources. In response, coastal States
extended their exclusive fishery jurisdiction,rst to 12nauiical miles, then to 200
nautical miles from the Coast.One goal of extended jurisdiction was to centralize
responsibility for conservationand management in the coastal State. The coastal
State is most likely to have the long-term interest in conserving the resource.
Moreover. .-vine-exclusive iurisdiction to a sin-le State orotects the resources
from the uncertain fate of conservation by agreement. Canada. for example.
submitted a paper at the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
that relied upon the difficulty ofdifferent States reaching agreement on conserva-
tion measures as the iustification for sinele--tate manaeemen- of fishery
resources:
"ln the viewof the Delegation of Canada. the coastal State should have
the authority to determine the allowable yield for the various stocks of
coastal srncies fallina under ils management. in accordance with the
principle; herein ouhd and in con~ultatio" with regional advisory
commissions.It is because international experience has demonstrated the
difficulty of reaching consensus on particular measures needed on the
basis ofscientific data that ir is prowed that the coastal State should
have the authority to impose a decision where consensus is not
possible'."
The United States Congress also considered the failure of conservation by
international agreement an important reason for its decision to enact the law that
extended United States fishery jurisdiction 10 200 nautical miles. In the Fishery
Conservation and Management Act of 1976, Congress declarcd that:
"(2) As a consequence of increased fishingpressure and because of the
inadequacy of fishery conservation and management practices and
controls (Al certain stocks of such fish have been overfishedto the ooint
where thèi;survival is threatened. and (B)other such stocks havebeénso
substantiallv reduced in number that thev could become similarlv
threatened.
(4) International fishery agreements have not been effectivein prevent-
ing or terminating the overfishing of these valuable fishery resources.
There is danger that irreversible effects from overfishingwill take place
before an effective international agreement on fishery management
jurisdictioncan be negotiated, signed, ratified, and implemented'."
192. Extension of coastal State fisheries jurisdiction to 200 nautical miles from
the Coast.desiened to orotect the coastal fishery stocks from imminent depletion
and to recogn&e the ipecial needs and inter& of the coastal State, gained
prompt acceptance in international law. This development is reflected in the
decisionof the Third United Nations Conference on the Lawof the Sea 10givethe
coastal State management jurisdiction and primary responsibility forthe conser-
'GovcrnmentofCanadaWorkinp Papcr.A/AC.I38.SC./II/L.8. Anncx 91. Vol.IV.
'Anncx 8. Vol.1.Section18011a). 11201 MEMORIAO LFTHEUNITEDSTATES 75
vation of the living resourceswithin 200 nautical miles of its Coast '.Article 61.
paragraph 2 of the Convention adopted by the Conference on 30 April 1982
provides:
"The coastal State, taking into account the best scientific evidence
available to it, shall ensure through proper conservation and manage-
ment measures that the maintenance of the living resources in the
exclusive economic zone is not endangered by over-exploitation '."
Where single-State management is not possible, Le., for a stock that migrates
beyond the limits of the exclusive economic zoneof a single Stafe, the Convention
directs that the States thatfish the stock shall cooperate in its management and
conservation '.The thrust of the Convention, however, is ta give conservation and
management authority to a single State whenever possible.The preference for
single-State management is reflected in the provisions of the Convention that
relate to anadromousand catadromous species'. In each casean attempt is made
tocentralize management decisionsin a single State asfar aspossible.It should be
noted thatLmthCanada and the United States urged that the coastal State should
have exclusive authority over the management of anadromous species.Canada,
moreover. contendedthat the coastal State should also be given greater authority
over the management of stocks that straddle the exclusive economiczone and the
high seasbeyond '.The provisions of the Convention and these proposals reflecl
the emergenceof a consensuswithin the international community that manage-
ment of stocks should be vested in a single State, where practical, in order ta
facilitate conservation of the stocks.
193. The establishment of 200-nautical-mile fishing zones wasin great part a
reaction to the failure of conservationby international agreement to protect the
world's fishery rcsources As the hisior)of iisher) m;inîg;ment rebealed.the rtsk
exists thai. whencver more than onc Staic fishes the samcsiocks. the basicconflict
of interesl'between such States over the distribution of fishing rights, as well as
differences over scientific and technical issues, management objectives and
techniques. and enforcement efforts, will prevent the States from agreeing to and
enforcing effective conservation measures.The extension of coastal State fishery
jurisdiction to 200 nautical miles sought to deal with this problem by lalging
management authority for most stocks in the coastal State. Similarly, the
delimitation of lateral Lmundariesshould facilitate conservation, wherepractical,
by locating separate stocks entirely within the management jurisdiction of one
State or another. ratherthan within severaljurisdictions, in order to minimize the
need Io rely on international agreements for fishery conservation. Therefore. the
'Conventiononthc LawofthcSca.WorkingPawr 1.4 lune 1982.Part V.
'Ibid ..ticle 61.
'Ibid..Articles63.64,66,67.
'Ibid.,Articles66.67.
'"The SpccialCaseof FishStofksWhich Omr BothWiihin thc ExclusiveEcanornicZone
andin an Arca BeyondandlrnmcdiatclyAdjaccnito 11".WorkingPawr submittcdby the
Delcgationrof Argcntinaand Canadaat theSecondPartofthe Ninih Sessionof UNCLOS
III. Gcneva.1980,Anncr 91,Vol. IV.76 GULF OF MAINE [121-1221
distribution and range of fishery stocks must be considered in a maritime
boundarydelimitation involvingfishing rights.
194. In additionto beine consistentwith theorincioleof conservation.a fishine
zonedelimitation should ils0 be consistentwiih th; principlesidentified in the
Crisbadarna case.First. a fishing zoneboundaryshouldensurethat eachcoastal
Statehasjurisdiction overthe watersin front of its coasts.The closerelationship
betweenthelandandthe maritime area concerned suggeststhe importanceof the
generaldirection of the coastline.as recognizedby the Arbitral Tribunal in the
Grisbadarna case.The leneth and confisuration of the Coastalsoare imoortant
elementsto be considered-in any delimitation. Becauseof the long distances
involved. any irregularitiw in the coastline or its configuration are likely to
produce inequitabie results if the equidistancemethod is used to delimit the
boundarybetween200-nautical-milefishing zones.
195. Second,lateral delimitation of the 200-nautical-mile fishingzoneshould
reflect recognition of the relativeinterests of the coastal Statesin the living
~~sourcesoff their coasts.,~~videnc~dbv~the historic activitiesof the St~t~s~ ~d
their nationalsin thearea.In this regard. theexercise ofresponsibilities as well as
useof the resourcwshouldberelevant.As in the Grisbadarna case.it isimoortant
to determinewhosenationalshavefishedan area the longestand in the'largest
numbers.In addition. it is imwrtant to determine which Statehasexercisedthe
greaterresponsibilitieswith regard tosurveying.charting, and maintaining other
aidsto navigation.conductinefisheriesand other scientificresearch.and oropos. .
ing andengagingin internationalconservationefforts.
196. Finally, delimitation of the 200-nautical-mile fishingzone must have
regard to the need to avoid disputes between neighboring States and their
nationals.when possible.This principle was at the heart of the decisionof the
partiesand of the Arbitral Tribunal in the Crisbadarna caseto avoid splitting
fishing banks betweenjurisdictions. This principle is also consistentwith the
modern thrust of the international law of fisheries. Any delimitation should
facilitate enforcement of whatever conservation and managemen rt gime is
applicablein thearea.In this regard.thedelimitation shouldestablisha boundary
that can be readily observedby the fishermenof the neighboringStateswithout
dividing responsibilityfor the conservation and managemenotf the fish stocks.
Where there are natural buffer zonesthat can help to achieve a reasonable
division,like the channelbetweenthe fishingbanksin the Crisbadarna case.such
featuresshouldbegivenweight in establishingthe boundary.
197. In summary. thelaw governing delimitation of the 200-nautical-mile
fishing zone representsa marriage of traditional concepts of appurtenance,
historic interest,anddisputeminimization, as reflectedin the Grisbadarna case,
with the more recentadditionof the principleof conservation. CHAiTER II
DELIMITATION OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
198. A continental shelf boundary mustbe delimited in accordancewith
equitableprinciples.taking into accountthe relevantcircumstancesin thearea.so
as to produce an equitable solution. These equitable principles include the
principle that delimitation should reflect the relationshipbetweenthe relevant
coasts and adjacent seabd. including nonencroachment,proportionality. and
natural prolongation,and that delimitation should take accountof the relevant
circumstancesin the area.Geographical.geologicaa l nd geomorphologicaclircum-
stances,the existence andlocation of resourcedeposits,and the activitiesof the
parties in the area have been identified as relevant circumstancesin various
delimitation adjudications. Any method or combination of methods that will
produceanequitable solution maybeused.
SECTION 1. Early Developrnents
199. The starting point for developmentof continental shelf doctrinewasthe
Truman Proclamation of 1945 'Although claims to certain natural resourcesof
the scabedand subsoil beyondthe limits of the territorial seahadbeenadvanced
previously, suchclaims hadbeenrecognizedonly on the basisof historic usage.
The impetusfor the Truman Proclamationlay in the increasingawarenessin the
United Statesof the importance of thenatural resourcesof the continentalshelf.
and of the technologicaladvancesin exploiting such resources.Theseconsider-
ationscalledthe attentionof the United Statesto problems that could ariscfrom
uncontrolledaccessto theshclf resourcesoff its shoresby foreigngovernments,as
well asto thenationalsecurity implicationsof allowing other Statesto undcrtake
suchactivitieson thecontinentalshelfoff the United StatesCoast.By the termsof
theTruman Proclamation,theUnited States souahtto protecttheresourccsof the
adjacent shelffrom foreign exploitationand from any exploitation inconsistent
with conservationof thc resources.
200. Fromits earlicstformulation in theTrumanProclamation,thecontincntal
shclf doctrine has beenpredicatcd on the close relationship betweenthe land
territory of acoastalStatc andthearcaof the continental shelfthat comprisesthe
seaward extensionof that tcrritory. Thc Truman Proclamation describd the
continental shelfas"an extensionof the landmassof the coastalnation andthus
naturall. ..ourtenantto il.. .'". The Proclamationnotedthat the resourcesof
theshclf"frcqucntly form aseawardextensionofa poolor dcpositlying within the
te~ ~ ~ ~..." of the coastalSiate '.This relationshipwasdcscribcdb) onewriter
smn afier issuanceof theTruman Proclamationasthe"gwgraphical cnntinuity of
territory'."
' Anncr 3.Vol. 1;NorthSeo ConfinenfoSl heli.I.C.Reports 1969.pp.32-33. para4.7.
Anncx3. Vol. 1.
H. Wafdock, "The LcgalBasisof Claims 10 theConiincnialShclr'. inGrotiusSmicty
TranracfionsV. ol.36.1951P. P124.127.Anncx 92. Vol.V. 201. The Truman Proclamation rccognized that questions could arise concern-
ina arcas of shelf that could be said to represent overlapuing extensions of the
c&sts of Iwo neighboring States. and thus "appurtenant"to &th. In what was 10
bccome an important norm of international law, the Truman Proclamation
ptovidcd that,delimitations of continental shclf boundaries between the United
States and its neighbors were to be determiried by agreement with the States
concerncd and "in acwrdance with equitable principles '." The lnternational
Court of Justice has notcd that this norm underlies al1the subsequent history of
continental shelf delimitation '.
202. The continental shelf doctrine was among the many tapics taken under
study by the lnternational Law Commissionin 1950.The principal concernof the
Commissionin regard to the conlincntal shelf lay in establishing the nature of the
wastal State's rights tothe continental shelf and in defining the seaward limits of
the shelf. The Commissionat first decided ~hatit should no1enunciate a general
method of drawing a boundary line between neighboringStates. but should leave
the fixing of such lines to agreement by the States concerned or to arbitration ex
aequo et bono'. ~ubsequenil~, the commission copsidered possible methods for
delimitation of the continental shclf incidental to its consideration of the
delimitation of the territorial sea. When the Commissionrequested the viewsof ils
Committee of Experts on delimitation, it did soin regard to the territorial sea. The
Commitlee resmndr ~ ~ ~ - ~ -rther comment. however. that the eauidistance
method of delimitation that it proposedfor the territorial sea alsocould'be applied
10the continental shelf. In the words of the Court in the North Sea Continenlal
SheU cases:
"ln this almost impromptu. and certainly contingent manner was the
principle of equidistance for the delimination of continental shelf
boundaries propounded '."
The Special Reporter of the lnternational Law Commissionthen proposed a ncw
draft articlc adopting that method for the delimitation of the continental shelf.
The Commission's proposal expressly provided an exception to the etpidistance
method in the case of soecial circumstances '.This reflected the erowing concern
in the Commission with the likelihood that the equidistance method ofïen would
produce inequitable results. The pertinent Commissioncommenlary indicates that
the resultingrule "partakes of somcclasticity 6.'The Commissionalso specifically
acknowledaed that "~rovision must be made for de~artures necessitated by any
exceptionai configuration of the Coast. as well as the presence of islands-or if
navigable channels '."
203. The Report of the lnternational Law Commissionserved as the basis for
the 1958United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. As had been the case
in the lnternational Law Commission,the nature and extent of the coastal State's
rights over the continental shelfwcre the subject ofconsiderablc dcbate. Articles I
and 2 of the resulting Convention on the Continental Shelf' recognize that the
' Annca3.Vol.1.
' 1951Y.B.Int'l L.6Comm..Vol.1.p.292.7.
I.C.J.Rcporis 1969.p.35.para.53.
' 1953Y.B.Int'l L. Comm..Vol.1.p. 133.
' 1953Y.B.Int'lL.Comm..Vol.II. o. 216.
' Ibid..p.216.
' Anncr 5.Vol.1. il251 MEMORIALOF THEUNITED STATES 79
concept of ihc coniinenial shclf cvolved from underlying physical facis. ihough ii
dcvelooedinder>îndentlvof ihose facis. Thc simuliancous rcfcrcncc in Article I to
bathymetric limits of the shelf and to the open-ended limitation of exploitability
reflects the relationship of physical and legal factors, respective'.This physical-
' legal relationshipalso is manifested in the role that geographical, geomorphologi-
cal, and geological faas have played in the delimitation of continental shelf
boundaries.
204. The exception for specialcircumstances included in the International Law
Commission'sdraft Article 12was debated extensivelyin the Conference's Fourth
Committee. It was subsequently incorporated in the Convention text as Article 6.
The purpose of the "special circumstances" formulation in Article 6 of the 1958
Continental Shelf Convention wasto provide for an equitable solution in al1cases.
During the course of the debate. Commander R. H. Kennedy of the United
Kingdom delcgation, who carlier had sewed on the Commission'sCommittee of
Experts. described the concept of "special circumstances" in comprehensive and
flexible terms. Among the factors described as circumstances that would justify
the inapplicability of the equidistance method. without objection from other
delegates, wcre geographic factors. mineral or fishing rights. and navigable
channels '.
SECTION 2. lnternational Adjudications
205. There have been two decisions by the lnternational Court of Justice. the
North Seo Conrinental Sheucases 'in 1969and the Tunisia/Libya case ' in 1982,
as well as one published decision by an international arbitral tribunal. thc Angle
French Arbitrarion' in 1977..relating to delimitation of the continental shelf.
These decisioni analyze the law relating to delimitation of the continental shelf,
including State practice and new trends in the law.
206. The North Sea Conlinenta1 SheU cases were brought to the Court by
separate special agreements between the Federal Republic of Germany. and
Denmark and the Nethcrlands, respectively. The parties asked the Court to
decide:
"what principles and rulcs of international law are applicable to the
delimitation as bctween the Parties of the areas of the continental shelf
in the North Sea which appertain 10each of them. ..'".
'ContinrnialShe~(Tunisia/tibyan ArabJamahiriyo).I.C.J.Repopor1i9s82.pp.45-46. para.
d7
'Unitcd Nations.FirstConfcrcnceon thc Lawof thc Sca.OfficialRecords,Vol.4. Doc.
A/CONF. B/C. 4/L.28. p.134.
'I.C.J.Reports1969. P. 3.
' I.C.J.Rewris 1982.P. 18.
'Drcisionr d the Cour1ofArbitraiion. 30 Junc 1977and 14 March 1978[hcrcinaftcr
DccisionrlFor an analvsisof thc imoortof the iudnmcntsin thc North Seo Coniinrnral
~helfca& andthe~nci+~rrnch~rbiraiion. ce^ baldock. ThcInlcrnaiionalCourtand
thc Law ofthcSca.ThcFirstCornclirVanVollenhovcn McmorialLecture.1979.Anncx92.
V. .....
'I.C.J. Reports1969.P. 6.80 GULFOFMAINE i1261
The delimitation was to take place in the North Sea, where the coastlines of the
three States form a deep concavity. Denmark and the Netherlands both were
parties to the Convention on the Continental Shelf. The Federal Republic had
sianed but not ratified the Convention. and. accordinzlv. was not a oartv to it.
d en ma an d the Netherlands contended thai the deliGLa'tionshould be governed
by Article 6 of the Convention. either by reason of estovpelor as customarv law '.
Thcy claimcd thai. as no special circumstances existed in the North Sea. their
boundaries uith thc Fcdcral Rcpublic wcrc IObe dctcrmincd b, avrrlicationof thc
equidistance method'. Application of that method would- haie caused the
boundaries between the Netherlands and Denmark to join seaward of the Federal
Republic Coast.cutting the Federal Republic off from the extension of its coastal
front into the North Sea. The Federal Republic contended that the delimitation
should be in accordance with the principle "that each wastal State is entitled to a
jus1 and equitable share". that the equidistance-special circumstances rule of
Article 6 had not becomecustomary international law. and that. in any event, the
rule could not lx used where it did not result in a just and equitable apportionment
of the shelf'.The Federal Republic further contended that, in the event Article 6
had become customary law. special circumstances existed in the North Sea that
would exclude its application there'.
207. The Court held that the 1958 Convention wasnot applicable among the
three parties to the dispute and that customary international law required the
delimitation:
"Io be effected by agreement in accordance with equitable principles,
and taking account of al1the relevant circumstances. in such a way as to
leave as much as possible to each Party al1those oarts of the continental
shelf that constit"te a natural prolongation of its'land territory into and
under the sea. without encroachment on the natural vroloneation of the
land territory of the other..."'. -
The Court thus recognized the general principle that the delimitation should be
effected in accordance with quitable principles, taking into account the relevant
circumstances. and expressly recognized the specific principles of natural prolon-
gation and nonencroachment.
208. The Court rejected the claim of the Federal Republic to a "just and
equitable share" as fundamentally inconsistent withthe continental shelf doctrine:
"More important is the fact that the doctrine of the jus1 and equitable
share appears to be whollyal variance with what the Court entertains no
doubt is the most fundamental of al1 the rules of law relating to the
continental shelf, enshrined in Article 2of the 1958Geneva Convention,
though quite independent of il,-namely that the rights of the coastal
State in respect of the arca of continental shelf that constitutes a natural
prolongation of its land territory into andunder the sea exist ipso facto
'I.C.J. Reporrr1969.p.28.paras.37 el sep.
'Sec Submission Na. 3inthc Countcr-Mcmorialo rf Dcnmarkand theNcthcrlands: I.C.J.
Plcodings.NorrhSeo ConrincnralSheK Vol.1. PP.221.375.
I.C.J. Plmdinnr.NorrhSca ConrinenrolSheK Vol.1,P. 91.
lbid.P. 422eÏ srq.
'I.C.J. Reporrs1969.p.53.para. IOI(CXl)fdisposirül82 GULF OF MAINE 11281
basepoints and takesno account of the broad geographical relationship of the
neighboring States:
"The slightest irregularity in a coastline is automatically magnified by
the equidistance line as regards the consequencesfor the delimitation of
the continental shelf.hus it has been seen in the case of concave or
convex coastlines that if the equidistance method is employed, then the
greater the irregularity and the further from the coastlinethe area to be
delimited, the moreunreasonableare the results produced '."
211. The Court strcsscd the importance of gcographical factors in determining
what area constitutcs thc natural prolongation of thc continental shelf of thc Stnie
in front of whosecoastline it lies:
"...the ~rinciple is applied that the land dominates the sea; it is
consequently necessary~toexamine closely the geographical configura-
tion of the coastlines of the countries whosecontinental shelvesarebeo
delimited*."
Related to the Court's stresson the importance of the geographical circumstances
was ils holding that another factor to be taken into account is a reasonabledegree
of proporîionality between the extent of continental shelf area appertaining to
each State and the length of its coastline. The Court noted that "[tbe choice and
application of the appropriate technical methods would be a matter for the
parties'." As the Court indicated, the goal ofselecting a method for measuring
proportionality is to eliminate or to diminish the distortions that might result from
the application of the equidistant method to irregular coastlines
212. In the Norrh Seo Conrinenral SheU cases. the Court also held that
nongeographical factors also are to he taken into account. such as known or
readily ascertainable depnsits of natural resources.The Court reasonedthat the
natural resources of the shelf are the very object of the legal regime. The
possibility of exploiting a deposit from eitheride of a boundary gives rise to a
problem hecauseof the "risk of prejudicial or wasteful exploitation by oneor other
of the States concerned '."The Court therefore identified the unity of deposits of
natural resourcess a factor that muscbeconsidered. not merely asa physical fac-
tor reflectinp an equitable boundary. but asa factor relevant to the conservation of
the resourcesof the continental shelf.
213. In summary. the Court in the Norrh Seo ConrinenralSheUcases held that
no single method of delimitation is obligatory in al1 circumstances. and that
delimitationis to bein accordancewith wuitable orincioles. takine account of the
relevant circumstances'. Applicable principles and rhes' of infernational law
identifiedby the Court were the principles of natural prolongation and nonen-
croachment. Among the factors the Court identified as relevant to delimitation
were: the general configuration ofhc coastsof the parties. including the presence
of any special or unusual features; the physical and geological structure and
'I.C.J. Reports. 196p.49.para.89(a).
'Ibid p..51,para.96.
'lbid p..52.para.98.
Ibid p..51.para,97.
'lbid ..53.para.IOI(CXI)/dispositil7.84 GULF OF MAINE il301
prolongation is important in continental shelf doctrine. it is not by itself
determinative of the appropriateattribution of shelf areas:
". ..it is clear both from the insertion of the 'special circumstances'
provision inArticle 6 and from the emphasis on 'equitable principles'in
customary law that the force of the cardinal principle of 'natural
prolongation of territory' is not absolute. but may be subject to
qualification in particular situations'."
217. Although the Court of Arbitration found that equidistance was an
appropriate method to delimit part of the boundary under the circumstances of
that case, it did no1hesitate to depart from equidistance to produce an equitable
result. In the Channel Islands region, between the islandsand the equidistant line
in the middle of the English Channel, the Court used the 12-nautical-mile
fisherieslimit claimed by the United Kingdom to delimit the extent of continental
shelf appertaining 10 the United Kingdom. In the Atlantic approaches to the
Channel, the Court modified the equidistance method to take account of the
special circumstances created by the extension seaward of the Cornish peninsula
and the Scilly Islands.
218. The Court of Arbitration clarified the meaning of the equidistance-special
circumstances rule in Article 6. finding that Article 6 regards equidistance and
special circumstances as a single,combined rule:
"[The question whether 'another boundary is justified by special
circumstances'is an integral part of the rule providingfor application of
the equidistance principle '."
Conswuentlv. .h. Court of Arbitrati~ ~ ~ ~ ~ that aoolicat-.n of the rules of
Article 6, rather than of customary law, "will make not much practical difference.
if an.. to theactual courseof the boundarv in the arbitration area '."As theCourt
stressed:
"The Court does no1 overlwk that under Article 6 the equidistance
principle ultimately possesscsan obligatory force which itdoes no1have
in the same rneasure under the rules of customary law: for Article 6
makcs the application of the equidistance principléa matter of treaty
obligation forParties to the Convention. But the wmbined character of
the Guidistance-special circumstances rule means that the obligation to
apply the equidistance principle is always one qualified by the condition
'unless another boundary line is justified by special circumstances'.
Moreover. the travaux préparafoiresof Article 6. in the International
Law Commissionand at the Geneva Conference of 1958.show that this
conditionwas introduced into paragraphs I and 2 of the Article because
il was recognised that. owinp to ~articular eeonra~hical features or
wnfiguratio~s. application O? the- equidista~cePr~nciple might not
infreauently result in an unrcasonable or ineauilable delimitation of the
continental shelf. In short. the rble al the kpecial circumstances'
condition in Arricle 6 is to ensure an equitable delimitaiion; and the
'OeOsionr. p.92.para. 191[Ernphasis addcd].
Ibid.p. 48.para. 68.
'Ibid.p. 47.para. 65. [131] MEMORIAL OFTHE UNITED STATES 85
combined 'equidistance-special circumstances rule', in &cf, gives
particulor expression to a general norm that. failing agreement. the
boundary betweenStates abutting on the same continental sheüis to be
determiaed on eauitable principles. In addition, Article 6 neither defines
's~ecialcircumstances' nor lays down the criterion by which it is to be as-
séssedwhether any given circumstances justify a imundary line other
Jhan the equidistance line. Consequently. even under Article 6 the
question whether the use of the equidistance principle or some other
method is appropriate for achieving an equitable delimitation is very
much a matter of aoo..ciation in the liaht of the geographical and other
circumstances. In other words. evenunder Article% it is the geographical
and other circumstances of any given casewhich indicate and justify the
use of the equidistance methcd as the means of achieving an equitable
solution rather than the inherent quality of the method asa legal norm of
delimitation '."
The Court of Arbitration's evident concern for the inequity of the equidistance
method in certain circumstances was reflected in its closescrutiny of geographical
factors and consideration of pas1arrangements of the relating to naviga-
tion. defense.and security.
219. The Court of Arbitration emphasized that the very ap~lication of the
equidistancemethod may beinappropriate inmany casesbecauseof geographical
circumstances. The Court of Arbitration recognized, moreover, that an equidis-
tant line is particularly susceptible to inequity as a boundary between adjacent
States becauseof the tendency of gwgraphical features. such as a concaveCoast.
10magnify the distorting effects of an equidistant line as it extends seaward:
". ..it is the combined effect of the side-by-side relationship of the two
States and the prolongation of the lateral imundary for great distancesto
seawardswhich may be productive of inequity and is the essenceof the
distinction between 'adjacent' and 'opposite' coastssituations '."
220. In the Anglo-French Arbitration case. France argued that the coasts of
the parties that adjoined the Atlantic region were neither opposite nor adjacent.
and that Article 6 of the Continental Shelf Convention thus was not applicable in
that region'. The United Kingdom argued, however. that the coasts were
" 'indubitably opposite one another"." The Court of Arbitration concluded that.
in regard to that area. the States were adjacent'. It viewed the area to be
delimited as extending off the coastsof the two States into the own Atlantic, and
notas lying betweenthe two States. as was the caseinside the Channel. The Court
of Arbitration emphasized that. despite the absenceof a common land frontier,
the methcd of delimitation to be adopted for the Atlantic region "mus1 be one that
has r. .~~o~ to t~ ~ ~ ~tsof the Parties actuallv abuttina on the continental shelf
of that regionL." The only effect of the channe1 on the course of the Atlantic
'Deeisionr,pp. 48-49.para.70(Emphasisaddcdl
'lbid., pp.58-59.para.95.
'Ibid., pp. 56-58, paras. 89-94.
Ibid.. pp.99-100.para.210
Ibid.. p.113.para.241.
'lbid..p.116. para.248.86 GULF OF MAINE il321
boundary was that the starting point of the Atlantic boundary was "the most
westerly point ofthe mid-Channel median line '."
221. The Court of Arbitration noted the greater risk that the equidistance
method may produce an inequitable delimitation in such a situation. As the Court
stated:
"Similarly, in the case of 'adjacent' States it is the lateral geographical
relation of the IWO coasts, when combined with a large extension of the
confinenfal shelf seawards from those coasts, which makes individual
geographical features on either Coastmore prone to render the geometri-
cal effects of applying the equidistance principle inequitable than in the
case of 'opposite'States ' ."
The Court went on to stress:
"The appreciation of the effect of individual geographical features on the
course of an equidistance line has necessarily to be made in reference to
the actual geographical conditions of the particular area of continental
sheif to be delimited and to the actual relation of the two coasts to that
particular area '."
222. In both the Channel lslands and the Atlantic regions. the location of
particular geographical features was a factor considered by the Court of
Arbitration to be relevant to the determination of an equitable boundary. In the
Channel lslands region, the Court of Arbitration found the presence of the
Channel lslands archipelago, a depcndency of the Crown of the United Kingdom
but close to the shores of France. to be a relevant circumstance. The Court
assessed in some detail the political relationship of the Channel lslands to the
United Kingdom. and also twk account of an existing fishery zone of 12 nautical
miles that had been expressly recognized by France'. In the Atlantic region. the
Court found that the extension af the Cornish peninsula and the Scilly lslands of
Britain further into the Atlantic than the French peninsula of Brittany and the is-
land of Ushant had a disproportionate effect on the course of an equidistant line:
"[The further projection westwards of the Scilly Isles, whensuperadded
to the greater projection of the Cornish mainland westwards beyond
Finistère. is much of the same nature.. . and has much the same
tendency to distortion of the equidistance line. as the projection of an
exceptionally long promontory. whichis generally recognized to be one
of the potential forms of 'specialcircumstance' '."
223. The Court of Arbitration clarified the link between proportionality and
the principle that delimitation is to be effected in accordance with equitable
principles, taking account of the relevant circumstances, to produce an equitable
result. The Court emphasized that proportionality was not an independent source
'Decisionr.p.97. para.204.
'lbid..p.112.para. 239.
'Ibid. p. 113para. 240.
'Ibid..pp.90-91.para. 187
Ibid.. p114,para.244.of rights to the shelf, but a factor to be used inevaluating the equities of certain
geographical situations:
"Thc cauitable delimitation of the continental shelf is not ...a question
of appoitioning-sharing out-the continental shelf amongst the States
abuttinn uwn il. Nor is it a question of simplyassigning to them areas of
the sheÏf in proportion to the length of their coistlines; for to do this
would be to substitute for the delimitation of boundaries a distributive
apportionment of shares. ... [Tpere can never be a questionof complete-
Iy refashioning nature, such as by rendering the situation of a State with
an extensive Astline similiar to that of a State with a restricted
wastline; il is rather a question of remedying the disproportionality and
inequitable effects produced by particular geographical configurations or
features in situations where otherwise the appurtenance of roughly
comparable attributions of continental shelf to each State would be
indicated by the geographical facts '."
The role of proportionaliiy was not linked to any specific geographical feature;
rather, it was seen as a test for determining whether a given method of
delimitation produced an inequitable result '. As the Court of Arbitration
concluded, seen in that fashion "it is disproportion rather than any general
principle of proportionality which is the relevant criterion or factor '."
224. Finally, the Court of Arbitration found that nongwgraphical factors, such
-- s~ ~ritv..de~ ~se. and navi~atio-al considerations. can be relevant circum-
stances in a continental shelf delimitation. France argued that delimitation should
reflect securitv. .efense. and navinalional considerations. and that various ar-
rangements relating to defense. seaiescue. control of navigation, responsibilityfor
lights and buoys. civil air navigation zones, and measures against pollution
supported the French claim in the Channel Islands area. The United Kingdom
objected that these considerations equally supported its claim in the area. The
Court found that these considerations may be evidenceof a predominant interest
in the arca, thougb they wcrc not decisivein that case '.
225. The Tunisio/Libyo case was brought before the International Court of
Justice by a Special Agreement between Tunisia and Libya. The case concerned
....del~ ~ ~ ~ ..~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ the shel~ ~eneath the Mediterranean Sea off the
coasts of these States.The Court was asked to state "[wpat principlesand rules of
..~.-~a~ ~ ~ ~ ~- mav be aoolied for the delimitation of the area of the continental
shelf .. ." at issue and furiier to "ilarify the practical method for the application
of these principles and rules.. .'". The agreement specifically called upon the
Court to take account of equitable principles. relevant circumstances characteriz-
ing the area. and the "new accepted trends" in the Third United Nations
Conference on the Law of the Sea
' Decisionr.pp. 60-61, para. 101.
'Ibid.. p.60, paras. 99-IW.
' lbid..p.60, para. 1Q1.
Ibid.. p. 91. para. 188.
'1.CJ. Reporrs 1982.p. 23. para. 4
'Ibid.88 GULF OF MAINE (1341
226. Both parties assigned a determinative role ta the natural prolongation
orinciole in the delimitation of the continental shelf. Thus. Libya presented
detailid arguments regarding the geologicalhistory of the area, which wassaid ta
indicate a "northward thrust" to the shelf and thus to constitute the natural
prolongation of Libya '.Tunisia claimed that the configuration of the seabedof
the area in dispute indicated that it wasin effect submergedTunisia, and reflected
a natural prolongation eastward from the Tunisian coasc'
227. The Court rejected the contentions of both parties that natural prolonga-
tion in a geological or geomorphological sense was determinative in boundary
delimitation:
"The satisfactionof equitable principles is. in the delimitation process.of
cardinal importance.. .and identification of natural prolongation may,
where the eeoeraohical circumstances are aooroor..te..have an imwr-
tant role to play in defining an equitable delimitation, in view of ils
significance as the justification of continental shelf rights in somecases:
but the two considerations-the satisfying of equitable principles and the
identification of the natural oroloneation-are not Io be placed on a
-
plane of equality '."
The Court found that the orinciole of natural oroloneation would olav an
- . .
important role in determining what is an equitable delimitation only where there is
a feature involving such a marked disruption of the seabed as to constitute an
indisputable indication of two separate continental shelvesor two natural prolon-
gations'. The Court added, however,that a geomorphologicalfeature not rising to
this level might still be among the relevantcircumstances considered in deterrnin-
ing what is an equitable solution '.
228. In the TunisiaILibya case. the Court held that "the delimitation is to be
effectcd in accordancewith equitable principles, and taking account of al1relevant
circumstances '."The Court notedthat:
"ltis clear that what is reasonableand equitable in any given casemust
d~.nd on its oa.~ ~ular circumstances. There can be no doubt that il is
virtually impossible to achieve an equitable solution in any delimitation
without takinn into account the oarticular relevant circumstances of the
'I.C.J.Reporrs 1982.p. 52,para.57.
'Ibid.. p. 55para.63.
'Ibid.. pp.46-47.para.44.
Ibid.. P. 57, para.66. The Court alsorejcctcdthe rclcvanceof evidcnceof the historical
geologicalprccesscsthat formed thearea:
". .what mustbetakcn into accnunlin the delimitation of shclf arcasare the
physicalcircumstancesas they arc ioday: that jus1 as ifis the gcographical
conlieurationof the prcscnt-daycnasts.so also it isthe prcsent-daysea-bed,
whichmur1beconsidcred.It isthc outwmc. notthecvolutionin thelong-distant
past,whichisof importance."
Ibid.. p. 53.para.61.
'Ibid.. p. 58.para.68.
Vbid., p.92.para.133.
'Ibid.. p60. para.72.U351 MEMOR~AL OF THEUN~TEDSTATES 89
The Court found that the course of the boundary consequently should be drawn in
two segments. From a starting point at the outer limit of the territorial sea, the
course of the boundary was to be drawn 26Oeast of north, which corresponds to a
line oerwndicular to the neneral direction of the coast. At the mint where that
line intérsectsthe paralleiof the most westerly point of the ~ulf of Gabes, the
Court deflected the tmundarr to run parallel to the general direction of the
Tunisian coast, as adjusted to take into account the position of the Kerkennah
Islands.
229. The Court in the Tunisia/Libyo case, like the Court in the North Seo
Conrinenral Sheff cases and the Court of Arbirration in the Anglo-French
Arbirration. denied that equidistance was either mandatory or possessed "some
privilegedstatus in relation to other methods '."Rather. the Court held. consistent
with the viewof the Parties. that "in international law there is nosingle obligatory
method of delimitation and that several methods may be applied to one and the
same delimitation'." The Court stressed the importance of the particular
geographical situation in selecting a method of delimitation. Moreover. it made
clear that methods used closer 10shore may not be appropriate for use in areas
farther from shore:
"Any examination of methods, likethe examination of applicable rules
and principles, must take as [a]starting-point the particular geographical
situation. and especially the extent and features of the area found to be
relevant to the delimitation.. . In the view of the Court, the proper
aooreciation and takinn into acwunt of the 'relevant circumstances
which characterize the area' cal1for the area close to the coasts of the
Parties to be treated differently from the areas further offshore '."
230. The Court in the TunisialLibyo case stressed the importance of consider-
ing the geographical features of the area in a continental shelf delimitation. After
noting that continental shelf rights are premised on the principle that the land
dominates the sa'. the Court found that the coasts of the parties constitute the
starting point for ascertaining the maritime areas that appertain to neightmring
States'. The Court identified the ~sition of the intersection of the land frontier
with the coastline as an important circumstance to be taken in10account '. The
Court also round that the change in the direction of the Tunisian coastline was an
important geographical feature:
''The mostevident geographical feature of the coastlines fronting on that
area of shelf relevant for the delimitation is the radical change in the
general direction of the Tunisian coastline marked by the Gulf of Gabes;
and clearly nodelimitation of the continental shelf in front of the coasts
of the Parties could be regarded as equitable which failed to take
account of that feature '."
'I.C.J. Reports 1982. p.79. para.110,
' fbid.P. 79. para.111.
' fbid.p. 82.para. 114.
' fbid.p. 61.para. 73.
' fbid.p. 61.para. 74.
' Ibid.p. 64.para. 81.
' Ibid.p.86.para. 122.90 GULFOF MAINE 11361
The radicalchaneein directionof theTunisian coastat theGulfof Gabescauses
the geographical;elationship betweenthe Tunisian and Libyan coaststo change
from oneof adiacencyto one more nearly opwsite. Thus. the Court concluded
that thecontinuation of the boundaryalong aline 26O eastof north. approximate-
Iy perpendicular to the generaldirection of the coast at the land boundary
terminus. would no1attribute sufficient weight to the change in geographical
relationship.To achievean equitable result, the Court proposedto adjust the
perpendicular by deflecting it to parallel the generaldirection of the Tunisian
coastnorthwestof theGulfof Gabes '.
231. The positionof the Kerkennah Islandswasanothîr relebantgeographical
factor. The Courtconsideredthnt giving full cffcct to the Kerkcnnnhsin drawing
the delimitation line would accord the Islandsexcessiveweight andinequitably
deflect theresulting boundary '. In other words.a boundaryline determined by
giving full effect to the Kerkennahs wouldhavethe effect of cutting off 'Libya
from a portionof theshelf lying in front of ils coast.similar to the"cut-off" effect
discussedin the North Sea Conrinental Sheif cases'. In determining the
delimitation linenortheastof the Gulfof Gabes,the Court in essencegave"half-
effect" 10the KerkennahIslands.by drawing a line bisecting theangleformedby
a line along thegeneraldirectionof theTunisian mainlandcoastanda line along
the seaward coaso t f the Kerkennah Islands'.
232. The Court identified the Tripolitanian Furrowasthe onegeomorphologi-
cal featurein the areathat. althouehnot amountinn toan indisoutableindication
of two continental shelvesor twi natural prolongations,might be taken into
accountas a relevant circumstance.The Court found. however.that the areater
part of the Tripolitanian Furrow was located beyond the boundsof the area
relevantfor delimitation. Forthat reason.andbecauseit waslocatedcomparative-
ly near and ran parallel to the Libyan coast, the Court held thaÏ it was
unnecessaryto consider the Tripolitanian Furrow to produce an equitable
delimitation '.
233. The Court concluded that the historic activities of the parties were
relevantto delimitation. thounhit wasunnecessarvto considerTunisia'sclaim of
historic fishing rights becau; the delimitation icwas askedto make would not
encroach uwn suchriehts1 The Court notedthat theline usedbv Tunisiain 1966
to delimitihe eastwaFdboundaryof its petroleumconcessionskas alsousedby
Libya in 1968and afterwardsto delimit the westwardboundaryof its petroleum
concessions:
"The rcsult wasthe appearanceon the mapof a defacto line dividing
concession areaswhich were the subject of active claims, in the sense
that exploration activitieswereauthorized byoneParty, without inter-
ference.or (until 1976)protests.by the other '."
'I.C.J.Reports1982. pp.88-89,paras.127-128.
Ibid.p. 89.para.128.
'I.C.J.Reports1969. pp.31-32.para.44.
'I.C.J.Reports1982.p. 89,para. 129.
'lbid.p. 64.para.80.
'Ibid.PD. 76-77,para.105.
'Ibid.pp. 83-84.para.117. 1137-1381 MEMORIAL OFTHE UNITED STATES 91
The Court found "that the 26O line thus adopted was neither arbitrary nor
without precedentin therelationsbetweenthetwoStates '".both becausetheline
had beenutilized by Franceand Italy. whcn they had administeredTunisia and
Libya, as a "modus vivendi concerningthe lateral delimitation of fisheries
jurisdiction "' and becausethe line correspondedto the perpendicular tothe
generaldirection of the coastand to the prolongationof the generaldirection of
the land boundary '. The Court did not find a "tacit agreementbetweenthe
Parties" or an estoppel,but rather "indicia. .. of the line or lines which the
Partiesthemselves may haveconsideredequitableor acted uponassuch.. .'".
234. The Court also affirmed that equity requiresa "'reasonable degreeof
proportionality'" betweenthe respectivecontinental shelfareasandthelengthof
the respectivewasts measuredby the general directionof the coastlines'.Alter
determining theseawardlimits of the area to be taken into account,the Court
look noteof theapproximatclengthsof therespectivecoastsof Libya andTunisia,
measured "along the coastlinewithout taking accountof small inlets, creeksand
lagmns ...'".On this basis.the Court determinedthat the relative proportionof
the Libyan andTunisiancoastlines.following their sinuosities,wasapproximately
31:69, and that the relative proportion of the respective coastalfronts was
approximately 3466, using a straight-line segmentto mark the relevantcoastof
Libya and two suchsegmentsto mark the relevantcoastsof Tunisia. Finally. the
Court noted that the relative orowrtion of the shelfareasbelow the low-water
mark within theareaof delimitation ihat appertainedtoLibya and 10Tunisiaas n
resultof the mcthodindicdtedby the Court Masaooroximatcl> 40 60 The Court
found that the result of this-comparison. tak& into aciount the relevant
circumstances,met"the requirementsof thetestof proportionality asanaspectof
equity '."
235. One final feature of the Tunisio/Libya caseshouldbe noted.The Court
stressedthat the"cardinal" orincioleof continental shelfLmundarydelimitation is
that the result mustbeequitable.This conceptof equitydoes net.-how nvveetr.
the Court with discretion torendera decisionex aequo eibom, or otherwiseto
giveacompromisejudgment. As theCourt concluded:
"The Court can take sucha decisiononly on condition that the Parties
agree(Art. 38, para.2,of theStatute).aad theCourt is thenfreedfrom
thestrict applicationof legalrulesin orderto bring about anappropriate
scttlement.~Thetaskof theCourt in the presentcaseisquitedifferent: it
isLmundto applyequitableprinciplesaspart of internationallaw. andto
balanceup the var~ious considerationswhich il regards as relevant in
orderto produceanequitable result.While it is clear that norigid rules
exist as to the exact weiehtto beattached toeach elementin the case.
this isveryfar from beingan exerciseof discretionor conciliation; nor is
it an operationofdistributivejustice6."
'I.C.J.Reporrs1982. P.84.para. 119
Ibid.. p.85.para.120.
'Ibid..p.84,para.118.
'Ibid..p.75,para.103.
'Ibid.. P.91para.131.
'Ibid..p.60. para.1. CHAPTER III
PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLICABLE TO
DELIMITATION OF A SINGLE MARITIME BOUNDARYBEYONDTHE
TERRITORIAL SEA
236. The principlesand rules of international law that apply to the delimitation
of a single maritime boundary beyond the territorial sea are derived fromthe law
of fisheries. together with the law of the continental shelf and, where appropriate,
the law relating to other boundariw.
SECTION 1. The Single Maritime Boundary Musi be Delimited in Accordance
rith Equitable Principles, Taking Account of the Relevant Circumstances in the
Area, to Produce an Equitable Solution
237. The cardinal principle that emerges from analysis of the law is that
delimitation of a single maritime boundary must be in accordance with equitable
principles,taking account of the relevant circumstanccs in the area, to produce an
equitablc solution. This principle has ken central to continental shelf doctrine
since its inccption'.Nothing in the law applicable to the delimitation of fishing
zones suggests anything to the contrary. Any method, strictly applied or as
adjusted, or any combination of methods. may bc employed to achieve an
equitable solution. The Convention adopted by the Third United Nations Confer-
ence on the Law of the Sea aflirms the cardinal principle. The Convention
provides. inscparate articles, identical rules for the delimitation of the exclusive
economic zone and continental shelf, both of which stress the requirement of an
equitable solution'.
238. Among the equitable principles 10 be applied to produce an equitable
solution in a single maritime boundary case are: (1) principles regarding the
relationship between the relevant coasts of the parties and the maritime area lying
in front of those wasts. including nonencroachment. proportionality, and (where
applicable)natural prolongation;(2)the principle of conservationand management
of the resources of the area; (3) therinciplc of minimization of the potential for
international disputes; and (4)the gcneral principle that delimitation should take
account of the relevant circumstances in the area.
'TrumanProclamationA . nncx3.Vol.1;I.C.J.Reports 1969.p. 50para.92:I.C.J.Reports
1982.pp. 59-60.paras.70-71.
'ConventionontheLawofthc Sca,WorkingPapcr1. 4 Junc 1982.Articles74(1)and83(1)
provideincombination:
"The delimitationof the [cxclusivccconomiczonc/contincntalshelflbctwccn
Stateswithoppositcoradjacentcoastsshallbecffcctcdbyagreement on thebasis
ofinternationallaw.asrcfcrrcdtoinArticlc38oftheStatutcofthc International
Court ofJustice,inordcrtoachicvcanquilablc solution." 11401 MEMORIAL OF THE UNITED STATES 93
SECTION 2. Equitable Principles
239. Il is well-established that a State's iurisdiction over coastal waters isan
incident of its sovereignty overthe adjacent Coast '.It also iswell-established that
the sovereignrights exercisedby the coastal State to explore and to exploit the re-
sources of the continental shelf are an extension of ils sovereignty over the
adjacent land'. Arising out of this basic relationship of aDvurtenance are the
subsidiary principles of nonencroachment, proportionality, aad natural prolonga-
tion.
240. The principle of nonencroachment ensuresthat the seaward extensionof a
coastal State'sjurisdiction is confined to those maritime areas that lie in front of
its coasts. Encroachment occurs when the method of delimitation leaves to one
State an 3rea thdt 15off. orIIIfronl of. the cosst ofanother II 13thi. "suiting ofî'
of arcassituîtcd dircctl) in front uf the coarial front of another St.ite ihît mus1be
avoided. As the court in the North Seo Continental ShtU cases stated,
encroachment often results from the use of the equidistance method for the
delimitation of lateral boundaries "when the configuration of [one State's] coast
makes the equidistance line swing out laterally across the [other State's] coastal
front. cutting it off from areassituated directly before that front '."
241. The principle of nonencroachment has been extensively articulated in
connection with the delimitation of continental shelf areas appurtenant to the
coastal State. It also is reflected in the law governing the delimitation of lisheries
jurisdiction. Thus, the Arbitral Tribunal in the Grisbodarna case respected the
principle of nonencroachment in ils use of the perpendicular to the general
direction of the coast to delimit the maritime boundary between Sweden and
Norway in the inshore area where their coasts were adjacent. Use of the
perpendicular left to each of the parties those maritime areas lying belore ils
respective coast '.The principle of nonencroachment isof special importance in
delimiting a single maritime bundary that extendsIo 200 nautical miles from the
coast. because any disproportionate effect caused by incidental features or
irre~ularities in the coastline. as often resulis from the application of the
equ%stance method, is magnified as the line is extendedseaward.That dispropor-
tionate effect can be greater in the caseof 200-nautical-mile zones.which require
'Grisbndarno. HagucCl. Rcp.(Scott).1916. P.127.Annex4, Vol. 1: I.C.J. Reporrs1951. p.
. ..
'I.C.J. Rcnorts1969. p. 51.para.96: I.C.J. Reporis1982. p. 61.para.73.
'I.C.J. Reporrs1969. pp.32-33,para.44.
' Fartherseaward.whcrcthc coastsbccomcopinsite.NorwayandSwcdendelimitcdtheir
continentalshclf usingthequidistancc mcthod. See Limirsin ihc Seas. Na. 2. Anncr 77,
Vol. IV. For a discussionof the gcographicalcircumstancesof this delimitation. sec thc
argumentof ProfessoO r da.I.C.J. Pleadings.Norih Sea ConrinenroS l heU.Vol. 11.p.60.94 GULFOF MAINE il411
lines extending further seaward than the lines determined in previous continental
shelfadjudications and arbitrations '.
2. Proporrionaliry
242. The prowrtionality principlc requires that a delimitation take account of
the relationshipbetween the extent of maritime area appertaining to the States
wncerned and the lcngths of their respective coastlines. The principle establishes a
testby which certain vagaries of geography may bc identified and addressed so as
to ensure an equitable result. The test of prowrtionality has been articulated most
recently in regard to delimitation of the continental shelf '.
243. The underlying fairness of the principle of proportionality was recognized
long before the evolution of the doctrine of the continental shelf. As one
wmmentator has noted ', proporlionality is deeply rooted in European domestic
law governing the delimitation of lakes. streams, and other bodiesof water '.Il has
ken applied, for instance. to the delimitation of lake bundaries between States as
a means of ensuring equitable access 10adjoining bodies of water '.The domestic
wurts of the United States similarly have used the proportionality approach in
dctermining riparian rights 10 maritime areas in cases involving rights to land
formed by alluvion6. to the bed of a nonnavigable river', and to flats king
between the low- and hieh-water marks in a cove'. Prowrtionality has ken
rcgarded as an equitable means of delimiting rights to tidel-andsand (O navigable
lakes where a concave shorelinc rendered strict g-ometric methods of delimitation
inequitable '.
244. The orowrtionality test a~~lies 10 delimitation of a single maritime
bundary becau& the rights ta be delimited dcrive from the relationship of thc
areas in question to the abuttina wasts. As the Court of Arbilration in the Anzio-
French ~rbirrarion made ~lcar;~ro~rtionality is the criterion by which it may be
determined whethcr individual geographic features so distort the course of a
'TheboundarybctwcenTunisia andLibya. asindicatcdbytheCourt.cxtcndsapproximatc-
ly 76 nautical mila fmm Tunisia and 104 nautical miles from Libya.The ncgotiatcd
boundarybctwccnthc Fcdcral Rcpublicof Gcrmanyand Dcnmarkfollowingthe Court's
Judgmcntcxtcndsin10thc North Sca 161nauticalmiles fromDcnmark and177nautical
mila from the Federal Rcpublic: and.the boundary bctwccnthe Fcdcral Rcpublicof
Gcrmanyand the Ncthcrlandscxtcnds 156nautical miles(romthe Ncthcrlandsand 174
nauticalmilesfrom the Fcdcral RcpublicT .he boundarybctwccnthe UnitcdKinpdomand
FranccintheAtlanticrcgioncxtcnds168nauticalmila fromthe UnitcdKingdomand 183
nauticalmila fromFrance.
'I.C.J. Rcorrs 1982. p.91.paras. 130-131.
'S. Rhce,'Sca Boundary Delimitation BctwccnStates BcforeWorldWar II", Arnerican
Journoldlnrernarionol inw. Vol.76.No. 3.1982.pp.556-558.Anncr 96.Vol.V.
Ibid.. pp.557-558.
'Ibid..pp.556-557.
'Knighr v. Wilder.56Mars. (2Cush.)199(1848).Anncx 98.Vol.V.
' Womon v. Wonron. 96 Masr.(7Allen)71(1867).Anncx 98V . al.V.
'Sparhv. inrsen.20Wash.2d500. 148P.2d834(1944).Anncr98.Val.V.
'Drirsbochv. Lynch. 71 Idaho501.234P.2d446(1951).Annex98.Vol.V. 11421 MEMORIALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES 95
boundary as to result in a delimitation that is not in consonance with the cardinal
principle that a boundary be delimited in accordance with equitable principles'.
3. Narural Prolongation
245. The natural ~rolonaation of the land territory of a State into and under
the adjacent sea traditionaiy is associated with the continental shelf. Becausethe
single maritime boundary cncompassescontinental shelf rights. as well as fishery
and other rights. the principle of natural prolongation may be relevant to the
delimitation of that boundary. Natural prolongation, as the principle developedin
regard to the continental shelf.efers tolhe phisical extensionof the land territory
of a Statc into and under the sea. The degree of the extension is determined
primarily by the physical character of the seabed.
246. The Court in the TunisiaILibya case found. however.that the principle of
natural prolongation would pla; the decisive role in determining what is an
equitable delirnitation only where a physical or geomorphological feature so
markedly interrupts or disrupts the continuity of the seabed as to constitute two
continental shelves or two natural prolongations. In these circumslances. the
respectiveshelves or prolongations represent the areas to be attributed to each of
the parties'. A physical or geomorphological feature that does not divide the
maritime area into two natural prolongations may nonetheless be among the
relevant circumstances to be considered in determining an equitable solution '.
B. THEBOUNDAR YHOULD FACILITATR EESOURCC EONSERVATION
AND MANAGEMENT
247. A single maritime boundary beyond the territorial sea should facilitate the
conservation and management of the resources of the area. In the case of both
fisheries and hydrocarbon resources, effective conservation requires reslrainl by
al1concerned so that overexploitationdoes no1eventually result in the waste or de-
struction of thc resources. Uncoordinated exploitation of a resource by those
subject to different legal regirnes can cause special problems. For example,
fishermen have an incentive to overfish on one side of a boundary if they know
that any fish they do no1catch are likely 10be caught by fishermen on the other
side of the boundary. Consequently. the delimitation of a single maritime
boundary should avoid. wheneverpossible.dividing between two governments the
responsibility for conservingand managing a resource.
248. The principle of conservation, as il applies to the continental shelf. was
first articulated in the Truman Proclamation on the Continental Shelf. This
Pro-~~mation identified the need for conservation and vrudent utilization of
depoaitsof oil and gas as a rcason forthc cxtcnsion of coasial State lurisdictiIO
the natural rcsourccsof the shclr. Subsequînil). inciting ihe unity of dcpositsas a
dec ci si ,.60.para. 100.Applicationofthetestafprowrtionalityisdcpendcnt uwn the
actualmrtlincr and the coastalconfigurationsof the partieI.C.J.Rcporlr 1982.p. 76.
-para. 104.
'I.C.J.Reports 1982.p. 57.para.66.
Ibid., p. 57.r>ar. 6:p.58.para.68.96 GULF OF MAINE Il431
factor relevantfor delimiting the continentalshelf, the Court in the NorrhSeo
Coniinenral SheU cases underscoredthe need to conserveand to manaee
wntinental shelf resource'.The principle ofresource conservatioand manage-
ment thusiswell-recognizedfor purposesof continentalshelfdelimitation.
249. The principle of conservationis particularly important in protecting the
renewableresourcesof the sea.and in creating conditions under which those
resourcescan be fully utilized for the benefitof the international communityas
well as for that of the coastal State.Thus. the delimitation of exclusivefishing
zonesshould facilitate ratherthan hinder conservationof the living resources.
wheneverandto theextentpossible.
250. Thedifficulties ofjoint managementandthe relativeadvantagesofsingle-
State management have shapetd he developmentof the international law of
fisheries.The needto facilitate conservationof the living resourcesof the seaby
assigningresponsibility forthe managementof stocksto a singleStateservedasa
primary basis for the extensionof coastal Siate fisheriesjurisdiction to 200
nautical miles from the Coast.The Convention adoptedby the Third United
NationsConferenceon the Law of theSeareflectsthis preference forsingle-State
management.To promoteeffective conservation,single maritime boundaries, IO
the extent possible,should not divide identifiable fish stocks.A boundarythat
respectsa natural division betweenstocks.and thus placesseparatestocksunder
thejurisdiction of a singleState.shouldbepreferredovera boundarythat would
divide many stocksbetweendifferent nationaljurisdictions. becausethe former
boundary will promote. rather than undermine, effectiveconservation and
management.
251. The effect of the Arbitral Tribunal's decisionin the Crisbadarnocaseto
adjust the boundaryto avoid crossingthe edgeof a fishing bank illustrates this
orincide. In caseswhere itis no1 wssible to avoid dividine-some stocks.
application ofthe principle should resultin a boundarydrawn to minimize the
numberof stocksdivided.In thiswav.conservationof theseoarate stocksfoundon
eithersideof the boundary isfacilitaled to theextentpossible.
C. THEBOUNDARS YHOULDMINIMIZE THE POTENTIAL FOR INTERNATIONAL
DISPUTES
252. A central function of international law generally. and of international
boundarylaw in particular. isto avoid or to minimize both presentand future
conflicts. lnherent in the delimitation of a boundaryis the division betweenthe
States concernedof responsibility for governactivitiesin therea.Any division
is likely tbeimperfect.Somehumanactivitieswill have effectson the otherside
of a boundary.Theobject, howevers ,houldbeto reduce the numberandintensity
of such effects becausethey may causeinternational friction. Thus, a single
maritimeboundaryshould, whenevep rossible.besodelimitedasto placeactivities
and their effects togethe, n theamesideof the line.
253. The potential for international disputesis of specialsignificancein the
caseof fisheries.Wherever aboundary dividesa fishery, so that certain stocks
may be exploited from either side of the boundary, fishing on oneside will
diminish the fish availableto fishermenon the otheride.Disputesmay arise if
onesideoverfishesor is perceivedto beoverfishing the resour. onservationand
'I.C.1Reporrs1969,p.5 1.para.99 IlM1 MEMORIAL Of THE UNITED STATES 97
management of suchdivided stocks require the allocation of resourcesbetweenthe
fishermen of different States. Even if both sides have the best intentions
conoerning the conservationof the stocks, a conflict of interests in utilization of
the stocks is inevitable. Differences in scientific opinion, incompatible manage-
ment objectives and techniques, and conflicting enforcement strategies also may
give rise to disputes.
254. International fishery conservation agreements historically have suffered
from a lack of enforcement, due to the refusal of States involvedto shareauthority
over their fishermen with one another. Uncertainties lead to distrust among the
fishermen and increase the probability that they will avoid complying with
regulations intended to ensure conservation. This remains a potential source of
dispute so long as fish stocks are divided by a boundary.
255. In the Grisbadarna case,the parties and the Tribunal agreedon the "great
unsuitability of tracing the boundary-line acrossimportant [banks] '."The bound-
ary therefore was drawn to pass through deep water between two important
fishing banks, avoiding a division of authority on either bank and taking
advantage of the natural buffer zone created by the channel'. The straight
baselines used to delimit the limits of Norway's exclusive fishing rights were
useful in minimizing the potential for dispute by facilitating enforcement and
observation of those rights by the fishermen '.A similar concern may underlie, in
part, the Court's discussion, in the Norrh Seo Conrinenral SheU cases, of the
problems of a continental shelf resource deposit that lies on both sides of the
boundary '.Moreover. becausehydrocarbon development on the continental shelf
may affect fish that inhabit the ecological regime in which that activity occurs,
disputes may arise if regulatory authority over a regime is divided among two or
more States. The location of a single maritime boundary will minimize the
potential for such disputes il responsibility for protection of the entire regime is
vested in a singleState.
256. Concern for minimizing the potential for international disputes is evident
in casesdelimiting land boundaries on the basis of customary international law.
International tribunals oftenhave used as land boundaries natural features that
coincide with the extent of human activities in an area. Natural leatures also have
ken used where they create natural buffer zones that confine human activities,
and their effects, to an identifiablerea. Thus, in the Island ofTimor case'. Sole
Arbitrator Lardy determined the boundary to be the summit line of a watershed.
Nol only was this line "sufficiently natural" tbe easily surveyed. but it "offered
the advantage that the watcr courses uniformly descend from that summit line
toward the territories placedwholly under Dutch sovereignty." The line proposed
by Portugal, in contrast, "would attribute the upper and lower part of theseseveral
streams" to different parties6. The decision reflects the concern that natural
OCrisbadarno.HapucCt. Rcp.(Swtt), 1916,p. 129(39thWhercas)[rcplacing'bars"in Prof.
Swtt's translation ofbancs"with "banks"!. Anncx4. Vol. 1.
>Ibid.,pp. 132-133.
I.C.J. Reports 1951.p. 136:Fulton.op.ci!.. pp.676-678.Anncx94.Vol. V.
I.C.J. Reports1969. P.51.para.97.
'HapucCf. Rcp.(Scott).191 6,354;for tcrl in French.seeII R. IntArb. Awards481.
HagueCl. Rcp.(Scott).1916,354, p.384:for tert in French.se1 I R. Int'l Arb. Awards
481.p. 508.98 GULFOF MA~NE 11451
svstems. here a river hasin. not be divided betweeneovernmental authorities. Such
divisions have the potential for causing riparian disputes. Watershed or summit
lines have becn used in several international arbitrations in recognition of their
advantages in separating human activities '.In the Walfish Bay ~oundary case,
the arbitrator awarded al1of a disputed plain to the United Kingdorn to avoid
dividingauthority over the natural range of cattle pastured in the area by the local
rmpulation '.A glance at a wlitical map of the world indicates that States
generally have used natural -boundaries as international boundaries on land,
wheneversuitable natural features were avaiiable in the boundary area '.
257. It is fundamental to the reauirement that a boundary beeauitable that the
relevant circumstances in the are; be taken into account.-The approach of the
lnternational Court of Justice in the North Seo Conlinentol Sheifcases and the
TunisiafLibya case. and of the Court of Arbitration in th; Anglo-French
Arbitration. requires that, in applying each of the prior specific principles, the
circumstances relevant to each such application must be considered.This general
principle of taking into account the relevant circumstances in the area requires
ihat. in addition to the circumstances considered in the application of these
swcific principles. any relevant circumstances no1 so considered must also be
taken into account and balanced in arriving at an cquitable solution. Thus, this
general principle incorporates a consideration of the relevant circumstances taken
in10account in applying the preceding specific principles described above in this
Section 2, but stands independent of them. To ensure an equitable solution, it is
not cnough ta identify adiscrete set of relevant circumstances, nor is it apprapriate
to assign an exact wcight to be attached to each element. Rather. the task is to
take account of the relevant circumstances and balance them in order to oroduce
an equitahle solution '.It is the consideration of the relevant circumstancéstaken
together,that is detcrminative.
258. In order to determine the circumstances that are relevant ta the delimita-
lion, il is necessary to identify the area relevant to the delimitation. The
idcntiTicationof such 3n arca ~nvolvesa determinaiion of the relevant coast and ail
of the geographical factors thai arc thcmselvcsrclcvant or are the situ, of rclcviint
resources or activities.
259. International tribunals in maritime boundary delimitation cases have
found a variety of circumstances to be relevant. The Court in the North Sea
Conrinental Sheifcases identified as relevant the general configuration of the
'Seec.~.,AwardofHisMajcsty.the Kingof ltalywithregardtotheBoundarybctwtenthe
Colonyof BritishGuianaand the UnitcdStatesof Brazil,99 British and ForeignSlale
Popers 930. 1904T . urkey-ArmeniaArbitration,Award of PrcsidentWilson,reprintcd in
ForeignRelalionsdrhr UnitedSiales. 1920 Vol.III. p.790.
'II R.Int'lArb.Awards263. 305(1911).
'The UnitcdStata-Canada landboundaryis rnarkcdby suitablcnaturalfcaturcs,whcrc
appropriate.Set PartI,Chap.1.Sec. 1.
'I.C.JReporlr 1969. p.50,para.93:Decisions.pp. 59-60.para.97: I.C.J.Reporls 1982.p.
60.para.71.11461 MEMORIALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES 99
Coast '.particularly ils concavity or convexity ';the relationship of coasts, whether
adjacent or opposite ';special or unusualgeographical features '; the physical and
gwlogical structure, so far as known or readily ascertainable. and natural
resources'; and the uniiy of dcposits located across a proposed boundary line'.
The Court of Arbitration in the Anglo-French Arbifralion. in addition to
considering gwgraphical features such as the relationship of the coasts as opposite
or adjacent the extent of the seaward extension of the continental shelf ',and the
presence and location of islands', also considered the parties' existing coastal
fisheries and territorial sea limits'; their practice in determining relevant base
points 'O;the size, population. economy, and political autonomy of the relevant
islands "; as well as arrangements concerning navigation, safety at sea, pollution.
and defense ". In the Tunisia/Libya case. the Court considered the general
direction of the coastline. particularly a marked change in ils direction "; the
presence of islands"; geomorphological configurations of the seabed not so
significant as to interrupl natural prolongation of the continental shelf "; the
position of the land frontier "; and certain maritime delimitation lines "tacitly
respected" by the parties ". In the Grisbadarna case, a broad range of circum-
stances related to fisheries was considered relevant. including the historical
development of a particular fishery, the number of fishermen involved.the length
of time fishing had been conducted, and the assumption of responsibilitiessuch as
the measuring and charting of the sea and the establishment and maintenance of
aids to navigation ".
260. The only limitation that to date has been put on the principle of taking
into accounl relevant circumstances in the area is the holding of the Court in the
TunisialLibya case that gencral economic considerations relating to the relative
wealth of the two countries were "virtually extraneous." In explaining why such
considerations could not be taken into account. the Court noted that they are
"variables which unpredictable national fortune or calamity, as the case may be,
'I.C.J.Reports1969. pp. 53-54. para.lOl(D)[disposi~fl.
'Ibid..p. 49.para. 91.
'Ibid..p. 36.para. 57.
'Ibid..pp. 53-54.para. lOl(D)/di~positfl.
'Ibid..p.51. para. 97.
'Decisonr. p.90. para. 187;p. 113,para. 242.
'Ibid..p. 110.para. 233.
Ibid.. p.89. para. 183;pp. 93-94. paras.196-197.
Ibid.. pp. 90-91.para. 187.
"Ibid.. pp.68-75. paras. 122-144.
" Ibid..p.89. para.184.
Ibid..p.82, para.163:and p. 91. para. 188.
"I.C.J. Reports 1982. p.63. para. 78.
'*Ibid..p.63. para.79.
" Ibid.,p.64. para.80.
"Ibid.. p.65. para.82.
"Ibid.. pp.66-71. paras.86-96.
"Grisbodorna. HagueCt. Rep.(Scott). 1916.pp. 127-133. Anncx 4.Vol .100 GULF OF WNE 11471
might al any lime cause to tilt the scale one way or the other '."The boundary
must beregarded asa permanent division of the area, and should not be unduly in-
iiuenced by recent or transitory circumstances.
261. In delimiting a single maritime boundary. the historic activities of the
parties in the arca are a parÏicularly relevant cirçumstance that 1sentitlcd tu great
weinht in thc balancing of considerations required IOproduce an equitable result.
A boundary will rarely produce an equitable solution if it leaves to one State
maritime areas within which its neighbor historically has had the predominant
interest-both in using the area and in exercising international responsibilities
therca. In assessingthe relative interest of the parties in an area, "the Court mus1
take into account whatever indicia are available of the line or lines which the
Parties themselvesmay have uinsidered equitable or acted upon as such '."
SECTION 3. Methods of Delimitation
262. Many methods have beenusedfor delimiting maritime areas. Prior to the
1958 United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. a number of methods
were considcredin an unsuccessful attempt to identify one rule for al1cases.These
methods included the prolongation of the land frontier. a perpendicular to the
coast al the point at which the land boundary joins the sea.a median line, and the
perpendicular to the general direction of the coast'. The Conference ultimately
chose not to mandate a single methcd of delimitation. It adopted instead an
equidistance-special circumstances rule for the territorial sea and continental
shelf. which has ban interpreted to allow the use of methods other than
equidistancethat, in iight of the geographical and other circumstances, produce an
equitable result'.As the Court has made clear. no single method. either strictly
applicd or as adjusted, nor any combination of methods of delimitation is
obligatory or preferred. Any method or combination of methods that producesan
equitablesolution may be applied $.
263. This flexibilityin the selection of a method or combination of methods is
especialiy important in the caseof a delimitation of a single maritime boundary,
because of the large areas and uimplex factors involved. Two methods are
discussed below: a perpendicular to the general direction of the coast. which is the
'...I. Re~..l~ 19~~. ...77-7..-..-. 1.7.The Courtdi~-note..~wcver..~at t~~.hvs.~~~
prescnccof naturalrcsourccsin anarcato bedclimiicd might."dcpcndinpon ihc lacts. bc
anclcmcntto betakcn tntoamuni in thepruccssol uciphing alrclcvanl13ctorstu achicic
an cquirablcrcsult." Ibid. While the Court wasdealingwith oil wclls.tsame reasaning
wouldapplyto fishandfishingbanks.
'Crirbodarna,HagueCt. Rep.(Scott).1916. p.130.Anncr 4. Vol. 1;I.C.J. Reporrs 1951.
pp. 127.133. 142.
'I.C.J. Reports 1982P. 84. para.118.
'1953 Y.B .ni'l L. Comm..Vol. II. p. 79.
'Decisians.p.48.para.70: W. 59-60.para.97.
'I.C.J. Reporrs1982.pp.78-80,paras.109. 111I;.C.J. Reporrr 1969.p. 49. para.90.Thc
use of a combinationof mcthodsis commonin State practicc.For cxample.France and
Spain scttlcdthcir continentalshclfboundaryin theBayof Biscayusingonemethodclose10
shore(cquidistancc)and anothcr(arcalproprtionality baied upn thc lcngthsof coastal
fronts)in themoreseawardarca.See Limirsin rheSeas.No. 83. Annex78.Vol. IV.102 GULFOF MAINE II49]
that dividesapproximately the convergenceof the twocoastal fronts '.On Airica's
east coast, Kenya and Tanzania have used a parallel of latitude to delimit a part of
their maritime boundary '. In the Caribbean Sea, the boundary between Costa
Rica and Panama contains one segment dcscribed in the agreement beiuecn them
as a median Iinc, but thai is more accuraicly a linc pe~~çn~icular to the neneral
northwest-southeast direction of the coastline '.
267. Thus, the method of applying a perpendicular to the general direction of
the coast has been used by courts in the resolution of boundary disputes and by
States in fixing boundaries with thcir neighbors by agreement. This method aives
effeci to the broad gcographical rclaiionship betuien neighborinp ~tateiand
disregards localcoastal irrcgularities. It also lends itsclf to adiusimcnt to take inio
account the relcvant circumstances in the area.
268. The methcd that has been the subject of the most controversy is the
equidistance methcd. This is largely because the eauidistance method creates an
akificial boundary that takes into account only a limited number of relevant
circumstances, namely, a few selected points onthe coasts of the States involved.
Equidistance rails to take account of other relevant geographical circumstances,
such as the broad geographical relationship of the States concerned, the general
direction of the coast, the location of the land boundary. and irregular coastal
configurations. as well as nongwgraphical relevant circumstances.
269. The auidistance method can. in aoorooriate circumstances. orcduce
equitablc resulis. The United States has used'e&distance as a methcd'to defim
certain of ils maritime boundaries with neinhborine States. This occurred in cases
where the United States and the othcr ~tGe concirned agreed that equidistance
orcduccd an muitable solution in the relevant eeoeraohical and other circum-
;tances of that case. Canada also has used equidistance'in certain of its maritime
boundary situations. In other cases, namely the pending delimitation with France
concerning St. Pierre and Miquelon, and the proposed boundaries with Alaska,
Canada has been a proponent of different methcdologies.
270. The equidistance methcd has not bcen used more often to delimit
boundarics because it is inherentlv inequitablc in irregular geographical situa-
tions. In the North Seo ~oniinentai~he~cases. the Federal Rcpublic of Germany
illustratcd for ihc Court the cflccts of the cquidistancc methcd on the delimitation
of sca areas in nine maritime boundary situations'. These situations are shownal
Figures 21-24. Only three of the 32 boundaries included in these nine situations
have ken since delimited. The western boundary between the Netherlands
Antilles and Venezuela, which wasrcsolved by a negotiated settlement, is not an
'SPC LimitsintheSeas.NO. 68,Anncx86. Vol. IV.
'Set timitr in theSeal. No.92.Anncx 87.Vol.IV.
'Trcaty of Demaration of Marine Arcar and of Maritime Cmperation Bctwccnthe
RcpublicofCostaRica andthe Rcpublicof Panama.sipncd2 Feb.1980;cntcrcd in10force
II Fcb.1982.Anner88. Vol.IV.
<Mernorialof the FcdcralRcpublicof Gcrmany. I.C.J.Pleodings.NorthSeo Continental
ShcK Vol.1,pp.42-49. paras.44-45. [l5O-I581 MEMORIALOF THE UNITED STATES 103
equidistant line '.Figure 22. The continental shelf boundary between the United
Kingdomand France in the area of the Channel Islands. whichwasdetermined by
the Anglo-French Arbirroiion. is not an equidistant line1. Figure 23. Only one
boundary, that between Greece and Italy, used the equidistance method. That
boundary, which was determined by agreement of the parties. was between
opposite States'. Moreover, it was merely incidental to the other boundary
situation depifted by the Federal Republic - namely, the lateral boundary be-
tween Greece and Albania. Figure 21. Notably. the Gulf of Mainearea wasone of
the examples in the Federal Republic's Memorial illustrating the capacity of the
equidistance method to produce an inequitable result. That example compares the
equidistant line to a line perpendicular to the general direction of the coast and
displays graphically the inequity of the equidistance method in this case. Figure
24.
271. The equidislance method makes distance from the nearest coastal points
the only determining factor. Therefore. it often gives disproportionate effect to
slight coastal irregularities and takes no account of the broad geographical
relationship between the parties. The distorting effects of coastal conligurations
may be comparatively small close to shore. but are magnified as the line is
extended further seaward. The Court in the Norrh Seo Continent01Sheif cases
recognized that this frequently leads to inequity:
"... in certain geographical circumslances which are quite frequently
met with. the equidistance method. despite ils known advantages. leads
unquestionably 10inequity, in the followingsense:
...Thc slightest irregularity in a coastline is automatically magnified by
the equidistance line as regards the consequences forthe delimitation of
the continental shelf. Thus ifhas ken seen in the case of concave or
convexcoastlines that if the equidistance method is employed, then the
greater the irregularity and the further from the coastline the area to be
delimited, the more unreasonable are the results produced. So great an
exaggeration of ihc consequcnces of a natural gcographical feaiure mus1
bcremedicd or compensnted for as far as possible.being of itrelfcrealivc
of inequity'."
The Court emphasized that special or unusual coastal configurations increasingly
distort the equidistant line boundary as it extends further seaward, as illustrated
by a diagram presented by the Federal Republic of Germany in that case '.
'TA]deviation from a li'nedrawn perpendicular to the general direction
of the coast. of only 5 kilometres. ac a distance of about 5 kilometres
'Thcmaritimeboundarybetwcenthc Ncthcrlandsand Venezuelaisa ncgotiatcdlinc.The
boundaryiscompriscdofsegmentsdctcrminedbypoints,somcof which arelocalcdon an
cquidistantlinc.somcof whichfollowa meridian. andsomc ofwhicharc mcrclyagreed
poinu.SeeAnncx89.Vol.IV.
'Decisionsp. .96,para.203; p.119.para. 235.
'See hirr intheSens.No.96.Anncx90,Vol.IV.
'I.C.J.Reporrs 1969. p.49.para.89.
I.C.J. Pleadinps.NorlhSeoConrinenralSheK Val. II.p. 29. 104 GULFOF MAINE (1591
from that coast, will grow into one of over 30 at a distance of over 100
kilometres'."
@ Figure 25 is based upon the diagram presented by the Federal Republic of
Germany. but extends il to 200 nautical miles. It shows that a deviation from a
linedrawn perpendicular to the general direction of the coast of only 5 kilometers
(2.7 nautical miles),at a distance of 5 kilometers from that coast. willgrow 10die
of 44 nautical miles (81 kilomcters) at a distance of 200 nautical miles (370
kilometers) fromthe coast.
272. The equidistance method is particularly susceptible to creating inequities
in the case of concave and convex coastlines. The Court in the North Sea
Continenral SheUcases described the tendency of a concavecoastline to pull the
equidistant line inward. in the direction of the concavity. and that of a convex
wastline to cause the equidistant line to diverge to the disadvantage of the
adjacent State'. The Court made clear that a boundary should not be unduly
infiuenced by coastal concavitics and convexities. but should refiect the broad
geographical relationship of the parties:
"...in the present case there are three States whose North Sea
coastlines are in fact com~arable in leneth and which. therefore. have
been givenbroadly.equal tieatment by nature except that the concgura-
tion of one of the coastlines would, ifthe equidistance method is used,
deny to one of these States treatment equal or comparable to that given
the other two. Here indeed is a case where.in a theoretical situation of
equality within the same order. an inequity is created. What is unaccept-
able.in this instance is that a State should enjoy continental shelf rights
wnsiderably different from those of its neighbours merely because in the
one case the coastlineis roughly convex in form and in the other it is
markedly wncave, although those coastlines are comparable in length. It
is therefore not a question of totally refashioning geography whatever
the facts of the situation but, given a geographical situation of quasi-
equalily as between a number of States, of abating the effects of an
incidental special feature from which an unjustifiable difference of
treatment could result'."
The Court of Arbitration in the AngleFrench Arbitraiion specifically endorsed
this reasoning:
"Although [the International Court of Justice's] observations onthis
aspect of 'adjacent States' situations were directed to the particular
wntext of a concave wastlinc formed by the adjoining territories of
three States. they refiect an cvidcnt geometrical truth and clearly have a
more general validity'."
273. In the case of adjacent States,the equidistance method may be compared
to the method of drawing a perpendicular IO the aeneral direction of the coast.
Both methods produce roughly the same result in-geographically regular situa-
I.C.J. Reports1969. p.18.para.8.
'Ibidp. p. 17-18para.8.
Ibid. .p.49-50,para.91.
Deciriom. p. 55,para.86. [160-1621 MEMORIALOFTHEUNITEDSTATES 105
tions. For example. in the case of a perfectly straight coastline, the equidistant line
and the perpendicular to the coast will be the same. In geographically irregular
situations, however,the methods produce different results. The perpendicular line.
because it is determined by the general direction of the coast, is not distorted by
local geographical irregularities and will reflect the broad geographical relation-
ship betweenneighboring States. The equidistance mefhod will produce inequita-
ble results because it givesdisproportionate effect to the slightest irregularity in
the coast. As one commentator stated:
"If the equidistant line for two adjacent states is to be reasonable. it
mus1be drawn perpendicularly to the common coastline ... .It issimply
a formula based upon the fundamental concept of equitable apportion-
ment. and it is successful onlywhere an extremely simple geographic
configuration exists'."
274. As a matter of law, there is no presumption in favor of the equidistance
method. Most recently, in commenting on this point. the Court in the Tunisiof
Libya case stated:
"A finding by the Court in favour of a delimitation by an equidistance
line could only be based on considerations derived from an evaluation
and balancing up of al1relevant circumstances, since equidistance is not,
in the viewof the Court, either a mandatory legal principle, or a method
having someprivileged status in relation to other methods.
Any examination of methods, like the examination of applicable rules
and principles, mus1take as [a]starting-point the particular geographical
situation. and especially the extent and features of the area found to be
relevant to the delimitation'."
275. The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea rejected al1
attempts to give a special role to the equidistance methcd in the delimitation of ei-
ther the continental shelf or the exclusiveeconomiczone. Certain States, including
Canada, had favored making equidistance the general rule, with an exception for
special circumstances. An early Canadian proposal provided:
"The delimitation of the ExclusiveEconomicZone betweenadjacent and
apposite States shall be effected by agreement employing. as a general
rule. the median or equidistance line, taking into account special
circumstances, where justified, inorder to reach an equitable result '."
When this and similar proposais proved unacceptable, articles were introduced.
such as Article 74 of the Informal Composite Nepotiating Text, which sought to
balance "equitable principles" with "equidistance":
'S. Oda. "ProposaIrfor Rcvising the Conventionon the ContinentalShcli". Columbia
JournaldTransnalio~/ hw. 1968.pp.26. 27,Annex96,Vol.IV.
' I.C.J. Reporls 1982p.79.para. 110;p.82, para. 114.
'Amendmentto paragraph I of Articl62, lnlormalSingle NegotiatingTcxt II. Informa1
proposalbyCanada.April.1976.106 GULFOFMAINE [163-1641
"The delimitation of the exclusive economic zone betweenadjacent or
opposite states shall be effected by agreement in accordance with
equitable principles, employing. where appropriate. the median or
equidistancc line. and taking account of al1 the relevant
circumstances '".
The tex1of the Convention, as adopted, mentions neither the equidistance method
nor equitable principles. Rather. it providesthat delimitation shall be effected "by
agreement on the basis of international law ... inorder to achieve an equitable
solution'."
276. The equidistance method may produce a particularly inequitable result in
the delimitation of a single maritime boundary because it does not take account of
nongwgraphical circumstances. The equidistance method necessarily ignores
water depth and other topographical features. as well as characteristics of the
marine environment, such as the distribution of fishery resources. Moreover.the
equidistance method gives no place to the predominant interest of a State as
evidenced by the history of its private and governmental activities in the area.
Therefore, the equidistance method is unlikely to produce an equitable solution
whenever these or other nongeographical considerations are relevant to the
delimitation.
'Article740). Informa1CompositeNcgotiatinpTcxt.U.N.Doc.AICONF.62/WP. 10..15
July 1977.
'Sec para 237.note 2. PART III
APPLICATION OFTHE LAW TO THE FAClS
INTRODUCTION
277. The analysis of the law has demonstrated that the maritime boundary
between the United States and Canada in the Gulf of Maine area mus1 be
delimited in accordance with equitable principles,aking account of the relevant
circumstances in the area, 10produce an equitable solution. It remains then to
identify those circumstances and 10 determine which method will best take
account of them, in accordance with equitable principle10 produce an equitable
solution.The single maritime boundary most in accordance with the principlesand
rules of international law applicable in the matter between the Parties is a line
drawn perpendicular to the general direction of theoastfrom the starting point
described inArticle 2 of the Special Agreement, adjusted ta protect the integrity
of two lishing banks on the Scotian Shelf-ûerman Bank and Browns Bank-
("the adjusted perpendicular line"). CHAPTER 1
THE RELEVANTCIRCUMSTANCES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
IN THIS CASE
278. The area within which these relevant circumstances are tbe found is
bounded by the wasts on both sidesof the international boundary terminus, from
Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, toCape Cariso.Nova Swtia. This area extends
seaward for 200 nautical miles, and beyond, to the outer limit of coastal State
maritime jurisdictio'.
279. For purposesof applying the law to the facts, the relevant circumstances
in the area will be considered under the following headings: (1) geographical
features. (2) marine environment, and (3) activities of the Parties and their
naiionals.
SECTION I. Geosraphlcal Features
A. THEBROAD GEOGRAPHICA RELATIONSH IF THE PARTIES
280. An quitable delimitation mus1 respect the broad geographical relation-
ship of the Parties. In this case, the broad geographical relationshipis determined
by the general northeastem direction of the Coast,by the adjacency of the two
States-Canada to the north and the United States to the south of the common
land boundary-and by the locationof the international boundary terminus in the
northern corner of the Gulf of Maine.
1. TheUnited States andCanada areAdjacentStates
281. The United States andCanada are adjacent States acrossthe entire North
American continent.Thcy share a 3,000-mileland boundary, with Canada to the
north and the United States to the south. The broad relationship of the coasts of
the Parties within the Gulf of Maine is that of adjacent States. As both Parties
have rewgnized, the relationship of the United States and Canadian coasts isalso
adjacent seaward of the Gulf of Maine.
2. TheGeneralDirectionofthe CoasiisNortheasiward
282. The general direction of the Mast determines the broad relationship
betwcen thc wastlines of the Parties and the adjacent seas. Although it bey
difficult in certain situations to determine the general direction of a particular
mstline, the law has not hesitated to require such determinations. Thus, the
Arbitral Tribunal in the Grisbadarcase, after concludingthat international law
provided for delimitation of the maritime territory of adjacent States by use of a
'SetgrnrrollArticl76ofthcConventiononthcLawofthc Sca,WorkingPaFer 1.4 lune
1982. (170-1721 MEMORIALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES , 109
perpendicular to the general direction of the coast. made such a determinatio'.
The Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, codifying the
decision of the Court in the Anglo-Nonvegian Fisheries case: requires States
entitled to establish a system of straight baselines to make such a determina'.on
The Convention proposed by the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of
the Sea contains the same requirement '.Moreover, the usefulness of such
determinations in delimiting the shelf was recognized by the lnternational Court
of Justice in bth the North Sea Continental Sheucases' and the TunisialLibya
case 6.
283. The general direction of the mst in the relevant area. like the general
directian of the east coast of North America', is northeastward. bth within and
beyond the Gulf of Maine. In the interior of the Gulf, the coast in the vicinity of
the international boundary terminus forms a straight line from Cape Ann,
Massachusetts to the Chignecto Isthmus, along a bearing of54.S0 I. the exterior
area. the line from Nantucket Island. Massachusetts throuah Seal Island to
tlalifax, Nova Scotia1554 1" A bcaring of 54Oalso correspondsIo the coasial di.
reciions from Ca~c Charles. Virninia. to Cam Canso. Nova Scotia (53 9"). from
Cape Hatteras, North Carolina through Sàble Island to Cape si. ~ary's on
Newfoundland (54.1° an, from Northern Florida to Cape Race. Newfoundland
@ (54.0" )igure 26. Thus. 54O accurately reflects the general direction of the
North American coast in the vicinity of the land boundary, and shouldbe used to
construct a line perpendicular to the general direction of the coast.
3. The Lnnd Boundory Lies North of the Eu~of~aine
284. The location of the land boundary is relevant in adjacent State situations
because it determines where the coastal front of one State ends and the coastal
front of the other State begins. The land boundary in the Gulf of Maine area lies
north of the Gulfof Maine. It reaches the sea at the mouth of the St. Croix River.
The international bundary continues from there through Passamaquoddy Bay
and the Bavof Fundv until it terminates at the northernmost corner of the Gulf of
aine. ~h; effect ofthe location of thc land bundary terminus north of the Gulf,
ratherthan in the middle, is that most of the coastline that faces onto the Gulf of
'TheArbitral TribunalfoundthegcncraldirectionofthcNorwegianandSwedishcoastlines
inthcvicinityoftheirlandboundaryIobc20 degrccswtstofnorth.Grisbadarnn ,agueCt.
Rep.(Scott).1916.p. 129.Anncr4, Vol.1.
zI.C.J.Reporft1951.pp. 133-142.
'516 U.N.T.S. 205.Art.4.Anncr 5. Vol.I.
'Convention onthc Lawofthe Sca.WorkingPapr 1.4 Junt 1982,Article7.
'I.C.J.Reports1969.p.52.para.98.
'1.C.JReporrs 1982,p.85,para. 120p.88.para. 128;p.91.para.131.
'As describcdin Part 1.Chap.1.Sec. 1.the gencraldircctionof the cas1mas1of North
Americaisnorihcastwardw . ithina rangeofarimuthsfrom45.7' to 56.9. odetcrminea
specificgencraldirectionfor the pur- of ascertaininpthe pcrpcndicularto the general
dircctionof ihccaast,the directionbctwccntheendpointsofthwasi maybcconsidercd.
Thisdircction.bctwcenSouthFlarida andCapeRace.is45.7'. Suchan azimuthwould be
advantancousto the UnitedStatcsbut isdetermincdbypointsoutsidethe rclcvantarea in
thiscascandservesonlyIoindicatcthebroadgeographicalrelationshipofthc Parliesonthe
castcaastofNorthAmerica.It isagainstthisbroadrclationshipthatthcgeneral dirccinon
therelcvantareashouldbcexamincdanddctcrmined.110 GULF OF MAINE il731
Maine is unitid States coastline. Only the short coast of the Nova Scotia
peninsula onthe northeastsideof the Gulf isCanadian.
285. The location of the land boundaryin the Gulf of Maine area invites a
mmparisonwiththe AngleFrenchArbirration. In that case,the United Kingdom
and France did not have acommon land boundary.In light of the opposite
relationship oftheir coastssidethe EnglishChannel, they agreedon a median-
lineboundaryin the western portionof the Channel.The seawardextensionof the
boundary into the Atlantic therefore began at a point in the Channel halfway
betweenthe twocoasts.Bycontrast, the maritimeboundaryin the Gulf of Maine
area does no1begin inthe middleof the coastlinebordering the Gulf, or in the
middleof the hypotheticallosinglineacrossthe Gulf betweenNantucket Island
and Cape Sable. Rather, the boundary musttake account of the locationof the
land boundaryand begin inthe northerncornerof the Gulf of Maine.To use. hy
analogy tothe Anglo-FrenchArbirrarion. a hypotheticalpoint midway belween
the NovaSwtian and Massachusetts coastsas the starting point forthe maritime
boundaryin this casewouldbe to ignorethe locationof the land boundaryand the
entire coastsof the Statesof Maineand New Hampshire.
B. GEOGRAPHIC ARREGULAR~T~ES IN THE RELEVANA TREA
286. lrregularities in the coastlineare no1in themselvesunusual or entitled to
specialconsideration.It is the tendencyof particular delimitationmethodsto give
disproportionate effect toan irregularity that may cause a delimitation to
inequitable.Therefore,the presenceand locationof irregularities mustbe taken
in10acwunt in determiningwhichmethodof delimitationwill producethe most
equitable result.The geographical irregularitiesin the relevant area in this case
that mus1 be taken into account are the four-fold change in direction of the
Canadian coast. the short Canadian mastline perpendicular to the general
direction of the coast, the protrusionof the Nova Scotia-peninsulasouth of the
land boundary.and the concavityin the mast formingthe Gulfof Maine.
1. The Four-Fold Changein Direction d the CoastCrearesa Short Canadian
Coasllineal Right Angles10 the General Directiondrhe Coast
287. The Canadiancoastlinechaneesdirection four timesin the relevantarea:
twiceal the northcrnend of the Bay-ofFund,. again at the mouthof the Bayof
Fundy.and once moreal Ca~cSable.Thesechanecsindirectioncreate three long
stretches ofCanadian coast ihat followthe generalnortheast directionof the easÏ
coast of North America. and one short stretch that is perpendicular tothat
direction. The coast of New Brunswickand the parallel northwestcoast of the
Nova Smtia peninsula,whichform the Bay ofFundy.as wellas the longparallel
wast of Nova Scotia that faces onto the Atlantic Ocean. follow the general
northeastern directionofthe North American coast.It is only the short Nova
Scotia coast facing ont0 the Gulf of Maine, part of which is situated directly
acrossfromthe international boundary terminust.hat departs radically fromthat
generaldirection.The longcoast of Nova Scotia that facesthe Atlantic Ocean is
Canada'sprimary wast in the relevantarea.
288. The changes in direction of the Canadian coast create a geographical
situation that is distinguishable fromthe situation before the Court in the
TunisialLibyacase. In both cases. the land boundaryreaches the sea at a point
where the coastline is relatively straight, but where there is a sharp change in il741 MEMORIAL OFTHE UNITED STATES 111
direction further along the coast.In this case,the change occurs147miles(237
kilometers)from the international boundary terminus. at the Chignecto Isthmus.
In the TunisiafLibya case,the coast changeddirection ai the westernendof the
Gulf of Gabesal a distanceof 89 miles(143 kilometersl(rom the international
boundary terminus.Thc changein directio did no1affect thc dclimiiaiion in the
TunisiaILibja caseuntil thc boundarycxicndcd a considcrabledistanccseaward
from thecoast '.As a result, aline driwn perpendicular tothegeneraldirectionof
thecoastproducedanequitablebasisfor delimitation in the TunisiafLibya casein
the areasnearestto thecoast,but required adjustmentin the moredistantareasto
giveeffect ta the changein direction of theTunisian coastaswell asthe location
of the Kerkennah Islands.In thiscase.the protrusion of theNovaScotiapeninsula
in front of theland boundary and the longcoastalfront of Canadafacing theAt-
lantic Oceannortheastof Cam Sable(resultingfrom the changesin direction of
the Canadiancoast), suggestthat theperpendicular tothe generaldirectionof the
coastmay require adjustrnentin thc vicinity of theNova Scotiapeninsula,but is
an equitable boundaryline not only in areascloseto the international boundary
terminusbut alsoin areasseawardof theGulf of Maine.
2. TheNovaScotia Peninrula ProtrudesSouth ofthe Lond Boundary
289. Although Canada generally lies north of the United States, the Nova
Scotiapeninsuladeviatesfrom this basicnorth-southrelationship. Thepeninsula
is connectedto the mainland by the 17-mile(27-kilometer) wide Chignecto
Isthmus, 147 miles (237 kilometers) northeastof the international boundary
terminus. From there the Canadiancoastlinedoublesback andhangsdown in
front of the land boundary. The resulting peninsulaprotrudes to a point 100
nautical milessoutheastof the international boundary terminus.
3. TheInternational Boundary Terminusis Lorated in a Concavityin the Coast
290. The location of the Nova Scotia peninsula oppositethe international
boundary terminus and thecurvaturcof the New Englandcoastcombinetocreate
the coastal concavity that is the Gulf of Maine. Bccausethe international
boundaryterminalesat the northernendof the Gulf, byfar thegreaterpart of the
concavity is on the United States side of the international boundary. As
recognizedin previousinternational adjudications.sucha concavityis a circum-
stancethat may lead to an inequitabledelimitation, particularly if the equidis-
tancemethodis used.
291. Other specialgwgraphical featuresrelevant tothe boundarydelimitation
arethe Northeast Channeland the fishingbanks-both thoscontheScotianShelf
(particularly Browns Bank andGermanBank)andGeorgesBank,off thecoastof
the United States.Thesefeatures arediscussedin Section2 below.
'Thc ssondsegmeno tfthedelimitationlincindicabydtheInternational ourtofJustice
bcpinsapproxirnatcl68 nauticalmilc(126 kilomctcrs)scawardfromthelandbaundary
terminus.112 GULFOFMAINE 11751
SECTION 2. The Marine Environment
292. The relevant features of the marine environment include the three
separate and identifiable ecological regimes associated with Georges Bank, the
Gulf of Maine Basin, and the Scotian Shelf, as well as the natural boundary
between the Georges Bank regime and the Scotian Shelf regime created by the
Northeast Channel.
A. THEWATERS ABOVE GEORGEB SANK, THE SCOTIAN SHELF ,ND THE GULF OF
MAINEBASIN FORMTHREESEPARAT END IDENTIFIABL ECOLOGICAR LEGIMB
293. The three principal ewlogical regimes of the Gulf of Maine area are
located. respectively,above the Gulf of Maine Basin, above Gwrges Bank, and
above the Scotian Shelf. Largely as a result of the different characteristics and
circulation patterns of the waters of the three regimes, each is distinct and
different from the others. Where the regimes abut, the resultant sharp changes in
temperature and salinity create fronts, which in many respects act as natural
barriers betweenvariouscornmuniliesof flora and fauna. including fish stocks.To
a large extent. each of these ecological regimes is independent of the other two.
&ually imwrtant, each regime is a singleintegrated unit whereindamage done to
the flora and fauna in any part of the unit will affect the flora and fauna
throughout the unit.
294. The existenceof the three separate and identifiable ecologicalregimes has
important implications for commercial fishing. Most of the stocks of fish above
Georges Bank are independent of the stocks of the same speciesover the Swtian
Shelf. Overfishing of the stock associated withthe Scotian Shelf will not deplete
stocks associated withGwrges Bank. Similarly, overfishingof the stocksassociat-
ed with Georges Bank will no1deplete stocks of the same speciesassociated with
the Scotian Shelf. By wntrast. overfishing of a Georges Bank stockanywhere on
the Bank willaffect the abundancc and even the continued existenceof fish of the
same stock throughout its range over Georges Bank. The same holds true for the
Swtian Shelf. It is important not to divide State responsihility for identifiable
stocks of fish within aseparate ewlogical regime.
295. Other activitiesmurring within each of these regimesmay havea similar
effect. For example. development of mineral resources of the seahed within any
part of a particular regime may injure the fish and shellfish populations
throughout the wholeof that regime.
296. The Northeast Channel is situated at a right angle to the general direction
of the Coastand is a sienificant eeomor~holoeicalfeature that creates a natural
boundary betweenthe siparate and identifiabli ecological regimesassociated with
Georees Bank and the Scotian Shelf. It is comoarable to the channel seoaratinr!
the ~r<jottegrundeBanksand Grisbadarna ~ank'inthe Grisbadarnacase. Its valG
as a natural boundary between fisheries management units long has been
recognizedby international fisheries conservationGganizations, i.e., NACFI and
ICNAF. As one of only two significant breaks in the surface of the continental
shelf along the entire east coaslof North America, the Northeast Channel would11761 MEMORIALOF THE UNITED STATES 113
bea relevantcircumstanceevenif thiscaseonly involvedadelimitation of thecon-
tinentalshelf. As the natural boundary betweenecologicalregimesthat delimit
and shelterimportant commercial fishstocksin the area,the Northeast Channel
alsowould bea relevant circumstanceif this caseonlr involved adelimitation of
20knautical-mile fishing zones'.Il followsafortiori ihat the Northeast Channel
isa relevant circumstancein this singlemaritime boundarycase.
SECTION 3. Activities of the PartiesandTheir Nationals
297. The activitiesof the Partiesand their nationalsin the relevant areaare
evidenceof the nature and scow of their historical aswell ascurrent interestin.
andof their responsibilitiesto,e region.Evenprior to independence from Great
Britain, the United Statesdominatedthe fisheriesof the entire regionextending
from GeorgesBank to Newfoundland and theGulf of St. Lawrence.Over the
centuries, the United States fisheries off Canada's coast from Nova Scotia
northward were gradually reduced. Most recently. Canada'sestablishmentin
1977of a 200-nautical-mik exclusivefishing zone.and its refusal to continue
reciprocalfishing privilegesbeyondJune, 1978,demonstratedCanada'sintention
to excludethe United Statesfrom its last fisheriesoff thecoastof Canada.As a
result, Canadanow hasassertedexclusivejurisdiction over vastfisheries onthe
Scotian Shelf, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the Grand Banks of
Newfoundland.
298. GeorgesBankis the mostimportant fishingbankoff theeastCoastof the
United States.There areno large United States Fishingbanks10the southwest
that arecomparableto GeorgesBank or to theunusuallyrich fishing groundsoff
Canada. Exceptfor occasionalforeign vessels.only the United States fished
GeorgesBank from colonial daysuntil the later yearsof the ICNAF regime.Its
fisheriesweredevelowdby New Englandfishermen,whorely onthem to thisday.
Only from the mid-1960sto themid-1970sdid foreignfishermenchallengeUnited
States dominanceof GeorgesBank. Even then, the United Statescontinued to
assumeprimary responsibilityfor the protection ofthe fisheriesof GeorgesBank.
botb diplomatically within ICNAF and by providing the principal fishery
research,surveillance, and enforcement efforts. Recently, Canadasought to
establisha fisheryonGeorgesBank.al about thetime that other Statesbeganto
fish thereThe Canadianfisheryon GeorgesBankhas been,andin largemeasure
remains,dependenton the United Statesasa marketfor its products, especially
scallops.It alsodependson generoussubsidiesfrom the CanadianGovernment,
which the CanadianGovernment couldeasilyredirect toencouragedevelopment
of therich Canadianfishinggrounds tothe northeast.
299. Fishinggave riseto other activitiesin theGulfof Maineareathat rnustbe
taken into accountIo achievean eouitable delimitation. Detailedchartins and
surveyingof the area were undertaken by private New England citizenseven
beforethe United Statesachieved independence T.he United StatesGovernment
later assumedthisresponsibilityandhascontinuedto assumeit to thepresentday.
Canadahasnot undertakenhydrographiesuwcysof Browns Bank andGeorges
Bank. Canadaonly recentlyhaspublished charts showingGeorgesBank andin
'TheNorthcastChannel thusisunlikethegeomorpholopicfelaturecansidcrcinprcvious
casesthatdcallonlywiththecantincntaslhelf-the NorwcgiTrough.theHurd Deep.and
theTripolitaniaFurrow.114 GULF OF MAINE [177-1781
doine so auuarentlr has relied on information from United Statessurveys.The
unicd ~tatcsfirsi-providcd andwniinucs to providethe aidsto navigation.The
UnitedStates CosstGuard regularlypairolsGcorpcsBankandreswndstosearch
andrescue requeststhroughouÏtheregion.By agreementwith ~anàda,theUnited
States in World War II assumedoperational rcsponsibility for the defenseof
muchof the Gulf of Maine area.including GeorgesBank. Throughout history.it
hasbeenthe United Statesthat hasconducted theprincipal scientific investiga-
tionscoveringGeorgesBank andtheGulfof Maint. Canadahssconductedsuch
investigationsonly vcryrccintly The timing andexteniof thoscinvcsiigationsare
limited andcomoarableto the efforts of variousother Statesthat fishedin that
areabeforetheextensionof fisheryjurisdictions to200nauticalmiles.In contrast,
the actionsbr the United Statesandits nationalswereundertakenovera lone ue-
riodof lime with theexpendiiureofconsidcrablcrcsources.All theseaciiviiie~arc
evidenccof the rcalitv andscow of the ~redominantinicrcst of the United States
in the Gulf of aine area-host parhcularly, GeorgesBank and theGulf of
Maine-that cannotbedisregardedin delimiting a singlemaritime boundaryin
the area.
300. The history of continentalshelf activities in the Gulf of Maine area is
brief. The Truman Proclamation in 1945put Canada onnotice of the United
Statespositionthat the continental shelf shouldbe establishedby agreementin
acwrdancewith equitableprinciples.Canadawasalsoput on notice at that lime
of the United Statespositionthat the 100-fathom-depth contour. whichextends
from theNantucketShoalsto theNortheastChannel.constitutestheextentof the
United Statescontinentalshelf.The United Statesdid not recognizetheunilateral
Canadianactionsin the mid-1960sregardingthe mineral resourcesof the seabed
underlying portions of GeorgesBank and was wnducting ils own program in
regard to thosc resourcesat that lime. Since then, bath wuntries have been
engagedin explorationin thearea.although neitherhaspermittedexploitation or
even deepexploratory drilling onthe northeasternpart of GeorgesBank.Only the
United Stateshasmade detailedenvironmentalstudiesand establisheda compre-
hensiveregulatoryprogramthat will provideprotection for theliving resourcesof
theGulfof Maine andGeorgesBankin theeventthat moreextensiveexploration
or devclopmentis authorizcdonthe northeasternpart of GeorgesBank. THE BOUNDARYPROPOSEDBYTHE UNITEDSTATES IS THE
PERPENDICULARTO THE CENERAI.DIRECTIONOF THE COAST
ADJUSTED TOTAKEACCOUNT OFTHE RELEVANT CIRCUMSTANCES
IN THE AREA
301. The UnitedStates proposesthat the singlemaritimeboundaryin the Gulf
of Mainearea shouldbethe oeroendicularto the general directionof the coast,as
adjustedto takeaccountof theelevantcircumstakes in the area. Sucha linehas
been used inearlier cases.The Arbitral Tribunal in the Grisbadarna case began
with a line perpendicular tothe general directionof the coast and adjusted it to
avoid crossing the edge of the Grisbadarna fishing bank. The Court in the
Tunisia/Libyacase useda line perpendicular to thegeneraldirection of thewast
inthe area closerto the land boundary term,nd adjustedthe linefurthersea-
wardto take accountof the changeindirectionof the Tunisiancoastand the posi-
tion of the Kerkennah Islands. A perpendicular to the general directionof the
wast, adjusted to take account of the relevant circumstances in the. is
appropriatein this caseasll.
302. The general direction ofthe coastsof the Partiesin the relevantarea is 54
degrees. as noted abo'.A perpendicular tothe general direction ofthe coast
therefore shouldextend seaward in the direction of 144 degrees from the
@ international boundary terminus. As Fige7 demonstrates,this perpendicular
wouldintersectthe NovaSwtia peninsula.The linethereforemusi be adjustedto
take acwunt of NovaSwtia. Just as the Arbitral Tribunal in the AngleFrench
Arbirrarion established a 12-nautical-milebel1around the ChannelIslands. il
would be appropriate. in light of the UnitedStates recognitionof Canada's 12-
nautical-milefishingzone in the early 1970s,to adjust the perpendicularso as to
establish a 12-nautical-milehclt around the southwesterncoastline of Nova
Scotia. This would be an equitable boundary apart from other special circum-
stances in this case.One such circumstanceis the agreementof the Partiesthat
the boundary tbe delimitedby the Court shouldbcginal the point describedin
ArticleIIof the Special Agreeme'.Therefore.the perpendicular tothe general
@ directionof the coast shouldheginfrom thispoint.Figure28depictsa linehearing
144degrees fromthe agreed starting point. That linc extends into the triangle
dcscribed in Article 1 of the Spccial Agreement. in compliance with another
requirement establishedby the Parties.
@ 303. As,shownon Figure 28, however,this perpendicularline culs across two
major fishlng banks onthe Scotian Shelf-Browns Bankand German Bank.To
divide the Scotian Shelf, and the separate and identifiable ecological regime
associated with il. would interfere with effective resourceconservation and
management and increasc unncccssarilythc potential for internationaldisputes
Conscauently. the vcroendicular Iinc should be adiusted furthcr ro brine thc
entiret; of ËrLwns Ëank and GermanBankunder the-jurisdictionof~anadal~his
'Scepara.283.
'Secpara.4. 116 GULFOFMAINE [185-190)
could be accomplished by making the boundary follow the 50-fathom-depth
@ contour that defines the banks. Figure 29 depicts such a line. Because of the
shifting character of the seabed in this area, however, the 50-fathom-depth
contour would be a complex and difficult boundary 10define permanently. It is
more practical to simplify the 50-fathom-depth contour intoa series of straight
lines'.
304. The United States therefore proposes first that the boundary begin by
followingthe perpendicular to the general direction of the coast extending from
the point described in ArtiIIof the Special Agreement;second.that it followa
series of straight lines, some perpendicular and some parallel to the general
direction of the coast, constructed to enclose the 50-fathom-depth contour and
thus to avoid crossing the fishing banks on the Scotian Shelf; third. that it
continue along the perpendicular into the triangle described in the Special
Agreement; and, fourth, that it turn northeastward. parallel to the general
direction of the coast, toward the perpendicular to the general direction of the
coast extending from the international boundary terminus. to the north-south leg
@ of the triangle described in ArtIIof the Special Agreement. Figure 30.
1The use of slraightliner in this manner in byelimitationis not unmual.The
Colombia-Panama boundary in tCaribbeanSeauserlinesof latinidcandlonginideto
developa step-likeboundarybctwccnPanamanianjurisdinionand Colombianjurisdio
tionasmeasuredfrom offshoreislanLimiwiniheSem No.79,p. 6Annex82,Vol.IV. ME ADJUSTED PERPENDICULAR LlNE PRODUCESAN EQUITAB1.E
SOLUTION WHlLE THE EQUIDISTANCE METHOD WOULD NOT
305. As the United Stateshasdemonstrated,international lawgoverningthe
delimitation of asinglemaritime boundary requiresthe application of equitable
principles,taking accountof the relevantcircumstancesin thearea.10producean
equitable solution.Theadjustedperpcndicularlinely meetsthoserequirements.
An equidistantline wouldnot.
SECTION 1. The AdjustedPerpendicularLineRespectsthe BroadCeographicnl
Relationshipbetweenthe Coasts of Partiesandthe RelevanMt aritime Areasin
Front of their Coasts;Anuidistint Line WouldNot
306.The adjusted perpendicularline respectsthe broadgwgraphical relation-
shipbetweenthe United Statesand Canadianwasts and the maritime areasoff
thcsewasts in the relevantarea.Sucha line recognizesthe coastalfrontsof the
Partiesandreflectsa reasonabledegreeof proportionalitybetween thelengthsof
thesewasts and the maritime areasto bedelimited. The adjusted perpendicular
linealsoiveseffcct to anatural boundarycreatedbytheprincipalgeomorpholop-
ical featurein this area-the NortheastChannel.
A. THEADIUSTED PERPENDICULA LNE RFSPEC THE COASTAF LROST SF THE
PARTIES IN THEAREA;AN EQUIDISTANL TINEWOULDNOT
307. The adjustedpcrpcndicularlinerespcctstheextensionof Canada'scoastal
fronts.hilc an equidistantlinc uould significanily encroachon the extension of
the~nited ~tates'~coastafrlont.
308. Canada'sprimary coastal front in the Gulf of Maine areis ilslong
coastlinefrom Cap Sableto CapeCansofacingtheAtlantic Ocean.Theadjusted
perpendicularlincocsnot crossin front of Canada'sprimary cnastalfront and,
consequently, ocsnot encroachupontheextensionof that front into the Atlantic
Ocean.
309. Canadahas ashort sewndarycoastalfront in the Gulf of Maine bcing
southwest onto the Gulf. Ilsseaward extension overlaps with the seaward
@ exFnsionof the longprimary coastalfront of the United States.Figure 31.The
adjustedprpendicular line takesin10accountthis overlap by leaving10Canada
an ara interna1to the Gulf of Maine that also lies in front of the coastof the
United States.The shortecondarycoastalfront of Canadais a specialfeature,
however,that deviatesfrom the broadgwgraphical relationship ofthe Parties.
Consequently.that front shouldo1be so usedin the delimitation of the single
maritime boundaryasto deprivethe United Statesof theextensionof its primary
coastalfront into thea.Accordingly. the adjustedpcrpcndicularline leavesto
the UnitedStatesalargerpart of theareaof overlapthisleft to Canada.More-
over, eventhough thesecondaryCanadianwastal front facesonto the Gulf of
Maine.the adjustedperpendiculalrinealsoleavestoCanadaa largearea seaward
of the Gulf of Maine in the Atlantic Oceanthat liesyin front of the United
Statescoast.As measuredby the differencebetweenthe adjustedoerpendicular 118 GULF OF MAINE 1192-200)
line anda perpendicular to thegencraldirection of the coastat the international
' boundarvterminus. thetotal area left to Canadathat lies in front of the United
States coast would be 3,872 square nautical miles (12,280square kilometers).
Thus. the adjusted perpendicularline respects Canada'scoastal front and is
equitable toCanada.
310. An eauidistant line. bv contrast. would encroachuwn maritime areas
lying in front-of the ~nited'S&tes coastbithin the Gulf of Maine. It would also
encroachon areasin front of the United StatescoastbeyondtheGulf. speciiically
on Georges Bank-areasthat lie solelyin front of the-Unittat tcoast. hé
concavity formedin the Gulf of Maine area by the relationship of the New
Englandcoastandthe Nova Scotiapeninsula,togetherwith the convexityof the
peninsulaitself, causesthe equidistant line to swing south acrossthe United
@ States' coastalfront. Figure32. The geographicalconliguration here resembles
the situation in therth Seo Continen~alSheU cases.where the concavity
formed bv the Dutch. German.and Danish coastsoulled the eauidistant line
acrossth; coastalfront of the ~'eàeralRepublicofG;rmany, encroachingon the
seawardextensionof that coastline. Thus. if is not surorisine that the Gulf of
Maine wasoneof the examplesincludedin the ~ederal'~epiblic of Germany's
Mernorial Io illustrate the capacity of the equidistance method to produce
inequitableresults.Figure24, paragraph270.
311. Indeed.the encroachmentcausedby anequidistantline would begreater
in the Gulf of Maine areathan in the North Sea becausethe boundary must
extend further from the international boundary terminusand further seaward
from thecoast.At the point wherethe equidistantline is 2M)nautical milesfrom
theCanadiancoast,it hasprojectedasfar southasthe 40thparallelof North lati-
tude. That is the approximatelatitude of Philadelphia-67 milessouthof New
York City-and Boulder,Colorado. in theenterof the United States.At that
point.Canadianjurisdiction would extend 112 nautical miles (207 kilometers)
southof the southernmostland territory of Canada(in the provinceof Ontario),
and 285 nautical miles (528 kilometers)almost due south of the international
@ boundary terminusin theGulf of Maine. Figure33.
312.Theadjustedperpendicularline meetstherequirementsof proportionality
in testingthe equitablenessof a proposeddelimitation line, asdemonstrated at
@ Figure 34.The xeographical features whose proportionaie or disproportionate
effectsareIo beevaluatedin this caseinclude theentireGulf of Maine.aswell as
the four-fold changein direction of the Canadiancoastlinethat causesthe Nova
Scotiawninsula Io protrude southof the international boundary.That four-fold
change-bcginsat th; ChignectoIsthmus.Conscquently.the testof proportionality
is applied in the area boundcd by lines drawn wrwndicular to the ecneral
direction of the coastal ~antuckct Island, ~assachu;etts and at the ~hignecto
Isthmus.Theselinesare extendedIoa point 200nauticalmiles from therespective
coastsandthcn are connectedto enclosethe area
313. Within this area. the relevant coastlines arethosethat face the Gulf of
Maine and the Atlantic Ocean. The lennth of the United States coastline.
measuredto reffect the sinuositiesof the coast, is 1.063nautical miles (1,969
kilometers);theanadiancoastlinemeasureàon a similar basisis 692 nautical [201-2041 MEMORIALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES 119
miles (1,282 kilometers). The proportion of the United States to the Canadian
coastline is 61:'.The adjusted perpendicular line delimits the maritime areas
appertaining to the United States and Canada respectively in the proportion of
63:37. The adiuste. .eroendicular line therefore achieves a reaso-able deeree of
proportionality between the relevant coastlinesand the maritime areas appertain-
ine to each State. Measurine the resvective coastlines in terms of straieht lines
representing the respectiveciastal fr&s rather than the sinuosities of the coasts
would not substantially affect this ratio.
314. The equidistance method would not result in a proportionate delimitation.
V as demonstrated at Fieure 35. It would in effect reversethe 61:39 relationshio bv
delimiting the maritime areas betwcen the United States and Canada in a
proportion of 36:64. producing adisproportionate and inequitabl'.result
C. ALTHOUCH THE NATURAL PROLONGATIO PRINCIPLE MAYBEINAPPLICABLE
IN THIS CASE.THE NORTHEASC THANNEL CONSTITUTE ASRELEVANC TIRCUM-
STANCE THAT THE ADJUSTED PERPEND~CULA LINETAKES INTO ACCOUNTA ; N
315. While the Northeast Channel constitutes one of only two significant
breaks in the surface of the continental shelf along the east coast of North
Ameria, this Court may be of the view that lhere is insufficient evidence Io
establish indisputably, as the Court in thTunisia/Libyocase appeared to
require'. that it constitutes a division of the area into two continental shelves.
Under such a view. the Northeast Channel would not orovide erounds for
delimiting the area in that basis. Should the doctrine~unisia~ibyo case
render the natural prolongation doctrine inapplicable in this case, the Northeast
Channel nonethelessconstitutes, al the very least, a signifiant geomorphological
factor to be taken in10account as a relevant circumstance in reaching an equitable
solutian. This result is particularly necessary in viewof the size of the Northeast
Channel, and its location perpendicular to the general direction of the coast in an
area wherean equitable singlemaritime boundary should belocated. Moreover.in
this case. the Northcast Channel helm create and define a natural boundary
between important ewlogical regimes. The adjusted pcrpendicular line tak&
account of the Northeast Channel by establishing a boundary parailel to the
Channel and perpendicular to the general direction of the coast. and by
recognizing that the Northeast Channel is a natural boundary between the two
separate and identifiable ecological regimes of Georges Bank and the Scotian
Shelf. respectively.The equidistant line. by contrast. would nottake account of
@ this relevant fcature. Fi32,paragraph 310.
'Thsc calculationsincludethelengthof thestraightlins drawnacrossthe Bayof Fundy.
Thse lins. andno1theMastlincand the waintheBayof Fundy.whichdono1facethe
GulfofMaincor theAtlanticOccan.shouldbcusedtorcflcctCanada'swastalfrontfacing
ontotheGulfof Maine.
'Euenshouldthecquidirtanccmethobetestcdby rcfcrcncconlytothe pointsthat affect
thecourseofanauidirtant linc.i.c..dclininnthearcabvlinerwrwndicularIothe~cncral
directionofthecas1 fromthe finalbasewtntsonthecoaslsofthe Pariics.rathcrihanb)
al1relcvantcoarts.thercrult vbegrmrlydisproporlionintheGulfof Maineara
- SecAnncxDoc 99,Vol V
'Part II.Chap.III. SZ(AX3). 120 GULFOFMAINE 12051
SECTION 2. The Adjusted Perpendicular Line Facilitetes Consenation and
Management; An Equidistant Line WouldObstruct Them
316. The adjusted perpendicular line facilitates conservationand management
of the marine living resources in the area by taking advantage of the natural
boundary between important commercial fish stocks. It centralizes responsibility
for conservationand management of mostofthe commerciallyimportant stocks in
one or the other State to the maximum extent possible. Il would minimize the
number of stocks that would rquirc conservation and man3gement by interna-
tional agreement between the Parties. The hazards of conservationby agreement.
wh~ ~ ~~. ~ ~he first .l~ ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ensionof coastal State fisheries iurisdictionto
200 nautical miles from the coast, would not be perpetuated unnecessarily as
between the Parties with the adoption of the adjusted perpendicular line.
317. As more fully set forth above ', 16 species of fish and shelllish of
commercial importance are found in the separate and identifiable ecological
reeimes associated with Gwrccs Bank and the Swtian Shelf. resoectivelv.
~wenty-threc separate stockson2 of these species' livein oneor the other of the
two ren- .s:each such stock is immunefrom over-exoloitationof the same soecies
in the other regime but isvulnerable to overfishingwithin the ecologicalregime in
which it is found. Stocks of the other four suecies' are no1confined to Georees
Bank or the Scotian Shelf, and would be dGided by any boundary in the aria.
Over-exploitation of these stocks anywhere in the area would affect them
throughout thcir range. The adjusted perpendicular line respects the ecological
integrity of the 23stocks,by respectingthc natural boundary betweenthem at the
Northeast Channel, allowingthosestocks to be conservedand managed effectivcly
by a single State. This line thereby maximizes single-State conservation and
management, leaving only the stocks of four species to the vagaries of joint
responsibility.
318. By contrast, the equidistant line slices through the ecologicalregime over
Gwrges Bank. so that fishing or othcr activities on one side of the line would
affect the fish on the other side for al1 16of the wmmercially important species.
The differenccs between the adjustcd perpendicular linc. which reswts the
emlogical integrity of wmmercially important species to the maximum extent
possible, and the equidistant line, which shows maximum disregard for their
@ ecologicalintegrity, are iliustrated in Figure 36. Anequidistant line woulddivide
stocksof al1 16suecies,whereas an adjusted perpendicular line would onlydivide
the four stocks that wouldbe so affected by any boundary in the area. Given the
inherent difficulties of any system of conservationby agreement, and particularly
the long history of unsuciesiful efforts at conservationand management of these
fisheries by agreement betwcen the United States and Canada, the equidistant
line would not protect the interests either of the Parties or of the international
community in maintaining the productivity of marine living resources in the
relevant arca.
'See paras.52-57.
'Scallops.herring,cod, haddock.cusk.silvcrhake,red hake.whitehake,longfinsquid.
ycllowtailiiounder,rcdfish.andlobstcr.
'Shortfin squid.mackcrel.argentine.andwllock. 1206-2081 MEMOR~AL OFTHEUNITEDSTATES 121
319. In summary, the adjusted perpendicular line facilitates effective fishery
conservation and management while an equidistant,line wouldobstruct effective
fishery conservationand management.
SECTION 3. The Adjusted Perpendiculnr Line Minimizes the Potentiil for
Disputes;An Equidistant Line Would InviteDisputes
320. The adjusted perpendicular line also minimizes the potential for interna-
tional disputes between the Parties by reducing the number of commercially
important stocks subject to joint management in the Gulf of Maine area. The
adjusted perpendicular line places fishingactivities in respect 10a parlicular stock
and the cffects of those activities on the stock toaether to the maximum extent
possible.The line thereby minimizes the potentialfor fishermen on either side of
the line to be harmed (or to perceivethat they are harmed) from real (or perceived)
over-exploitationby fisherien on the other side of the line. It largely obviatesthe
need for conservation by agreement, thereby avoiding the need to rewncile
wnflicts of interest betwcen the Parties in the utilization of the resources. The
adjusted perpendicular line also reduces the potential for disputes between the
Parties resulting from differences over scientific opinion. management goals or
techniques. and enforcement strategies.
321. The adjusted perpendicular line respects the integrity of the principal
ewlogical regimes in the relevant area and would allowthose regimes to be
managed as units by a single State. Such a rcsult would allow a State 10make
choices on continental shelf or other developmental and environmental matlers
after an assessment of the full range ofilsinterests in the entire area and without
wncern that its decisionswill affect, or be affected by, the interests of the other
State. The adjusted perpendicular line thereby minimizes potential for interna-
tional disputes over the coordination of hydrocarbon development and fisheries
wnservation and management.
322. The adjusted perpendicular line makes use of the natural buffer zone at
~ ~ ~ ~theast ~h-nnel. ~it-~e or no fishina occurs in the Northeast Channel
becauseof the relativescarcity of fish and the-difficulties ofconducting fishingai-
tivities there. The Northeast Channel wnsmuentlv serves as an easilv observable
boundary that naturally separates the fishini actiGitiesof the two tat tes.
323. By wmparison, the equidistant line is a gwmetric line on a chart. rather
@ than a natural feature in the area. Figure 32. paragraph 310.The equidistant line
divides reswnsibility for al1 of the maior fish stocks on Georges Bank. culs
through an area of intensive fishing acÏivity. and divides management of the
Georges Bank ecologicalregime so that decisionsmade by one State will have an
effecj on the other. For these reasons, the equidistant line invites international
disputes.
324. Fisheries issues longhave been a source of difficulty in rcletiun~beiuecn
the UniicdStates and Canada. Heccntly.thc conservationand mxn~gemcniof the
fish resources of the Gulf of Maine area in particular have been contentious,
emotional issues requiring persistent attention al the highest diplomatic levels.
Although the United States and Canada are each responsible fishery managers,
they have adopted different approaches to fishing problems and have pursued
different national goals and policiesin regard to fisheriesmanagement. In many
respects, il was the sharp difference between the fisheries approaches of the122 GULF OFMAINE [2091
Parties that made it impossiblefor the United States to accept the fisheries
agreementwith Canadaof 29 March 1979 calling for joint managementof the
fish stocksof the Northwcst Atlantic. An equidistantline would perpetuatethese
longstandingdifficulties unnecessarily.
SECTION 4. The AdjustedPerpndicular Line Takesinto Account theRelevant
Circums(ancesin theArea;An EquidistantLine Would Not
325. As previouslydemonstratedin Section I of this Chapter, the adjusted
perpendicular line takes account of the coastal frontsof the Parties,of a
reasonabledegreeof propsrtionality betweenthe relevaiit coastsand the areas
delimited, andof the Northeast Channelasa principal geamorphologicalfeature
that is a natural boundary between the separate and identifiable ecological
regimesassociatedwith GeorgesBank and theScotian Shelf,respectively.The
adjusted perpendicular linealsotakesaccountof the other relevantgeographical
circumstances describedin Section 1 of Chapter 1 of this Part, while the
equidistantline would not.
326. The adjusted perpendiculariine takesaccountof the adjacent relationship
betweenCanada andthe United States.As the Court of Arbitration stressedin
the Anglo-French Arbitralion. the equidistancemethodis moreappropriatein a
situationof oppositecoaststhanof adjacentcoasts.Moreover, bydefinition. a line
perpendicularto the generaldirectionof thecoasttakesinto accountthat general
direction. In contrast, an equidistant line. drivenasilis by a few selectedbase
pointsonthe respectivecoasts, may not. Indeed.in this case,itdoesnot.
327. The adjusted perpendicularline takes account of the fact that the
internationalboundarv terminus liesin the northern cornerof the Gulf of Maine
by extendingseawardat a right angleto the generaldirection of the coastfrom
the wint soecifiedin ArticleIlof theSoecialAgreementthat isonlv 38.9nautical
milés(72 'kilometers)south of this terminus.The equidistant lin:. by contrast.
would ignore the location of the international boundarv terminus andinstead
would swingacrossthe long primary coastalfront of the United Statesto a point
285nautical miles(526kilometers)southof the intcrn3tional boundaryterminus.
328. The adjusted perpendicularline doesnot allow the irregularities in the
Canadian coastline(oarticularlv the four-fold change in the direction of the
Canadiancoast and'ihc protrukon of the Nova ~&tia peninsulasouth of the
internationalboundary terminus) to disruptthegeographicalbalancebetweenthe
Partiesin the relevani area.~hc equidistancemethod wouldinequitably disrupt
that balanceby giving effect toa few basepointson the short secondarycoastal
front of Canada.The distortion inherent in the applicationof the equidistance
methodtoconcavitiesis well-established.The distortion that resultsfrom applying
the equidistancemethod 10 the concavity resulting from the protrusion of the
Nova Swtia peninsulaandthe curvatureof the New Englandcoastis magnified
in this casewherethe boundary must extenda greatdistanceseaward.
329. By facilitating resourceconservationand managementanm dinimizingthe
mtential for international di.oute..as set forth in Sections2 and 3 above.the
adjusted perpendicular linetakesaccountof the marine environment ofthe area.
includinntheinteeritv of theseoarateandidentifiableecoloeical reeimes associat-
ed with GeorgesBani and the'~cotian Shelf, respectively.aswelÏas the natural
boundary between those ecological regimesat the Northeast Channel.This(2101 MEMORlAL OFTHE UNîIED STATES 123
natural boundarywasrespectedby NACFI and by,lCNAF and is respectedby
the adjusted perpndicular line. By contrast,the equidistant line.which is based
on agwmetric formula, would takeinto account only a fewselectbasepointson
thecoastline.ItwoulddivideGeorges Bank,disregardingtheassociatedewlogical
regimes,the natural division betweencommercially important fish stocks,and
other featuresof the marineenvironmentdescribedin Section2 of Chapter 1of
this Part.
330. Finally, an adjusted perpendicularline takesaccountof the predominant
historicandpresentinterestof theUnited Statesin therelevantarea,especiallyin
regard to GeorgesBank and the Gulf of Maine, as set forth in Section 3 of
Chapter 1of this Part.In particular, the adjustedperpendicularline takesaccount
of the longer and fuller use that United States fishermen have made of the
fisheries of the relevant area and the exerciseof responsibility for fisheries
conservation and research by the United States in the Gulf of Maine and on
GeorgesBank.
331. The equidistance methodb . y sharp contrast.would disregardtheactivities
and predominant interest of the United Statesin the area. An equidistant line
wouldleaveto Canadaa largepart of GeorgesBank.an areathat United States
fishermen alonedevelopedand until recently fishedalmost exclusively. Itwould
disregard theexerciseof responsibilityby the United Statesfor the maintenance
and improvementof the fishery resources,for the safetyof navigation.including
surveying andcharting and other aids to navigation.for scientific research.for
searchandrescue,and fordefense.Many of theseresponsibilitieswere assumed in
the area on the basisof agreementswith Canada. By advancingils boundary
claim, Canada now disregards the predominantinterest that the United States
and its nationalshave developedovecrenturiesthroughtheir activitiesin thearea. CHAITER IV
SUMMARY OF APPLICATION OF THE LAW TO THE FACTS
332. The line perpendicular to the general direction of the Coastin the Gulf of
Maine area, asadjusted to respect two fishing banks onthe Scotian Shelf, is in ac-
cordance with equitable principles, and takes account of the relevant circum-
stancesinthe area, to produce the most equitable solution in this case. SUBMISSIONS
In viewNthe facts set forth in Part 1of this Memorial. thestatement of the law
contained in Part IIof this Memorial,and the applicationof the law to the factsas
stated in Part IIIof this Memorial;
Considering thot the Special Agreement between the Parties requests the
Court, in accordance with the principlesand rules of international law applicable
in the matter as between the Parties. to decide the course of the single maritime
boundary that divides the continental shelf and fisheries zones of the United
States of America and Canada from a point in latitude 44"11'12"N. longitude
67°16'46"W to a point to be determined by this Court within an area bounded by
straight lines connecting the following sets of coordinates: latitude 40°N.
longitude 67OW; latitude 40°N, longitude 6S0W; latitude 42ON, longitude
65OW
May ifpleose the Court. on behalf of the United States of America, to adjudge
and declare:
A. ConcerningtheApplicable Law
1. That delimitation of a single maritime boundary requires the application
of equitable principles, taking into account the relevant circumstances in the
area, to produce an equitable solution;
2. That the equitable principlesto be applied in this case include:
a) The principles that the delimitation respect the relationship between
the relevant coasts of the Parties and the maritime areas lying in front of
those coasts. including nonencroachment. proportionality. and. where
appropriate, natural prolongation;
b) The principlethat the delimitation facilitate conservationand manage-
ment of the natural resourcesof the area;
C)The principle that the delimitation minimize the potential for disputes
between the Parties; and
d) The principle that the delimitation take account of the relevant
circumstances in the area;
3. That the equidistance method is no1obligatory on the Parties or preferred.
either by treaty or as a rule of customary international law, and that any
method or combinationof methods of delimitation may beused that produces
an equitable solution.
B. Coneerningthe RelevantCircurnstaneesto be Taken into Account
1. That the relevant geographical circumstances in the area include:
a) The broad geographical relationship of the Partiesas adjacent States;
b) The general northeastern directionof the east Coastof North America,
bath within the Gulfof Maine and seaward of the Gulf;126 GULFOFMAINE 12141
C)The location of the international boundary terminus in the northern
corner of the Gulf of Maine;
d) The radical changes in the direction of the Cmsdian coast beginning 31
the Chi.necto Isthmus. 147 miles noriheast of ihe international boundary
terminus;
e) The protrusion of the Nova Scotia peninsula 100 nautical miles
southeast of the international boundary terminus, creating a short Canadi-
an coastline perpendicular to the general direction of the coast, and across
from the international boundary terminus;
r) The concavity in the coast created by the combination of the protrusion
of the Nova Scotia peninsula and the curvature of the New England coast;
g) The relative lcngth of the relevant mastlines of the Parties; and
h) The Northeast Channel, Georges Bank, and BrownsBank and German
Bank on the Scotian Shelf. as special features;
2. That the relevant environmental circumstances in the area include:
a) The three separate and identifiable ecological regimes associated,
respectively, withthe Gulf of Maine Basin,Georges Bank, and the Scotian
Shelf; and
b) The Northeast Channel as the natural boundary dividing not only
separate and identifiable ecological regimes of Georges Bank and the
Scotian Shelf, but also most of the commercially important fish stocks
associated witheach such regime;
3. That the relevant circumstanccs in the area relating 10the predominant
interest of the United States as evidenced by the activities of the Parties and
their nationals include:
a) The longer and larger extent of fishing by United States fishermen
since before the United States became an independent country;
b) The soledevelopment. and. until recently. the almost exclusivedomina-
tion ofthe Georges Bank fisheries by United States fishermcn;and
c) The exercise by the United States and its nationals for more than 200 .
years of the responsibility for aids to navigation, search and rescue,
defense, scientific research, and fisheries conservation and management.
C. Concerningthe Delimitation
1. That the application of equitable principles taking into account the
relevant circumstances in the area 10 produce an equitable solution is best
accomplished by a single maritime boundary that is perpendicular to the
gencral direction of the coast in the Gulf of Maine area. mmmencing al the
starting point for delimitation specified in Article II of the Special Agree-
ment and proceeding into the triangle described in that Article. but adjusted
during ils course to avoid dividing German Bank and Browns Bank,both of
which would be left in their entirety to Canada;12151 MEMORlAL OF THEUNITED STATES 127
2. That the boundaryshould consist of geodetic lines connecting the
followinggeographiccoordinates:
Latitude(North) Longitude (West)
a.)44°11'12" 67' 16'46"
b.)43929'06" 66'34'30"
c.\43O19'30" 66'52'45"
.., . . ~ ~~
c.)42°57'13"
1.)4Z028'48"
g.)42'34'24"
h.)4Z015'45"
i.) 42O22'23"
-.
k.) 41°58'24" 65°ûO'00
(Signed)
DAVIS R. ROBINSON
Agentof the UnitedStates
of AmericaANNEXES TOTHE MEMORIALOFTHE
UNITED STATES OFAMERICA
Volum1
DOCUMENTA ANNEXENos.1TO11 Anoex 1
1.theundersigned. DaviR. Robinson,Agentof the UnitedStatesof America,
herebycertifythat each document includnthe Annexor Memorialsubmitted
by the UnitedStates of Americais an accuratetranscription,reproduction. or
representalion.
(Signe4
DAVIS R. ROBINSON
Agentof the United Srares
of America ANNEXESTO MEMORlALOF THE UNITED STATES
Annex2
SPECIAALGREEMEN BTIWEEN THEGOVERNMEN OTTHE UNITEDSTATESOF
AMERICA AND THGOVERNME ONTCANADATO SUBMI TOA CHAMBE ORTHE
~NTERNAT~ONALCOURT OF JUSTICE THEDEUMITATIO NF THE MARITIME
BOUNOAR YN THE GULF OF MAINEAREA,NOTIFIED TO THE COURT ON
25 NOVEMBE R981
[See1pp.1-26] GULFOF MAINE
Annex3
HE TRUMA NROCLAMATIONS
PROCLAMATIONNo.2667.UCY OF THUN~TE DTATESITH RESPECT TO THE
PROCLAMATN ION2668 LICY OF THUNITEDSTATEWSITHRESPECTO
COASTAFISHERIESCERTAIANREASOF THHIGH SEAS,8SEPTEMBE1R945,
10FEDERA LEGISTER23042OCTOBE R945)
XIIIBULLETI N,EDEPARTME ONTSTATE,O.327.3S0EFTEMB1ER45,
PP.484486
Drum OF THTRUMANPROCLAMATIONSGlVEN TO TEMBASSOFCANADA,
26APRIL1945R,EPIUNTIDFOREIG NEUTIONS OF THE UNISTATES1945,
VOL.2PP.1495-1503
NOTEFROMTHESECRETAR OYSTATE TOTHCHARG D~'AFFAIOFSCANADA,
DATED 22OCTOBE R945
1.BROWNLI E,NCIPLES hQUC INTERNATIONs!W, OXFORDCLARENDON
PRESS ,966P.202-205
A.L.Swwrrz, SHOREAND SU BOUNDARIEWS, SHINGTON.C.,
GOVERNME NTINTINOFFICE,OL1. ,19P,.182-184l
No1reproduced. 133
1123031 ANNEXESTOMEMORIALOFTHE UNITED STATES
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~ard ailneteen hundred ind
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By the Prarldcnt: 134 GULF OFMAINE 1123041
PROCLAMATION%€4 of th8areu 10 whlth svrh ranurv.llon
mw arc atabluhei and iho iuhl IO
their frrr ~dunimpded niv(s*ltonarc
In no ras ihua meclad
LNWrrNZ33 WIIEREOI.. 1hmc hiic-
unfosec mp hand and raured ihirr.1ol
trie Unt~ stntes 01 Americi 10 ba
mrm.
WNE at the City of Warhlncton tN1
28th day of septemhr. ln the yeir of
WHEWAS for somc geamthe Oovern- OYI Lard "l".t.."hundrei ind
ment of munited stam of Mianci hu I-LI tony-nui snd of the Indemnd-
Y(eM *tri eonern the Inad4iuçY al encc ai ihc Unltei 8uus of
-t Irnnpemrntr forthe pmtccrlon
."d piptiullon of th. Brhery re- hencs thconc bundred and seuintliih.
WC. COntIEUOOto Il3 COMLI.Uld ln HI.". S. TlmU"
Y(OW 01 the wtenuw mturbtnp en& BY the Wdent:
01 tu, *tuiu.,a.h.5 sirefulb atudlid
the DYlblllty of Ir~~provincthluldc- DWI ACBLlON.
UOrd bbbl fi.* N>rmIVatlO" rn.YYTIS ~ctino SIC~~I~IY01 SILI~~.
and IntunitlonU smmratlon In thll IL R. m. rr-isrw sitea.at. 1. 104%
*Id: hnd LI:,,..m.,
vm~m~e ma mhew resourcethwe
i i- ~mw~acc ta &il eommun-
lue. iai sause al Usthhoad and 10the
niuon r. i fmd .nd indiutria ruource; EXECUTIVE ORDER %29
suint triereto. fanr rioutioa of iuch
icctlon orrnui.uonr orcwrins wior to
AWOt IL LW.
5.rn phr -mure orden wNcb ue
B) nnoe of th. iutriorlt-ted ln me 1" comrt dtri Uitiorde, ur imended
4 Mc mmutuuon uid Uri ol trie .cmrdl"*lY.
United Sm-. uid u Resldmt of the B*UI B. n-
Vatd SU- and co-lider in CNrf Tm.wen mm.
01 the Arnw and Naw of trio United SmLnnbrr 11.1B41.
.Bates. It la ordemd Vut RrmUsr Ordtr
Mol of -bu 24. 1M<.-llblllg mi- II.R. rn. *lu%; nua. -Pt.,= 1968;
YL.tlON gOveIDIlI. m-mlUtuy ind 1:,1p. m.,
llon-na~al tnnswNUon on ArmY ind
NiW air tr.OwN. be. .nd 1t L1hlnbY.
imandei by aubtltutlu the mord. EXECUTIVE ORDER TP
.clahteen month<" for the mord3 "one
Y&' DFEUIIIOPin won 1 ce) triaisof. .II-- O. J-C~DI nom mm wu
DnurrmmrnDpurmnormm
mir a nmu 1-10. om i.nun o. 9..
nl= m Hoon. Uxm 81.18 11COI- W U m.
S~~~ 21. 1915. ram. n J- Pm. Umnuu
II. R.W. 4ÇL11W. RId. -1. 1. 1041: WHERLM~ in .rrrrmer,t ru enUrcd
i0:w i.m.1 lnto on RWul 14. 1841.bl Md bc-
Iwem the Uollld BU* ol Am- -d
the Pirisho1 JeEersoO. LDUUlVll(.Nlh
EXECUTIVE ORDER 9U1 ..rrrmcn, " rmrded 1. CDD.".Orr
Book 168. foUo 863. and ui MONUC
rnrmh~~~~ or m. Omri or mrsoi.
alnv Book 111.folio 131.of ihRecord3 of the
BY $mue 01 the aulhonly $estrd In P.n<hof Je~cwnI.islothcIl.lurr and
ms bs th. con~ciiuiion andmc aatuiel. CILIOL 01 c?rlain srnnts midc b, the
uid e Prestdenl ol the Unlird Site,. .lortmld Psrm <O the UmM BULIS
.na sinrr ihe ccnuiriw of rnmmuna.. nlln respect io the hipm Strlp or Cul.
llOnlhm krn hiieiolorc duanllnued in drscnkd ai loltori:
accordancc .!th ms dimuon: II u A *",.,O .t,tp O< 1.m ~.trndmy nom
herebs ozderrd asfolloe. 8.W" nupin, io&Sou Nllrr.mruunns
Iw hunOrd i*W, ie.t Lm.idtb.i<uunlin
1.ihe omccacenw>rrhip. est.bli<h~ ~rrtlo~oarnnvbtp 18 eauth. n mt
b~ EzmUve Order No W911o0l açemkr Uimsbuon8aCIlDN 1 SL1d IIolM l plnnlII
19. LS4I.*BU contU)ue U) fu~ct10n for bum. R.~L n ut. uuoara-
thePu- of UguldaUan untll the clm. &Uoni 7.111.I1.0.10SId ti.tonvblp
Of bUsIncu on Novemher 1911.945 it IIBouth. Ringr 24 Lut. .DO therthmw
which time the omce ~~nriud~ng eer<Y>n. TOWrulilX Imth. RuU. 1.s..L
flce of the Dlrmtar of CcnrorsNpi ahall im ktng C.3mm<in,.yno.nu in., hm*.
tmmlnite. ~hrcenrors~p ~oitey ~oard. .,ter #omitlmii rilerr*io u th. rmrn
CmltCd bll the sala EXecutl~e order. 1s 8110 01CUI. .II DeLil. Ih.I1. JeEem
ttrmlriated thU date Forthe purpoac of YMUh.tour nunarra,4m,drmrtauip prepsi-
eomPlcttne the ~iquidit~onof th0 inairs b, Uie Unlied8i.Ui Enlinr=i'i Orne. 0.1-
01 the Omee ol Co~orshlp ail ~romrty NI1 Orliani.U>iilSl.",uir.,010;
and rreards 01 the omee'on hana on
November 15,1945.tosether slth IU ro. WHFAUS under the ternu ol the
ma13rm wrionnel and iny balance 01 .bO~PB.r..m<",IhCu",,.ds,.,C.L1~n-
D~D~ODI~BUDtP r-A unlrpnded shill lllleIO IerCIICp>meni 01 roriliiii in
b. tRn<femd ta the mietary 'of the in am=vnt muil tothre thirty--06%
'10 FR 11181. 13/32! 01 a11 mlnrr.h produçM and
CPVC~ lrom ihc ,.id ~upre sirip; t4841 ANNEXESTO MEMORUL OF ME UNITED STATES 135
Proclamations Concerning United States Jurisdiction
Over Natural Resources in Coastal Areas and the High Seas
,R.I*,,~1. Ibl Drb, tb.,Ybl,HO"= s<pt..-r28)
ïïto I'resident issiiedtwo proclamations on Sep- The a~ertion of this policy haslong beenndv-
trmber 28ass~rtiiigthe jiwisdiction of tlie United cated by conservationists, including n substantial
States overtlie nstutal resourcesof tlie coiitinentalectionof the fishingindustry of theUnitedStates,
shelf uiider the Iiirli seas contieiious to the caoçtsnce reeulntion of n fisherq resource within ter.
- -
of the United Stntes and its territories, and pro- ritorinl waters cannot control the misuse or
vidii-e for the establishment of conservation zones Dreventthe devletion of that resource throu~hun.
for the protection of fislieriesin certain arens of Controlled fishery activities conducted outside of
tliehirhseas eontipuaus to the United Stntes. The the commonlq accepted limits of territorial
action-of tlie ~resident in regard to both th? re- jurisdiction.
sourcesof the continental shelf and the canserve- As a result of the establishment of this nea
tion of Iiigh-seas fisheries in which the United policy, the United States will be able to proteet
States has an interest wastaken on the recommen- effectively,for instance, its most valuable fisherj,
dation of the Seeretsry of Stnte and the Secretary that for the Alaska salrnon. Through painstaking
of the Interior. conservation efiorts and scientificmanagementthe
Two companian Executive orden were also is- United Stntes has made excellentpragress in main.
sud bythe President. One reservedand set aside taining the salmon at high levels. However, sinm
the resources of the continental shelf under the the salmon spendsa considerableportion of italife
high sensnnd plncedthem foradministrative pur- in the open sea, uncontrolled fishery activities on
poses, pnding legislative action, under the juris- the high seas, by nationals of either the United
diction and mntrol of the Secretary of theInterior. States orother countries, have eonstituted an ever-
The other provided for the establishment by Ex- present menaceta the salmonfishery.
ecutiveorders,onremmmendation ofthe Secretarg The policy proclaimed by the President in n-
of State and the Secretary of the Interior, of fish-gard ta the jurisdiction over the continental shelf
erg conservation zones in areas of the high seas doesnot touch upon the question ofFederal vem
mntiguous to the coasts of the United States. Stote control. It is concerned wlely with estab
Until the prasent the only high-se- fisheries in lishing the jurisdiction of the United States from
the regulation of which the United States has par- an international standpoint. It will, however,
ticipated, under treaties or conventions, are those make possiblethe orderly development of an un.
for whales, Pacific halibut, and fur seaks. derwater srea 750,000 square miles in extent.
In areas where fisherieshave been or shall here- Generally, submerged land which is contiguous to
after be developd and maintained by nationals the continent and which ismvered bynomore than
1M) fathoms (600 feet) of wster is consideredas
of the United States alone, explicitly bounded the continental shelf.
zones will be set up in which the United States Petmleum geologists believe that portions of
msy regulateand control al16shing activities.
In other areaswhere the nationals of ather coun- the continental shelf beyond the three-mile limit
tries as wellas our own have developd or shaU contain valuable oil deposits. The study of sub
hereafter legitimately developfisheria, wnes may surface struetuies sssociated with oil deposita
be established hy agreements betweenthe United which have been discovered dong the Gulf coast
of Texas, for instance, indicates that correspond.
States and suchother States,and joint regulations ing deposits may underlie the ofishore or sub-
and control will beput into e5ect. merged land. The trend of oil-prodiietive salt
The United States will reeogni- the rights of domesextends directly into the Gulf of 3lexico06
other muntries to establish conservation zone00 the Texas coast. Oil içalso being taken at present
their own coasts where the interests of nationals from wells within the three-mile limit OUthe
of the United States are recognized in the Mme
msnner that we segnize the interesta of the na- coast of California. It isquite possible,geologis!s
say, thet theoil deposits extend beyond this tradi-
tional~of the other countries. tionnl limit of national jurisdiction. 136 GULF OF MAINE i4851
W~im~as it is rlio view of the Govcrnment of
Valuable deposits of minerals other thnn oil
,,y nlso be enpected to be foiind in these sub- the United States thnt the exercise of jurisdiction
rnergedareas. Ore mines noiv extend under the over the naturnl rcîoiirces of the subsoil and sen
from the cossts of Englsnd, ,aile, and otlier bed of the continciitnl slielf hg the contiyous na-
~ountries. tion isreasonable and just, sinΠthe eflectiveness
While asserting jurisdiction and control of the of measures to utilize or conserve these resoum
mould he contingent upon cooperation and pm-
United States over the minernl resources of the
continentnl dielf, the proclamntioii in na aise tection fmm the shore, since the continental shelf
abridges the right of free and unimpeded iiaoi- may beregnrded as an extension of the land-mas
of waters of the charneter of high seas of the coastal nation and thus naturnlly appur-
abore the shelf, nor dces it extcnd the present tenant to it, since these reçources frequentform
linlits of the territorial waters of the United n seaanrd extension of n ~ool or deoosit lvine
Stntes. " -
The advancc of tecllnology prier to the present ivithin the territpry, and sinceself-protection com-
aar hnd alresdy mn<lepossiblethe exploitntion of Ilels the caastsl nation to keep closc ,vatch
aetivities its shores whicli are of tlle nature
limjted amount of minrrals from submerged iiecossnry for utilizntion of these resources;
lands within the thrcc-mile limit. The rnpid S0\v1THEREWRIE ,, ARRYS.TIIO~IAP Nk,sidellt
development of technical ~;~~,~l~da~n~ d
occosioned by the aar no,r mnkcs of the United States of *meriCa, do hereby pro-
~~~.de~ermination of tlie resources of the sub. claim the followirig policy of the United States
rnerged lands outsido of the three-mile liinit. of America with respect to the naturnl resources
With the need for the discavery of additional of the subsoil and senbed of the continental shelf.
resourcesof petroleum and other miiicrnls, it be- Hnving concern for the urgency of mnserving
and prudently utilizing its naturnl rwurees, the
carne advisable for the United States to make
possibleorderly derelopment of theçc resources. Government of the United States regards the na-
The proclamation of the Presideiit is designed turnl resourees of tlie subsoil and sen hed of the
toservethis purpose. continental shelf benenth the high sens but con-
tiguous to the coasts of the United States as ap-
pertnining to the United States, subject to its
jurisdiction and coiitrol. In cases mhere the con-
tinental ehelf extends to the shores of another
By the President of the United States of America Slute, or is shared with an adjaeentstnte, the
A PROCLAhlATION boundnry shall be determined by the United
States niid the Stnte concerned in accordance with
WIIE~EAt~ he Governinent of the United States
of Anierica,ntvare of the long range world-vide equitnblo principles. The character as high seas
needfor newsourees of petrolcum nnd other min- of the waters sbove the continental sbelf and the
erais,holds thevien. tlint efforts to discorer and right to theirfree and unimpeded navigation are
in no iray thus aflected.
make arailnblc iiew supplies of tliese resources IN WITNESS WIZEREO1 F,have hereunto set my
shouldbe eneoiiraged ;and
M'HEREA ilsÇcompetent expertsare of the opin- haiid und caused the çenl of the United States of
ionthnt such rcsourcesunderlie maiiy parts of the iimerica to be aiiixed.
continental shelf offthe coastsof theUnited States DONEat the City of Washington this 28thday of
Of Americz, and that irith modern tecliiiological Septeinber, in the year of our Lord
progresstheir utilization is already practicahle or [SEAI.] ninetffn hundred and forty-five,nnd of
rill beeomeso nt an enrly date; and
the Independence of the United States
\\'HERE.\Srecognized jurisdietian over theçere- of America the one hundred and seveiitieth.
sourcesis required in the interest of their conser- Hnnnr S. T~UBIAN
vationand prudent iitilizotion wliei~aiid as devol- Dy the Prosident:
Opmentis undertuken: and DEANACHESON
ActinS geerclo ofySfate. .OF THE UNITEDSTATES 137
14861 ANNEXES TO MEMORW
tained jointly hy nationnls of the United States
and nntionals of other States, explicitly hounded
conservntionzonesmaybeestablished under am.
ments between the United States and such other
By the Pmident of the United States of rlmerica Stat&; and al16shing activities in such zonesshall
A PROCLAIIATION besubject to regulation and contraspmvided in
such agreements. The right of sny State to estab
Wii~aa.<sfor someyeam the Gavernment of the
United States of Americahas viewedwith concern lish conservation zonesoffits shores in accordanea
the inadequacy of preseiit arrangements for the with the above principles is conceded, provided
protection and perpetuation of the fishery re- that corresponding recognition isgiven to fish.
ing interests of nationals of the United States
sourcescontiguous to its consts,and in viewof the which may exist in such areas. The characteras
notentiallv disturbine effectof this situation. hmhigh seas of the areas in which such conservation
krefully StuclieclthePassibility of improving the
iurisdictionnl bnçisfor conservation mensuresand zones are established und the right to their fm
international cooperation in this field; and unimpeded navigation are in no way thus
W-s such fishery resources have a special affected.
iinportance to constal communities as a source of IN WITNESS WHEREOP, 1 have hereunto set mg
hand and caused the seal of the United States of
livelihoad and ta the nation as a food and indus- America to beaffixed.
trial resource; and Dom at the City of Washington this 28th day
W~rem~sthe pr9greçsive development of new
methods and techniques contributes to intensified of September, in the year of ourLxd
fishing over wide sen areas and in certain cases [SUL] nineteen hundred and forty-five,andof
seriously threntens fisherieswith depletion; and the Independence of the United States
IV-s there is an urgent need to protect of America the one hundred und seventieth.
Hnnn~ S. TRUKAN
coastnlfisheryrcsourcesfrom destructive exploita-
tion, hsving due regard to conditions peculiar to By the President:
each region and situation and ta the special rights DEANAcrr~solr
and equities of tlie caastal Stateand of nny other Acting Secretary of State.
State ahich niay hnre established a legitimate
interest therein; EXECUTIVE ORDER 9633
Naw, THuiLmne, T:,Harm S. TRUMANP,resi- RESERTINO AND CIN NO ~EI~~NN RESOURCE O?B
dent of the United Stntes of America, do hereby THE CONTINENTA SLHELF UNDER TBE CONTBOL
proclaim the followingpolicy of tlioUnited States AND Joniso~mon OP THB SECRETAU YF TUB
of America with respect to coastnl fisheries in I~~~nion'
certain mens of the high seas:
In view of the pressing need for conservation By virtue of and pursuant to the authority
and protection of khery resources, the Govern- vested in me as Presideut of the United States,
it is ordered that the natural resources of the
ment of the United States regards inç proper to
establisli conservation zones in those areas of theubsoil and ses bedof the continental shelf be-
Iiigh seas contiguouç ta the eoasts of the United neath the high seas but contiyouç to the wasts
States wherein fisliing activities Iinve been or inf the United States declared this day by procla.
the future mny be dcreloped and maiiitained aa mntion to appertnin to the United States andbeo
substantinl scnlc. Where such activities have beensubject to its jurisdiction and control, be and they
or shall hereafter bedevelapeand maintnineà by are hereby reserved, set aside, nnd placed under
its nationnls alone,the United States regards it athe jurisdiction and control of the Secretaq of
proper to estnblish explicitly bounded conserva- the Interior for administrative purposes, pend-
tion zonesin wliichfishing activities shnll be -ubing the enactment of legislation in regard thereto.
ject to tlie reylation and control of the United h'either this Order nor the aforesaid proclamation
States. Wherc such activities have been or shall shall be deemed to affect the detenninntion hy
Iicreafter Le lcgitimntely developed and main. legislntion or judicial decreeof any issuesbetween
'10Federol Redsler 12301. '10Fcderal Regist12303138 GULFOF MAINE [1495]
not, tlierefore, hold out any grent liope of any decisionbeing taken by
theCnii:idinnGorernment before the general elections.
1 tlieii told Jlr. Jlnhoiiey tliat tliere was another matter which we
~oiildbe$lad t6have him bringtothe knoaledge of his Government.
This Goremment has also determined upon a policy which would
:i;.sertj.iirisdiclion orer tlie minernl reçourcesof the continental shelf.
\\-r n.qsuiiiedtliat this would not be of direct interest to Canada. It
wis Itoiwrer, nniatter of considerableimportance to the United States.
Oil \vrlls hure been in operation for çometime off the wast of Cali-
foinin :ilid in theGulf of Mexico,and recent technological advances
peniiit.of drillitig in waters of grent depth. Although we were not
airnre of niiy areas offthe coasts of Canada which could be exploited,
it seemedto us that the adoption by Canada of a fishery poiicy similar
to our own would niake it desirable for the Canadian Government to
ktiorrof oui position in respect to another matter relating tojurisdic-
tioii bejond territorial limits. It would,of course, bemost gratifying
to us if the Canadian Government could see its way clear to poing
;il,>tiwith usnlsoon thislatter policy.
1 then hnnded Jir. Mnhoney the text of the policy statementSs and
the pertinent explanatory statement" He said that he would for-
ii-ardtliesepapers alsotoOttawa with appropriate comment.''
-
.\Ir. Parsons informed Blr. Mahoney that Mr. Atherton ''had been
reqiiestedto cnll this aftenoon nt the Department of External Affairs
and to niake a statement witli regard to fisheries along the lines just
made to Ur. Mahoney.
E[U~ENE ] . D[OOMAN]
III.OIIJi4-2045
.Ife~nort~n~ir~ by the Assistant Ghief of the Divkiun of British
Commonwealth Affairs (Parsons)
[TV~siirsom~,] April 26, 1915.
After Iitiii<litiorigiiial copies of tlie attnclied papers to Mr. Ma-
tanii,..of the Caiindi:tn Emba~sy this ofternoon, Jlr. Doonion and 1
~li:,:ticsr~Ilton.to follo\r iip ~ritlitheCniindiniis.
''%,Y.:inri-a2 :illn<.lirIO th? rncrnornnùitrnhs the ActloaSecretary of State
:iiitIII,,Sv*.n.r:il.ytli,Ii,it.t.itu l'recident I<ons?rrlt. 14%.
"' /'~~:t,14!Yl.
1.m iIii'<bi,-1Cciia~alnr Sr.r,litl\iiSrwfoiin<llnndhe(Ho~>iier).one>las 10.Rwilb
II,rc.,,iivili:iIII,.i,t. I,;i~i10,tiiaXe\vlouui:l;in Cdiiwmissioner for Satura1
.!:,..,-!,?1'.11,Il.Il,,,,,.
"l::jv.~.~!tt~vi.!~wc.ri,,;.lt;~ba=~ndt~irn Cnllndn.[1496] ANNEXESTO MEMOW OFTHE UNITED STATES 139
1 siiggested tlint nboiit tlie iiii<ldleof next week Mr. Dooinnii give
iiie ii progress report oii Iiis tnlks \vitIl representatives of otlier pi\--
eriiments and rquest ine to Iinve Mr. Atherton pass it nlong to Es-
icninl Affnirs \vit11 n fiirtlier rerluest for fnvornble actioii. >Ir.
Doomnii ngreed to tliis ancl ndded tliet it might be well to put iiito
3Ir. :lthertoii's iiiiiicl tlie tliouglit tliat if the Canndiaii Goreiliiiieiit
felt it 1roul<l111\3 -ictorioiis in tlie Julie 11 electioiis and if it tliouglir it
\voiil<lmove out on the fisliel policy nftermards, we miglit be able to
:iri.:iiige postpoiieiiieiit of piiblicity oii tlie ne\!, policies iiiitil:ifter rliat
date.
Lannes 11
Erpla~iatory St(it~inent on the Protection and Conseruatio~l oi
Cornta2Fhheries
Tlie Goveniiiieiit of tlie United States, recogiiizing tliat it 1i:is ;i
iitnl iiiterest iii fislie~yresources coiitigiious to its coasts niid liariii:.
iiiiniiicl tlint tlie inndeqiincy of preseiit nrraiigeineiits for the pro!e[:-
t.ioii and perpetuntioii of constnl fislieries coiistitutes n poteiitiall'-
clisturbiiig elemeiit iii the relntioiis of stntes, lins cnrefiilly exnniiiierl
tlie 1>0ssibilitiesof iiiipro\~iiig tlie jiiris(lictioiial Ijasis of coi~sei.i-:itioii
iiiensiires and iiiterii:itioiinl cooperatioii iii tliis field. III so <loii~iit
lias concluded that:
(1) Tlie fislieries :ire esseiitinl botli to the coastiil coiiiiniiiiities
rvliicli ;ire (leperi<leiit,111~o iipii for :i liieliliood aiid to ,nllie(l ;ilid
reliite<l iiidiistries \vliicli fririiisli eiiiployineiit to sul>st:iiiti:illy Ini,;e
pul>~il;itioiis.
() I'rogressi\-r <Ierelol>iiieiitof ile\v iiretliorls iii fisliii!~, utiliziiig
tlie fncrorj sliil), iie\rer tyllel; of vessels iiiicrecliiiical de~ices, riio~lrrii
i.efrigeintioii f:icilitirs, :iii(Iille like, ~oiitril~iitr 10 iiiteiisitic~lexpli!iiii-
tioii orer vide iireiis. III iiiiport;iiit iiir;t:iiices coastiil lislieriri :ire
sei.ioi!sIy esl>ose<lto,iiiiregiil~irerl espluit:itioii :iii(I ilel>letioii, rIi!is
crciitiiig geiie~il :iiisiety for tlieir fiitiire iiiiioiig tlie peol>le \il!o.?e
croiioiiiic \\-e1f:ii.eiiiiclseciirity <Ie\)eii(liipoii tliriii. III cni~~ei~~ieib ~v
cle:ir iire<lli:isiirisrii for :IIIiniprore(1 Ii;isis foi. tlie regiil;iiioii ;iii(l1ti.o-
trrrioii of fislieries iii tlie IiiJi se:is <~~iiti~tioii s0 flic CO~IS~S.
: Eqiiit? :iiiil jiisticr rnliiire tliiitii:itiii.;ireioiirces \vliicli :!:ive
11rr11 liuilt IIII1)y~y>t(~:ii::tic c~~rise.rv;itiot:iiii<lself-~Ieiiyiii~rrsiri,.:?<l
iitiliï.:ilioii, togetlier\vit11 the iii<liistriesI>:ise<ililnii rlieiii, IN. ~~rott't.:'.:l
:iiiiIi,eseri-erl froiii rlrstriictive exl>loitntioii by iiiterests \rliicli 1i:ire
iior coi~tribiite(l to tlieir gro\\-tli 811ddeselol)iiieiit.
(4) The tinhrrirs ditfer 111species. nl>iiii~laii~.e a.ii<lothrv vlini.;rctn.i--
tics. froiii sen to sel :11ir1 iireil 10 nren: rt~giil:itory iiie;isiire-. Ii;iiiii;.:::
ilirir ol~jecttlir ~o~~~eriiitioiiof fisliery i~esoiir~rsiiiiist I)e iliv~~rsiii~~l
;i:i<I:i<l:il'trclro coii<litioiisl~ecoliar to eiicli r~gioii, \rit11Otir regiirtl IO
tli~ specinl riglits aii(l e<liiities of tlie coasl:il st:ite niil1 nf :III? r>ri8rr
5t:itr \vliicli lins ~)>ii.ti~~ip:itriiciltlie filiei:\. of tlie rrgioii. I~~~~I:I:II~~J!I
::ii<Iroiitrol of co:ist:iI fisliery tesoiircrs EIIOII~ tie~~efi~r1 t~~.tieiirvil
oii ;iregioiiiil b:isis.140 GULFOF MAINE 114W
) Rrgiiliitory iirraiigeiiieiits for a piiiticiilar fisliiiig ares or re-
gioii slioiild be iiiii<letiiiioiig tlie stntes \vliuse coiitiiiued iise of or
rel:itire proxiiiiity to tlia aiïecteil resoiirces gires tlieiii tlie iiiterest niid
iiitiiiinte kiiuwledgr iiecesstiq for nise ;incleiïectire coiitrol, anclcaii-
iiot ncliieve full siiccessiiiiless niade applicable to al1 persoiis aiid ves-
srls of \vliatsoever iititioiinlity eiignge<lin fisliiiig tliereiii.
The Governnient of tlie United States lins coiicluded tliat fisliery
regulatioii confiiied ta the iiarron exteiit of territorial \vaters hns be-
conie iiindequate for tlie protection of tlie coastal fisheries as a mhole;
:riid tlint important fisliery resources niay becorne depleted unless n
basis for the euteiisioii of protectire jurisdiction for a rensoiisble dis-
riiiice beyaird territoriul waters is fouiid nnd adopted. .%ccordiiigly,
{lie Goreninieiit of the United States coiisiders tlint its policy cori-
ceriiiiig tlie jurisdictionnl status of wastal fislieries Slioiild be ns fol-
lo\rs aiid tliat sucli :i policy would be iii keepiiig witli tlie i~alities of
the sitiratio~l:
III vie\\- of tlre
i~ssiiig iieecl for co~~servntionniid protection of
tisliery i*soiirces, tfie C;overiirneiit of the United States regiirds it ns
pi~ilar to est:iblisli coiiser~:itioii zoiies in tliose areas of the higti seas
~iioiista tlie coiisrsof tlie Uiiited States \viiei~iiifisliiiin activities
;::-:taen or iiitlir fiitui~ nitiy be develol>ed:.~iidiiiaiiitniiiea oii a sub-
sr;iiiti:il xiile: 1Yliei.esiicli ;irtivities have beeii develo ~edand maiii-
t:iiiir<iby ititii:itiori:iis iiloiir, tiie uiiite~i States regards it ns prol>rr
tu rst;il~lisliespliritl~ 11»1iii<1e coiiser~iitioii zoiies in \vliicli al1 hsliiiig
;ictivities sIiti11la subjrct tu tlie regulatioii niid coiitrol of the Uiiitetl
Stiites iind iiiiiy \vlieii ~u~iditioiis\viirraiit be lirnited to tlie Uniteil
St;itrs. 1Yliei.esiicli tirtirities Ii:ire breii le itirii t 1 developed niid
i~~;iiiit;iitiebly iiiitiuiials of utlirr States, eup icitlj bounded conserva-
t iriiizniirs iiiiiy be rst;ililislir<l iiii<lers:reeiiieiits bet\veeii the Uiiited
,Sciitw ?i;iiisilcli otlier st;ites; 2nd al1 fisliiiig nctirities in such zoiies
iliitllI,r siil,ject to tlie rrgiil:itioii:i!i<coii~rolof, aii<Iiiiag \vheiicondi-
ti<iiisiriiri:iiit la liiiiitr~l to, tlie Liiiterl Stiites snd siicli otlier States.
l'li<.riglit of ;iiiy st;itr to rst;ililisli coiiservatioii zoiies off its sliorcs in
nccor<liiiice \vit11 tlir ;ilw,ve~iriiiciplrs is coiiceile<l,~>ro\~idr< tllin!. cor-
resli~ni<liii~rt.<,iigiiitioiiis gireir to niiy fisliing interests of nntioiials
III<I..i~itc<lStiites \vliir.liii:iyexisc iiisiirli avens. l'lie cliaracter ns
Iiigli .sr.;tiftlir :irt.:iiii\vliii.lsiicli~~oiiserv;itioiz ioiies ;ire establislied
:iiiiI!lit.riglit t~ tlipii.frw ;iii~liiiiiiii~~eilr<ili:i\~ir;itioiiare iii iio \\,a.
cliiis:ilI'rccr~rl.
Tlie Gnrei.iiiiieiir of tlie L-iiited States belirres tliat, in tlie circuni-
-t:iiirrs,srt foiili iiitliis stiitriiieiit, t1iri.eexists tlie riglit aiid ob1ig:i-
tioii IO pr<,ti.vtI)otlitlir ~~SOII~C~S iiR'rcte~nln<ltlie establislied interests
tlir-rt*i1i. 'l'lieFeiiei.;il~wiiiviplelier? iiii.olve~l \vas giren expressioii by
Sn:ret:irx 11111 i: 19::s iii:Ist;itciiieilr i.rl;itive tu tlie .\laska fislieries,
:isfollo\vs:
iiiiist II?t:ikrii :is :isoi1111p1riiiciljlr of jiistice. tlint nii iiiiliistry
siirl: :is ~lrs<.rilinl\vliicli lias brrii Iiiiiltul> by tlie iiatioiials of one
cniiiiti:\.c:iiiii,,tiiifiiirii~ss I)eleft to 1)e(lestroyed by tlie iiatioii:ils of[1498] ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOF THE UNITEDSTATES 141
Tlie Anierican Government belieres that the right or
other couiitries.
obli ation to protect the Almka salrnon fisheries is not only over-
whefningly sustained by conditions of tlieir develo ment and perpetu-
ation, but that it is a matter whioli must be regar ed as importnlit in
the comity of the nations concerned." "
The foregoing policy is bnsed upon the preinise tliat rensonable
and just bases for tbe exercise of jurisdiction over the fisheries of ail
area of tlie higli sas in the vicinity of the coasts of a state may be
found in the following factors: (a) pmsimity ta the coasts of tlie
state; (6) the development and maintenance of well-established fishing
activities on a substantial scale by a state's nationals; (c) the absence
in that area of any well-established fishing nctivities on the part of
iiationals of statesother than those seeking ta exercisesuch authority :
and (d) the existenceof establislied conservation practices, or the iieed
for such prnctices, in relation ta the fisheriesof the area in question.
In referring ta the derelopnient :iiid maintenance of fishing divi-
ties by a sbte's nntionals tlie empfiasis is upon the nationnlity of those
conriucting the fisliing enterprise, rather than upon owasional in-
dividuals employed on vesselsof someiiationality other than their owii.
It sliould be rioted tlint tlie stutemeiit of yolicy is applicable only to
aims in n.hich fisliiiig activities have been or in the future niny lie
developed and maintained on a suhstantinl scnle; other areas rernain
unaffected.
The statement of policy declares that fishing activities within the
conservation zones established when al1tlie conditions are met, "mag
nhen conditions narnnt be limited ta", the United States, or to the
United States and tlie other states joiniiig in the establishment of
the zones, as the case ma? be. Although the jurisdiction asserted ex-
tends sa far as ta permit tlie limitation of fishing activities to the states
having the right ta establish the conservation zones, when those states
deem such action necessniy, the Government of tlie United States
does not contemplnte that tlie estnblisliment of conservation zones un-
der tliis policy riIl effect nny general exclusion from al1such zonesof
nll fisliing enterprises of nntioiiiilities other thnii of the United States
nnclthe otlirr st.:itesestablisliing the zone.
Gpon coiisidrr:itinii of tlie iiiore importnnt liigli seas fisheries in
nliicli tlie Fiiitecl St:ites Ii:isn prcsent or potentinl iiiterest, it is evident
tli:itiiiencli tisliri.!-niil:iliiiiite(1iiiimber of coiintries, often oiily one
or t:~, I!:II-:III!i.c;ior. COIIE~~I~I n~tere~t. In case the stntes liai--
iliq n rrzl iiiterrst iiie:!cli lislier< :isree iipoii :ind estnblisli n regiiiie
of coiirrv:itioii :inil ivsii!:itoi.y coiitrol for tlint fisliery, it is belieretl
flint siicli coiis~rv:itioiiefforts slio:ild Iiare a sood clinnce for siirce;?
"Tl~iz si:lte~iicnt~il,enred tirrt iii'tc~e~rnrn 309 Sorenilwr22. 10%. in rl:.
.\:iiiinzrndoin dnl,;iiForc.int l?clnlioii103i. vol.ir. 111763. :#:S. Tlittmr <if
Ili? trlegrniiiv:irelenrt,<to the pres nu Zlnrcl> 23. 103s(Delinrt~iiriiof Si:i:r
I'r,ss 1?<'!<'<18I:~r?h95,103% p. 412).142 GULF OF MAINE [14991
aiid thnt. otlier stiites \voiild have no valid renson for objection to the
iiieasiirrs tnkeiil> tvie stntes priinarily conceriied.
riider tlie ~)olicythe riglits of al1stntes aliich Iiave taken any sub-
sr~iiiti~il~nrt iiitlie fislies are preserred. It is iiot intended to dis-
tiirl~iii :in?. lvell-establislied or Iiistoric fisliing nctivities which
li:ive1)eeiiIi;rbitiinllycnrried on by iiationals of otlier States. In areas
~vlirresiicli :icti\-it,iesIinve been cnrried on, the cooperntion of such.
si:ites \vit11tlie Ci1ite.dStntes in tlie control and regnlation of the fisli-
rrirs is coiiteiiiplated. In like fnshion, tlie Government of the United
St:ites rxpects tlint otlier governments ahich mny ndopt similar poli-
vit..will i-?sl)ectthe estnblisliediiiterests of Americnn fishing activities
otl tlieir consts.
So rxieiision of territorial wnters is emboùied in the policy, but
~iilirr tlie est:iblisliment.of cleirly defined conservation zonesin aras
of tlie IiigIi se:is coiitiguous to the con&. Sucli areas nould retain
tlirir legnl c11:iilicteras higli seas. The freedom of their use for navi-
g:iiii>iiiiiid piirposesoflier tlinii fisliiiig\vould remain unaffected. The
:i<lol)tioiiof tliee memures looking solely to the conservation and eco-
iit~iiiiiitiliz:ition of mnrine resources is not to be regnrded as in con-
flict witli the genernl principles of international Iaw, and especially
ilt<,-eriiles re1:itiiigto iinvigntion and other aspects of the freedom of
tlie seas.
ï'lie Cio~eriiiiieiitof tlie Gnited States is prepared to coopernte with
:iiiy iiiterested governrnent in innking pnictical npplication of theprin-
rilllrs set fortli nbove. It. nould melcomethe opportunity tojoin with
otlier ~overiiiiients iii tlie working oiit of necessary arrangements for
tliv rIeteriiiiii;itioii;ilidestüblislinieiitof coiiserv:itioiizonesin waters of
~~iiiiiiioicioncern. Siiclin procedure nould nfford a practical basis for
ilii<.oiiserratioiiniid iitilizntioti of higli seascoastal fisheries,with fair-
iir.s<:iii<jiistice to tlie constnlstate and to other estnblished fishing in-
t~*rests,iirid tlie Govei~imentof tlie United States rrould welcomethe
;iilol>itonI>Jotlier governments of a similar policy ns a substantial step
iow;ird tliis geiiernl objective and toward the improvenient of the bases
i~fiiiierii~~tioii~c0l01~er;itioiiin tlie fisheries field.
I<;rlib,srrtory,<'t<rtenie~ tl the P.roper UtilizaLion and Development
~i .Y,rtrrrrrlI?~,.votrr,osf the Subaoil and Sen Bed of the Continental
.'h<.lf
Tlie Goveriiinent of the United States, aware of the long-range
i~c~i.lil-ivi~ilieeed for iiew sources of petroleiini aiid other iiiiiiernls,
linfilthe viewtlint efforts to discover and make nvailable new supplies
of iliesr rwiirces slioiild be enwiiraged. Its competeiit experts are144 GULF OF MAINE [1501]
tli..lnnd iiinss of tiie constnl date and thus natiinlly appurtenanr to
ir : i1, these re'oiirces often form part of n pool or deposit estencling
s:ii\:ircl froiii ~vitliiii tlie state nnd tlieir iitilizetion iiiny nffei:t re-
c e terein: Cr) the effectireness of inensiires irhicli iiiay I>e
n,l:,l~:t.d 10 iitilize or ~.oiisei.vt.tliese resoiirces ~vould I>ecoiitiiigriit
II~~~.II(.~~~IPL.:Iioii :IIII~~~rntecrio~~ froiii tlie (:misral ?r:ire: (11)self-
1'1 .:KI ioii ci~iiil~vls r!ir roastnl stnte to keep close \~ntcIi01-er;lctivities
nt! iis ;Iini.~..\\.lii<.Ii:ire of tlie n:iriii.e ;iii<lrel;iti!-e pernlniieiice iir<.r.;-
c:ir>b>rii~iliz:itii~iiof re'oiiri-es of the siil~soilniicliea bec1of the roii-
iiiic;iii:il:lieIf: i~i prii<lent coiiseri.:itioii nii:l practicnl urilizntio!~ of
rlii,.cirr~oiisi~rs:ire ~Itqiriident iipoii a cle~irgovei.iimeiitn1 policy (le-
tii:iiigtlirir jiirisrlictioii:il EI:I~II~: nnd (f) the goveriiment of rlie iriiiiii-
iry ri) ii-li*i.<seliores tlie reîoiirces ;ire <~oiitigiioiisis clenrly tlie logic.:il
z<,i-i2riiiii~~ ii, (sxerc,isejiiris<lictioii :ilid coiitrol orer tliese resoi~r~~es.
II is heliet-ed tli;it iio foreip itate ivoiild Iinre rensoii to objecr ro
iirilizatioii :iii<lc<~iiserrntiniiby tlie Liiited Stntes of nndersen miiiprnl
ris-oiirccs ~ritliiii a re:isonnble disr:iiicc of .its consts. Sn oil veils,
iiiii!rs.or ciriiil:ir iiist;ill:irioiis aiy opeintecl off tlie consts of the Tiiited
..!:~iesII?.fi~r~igneiiti~rprises. Therefon, n clenr distinction mny I>e
<Il;in-II ti<~trreriisiel" 1:ikiaiifor. tlie proteclioii of constnl fislierie=. iii
u-i!i(.lir.iv.qigiiiiroiiiiiiiit lit,;i\-eii to t..tablislie<l tisliiiig :ictivitie$ ;i:iii
iiirrrc-1..i>fii:itioii;ils of one coiiiitry off the co:ists of nnotlier coiiiirry.
:!ii<Iiiiv;i-iii.t+triii<.liiii;iy lie :i~lol>tr<\lrith n vie\\-to protectiiig under-
.-w !iiiiii.il r~soiii.i.t~rsoiit igiioii.~to rlie coiist.
III tlir rxrr<,i.sr of its ri,glit of self-protectioii ati<l :1sa iiintter of
II;~~~,~I<II:v IIî'<visri.lle L-iiiir<ISt;itt.s coiiI(l no1 vie\\. \virIioiit serinils
cuii(,ernnnr nttempts by n foreign Pwer or the nationals therenf to
rxl'loit ilii.r.i.siiiir.cesof tlir sen 1)erIor siil~soilof the contineiital slielf
<,ti'lir rii:isr- <if tlir 1.-iiirrd States :II ~~r>iiitssuficiently iiear the const
ICI iiiil~:iiii>r~~ii,l:iiigi.r tlir secority of tlie Ciiited St:ites: iiiiless siich
:i(.iii-irit~.i.v1.i.riiiial~~rt:ikriitvitli tlie ;il~proval of tlie Goreriiiiient of
1 I I tt. The rrl:itii-e periiiniieiice of the striirtiire? ;.e-
<I~~ii.t,ifor tlir i-xir:i~:rioii :iii<Iiitiliz:itioii of ~)etroleoiiior otlier i!iiii-
ri.:il i.i~s~iiii.t.-f: the coiitiiiei~tal slielf \voiil<liiinke sucli oper;iti<~iis
a !i::iirt.i.of t.i>iii.i.riito t!ie <.on;t:ilst:itr. Tliis 11eco11ieesvi(leiit iii the
liglir of tlir ~~ossililriiriliz:itioii of ;iiîliinstnllntioiis :is poteiitial +ses.
ref~i~linpdepots, ancl the Iike.
For ni;iny years, in some cases for centuries, certain stntes have
i:l;iiiiiptth? rizlit to tlie control nii<lescliisive exl)loitatioii of secleiir:ii.y
fislirrir- ni! tlic si~iI>edof the higli sens iii proxiniity of tlieir co;iitS:
nii~l tli!~~ rl;iiiiis n11pe:irto have becoiiie establisliecl by acquiesceiice
ni~il 10 lie rv~<>giiizectl)y other st:ites. Such claims extend to oyster
l~r<lsp .eiirl b:iriks: chnnk fisheries, sponge fisheries, coral, and the like.
.5ii$.iiri~liri are iiti~lerstood to be asserted off Ceylon and India. off[1502] ANNEXES TO MEMORIAL OF THE UNITED STATES 145
Bahrein, off Irelaiid, off Tiiiiis, niid iii otlier pnils of tlie Jle<liter-
raiienii, off the consts of ;tiistralia, niiclelse\~liere. States 1i:ive lilit..
wise long ken recogiiized to Iiave the riglit to erect liglitliouses, or to
keep liglitsliips periiin~ii!iitlyniichored, iii locations irell outside. t.lirir
territorial waters.
Tlie foregoiiig exaiiiples iiidicate tliat as a iiintter of iiiterii;it.ioii;il
1::ir n state iiinr acquire by occupatioii aiid coiitipity riglits of ilii,
len<lhiieatli tlie liigli %s, provided tliat tlie freedoin of irevig:iiii>n
is iiot tliereby iiiri>aired. Tlie rntioiiale of the open sea beiiig fier :iii<I
forerer excluded froiii occupatioii on tlie part, of aiiy st:ite is tli~itit
fornis nri iiiteriiatioiial Iiigliiray coiiiiectiiig <listuiit.Iniids niid .~~-iii.-
ing freedoni of corninuiiications and commerce betxreen states separnte<l
by the sea. Tliere is no reason for extendiiig tliis wncept of tlir
free(loiii of tlie Iiigli seas to the sea bed aii(1siibsoil beneatli its Ind.
In the caseof the sea bed and subsoil tliere is no reasoii to apply eitlier
tlie theoretical argunient tlint. occupatioii is iiiipossible becaiise it~iii
tnke place oiily IX-itlirespect to n determiiied tliing, or tlie pr:iii i<::il
argiinieiit tliat the freedom of the waters of tlie opeii sea is eçseiiti:il
to tlie freedom of intercourse between states.
Tlie recognition of specinl jurisdictioiinl niid property rigliti iii
l~arriciilnr areas of tlie bed or siibsoil of tlie Iiigli sens for ilir loiiq-
:iccepterl piirposes of sedeiitar~. fislieries or for tlie iitilizntioii of iiiiii-
eral resources does not conflict vith the wnimon enjo~nient. of tlie
freedotn of navigation. Tliis stntenieiit. of 11olicyregnrdiiig tlie coii-
serration and econoinic iitilizntion of the iiatiirnl resources of tlie sr:!
kd niid siibsoil of the contiiieiital slielf off tlie sliores of the Tiiite~l
Stntes conteniplates no genernl extension of territorial iraiers :iiiil iiii
assertion of jurisdict.ioii orer or iiiterfereiice witli foreipi res.;rls ii:i\-i-
gntiiig tlie IiigIi sens. It is recogiiized tliat siicli iitilizxtioii of [lie
sea bed and sutiçoil resources sliouid riot be alloxed to result iii 11o11ii-
tioii of the sea by oil or otlier iioxious substniices. tlint uiireasoii:il~le
iiiterfereiice witli naripition as a result of striictures ererted oii tlie
bottoiii or ancliored in place iniist be aroided, niid tliat all diie pre-
caiitioiis should be taken, by tlie use of liglits siid otlier appropriate
derices, ta prereiit. dangers to navigation. So long as tlieçp pnrnii-
tioiis are taken it would seeni clear tliat the general benefit resultiiig
froni the orderly utilizatioii of raluable undersen niiiieral resolircrs
niiist. beregarded as outiveigliiiig otlier coiisiderntions.
Tliis statement of policy is expressed in terms of the contiiiriit:il
slielf off tlie coasts of the United States. .is is %\-elk1no\rii. tlie i.oii.
tiiieiital slielf exteiids senirard for raryiiig distniices off tlie sliorri.
niid iii most places teriniiiates iii n fairl:. defiiiite "drol~ off"'. T11e
roiitiiiental slielf is usiially defined as tlint I>:irtof tlie iiii<ler~e:i l;iiiil
mnçs adjacent to tlie const? orpr ii-hic11tlie sen is iiot n~ore rI~:itiIfln ANNEXESTO MEMOUALOF THE UMTED STATFS 147
KOTE FROM THE SECRtTARY OF STATETO THE
CHAR& D'AFFAIRESOF CANADA D,TED 23OCTOBER 1945
'Ihc Sccretary of Statc presents his wmplimenü to the Charge d'maires of
Canada and refen to a wnvenation betwecn an ofiïcial of the Embassy and
-~~~~~rsof the Deoartrnent of State.on Aoril26.1945. with resoeclto vroüosed
policiesof the ÜnjtedGÏes Govemmeni'relativetothe naturai resou&s~fthe
subsoil and sea bed of the wntinental shelf and to the establishment of fishcry
-.~~..vati.~~-.nes in areas of the hinh seas wntieuous to the wast.
There isenclosed forthi informalj& of the ~mgass~a wpy ofa press release
of Seutcmber28. 1945,toaether with acwmpanying Proclamationsand Execu-
tiveorden, announcing ihe adoption of these poliCies.
Enclosure:
Press release of September 28, 1945.
Department of State,
Washington, Onober 22,1945
NOTENO. 383 FROMTHECIIARGC'D'AF'FAIRESOF CANADA
TOTHE SCCRFTARYOf STATE.DATED 23 OCrOBER 1945
CANADIAN EMBASSY
AMBASSADE DU CANADA
No. 383.
The Canadian Charee d'Affaires oresents his compliments to the Secretary
of State, and has the Konour to acknowledge, with ihanks, the receipt of the
Secrerary'snote of Onobcr 22 enclosing a copy of a press release of Seplem-
ber 28and acwmoanvine documentsconcemine the oolicyof the UnitedStates
Govemment relahvëto-the natural resourcesof the subsoil and sea bed of
the wntinental shelf and to the establishment of fishery wnseivation zones
in areas of the high seas wntiguous to the wast.
Canadian Embassy,
Washington,D.C.
October 23,1945. ANNEXETOMEMOW OFTHEUNITEDSTATES 149
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
DIVISIONOF INTERNATIONAL LAW
THE
HAGUE COURT REPORTS
COMPRlSlNG THE AWARDS. ACCOMPANIED BY SYLLABI,
THE AGREEMENTS FOR ARBITIIATION. ASD OTHEK
I>OCUMENTS IN EACH CASE SUBMITîED TO THE PER-
MASEST COURT OF AKBlTRATlOSASD TO COMMISSIONS
OF IXQUIliYUSDER THE l'RO\'ISIOOF THE C0SVY.N-
TLOXS OF 1699 AND 1907 FOR THE PAClFSETTLEMEST
OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES
EDITED WlTH AN INTRODUCTION
BY
JAMES BROWN SCOTT
DIRECTOR
NEW YOKK
OXFORD UNIVEHSI'i'i7 PRESS
A,MERICAN BRANCH :$5 WEST 32xn STREET
London. Torontohlelbournand Bomba?
HUMPHREY MILFORD
1916150 GULF OF MAlNB [1211
THE GRISBADARNA CASE
belwein
NORWAY and SWEDEN
Decided October 23, 1909
Syllabus
By a cotnprotiiüsigned on March 14, 1908,' Norway and Sweden
agreed to arbitrate the question of the maritime boundary between the
two countries in so far as it had not been regulated by the Royal Reso-
lution of March 15, 1904.2 The arbitral tribunal \vas called upon to
decide whetlier the boundary was fixed either in whole or in part by
the boundary treaty of 1661, and, if not, tox the boundary or parts
thereof in accordance with the principles of international law.The
tribunal consisted of a national from each of the two Governments and
an umpire chosen from a neutral Power. As finally agreed upon, it
was composed as follows: J. A. Loeff of HollandF. V. N. Beichmann
of Norway, and K. Hj. L. Hammarskjold of Sweden. Only the last-
named was a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The
Hague. The tribunal held sessions from August 28 to October 18,
1909, in the course of which it visited the disputed zone. The decisi011
was rendered on October 23, 1909.
The tribunal found that the boundary line had not been fixed by the
treaty of 1661 beyond a certain point. and that a portionf the line
within that point was uncertain. The tribunal therefore fixed the
boundary according to the principles in force and applied by Nonvay
and Sweden when the original boundary treaty was made. The appli-
cation ofthese principles resulted in a line which gave the Grisbadamî
fishing banks to Sweden and the Skjottegrunde to Norway. Such a
division was also supported by the state of things which the tribunal
found had actuall~ existed for a long time. especially the use made of
the banks by the fishermen of the two countries and the acts of posses-
sion and ownership exercised by the two Governments.LI221 ANNEXESTO MEMOW OFTHE UNITEDSTATES 151
A\Irt\RD OF THE TRIBUNAL
.4rbitrul najard iir tlic rliiistioir of tlic drlilliitation of n certoilr part
of llic ~iioritiriir Doirii~larybct~ccetiNoniruy and Szc~cdcri.-Tlre
ffoiji~c, October 23, 1909.'
\\'liereas, hy convcntioii (Iated blarch 14, 1908,' Xorivay and
S~vedenagreed to suhniit to the final decision of a tribiiiial of arbi-
tration, coriiprised of a president \\.ho shall neitlier he a subject of
either of the contracting parties nor domiciled in either of the t\vo
cviintries, arid of t\vo other members of whom one shall IR a Nor-
wegian and the other a Swede. the question of the niaritiirie Imund-
ary ktiveeri Norway and Slveden as far as this 1)ouiidary lias not
been deteriiiined by the Royal Resolotion of llarch 1.5. 1901;'
[Vhereas, in pursuance to said convention. the tivo Governrnents
Ii;ive aplminted respecti\,ely as president and arbitrators:
RIr. J. A. Loeff, Doctor of Law and Political Sciences, former
Alinister of Justice. rileniber of the Second Chamber of the States-
General of the Netherlands;
' IvIr. F. V. N. Beichmann, President of the Court of Appeals of
Trondhjem. and
hlr. K. Hj. L. Hamniarskjold. Doctor of La\\.. former hlinister
oi Justice. former Miiiister of Public \\'orship and Public Construc-
tion. former Envoy Exiraordinary and htinister Plenilmtentiary to
Copenhagen. fornier President of the Coiirt of rippeals of Jon-
koping. former professor in the Faculty of Law of Upsal, Governor
of tlie Province of Upsal. iiiemher of the Permanent Court of .-Ir-
bitration;
\Vlierens. in accor<lance with the provisions of the convention.
the nieniorinls, coiinter-riieriiorials, and replies have heen cliily eu-
cliaiiged bet\veen the parties and conimiinicated to the arhitrators
1)-ithinthe periods fixed I)y the president of the trihiirial;
\\'hereas. the two Governments have respectively appointed as
;tgeiits. to \vit:
Tlie Governnient of Nor\\.ay. XIr. Kristen Johanssen, attorney
ai tlie Siiprenie Coiirt of i\Tor\va!.:and the Governrneiit of S\veden.
\!r. C. O. hloiitan. fornier nienilxr of the Court of :\pl>eals of
';yen. jii(lgeiii the llixe<l Coiirt of :\lexnnclrin:
- ~.i~~zrriinii IorirofolIitii~riintinrLaci. vol.4. p. 226. For tlieorisiiial
I..rimitest. rre .\ppcn<iis.p.487.
1 , . 1.3.3. Jl'osr.p. 136.152 GULFOF MAINE il231
Whereas, it has been agreed by Article 2 of the convention :
1. That the tribunal of arbitration shall determine the boundary
line in tlie waters froni point lS on the chart' annexed to the pro-
posa1of the Norwegian and Swedish coniniissioners of August 18,
1897, into the sea up to the limit of the territorial waters;
2. Tliat the lines liniiting the zone \\.hich is the siibject oi litiga-
tion in consequence of the conclusions of the parties and within
which the boundary-line shall coiisequently IRestablished, must not
be traced in such a way as to comprise eitlier islands, islets, or reefs
which are not constantly under water;
Whereas, it has like\vise been agreed by Article 3of the said con-
vention:
1. That the tribunal of arbitration shall determine whether the
boundary line is to te considered. either wholly or in part, as being
fixed by the boundary treaty of 1661 together with the chart thereto
annexed. and in what manner the line thus established should be
traced.
2. That, as far as the boundary-line shall not be considered as
established by said treaty and said chart, the tribunal shall deter-
niine this boundary-line, taking into account the circumstances of
fact and the principles of international law;
M'hereas, the agents of the parties have presented the following
cc,nclusionsto the tribunal:
The agent of the Norwegian Government :
That the boundary betrveen Norway and Sweden tvithin the zone
which constitutes the ohject of the arbitral decision. shall be deter-
mined in accordance \~ith the line indicated on the chart annexed,
uiider No. 33, to the memorial presented in behalf of the Norwegian
Government.
And the agent of the S\\.edish Government :
1. As regards the preliminary questions:
May it please the tribunal of arbitratioii toeclare that the bound-
ary-line in dispute. as regards the space behreen point 18 as already
fixed on the chart of the commissioners of 1897. and point ;\ on the
cliart of tlieaiiiidary treaty of 1661, is but incoinpletely estahlished
II?.the said treaty atid the chart aniiexed thereto, for the reason that
tlie exact situation of this point is not shown clearly therein, and,
2s regards the rest of the space. extending \vestt\.:ird from the same11241 ANNEXES TO MEMORlALOF THE UNITEDSTATES 153
point A to the territorial boundary, that the boundary-line was
i;ot established at al1by these documents.
II. As regards these main questions :
1. May it please the tribunal to he guided by the treaty and chart
of 1661, to take into account the circumstances of fact and the prin-
ciples of the law of nations, and to determine the maritime bound-
ary-line in dispute between Slveden and Nonvay from point 18 as
already fixed, in such a manner that in the first place the boundary-
line shall be traced in a straight line to a point which constitutes
the middle point of a straight line, connecting the northernmost reef
cf the Roskaren, belonging to the Koster Islands, that is to say, the
ieef indicated on table 5 of the report of 1906 as king surrounded
with depths 9, 10 and 10 [sic.a ]nd the southernmost reef of the
Svatskjar, belonging to the Tisler Islands, and which is furnished
with a beacon, which point is indicated on the same table 5 as the
point 19.
2. May it please the tribunal further to take account of the cir-
cumstances of fact and the principles of the law of nations and
establish the rest of the disputed boundary in such a manner that-
(a) Starting from the point fixed according to the conclusions
of paragraph 1 and designated as point 19, the boundary-line shall
be traced in a straight line to a point situated midway on a straight
line connecting the northernmost of the reefs indicated under the
name of Stora Drammen, on the Swedish side and the Hejeknub
rock, situated to the southeast of Heja Island, on the Norwegian
side. which point is indicated on the said tabl5 as point 20; and
(b) Starting from the point last-mentioned, the boundary shall
Le traced in a straight line due Westas far into the sea as the mari-
time territories of the two nations are supposed toextend;
Whereas, the line mentioned in the conclusions of the Norwegian
agent is traced as follows :
From point 18 as indicated on the chart of the commissioners of
1897, in a straight line to point 19 situatednidway on a line drawn
between the southernmost reef of the Svartskjar (the reef which is
furnished with a beacon) and the northernmost reef of the Ros-
liaren;
From this point 19in a straight line to point 20, situated midway
on a line drawn between the southernmost reef of the Heiefluer154 GULF OF MAINE Il251
(sondre Heieflu) and the northernmost of the reefs compr?;cd under
Oie name of Stora Drammen;
From this point 20 to point 20a, following a perpendicular drawn
from the middle of the last-mentioned line.
From this point 20a to point206, following a perpendicular drawn
irom the middle of the line connecting the said southernmost reef
of the Heieflu with the southernmost of the reefs comprised under
the name of Stora Drammen.
From this point 206 to point20c, followinga perpendicular drawn
:rom the middle of a line connecting the Sondre Heiefluer with the
small reef situated to the north of Klofningen islet near Morliolmen.
From this point 20c to point 20d, following a perpendicular
drawn from the middle of a line connecting the Midtre Heieflu
with the said reef to the north of Klofningen islet.
From this point 20d, following a perpendicular drawn from the
middle of the line connecting the Midtre Heieflu with a small reef
situated Westof the said Klofningen to point 21, where the circles
cross which are drawn around said reefs with a radius of 4 nautical
niiles (60 to a degree).
Whereas, after the tribunal had visited the disputed zone, ex-
amined the documents and maps which had ken presented to it,
and heard the pleas and replies aswell as the explanations furnished
it at its request, the discussion \vas declared terminated at the ses-
sion of October 18, 1909;
Whereas, as regards the interpretation of certain expressions
used in the convention and regarding which the two parties ex-
pressed different opinions during the course of the discussion,
In the first place, the tribunalis of opinion that the clause in
accordance with which it is to determine the boundary-line in the
sea N jar as tire[inritofthe territorial watershas no other purpose
than to exclude the possibility of an incomplete determination.
\*:hichmight give rise to a new boundary dispute in future; and
It ws obviously not the intention of the parties to fix in advance
the terminal point of the boundary, so that the tribunal woold have
only to determine the direction between tao given points;
In the second place, the clause in accordance with which the lines
tcunding the zone which may be the subject of dispute in conse-
qiience of the conclusions of the parties~iilisnot bc troccii insz~cli11261 ANNEXES TOMEMORIALOFTHB,UNITEDSTATE-S 155
o nionner as to coirrprise citlicr isl~inds,iclets, or recfs whicll ore
;tutconstantly i~ndcrmater can not be interpreted so as to imply
that the islands, islets, and reefs aforementioned ought necessarily
tc be taken as points of departure in the determination of the
bundary ;
Whereas, therefore, in the two respects aforementioned, the
tribunal presewes full freedom to pass on the boundary within the
limits of the respective contentions;
Whereas, under the terms of the convention, the task of the
tribunal consists in determining the boundary line in the water from
the point indicated as 18 on the chart annexed to the project of,the
Xorwegian and Swedish commissioners of August 18, 1897. in the
sca as far as thelimit of the territorial waters;
Whereas, as regards the question, "whether the boundary-line
should be considered, either wholly or in part, as king fixed by
the boundary treaty of 1661 and the map thereto annexed," the
answer to this question should be negative, at least as regards the
boundary-line beyond point A on the aforementioned map;
Whereas, the exact situation of point A on this chart can not be
determined with absolute precision, but at al1 events it is a point
situated ktween points 19 and 20, as these points will be deter-
niined hereinafter;
Whereas, the parties in litigation agree as regards the boundary-
line from point 18 on the chart of August 18, 1897, to point 19
as indicated in the Swedish conclusions;
Whereas, as regards the boundary-line from the said point 19
to a point indicated by 20 on the charts annexed to the memorials.
the parties likewise agree, except that they differ with regard to
whether, in determining point 20, the Heiefluer or the IIeieknub
sliould be taken as a starting point from the Norwegian side;
Whereas, in this connection. the parties have adopted. at least in
practice, the mle of making the division along the niedian line
ilrawn between the islands. islets. and reefs situated on both sides
aiid not constantly submerged. as having ken in their opinion the
rule which was applied on this side of point A by the treaty of
1661 ;
The adoption of a mle on such grounds should. withoiit regard
to the question whether the mle invoked \\.as really applied hv said[lzsl ANNEXES TO MEMOW OFME UN~D STATES 157
and there are sonie details and peculiarities in the line traced which
even give rise to serious douhts in this regard, and even if one ad-
niitted the existence of this rule in connection with the boundary-
lin? fixed by the treaty, it would not necessarily follow that the
same riile ought to have Ixen applied in determining.the boundary
in the exterior territory;
Whereas, in this connection,
The boundary treaty of 1661 and the chart thereto annexed make
the boundary-line begi» between the Koster and Tisler Islands;
Whereas. in deterniining the boondary-line they went in a direc-
tion from the sea toward the coast and not from the coast toivard
the sea;
\\'hereas, it is oiit of the question to Say that there might have
ken a continuation of this boundary-line in a seaward direction;
Whereas, consequently, the connecting link is lacking in order to
enable us to presume, witliout decisive evidence, that the same rule
was applied simultaneously to the territories situated this side and
to those situated that side of the Koster-Tisler line;
Whereas, moreover, neither the boundary treaty nor the chart
appertaining thereto mention any islands, islets, or reefs situated
beyond the Koster-Tisler line, and therefore, in order to kecp with-
in the probable intent of these documents we must disregard such
islands, islets, and reefs;
Whereas, again, the maritime territory belonging to a zone of a
certain width presents numerous peculiarities which distinguish it
from the land territory and from the maritime spaces more or less
completely surrounded by these territories;
Whereas, furthermore, in the same connection, the rules regard-
iiig maritime territory can not senre as a guide in determining the
t~oundary between t\vo contiguous countries. especially as, in the
present case.\c.ehave to determine a boundary which is said to have
heen autornatically traced in 1658, whereas the rules invoked date
from subsequent centuries;
And itis the same way with the rules of Norivegian municipal
law concerning the definition of boundaries between private proper-
ties or hetween administrative districts;
\Vhereas. for al1these reasons. one can not adopt the method by
\%:hichNorway has proposed to define the boundary from point 20
to the territorial limit;158 GULFOF MAINE I1291
Whereas. the rule of dra\\.ing a median line midway between the
iiihabited lands does not find sufficientsupport in the law of nations
iii force in the seventeenth century;
Whereas, it is the same way \\.ith the rule of the thahueg or the
most important channel, inasmuch as the documents invoked for
the purpose do not demonstrate that this rule was followed in the
present case. And,
\Vhereas, Ive shall be acting much more in accord witli the ideas
of the seventeenth centiiry and with the notions of law prevailing
at that time if we admit that the automatic division of the territory
in question must have taken place according to the general direc-
tion of the land territory of which the maritime territory constituted
;;n appurtenance, and if ne consequently apply this same rule at the
present time in order to arrive at a just and lawful determination
of the boundary ;
Whereas, consequently, the automatic dividing line of 1658 should
be determined (or, what is exactly the same thing expressed in
other words), the delimitation should be made to-day by tracing a
line perpendicularly to the general direction of the coast. while tak-
ing into account the necessity of indicating the boundary in a clear
and unmistakable manner, thus facilitating its observation by the
iriterested parties as far as possible;
Whereas, in order to ascertain what is this direction we must
take equally into account the direction of the coast situated on both
rides of the hundary;
Whereas, the general direction of the coast, according to the ex-
r.rt and conscientious survey of the tribunal, swerves about 20
clegrees westward from due north, and therefore the perpeiidicular
line should run toward the \\.est to about 20 degrees to the south;
\Yhereas, the parties agree in admitting the great uiisuitahility of
tracing the boundary-line across important bars; and
A boundary-line drawn from point 30 in a westerly direction to
!9 degrees to the sokh would completely obviate this inconvenience.
since it \rould pass just to the north of the Gnsbadarna and to the
south of Skjottegrunde and \vould also not cut through any other
important bank; and
Consequently, the houndary-line ought to be traced from point 20
\vest\rard to 19degrees south. so that it \vould pass midway betweenIl301 ANNEXESTO MEMONALOF THE UNITEDSTAN 159
the Grisbadarna banks on the one side and Skjottegrunde on the
other ;
\Vliereas, althougli the parties have noi indicated any marks of
alignnieiit for a boundary-line tlius traced there is reason to believe
that it ivill not be impossible to find such marks;
Whereas, on the other hand, we could, if necessary, avail our-
selves of other knoivn methods of marking the boundary;
Whereas, a demarkation which would assign the Grisbadarna to
Swedeti is supported by al1 of several circumstances of fact which
were pointed out during the discussion and of \'hich the following
are the principal ones:
(a) The circumstance that lobster fishing in the shoals of Gris-
badarna has ken carried on for a much longer time. to a much larger
extent, and by a much larger number of fishermen by the subjects
cf Siveden than by the subjects of Nor~vay.
(b) The circumstance that Sweden has performed various acts
in the Grisbadarna region. especially of late, oiving to her conviction
that these regions were Swedish. as, foi instance, the placing of
beacons, the measurement of the sea, and the installation of a light-
boat, being acts which involved considerable expense and in doing
\!.hich she not only thought that she was exercising her right but
even more that she was performing her duty; whereas Norway.
cccording to her own admission. showed much less solicitude in
this region in these various regards;
Whereas, as regards the circurnstance of fact mentioned in para-
graph n above, it is a settled principle of the law of nations that a
state of thiiigs ivhich actually exists and has existed for a long time
should be changed as little as possible; and
This rule is specially applicable in a case of private interests
which, if once neglected, can not be effectively safeguarded by any
nianner of sacrifice on the part of the Government of ivhich the
interested parties are subjects; and
Lobster fishing is much the most important fishing on the Grisba-
darna banks. this fishing being the very thing tliat gives the hanks
their value as fisheries: and
Without douht the Swedes were the first to fish lohsters by means
of the tackle and craft necessary to engage in fishing as far out
at sea as the banks in question are situated; and160 GULFOF MAINE il311
Fishing is, generally speaking, of more importance to the inhab-
itants of Koster than to tliose of Hvaler, the latter having, at least
until coriiparatively recent times, engaged rather in navigation than
fishing; and
From these various circumstances it appears so probable as to
Le almost certain that the Swedes utilized the banks in question
niuch earlier and much more effectively than the Norwegiaiis; and
The depositions and declarations of the witnesses are, generally
speaking, in perfect harmony with this conclusion; and
The arbitration convention is likewise in full accord with the
same conclusion ; and
According to this convention there is a certain connection between
the enjoyment of the fisheries of the Grisbadarna and the keeping
up of the light-boat, and, as Sweden willbe obliged to keep up the
light-boat as longas the present state of affairs continues, this shows
that, according to the arguments of this clause, the principal enjoy-
nient thereof is now due to Sweden;
Whereas, as regards the circumstances of fact as mentioned
iiiider :
.Asregards the placing of beacons and of a light-boat-
The stationing of a light-boat, which is necessary to the safety
of navigation in the regions of Grisbadarna, was done by Sweden
without meeting any protest and even at the initiative of Nonvay,
2nd likewise a large number of beacons were established there with-
out giving rise to any protests; and
This light-boat and these beacons are always maintained by
Sweden at her 0n.n expense; and
Norway has never taken any measures which are in any way
equivalent except by placing a bell-buoy there at a time subsequent
to the placing of the beacons and for a short period of time, it king
impossible to even compare the expenses of setting out and keeping
up this buoy with those connected with the beacons and the light-
boat; and
It is shown by the foregoing that Sweden had no doubt as to her
rights over the Grisbadarna and that she did not hesitate to incur
the expenses inciimbent on the owner and possessor of these banks
even to the extent of a considerable sum of money.
As to the measurements of the sea-(1321 ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES 161
Sweden took the first steps, about thirty years before the begiri-
r:ing of atiy dispute, toward iiiaking exact, labrious, and expensive
nieasureiiients of the regioiis of Grisbadarna, while the measure-
inerits made some years later by Norway did not even attain the
limits of the Swedish measurements. And
Whereas, therefore, there is no doubt whatever that the assign-
iiient of the Grisbadaina banks to Sjreden is in perfect accord ivith
the most important circumstances of fact;
M'hereas, a .dernarkation assigning the Skjottegrunde (which
are the least important parts of the disputed territory) to Nonvay
is sufficiently warranted by the serious circuinstance of fact that,
although one must infer from the various documents and testimony
that the Swedish fishermen, as was stated above, have carried on
fishing in the regions in question for a longer period. to a g.reater
extent, and in greater numbers, it is certain on the other hand that
the Norivegian fishermen have never ken excluded from fishing
there;
Whereas, moreover, it is averred that the Norwegian fishermen
have almost always participated in the lobster fishing on the Skjotte-
grunde in a comparatively more effective manner than at the Gris-
badama :
Therefore
The tribunal decides and pronounces :
That the maritime boundary between Norway and Sweden, as
far as it was not determined by the Royal Resolution of March 15,
1904, is fixed as follows:
From point 18 situated as indicated on the chart annexed to the
project of the Norivegian and Sivedish commissioners of .4ugust
18, 1897, a straight line is traced to point 19, constituting the middle
point of a straight line dra\rn from the northernmost reef of the
Roskaren to the southernmost reef of the Svartskjar, the one which
is provided with a heacon;
From point 19 thus fixed. a.straight line is traced to point 20.
\\hich constitiites the niiddle point of a straight line dralvn from
the nortliernniosc reef of the group of reefs called Stora Dram-
men to the Hejeknub situated to the southeast of Heja Islands;
from point 20 a straight line is drawn in a direction of \\.est 19
degrees south, xrhich line passes mid\vay bet\veen the Grisbadarna162 GULF OFMAINE 11331
and the Skjottegrunde south and extends in the same direction until
it reaches the high sea.
Done at The Hague, October 23, 1909, in the Palace of the Per-
manent Court of Arùitration.
J. A. LOEFF,Prcsident
~~ICHIELS VAX VERDUYNE Necretary General
ROELL Secretary
AGREEMENT FOR ARBITRATION
Coiiventioii between Norway and Sweden for the reference 10 arbiira-
rion of the questio~rof a certain portioil of ilte sea-limit between
the two torr~itries ii~ conircction with the Grisbadarna rocks.-
Sigired al Stockko[~n,Morch 14, 1908.'
His Majesty the King of Sweden and His hlajesty the King of Nor-
way, having found it desirable that the question of the sea-limit be-
tweeii Sweden and Norway, in so far as it aas not detennined by the
Resolution of the 15th March, 1904, should be referred to arbitration,
have for this purpose appointed as their representatives:
His Majesty the King of Sweden: His Minister for Foreign Af-
fairs, Eric Birger Trolle;
His Majesty the King of Norway: His Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary, Paul Benjamin Vogt; ,
Who, after exchanging full powers, have agreed to the followiiig
conditions:
ARTICLE 1
The parties pledge themselves to the extent stated below to leave the
settling of the question of thesea-limit between Sweden and Norway
to a tribunal of arbitration, consisting of a president who is neither
a subject of nor domiciled in either of the tho countries, and of two
other members: one Swede and one Norwegian. The president shall
be appointed by Her hfajest~ the Queen of the Netherlands, the other .
members one each by the parties concerned. The parties, however,
retain the right, should they agree, to appoint byspecial arrangement
either the president only or the collective menibers of the tribunal.
-
XBritirha>idForeigri Slofe Popevol.lm, p.731. For the originalSwedish
and Norwegian textr,secAppcndix,p. 496.
ZPmt, p. 136.11341 ANNEXES m MEMORUL OF THE UN~D STAW 163
Representation to Her h'lajesty the Queen of the Netherlands, or the
arhitrator who may be appointed by agreement, shall be made by both
parties together.
ARTICLE 2
The tribunal of arbitration shall, after having examined the case of
each of the parties and their respective reasons and proofs, determine
the boundary-line in the waters from point 18on the chart' annexed to
the Swede-Norwegian proposal of the 18th August, 1897, into the sea
up to the limit of the territerial waters. It is agreed that the boundary-
line of the zone which the parties maintain to be under discussion. and
for which, consequently, the limit is to be defined, may not be so drawn
as to include islands, islets, or reefs which are not perpetually covered
with water.
ARTICLE3
'The tribunal of arbitration shall have power to determine how far
the boundary-line shall be considered to be, either wholly or in part,
determined by the boundary treaty of 1661, together with the chart
appertaining to the same. and how such boundary-line is to,be traced,
and also. in so far as the boundary-linecan not be considered as estab-
lished by the treaty and chart in question, shall have power to deter-
mine the same, taking into account the circumstances of fact and the
principles of international law.
Until the expiry of the third calendar year after the aiinouncement
of the decision of the tribunal of arbitration. irrespective of the bound-
ary line fised by that decision, fishing may be carried on within the
waters which, according to Article 2, are the subject of dispute by the
subjects of both countries to the same extent as during the five-year
period 1901-1905. In considering the extent to which fishing is carried
on, regard shall be had to the number of fishermen. the kind of fish,
and the nianner of catching.
ARTICLE 5
It is agreed tliat that count(iiivhose sideof the e\.entiial boundary-
line the Grisbadarna fiihing grouilil- .ire sitii;ited shnll have iio claim
against the other couritry for contriliiiii<rtitowardi the expense of liglit-
ships or otlicr arrarigenients on or in tlie neighborhood of such
grouncls.164 GULF OF MAINE t1351
Sweden undertakes to maintain the present light-ship situated out-
side the territorial limit until the expiration of the time mentioned in
Article 4.
ARTICLE 6
The president of the tribunal of arbitration shall appoint the time
and place for the first meeting of the tribunal and shall summon the
other members to it.
Time and place for further meetings shall be decided by the tribunal
of arbitration.
ARTICLE7
The official language to be used by the tribunal shall be English,
French, or German, as may be decided in consultation with the other
members.
For petitions, evidence, and directions the parties may use the lan-
guage of either country, the tribunal retaining the right to have trans-
lations made.
ARTICLE 8
With respect to procedure and expenses, tliere shall apply such por-
tions of the regulations contained in Articles 62 to 85 of the reviseù
Convention adopted at the Second Hague Conference of 1907 for the
pacific settlement of international disputes as may be applicable.
Petitions.rejoiners, and evidence referred tciin Article 63 paragraph
2, of the above-nientioned Convention. shall be filed within a period
to be determined by the president of the tribunal of arbitration, but
before the 1st March. 1909. No change is hereby entailed in the rules
of procedure for the second part, especially as regards the regulations
in Articles68, 72, and 74 of the said Convention.
The tribunal of arbitration has the right, when it is found necessary
for the elucidation of the case, to arrange for the hearing of witnesses
or experts in the presence of both parties and to order the undertaking
in common of a hydrographical survey of the waters under dispute.
This Convention shall be ratified, and the ratifications exchanged as
soon as possible in Stockholm.
In respect whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed this
Convention and nffised thereto their seals.
Done in duplicate, in Swedish and Norwegian, at Stockholm, on the
14th hlarch, 1908.
(L. S.) EI<ICTXOLLE
(L. S.) BESJASIIPIVOGTil361 ANNEXESTO MEMORULOFTHE UN~D STA~ 165
ADDITIOS,\L DOCUMENTS
His Royol Majesty's gi,arioiis ~csolritiotiof March 26, 1904, ?"th oc-
ro»lpa~~yi~rgroroto1 of .110rcfi15, 1904, coitceriiitig the dciermina-
tioti of Ille crt~tit o(1rcrlai~i part of the wiarititne boundury be-
iwrrn Siucden and Non~foy.'
In reference to the acconipanying protocol of the joint Korwegian
and S\vedish Council of State of hlarch 15. 1901,as well as the extract
from the protocol of the State Council regarding civil niatters for this
day, His Royal Majesty herewith authorizes the Riksdag to propose
tliat the questioii of the extent of the niaritime boundary between
Slveden and Xorway, from point 18 mentioned in the said protocol.
and to the sea, as far as the territorial boundary extends, be referred
to the decision of a special arbitral tribunal, in accordance with the
text of the protocols.
The authorities of the Riksdag shall appoint a committee ta conduct
the exaniination of the ncts; and with al1 Royal grace and favor His
Royal Majesty remains ever well disposed ta the Riksdag.
In the absence of His Majesty my Most gracious King and Lord,
GUSTAF
HJALMAR~VESTRIVC
PROTOCOL COSSIDERED IN TUE JOINT NORWECIAN A'iD S\\'EDISIIST.4TE
COUNCIL BEFORE HIS ROYAL HICBNESS TIiE CROWS PRINCE RECENT
AT TIIE CASTLE OF CIIRISTIASIA, AIARCII 15, 1904.
Present: His Excellency the Minister of State Haaerup, his Ex-
cellency the Minister of State Ibsen, his Excellency the h,linister of
State Bostrom, his Excellency the hlinister for Foreign Affairs Lager-
heim, State Councilors : Kildal, Strugstad, Hauge, Sclioning, Vogt,
Mathiesen, and the Swedish State Councilor, Westnng.
The Chief of the Department of Conimerce and Industry, State
Councilor Schoning submitted the following:
The Department takes the liberty of presenting, considerations
conceriiing measures aneiit the more definite fixation of national
bouiidaries in the waters between Norway and Sweden.
Maritime boundaries bet~veen the tivo coiintries running from
the interior of Idefjard aiid out to the sea were fixed in a boun-
dary regulation of October 26. 1661. carried out in accord with the
pence trraty of Roskilde of February 26/hlarcli 9. 165s. and of
Copeiilin~eiiof hlnrch 27/!iine 6. 1660.
-
1Translation. 1-othe orisinal Swedistext.seeAppendix, p.5CO.166 GULFOF MAINE 11371
In the meantime mucli uncertainty has arisen regarding sev-
eral points of this boundary line in view of the fact that during
the long interval between 1661and 1897 nothing was done in the
matter hy joint survey and investigation. In 1897 the Norwegian
Department of the Interior and the Swedish Department for Civil
Affairs took action whereby they might ascertain the exact course
of that section of the boundary; and in the month of August of
the same year two Norwegian and two Swedish commissioners
met for the purpose of making a thorough search of the records
and an investigation on the spot, etc., and of their prescnting a
proposition for the fixation and tracing upon charts of the bound-
ary line between Norway and Sweden, from the interior of
Idefjard and out into the sea.
Bureau Secretary Hroar Olsen and commander A. Rieck were
the Norwegian commissioners; Commander E. Oldberg and Judge
H. Westring were the Swedish commissioners.
As the result of their labors and investigations, the commis-
sioners presented on August 18, 1897, the "proposition of the
Royal Swedish and Norwegian Commission for and description
of the maritime boundary between Nonvay and Sweden from the
interior of Idefjard to the sea."
From this it appears, as witnessed by al1 four commissioners,
that they had reached a unanimous conclusion regarding the
boundary line from the interior of Idefjard to a point between
the Jyete buoy (Norwegian) and a small Island, northwest of
Narro Hellso (Swedish), which point is numbered 18 on a draft
chart accompanying the proposition, so that Helleholmen is trans-
ferred to Sweden, and Knivsoarna to'Nonvay.
Regarding the extent of the boundary line from the said point
18 even to the sea, no agreement was arrived at by the commis-
sion. The Nonvegian and the Swedish members each submitted
their respective proposition in reference to that part, andccord-
ing to which Grisbadama together with some shallows and
ground to the north of Koster should go respectively to Norway
or to Sweden.
The commissioners' propositions' together with two charts in
reference thereto are subj0ined.l
The Department is of opinion that the line proposed by the
Nonvegian and Swedish commission, from the interior of Idefjard
to point 18, as indicated on the accompanying map, should be re-
garded as the correct boundary line.
Inasmuch as with regard to the more detailed description of
this line, reference is made to the proposition of thecommission^
ers, the Department permits itself to recommend that Your
hfajesty approve that line as the correct boundary between the two
kin~doms.
Provided that Your hlajesty be pleased to decide according to
this reconimendation, the Department assumes that subsequently
--
:Pest.p. 138. *Pest.opporitep.140.11381 ANNEXES To MeMoRlA OFmE UNITED STATES 167
the royal proclamatioii ivitli regard to the boundary line agreed
ul~on,will be issued by the State Council of each of the two king-
doms.
It is furthermore to beohserved that it would be of importance
to demarkate as sooii as possible this part of the boundary line.
It seems most expedient that a commissioner of each kingdom be
appointed to undertake this demarkation, and the Department
recommends therefore that Your Majesty approve this proposal to
the effect that the State Council of each of the two kingdoms shall
designate respectively one Norwegian and one Swedish commis-
sioner.
As hereinbefore stated, the Norwegian and Swedish commis-
sionera have not been able to agree upon the rnatter regarding the
rectification of the extent of the boundary from the said point 18
to the sea.
The following is a more detailed presentation of the views held
by the Norwegian and Swedish parties with regard to the disputed
boundary line.
NORWEGIAN VI'W
Frorn point 18, between the buoy Jyete and a small island
northwest of Narra Hellso, the line should run straight to the
open sea through the center of a straight line from the southerii
extremity of the southernmost Norwegian Tislaron, Kloveren,
to the northern extremity of the northern Koster island (Swed-
ish), so that the boundary line run by Bitshake. and al1 islands
situated to the north of this line. includin- Grisbadama, remain
Norwegian.
Thi~-~in~~is trac~- in red color on the chart of the commission-
ers, and said point between Kloveren and Koster island is indi-
cated as point 19.
SWEDISH VIEW
From point 18,the boundary line should be drawn in a straight
liiie to the open sea. througli a point ahout 300 nieters north of
Rodkars Nordgrund and therefore about midway between Gris-
badama and Skattegmnd, 50 that al1 islands to the south out-
side of this line, water and land, including Grisbadarna, remain
Swedish.
Upon the chart of the cominicsioners this line is traced in yellorr
color, and the said point north of Rodkars Nordgrund rnarked
point 19.
Tliis Department permits itself respectfully to propose that the
question of the disputed boundary line to the arbitral decision of a
special tribunal, after the consent thereto shall ha\.e been given by
the reoresentatives of both kin-doms. arid that the followi:ig pro-
cedure be ohsewed:
III each of the two kin-doms, the respective State Council shall
appoint two judges.168 GULF OF MAINE i1391
The judges thus designated shall mutually agree upon a fifth
judge rvho shall at the same time act as presideiit of the tribunal.
In case of a tie. the designation of the fifth niember sliall be re-
ferred to sucli foreign chief of State as Your Majesty might re-
quest to that end.
The rules of procedure of the tribunal. the deliberations as well
as the place where tlie tribunal sliall sit to be adopted by the
judges themselves.
The duly announced judicial decision regarding the disputed
boundar). line shall be binding upon both parties.
Each kingdom shall meet the expenses of its own representa-
tives, and the expenses of the fifth member, etc., shall be met iii
equal shares by the tivo kingdoms.
In accordance with the foregoing, the Department takes the liberty
of submitting most respectfully:
That Your Majesty may most graciously resolve:
(1) That the boundary line between Norway and Sweden as pro-
posed by the joint Norwegian and Swedish commission of 1897, from
the upper end of Idefjardto point 18 as shown on the two accompany-
ing charts' be approved according to the proposal of the commis-
sioners ;
(2) That the demarkation of the said boundary line shall be under-
taken by commissioners chosen for the purpose. one from each king-
dom ;
(3) That questions concerning boundary lines between Norway and
Sweden, from the aforesaid point 18 to the sea, as far as the terri-
torial boundary extends shall be referred to the decision of a special
arbitral tribunal. in accordance with what is hereinbefore stated, pro-
vided the representatives of the two kingdoms consent thereto.
The Swedish members of the State Council have concurred in what
the present reporter lias hereinhefore submitted as to the approval
of the boundary lines proposed by the Swedish and Norwegian com-
missioners, from the upper end of Idefjard to the said point 18, in-
cluding the demarkation of the boundary line.
Regarding the section of the bouiidary line from point 18 to the sea
as far as the territorial boundary, those members declare that in sev-
eral statements that have been sent in regarding this matter, sugges-
tions have been made regarding tlie boundary according to ivhich this
line \\,ould in part be moved still further north than proposed by the
Swedish commissioners. Expressing in regard to this the opinion tlint
the proposal to subniit to a special arbitral tribunal the decision as toil401 ANNEXESTO MEMORU OFTHE UNITEDSTATES 169
the question of the position of the boundary line in this part, that thii
iniplied that both partiesshould have the opportunity to subniitio the
tribunal the demands in regard thereto which they might find neces-
sary, these members agree to the proposition of the reporter even as
to this part of the question.
The Norwegian members had no objection to make to the foregoing
statemeiit, which corresponded to what had been already taken for
granted by the Norwegian side.
In accordance with what the members of the Council of State thus
advise, may it please Your Royal Majesty the Crown Prince Regent
to approve the proposal set forth by the chief of the Norwegian De-
partment of Commerce and Industry. Annex5
CONVENTI ONTHECONTINENT SHLELD,ONATGENEVA O, 29APNL1958,
UN Doc.A/CONF.13/L.55,499 UhKS311
CONVENTI OONTHEHIGHSEAS,ONE AGENEVA O, 29APRI1958,
UN Doc.rVCONF.13/L.53,450 UNTS82
[Norepmduced] ANNEXESTOMEMORlALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES
EXCHAN GFNOTE SONCERNING+HCONFERE NC~AWA, 23SE~MBER
1920FORCOOPERATIONIN SCIENTIFICINVESTIGATDEEPSEAFISHERIES.
RÉPRINTED FOREIG NEUTIONS OF THEUNITSTATES1920VOL.1,
PP.406-409172 GULF Of WNE [ml
Conference atOttawa,September 23,1920.for Cwperation in Scienlisîc
Investigation of Deep-Sea Fisheries
711.428/588
Tb British Appointed Ambasnador (Geddes) to the Semetary of
State
No. 306 \VABEINOTO N,ay 18,1920.
SIE : have the honour, at the request of the Canadian Goverii-
ment, to enquire wliether the United States Gov$rnment would be
prepared to send experts to a coiiference.to be held in Ottawa in
September or October next, as tiiay be agreed upon, to decide upon
a programme of work to be takei~up in 1921 in connection with a
thorough scientific investigation to ascertain the migrations of fish,
the causes of such migrations, the effects of different methods of
capturing fish, the spawning places of hh, the haunts of young
fish and the abuiidance of organisms which supply food for hh, etc.
In this connection 1 am advised by the Canadian Government
that the waters reçorteù to by Canadian fishermen on the Atlantic
coast are alsu fizquented by the fisherinen of the United States and
Newfoundland, and on the Pacific coast by those of the United
States. Such investigations are, therefore, of common interest ta
the three countries on tlie Atlantic coast and to Canada and the
United States on the Pacific coast. It would assure more efficient,
more economical and speedier investigation if these three countries
would unite in carrying on the work on the Atlantic coast, and
Canada and the United Stateson the Pacific coast.
In 1902 the various European nations engaging in the North Ses
and adjacent waters formed an association known as "The Inter-
national Council for the Exploration of the Ses" tacarry on sucli
work there. The work of the Council was largely prevented during
the war, but is again being taken up. by tlie different nations.In
1912 and again since the war, Canada was very strongly urged to
join this Council, but on account of the vast amount of research work
that needs to be done in the waters adjacent to Canadian coasts it
was considered best that Canadian efforts should be concentrated
on thisside: Hence the invitation was declined.
Similar~easons to those that prompted the formation by the Eiiro-
pean countries of theInternational Council for the Exploration of the
Ses obtain for the creation of such a council between Canada, New-
foundland and the TJnited States. Such a council, if formed, could
cooperate closely with the International Council and each assist
the other.
1 understand that the formation of such a council has been un-
officiallydiscussed mith the fisheries authorities of the UnStates14071 ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOF THE UNITEDSTATES 173
aiid with tlie ex-Minister of Marine and E'isheries for Nexfound-
land, and they both marmly favoured the idea. Indeed the United
States, which became a iiiember of the International Council for
the Exploration of the Sea, before the war, has declined to do so
again with a view to CO-operationiii carrying on such work here.
The formation of such an association has been strongly urged by
the Canadian Fisheries Association, which is representative of the
different branches of the industry and by the Royal Canadian
Institute.
I understand that the Government of Newfoundland are also being
approached by the Canadian Government with a view to their send-
ing representatives to the Conference.
1 have [etc.] A. C. Grnom
711.428/606
The Acting Secretary of State to the Britiah Ambaeaador(Geddea)
WA~RINOTV NU,W 14, &O.
EXCELLENC Yeferring to gour note No. 306 of May 18, 1920,in
regard to participation by the Government of the United States in
a conference to be held in Ottawa in September or October neto,
decide on a program of scientific fishery investigation of comrnon
interest to the United States and Canada, on both the Atlantic and
Pacific coast1,have the honor toinform you that the Department
of Commerce, through the Bureau of Fisheries, willbe plad to
be represented at the proposed conference.
The Secretary of Commerce in making this announcement states
that at the present time there appearto be no special reason for
the formation of a formal international body for the piirpose in
view, but that there should undoubted.be cooperative planning as
to the inethods scope, et cetera, in order that the maximum results
may beohtained in the shortest timeannt the least expense.
The Secretary of Commerce suggests that a convenient time for
the conference wouldbe in September, immediately before or after
the meeting of the American Fisheries Society which occurs in
Ottawa, September 20,21, and 22.
Accept [etc.] FUNK 1,.POLK
711.428/616
The Bn'tiahAml>maodor(Geddea) to the Secretary of Slufe
No. 668 WA~HINOTO N,October,19O.
SIR: 1 have the honour to inform you that a commiiiiic:ition
lias been received from tlie Deputy Governor General of Canada
stating that a Conference of Fishery Experts representing New-174 GULF OFMNNE [a81
fouiidland, Canada and tlie United States was held lit Ottawa oii
the 23rd of September 1920to consider the qiiestioii of CO-operation
in scientitic inrestibqtion of tlie ileell-sea fislierirs iidjacent to both
çoasts of this continent. At tliis confereiice the following resolii-
tion was unanimously adopted:
"BE IT BESOL\-EDTHAT-It is the seil.%of this in,eetiiig that? on
the nomination of the fishery services of the countries represented,
each of the respective Governnients should fortliwith ilesignate three
persons toconstitute an International comiiiittee oii marine fishery
investigations, this comiiiittee to determine whateasure of Inter-
national CO-operationis desirable, whatenertblinvestigations should
be undertaken, consider definite prohlems that may be awaitin
study,s~ibiiiitrecommentlations to their respective Gorernnients, an
CO-ordinateand correlate the results of the work.
It is the ex ectation tliiit tlie respective Gorerniiients will iin<lrr-
take to provice he iievessary ways and meaiis for condiicting siiçli
desirable by the Internatioiial committee.s as iiiay be adludge~l
It is rewmmended that the International committee estal~lishcon-
tact with the Permanent International Council for the Exploration
of the Sen."
1 should be grateful if you would inforni iiie whether the recom-
inendations contained in this Resolutioii iiieet with the approval
of the United States Governiiient. 1 ain advised by the Canadian
Government that they are prepared to approve of these reconiiiieii-
dations and they would also beglad toIearn n.hether the Govern-
ment of the United States'ivill agree to the Krsolutiori being iiia<lc
public on tlie 15th of Octokr.
1 have [etc.] A. C. G~mm
The Actiriq Sec~.etarof Stntcto the Bvitirh A71~lanrador(G<,d<b,a)
WASHISOT~NO , clob<,r14,1.721).
EXCELLENC1 Y: ave tlie Iioiior to ackiiowledge the rrceipt of yoiir
note No. 663 of October 7, 1920,by which you bring to iiiy atteii-
tion the rasolution, relative ta cooperatiiscientific inrestigatioii
of the deep-sen fisheries adjacent to both co~istsof Sorth Amerirn,
adopted at the conference of fishery experts re~~reçeiitiiigSewfoiin(l-
land, Canada and the United States which was held nt Ottawa iiii
the 23d of September 1920.
Yoii state that the Goveriimeiit of Cuiia<luapproves the reconi-
mendatioiis cuntaiiied in tlint resoliition. :iii~linqiiiie wliether the
Goveriiment of the lT~iiteilStates appiorrs tlirrt~coiiiiiirii~lati~~~~c
niid will agret- ti~tliP piiblication of the resoliitioii on Oln.ber
1920. ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOF THEUNITEDSTATES 175
Iiireply 1 Iiuvethe Iioiior tii iiifori!,>IItliat tlie recoiiiiiieiidations
rontaiiied iiitlie resoliiti<,ii iiit*rt nit11 tlir al~l<,fotliis Goverii-
iiieiit, ancl tliat tliis üoveriiiiiriit is ~>le~'it.tt,l, ;igrer tu th<. ~~iibli<.u-
tion of the resolution on October 15. 1920. .
Accept [etc.] SORII.\S H. I)I\ÎIS
ST. LAWRENCE WATERWAY
Considerition of the Question of Further Improving the St. Lawrence River
btrttn Montreal and Lake Ontari~Re£erenee to the InternationalJoint
Commission
i11,421518a<>8/3
The Acting .Ye~rtn,.!~of Stnte to thp Britiah Ar~il>naxar/o o~iSpeciol
Mixrion (Reading)
W~siiiscms. AlrriJ 10, 1919.
EXCELLEXC 1Yha:ve tlie Iioiior to refer to tliis üiiveriiiiirnt's note
No. 262 of Febriiary 24, 1914:'"siiggrsting thnt the üovrrniiient of
the United States and tlie üoveriiiiiriit of Caiiudu should refer to
the Internatioiiul Joint Comniissioii for investigation and report
certain questions oiitlined in the nritr reganlin:: the clevelol>iiientaiid
use of the waters f<iriiiing the I)<~iiiicl;irbetweeii the United States
and Canada, and to inqiiire \rlirtlier tlie Canu<linii Government is
now ready to submit the niattrr to the C,>iiiiiiissionan<lif not, whether
it is willing to join \rit11tliis üorrriiiiieiit in siibniitting tu the Coiii-
iiiission for investigation wiiilrr1~oi.tthe iiiutter referrecl to in Sectioii
9 of the Act of Congr(,ss ul~l~rovrillfurcli 2! 1919, IIcopy of which
was transinittecl to yoiir Eiiibassy iiitlir I>rl>nrtnirnt's ni~t<ifhlarch
31 la~t.~'
Accrl>t [etc.] FRANK L. POLK
i11.421.5iSa28/8
The Br;ti.xh('h,rqi (Li~irlwn!l) /O th,. Actitiq S<,,,-rctar,f Stde
Plo. 532 WA~I~ISGTOSJ,uly $5, 1818.
SIR: 1 have Uir honoiir ti~refer 11,tlie iiotr froiii tlie Acting Sec.
retary of State, ilated April 10. 1!)19: iiiwhivh riiqiiirv was nia(lr
as to \vhether the Canadian Goveriiiiieiit weir iio\r rrudy to subiiiit
to the Iiiteriiationnl Joint Coiniiiission for iiivestipition aiid report
certain qiiestii~iisin rrgar<l to the ilrveloptiiriit niilseof the boiin<l-
ary waters betaeeii tlir Uniteil Stlitrs and C,iiinilu. Anne7
RECIPROF CSHLERAESREEME BmEEN THEGOVERNME NFTHE
UNITESDTATEOFAMERICAAD THGOVERNME OFTANADA,
24FEenu~n1977.2UST 5571TIAS NO8648155711 ANNEXES TOMEMONALOF THE UNITEDSTATES
CANADA
Reciprocal Fisheries
Agreement signed ot Washington February 24,1977; '
Entered into force July 26, 1977.
REClPROCAL FISHERIES AGREWIENT BETWEEN THE
GOVERNRIENTOF THE UNITED STATES OF ARlERICA
AND THE GOVERNRIENTOF CANADA
The Government of the United States of Aiiierica and the Govern-
ment of Canada,
COSSIDERINtG hat both governnients have estencled their exclusive
fishery jurisdiction to 200 naiitical miles froni the baselines from
which the breadth of the territorialsea is rneasured, and considering
their common al>proachto aiiadronious species;
RECALLINtG heir cooperative fisheriesrelatioiiship under the Agree-
ment on Reciprocal Fishing Privilege in Certain Areas Off,the
Coasts of the United States and Canada, signed at Ottawa June 15,
1973 (the 1973 Ameement). aiid the subsequent extensions of that
~~reement;[l] - ..
NOTING Canadian Order-in-Council P.C. 1977-1, and the preamble
thereto. as ~ublished in the Canada Gazette on November 1.1976,
and enacted' on Jaiiuary 1,1977, respecthg certain fishing zones of
Canada under the Territorial Sea and Fishing Zones Act and the
limits~ ~ere-,
NOTINGfurther the statement of the Government of the United
States of America puhlished in the Federal Register on Novemher 4,
1976, respecting certain liinits of the fishery conservation zone of
the United States under the Fishery Conservation and bisnagement
Act of 1976:,..
RECALLING that continuing consultations between the two govern-
ments have been in progress since early 1976 with respect to the
limits of maritime jurisdiction in areas off their coasts;
DESIRING to facilitate future negotiations toward a comprehensive
framework for their fisheries relations, including an agreement on
Pacific salmon prohlems of mutual concern;
COSSIDERING that, without prejudice to any positions which have
been or may be taken by either government with respect to the
1TIAS 7676, 8251; 24 UST 1729; 27 UST 1365
'90 Stat331; 16 U.S.C. $ 1801note.178 GULF OFMAINE 155721
limits of maritime jiiris(liction, certain interiiii arrangeiiieiitsare
necessary in onlei. to I,erniit continiie<l fishing hy the fisheriiien of
each coiintry off the coasts of the other, an<Ito ensiire hariiiony in
measures taken hy the governments of the two coiintries in the boiiiiil-
ary regions;
Have agreed as follows:
ARTICLE 1
1. Except as otherwise providetl, this Agreement applies to the
Tatep (lescribeil in paragraph one of the 1973 Agreement, ancl to al1
waters seawanl thereof which are under the fishery jiiris(lictiori of
either party. For the purposes of this Agreement, such waters shall
hereinafter be referrecl to as the "zones" of the two parties.
2. Any reference in this Agreement to allocations and catch levels
shall he construecl to refer to quantities of fish caught (luring tha
entire 1977 caienclar year.
ARTICLE II
1. The United States agrees to permit fishing within its zone by
nationals and vessels of Canada in accortlance with the provisions
of this Agreement.
2. Canada agrees to permit fishing within its zone by nationals antl
vessels of the United States in accorilance with the provisions of
this Agreement.
3. Fishing by nationals and vessels of each party in the zone of the
other shall continue in accor<lance with existing ~~atterns,with no
expansion of effort nor initiation of new fisheries.
4. On the Atlantic Coast, the reciprocal fishing privileges under
this Agreement shall not extend to any ~lirectedfisheryfor any species
of clam, crab, lohster or shrimp.
5. On the Pacific Coast, the reciprocal fishing privileges under
this Agreement shall not extend to any (lirecteclfishery for any species
of clam, scallop. crab orherring.
ARTICLE III
1. On the Atlantic Coast, fishing by United States nationals antl
vessels in the Canadian zone for those stocks incluile<l in the 1977
United States allocations agreetl ad referendum at the Annual aiid
Special Meetings of ICNAF held7n 1976, shall cease when those
allocat,ionshave been taken.
2. On the Atlantic Coast, fishing by Canailian nationals anil vessels
in the United States zone for those stocks include<l in the 1977
Canadian allocations agreetl ad referendum at the Annual anil Special
hleetings of ICNAF held inÏ976, shall cease when those allocations
have been taken.
3. Fishing for herring by nationals ancl vesse15of one party in the
zone of the other shall be condiictetl only in the ares beyond 12
nautical miles from the coast.[5573] ANNEXES TOMEMORIALOFTHEUNITED STATES 179
1. 011 the Pacific Coast, fishiil:. !>y Uiiitc<l Sttitc.~iintionali ,in11
vessels in the Cnna~lian zone for llie following st<içksslinll ceiise wlien
the following aggregate catches by United Stiiter iind Canadian
fishermen have been taken:
a. rockfishes, including Pacific Ocean perch:
i. 6700 metric tons in and off Qiieen Charlotte Soiin<l;
ii. 1400 met,ric tons in Pacific Xlarine Fisberie.: Conimission
Groiinrlfisli Statistical Arens 3C uncl3D.
b. black coil; 1750 nietric tons.
Directed fisheries for black col1by United States nationals and vessels
within 12 nautical niiles of the Cana<lian coast shall be liriiited to the
area off the west coast of Vancoiiver Islanrl betweeii lines projecte<l
southwest (225 <legrees true) froni Estevan Point aiid Cuoe Scott
respectively.
2. On the Pacific Coast, fishing by Canndian natioiials aii(1vessels
in the United States zone for the followiri" stocks shall cease when the
following catches have been taken:
a. rockfishes, incliiding Pacific Ocean perch, when a 1400 metric
tons aggregato catch level has been taken by United States and
Canadian fishermen in Pacific Marine Fisherics Commission
Groiindfish Statistical Areas 3C aiid 3D.
b. black cod, when Canadian natioiials aiid vessels have taken a
catch of 33,000 ~>oiinds.
Directed fisheries for black co<l bj, Canadian nat.ionals and vessels
within 12 naiitical miles of the United States coast shall be limited to
the area off theWestcoast of Alaska between lines projected soicthwest
(225 degrees true) from Cape Omnianey and Cape Bingham respec-
tively diiring the open seasons sl>ecifie<flor fishing for black cod in the
adjacent territorialsea.
3. Fishing by longline for halibiit by fishermen of each party shall
continue in the zone of the other in accordance with al>l>rovedrecom-
mendations and regulations of the International Pacific Halibut
Cominission.
4. On the Pacific Coast, fishing for shrirnp by United States
nationals and vesselsin the Canadian zone shall belimited to the Tofino
Groiinds off the West coast of Vancoiiver Island beyond 12 nautical
miles, and shall cease when United States nationals and vessels have
taken a catch of 750 metric tons, siibject to possible revision in the
light of a review of scientific information to be conducted by the
Canadian aiithorities in the course of 1977.
ARTICLE V
1. On the Pacific Coast, there shall be no fishing for salmon by
nationals an<Iressels of either party in the zone of the other, except
salmon taken by trolling beyoiid 12 nantical miles of the coast and180 GUVOF MAINE [5574]
salrnon takeii hy trolliiig hetwcrn :iancl 12 iiniitical iiiiles in the area
west of a liiic joiiiinp Bonilla f'oiiit.ancl T~toosli Island; north of a
linc ~~rojecte(ldite West froiii Cnrroll Island (Intitii<le48 degrees 00.3
iiiiniites North, loiigitii~le 124 ilcgre43.3 iiiiiiiites West) and south
of a liiic projectcil lroiii Boiiillu Point. to Intitiide 48 degrees 29.7
niiniites North, loiigitii<le 125 ilegrees 00.7 miniites West.
2. Eacli 11ortysliiill hii\.e tlie right. to liinit siich fisliing for salmon
in its zoiic hy iiatioiinls aiicl vrsscls of the otber to the same time
periods as its iiatiorials aiid vessels are perniitted siich fishing for
salnion iii the zone of the other.
AIITICLE \'I
The two parties recogiiize the desirahilit,y of coordinating their
regulations lor certain salnion fislieries and agree as lollows:
1.The appropriate fishery iiianagemenl authorities of the two
countries shnll consult freqriently with a view to coordinating the
regulatory nieasures to he applieù hy them to the fisheries for coho
and chuni salirion in British Coliiinbin Statist.ical Area 20 and Statis-
tical Areas 7A, 7, 6A, 6, 6C, 5 and 4B of the Washington State De-
partment of Fisheries;
2. With respect to the chinook salmon fishery in the portion of
Washington State Stetistical Area 7A hoiinded on the north hy the
international boundary, on the east hy the low-water line hordering
the western ail11southern shores of Point Roberts peninsula, on the
south hy a liiie projected lrom Lily Point to Georgina Point on
hlayne Islancl between Lily Point and its point of intersection with
the bounclary line, and on the west hy the international boundary
and, with respect to the chinook salmon fishery in British Columbia
Statistical Area 29, the approl~riate fisheries officials of the two
countries shall consult for the purpose of coordinating regulations
regarding the open fishing days for the two specified areas. The
Canadian officials, when designnting the open fishing days for the
specified Canadian area, shall give appropriate weight to the needs
and interests espressed hy the United States officials. The United
States officials shall, to theextent consistent with the needs of the.
United States fishery, designate the same open fishing days for the
specified United States area as are designated for the specified
Canadian area and shall, in any case, designate the same number of
open fishing days as designated for the specified Canadian area;
3. With respect tothe chum salmon fishery in the section of Wash-
ington State Statistical Area 7A westward 01 Point Roberts peninsula,
bounded on the north by the international boundary, on the east by
the low-water line of Point Roberts peninsula, anclhy a line projected
from Iverson Dock (Point Roberts) to Turning Point No. 1 of the
boundary line in latitude 49 ~legrees00 minutes 08.87 secon<lsNorth
ancl longitii~le 123 degrees 19 miniites17.18 seconds West, ancl with
respect to the chum salmon fishery in British Columbia Statistical
Area 29, the appropriate fisheries officials of the two countries shall[5575] ANNEXESTOMEMORIALOFTHE UNITED STATES 181
consult for the purpose of coorrlinating regulations regarcling the open
fishing clays for the two specified areas. The following provisions shall
be applicable from a [late agreed by the appropriate fisheries officials
of the two countries, which date shall be no earlier than the l3th and
no later than the fifteenth of October:
a. the Canadian officials, when ~lesignating the open fishing days
for the specifiell Canadian area, shall give apl>ropriate weight
to the neecls and interests expressecl by the United States
officials;sn<l
b. the United States officials shall desisnate the same open fishing
days for the specific UniteclStates a<a as are set for the specified
Canadian area.
ARTICLE VI1
A'otwithstanrling any other provision of this Agreement and with-
out ~rejucliceto the positions of either party, tuna fishing willcontinue
off the coasts of each party, enil, where applicable, under appropriate
regiilations implernenting agreecl international recomrnendations.
Both j~arties agree to exchange information concerning their catch of
tuna off the coast of the other party in order to <levelopancl expand
the scientific basis for international cooperation in conservation
matters.
ARTICLE VlII
1.The t\vo ~arties recognize that each shall manage fisheries within
itsjuris(liction within the terms of its ~lomesticIa\vs. They agree that
in the application of their domestic Ia\vs they shall be guidecl by the
following principles:
a. preserving existing patterns of their reciprocal fisheries in keep-
ing with the provisions of Article II;ancl
h. in the case of reciprocal salmon fisheries, the interest of the state
of origin in salmon spanne<l in its rivers.
2. Regiilations afiecting the size limits, seasons, areas, gear, and by-
catch of existing fisheries establishecl by the management entities of
either party anIl pertaining to the takiiig or possession of fish in its
zone shsll apply equally to the nationals anrl vessels of both parties in
the zone. In areas of the Canadian zone within 12 nautical miles in
\\.hich Canadian llomestic regulation at present prohibits tran.1fish'ing
by vessels enceeding 65 feet in length, such regulation shall also apply
to United States vessels. These regulations shall Le enforced by the
government which issueclthem.
3. If either party proposes to introduceor alter any such regulations
during the term of this Agreement, it shall notify the other party of
the prol~ose(lregulatory measure as fur in advance of its application
aspossible. At the request of either party, consultatioiis shall be helcl
enpeditiously in order to review the proposed measure. In such
consultations the parties shall be guicleclby the principles referrecl to
in paragraph 1 above. Consultations on regulations respecting re-182 GULFOF MAINE 15576)
ciprocnl snlmon fishcries sliall take plncc nt tlic technicnl nml official
lcvels (IiiriiiyntlieII~OCCSS of prepnring siich regulntions, arid, prior to
tlieir finnl nl~l~rovnlnn<liil~l~licntion.nt the Secrctiirinl or Ministerial
levrl iil~orireiliiest. ol citlier pnrty.
4. Fishery conscrv~tioii nnil mnnngemcrit regiilntions other thun
those rcferreil to iri liiirngrnl~li 2 iibove nntl thoso reqiiireil for the
inil~lcrnent~itioii of this Agrcenieiit, sliull not bo iil111lie<b l y cither
11artyto vessels niiil nntioiinls ol' the other fishiiig in its zone piirsuant
to this Agreement.
AI<TICI.I<IS .
In tlie hoiin<lury regioiis, the followiiig l)rincil~les slinll be npplie(l
ns iiitcriin incnsiires ol' miitiinl rrstrniiit l~eniliiig the reioiiition of
iliicst,ioris l~ert~iiiiiiig Io tlie delirniti~tion ol' nrens sribject to the
resliectivc fishery jiiri.;ilii:tion of cncli liurty:
1. As betiveen the ~~nrties,enforcemeiit shnll be con<liicted by the
flng Stnte.
2. Ncitlier I1art.ysliull uiithorize fiihiiig by vessels of thircl parties
iii tlie I)oiiii<liiryregioiis.
:i. I.:ither pnrty may eiilorce ugaiiist tliinl parties in the boiindary
regions.
,\IITICLTC S
Eacli party, ::.ibject to it3 doniestic Inws, will contiiiiie to perniit
trniisfei-s of Iierriiig bctweeii iintionals and vessels of the 'two pnrties
iii it* zone. The 11arties iigree that thc I~rincil~nlpiirpose of this pro-
risiori is to eiinblc the coiitiriiititiori of trnnsferi of herring intended for
~iiir~osesother tliiinrediir:tioii.
ARTICLI: SI
Ench pnrty ngrees to nnirc for natioiinls nriil ressel.; of the other
I~arty fisliing in its zoiie piiriiinnt to this Agreeiiient, perinit and
'liceiisiiip re<~iiirenient.; set forth in the respectiae (loriiestic fishery
laws of ench coiiiitry as iil~l~licableto foreipii fisherriien, 11ro\,ide(lthat
encli ressel shall bc çlcnrly niid coiis~~iciioiislyiiinrke(l to iii<licnte
its naine, natioiinlity niiil fionie port.
1tRTlc1.E SI1
1. Rccreationnl fisliing by ressels of cnch 11nrt.yin al1waters of the
other slinll coiitiriiic.
2. Reîrcntioiinl fi.;liiiig iiiiiler tliis Aprciiiriit slinll be coniliicted
iii ~ii:conlniice-4th a~i~ilicnbleregiilntioiis aiiil ~~eriiiitnn<l licensing
rr<liiirciiiriit-. iinlioscil by the coiiil~ctriit staite. l~roriricinl and federnl
iriitlioritiei, ~~x(.pl)ttlint re<~iiireinents for l,eriiiit< nnrl lieenses iincler
the ipisliery Coiiservnti<iii iiii<IMnnngcriient Act of 1976, in the case
of the Liriitc(1Stiitcs, iiii<the Coiistal Fisherii..; Protection Act, in the
cnsc of Cnniidu, shnll bc wni~etl.155771 ANNEXES TO MEMORIALOFTHEUNITED STATES 183
ARTICLE SI11
The fil-O l~nrties ngree to exrlinnge al>l>rol~rintefishery stntistics
on 21 tirnely nn,l regiiliir 1)tisis5vhrre iircessnry to 11ermit tiiiiicciirnte
<lctrrrniiintioii to mutle of tlie tirne nt \vhicli tiinllocttioii or catch
level refcrrr<l to in tliis A,rrreemriit is reriche(liiiiiotlier\i-ise to eiisiire
the elreçtive iml~lenientatioii of this Agreement.
ARTICLI: SIY
Eiich part? sliall nllo\<-ticces* to its ciistoiiis Ilorts for iiutionali; nnil
vessels of the other Ilart? lor tlic 1'iirl)osesor piir~:Iiasingbnit, r;iipl)lies,
oiitfits, liiel, tiiiilell'e(:tiiig riir iinless more lnvornblc nccess
11rovi.iioiisare 1)roviileclin othrr itprremeiits in lorre bct\veen the t\vo
pnrties. Access iiiiilcr tliis provisioii is siil)je~:tto ~eiieral rei~iiiremciits
regnr<liiig ailraiii:e iioti<:e or [port eiitry, uruiliibility oi iacilities, ari~l
tlie iieeils ol ,loinestic fislicrrneniitlflag vessels.
AIlTICLE: SL'
'i'lie tii-O 1,nrties ngree thnt i:ool)rrntivc fisliery resenrcli uii~l the
exchaiigc ol fislier? biological (lst~inn<lstatisticiil iiil'ormiitioii throiigh
esisting iiistitiitioiialarraiigcmriits shoiilil ~:oiitiii~ie aiiil,wliere
nl~l)rol)rinte, hc c?ipnrr<le~l.
.4RTICLE SV1
'The t\vo l~arties iinilertake to ronsiilt as iiecessary to eiisiire the
harnioiiioiis im~>lementation ol this Agreemeiit.
ART1Cl.b; SV11
Xothiiig in tliis Agreement shtill he constriie~l to all'ect or prejiiilice
any position ori.laim which has beeii or may si~bse<-~iientlb ye nilol~te<l
by either party in the coiirse ol' ~:oiisiiltatioiis, negotiations or thir<l
I>nrt,y settlemeiit ~>roceiliires res~~ecting the maritime jiiris~liction,
incliiiling the liinits thereol, of Canalla or of the Uiiitecl States of
Americn.
Nothing in tliis Agreement shall be coiistriieil to prejiiilice aiiy
ciirrent or Iiitiire fisliery iiegotintions betij-een the tn.0 parties.
Kothing iii the preseiit Agreement shall allect either bilateral or
niiiltiliiteral agreements to irhich either government is a prty.
ARTICLE XVIII
1. This Agreement shnll criter into force lollon.ing the cotnpletion
of the iiiternal ~)roceiliires of both parties. Eai:h party shnll iiotily
the 0th \vheri it hns completeil siich interna1 1)roceilures necessnry
to briiig this Agreement into force. This Agreement *hall criter into
force on the <late of the later ol these two notifications.[']
2. This Agreement shall termiiiate on December 31, 1977.
:I. The 1978 Agreement shnll be siil>ercerlerl iipon the eritry into
force ol tliir, Agreemeiit.184 GULFOFMAINE (55861
INWITNESSWHEREOFhe undersigned,duly auththeretobytheir
respediveGovemments,havesignedthis Agreement.
DONEintwocopies,atWashington swenty-foudayof Febniary,
1977,in the English andFrenchlanguages,each versionbeing equally
authentic.
FORTHEGOVERNM ENTTEUNITESDTATEOSAMERI CA
(Signed) RozanneRIDGWAY.
FORTHEGOVERNM ENCANAD :A
(Signed) LeonaH.LEGAULT. ANNEXESTOMEMORIALOFTHEUNITED $TATE3
Annex8
FisnenuCONSERVAT IODNMANAGEME ANmTOF1976,
16USC, SECS.801-188ASENACTED 186 GULF OF MAINE [go51
lands. Guam. the Trust Territory of the Pacific gres no1 later than April 1 falloalng III~.close
blands. and Ameriean Samoa. of thal program year.
(Pub. L. 91-378. 55. AUE. 13. 1970. 84 Sm,. 796:
Pub. 1.92-597. Oet. 27. 1972. 88 Stal. 1321: Pub.
(11 NO gran1 may bemade under this section L. 93-408. Sept. 3. 1911, 88 Sial. lO88.,
unleu m BPPlication therefor her been submit- .,*rxo*rnrr
ted 10. and aDProved bY. the Seeretary of the
Interior and lhe Secretary of Agriculture. Sueh 1974-Pub. L 93-408 IU~LLI~ULC~.-iiragrrm gmr
application shall be ln such form. and submit- Ihall bc submilled eoncurrenlly Lo the Pre5id~nl and
ted ln sueh manner. u the Seerelaries shall the conprc.l na, lacer thinA~irii1foliori". ,ner,orr
iainti~ by reguiation Dreseribe. and ahall con. of that ~rocrim war" for ''fiscaypir rhall bîrubmii.
lain- ~edconeurrontly ta the ~iîridcni and ihc congres
(A> murances satisfactory to the Secretar. "0, IiU, th." onehundrcd ind .,gnis dnys,o,,oains
ies that indivlduals employed under the pro- t1972-Pub.f L.a92.519 rubrnilted prorutolureliting10
jet for which lhe application is submitted SCIIOUI1.I ICmIU for ~r0Ylr1.r"relit,". ioiuth.ri-
Entionof fun&.
sh2L11(i) have almined the ege of fifteen but
no1 attained the age of nineteen. (if) be per- $ t7W. Authoriznlian of appropiintions
manent residenls of the United Staler or itî
territories. posse~~loru. or the Trust Territory There are authorized 10 be apprapriared
of the Pacifie Islands. liii) be employed with- amounls no1 la exceed $60.000.000 for eaîh
out regard to the personnel laws. rules. and fiscs1 year. which amounls shail be made avaii-
regUlatioM awlleable to full-lime employees able to the SeeretarY of the lnterior and the
of the applleanl. livl be employed for a period Secretary of Agriculture ta earry out the pur-
of no1 more than ninety days in any ealendar wses of lhis ehapter. Notwilhrlanding any
year. and IV) be employed without regard to Other Provision 01 law. fun& approprialed for
their sex or social. HOnOmiC. or racial elsrsifi- my fimal Year to earry out this ehapler shall
Cation: and remaln available for obligation and expendiiure
IB) sueh other information er lhe Seerelar-
un111 lhe end of the fiieal Year lollowina the
ies may Jointly by regulation preseribe. tirai year for whieh appropiialed
(2) The Seerelaries may approve applications (Pub. L. 91-378. 58. ar added Pub. L. 92-591.
which they determine (Al to meet the require. Oet. 27, 1912. 88 Stal. 1321. and amended Pub.
menls of paragraph (Il. snd (BI are for projecls L. 93-408. Sept. 3. 1974. 88 Stal 1068.1
whleh will further lhe development. preserva-
lion. or mainlenanee of non-Federal ~ublic ..
1914-Pub. L 93-408rubatltulcd .ulhorlullon al ip-
lands or waters within the lurisdiclion of the ~m~rlitton of mount mot ermdinc 160.WO.WO for
BPPIIC~L eich fiYi1 ycir for iufhorlulion of io~ro~rlirion of
(cl Limillitianon the amovnt of -nt m.,""* no< crcrrdinp L3O.POO.WO ,or liu.1 yr..
cnding June JO. 1813 and 1BO.MO.W Cor lkll ?tir
endin. Junc JO. 197+.
Sicrio" Rmanm ro 1" Or** SicrioNa
~hls rcetlon la refcrrad to in section 1701 of thu
LiIIC.
CHAWER 38-FISHERY COSSERVATIOS ASD
buGement and at sueh intervis and an sueh WASAUEMEST
eonditlom er the Seeretarier find neeesary.
Id1 Aoorooriition mrcrntare SUBCHAPTER 1-GENERAUY
~ii;ty.per eentum octhe sums appropriated W.
1W1. Findtn0s.Durmes and WllCY.
under section 1706 of this title for any fiscal (8, Findlngî.
Year rhali be made available for granls under Ibl PYIDOSC".
this ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~h fiscal vear. ,cl PollcY.
(Pub. L. 91-318. $4. Aug. 13. 1970. 84 Stal 796: 1802. DelinillON.
Pub. L. 92-597. Oct. 27. 1972.86 Stat. 1320: Pub. SUBCHAPTER II-PLSHERY MANAGEMENT
L 83-408. Sept. 3. 1974.88 Stat. 1087.1 AUTHORITY OP THE UNITED STATES
1811. RihcrY conwiuilion zone.
WnDYmr 1811. Exclulivc ibhCrYrnanagrrncnl iuthOrllS.
1815. ~imlyrnlcritor~roedcs.
1974SubYe. ci,.Pub. L 93-408aubalitulcd "Jolnlly
nlabl~h i procrim" for "iointly nlabilrh i Dilot SUBCHAPTER III-FVREIGN PlSHlNG AND
m1912-Pub.irnL. 92-519 aubStifu<cd provl%lonsreliling INTERNATIONAL FISHERY AGREEMENTS
10Ll.f mant .roprun for strieProle%* for provlslonr lBZL mrclm fbninn.
relatinptoScerîurl~l remru. ,a, 1" gcnera1.
tb) ~xistins btrrnatlonil firhrry serpe.
$1105. Remrta io Preiident and Conve.i menu.
(CI ~overnins intcrnitlonal lirhers wrrr.
menu.
(dl TOI., ~l~orsbte IWCI 01 lorrim Iÿhins.
te) Altaaiion 01.illoriblr lrrrl.
<f) RIClDraitY.
I.Z)~rrlirninxry firh~ry minsgrrnent DI*-.
LBZZ ,n,rrna,iona, ,isnîryaUrPrmrntJ 19061 ANNEXES To uEMonlA~ OF THE UNITED STATES
ibl Poarraol iulhorurdoll~rcra
cil lnaencrnl. ici lu~anrr 0, cllil.orL
<blRCfeIrII IOc~mrnittecs. id8 JJIYdlCl.On DI *".lu
1c1 Corn~uIaLlon of BO-d.~ pcrlod. ,CI DCfi"ifi0M.
<d, conllrrrrionr1 proerduror. SUBCHAPTER V-MISCELMEOUS
18~4. ~erml~l for forrlpn fishine. PROVISIONS
,a1 In scncr.1. L88l ~ffeet on LI. of the Sen Trcity.
(b) APDIIC.LIONsnd prrml~ undrr rorcm-
ans~ntr~nit~onil rirhcry .neernrnLs. 1882. Authollullon of ~PPIOPII~LION.
ICI Rcelill.llon pemlLs. CYA~~ Rmm TO in OrHn Srcriows
1825. ImWn WOhlb<tiQM.
I.I mt~rmln.110~< by Sccictiry of State. Tnls ehipler 1srclcrred toInicetlon 917 of LhLrlltlC
Lltle 22 rrctlon1872.
Ibl Rohlblllo~.
ICI R~rn0v.I 01 ~rohlblllon. SUBCHAPTER I-GENERALLY
(dl Drflnillonr.
$1801. Findinii. purpoi.. and policy
SUBCHAFTER IV-NATIONAL FISHERY
MANACEMEKI PROGRAM 1.I Pindingi
IbJI. N~Ilon.1 st.ndnrd< for fbhcry cor~Serr.llon ind
rnvi~emcni. The Congres fin& and deelares the follow-
(a) ln scncral, ing:
(1) The firh off the coarLnof the United
S~aics. the highly misralory speeies of the
hish ses. the suecies whleh dwell on or in
the Continental Shelf appertaining to the
unlied States. and the anadromous species
whleh spam in United States rlven or estu.
(i, nn&tmn 01 bus~nes. .ries. coNtltUte valuable and renewable natu-
rsl resources. These fkhery resourees eontrlb
(1) SUrl Yld sdminYtrillon. ute to the I d suppl~. eeonomy. and health
(9, COmmlll.., ,"d PinclS.
Ch, mnct10rL. of the Nalion and provide rccresttonal oppor-
1853. ConlcnU of flrhcry mmi8rmcnl DliM
(a, Rcqulred prOIUlDM.
,b, Dlu.cllon.rY DrDFI.ION.
~.
(1, In srncr.1.
(bl E1CeP110n.
Rohlbllrd irL<
C,Yl, D~"&I,I*S,
I., kesrn~", 01 W"ilCY.
<bI RI<IC1 Of cIV11pl".lLY.
<C, ACLIO~ uwn fsiiurrio PSY -esrnenL.
cd) Com~rorns~ 01 olhrr YIlOn bY WII~
,.,Y.
crlmtn.1 olfcnys.
c i Offrrura,
ib, Rinllhrnrnl.
tcl Jurlsd~rllon.
I~M. C~VIIfarfrlturrs.
<a, In *rncc.1. tg081 ANNEXES TO MEMOIUNOFTHEUNITEDSTATES 189
10 T~I<,wrrn 'Conlincnlai Siiclf fishery re entific. technical. recreational. and econom.
iecharacterfsllcs; and
SOUTCCS" mraris iii? foliou.in8:
COLENTERATA (BI ans flshing for sueh stocks.
Bambw Corsi- Aeanella svv: (81 ~he term "fishery conservation zone"
Biark Corai-AnLivathes SPP.: means the firhery conservalion zone estab-
Goid COTRI-Cailuporgia SPP.: iishcd ~. se~ ~on 1811 of lhis tilie.
(91 The lem "fisherg resoum" means any
prrrioiis Rf.d Corai-Corailium spp.: fishery. any stock of fish. ans speeies of fish.
Bilmboo Corni-Krialoisis rpii.: and and any habitat of fish.
Goid Corni-Parw.oanLhUS svv. 1101The term "fishing" means-
IAI the catchinp. Laking. or harvestlng of
firh:
~anner ~rnb-Chionorret~s Lanncii: iB1 the attempted eatehing. taking. or
~anncr Crab-Ci>iono~crirs ovilio: harre~ting of fish:
~ann~r crab-Ciiionoecrt~s anpulatus:
~annrr Crab-Chionorc~trs bairdi: (Cl any other activity which ean rearon-
~ina crab-Paraltihodes ramL5chltica: ably be expceted to resuil in the eatehing.
Kan8 Crab-Paruiiihodes platyvur: taking. or hari,erling of fish: or
KI~Y Crab-Paraiilhodes brrvipes: (DI sny operstiond al sea In support of. or
~obste~-llomariis nmrrieaniis: in preparation for. any a$tivity described in
~ung~nrss Crab-Cancer maKisler: subp~ragrallh~ (Al through (Cl.
cailfornia ~inu ciab-Parnitthodrs eali- Such term does no1 ineiude ans seientific re-
fornienris: sealeh aclivitv whieh is condueted bs a sien.
california King Crab-Paralithodes rath~ Iifie research "essel.
buni: (111 The term "firhing vessel" meaN ans
<ioldrn ~tnit crab-Liihodes arqiiisvinur: V~I-PCI.boat. shiv. or other erafl whieh is used
?,orihrrn Sionî Crab-Lirhodes majn: for. equivved to be used for. or of a tYDe
s~onî c~ab-M~n~vpc mercenaria; and %hich is normally used for-
DC~~IPB Red Crab-GeryOn auinqiiedens. (Al fishinu: 01
(BI aiding or assisLing one or more vesreis
at ~eain the performance ofany activity re.
laring to fishing. including. but no1 iimited
10. prcparation. suv~ly. slorage. refrigera-
kana: tion. transvortation. or Firocessing.
QUCP~ conch-Strornbus gilar: <~21~he temi ..foreipn fishing" mem fish.
surf ciam-Spisula solidissima: and ing by a vessel other lhan a vesrel of the
ocean ~uahog-~rtlea isiandica. United States.
(131 The rem "high se%" meam ail waters
SPONGCS beyond the terriloriai sea of the Uniled
GIWP çpor>gr-~ipviosponuia canalicu- States and beyond ans foreign nation's terri.
lata: toriai sea. CO the exlent chat such sea Ls rw-
S~PCVSFOO~ sp~n~e-H~vvi~s~onsia ognired by the United States.
iachnr: 1141 The lerm "highly mimatory speetes"
GT-T sponuc-Svonutn graminca: and meanr speeies of tuna whleh. in the courie of
YC~IOU SVOD~P-SPO~~~~barbera. theIr iife cycle. spam and migrale over meal
11 th- Secr~rars decerrninrs. aft~r consuita- distances in vaters of the oeean.
cion aith ihc Sccrerary of Stale. that In'ing (15) ~he term "internstional fishery amee.
organisms of ans othcr sedencary spreler are. ment" me~ns any bilalerai or multilaterai
al the hariclnbii. rtaar. either- treaty. convention. or agreement whieh re-
(AI !mmobil? on or under the scabrd. or later ID fishina and 10 whieh the Uniled
(BI unable IO more exeî~t in constant S~GS is a parti
nhrqi~~~...onlart uith the seabcd or subsoii. (161 ~he term "Marine Msheries Commlr-
of thc Cootinen<al Shelf uhirh apperlains to sion'. means the Aliantie States Marine FYsh.
the Untccd sial~s. and vublirher notice of erier commission. the Gull States Marine
such detrrmination in the Federai Reuirter. FiSheries Commission. or lhe Paeifie Marine
sueh r~dpntary speçies shall be considered ta Fisheries Commision.
b~ add~d to the forr~oing lis1 and inciuded in (171 The term "national standsr& meam
si~h term for VLITPOSPS of thls ehavtcr. th? nationai standards for fishery conserva-
151The tcrm "Counrii" means any Regional lion and management set forth in section
~shers ~~nauement Councii eslabliShPd 1851 01 this Lille.
under srriion 1852 of lhis Lille. ilal The term "optimum". with respect W
(6) Th? lprm .firh" means finfirh. moilusks. the yieid from a firhery. meaN the amount
of fish-
C~US~~CCB~S. and al1 oihrr formr of marine (AI whieh wi11provide the meatest oved
~nimnl and plant life oiher lhan marine benefit to the Nation. with particular refei.
mammals. birds. and highiy migratory sDe~ enee to food production and recreationd
cies. opportunities: and
(7) Th- t~rm "fishery" means- (BI wbieh is prescribed as such on the
CA) one or mmr ~tockr of flsh which can baris of the maximum surtainable yieid
be ~r~at~d ar a "un for purpores of conser- from such firhery. ar modified bY ans ml.
railon and management and u'hich are evant economie. social. or eeological faetor.
id~nttf,,.d on tht. basis of geogr~phical. sci- OFTHEUNITEDSTATES 191
internatlonal fishery agreement (subieet IO the
provisions of section l822lbl or (cl of thh titlel.
If sueh agreement-
(11war in effeet on Aprll 13. 1816;and
(21 has not expired. been renegotiated. or
othembe eeaned to be of force and effeet
wlth respect to the Unlted States.
Ir1Grnemini intmillonnl ri~hrry .-*nt.
Forelm fishlng derribed in subseetlon ta1 of
thls section may be conducted pursuant to an
lnternatlonal fishery agreement (other than a
treatyl whlch meets the requlrements of this
s~hVCtlon if SUC~ nereement becornes effective
after applleatlon of sectlon 1823 of thb tl«e.
Any sueh International fishery agreement shall
hele~ftel in thb ehapter be referred ta 89 a
"govemlng international fishery agreement".
Eaeh governing lnternatlanal flshery amee-
ment shall aeknowledge the excluslve fishery
manapement authority of the Unlted States. as
set folth In thls chnpter. 11 Ir the sense of the
Conmes that each sueh ameement shall in-
CIude a blndlng eommltment. on the part of
aueh forelgn nation and Its flrhlng veseb. 10
eomply wlth the followlng temu and condl-
lions:
il1 The foreign nation. and the orner or op-
erator of any fhhlng veuel fishing Dunuant
to aueh a-ment. wlll sbide by al1 regula-
tlom promulgated by the Seeretary Dursuant
10 th19 ehspter. ineludlng any regulatlons pro-
mul~ated to lmplement any applicable fbhery
mana~ement plan or an~ ~reliminary fbhery
manaiement Plan.
(21The foreirn natlon. and the orner or op-
era~~~of MY fbhing vesse1 fishlng pursusnt
tasueh -ment. wlll ablde by the requlre.
ment thab
(Al MY Officer autnorlzed U, enforee the
in sectiono1861 of this titiel be oemltted-or
(11IO board. and senrch or inspwt. any ~-~~~~~~ ~~.-~
such vesel at anv timc. lhb ehapter
(II> 10 make irrests and selzurea pro- 1.1AIIo~atl~nof .llow~blo Icril
vlded for in sectlon 186libl of thls tltlc The Seeretary of Statc. In emperatlon wlth
whenever ruch offlcer has rearonable the Seeretary. ahall determlne the allaitlon
cause to believe. as a result of sueh a among forefgn nstlons of the mIsJ allowablc
seareh or i~peetlon. that any such vewl level of forelm fbhlng whlch is permitted Wth
or MY =non har, eommitted an aet pro- . .-e.. .. -nv.lbherv subiecl to the exclulve
hiblted by sectlon 1851 of thh litle. and fishery rnanagement~auth~rity of the Unlted
(Ili1 10 examine and ma*e notations on States. 1n maklns any ruch detemuiatfon. the
the permit isued punuant to sectlon 1824 Seeretary of State and the Seeretary shall Con-
of this tltle for such vesel: slder-
(BI the Dermit lssued for any sueh verre1 (11whether. and to what extent. the flshlnl
vessels of such natlons have traditionall~ en.
pumuant 10 seetlon 1824 of thb litle be gaged In fbhing ln such fiahery:
promlnently dlspla~ed In the wheelhouse of (21 whether sueh nilions have cwpented
~ ~ ~ ~ with the Unlted States ln. and made suhs(an.
(Cl tr-Anders. or Sueh other approprI. tIe.1contrlbutio~ 10. fishery resemh and the
ate position-flxln~ and ldentificatlon WUID- identlllcarion of flshery rcJources:
ment as the Seeretary or the department In 131 whelher such nations have cwpented
whlch the Coast Guerd 1s opcrating deter. with the Unlted States In enioreement and
mines to be appropriate. be lmtalled and wlth respect to the eomervatlon and manMe-
malntalned in worklng order on eaeh such ment 01 fbhery rerourees;and
(41 suen other matters an the seeretary of
(Dl duly ~uthorlzed Unlted Ststes observ. State. ln eooperation wlth the SecrelirY.
ersbe pemitted on board any rueh vesse1 deem approprlate.
and that the Unlled States be reimbuned
for the -1 of such observen: VI Rcripmily
(El sny fees reguired under section Foreign fishing rhall not be authorid for
182l~blllOl of thls tille be pald in advance: the fishing veseb of any foreim natlon wilm 192 GULF 01FMAINE
sueh nation satisfies the Seeretary and the Sec- 51822.Internationii 6rhecy ageemenis
retary of State thst sueh nation extends sub-
~tantially the samefirhing privileger 10 fishing (a)Nr~oIialions
vessels of the United States. if any. as the The Secretary of Slate-
United States exlends Loforeign fishlng vesels. 11) $hall renegotiate treaties arprovided for
11)Plrliminir)iiiihery minirement plmns in subseclion lb) of lh~ section:
(2) ahail negotiate governing International
The Seeretary. when notified by the Seere. fishery agreements dcrribed ln section
tary of Stste lhat any foreign nation her sub. 18211~)of lhis title:
mitted an application under section 1824(b) of (3) maY negotiate baundary agreements as
thls tille shali prepare a preliminary fishery pr(4)~h811.o"PO" sthe request of and in eooper.n:
management plan for any fishery eovered by
such appiiealion if the Seeretary determines ation with the Seerelary. initlate and conduet
that no fishery management plan for that fish. inrernational ffishery agreements-ntering into
ery will be prepared and implemented. pursu- (A) whieh allow fishing vrsels of the
mt 10 subehapler IV of this ChaDler. before United States equitable -es 10 fish over
Mareh 1. 1977. To the extent praelicable. each
whieh foreign nations auert exclusive fish-
( er(Bi whlehent provideorfor thendconservation
of the fishery and a ireliminarb determina- and management of anadmmous species
lion asto the aotimum Yieid from sueh fish. and highly migratory speeles: and
ery and lhe loial sllow~ble level of forelgn
fishine wilh lesDeel 10 sueh fisherv: 15) may enter into sueh other negotlations.
12) siail re~uire eaeh foreign fiihing vesse1 nat Drahlbited by subsectlon Ici of this sec-
engaged or wishing to engage in such fishery tion. - may be neeevlary Md appropriate to
U, Obtain a permit from the Seeretary: furthel the DurposeS. policy. and provisions
13) sha11 requlre the rubmislon of pertinent of this chapter.
data U, the Secrerary. with respect to such
fishery. ar deXrlbed In section 1853ta)(5) of
thh title: and
(4) may. to the extent neeessary 10 prevent
irreversible elfeets from overfishing. with m-
aDeet to sueh fishery. contain conservation
and management mearures appllcnble to for-
eign fishing which-
(A) are detemined U, be necessary and
a~~ro~rlate for the conservation and man.
agement of sueh fishery.
(BI are eomistenl with the nalional stan-
dards. the olher provisions of this ehapter.
and other ao..i~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.~d from any sueh treaty. in aecordsnce wlth its
(Ci are deseribed in section 1853lb)!2l. 13). pr~vi~ions. if such treaty is not sa renegotiated
14). 15). and (7) of this title. wlthin a rearonable period of tlme efter April
13. 1976.
EPeh preliminary fishery managemenl plan
6hdl be in effect with respect to foreign fishing
for whieh pemilb have been isued until a fish- NO internaIlonai 1i;hery aËrccmcnl tolher
crY management plan is Drepred and im~le- (han a tmalyl ohirh Denains Io loreim fish<n~
mented. Pursuant to subehapter IV of this utthln the luhrry conservation mnc ior wiihin
chauter. wilh respect 10 sueh fishery. The See- the arca lhat ail1 ronstilute ruch zonealter
retary may. in accordance with section 553 of February 28. 1977). or for anadromous speeies
title 5, also prepare and promulgate interim ar Continental Shelf fishery resourees beyond
legulatiom with respect ta any sueh prelimi- sueh zone or area-
nary plan. Sufh regulations rhaI1 be in effeet Il) which is in effeet on June 1. 1976. may
Until reDulatiom implementing the applicable thelealter be renewed. extendcd, or amended:
fhhery management plan are Dmmulgated pur- ".
SUMt U,section 1855 of thir title. 12) may be entered inU, aller May 31. 1976;
!hb. L. 94-265. tille II.D201. Apr. 13. 1976. 90 by the Unlled States unles,il is in aecordanee
Stat. 337.) with the provlsiom of section 182l(c) of lhis
title.
Th- ChiDtrr .. .,h. o"8ln.l th" *ci mcin. Id) Boundary ni~otiaiiona
UIOin? R<hcr> Cownii.on ind Muiigemcnt Act 01 The Secretary of Slate, in eoo~eratian with
ln6. Wb L OI.16, Apr II lOl6 W Scat 131 For the Seeretary, may initiale andeonduct negoti.
Cl~lltlllion 01IhY Act n ihr Code in &dd.ilonloen. atlons with any adjacent or o~Dasite foreign
wmrnt 01 thw ~h.mr~,'ur shon NII~ "01. set out nation to establish the boundaries al the fbh-
undcrmilon 1w1 01 th" tiilind~ib~cato~umc ery conservation zone of the United States in
relation to any auch nation.
le) Sonr~ro~nilion
It is the seme of the Congres that the
Unlted States Gavernment $hall not reeognize ANNEXES TO MEMORlAL OF THE UNITED STATES
the daim of any foreign nation 10 a fishery (Al as an exereire of the rulemaking
conservation zone tor the equivalentl beyond power of the House of Reprerentatives and
such nation's territorial sea. to the extent thal the Senate. respeetively. and they arc
such rea ir reeognired by the United States. if deemed a par1 of the rules of ewh House.
sueh natian- rerpeetively. bu1 applicable only with re-
(Il fails to consider and lake into wcounl spect to lhe prwedure 10 be followed in
traditional firhing aclivily of fishing vesnelr that Houre in the case of fisherv asreemenf
of the United States: resoiurions dereribed in paragriph (21. and
(21 fails 10 reeognize and aecepl lhat hishiy they supersede other rules onlY 10 the
migratory speeier areto be managed by appli- , extent that they are inconsistent therewith:
cable international fishery agreemenü.
whether or not such nation is a party to any
SUC~ agreement: or
(31 imposes on fishing veseis of the United
States anv conditions or restrictions whieh
are unreited to fishery conservation Md
management
(Pub. L. 94.265. title 11. 9 202. Apr. 13. 1916. 90
Siat. 339.1
CODI.I<LTIOX
9182ti0niI Sahery amerneniat of ~orcrning interna.
(ii In sneRI
No governing international fishery agreement
.hall beeome effective with respect U, the
United Slales before the close of the Iint 60
ealendar days of eonlinuau session of the Con.
gres aller the date an whieh the President Any fishery weement resolulion uDon
lransmI1. 10 the Houe of Represenlativer and being repartcd shill immediately be ~laced on
10 the Senale a daeument selting forth the tex1 the appropriale calendar.
of sueh %Ovemin% international flshery agree.
menl. A eopy of the document shall be deliv. IO Fiwr <onaidtrallon in the Houer
ered to eaeh House of Congres on the same (AI A motion in the House of Re~rerenta.
dsy and shsll be delivered to the Clerk of the ~IYCJ 10 prweed 10 the ronsideraiion of MY
House of Represenlaliver. if the House is not in ftshery agreement re~ol~tton 9haii bc hlPhiY
seslon. and M the Seeretary of the Senate. If prl\lleged and not debalable An amendment
the Senate is no1 in session. 10 the rnollon rhsli no1 be tnorder. nor shall
Il be in order 10 move to reeoruider rhe vote
tbl &ferni to rornrnlltrrs by which the motion isagrced U, or d-eed
Any dmument demibed ln subsection tel of 10.
this Section shall be lmmedialel~ referred in (BI Debale in the House of Repfesentalivn
the House of Represenlaliver 10 the Cornittee on any firhery agreement resolution shall be
on Merehant Marine and Fisherles. and in the limited to na1 more lhan IO houm. whlch
Senale IO the Cammittees on Commerce and shall be divided equally between those favor.
Foreign Relations. ing and those opposing the resolutlon. A
Ir1 CornpuIation of 6a.d.ypriod motlon further to Ilmit debate shall no1 be
FOC purposes of rubreetion ta1 of this sec- debatable. if shall no1 be in order 10 move W
tion- reeommit any fishery agreement rerolution Or
(11 conlinuity of session is broken onlY by to move M reconsider the vote by which MY
an adlournment of Congres sine die: and fishery agreement resoiulion isameed la or
(21 the days on whieh elther House isno1 in disagreed 10.
session beeause of an adlournment of more ICI Motions to pmtpone. made in the Hous
than 3 days to a day certain are exeluded in or Representatlves with respect to the consid.
the eomputation of the 6O.day period. eration of any fishery apreemenl resolution.
and motions to proeeed to the consideration
of Other business. shall be deeided without
debate.
--.-.. (Dl Ail appee.1~ from the decisiors of the
The provisons of thir Chair relating M the application of the Rula
the CongresS- of the Houe of Repre~entatives U, the D m GULF OF MAINE
dure relating to any fishery agreement resa- (hl Applicalioni and prmiu under mrernin~ inter.
lution shall be deeided wlthout debate. nitionil fiahery .mrm.nu
CE) Exceut to the extenl apeclflcally pro- (1) EliCihilily
vlded in the Preeedlng provlslons 01 this sub- Eaeh forelgn nation wilh which the United
seetlon. consideration of any fishery agree. States has enlered in10 a governlng Interna.
ment resolution shall be soverned by the tlonal fishery agreement shall submit an ap-
Rules 01 the House 01 Reuresentatlves appli- plieatlon to the Seeretary of State eaeh year
cable 10 olher bills and resolutions in slmllar for a permit for each of Its f&hing.vesse&
~lrcurntan~e~.
lhat wishes to engage in fbhlng deseribed in
(51flair con.id.ntion in th.Sn.,. sub~ection ta1 of th& seetlon.
,.,. . .....
The SRretary. in consultation with the SR.
retary of Stale and the Secretary of the de.
partment in whieh the Comt Guard & operat.
hg. shall prewribe the fom for permit ap.
plleations submltted under th& subseetion
and for permlts lssued pursuant to any aueh
BDplieBlion.
Any application made under th& subsection
8hall speeify-
(A) the name and offielal number or other
identifieallon of eaeh flshing vesse1 for
whieh a permit Ir sought. together *th the
na(BI the tonnage.f teaoaeltv.esoeed.moormes.
ing equipmcnl. ly~ and quanllty al fuhmp
gear. and such other mrtlnenl infonnallon
wllh resl~~l IO charnle~11~~ of each such
~es-el as the Sccrcwy may rcquire
(Cl euh flSherY Lnrhieh caehsueh vesse1~ ~ ~ ~ ~
whhes ta fbh:
(Dl the amount of flsh or tannageof
atch contem~laled for eaeh such vcsel
during the Cime such Dermit b in force: and
(Ei the oeean area in which. and the
semon or period durina whieh. sueh f&hing
wlll be eondueted:
and =hall lnelude any other pertinent Mar-
mation and materlai whleh the Seeretary may
reoulre.
(4)TRnsmitw for iction
Upon recelpl of any application whieh corn.
plies wlth the reguirements of paramph (31.
(Pub. h 91-265. tille II. 5203. Aur. 13. 1976. 90 the Secretary of State shsll publish such ap
Stat. 340.) pliealion in the Federal Reg(Jter and ahal
Dromptly 1-mlt-
(Al such ~~~licatlon. torethel wlth hb
commenis Md recot&endations thereon.
10 the Seeretary:
(B) a eopy of the application to eaeh ap-
propriate CouneIl and to the Seeretary of
the department in whieh the Coast Ouard
1soperating: and
(C) a eoDy of such msterisl to the Com-
mittee on Merchant Marine and Flsheries
SICIION RLIUIRLD IO r" mHIR SmtO>iS of the House of Representatives and to the
This scction LSrefcrredto in secfiam 1821. 1861of Committees 011Commerce and Foreign Re.
khi. LlliC. latlons of the Senate.
11821. Pcrmits for forrisn hhins
1.1ln ..".cal
$ruel rhaii ?nDage in li,hing uilhin the firhpr).
conrer$ar~onronr. or lor wadrornour rpeelrr or
Curit~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -~~~~~~ ~~~~~ri. ~~-~~~~~r ~~vo....
Such zone. unless sueh vesrel has on board a
Yalid Dermit issued under this section for such GULFOF MAINE
fishina vesse1 for ahich the permit is isused nation's territorial aea. to the extent that
~hsll promlnently display sueh permit in the Such ses 1srecognlzed by the united States. is
sheelhouse of ruch verre1 and show il. upon re- wzed by any foreign "?*a--
qUes!,.t~ ans offieer authorlzed Io enforce the 'A> il ~'iolatlon of.,",,-
prol.~slon~ of thie chauler las provided for in ishery agreement; Bppllesble interna.
section 1661 of this titiel.The Seeretary of (BI without aulho~lZati~n under on agrce.
siaie. aller consultation with the Seeretary ment between the united state. yid sueh
~nd Che Secretary of the department in whieh nation; or
the Coast Guard ir operatine. shail preMribe
the farm and manner in which applications for
registration permits mas be made. and the
forms ofSueh permils. Tne Seeretary ofStaie
may establish. requlre the Payment of. and col. he shall certify sueh delemlnation to the sec.
leci fees for reaistration Dermits: excepl that retary of the Tresury.
the lerel of sueh fees shall not exceed the ad. ,bl Prohibition.
ministratire costs ineurred by him in irruing U~on reeelpt of anY certiflcatlon from the
SUC^permiü. Seeretary of Stale under subsection 18) of thls
section. the SeeretarY of the Trearury shili lm-
(Pub L. 94-265. litle II. 9201. Apr. 13. 1916. 90 medlately take such action - may be nec-ry
Slat. 312.1 and appropriate ta prohibit the Lmportation
CODI.ICATION ~nto t~ ~ ~ited Stareq-
(1) of al1 fish and fish produets fmm the
fishery In~oived. if any: and
121 UDO~ recommendation of the Seerelary
of State. sueh othcr fish or flsh pmducts.
from any flshcry of the forelm nation con-
eerned. whieh the Seeretary of state flnds to
be approlirlate to carry out the el
lhls section.
If the Seer;tir~ of State fin& that the rea.
Id1 [kCinitioni
Asused in this section-
Ill The tem "fbh lneludes any hi~hly ml-
matory sweles.
121The tem "flsh DrodueW means any ar.
ticie whleh Ir produeed from or ~0mpOSedof
lin whole or in part1 any llh.
(Pub. L. 84-265. tltle II. 8205. Apr. 13. 187690
StDt. 345.)
SUBCHAFTER IV-NATIONAL PISHERY
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
So~~lm R-- m iroirm 8icnoni
Thk subehaplcr U refemd u> Lnwctlon 1121Ofthlr
Llflc.
P 1851. N.tion.1 ~Undirdi for flihery conxn.Uan
ind minyemenf
(al ln renmml
Any fishery msnapement plan prepared. uid
any reculatlon promulgated to Lmplement anY
sueh pian. pursuant to this subehspter shai be
consistent with the followinp natlonil
dards for fishery conservation and mame-
ment:
1LI conservation and management mearum
shaii prevent overfishing while iehlevlnr on
a eontinuing bsfs. the optimum yleld lrom
each fishery.
(2) Co~ervation and management mearium
Shall be bsed upon the best wientlllc Inlor.
mation availabie.
131 To the exlcnt practieable. an lndlvldud
stock of fish shail be manaped ass unit GULFOF MAINE
area over whieh sueh Council ir granted i2l The PaCifiC CoUncil shall haie one addi.
~uthorit~. taonai nonrullnil membei who shail k appoint.
(blVotingmrrnkn ed by. and sene al the plcarure of.the Goicr.
(11The voting memberr of each Couneil rhall no, of Alaska
Id1Cornpnsitlon and expne,
"..
(Al The principal State officia1 wilh marine
".
(4) If B~Y votinz member of a Council dh.
with regard lo the management. coniervation. 881eeJ with reswit ta MY matter whleh I.
or reereslional or commereisl hamesl. of the trammilted 10 the Seeretnry by such Cwneii.
llhery rerourees of the geographieal area such member may submlt s sutement Uithe
mncerned. SecretarY setting forth the reasom for sueh d&
(2) Each voting member appolnted to a Coun-
cil pumuant to paragraph ~II(C1shall serve for (osbrr ."d idmin~.lnt~on
L tem 01 3 ycarr: exeept that. wlth respect to (1) Eaeh Counell mny apDaint. and -lm
the members initially so appolnted. the Secre- dutler 10. an ereeutlvc direetar and auch othcr
tar~ =hall derimate up to one-thlrd thereof to full- and oart-tlme adminbtntlve cmDlOYM rr
SeNe for B tem of 1 year. up to one-third the ~eer&ry detemlnes are nee&y~ta the
theleof to serve for a terni of 2 yearr. and the nerformance of 1- functlom.
rcmainlng such members to serve for a tem of
13, SUEC~UOII IO the \oltnp mcmberr of any
Counrtl shsll be appointcd in the rame rnanner ..~- .. .--~~
m the orl~lnal volln0 memberr Any indivtdual
aDDointed 10 f111a racaney weurring prior 10 Couneil in the perfomance.of its funetions
theCXDIIB~~O~ of any lem of office ahall br ap under thir chauler.
Wlnted foi the icrnaindcr of ihal lem (31The Seeretary shall pmvide ta eneh Cam-
(ciNonrollnz mrmkn cilSUC~ admlnistrstlve and mhnicsl suPLWrt
(Il The nonvoting membera of eaeh Counell services as WC necenrary forthe effective lune.
Chi,, "., tlonfng of sueh Couneil.
(41 The Adminhtrator of Ceneml SedCe
(Al The regional or arcs director of the shall furnhh euh Council dth such offlccp.
United Slales Nsh and Wildlife Service for rauiomcnt.~.suonllea. -~d~services as he h au.
nan Eeographical area concemed. or hiri desig. iROLze 10 furnl~h 10 any othor agcney or in.
strumcntsltty 01 the united States
(BI The Commander of the Coart Guard 15) The Wretary and the SecrelarY of SUw
dhtrict for the geagraphlcal ares concemed. shall fumcth eaeh councii with relevant infor.
Or his deîimee; except that. if twa Coart mntlon coneernlng foreim fhhlng and Intemi.
Guard districts are within aueh geographleai tional firhery agreements.
area. the commander desimated for sueh pur. 161Eaeh Couneli ahal detemlne Its oreanb.
DoJeby the commandant of the Coast Guard. tion. and prescribe ita pmtlces and pmedum
(Ci The executive director of the Marine for carrying out lta functlom under thk chnP
Rsheries Commission for the geosraphieal ter. In ceordance with sueh unlform stand-
areaeoncerned. if any. or his dealmee. as are prerribed by the SecretarY. Eieh
(Di One reprerentatlve of the Department cil shall ~ubiish and make avsllable to the
Of State desimated for rueh purpose by the publie a statemcnt of IL1ore.nbtion. ~lieticea.
&crerary of State. ar his desimce. and proceduréri. tg19 ANNEXES TO MEMORIAI .OF THE UNITED STATES 199
(71 The Seeretary rhall pay-
(Al the eompensali~n and expenses pro- Tnr Gcnrial yhrd~lr rrlrrtcd ioin sJbuc idi u
vided for in subseetion (dl of thir section: SC, OUL unacr srttlon 5331 01 l~ilr5 Co$rrnmenl Or
181 a~~ropriale eomliensation to emDloyeer ganir~iion ancl~molo\rra
sppoiniid undcr Daraeraph (1):
(cl the amounts reouired for reimburse-
ment of other Fcderai ageneies under para- "4, a , , ,,t O , A mr.n
graphs (21 and (4t ,ne rnr ~lshrr) ~on<rniiian snd ManaDImrnl AC! ot
(Dl the ac1ue.i expenser of the members of 1076 PL$ L 94.265. *Dr 13 1916.90 SLal 331 Por
the committeer and panels ertablirhed under clruiliriilon olihir Art8" Lhc Code. inaddii8onio rn.
s~bbection (gl of thissection: and lrcmrnt of thir rhiptrr. srrSnort Tiih noir artout
(EI sueh other eosu as the Secrelary deler- unmr S C C C1801 01 thutttleard~ibbr bolumc
mines are necesary to the performance of smio~ Rurnlm ro i* Orsoi Smionr
the functions of the Couneilr.
This seellon ierclerred to In rertlon iB02 01 (hl<
11,Cornmitter. and vnnrl- Lltle.
(il Eaeh Couneil shsii establish and maintain. $1853.Contents of fiahery rnanigement plan'
and appoint the membcrs of. a seientific and
statistical committee 10 wist it in lhe derelop- (a) Rquirrd providonr
ment. ~ollection. and evaluation of sueh slatisti- Any fishery management plan which Ir pre-
cal. biologicai. eeonomie. social. and olher scien- pared by any Couneil. or b~ the SecretarY. with
tific information as is relevant to such Councii's rerpecl la any fishery. rhali-
develooment and amendment of ans fishers tll conlain the conservation and manage.
ment mesurer. apvlleable to foreign fishing
and fishing by versels ol the Uniled Stales.
whieh are-
thk chanter. (Al neeessary and appropriate for the eon-
~ervation and management of the flrhery:
(hl Funrtions (8) deseribed in lhis subsectlon or sukee.
Each Couneil shall. in accordance wlth the tion (bl of this section. or bolh: and
pr~~i~ions of thiB ehapter- (CI consistent wlih the national slan.
(1) prepare and submil 10 the Secretsry a dards. the other provisions 01 this ehapter.
fishery management plan wilh resuect to and any other applleable law:
each fishery within i& geopraphical area of
authoritv and. from tlme to time. sueh
amendiénts to each nueh plan a~ are neces-
sary :
121 prepare commenu on any aDvllcalion
for foreign firhing transmitted 10 il under
section .--~(b~(4~rBl ~ ~t~ ~ tilie. and anv
fishery management plan or amenament
transmitied to it under section 1854teIt21 of
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
th131 conduet public hearings. at appropriate if any:
(31 -es end speelfy the present and prob-
limes and in appropriate ioeations In lhe geo- able future condition 01. and the maximum
graphlcai area concerned. so as 10 allow al1 in- rustainable yleld and optimum yleld from,
teresled perrons an opportunity 10 be heard the lkhery. and inelude a SummarY 01 the In.
in the deveiopment of fishery management ..~~~~ion utilized in makina rueh speeilica.
plans and amendmenu to such plans. and tion:
wlth respect to lhe administration and impie- (11 auers snd sDecifY-
mentation of the provisions of thir chauter: (A) the eapaclty and the extenl U>whleh
(41 submit 10 the Secretary- flrhinp versels of lhe United States. on an
(Al a reparl. before FebruarY 1 of eaeh annual buis. wlll harvert the o~limum
year. on the Council's activilies durlng the
lmmediately preeeding ealendar year. yi(81 the portionnder of aueh optlmum31.Md yield
181 sueh periodic reporu as the Council
deems appropriate. and whleh. an an annual basis. will no1 be har.
1C) any other relevant report which maY velled by fishing vemels of the Unlted
be requested by the Seeretary: States and can be made available for 101.
elgn firhlng: and
151 review on a eonlinuing basis. and revise 151 s~eclfy the pertlnenl dala whlch ahdl
as appropriate. the a%essmens and rpecifiea- be rubmitted to the Secrelary with reJDecl U,
110- made pumuant to section 1853la1(31 and the fishery. ineiudlng. but not iirniled Co. Ln.
141 of ihis litle wilh respect 10 the optimum lormatian regarding the type and quanllly cd
yield from. and lhe total allowable level of
foreign fishing In. each fishery within its geo- flshing gear used. catch by specler in numben
pr~phical area of authority; and of fish DI weight lhercof. areas ln whlch fkh.
(61 conduet any other activities which are in= wm engaged In. tlme of fishlng. snd
required by. or vrovided for in. this chapler number of hauls.
orwhi~h are nwessary and appropriate lothe
foresoins functlons. Any ~kheri.iMasement plan which IS O=
(Pub. L. 94-265. litle III. $302. ADr. 13. 1916. 90 pared by any Couneil. or by the Seeretary. with
respect 10 any fishery, maY-
Stat. 347.1200 GULFOFMAINE OF THE UNITED STATES 201
19201 ANNEXES To MEMoRlAL
State with respect to foreisn fishing and with CDS,,,CA~~O"
the Secretary of the department ln which the
Coart Guard ir operating wlth respect to en.
forcement at rea.
121Whenever. Dursuant to oaraaraDh (II. the
seeretary prrp&s a fishery inanigiment Plan
or amendment. the Seeretary rhall ~rornptiy
tran~mlt sueh pian or amendment to the appro. smxox ~rnn~ra ro inOma Smials
priate Council for consideration and comment. ~his section ia relartcd to in scctionr 1852, 1853.
Wtthln 45 days alter the date of reeeipt of such 1855O1 Lhlrritle.
pian or amendment. the aDproDriate Council 91855. 1mplcment.tion or fiihw minasement plina
may reeommend. to the Secretary. changer in
such pian or amendment. consistent with the
national standards. the other omvlsions of this AS swn arpractlcabie alter the Seeretary-
chapter. and any other applicsble law After Ill appro~es. DUISUB~~ to section l851lsi
the ex~lratian of rueh 45.de.y period, the Secre. and (bl of this litle. sny fishery management
tary may implernent such pian or amendment plan or amendment: or
pursuant 10 section 1855 of this title (21 oreoares. Dursuant to section 18541~1of
(31 Notwlthrtandin~ paragraph III. the Seere- this iiti;. any fishery management Dian O;
tary may no1 lnelude in any fishery manage- amendment:
ment oian or anr amendment to any such plan. the Seeretaryshall ~ubiish in the Federal Reg-
prepaied by him. a provision eîtabllshing a ister (A) such pian or amendment. and (81 any
limited acees system derribed in section
18531bit61 of th13 title. unles rueh system is
first approved by a malorlly of the votlng mem-
ben. prezent and voting. of each appropriate iiii 15 dGr afterkh iubliealion within
whieh to submit in writing data. views. or eom-
mena on the plan or amëndment. and on the
proposed regulatlonn.
The Seeretary rhall by regulation establish
the level of any fees whieh are suthorizad to be Ib,.eilin.
eharged purruant to section 1853(bllll of thh The ~e;re(ary may whcdule a heuring. ln ac-
title. Sueh levei shall not cxceed the adminis- cordance with seetion 553 of titie 5. on any fish-
trative cos- incurred by the Sccretary in isu. ery manapement plan. any amendment 10 any
in8 sueh permi-. such plan. and any reguiations to ImDlement
any sueh Dlan or amendment. If anY such hear.
(Cl Fisheri." reacirch ~~~vis scheduled. lhe SeeretarY ~a". .~ndina lis
The Secretary shall initiale and maintain a outeorne-
c~mprehe~iYe program of fishely research to (Al postpone the effeclive date of the regu.
carry out and further the purposer. Doliey. and latio~ p10p0sed to imDlement such Plan or
provisions of thiS Chapter. SUeh Drogram shali amendmenc or
be desirned to acquire knowledge and inlorma- (81 take sueh other action arhe deems ap
tion. including statistiw. on fishery conserva- pfopriate 10 prererve the righ- or stalus Of
tion and managemenl. ineludlng. bu1 na1 limir-
ed to. biologicai research eoneerning the inter- Ir)1mpiment.iion
dependence of fisheries or stocks of fish. the .~~~.~.retarv sha~l -romulna-e regulations
impact of pollution on fish. the impact of wet- 10 irnplemeni an)'flshrry management plan or
land and estuarine degradation. and other mat- sny smendmcnl 10 any SUCO via"-
terr bearing upon the abundance and availabil- (11 alter ronsidcralion of sli relevant mal.
itY of fish. lem-
(Al presented to him during the 15-day
tr,H~~~~II.~~ du~li~es~ period referred to in rubseetion ta) of Lhis
(Il If any lirhery extends beyond the geo- section. and
grauhical area 01 authority of any one Couneil. (BI produced in any hearing heid under
the Secrelary may- subrection (bJ of thir section. and
(Al designate which Counell shail DreDare
the fishery management plan for sueh fishery (21 if he fin& that the plan or amendment
and any amendment to such plan: or il consistent wilh the national standards. the
1B) mas require that the plan and amend- other provisions of thir chauter. and anY
ment be prepared jointly by lhe Couneils eon- other a~olleabie iaw.
cerned. TO the extent DraCtieable. such resuiatiam
shall be put into effeet in a m-er which daes
No jointly prepared plan or amendment maY be no1 disruPt the regular fishing searonlor anY
submitted LO lhe Secretary unies it is approved fishery.
by a majority of the voting members. present (dl ludicial rerlcr
and rotin*. of eaeh Couneil roncerned.
(2) ~héseeretary rhall establish the bound. Regulations promulgated by the SecretarY
under thir chapter shali be subjeet to ludiclil
review to the extenr authorized by. and in aC.
cordance with. ehapler 7 of title 5. ia Delition
(Pub. L. 94-265. title III. 8301. Apr. 13. 1978. 90 for sueh leview is flled within 30 dayr aller the
Stat. 352.1 date on whieh the reguistions are promuigaled: ~9221 ANNEXESTo MEMoRi.41 .OF THEUNITEDSTATES 203
1E) 10 forcibly assault. reMt. opwse.
lmrxde. intimidate. or lnterfere with any
such au1horLZed oflieer in the mnduct of
any Iearch or inspection deacribed In sub-
par~c~~ph ID):
(FI 10 resht a lawfui arrest for any acl
prohiblled by this section;
IO1 to ship. transport. offer for sale. rell.
Lnsubparamph (Al or ICI; or be rot sridi by such cour1 ifthcy are noilound
(Hl to interlele wlth. delay. or prevent. by 10 bestnpmrted by SUDSIMIIBI cuidencc. u pro-
any means. the s~prehenrlon or arrest 01
another person. knowing thst such other vlded in section 70812, of ritle 5.
oerson hsr eommitted anv .ct ~r.hlbited bv tri~rnion uponfillun to p., usr.imrnt
ihls 6eetlOn; and if my person Ialh IO pay an aaresment of s
12) for any versel other than a vesel of the clvll penalty sflri it har kome a fmal and un.
Unlted States. and for the orner or operator a~walable Order. 01 alter the apDroprlale mua
of an? veuel other than a ve-1 of the hm enteied final ludcmenl rn Isvoi of the Sce.
United States. to ensaae in flshing- remry. the Seçretary $hall rofcr the matwr to
(Al wlthln the Wundaries of any State: or the Attorney aenrral 01 the United States. who
shall reçoverthe mount ~selsed In MY aupro-
(BI wlthln the fbhery eonservatlon zone. Prlale dulrlet court 01 the Uniled Suln in
or for any anadromous specles or Continen- such act~on. the vslidily and sppropriswnesr of
W Shelf fhhery resourcea beyond such the final ordci lmpiuing the elvil Penalty ahul
zane. unles such lbhlng Is authorlzed by. no1 be sublecl to rcvicw.
and eonduewd ln accordance wlth. a vaild
and ipplleable pemlt hued pursuant ta Id)Compmmiv or oiher ution by %-Ur).
~tlon 1824(bI Or(ci of lhb tltle. The Secretarv mav mmoromlu. modlfy. or
(pub. L. 84-285. title 111.$307. Apr. 13. 1976.90 rrmlt. *th ormithoit conditio~. c~uPen-
Stat. 355.) alty which b sublect 10 im~sitlon or whieh h.s
been ImDosed under thh secllon.
C<>.I.ICIIIO.
<Pub.L. 94.185. tltle 1110308. ADT. 13,1876. 80
IIU~L ~Rihery" con~rustlonoand~MuUrmenteL".An of stat. 356.)
1076. RIB.I.04-265. AD^.13.1078.w SUL 331.mr ~rmmin Dan
clrulflcitlaof lhl.Act lntheCcda. ln iddltloUirn.
.cunrni of ihk chipur. wc Shon ntic notewt out of RIb,frctlvo d,-,f ui rt 31z
wdcr wctlon 1801of Ihb flllc .ndT.blrsvolume.
vnder -flan 18,7of lhl<,Ifle,
EmIYI DITE Sm101 R- ro in Oria S~~XOWS
MllOn II? of Pub L 04.265 providrd Lhil M
L~OM 301 308 300 110 Lnd 311 l<hlssrci.on and src Th" seCt'on La in M''on "* Of lhu
L~ON 1858 Ui,86101 ChU IIIlcl8h.lLUC rll*CI MYC~ "'lC
1.1~7~. 4las8 Criminil oRenw
S~IO. R- 70 IIor~a S~IOIS (-1onense.
~hl. .cetlonb rcfrmd to in sectlom IPI. 1824. A Denon L1wllly of an oflense Il he commlb
185111.858.1860.ImI offhb Utl~ any act prohlbiled by-
111 section I857(lllDl. (El. IF). or IHI of
$ l858.CLrilpniltks thls tltle: or
121seetlon 1851121of thb titlc.
1.1*"e..mtn, of De"ilt~
Any Denon who h-round by the Secretary. lb)Rini.hment
after notice and an OppOrlunlly for a hearing in hy offense descr~bed In subvctlon (aH1) ol
accordance wlth section 554 01 title 5. to have this section Is ~unhhable by a line 01 no1 more
mmllted an act Drohlbiled by section 1857 of than $50.000. or imprlsonmenl for not more
thh tltle rhpll be Ilable to the United Statesfor than 8 months. or Mth: exmpt lhat If in the
a elvil penalty. The amount of the elvil ~enalty commlslon of any oueh offense the Penon WU
%hall mot erceed $25.000 for eaeh violation. s dangernus weamn. engages in conduet lhit
Eaeh dey of a eontinulng violallon shall eonstl. causes bodlly lnlury to any offleer authorlicd
tute s separate offense. The amount 01 sueh to enforce the provlslons of thh chn~wr lu
civil penalty shall be aJseued by the Secretary. provided for in section 1881 Of thb tltlel.01
01 his dcrlmee. b~ wrltten notlce. In detemin. places any sueh officer in fear of Imminent
in8 the smount of such penalty. the Seeretary bodliy Inlury. the olfenre b DunLIhsble bY
rhall take in10 amount the nature. clreum. flne of no1 more than $lW.WO. or lmpNon.
stances. exlent. snd navlty 01 the prohlblted ment for not more than 10 Yean. or Mth. Mis
acm eommitted and. with respect tp the viols. offense dewrlbed In subsecllon taI(21 of tu
t01. the degree ol eulpabllity. any hirtory of scellon Ir punlshsble by a flne of not more thin
prior ollenseî. abllity to pay. and ruch other $100.OW. or lmprlsonment for not more than 1
malters sr Justice may require. year.or both. 204 GULF C
1.1Juriidirtion fomed by 6ffieen or Othe?penons duiignated
There ls Federal Jurisdietlon over any offew for sueh purpose bYthe Secretary.
descrlbed in thls seetion.
Id) Raedurr
(Pub. L 91-265. title III5 309. Apr. 13. 197%.90 (1) Any offiar authoNed to serve any pm
Stat. 351.) M in rem whieh ls lssued by a court havlnp lu.
risdiction under section 188lld) sml-
Caoiricrnol (A) StaYthe execution of sueh praeess: or
"Thh ChiDter" wui In the orland "thh Act': mcm- (Bi dtseharEe any flsh selzed punuant to
LM the mhcry Conurvillon uid Muummrnl Act or 8UChpraeess:
1916.Pub. L.94-285.ADr.13. 1916.90 Stnt. 331. Mt
el~<lrlutlon of thh Ac1intheCM*. iniddltlonU> en-
utment Of Ihh Ch.Dkr. M Shorl mtle note rt out
~nd~r.CCtlOn1801 Of thh fltlind Tibla volume.
mr effeerivcdireof thh rubchi~wr. M section312
of Rib. L 94-26b rt out rr in Effeelbr Dite note
undci &Ion 1851of thh tllle.
SmIOI R m TO II hm 8m10m1
Thh ieetlon h rcfcmd U> in =lion 1824or thh
IIUC.
For puru@& of thls 8ectlan. iSM be a re-
buttable Drauption that oll flsh round on
board a flshlw v-l which LsseM in connec-
tien Wlth an set pmhibited by Mtion 1057 of
thb title were taken or retatned in violation al
thls ch~pter.
(Pub. L.84-285. litle 111.$310, ADr. 13. 1918. BO
1uri.di.tion ocouru Stat. 357.)
AnY dlslrict Murt of the United States whieh
hm lurisdiction under ~tlon 188i(dl of thi. CoDxnUIlom
title shall have Jurisdietion. upon application "Thh chwter" WL. inthe ori- "tp A&'..mm.
bY the Attorney Genemi on beholf of the inc the mhery Conurvillon uid M-ement ~ct of
United States. to order any forlciture autho. 1916. Rib. L 91-265.ADI. 12. ls10.90Sm. 331. Mr
rfmd under aubsect~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~thk s........rnd Cldiution of thisA&inthe code. in iddttian en-
-Y action Dmvided for under subseetion Cd)of undert~Uanlhl101 of lhh tlUcuidlnala nvolume.ut
thlssectlan.
~--- ~.... Mr rff=rivedie a ihia aubchi~reruc mion si2
If a Judment ls entered for the United States Of Pub L 04-285 set OUI L1 uiUfmlve D.U no*
in a civil forfeiturepraeeedinp under thls sec- udor amtlon lm1 of Lhhlitle
tion. the Attorney General may selze any pmp
erlY or other interest deelared forfeited to the 4 Iü61.Enforcement
United States. which har no1 previoualy been (il Rnponsibilit).
s&ed DUISUM~ ln thls ehaDter or for whieh se.
Curlty hm no1 previourily been obtained under The provisions of thls chaptei sml be en-
SUbSWtion(dl Of thb section. The Dmvlsions Of fomed by the Seeretary ad the Seeretary of
the euato~ laws relating to- the department in whieh the Cou1 Ouird ls
(1) the dbDosition of forfeited property. O~eratlng. Sueh Secretaries -y. by aprremcnt.
(2) the proeeeds from thc'8ale of forfetted on a rcimbunable barls or othewise. utillze the
DrODeltY. personnel. servfees. epuipment lincluding al?-
crsft and vessels). and facilitla of any ather
(3) t6e remisrion or mitiEntion of torfei- Federol aEencY. lncludinE oll elements of the
tules. and Department of Delerue. and al uiy State
14)the compromhe of elatmp. LLOenCYi.n the perfomance of such dutiai.
aholl apply to MY forfeiture ordered. and u> Such Secretaries aholl rewrt serm-uolly. U>
MY case Lnwhieh forfeiture ls alleped to beau- each cornmittee of the Congres llsted in M.
thorlzed. under thls section. unlesa such riravi. tion 1823(b) of thls titlc ana to the Coundls. on
aion.are ineo~lstcnt with the purposes. wliey. the degree and extenl of Lnow and esttlmited
Uld DIOVISION 01 this ~hapler. The duties and eompliann with the provbions of thls chauler.
Wwers im~osed uwn the Commissianer of Cus- (b) poxen 01iuthorild ornrin
talm Or other persons under sueh Dmvisioru
shall. with respect to thls chauler. be per- Any offieer who is authorized lby the Secrc-
taly. the Secretary of the depanment in whleh ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOF THE UNITEDSTATES 205
(9241
the Coast Guard is operating. or the head of (11 The term "provisions of this ehapter"
any Federal or State agency which has entered includer (Al any regulation or permit issued
pursuant 10 this ehapter. and (BI any provi.
into an aneement with such Seeretaries under sion of, or reguiation issued pursuant 10. any
sub~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~1 of this seelionl to enforee the international fisnery agreement under which
provisions of this chauler may- foreign fishing is authorized by section
(11 with orwithout a warrant or other pro-
ces- 1821tbl or tel of this title. with respect to
(AI arrert any person. if he has reason- fishing subject to the exclusive fishery man.
able cause to believe that ruch person has agement authorily of the United States.
eommitted an aet prohibited by section 1851 <2> The term "vioWion of any provision of
of this titie: this chapter" ineludes (Ai the commission of
(BI board, and search or inspeet. any lish- any BCG prohibited by section 1851 of thia
ing vesse1 whieh is subject to the provisions title. and (BI the violation of any reguislion.
of this ch~ptel: permit. or agreement referred to in para-
ICI seize any fishing vesei ttogether wich wauh 01.
its firtiins pear.furniture. appurtenances. (Pub. L. 94-265. title III. 5311. Apr. 13. 1976. 90
stores. and cargo) used or emPioYed in. or
with respect to whieh it reasonably appesrs Stat. 358.1
that sueh vessel was used or employed in.
the violation of any provision of this ehaP
ter:
(DI seize any rish twherever foundl taken
orret~ined in violation of any provirion of
th1E) seize any other evidence related to
any violation of any provision of this chau- EnrcriVZ DlT.
ter; PO^ eftectjvedate tnts rubchapter.rrc section312
(21 exeeute any warrant or ather proeess of Pub. L.94-269. set out s.5an Eflective Dalr note
irsued by any court of eompetent jurisdictian: under seelion 1851 ofthk tltle.
and
131exelcise any other lawfui authority. SICTIO" R-rn T0 1" OT-rd SrcnOns
Th& sccflon is referred U> in Seclionri 1821. 1821.
ici laauance of ritaiiona 1~1511.85s.1880of ln& titlc.
Ir any officer authorized to enforee the provi-
SION 01 this chapter (as provided for in ttiis SUBCHAFTER V-MISCELLANOUS
section1 finds that a fishing vessel is operatin8 PROVISIONS
or hi~sbeen operated in violation of any provi-
sion of thiS chapter. sueh officer may. in aeeor- IRRI.Effcrt on Lawof the SeaTIralr
dance with regulalions issued iointly by the If the United States ratifies a comprehensive
Secretary and the Seeretary of the department treaty. which ineludes provisiom with respect
in whieh the Coast Guard isoperating. issue a
citation to the orner or operator of suchvessri to fishery conservation and management lu&-
in lieu of proceeding under rubseetion lbl of diction. resulling fram any United Nations Con-
this seclion. If a permit has been issued pursu- frrenee on the Law of the Sea. the SecretarY.
*nt to this ChaDter for such vessei. ruch officer after consultation wlth the Secrelary of State.
shall note theissuance of any citation under may promulgate any amendment to the rerula-
this subseetion. including the date rhereof and ttons promuigated under this chapter if sueh
the remon therefor. on the permit. The Seere- amendment is necessary and ap~ropriate 10
"D"~O",, SUC~ r~g(liatl0ns 10 the provis,oiu of
tary shall maintain a record of ali citations SUC~ treaty. in anticipation or rhe date when
irsued pursuant to this subreetion. SUC~ trealy rhali come ln10 force and eflect for.
(di Juriadlrtionof couria or otherwise be appileable [o. the United
Th~ ~ ~ ~ ~t Courl;i of th? United States shaii States.
have exclusive jurisdirtion over any case or con-
troversy srising under the prorisions of this (pub. L. 94.265, titie IV. $401. ~pr. 13. 1916. 90
ehapter. In the esse of Guam. and any Com- Stal 359.1
monareaith. terrltory. or possession of the cooiricrrio*
united states in the Pacifie Ocean. ~he appm
priate court is the United States District Court .~hc~ cha~~~r- <v- ~nthe origtnal-thla~ct". mein-
for the District of Guam. exeept rhat in the Ing inî Fisherv Conreiratian ind Management Act 01
1878. Pub.L. 8,-265. AD, 13. 1976.BOStar 331.For
case of Amerjean Samoa. the appropriate court of ,hirAcr in the code. in ..dd~tiota en-
is the United States District Court for the Dis- undernsection 1801~olOthis tltlandtTables volume.t out
trict of Hawali. Any such cour1 may. al anY
Lime-
enter ,estraining prohibitions: 5 1882.Authoriislinn of svvropristion~
121 issue warrants. proces, in rem. or Othe7 ~ --....i,~~~-~d ~ ~~e a~..oor.aled [O
Process; the Seeretary. for purposes of earrying out the
(3) presCTibe and accePt salisfactoru bon* ,,fchis ehapter. not to exc~ed the loi.
Cirolher seeurity; and
(Il take sueh olher actions as are in the in- iow~~~.0~000 for th, fiseal vear endhg
terest of justice. June 30. 19%
I<l Dcfinitiona 12) 15.000.000 for the transitionsi fisa
FOI DU~POMI ofChi5section quarter endin% September 30. 1976. ANNEXE SOMEMONAL OFTHE UNITESTATES
OUTERCONTINENTA SLHELLANDSACT, 4USC,SECS1 .331.1343(1976):
ASAMENDED S,EC.331-1356(1976,SUPPLEMEI)T
NOTICEOFPKOPOSE AUTHORlUTlO NORGEOUX;ICA LNDGEOPHYSICAL
EXPWRATIO NFATLANTICUTER CONTINENTASHLELF2,FEDERAL GULF O F MAINE
stitution or laws Prior to or al the tirne such 91315. RilhU irpuired under Iara of ihe United
Sfate bffame a member of the Union. or if it Statr. unammkd
has ken heretoforc approved by Congres. Nolhing conlained in this subchapter or rub-
(May 22. 1953. ch. 65. tilie II. 54. 61 Stat. 31.) Chauler 1 of this Chanter shail affect sueh
rights. if any. as may have been aequired under
S~ION R-RED 90 rn Dram smioiis any iaw of the United States by any person in
~hlr section IIrcfcrrcd to in section 1301 of tnis lands subieet Co this subehapter or subchapter 1
tlflc. of this chauter and ruch righü. if any. shall be
governed by the law in effect al the lime they
$1313. Exccptiona fmm confirmation ind rstabliah. maY have been aequired: Prouided, holoever.
ment of Staia' titlepowci and rirhta
There h exceuted fmm the operation of sec- Thal nothing eantained in this subchapter or
tion 1311 of this tltle- JubehaPlel 1 of this ehapter is intended or shall
(al al1 tracts 01 Dareeb of land together be eomtrued ar a finding. interprelation. or
with dl BCCretiom thereto. resourees therein. eomtruetion bY the Connes that the law
or improvcrnents thereon. title to whieh hm under whieh sueh righll may be elaimed in faet
ben Iiwfdly and expresly aeQuired by the or in law applies to the iands subjeet to this
United Slates from MY Stale or from any subehapter or subehapter 1 of this chapter. or
.. ~ ..... .... autholizes 01 eompeh the nanting of sueh
law of the State or of the United Stares. and rights in such lands. and that the detemina-
ail iands chlrh the United Starrr lawfully Lion of the a~plicabilit~ 01 effeet of sueh law
hola undcr the law of the Slare. al1 lands ex. shali be unafleeted by anything eontalned in
OICJS~Y retalned b~ or ceded 10 the United this sukhapter or subehapter 1 of thb chapter.
States when the State entered the Union (May 22. 1953. eh. 65. title II. $8. 61 Stat. 32.1
(othewhe thm by a general retention or ces. SUBCHAPTER III-OUTER CONTINENTAL
monof lands underlyina the marginal reai. al1 SHELF LANDS
iands aeguircd by the United States by em!.
nrnl domaln oroceedinps Durchare crsqion CROSS RW~N
Pilr Labor SLuidara5 ACL of 1938. ap~llcibllllyoc.
we scetlon 213of Tllle 29Labar.
SO-rra R-m ro~n ha slcriows
dims: and When used in thh subchapter-
(ci al1 StNCtllM and impmvements mn- (a) The lem "outer Continental Sheif"
stwcted by the Unlted States in the exerche me- al1 subrneraed lands lying seaward and
of its navlpationai servitude. outside of the Blea of lands beneath navigable
(May 22. 1953. eh. 85. title II. $5, 61 Stat. 32.) waters as dglined in section 1301 of this title.
and of which the subsoil and seabed appertain
5 1314. Riihti and poren mtaind by the Uniled to the United States and are sublect M its juris.
Statn. purch.ae of naluml mmureei; rondemnn. dietlon and control:
lion of lindi (bl The lem "Secretary" me- the Seere.
tary of the Interior:
(a) The United States retaim al1 its naviga. (ciThe lem "mineral leace" me- any form
tional servitudeand riahts in and Dowers of rea- of ~uthorlzation for the exploration for. or de.
ulatlon and eonrroi of rald lands and navigable veloument or removal of dewsiU of. oil. gar. or
-BIE~ for the eonstltutional pur~oser of com Other mlnerab: and
meiçc. navi~ation. national defehr-~. and ~~~~-~ (di The lem "wnon" ineludes. in addition ta
natiom afiairs. al1 of which shall be para- a natural person. an arJocialion. a Stale. a W.
mount M. but shail no1 be deemed M inelude. litieal subdivision of a State. or a prlvate.
Droprietary rights of ownership. or the righG public. or municipal corporation.
of management. administration. leasing. use.
and deveiopment of the lands and natural re. (Aug. 7. 1953. eh. 315. $2.61 Stat. 462.)
SOUIC~S whieh are rpeeifieally reeognized. con- SHoar Ti-
fimed. established. and vested in and arsigned
10 the respective States and others by section for ShOR T11ie Of Pel AUP. 7. 1953. which enncfcd
1311 al thh Lille. thb subeh~m~r. aceShorlTille note setout under acc-
(b) In lime 01 war or when neeesary for na. llon 1301of fhbehaDlcr.
tional defense. and the Congres or the Presi. SLI*IU.IL,T" or WOVI.,O~ ~~
dent shall soprescribe. the United States shail
have the rlght of first refusal to purehase at provision of thlActAlfhb ~ubchl~leil.eor any:seclion.
the prevailing market prlce. ali or any portion rubsaetlon.senlenee. chue. Phrase or indivldunl rord.
of the said naturai resoumes. or to acuuire and or the a~~ileation thereof to any oerron or clrcum.
use anY Portion of said lands bY proceeding in stance 1sheld invalid. the vaiidiry of the remsinder of
mordance with due proces of law and paying the ACL and or the application ofany sueh ~rov~s~on.
just cornue-lion thetefor. sn'flon. rubecfion. sentence. elnuw. ohrasor individ-
YBI word 10 other pewm and circumtances =hall no,
(May 22. 1953. ch. 65. titie II. 96. 61 Stat. 32.1 be sffceled Lherrby: ANNEXESTOMEMORIALOF THE UNïIED STATES
(31The provisions of lhis section for adoption
or Slate law as the law of the United States
10428onJan1116 1953 18 FR.19<O5r-hichd hadOwl p<dc shall never be interpreted asa bmfi for claim-
ttrt.80 submerged lin& r< a nsb.1vriroiom reyne ing sny interest in or lurisdiction on behalf of
and nid Iramlrirco f~nctiom aiih rcsocclihrrrlo
fmm lhc Sccictsryofthe lntcrtor10 thi Sccietiryof BOY Slate for any purpose over the sesbedand
tnc Nivy. subsoil of the outer Continental Shelf. or the
prooerty and natural resources thereol or the
AmoIIUIIOm Or A~vn01111T100s ;evënu& therefrom.
~tion 16or WC AU.. 7. 1953.P~YI~M LML: "~hcre ib)~~~i~di~ti o~runitd s~at..distnrt
L<hertb~ nufhorYCd U> be ip~mDiiitcd such rum ar The United States dlslriet couru shall have
msy 8c ne ce-^ ioeirry out lhc provislonr orth= original lurisdiction of cases and controvenies
Art lsubehn~~crl."
arl~fng out of or in canneetion with any oper.
S.CTION Rcrralm ro i~ man Srnionî atloru eondueted on the outer Continental
~hls sectionisrelarrcdto in section 15of thlltifle: Shelf for the purpose of exploring for. develop.
Lille16section 1453:Lltlc26section46. ing. removinp or traruparting by plpeline the
natural resourees. or involvins rights to the
4 1332.Conpiions1 dediniion of poliry: Jurisdir. nalurai remUrces of the subsoil and reated of
lion: <onitruction the outer Continental Shelf. and proeeedlngr
Wlth respect 10 BnY JUC~ Fase Or EDnirDYerJY
ta) Il is deelared to be the ~ollcy of the may be iNtlluted in the Judlclal dlstrlct in
United States that the subsoil and seabed of whlch any defendant resides or may be round.
the outer Continental Shelf aupettaln 10 the or in the judieial district of the adjacent State
United States md are aublect to IL3Jurlsdictlon. nealest the place where the cause of action
eontrol. and power al disposition as provided in arase.
lhls subchapter.
(bl Thls îubchapter ihall be eonslrued in (QIApplicibility or Ionphoremen's and hirbor rork-
sveh manner that the charneter %v high seas of cri'rompnulion provirion.: dmnitioiu
the waten aMve the outer Continental Shelf With respect to d~bility or death of an em-
md the riehl ta navigation and fishing thereln ployee resulting fmm any injury murrlng as
the result of operations deseribed in subseetion
shail not be affected. lbl 01 this section. compensation shall be pay-
able under the provisIoni of the Longshore-
men's and Harbor Worken' Compensation Act
133 U.S.C. 901 et sea.1. For the purposes of the
extemion of the provisions of the Langshore-
men's'and Harbor Worken' Compe-tion Act
under this section-
(1) the tem "empioyee" docs not inelude a
master or member of a erew of any vessel. or
an offieer or employee of the United States or
any agency thereof or of any State or foreign
government. or of any wlitlcai subdfvlslon
thereof;
t'il the terni "employer" meam an employer
any of whose ernployees are employed in such
0peTBtioN: and
(3) the term "United States" when used in a
geographleal sense lneiudes the outer Conti-
nental Shelf and snificial island.5 and fixed
structures thereon.
cd) Applicabilityal nitionil lsbor mlitioni prori.
.inn.
For the purposer of the National Labor Rela-
tioru Act. rs amended 129 U.S.C. 151 et sea.1.
anv unlalr labor oractlce. as deflned ln such
~ei orcuriini uriori ari) nrtifirlaiirland or
ftxed slr~ct~re r~rerred 10 in subrretian ial of
lhls seetton shall be deemrd io have wcuired
r\t~hln the iudirlal dirtrlcr of the adraceni State
nearest the place of loeation of ruch &land or
struclllre.
c.1cois, cvard r.p~aiionr: markin. or ialsndaand
.tiurturCa: anensesand ~~~riic~
(11The head of the Department in whieh the
Coast Guard 1s operating shall have aulhority
to promulgale and enforce rueh reasonable reg.
ulatio~ with resÿeet M li%hts and ather wam.
ing dertces. rarriy equlptient. ana other mat.
cers rrlalln8 lotnc promollun of rafely of Iife
and properl) 011 the l.~land~md .sirueiures re-
fer ri-10 in siib<rct.on al of Lnirrcçl.on or on t2871 ANNEXESTOMEMORIAL OF THEUNITEDSTATES 211
Seeretars. subjecr 10 the riaht of judicial reriew SICTIOZ R-~ZD ro IN 0r.m SICTXO~I
as Drovided in section 1337iiI oithis title. if T~I~ swtlon is r.trrredto in aeetlon 1335 of tht.
SUC~ default continues for the period of thirty ritle.
dass alter mailing of notice by registered letter
to the ieare owner al hir record post office ad- 9 1335.Validation and mainteninCr aiprior Ieaua
biddinz:
ta1 JUC~ \eue piovids for a royalty to the
lesor on oil and gar of not les than 12% Der
eentum and on sulphur of not les than 5 Der
centum in amount or value of the ~roductlon
saved. rernoved. or sold from the leme. or. in
Title 30. any Cese in whieh the lesse Provides for a
RUICJ and regulationr relntlngto.ice secrion 189 lesser royalty, the holder thereof eonrents in
01Till? 30. u.riting. filed with the Secretary. to the in-
W~ILCP~ rrlinpvirhrnentof rightsunder. sce sec- erease of the royalty to the minimum herein
LionI87b of Title30. 19)the holder lhereof pays to the Secretary of expiration of sueh primary tem or exten.
within the period or periods speclfled in para. sion: Pmurdrdfurther. That if sulphur Ir king
gmph (1) of this sutueclion an amount euuiv- produeed in paying uuantitiei on Jueh date.
alent to any severance.gross production. or then ruch rlghts shall continue to be main-
mupalion taxes imposed by the State issuing tained in accordance with such lease and the
the lease on the production from the lease. provislo~ of this iubehapter: Pmvidcdfurlher.
Ica. the State's roYPltY interest In such pro- Thal. if the prlmary tenn 01 a lease belng maln-
ductlon. belwcen June 5. 1950, and Aupwt 7. talned under this subsection has explred prlor
1953 and not heretafare Daid to the State. t~ ~unuit 7. ~ ~ ~ ~d ni... ..="- ~- - - ~ ~-~-v
duced in paylng quantities on rueh date. then
SUC~ "ghts lo sulphur as the leuee may have
under rueh leare shall continue for twenty-four
months from Augurt 7. 1953 and as long there.
alter as sulphur 1s produeed in paylng quanti-
ties. or driliing. well working. plant construc.
lion.or other operalio~ lor the production 01
SUIP~UI. as approved by the Secretary. are
belna eonducted on the ares covered by the
leare.
(O Nonxiirer of United Stiu. clnimi
The permission wanted in subsectlon (bl of
thlr seetion shall not be construed to be a
waiver of such elaim. if any. as the United
States may have agalnst the leuor or the leuee
or any other penon respeeting sums payable or
paid for or under the lease. or respccting aellvi-
ties condueted under the Icase. prior to Aupwt
1.1953.
(d) ludiriil rerieof determinition
Any penon eomplalnlng of a negatlve deter.
mination by the Secretary 01 the Interior under
~ ~-s~ ~ ~~~mav have . ....~ drlcmlnatl-~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Ibl Condun of opnlioni under le-: eulphur rilhu vicwcd by the ünlted Slalcr Dulricl Caun for
hy pemn holding s mlncral learc. aihich a< the District of Columbia by ffling a petition lor
drvnnlned by the secrem mnu the requnrc. reuicw wilhin sirly days alter icçci\ing nolice
....... "-."iikvvlnn ~r) nl #hl. urtlnn of SUC~ action by the Seerrm~
continue tomdnlaln such Icare. and may con. 1.)hnds beneath narisable iitrn
duct OpemtIOM thereunder. in mordance with in the event any leme maintalned under this
(1) its provlslo~ as lo the area. the minerals Section eoven lands beneath navigable waters.
eovered. reniais and. sublect to the ~rovislons ar that tenn h used in the Submerged Lands
of pamgm~h8 18)-110)01 sukection ta) 01 this Act 143 U.S.C. 1301 et seq.1. as well -lands of
section. as toroyalties and ai ta the lem there- the outer Contlnenm Shelf. the provisions of
of and of any extensiom. renewa. or replaee. this seetion shall apply to sueh leare only inso-
ments autho-d thereln or herelofore author- far as il Coverslands of the outer Continental
ized by the laws of the State lssuing auch le=. Shelf.
OL if 011 01 sas was no1 belng Dradueed in
paying quantltles from sueh le= on or belore (AUE. 1. 1953.eh. 345. $6.61 Stat. 485.)
Deeember Il. 1950. or if pmducllon in ~aYing
uuantities has ce-d since June 5. 1950. or if RC.UI*EII in mr
the primary tenn of such lease has expired ~hc submcisd lin& AC,.irlrrird io.nsu& ir).
Slnce Derrmber Il. 1950. then for a tenn fmm i~icl MiY 22. 1953 ch 65. 67 SUI 29. shirh r\rlrr<i.
Aupwt 7. 1953equd lo the tem remaining un. Iicd gcnrnllr io subchipirn 1 i),301 et Sm, and II
exoired on Deeember Il. 1950. under the orovl- (11311 et sq I 01th- C~~P~CI POI comoirir ci~~lci
~ ,,on 01 th,,Ac, to ,nr Code. sr, snoii l',tinacc sri
sions 01 such iease or any extinsiom. ren=wais. OUI mdrr welion 1301of inu i.!h and~.blrr columr
or replacements authorized thereln. or hereto- SEÇTION ~mnm 70 inmau SIcrxonr
fore authorlzed by the laws of sueh State. and
(2) such reg~latlo~ as the Secretary maY ~hls section i< rcfarrcd to in setlaru 1331. 1338.
under section 1334 of this tltle preseribe within 133'7ofthls tlllc.
IilnetY dam alter mahin8 his deteminalion
that &ch ieas e eets the requirements of sub. 5 1336. Controrenie. orer jurisdirtion; weemenU:
seetion ta) of this section: Pmvided. houeusr, pagmrnû: finil acltirmrnt or sdjudiralion: sp
That any rights to sulphur under any lease ntiona In Gulraf MtriroinK 011 and Kni op..
mabtained under the Drovisions of this subsec-
lion shall not extend beyond the primary term In the event 01 a eontroversy belween the
01 6UChlese or any extension thereof under United States and a State as 10 whether or not
the provisions of this subseetion unless sul~hur lands are subject to the DIOY~S~ON 01 this sub-
chapter. the keretary ir authorlzed. notwith-
is king produced in paying uuanlitier or drlli- standing the provisions 01 section 1335tal and
Lw. well reworking. plant eo~lruelion. or other lb) of this title and with the concurrence 01 the
opemtio~ for the production of rul~hur. as au-
pmved by the Seeretary. are being condueted Attorney General 01 the United States. to nego-
on the area eovered by sueh lease on the date tiate and enter into agreements with the State. i2891 ANNEXESTO MEMORIAL .OF THEUNITEDSTATES 213
ilr Political subdivision 01 glantee 01 a lesee
thereol. rerDectinz ooeralions under existina
.. ..
or weii reworking operations as approved bG
the SeerelarY Ue eondueted thereon. (3) re.
isuaneëof new minerai lëases pendins the set- qure the payment of a royalty of not les than
tiement or adjudication of the eontraverry. The 12% per cenlum. in lhe amounl or value al the
authorhtion contained in the preeeding sen. production ~aved. removed. or sold Irom the
tenee of this section shall no1 be eonstrued to leare. and (41 contain such rental provisions
be a iimitation upon the authority eonferred on and sueh othcr terms and pmvisions s the Sec.
retary maY Drescribe at the Lime of olfering the
the Seîrelary in other sections of thb sub. ares for leare.
ehapter. Paymenb made pursuant to ruch
weement. or purruant ta any rrlpulation be. irl Sulphvr leisea: mird 10 higheit bidder; method
tween the United States and a Stace. shall be of bldding
considered s cornpliance with section In order to meet the uraent need for further
1335La)(4) of this title. Uoon the lemination of exploration and developmënt of the sulphur de-
sueh agrëement or stipuialion by Peson of the Dosib in the submerged lands of the outer Con.
finai settlement Or adiudication of such eontro. tinental Shelf. the Secretary !a authorivcd to
veny;iiihe lands s"bieet to any minerai iesne glant to the qualilled persons offering the
are determined to be in whole or in part lands highest cash bonmes on a bsis 01 competitive
subjeet 10 the prov!aions of thb subchapter. the bidding sulphur leases on submerged lands of
leuee. if he has mot already done so. shsll the outer Continental Shell. whieh are not cov.
comply with the requlremenb 01 section ered by leares which inelude îulphur and meet
1335(8) of chi* title. and thereupan the provi- the requlremenb ofsection 1335iaI of this title.
sions of section 1335(b) of thb title shall govern and whieh sulphur leses shall be offered for
sueh leare. The notice concerning "Oil and Ga8 bid bv sealed bids and aranted on seDarate
Oper~.t~ons in the Submerged Costal Lands of leaseclrom oii and par lëares. and for s seDa-
the Gulf of Mexico" Wued by the Seeretary on rate considerslion. and without DriOritY or pref-
Deeember II. 1950 (15 F.R. 88351. s amended erence arrorded to oii and gas lems on the
by the notice dated January 26.1951 (16 F.R. aame area.
953). and ar supplemented by the notices daled (dl Tem. and proriiioni 01 sulphur lemri
February 2. 1951 (16 F.R. 1203). March 5. 1951
(16 F.R. 21951, Aprii 23. 1951 (1% F.R. 3623). A sui~hur lease Isued bv the SeerelarY Dur.
June 25. 1951 (16 F.R. 6404). August 22. 1951 ruant to this section .hail-(1) cover an Ge= of
(16 F.R. 8120). Oetaber 21. 1951 (18 F.R. 10998). such sise and dimenrlons s Che SecretarY maY
Deeember 21. 1951 (17 F.R. 43). March 25. 1952 detemine. (2) befor a period of mot more than
(17 F.R. 2821). June 26. 1952 (17 F.R. 5833). and ten yean and ro long thereafter s sulphur may
Deecmber 21. 1952 (18 F.R. 18). respeetively. is be pmduced from the area in Paying quantities
appmved and confimed. or drllling. well reruarking. plan1 constmetion.
(Aug. 7. 1953, ch. 315.9 7.81 Stat. 467.) or olher operations for the production of SUI.
phur. t-5approvedby the Geeretary. ws con.
S~IOR R- m i~ Or~m Srniois dueted thereon. (3) require the Daymenl to the
Thb wetlon b rcferredto Ln aeCtioM 1335. 1331Of United States of ruch royalty s may be swi-
thb titlc. lied in the ieare but not less than 5 Dereentum
oïihe gros production or value of ihe suiphur
5 1337.Cnnl of le- by SeCrelmY ~t the wellhead. and (4) contaln such rental
1.1 Oil and yu Ir-: .*ad to high-i biddir. ~~OY~SION and iurnother lem and provision*
rn.th0d orbiddi"~ srtheSeoclaiy may by mpulalim prcwrlbe al
In order to meel the urgent need for further the lune of offcrinp the sueafor le-e
exploration and development of the oil and sas (-1 01h.r mineml kiwi; .rd tohishnt bidder.
deposilr 01 the submerged lands of the outer ..... and r~ndiiloni
C~ntiient~l Shell. the Secretary 1s authorized The Seeretary 1s authorized to mant to the
10 grmt to the highest responsible quaiifled sualified Denom offering the highcsl csnh bo-
bidder by competitive bidding under regula. nues on a baris of competitive bidding leares 01
lions pmmulgated in advance. oll and gas leares any minera1 other than oil. gar. and sulphur in
on submerged lands of the outcr Continental any ma of the ouler Continental Shelf not
Shelf whieh are not eovered bu leares meeting then under lese for such mineral uwn rueh
the requiremenlr of section 1335ts) of this title. royalty. rental. and other tem and conditions
The tiidding shall be (1) by sealed bids, and (2) -s ~ ~ ~ ~retarv mav orescribe at the tirne 01
at the diuretion of the Secrelary. on the buis offering the area~for le-.
of B euh bonus with a royalty fixed by the Sec-
retary at not leu than 12% per eenlum in (n Publication or of sale and1e.m. ofbiddin*
mount or value 01 the production saved. re. Notice of sale of leases. and the te- 01 bid-
moved orsold. 01on the baris of royalty. but al ding. authorized by this seetion shail be pub
not leu than the MI cenluh above mentioned. lbhed al leart lhirty days before the date of
with ~~earh bonus Iixed by the Secretary. sale in amordance with mles and reguiatio~
promul8ated by the SecretarY-
(bl Term. ind pioviiion, 01oil andw leises Diapaition of,.vinun
An oil snd %sr lese isaued by the SeeretarY
pum~anl 10 this Seetlon shail (1) eover a eom- Al1 moneys paid 10 the Seeretary lor or under
paet ares not exceedins rive thousand seven learer granled pumuant tathis seclion shali be i2911 ANNEXES TO MEMORIAL OF THE UNITED STATES 215
righls. if any. rhall be gorerned by the law in
effeet at the lime they may have been aeauired:
Pmuided, hoicecrr. That nothing herein mn-
tained is intended or shall De construed asa
finding. inlerprelalion. or conslruction by the
Congres that the law under whieh rueh righü
may be elaimed in facl applies to the lands sub-
ject to lhis Subchapter or aulhorizes or eom~els
the granting of sueh righü in such lands. and
that the determination of the applicabiiil~ or
effecl of sueh law shall be unaffeeted bY anY.
Lhing herein contanned.
IAug 7. 1953. ch. 345. 5 14. 67 Stat. 470.1
AS ~oon as practieable alter the end of eaeh
fiscal ycar. the Seeretary $hall submit to the
haident of the Senate and the Speaker of the
HDUS~ of Representatires a reDOrl detailing the
amounü of al1 moneys reeeived and expended
in conneelion wilh the administration of this
rubehapter during the precedins fiseal year.
(Aug 7. 1953. eh. 345. 5 15. 67 Star. 470.1
1.1 Source mitcriali ciarntial IO production of 5s. CHAITER 30-AD.UlSISTRATIl>N OF PUBI.IC
aion.ble mileriil. LANDS
AI1 uranium. thorium. and ail other materials
detemined pursuant to paramaph (11 of sub- SOBCHAETER ILGENERAL PROVISIONS
sec
seetion lb) of Section 5 of lhe Alomie EnergY 1361 to 1381. Rcwaled.
Act of 1946. as amended. to be pecuiiarly essen-
tial to the production of fisrionable malerlal. SUBCHhPTER II-SERVICE CHAROES AND
eonlained. in whatever concentration. in dePoS. EXCESS PAYMENTS
lü in the rubsoil or seabed of the outer Conti-
nenlal Shelf are reserved for the use of the 1371 Lo 1371. Rc~cilcd.
SUBCHAFTER III-DEWSITS AND
Unlted States. . WRF'EITURES
1381 10 1383. Rc~cilcd.
SUBCHAPTER IV-PUBLCOMMISSION UND LAW REVIEW
~ ~ ~~~ LlOOOmittCd.
SUBCHAPTER V-CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS
TO PROVIDE FOR DISPOSAL OR lNTERIM
MANAGEMENT
1.11 to 1418.Omiiud.
SUBCHAETER VILSALE OF PUBLIC UND
(AU8 7. 1953. eh. 345. !12. 67 Stat. 469.1
RmzaZXCm IN T1XT
SUBCHAFTER VII-SALE OF PUBLIC LANDS
SVBJErX TO UNINTENTIONAL TRESPASS
1.31, ~uthority CO sel, a~ublic auciion:120-acrelimli
on sir" otract.
,432. ~etercncî righlal conciauour landowners.
KCY ,,..CO CDUL RELT PRSLIVE ,433. Conlinuinc Liabilily for unauihorked Drior Use.
1.3,. ~creaxc litnication.
withdr.wa~ 01 PIC. desimatcd Key Largo Coral 1435. Ex~iraLlondate.
R.cf Prc,crvc(rom disposilion. sec Ra. NO. 3339.
Mar. 15. 1960. 2FR. 2352.set ouim a note undo sec- SUBCHAPTER 1-GENERAL PROVISIONS
tion 468 of ~itle 16.conservaiion.
$9 1361 to 1361. Hepealed. Pub. 1.. YIb.579. litl\'II.
g1312. Prinr daimr a\ unsfferlrd 5l0;iai.Ort. 21. 1916YllSlnl. 2192
~~thing herein contained shall affect such Seelion ,361. Pub. L. 86-619. 42. July 14. 1960. 74
righü. if any.as may have been acquired under SI~L 506. dctin~d tne lcrm 'publir land,.
any law of the United States by any person in Seelion 1362. Pub. L. 86-649. lill?1. 1101.July 14.
lands subjeet to lhis subehapter and sueh 1960.7< Scat. 506.aYLllOrIz~dIhî SrCrPlars Ofthe ln-216 GULF 13FMAINE flO901
IO et 54.). 8 (1301 rc sq.~ IZ 11901 rt Y*). 13
(5 IWI CI SV.). and IO $11231 ?i rra., 01 Tiile (9.
~ransp>rtition. ~hr Arc U;LT rrp<.al<.dby mb. L. 95.
473. I <lbl.Oc,. 13. 1978.92 5111. 1467.Ih6, lirsi \crtion
01 vhxh rnaclrd rubiiiit'IV < L 10101 i,trra., of 'ritle
49.FO~distribution ol f0rmt.r rrccton\ of TIIIP 49 inta
the rev~sed TIIIC 49. I?P Table II tlir breinnin. ,,f
Ti11r 49.
A"="D*Z"TI
8978-Fmb. L.95-561 sdd~d proririon niilhoririn~ the
~rcridrnt to fir rrlocrtion. L~L<PI and ~rnnrn>rcati~~
cx~inser for the Ccncral Manaorr of th+.railrond.
~ ~ .
Scelian 4ib, of Pub. L. 95~565 pio$id<,d ihai: Thil
==clion lamrndinc thls scciionl shall anpl) LO thc
Cenela1 Manager scrvin% on Lhr dale al rnactmpnl of
this section INDI 1. 19781 rilh reswct lo relocation.
tr.1~1. orLr~nsmrution CXDP~~CS nae en~rrr inc.i~..a
~ -~-
Pub. L.95-611. 18. Nor. B. 1978. 92 Sul. 3090. ~ro.
ride,,.~l,.
"la) ~he SeCrClary 01 Trammrtation rhan conduc,
." '"'PrlicLliO" and Sludy 10. DYIWIC. 01 dPIClmi".
ini muitiblc rites Co & chnrged for the rrnlil of
AIPIkA Railrold Il"& In rarr>ing oui ."Ch inYertipi.
Iion and rtudy. the SCcrPllr). $hall consider-
"(1) the crntum inrrrarc tn ruch rates ~ro-
DOJCd Plter 1977 U cDmfiar?d rith rater in rffprl an
JInuary 1. 1917:
"<2) the sPlrl<<.Iand theQualit). Lhrrrol provld?d
bY the rcnLors Of ruch land and the rrr$iccs and the
9ULliLY Lhrrrof rCCClrrd bS aurh rrntorr ,rom such
IailrOad:
<31 the burdrn on commerce vhirh mry rcsuli
from ruch DroWlrd rrtr incrcm.: and
"(4) such other IIC~O~ as mar be a~~ro~rine.
The Seerclary rhrli rrvorl the rerultr of such investi-
~ati0n and siudy Lo Ihr Consrvs5 noi lrrer than one
YCBr aller the date O1 rnartmenl or Ihis Act [No". 8.
1978,.
'.lbl Prior LO 180 d%~salter th? dztr on chich the
SPCICIârY's lPPOll PYrSYaIII IO BU~S~CLIO"<SI il W.
t-ired by ~heCon~rrr~, rrntai chnrzcs on lands renced
bY the Alask. R.iIr0.d shall no, & inercmed by more
thln LW mr centum 01 rhc amount rharard ,orru<.n
land an Januriry 1. 1977."
CHAPiKH 29-SI'HMKR[:KI) l.ASl)S
SUBCHAI'TER III-OUTER CONTINENTAL
SHELF LANDS
*.
1344. OULCI Continental shcif ~ra~in~ propram
INeXl.
1%) Sehrdule ol ~ro~ored oil and 8-
le-? I.1CS.
Ibl LILlmBtes oc aDDroprialionr and staff
rcquirîd for manaptmenl orieuing
proaram.
CC) Sumenions from ~rdpral agenciei
and aflected scair and local goy-
ernments: submiuion ol iirowled
oroilram to corprnorr of affecced
stzrrr and conilrîs: pubiicaiian in
Frdcral Resinrr.
cd) Comm~n~~ by iluorncy ~eneral on
anlieipaled rflect on romDelil>an.
rommPnts by stilp or local poierr-
menis: ~ubmis5ion of prosram ln
President and conxresr: isunncc of
Ir-es inaccordance rith Iiragnm.
<CI RCVICW. IPT~S~O~ and r~appr~ral 01
PrO@cam.
Il) PraeduraI reculalions for manage-
mcm or vrosram. ,,, ,",",m.,.o" ,rom o,.l,,,< .C#d "C<L*C.'
iOlil<..< iO",l".iiII.lll> 01 c1*111111<(
0, 0i1,i.. .-d.iI.
#t># ~,ilonn.li~in fiom si1 Frdrii. <I-v.ll
coun.
m.,ion. Id> EXpdlllOn Of YIi.ru.
Coordinillon uid mruuililion rlth iffrctd
SIIL. UL~ 1oe.i .overnmrnls INIuI. n~mrd~rr uid pniilin INrul.
<i> nmomm~"diiloru rînardinr six. fn)unctioru. rnlninl~ ordrn. etc.
tirne or ~Œiiion of orop>wd irv. tb) Civll pnallin: hririn..
<c, Ciirni".l mnslti~.
ad) u.b~iit~ of mrmiiie offien ."d
asrm for VlolilioN bY *mon'
,ion.
I.I cOncurr~nt ind cumuliliue nitun of
pn.lt1e.
011 lu dtve~o~mcnt and produrclon
IC) COOP~LIYC rrccmcnu.
~irironmrnW rtudtn iNewl.
I.) ~nfomitian for -ment ind min-
i.rmcnt a~ impu<a on rnriron- iikÏlitin and ~prnllon: lubmh.
ilon io Govcmon of iffccllQ
mcnt: timr for slud~ imPYw 00 statn and 1Œ.I goremmenu.
bio~ fiom ~>liutlon or tu Dcvrtopmnc uttri.
IIIIC 1pi11I. tin in ucoiduirr rltn 01." u
tbl ~dditionil rlvdicr su~u~nt to Iru-
ln. md dcr~lopmcnt of srci.
tr, mmduni r.~ul.lioru for mnduct of
studlri: cmpr*lian rtlh .ffrclrd
SU-: utiibtion of infonn.tion
fmm Pcderii. SU* uid lori1 lov-
cmmcnu .nd Ucncin.
(dl coruidciition of relevant cnriron-
inr~rm~~ion in derelopin.
~CCYI~L~ORI. ICYC ~ondilloru and
opntint ordcn. cedures.
te) hmcnl of cumulat8rc rffrns of if, pi- mruidcrrd milar Pcdenl u.
PCliYlli" an rnvironmrni: submk- tIDR1: submlYlon of dnlr envlmn.
sion to concrru. mcnt~~ lm~ul ititrmcnt Co Gover-
util-tion al cap=billlirr of hmrr. non of i1rmird SULcs ."d 1oc.l
.oicrnmcnu.
ment ol Commerer.
S.~.IY uid hrilih rrcuI.L~~ru lN=wl. (.) ~l~~ coruldcrcd nanmiJor Pcderil
Joint siudy ol'idc<iuacY 01 ciiStln8 .Ct~Oru: çommrnu uid rmmmen.
ufC~y .nd hrziih regulslioru: rub- daL10N lrom SIat".
miuton ta mesident and Conarrrr. Ihl ~~~~0v.1. dis~~~rov.1 or mcdifici-
tb, Uw of brst nrsiliblc and saf~sl ?Co- ,,on of pian: rc-ip~licitlon: mrlod.
nomicalls feuiblr Irchnololiirr. ic relieW.
CC) RC~YI~L~ORI applyinn to unrrauislrd lit IIPDTOVPI of revision 01 apDiorrd
hrurdow ror*in. mndiltom Plm.
rd) APPI~C~LIO~ 01 oLnCr I~YI~ Canccll.Lion or Iku. on f.iIYrn U>
qr> studin 01 undcrwxt~r divins ~mh- ~~bmit PI= or eomm ciihri~-
provcd Plin.
~DQYPS and eauipment. Production and Lriruporta<lon Of
tr) cmrdtnation and consulintion rlth
~~d~re.1d~~~artm~n~md asrnrirs: naturai cm: submision of pian 10
aiailabillly Io inlrrrrlPd D?raonr of FP~PI ~ncrgy nesulatory com-
comptlatton of safîo. rcsulationr. mision: monet staiemcnt.
-~,~r~rmrnt of rnfrtv and enrironmîntnl ~~,,t~~.tion 01 ~roririonr tole-r In
IîPYIIILON INC* i. Gulf of Mexico.
(II UL~liza~~on01 Frd<.ral drlirrtmi.nir I BU mnform~tion program INcrl.
and as<~nrlri. Acces ,O dit. and informntion ob-
tb) ~ucirs 01 holdrri <ifIraw or m'rmlt. tainrd bx lrurr or mrmittcc from
oit or ~xplorrtion. etc. dsla ob-
,Cl on3ite in>pir,,on of ~~cII~IIPs. IRI.~~ by ~rdcrsl dcparimcnl or
id, rn<i-sciuation and rcoon on mnior
,",".S.
IV) Rrrli.u of Illt~alions of rlolnlionr.
tl) Summooitiil of rilnrsvs and ~rodiir.
,ion of ?l,di.nr*.
(12 Rrmrt Lo Conyrcu ol iiolnl!onr and
action Lnken.
Ciliz~n5 sui-. ~llrlsdlrllon and ~iidiclal'r~~<irW
INi'rl.
,ai PPrro,>r utro mny brin* n<i\o,, y<:,.
rons nuaiiiri r1iom rr,iui> ma, bi.
br"ii.h,: lit"<."f nctinii: iiiit.rii.ii-
,,O,,bi Aii","i.i Gi.iii.r;ilîori* niid
,<.a.\<."iiTIIY.
Ibl Jurirdiclian an., <riiiii.alaFiion.. 218 GULF OF MAINE 110921
&. Federsl Energy Regulatary Commission by or
Cf)Civil vtion igriinat Unilcd Stalcs or purs~anl 10 the Department of Energy Organi.
SLI~C1.. flilYlC ,Omaintain conri. 281ion Ac1 (42 U.S.C. 7101 el Seo.). the lcrm
dcntiillty of informarion: certain ..Secrerary" means the Secretary if ~ncrgy;~;
(gl PrCCmoLiOnofnlvaSU,?icIar by FcdClll the Federal Enerw -. Rc%-latorv Commission. ~-
I.C. the casemny be:
<hl hllYlC by ShtC toromply uiih repu. ICI The tem "lese" mcans any form of au.
IaLi~ru: withholdin~ ol informa- thorizalion which is isued under section 1337
cion. of lhis titie or maintained under seclion 1335 of
FedFIai DUrChIlCand disDosilion of Oil and this title and which authorizs exoioralion for
8- INPwI.
,a,Paymcnt of royalties or net prolit and developmenl and production oi. minerab-~'
sbire. in O,,uid 8s: purcI,p<c of (dl The term "persan" tndudw. in addition 10
Oiiand su by United States: triru- a natural person. an -0eialion. a Statc. a po-
fer of Litllo hdcrai anancies. litieal rubdivirlon of a State, or a Drivate.
(blSale of ailb~ unitm srntes io ~ubiie: ~ublic. or rnUniCiDS1eorooration:
dk~asillon of 081 ,O rma,, refinc": - (a) The tem .~iostaizone" means the Coast.
a~~liç~tl~nof other Iaws. al waten tincludlng the lands therein and
toSllc 01 xrr bv Unilcd SllleS IO chemunderl and the adjawnl shorelands (in.
(d) Pvrchuee. by lcucc of Pedcril oil or eluding the walcrs therein and thereundrrl.
ch. fol wnleh no bldr recciscd. rtrongly influenced by eaehother and in prox.
le)DefinilIoru. imity to the shoreliner of the scvcral costal
If,PUrehLIe Of 011 ana gaz in Lime of States. and lneludcs isiands. transition and in-
wnr tertidal ares. Salt rnarshes. wetiands. and
LimitlliOM on axDorl of oilorga5 INewl. beaehes. whieh zoneexlendr searard to the
{a, Aprilicition of Eimri Administri- Outer limit of the United States territorial rea
,ion Drovbioru. and extends inlsnd from the shorelines 10 the
(bl Condill~n piecedent to exportalion:
ci~res findinn b? mesident of no extent neeesary to eontrol shorelands. the user
in&- in ieiiuiiocn immrtcd oii of whieh have a direcl and signifieant impaet
or IL<. on the eostal waters. and the inward bound.
CC>RcPrl Of flndinm by Preridrnt Lo Bries of which may be identified by the severai
Consrsu: joint remlution of di. coartal States. pursuant 10 the authority of sec-
asreement with findint5 of Prcri- tion 1454(bItll of titie 16:
ld)EXC~~~ZC or tcrnporary exportation If) The lem "affeeted State" rneans. with rc-
of 011and tp< for conucnicncc or cf- speet to any program. plan. lease sale. or athei
fbieney of IraMDortation. aetivity. propased. eondueted. or approred pur.
1355. ~ntrietioru on cm~loymcnt of former orfi- suant to the provisions of this subchauter. any
cers or cm~loyee or the hpartment of
the Infcrlor INewl.
1356. Doeumenbry, recblry and manninp rmuiic-
menu INewl.
II) R~rulatloru.
<b>EXÎFLION from desim. mnrtruc.
lion. alterarionand re~air rrquirc.
menu.
(c) EKCPP~~DM from mannina reaulre-
menu.
SUBCHAPTER I-GENERAL PROVISIONS
8 1301.Dcnnitionr
Smro* Rrrnlm ro iwOrmrn Slntows
Thb -lion U refcrred Lo in seetiom 1302. I33I.
1340.L6ll Of LhUtille: Lille 16SeetiOn ,432.
SUBCHAPTER III-OUTER CONTINENTAL
SHELF LANDS
SYBCRAnFR Rrrcn~TD TD in Orn~n Scrriawr
Thk SubChBDLerir relerred to insections 156. 1811.
1613.1815. 1842.1861.1863.1864.1866: Lille16rrctionr
4601-5: 410h. 471i. 1456: I456a:iillv 29 r?ri~onr 213.
302. 402. 630. 653. 1~2: Lille33 reriions 841. ,321.
1503:titleII seetion 151: title 12 rertiom2000.- ~152.
8 1331.Definitionr
When used in thir subehapler-
[See moi" edilioiilorfe~l afioll
(b) The lerm "SccretarY" means th? Secre-
tary of the Inlerior. exceut that u-ith rcsprel to
functions under this subchapter iranslerred to.
or vested in. the SeeretarY of Ener~y or the
Soin onrinll.Probnbii.I>oiib<. Icrnrnrnci [los31 ANNEXES TOMEMORlALOFTHE UNITED STATES 219
I,.~, ,inne the prriod for rhxrh ans rognlty
or n~t ~r011l harr ir arcriird or rrsrrrrd 10 the
unitrd Statrs Dursuane to ruch Ir-. or 12) if
,g, T~P ~rrm "marine rnrironmi.n," rncanr thrrr urrr no rurh sales. or if ~hr SRrrriry
the phsrical. atmospheric. and biolowiral com~ finds thal Ihvrr rrrr an irüuffirirnl numbrr 01
ponenh. eondiiions. and factors rhtrh interar-
tively detcrmint lh? ~roduct~vils. stalr. rondi- SUÎ~ ral~s LO rquilably drlrrminr sueh riluc.
lion. and qualiiy of ~hr marine erosyrtrrn. in- ~o~~utcd al the arcraxc unit Dricr il rhirh
U C ~ minrrnl rar sold pursuml to olher le-
cluding the raten 01 the hiah srn5. th? roniia- in the rnmr remon of Ihr ouwr Continenuil
"OUI zone. tramilional and intertidal arîa5. sali shrli durins: ruch period. or (31 il ~here sirre no
rnarsher. and reiland. rilhin the roarlal Eanr sales ol such mineral from iurh rraion durlna
md on the oulcr Conlinenlai Shell: auch wriod. oril the SRremry finds that thtrr
th) ~he lorm coastal environment'' meam are an insiillicirnl numwr 01 auch raies m
the ~hssieal atrnospherir. and biolo~iral cornpo-
nînü. conditions. and laetors rhieh inlerarlivr~ ~quitsbly determine sueh riluc. il an nppmprl.
ly delerrnine Lhe produclirity. $tale, condllion. aleprie drtrrmincd by the Srcmury:
i~i ~hr ierm "major Frdcnl ictlon" mevu
and quality 01 the ~errestr~al ecosystem lrom ans selion or DTO-1 by th* ScCrrlarY sihich
the shorelune inrard 10 the bouodarier of Lh? isSU~~CÇI LO th? ~rovi~ions of SCCI~O" 133212XCl
eoartal zone: of iiii? 42: and
III The lerm "human environment" mpans ,g, ~h~ tcrm mineralS.. ineiudes oii. grr. SUI-
the physieal. social. and economic cornPononl3.
condll!~~. and faetors rhich interaetivcly de- phur, KcoDreuurPd.geothe~ ind s~uriatcd
rerourecr, .,,d ,,II mlnrrsls sihleh are au.
termine the statc. condilion. and quality of rhorizd by m ~ct of conqrers m bp ?rodud
IiYlnK conditions. employment. and hcnllh of from .-Dub~ie delincd ln -taon 1701
those affeeted. dlrectly or indirrctl~. by aclivl- <hir tiltc.
tles murrina on the oulrr Continental Shell:
..G~~~~~~.. G~~~~~~~ 'AS mcndcd Sepl. 18. 1978. Rib. L.95-372. tlllc
of P S~SIC. 01 the person 01 enlily derimrtrd II.1 201. 92S1aL-632.'
minira~s. ineluding Iueh remorai. field mer-
.lions. tramfer of mineralr to shore. operarion
!nooirorins. maintenance. arid rork-over drill^
U.S.C. 41 elgcq.,:
(41 the Wilson Tari11 Act il5 U.S.C. 8 ci
req.):or
151 the Aet of June 19. 1936,rha~tc-r 592 il5
U.S.C. 13. 13a. 13b. and Zlal:
(01 The lerm "fair market value" mrans the
value of any mineral (II cornputrd al a unit
Drice equiralriit to ~hearerage i~nit wice II<
whieh sueh minrral rer sold ~ursiiant to a 220 GULFOFMAINE
cha.tcr crRnsrrrrC dO. DT"estCd in.th. sÎcrctary or
EnEr." or th? Fvdernl Encre" Rr.uiatorv Commision
.. .. ~ ,-~ ~ ~ ~
0, Or Pi.r%,"l I" tnr I>i."arlm..n, ii,,:iirn, O,,.",.
ration Art irir irrm Srcrîlar> m,.rns inr SKrrliry
01 i:nrry. or Cl,? Fedrril Enrr.5 Rep.:rlor) Comm.5.
aion ra IhC CL.? ma> Lw
Su- ici mb L 95-37? IlOlai <~bsiiiuld
le- 101 mln<nil lrrar pi Ihr irrm drlind and in
uid. (51 the righlr and resmnsibilities of a11
SUMCC. <dB.mb. L. 95-372. $20Llb)<I). IYMtifYtCd i States and. where aoorooriate. local -~vem~~..
wmieoion rora per~od. men-. to PrCserye &d 6oteei lheir marine.
Subecs. tello<al. Pub. L. 95.312. (20i(D)i2i. iddcd
sua. ce, ,o<q,. human. and coaslai environment3 lhrouph
such means ar regulation of land. air. and
SHOIT TlTLI OI 1978 AICPDlnil wstel uses. 01 salety. and 01 reiated develop
PO^ short titi. or mb. L.95.37~ i thc..out.r conti- ment and aetivitv . rhould b~ ~considerd and
nental Shril Lm& Act AmendmcnU or 1918". we reeomiied: and
Short Tilb Of 1911) Amendment natc set out undcr 161 ~l>emli~ns in the outer Continental
-lion 1m1 or LX- tit~e.
m*rrn or ibncnonr
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-..~ ~
&nt or minimk the likelihwd 01 blowoulb.
10s 01 weli fontrol. lires. suiliages. phyrlcai
obtruction to other usen of the waters or
sumoii and seabed. or other occurrences
whieh may cause damage ta the environment
01 10 ~ropert~. or endanger life or heallh.
(A3amended Sept. 18, 1918. Pub. L. 95-312. litle
II. (202.92Stat. 831.) .
AIIIDYUIS
1978-Pub. h 95-372 rMnimafcd Jubecs <a) in0
,bla, Dlls.<I,L"d(2,an*lddrd pnrs.<3,,0IB,. ANNEXES TO MEMORlAL OF THE UNmED STATES
ereeled thereon. which wouid be wllhin the authority to promuBate and enforce such rea-
ares of the State if iu boundaries were ex. sonable regulations with reswct M lignu and
tended seaward to the auter margin of the other warning deviees. safeD equipment. and
outer Continental Shelf. and the Plesident other mstters relating to the promotion of
safety of lire and propeny on the anificlal Is.
shall detemine and pubiish in the Federal Ree Lands. installations. and other devlces referred
&ter sueh projected iints extendin8 seawnrd to in subeetion (a1 of this section or on the
and defining each sueh area. Ali of such appii- watersadjacent lhereto. ar he may deem neces-
cable laws shall be administered and enforced
by the appropriate offieerî and couru of the -Y.
United States. State taxation iawr shall not (2) The Secreury of the Department in
apply 10 the outer Continenlal Shelf. whleh the Coast Guard Is operating may mark
(8) Wilhin one year alter Seplember 18. 1918. for the pmtectlon al navlgalion any artlflclai
the Plesident shail establish procedures for set- island. installation. or other deviee referred to
ting8 any outstanding international boundarY in subsection ta) of this section whenever the
dispute respeeting the outer Continental Shelf. owner has failed suitabiy M mark such Island.
installation. or other deviee in accordance dth
lsee main editionlor fer1 aJ(311 regulalions isued under this subchapter. and
the owner shsill pay Lhe cas1 of such markinK.
(b1Lonphommrn's and Harbor Workcn' Compnsi- 1.) Authoril). of%mUv of LMAmy to prrremt ob
lion Ad applicable: dcilnltiona atmclion 10 niviplion
Wilh reswct to di~~bllity or death of an em-
ployee resulling fmm any injury oeeurring as ~he authority of the Seeretary of the Amy
the result of operations eonducted on the outer 10 prevent obstruction to navigation in the
navigable waters of the United States is ex.
Contlnentsl Shelf forthe purme of exploring tended to the artifieial Islands. installations.
for. develo~ing. removing. or trmporting bY and other deviees referred M in subsection ta)
pipellne the naturai resources or. involving DIthis section.
rlghu to the natural resourees. of the subsoil
and seabed of the outer Continental Shelf, ... ~ ~
compensation shail be payable under the provi- ~he owcific application b>'thfi seclion of cer.
sions of the Longshoremen's and Harbor Work- taln provirions nf lar IO the rub3oil and seakd
ers' Compensation Act 133 U.S.C. 901 et seq.1. .. ...~ ~-~~~ <-~nlinentai Snell and the ariili
POT the purposes of the extension of the provi- ciai islands. instaliatlons. and other deviees re-
sions of the langshoremen's and Harbor Work- ferred M in subsection ta1 of this section or to
ers' Compensation Act under this section- aetsor offenses oeeurrins or eommitted there-
(1) the term "empioyee" does no1 include a an shali not give rise to any inference thatthe
application to sueh islands and structures. wu.
master or member of a crew of any vessei. or
an officer or empioyee of the United States or or offensesof an^ Other provision of law is no1
any agency thereof or of any Stale or foreign
governmenl. or of any politicai subdivision
thereof:
(21 the term "employer" means an employer (AS amended Sept. 18. 1918. Pub. L. 95-312. title
any of whose emuloyees are employed in such II. $203: 92 Stat. 635.)
oocrarlons: and Rvnuicrr in Tur
(31 the térm ..United States" when used in a
geographieai seme inciudes the outer Conti- Lon8rharemen's Md Harbor Worie"' camwnrarion
nental shell and artificial idands and fixed AC,. refcrred toin subsec <b,.is aet ~nr. +. 1921.ch.
structures thereon. 609, 14Star. 112..a? amîndrd. rhich 1setaoifird gen~
erat~yio chapter 18 ci901 ct se4.1ol ~itle33. Navign-
td ~etionsl Liboi Relations Act av..icable lion and ~nvigabie waters. or CornDielecl-ification
.-. ...-n-.~ ----. .. t~~~-~t-~~~~~ Labor Reia- of thisAct to the Cod?, se? action 901 ol Tille 33 and
tions Aci. ar amended. 119 u.S.C. 151 et SW-1 Ta~he National abo or RelatianrAct. a. emrndrd. re-
any unfair iabor practice. ar defined in sueh rerred to in subsc~.(cl.Y acl Jul~ 5.,935. ch. 372. 19
Act. occurring "pan any anifieial isiand. instal- st.t. 452.as amendcd. which irclasificd ecn~rally to
la~~~n ~r~.ther device referred to in subsection subchapler II (1151 er SeQi ofehapter 7 of TlllP 29.
Labar. FOI eompkte clarsllicalian of thh Act lo the
18) of thiS section ;ha11 be deemed to have oe- Code. ree section167 of Tillc 28and Taler.
eurred wilhin the judiciai district of the State.
the laws of whieh apply to sueh artificial AMrrioMrirrs
Island. installation. or other deviee pursuant to 1<178-Subsee. ialili.Pub.L. 95-372. 1203isi. Subrii-
SUehSUkeCtiOn. except lhat until the President tuted ".and arl inscallationand otner devices Derma.
delelmines the areas wilhin whieh rueh State ,",,., -r .-m"orarilv. -llachPd Co th? sc.%bi.d.FhiCh
IBWLare a~plirnblr. ri>r ludlrial district shall br mas w prect..dtt,+,,.onfor tw OWLHLSC O! ~owlor~n~
th%<01 II>? Stale neaiest ~he place of location ici,iii.\rirp.naor i>inn~rii.rirrource- inrxritnm n8
01 such ~III~LCIBI tlls~ld. inrtnllntion. or omrr an, '.~IIimxal.aiicn or oili,.rdr.,cr iouicr ln-n 1
"C",LC. ,nia or ir.5i.!t ini.y:ipcse ci~r,c,spor! n6 sirh rt..
U ' f and lixd structures rhicn may be
id) c:onst Guard reyulatinn.: marking of anlflrial ir- erPc,cd thPrPon for thr pi,rporc or expioring for. de-
lands. installalions. and othcr drricîs: failurc of vcjoping, rîmoving. and trnnsportlng r~sourccs Lnerc~
ouner suitablr to mark arrordin~ lo re~ulalionr rrsYbsec. iaiizi. Pub. L 95-372. 1203101. d?mllnatPd
(1) The of the Department in CXi~tinvr~risi~~ 9i ~uooar. (AI and addrd subuar.
the Coast is operating shali have (8,.
Suwce. ibl. Pub.L. 95-372. 1203<c,.ch>.rrd*signatcd
'%in ori#innl. Probilsnovld W "~~Llliri~". former subsee. <r) as(bl. and in subsec.(bi n, Sorcdcs- 222 GULF OF MAINE
D~OYISION-
(1) for the suspension or temporary orohibi.
lion of any operation or actbity. 1"eluding
~roduction. pumuant 10 any lese or permll
(A) al the requesl of a lesee. in the nallonai
Interest. ta facilitate proper development of a
leare or ln allow for the mnstruetion or nego.
tlation for ue of transportation faeililies. or
(BI if lhere is a threal of seriou. irreparable.
or lmmediate harm or damage to life (Inelud.
ing fish and other aguatie lifel. to properly.
10 any mineral depaslu (in ares leared or nol
leased). or 10 the marine. costal. or human
environment. and for the extension of any
Dermil or lese affeeted by suspension or pro-
hibition under clause (A) or (Bi by a period
equivalenl to the period of iueh suspension or
~mhlbition. exceot that no permit or lese
01 permit;
(2) with respect to eaneellation of anylese
or permil-
(Al that such eaneellation may mur 01
B~Y time. if the Secretarv determines. alter
a hearing. tha-
(i) continued acllvity pursuant to such
(Cl. lease Or permit would probably Cause seri.
Subec. (9).Rib. L. 95-372. l203rh). redesignlled OUI harm or damage 10 life (including fish
former subrec.,pl as(fl. and other aqualie iife). to properly. to
S~IOW R-RED m IN man S-08s any minerai (in areas leased or na(
lesed). 10 the national seeuritY or de
This srelion iI refcrrcd lo ln sections1331. 1511. fense. or to the marine. eoartai. or human
1351of thlr title: tl33esection941. environmenx
5 1331.Admlnistrslian of leasing , Iii) the threar of harm or damage siil
not disappear or decrease to an acceptable
1-1 Rvlc. and regulalions; amendment: rwprrntian extent within a resonabie ~eriod of Cime;
xith Siate agenries; subj~t miiiei and rcop. of and
r.~ulatinn. (iii) the advantages of caneeilat!on
The Secrerary shall adminisler lhe pravlrions ~ulwelgh the advantaees of eontinulnP
of this subchapter relating to the lesing of the SUC~ leae orpermit force: 1109~1 ANNEXES TO MEMORlAl LOF THEUNITEDSTATES 223
IR> that rueh eancellation shall no1 oeeur lhi~ subchapcer. or ol the Iease. or ol the rew
laiions issued under this rubchapter. sueh le-
may be eaneeied by the Seerelary. subject U>
the right of judieial review ssprovided in th&
su~hapter. if sueh default continues for the
wriod of thirry days after mailing of notice bY
registered letter 10 the leare owner at hi9
record WS~ office addresl.
(dl Cinrellation of pmdurinc lrsu
whenever the owner of any Producing lease
411s to eomply with any of the provtslons of
this subehapler. of the lease. or of the regula-
tlons lssued under th& subchapter. sueh lease
may be forfeited and canceled by an appropri.
aie proeeeding in any United States district
court having jurkdiction under the provisioiu
of lhk subchapter.
le= in question:
(3) for the aignment or relinquishment Of
P lese:
14) for unitim.tion. poolinK. and drilling
agreements;
(5) for the subsurfaee storage of oii and gar
other than by the Federal Goverment:
.,,i,.,tinnrildpuilnnmontremeand oroduction:y for
--.-.-7......., -~ ~~~ ~
(7) for the prompt and efficient exploration
and development of sleare area: and
(8) for eom~liance with the national ambi-
ent air quality standards pursuant to the (1) Exeept ssprovlded in paragrsph 12). everY
Clean Air Act 142 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.1. 10 the ~>ermlt.iiceme. easement. right-of.way. or otner
extent that aetivities authorized under thk grant of authority lor the transportation bY
sukhanter si~nlficanllv affect the air quality pipeline on or aerm the outer Continental
ai&ÿ state. shelf of oil or gar shall require that the Diw-
Ibncornpliince rith ieplitiona as condition for ir. line bc operated In accordance wlth the follow-
."."CC.rontinuation. uairnmeni. or 0ihir.trani. ing competitive prinelples:
... .~~ ~ - - ~ ~ l~).The pipeline must pravide open and
The iuuanee and continuance in effeet of anY nondiseriminatory aceeîsto both owner and
Iea~e.or of any Wignment or olher transfer of nonomer shippers.
a"." les? undel ~e~~orovisions of lhk sub- 18) Upon the speeific request of one or
Ehapter S~BII bc eondiiioned upon eomplianee more owner ornonowner shippen able to Pro.
with T~CUIB~~ON issued under this subchapter. vide a guarantecd ievel of throughput. and 0"
ICIc.~..II~~~o ornonprodu~ing ~i- the condition that the rhipper or shippen re.
questing such expansion shall be responsiblr
whenever the owner of a nonprodueing lease for bearing their proportionate share of the
fails to eompiy wiih any of the provisions of 224 GULF OFMAINE [lws]
COS~S and risks rciated Iher<.lo. the Federal iiiFlarini or nalvral 88%
Encres Regulatory Commission may, upon Alter Seplember 18. 1978. no holder al any
finding. afier a full hearing with due notice and gas lease isrued or maintained pursuant to
therrof to the intcresied ~artics. that sueh this subchapler shali be ~ermitted to flare nar.
"rai gas from ans well uniess lhe Secretary
finds that there is no practieable way 10 eom.
plele production of sueh saS. or that sueh fiar.
ing 1s neeessary to alleviale a temporary emer.
geney situation or to eonduct testing or worlr.
orer operations.
1.43amended Sepl. 18. 1978. Pub. L. 95-372. titic
II. O204.92 Stat. 636.1
for the Gulf of Mexico or th* Santa Barbara
Channel. RFrEarncFr i" Tixr
(21 The Fedcral Energy Rrgiilatory Commis.
sion may. by order or regutalion. exempt from
any or ail of the requirement;l of paracraph 11)
of this rubsection any pipeline or el- of pipe-
lines which feeds into a laciiity where oil and
gas are first colleeled or a facilily where oil and
gas are first seuaraled. dehydrated. or other-
wisc proce~sed.
(31 The Secretary of Energy and the Federal
Energy Reguiatory Commission shall consult
with and give due consideralion 10 lhe views of
the Attorney Gsneral on rpecific conditions Io
be ineiuded in ans permit. license. easement.
rlght-of-way. or granl of authorily in order 10
ensure lhat pipelines are operaled in mord-
anee with the eompetitire prinei~les set forth
in paragraph 111 of this subseetion. In prepar-
ing ans sueh views. the Attorney General shall
eonsult with the Federal Trade Commission.
(4) Nothing in this subseetion shail be
deemed Io limit. abridge. or modlfy any author-
ity of the United States under any other provi-
sion of law wilh respect M pipelines on or
ml- the outer Continental Shelf.
(81Riter of piodiirtion
(1) The ieasee'shail produce any 011 or pas. or
both. obtained pursuant to an approved devel-
opment and production plan. at rales consistent
with any rule or order isrued by the President
in accordance with anv oroviîion of law.
(21 if no rule or oider referred to in para- pmvkiom formcrly containcd in su-. (b~l) 83ruhwmuer-
gmph 11) has been bued. the lesre shall pro- bs the cuieeilation of nonprodueing lcasrs for tiiiu*
duce sueh oil or gas. or both. a1 rates consistent of the ovlncr to eom~ly rith in? of ~he ~rovhlaN of
this subeha~tcr. or of the 1-e. or of the reculitionr
with any regulstlon promulgated by the Secre- iUUCd ""der th& subehamcr.
tary of Energy which is to &sure the maximum Su&. (dl. Pub. L.85-371 redesipnatpd 83aUbsm.
rate of production whieh mas be sustained (dl PIOV~SCRtIormerl~ conlainrd insubsec. ib>iZmu-
wllhout 10s of uitimale reeoverv of oil or gas. crinz the canceliation and forleiturc of produrini
or both. under round engineerinü and eeonoÏnic ICU~S for faiiure 01the owncr to complv with pnv of
grinciDieS. and which is sale for the durallon of the PIOVI~IOM of thiz subehs~ter. the ~emî.or resula-
ihe activity rovered by the apprOVed plan. The tiSub~cc.mte).Fu* L.d95.372 redeSl~mfed U sYbM.ICI
Seeretary may Demit the lewe 10 Vary suen DlovizioRIlonncriy eonUlncd in subscct.elr.l.LirUU,
rat~s if he findg thal such variance Ir neeessary. ~IPCIinî righ<b-Of-Wlyand addrd Provhiom r.lli"l U,
r~sulati~m ~rescribcd by theSecrotary of TrimWN.
tion and asauranees of rnartm~rn environmentil CO.
teetion througn me use or me bert nuailableuid
The head of any Federal department or safcst technotogies ineludinz the safert ~irnetiecsfor
ageney who takes any action whieh has a direct pimllnc burial. and rubstituted relerences 10the
and signifieant effet on the outer Conlinenlai eml Encrgy Rcaulatory Commlrrion and the SpcieWs
sheif or its development rhall prornptiy notify 01 ~ncrgy roc erirtingrcfcrpnee=io the FederilPars
the Seeretary of sueh aetion and the SeeretarY c~mmlrrion and the lnicramt~ CO~~CICI comm*
shall lhereafter notlfy the Governor of anY af- siSuhccs. <t, io<ii Pub. L. 85-372 pdded su- tf'
fe~ted Slate anathe Seeretary may thereafter LO,i,.
reeommend such changes in such acllon as are
conridered appropriate. Tnrxrrra or hinniom
~hc funetions of the seerctary of thc lntrrior
,- 10ori@inaiProbsblr Should M Irarr". promu~gntc regutatiom under this rubehnDlrr GULFOF MAINE
P resolution of disapprovpl within thirty days
alter reeei~t of the bidding system.
IB) SUbPBraera~hs (Ci throurrh (J) Of this
paragraph~are ën&ted by congrCs-
(il ar an exerclsc of the rulemaking Dower
of the Senate and the House of Representa-
LiYeS. respeetively. and ar sueh they are - ... .-
(1, MOLION 10 wltpone. made wilh respect I,
deemed a part of the rulei of each House. re- the ducharge fiom ihc comm~itee. or the mn
spectively. but they are applicable only with rideraiion of a rrsolulion with respcci ioa ojd
respect 10 the procedures U, be followed in dlng ryslcm. and motlonq to ~roescd 10 t~~-rn.
that House in the case of resoiutions de-' sldëration of other buslne&. shpll be deided
Scribed by this paragraph. and they supersede without debate.
other rules onlv to the extent thal thev are (Ji Appe& from the deeisions of the Chair
incamirtent thërewith: and relatlng lo the applicatian of the rules of the
tli) with full recognition of the eomtitution- Senate or the House of Representatives. ar the
al right al either House to change the rules e- may be. to the procedure relating to a r-
(JO far a~ relating 10 the procedure al that lution with respect U, a biddins system shpll be
HO-) al any time. in the same manner. end delded without debale.
10 the same extent ar in the eare of anyother (5)(A) Durlng the fiveyear period commene.
ruie of that House. inp on Septemkr 18. 1918. the Seerelary may.
in order to abtain stalistical information to de-
termine whieh bldding alternatives will best W.
mmplish the pumes and wlieles of this sub
chauler. reauire. ar to no more than 10 oer
rcnlurn of the lmts offcied eaeh ycar. c'h
bldder U, suomit bids for MY aroa of the ourrr
Continental Shell in accordan~cc~ ~ wiih~ ~o~i.-.-
than one of the biddlng systems set fonh in
be on the lessee.
171After an oil and pas le- is granted Dursu-
ant to of the work eommitment options Of
paraaraph <i) of this subseetion-
(A) the iessee. at its option. shaii deliver W
the Seeretary upon issuance of the lew
either (il a cash depasit for the full amount
of the exoloration work eomrnilment. or liia
performaice bond in form and substance and
with a surety salisfaetory to the SeeretarY. 0
the principal' amount of sueh exploration
work eommitment muring the SeeretarY
e by rhich the motion is that IUC~ commitment $hail be faithfullY du-
i 10. eharged in accordance with this section. reg*
latlons. and the leare: and for purposer of th&
sub~aragraph. the principal amount of such
cash deposit or bond may. in accordance rith 228, GULF OF MAINE [Il O21
duct ~ny antitrust rc\te<v pursuant to this para of the seasard boundary of such coasw
graph and IO makc rerommendations purruani State.
10 paragraph l3l of lhls SUbscCtlOn. 12) After receipt of nominations for any area
131The Attorney Gcneral. alter eonsiiiiatlon of the outer continental Shelf within three
v.,lh the Frdrral 'l'radc Coinmision. msy makr
such rerammendations 10 the Swrrtary. inrl.id
ln8 the nonacerptanîe 01any bid. as maY De aP.
pr~prlate LO vre\ent any situation inconsisirni
wth the antitrust lars If thr Wretary drier
miner. or If the Attorney Gencral advirer the
SPÇIC~BI).. srter CO,>~UIIBIIO~ slih 1he Fedr.181
'l'rade Commlsslon and prior rothe iuuaiirr of
any Iease. Ih~t SUrh iease may crratr or maln
tain a situslion inronsirlrnl wtth the ant.Lruîl
lawr. the Secretary may-
(Al relue (il to accevt an othewhe Quali-
fied bid for such leare. or (ii) to issue sueh
leMe. notwlthstandlng Jubsfftion 1s) Of th&
sfftlon; or
(BI Isue such lease. and notlfy the lessee
and the Attorney Oeneral of the reason for
department or asency to secüre information.
conduet revlews. make reeommendatlons. or
wek ~PPIOPII~~E relief
,BI Nellher the kuanrr of a lease "or anv
thln~ in this subs~ction shali modifv or abridee
any ürivate right of action under the anlit-t
IBWS.
(dl Duediligence
No bld for a lease may be subrnitted if the
Seeretary Ilnds. after notice and hearina. that
the bidder is not meeting due diligence require-
men- on other le-.
(e) sppmvil for di. exchange. suim-
ment, or0th" -nafer ofleun
NO leare kued Under this subchapter may be
-Id. exehanged. mlgncd. or othewise trans.
ferred except wlth the appmïal of the Secre-
mry. PTfor LO any such e.pp10va1. the Secretary
shall eonsult with and nive due consideration to
the views of the Attorney General.
ln Antitrust irnmvnit~ defen~
NothInn ln this rubchaoter shall be deemed
lgl kasina of lands rithin thm miles of sc.w%rd
baundiria of roiilil Sbtn
State.
ch)sta tdaima to iurirdirtionorer xubmcried lsnda
State-
(Al an identilieation and rhedule of the ~athlng eontained in this section shall be
areas and regions proposed to be offered for construed 10 alter. iimit. or modify any elaim or
leasing: anv State to any jurisdietion over. or any right.
(8) ail information eoneerning the geo- titie.or interesiii any submerged lands.
graphieal, geolagieal, and eeologieai eharac- lil Sulphui Irases: nrardtohishert bidder: mrthod nf
teristics of sueh regions: bidding
(Cl an estimate of the ail and reserves In order to meet the urgent need for further
in the areas Droaoîed ror leasina: and exploration and deveiopment of the suiphur de-
CD)an identification of any fiield. geoloaieai
structure. or trap loealed rithin three miles ,s.ino~!li~~.~hlcomma~r~~~~~ s&.~ldno,SDP~T. OF THE UNITEDSTATES 229
11 1031 ANNEXES TO MEMORW
~nraacrr 11 nxr
~ ~ -~ ~--
~he Emergeney Pelrolcum AlInratton Ac1 01 1913.
relerred to in rumer. rblI71. isPub.L 93-159.Nov. 21.
1913. 87 SLsl. 828.L3 amcndcd. whicb h el-ifird %en-
îra~~y U>chamer I~A ~('151 et sq.> of ~llle 15. com-
merce and Trade. For mmplctc cl~ifieitlon of this
AC^10 me code. ree short rlclc note sel out undrr
~cellon 751 of Title 15 and Tibler
~he antitrus~ laws. rcferrcd ro in aubsecs. te1131.
(4)rBI and (1). ire defincd In wetlon 1331 of lhh tltlc.
offerine the are= for leare.
Ill Publication 01 notices of islr and tcrrni 01 biddin~
~romulgated by the Secretary.
1.1 Disposition of rrrenucs ~d'0I
Ail rnoneys paid to Che Secretary for or under Sumec 1, Pub L 95.372. 4205<b,. rrdeslpn.Led
10""C. *,,m.ç td,b. LI, Forme, lu- <ilShbh Dni
lemes granled pursuant 10 this section shall be "ldd thnt any p+mn mm~lilninp of th, niocrllat4on
dewsited in the Treasury in secordance with 01. a~ thC WCCUIY COYM bve the Scenury.
seetion 1338 of this title. =tlon ICIICWC~ in ihr ~inii~dsuin ~>~lirtt court for
,ne oistrici of coi~mbi. O, filins a w~liion for
ICIILP. sas Str~cL 04, SC? sPçllOn I3W 01 IhU llllC
subsns ki ro coi hb 1. 95-312. 1205ioi reacsis.
(ormer luos- ~r to<,. ~ ( k toiol. resmtlve.
er~~ud#ee the ulrimaie setliernent or adludiea
lion of lhr querlion as 10 uhrrhrr or no[ Ille
arca iniol<rd istn the ouler Continental Shrlf
101Cinrellalion of 1ea.n foi fnvd
The seeretary may eancel any leare obtained
bY fraud or misrepresenlation.
(AS arnended sept. 18.1918. PUO. L. 95-372. title
11.S 2051a). lb>. 92 Stat. 840. 844.) 230 GULF OF MAINE
kind. wcre transrerr~d lo ihe Sccrelars ofEnrrw b>
si.clton71521b) 01 TiII? 12. The Public Hcrlth and
Welfare.
srcriom ~trsnnro ro ix m~rn Srcrions
mis miion ir r~fcrrcdio in srciion 1331. 1313 of
lhls Lille.
whieh the Secrelary maY bY rëgulation re.
quire-
(A) B sehedule of antieipated exploration
activitie~ 10 be understaken ':
181 a description of equipment :O be ured
for such activilies:
tC1 the general lwation of each well 10 be
drilled: and
(Dl sueh olher information deemed perti-
nenl by the Secrelary.
14) The Secrelary may. by regulation. require
lhat sueh olan be aerornpanied by a general
staiernent or development and pr6dueiion in-
tenliom which shall be for planning purmsa
only and whieh shail not be bindtng on any
Party.
,dl Drillins permil
The Secretary may. by regulation. requlre
any lessee operating under an approved expio-
ration plan 10 obtain a permit prlor to drilling
,ri Plan appmril: Statc ron~urrenrr: pian proririona any well in accordance with such plan.
(el Plan rerinioni;conduri of eiploralinn artivitirr
11) Excepl ar otherwise provided in this sub- (11 If B significanl revision of an exploration
ehapler. prior 10 eommeneing exploralion pur. plan approred under lhis subseetion is submit-
suant 10 any 011and sas leare isued or main- ied 10 the Secrelary. the plmess to be used for
lained under thls subehapter. the holder lhrre. the approval of rueh revision rhsll be the sarne
of rhall submit an exploration plan 10 the Sec- ar sel forth in subsertion tcl of lhis section.
retaly for approval. Sueh plan maY ~DDIYto (21 il exploration aetivities pursuant to any
more lhan one lease held by a lesee in any one
rerion of the ouler Continental Shelf. or bY a lease shall be eonducted in accordance with an
approved exploration plan or an approved revi.
sion of sueh plan.
((1 prmi#r i<sucd and erplnrs8ion plans i~
prorrd rithin 9D.da) prid srterScplemkr 18.
1978
11) Exploration activities pursuanl to anY
leare for whieh a drilling permit hs been
isued 01 for whieh an exploration plan hs
been spproied. prior 10 ninety days afler se?-
ternber 18. 1978. shall be considercd in eornD1l-
anee with this section. except rhat the SeCrp.
tary may. in accordance \i'ith section
l33418)(1)(8) of this title. order o suspension or
lemmrary prohibition of any exploration activ.
ilics and require a rerired expioralion plan.
121The Secretary may require the holder of a
leare deseribed in puragraph (11 or this subrrc-
tion to ruppiy a generai statrmcnt ir> aceord-
ance with subsection (~~41of (hi5 section. or 10
rubrnil other information.
131 ~oihing in lhis subs~rtion shall be con-
sinled IO i.mend the ierms 01 any permil or
plan 10 which this rubsection uDplies.
ncîardanee witli the regiilationi prescribed Ilrterminatii,nirrqui*ife1'sir%uunrcor prmits
under seclion 1334iaii~ilC)til or tiil of this Any permit for grologieal explorations au-
litle.
121The Serrctars shall nof gram ans licrnse thorizcd b? :his ~crtion hall be ,~~ed only if
or permit for any artivil? drwribed in drtnil in
~nexpioralion plan stid afrîrting any land use S"/,,lr/yln<P,"*"b,V.,,",1*. ll""l.,,i*l~"'~ [il051 ANNEXESIO MEMORIAL OF THE UNITEDSTATES 23 1
the Seeretary determines. In acmrdanee with (BI B delallcd aecountinp of al1 explora
reg~lallons issued by the Secretary. thal- lion. exploralor). drillinp. learina. develop.
(1) the applleant for such permit 1s quali. ment. and produclion aclivilies.
fled tC. - siim~~~v ~~ ~ ~~e~.enl .suo.~vi~
(21 the exploralion uhli iiol lnlrrlere wllh sion. and enforcement aetivltles:
orcndanger opera1vw.s under anY lem issucd CD) a lis1 of ail shut-in and lllrlna welk;
or mamtalned pursuani 10 ihis subchaulei
and
(3) sueh erplorallon wlll no1 be unduly
hamful lo aauatlc lire In the area. result in
canee. with the AttorneypreGeneral. with rmmmen-ation
(hlLands benenth niri@ble iiten adjacent ioPoint
&les Wiideineaa datlons for pmmoting cmceiitlon in the les
lng of outer Continental Shelf lands. whlch
The Seeretarr shall nol Issue a leare or =hall lnclude any recommendatlons or flnd-
lngs by the Attorney General and any plans
for lmplementlng recammended admlnhtra-
tive chues and drafts of any eropased le&
lalion. and whleh shall mntaln-
(A) an evaluatlan of the mmpetlllve bld-
dlng systems permltwi under the ~rovi-
slons or section 1337 ofthh titie. and. ifal>-
olleable. the reanons whv a ~arlieular bld-
dlng sy&em has no1 been~utll~d;
(BI an evaluatlon of alternative bldding
system no1 pemitted under seetlon 1337 of
thh title. and whv sueh system or system
(AS mended sept. 18. 1978. pub. L 95-312. title ihould 01 should kt be utflized:
II. P206. 92 Stal. 641.) (CIan evaluatlon of the effectivenes of
restrlcllons on lalnt blddlna ln Promotlna
AI~OIENTS ~ompetltion and. if spplicable. any sugg-1.
1918-mb. L. 85.372 dnlmitcd rilstlns provIslon. ed admlnhtrative or lcglslative action on
-aubue. <i)(luid iddcd subue. laIll> andaubwcs. folnt blddlna:
.<Dl an evaiuation oi present mearurm and
a devrlotlon of anv additionai mesures to
reflneiind dhtributoia.
(As mamendedSept. 18. 1978. FUb. L.95-372. tlllc
II.4 207. 92 Stat. 648.)
.rardiirr. Irrm -~~-~ondIlIolufor the ieouIslllon
and di~poslll~n01 ledcnl roya~tyl"tereats iikcnin Alaol-s
klnd. aierelnrufcrrrd LOthe Sccrrtary ofEncrm by Isl8-Rlb 1 85-372 sublllulcd proumlom aplllnp
=Lion 11521b)01 Tllle 42. The mblle Heath uid OUI indeti11the rontcnll ol reWrL1 Lo Dc filcdWllh
WCI~PIC. the ~rmdent of the 8rnik uid ihc Bwakcr ol ihr
81341.&senition orlands and rishts 81~1x0~ R-Im T0 in mmn SrcriolS
SICIION R-lm ro 81 mam Srniois tifle.acellon Is refcrrcdlo h Mtion 1318of th&
Thb mt1.n h rererred 10 Ln~tlon 1353 of lhh
tlllc. 5 1344.Outer Continentil Sheiï leasing pmmm
11343.Annuil report bySmretary to Con- (al %hcdule ofpmd 011and es le-r -ln
Wllhin six months alter the end of euh The Secretary. pursuant to procedures set
forth in subsectlons (ci and Cd)of thls sectlon.
liseal year. the Seeretary shall submit to the hall prepare and perlodleally revlse. and maln-
Resldent of the Senate and the Speaker of the tain an 011and gar leslng program ta Imple-
Hause of Representatives the following reports: ment the policies of this subchapter. The leas-
(1) A report an the leasing and production ing program shall eanslsl of a whedule of Dro-
program ln the outer Continental Shelf
during such fixai year. whleh shall Indude- pmed lease sales lndlcallng. as preclsel~ s LW.-
(A) a delalled accaunllng of al1 moneys re- sible, the size. timing. and location of learing
Ceived and expended: actlvlty whleh he delermlnes will besl meet na- GULF Of
tional încrgs nerds forthe fire-sear prriod fol- be eompiled under the authority of th! rub
ioxine ils approval or reapproral. Such leasing
proelam shall bc prepared and mainiained in a
mariner eonsistrirt Wlh the foiIoXina orinci.
plCs:
III Mana~emcnl oi the outer Continental
Shelf rhnll bc condueted in a manncr which
eon~iderS economie. social. and environmental
,,*lues of ~he renewable and nanreneu.able re-
sources containrd in the outer Continental
Shelf. and the oot~ntial im~aet of oil and gas
exploration on'other resokee values of the
outer Continental Sheif and the marine.
bcbased on a consideration of-
(AI existing information eoncerning the
geographicai. geologird. and eeologieal
eharaeteristic~ of sueh regions:
tB) an eQUitable sharing of developmental
benefill and environmental risks among the
various regions:
ICI the location of such regions with re-
spect to. and the relative needs 01. regionai
and national energy markem:
ID) the location of sueh regions with re.
speel to other uses of the aea and seabed.
including fisheries. navigation. existing 01
proposed sealans. potenliai siles of deep-
.water ports. and other antieipated uses of
the resouree asd spaee of the outer Conti.
nentai Sheil:
IEI the interest of potenlia1 oil and gas
producers in the developmenl~~ oil and sas
resources BJ indieated by exploration or
nominalion:
IF) lam. goah. and policies of affected
S1cd.e~ which have been s~eeifieail~ identi-
lied by the aovernors 01 sueh States as rel-
evant malters for the Secre1ary.s considera.
110":
10) the relative environmental ~ensilivit~
and marine produetivity of different areas
01 the outer Continental Shelf: Md
tH) relevant environmentai and predietive
information for dilferent areas of the outer
continental Shelf.
131 The Seeretary shall select the l!ming
and location of leasing. to the maximum
extent p-ticable. so as ta obtain a pmmr
balance between the potential for environ.
mental damage. the wlential lor the dkov
ery of oil and gas. and the potential for ad-
verSeimpact on the eoastal zone.
IO Leasing activities shall be condueled to
asore reeeipt 01 fair markel value for the
lands leased and the righu mnveyed bY the
F'edelaI Government.
tb) ~~timatcs of ippropriationi~nd sUSlmuid for
m.n.gemcnt of ii.i". pmpm
The lesina orowam shall inelude estimates Id) Commenta by Atlorney Centml on an1icip.d
of the ap~ropriati& and stafl required to- -11-t on <ompelition; rommeots by Slaie or Id
(1) obtain resouree information and My mrcrnmenta: submiasion 01 proprn toPrrslde*
other information needed to prePare the lean. .. . .~nne.: isauancr 01 lema in irrodinn
ing program rp~uired by this section; xith prosmm
(21 analyze and intemret the exploratory (1) Withln ninety days alter the date 01
data and any other inlomation which may cation of a proposed leasing program. the AbANNEXES TOMEMORIALOFTHEUNITEDSTATES 234 GULFOF'MAINE
th)Timc 10. avbmirrion of recammindntianr nental Shelf and the eoastal areas whieh msy
be affected by oil and gas development in rueh
area orregion.
(2)Each study reauired by DaragraPh Ill of
~ ~~~ ~
and production pian this suksection shail be commenced not later
than six monlhr alter Seplember 18. 1918. wlth
The Sccrclary rhnii awrpt iwommrridalionr respect to any area or region where a lease sale
01 the Governor and ma). wrut remmmriidn. har been held or announeed by publication 01 a
LIUILÎ of the rxccuiis'r 01 any affwtrd loçai aur. notice of DroDoJed leare sale before Septrmber
rrnmrnt if hr determlnra. alter hs$ing pro. 18. 1918. and not later than six months prior to
vided the opportunity for consultation. thal the holding of a lease sale wllh respect to any
they provide for a reasonable balance between area or region where no ieare sale har been
the national interest and the weil-being of the held or rheduled before Seplember 18. 1978.
citizens of the affeeted State. For Durpores of The Seeretary may ulilize inform,ation eoliected
th& subsection. a determination of the national in any study priar to September 18. 1978.
interest shall be based on the desirabilily of ob-
taining oil and ras supplies in a baaneed
manner and on the findings. purposes. and pali-
cies of this subchapler. The SecretarY shall
eommunieate 10 the Governor. in writing. the result Gom chronie low level pollution or iar&
rearons for hi3 determination to aa'ept or spills -mialed with outer Continental Shelf
rele~t such Governar's recommendalions, or to
impiement any aliernail\e means ideniiftrd in production. from the introduction of drill eut.
~on~~ltation ~8th the OUVC~OI M pmvhde for s 1111~sand drillin. muds in the area. and fmm
rearonable balance berurrn ihe national inter the laylns of D~D: 10 sene the offshorr produc
est and the well brina of the citvcnr of the af lion area. and the impacts of drvrlopmrni off.
fected State. shore on the affeeted and roastal are-
(d) ~innlity of accepiancror rejmion or iecommen-
dations
The Seeretary's deleminalion that recom- SubSegUent to the learing and develo~ing of
mendations provide. or do not provide. for a any area 01 region. the Seeretary rhall eonduct
rearonable balance betwcen the national inter- sueh Bdditional sludies 10 eslablish environ.
est and the weli-belng of the cilizens of the af. mental information as he deems neeessary and
feeted State shall be flnal and shall not. alone. shall monftor the human. marine. and eoartal
be a bas& for invalidation of e propmed le- environments of such area or region In a
sale or a pro-d devel~pmenl and ~roduction manner designed to provide time-series and
plan in any suit or Judicial review pursuant to data trend information whieh ean be used for
section 1349 of thb Lille. unles round to be ar. comparuon wltl~ an) DIP\IOUIIYeoliwt~d daU
bitrary or Ca~rieiOUS.
IO Ca>mmiire memenla for the PUIDOSC of idrntifying any aimlfirsnl
changes in the guallt) and ~rodueli~tr> of sUCh
The Seeretary b authorized M enter into eo- environmcnts for establishina irendr in the
operative agreements with afected States for areas studled and monitored. &d for deslgnlng
purm whieh are eomistent with thii sub- croerrments to identifv the causes of aueh
ehapter and other applicable Federal law. Sueh
agreements may inelude. but neednot be limit-
ed m. the sharing of information iin accordance ~r,rmduni ir~iati~ni lorrondurt of siudiis:nr
with the provisions of section 1352 of this titiel. opntion .ith .necid sute.: uiiiiza!ion ofin.
the Joint utilization of availabie expertise. the fnrmiiion fmm Federai. SIaW and inrd jovcr"'
faciiitating of permitting proeednres. joint mcnla and i~tnri..
planning and review. and the fomallan of loint The Secretary shall. by regulatlon. ertablish
s~rveillanee and monitoring arrangements to procedures for earrying out his dulies under
cary out applicable Federal and Stale laws. thb section. and shali plan and earry out si+h
regulatiom. and stipulations relevant U, outer dulies in full eooperation with affected Statn.
Continental Shelf operations bath onshore and TO the extent that other Federal sgeneies have
offshore. prepared environmental impact statements. are
(Aug. 7. 1953. eh. 345. 819. a. Bdded Sept. 18. EOndUCting studies. 01 are monitoring the 81.
1918. Pub. L.95-372. litle II. 4 208. 92 Stat. 852.)
fected human. marine. or co%tai environment.
B1316.Environmentsi studin the ~eemtary may utiiize the information de.
rived therefrom in lieu of directly eonductiN
information for usnament and minqemcnt of sueh activitier. The Seeretary may also utillv
imparts on rnrironmrnt: iime Tor study: impscls infomation obtained from any State or locd
on marine biotn fiom pollution or Iive spills government. or from any person. for the Pup
(Il The Secretarv shall conduet a studv of pmS Of lhis section. For the purpose of CarrY'
area or region-included in any ail and gar ing out his responsibilitles under this seetipn.
le= sale in ord?r to establish information the ~eeretary may by agreement utilize. with or
needed for BIJessment and management of en- without reimbursement. the services. personnel,
vironmentai impacts on the human. marine. or faeilities of any Federal. Slaie. or local
and coaital environments of the outer Conti- ernment ageney. ANNEXES TO MEMORIAl .OF THE UNITEDSTATES 235
(dl Conridcralinn or relevant enrironrnrnlal infurrnn. ronment.ant except onwherety.thealtSeerelarythedeter-
,ion in dereloping re~ulntionr. leare conditions
and overatini ordcrs mines thal the incremental benefiü are ciearly
The Secretary $hall consider avaiiable rele. insuffieienl to Juatify the inereme"tal eosü of
van1 environmental information in making de- utilizing sueh technologies.
eisions tineluding those reialing to exploralion IC) Hr~ulations npplyins to unnplalrd hazardovr
p1t.n~. dlilling permiü. and development and iorking conditions
production plans). in developing a~propriate
regulalions and lease conditions. and in isuins The SeeretarY of the Department in which
~.eratina ordeci. the Comt Guard is operating shall promulgate
(c, Ar,.ssmrnt of rumulatir. ellecl8 01 .rlirilieaan regulslions or standards applying to unregu.
envimnmen<: submi%sion lo Conp.%$ lated hazardous working conditions related to
aetivilies on the outer Continental Shelf when
As SOD~ as praeticable sfler the end of eaeh he determines sueh regulalions or standards
fiscal year. lhe Secrelary shall submil 10 lhe are neeessary. The Seerelary of the Depart-
Congres and make avallable 10 the genere.1 ment ln whieh the Coart Guard is operatine
publie an assesment of lhe cumulative effect may from lime tatirne madify any regulations.
of aetivities eonducled under this subchapter interim or final. dealing wilh hazardous work-
on the human. marine. and coastai envimn- ing conditions on the outer Continental Shelf.
ments.
..
......~ Nolhing in this subchapter shall affect the
authority provided by iaw to the Secrelary of
In executing hi3 res~onsibililies under this Labor for the protection of occupalional safely
section. the Seerelary shali. 10 the maximum and heallh. the authority provided by iaw 10
extenl praeticable. enter in10 appropriate ar- ~... ..-nistralor of t~he Environmentai Pro-
rangemenls to ulilize on a reimburslble basls ICCIIO~ A~cnç). for the proirelio!i 01 Ilte enri.
the eapabililies of the Departmen1 al Cam. ronmenl. or lhr ~ulhor>t.v ~>rovidrd Li? In* Io
meree. In earrying out sueh srrangemens. the secretary of 'rransport~~.on UILI, ~PSIWCI to
Seeretary of Commerce is aulhorized to enter
in10 eontraeü or granls with any person. orga- pipeline safety.
nizalion. or entity with funds appropriated to tr) Studies of undenvater diring techniques and
the Seerelary of the Interior pursuant to this r..i~rn.nt
Subchapter.
(Aug. '7. 1953. eh. 345. $20. ar added Sept. 18. The Seerelary of Commerce. in cooperation
1978. Pub. L. 95-372. title 11. 4 208. 92 Stat. 653.1 with the Secretary of lhe Department in which
the Coast Guard is operating. and the Director
B13J7. SaLt). and hrilih rexuhtiona of ihe National lnsiitute of Occupational
Safely and Heallh. shall conduet studier of un.
ial Joint study 01 adeguaey of txining aafety and derwster diving techniques and eauipment suit-
hcallh regulntions; rubmi%siun to Prerident and able (orprotection of human safety and lm.
proverneni of diver ~erlormanee. Such studies
.?hall inelude. but need not be iimited ta. deeom.
pression and excursion labie development and
improv~menl and ail arpeets of diver phyrio.
Iogicsl restrainü and proteetive gear for enpo-
sure10 hostile environmenü.
Ir)<:"ordination and eonrultnlion rith Frderal de.
partmrntr and agenriîr: nraiiabilit) lu intrrîrlcd
ptmonr ofrornpilation 01aafely icgulalions
(1) In administering lhe provisions of lhis se-
lion. lhe Seeretary shall consult and eoordinate
With the heads of olher appropriate Federal de-
partments and agencips for purposcr of sur.
in8 ihal. to the maximum extent Draetieablr.
inconsistent or duplicative requirements are not
imposed.
(2) Thc Secretnry shall make avaiiable to anY
ibl Ilre ofbest avsilable and snfrst rri~n<imirall~fea. interested person a compilation of al1 safety
sihb te......".~. and olher regulalions u.hieh are prepared and
In exereising their respective responsibiiities promulgated by any Federal deDarlmen1 or
for lhe artifieiai islandr. installalians. and
Other devices referred to in Jeetion 1333taIt1) of agency and applicable to nctiiities on the outer
this title. the Secretary. and the Secretary of Continental Shelf. Sueh compilation shail be
the Department in which the Coast Guard is revised and updated annuaily.
operating. shall require. on ali new driilina and iAug, 7. 1953. eh. 345. i 21. as added Sepl. 18.
Production operations and. wherever ~raclica- 1918. Pub. L. 95-372. tillr II. i 208. 92 Stat. 654.)
bie. on existing operations. the use of the ber1
availabie and safest technologies which the Sec- srcriow RrrcnaEo ro in ornrn Srcrians
retary determines 10 be eeonomieally feasibie. This seclion isrîf<.rr?dLo in srctionr 133<.1318 of
wherever failure of equipment would have a Lhis<ill?. .OF THEUNITED STATES 237
[\Ill] ANNEXESTO MEMORlAL
e1319.Citirenr suits. jurisdiction and judirial rericOther Act or eommon iaw to seekappropriate
~PI~PI,
lai Penons rho ma) brinr actions; pnon. apinrt (b)Jurirdirlion and venueof ridions
whom action may bcbruught; lime of action: in-
tervention by Attorney Genersl: rost. and reex;
"*CYrity
(1) Exceut as orovided in this section. anv
persan havins a ;alid legal interest whieh ir ir
may be adverseiy affeeled may commence a
civil aclion on his own behalf to eompel compli-
ance with this subehapter against any Denon.
including the United States. and any other go".
ernment instrumentality or agency (to the
extent permitted Dy the eleventh amendment
10 the Constitution) for any alleged violation of
any provision of this subchapter or any regula- ehapter. hoceedings wiih respecl ti in; sueh
tim promul~ated under this subchapter. or of Case 01 eonlroversy may be imtiluted in the lu-
the lerms of sny permit or lease imued by the dieial district in whieh any defendant resides or
Secretary under this subchapter. may be round. or in the ludicial district of the
(2) Exeepl as provided in paragraph (3) of State neares1 the place the Cause of action
this subsection. no action may be eommenced =rose.
under rubsection (a)(l) of this seelion- (2) Any reddent of the United Slates who 1s
(A) prior 10 sixty days alter the plaintiff inlured in any manner thraugh the failure of
har xlven notice of the alleged violation. in any omrator to comply aith any rule. reguia-
writing under oath. to the Seeretary and any tion. order. or permit iuued pursuant to this
olher appropriate Federd official. U> the s~bcha~tel may brin8 an aetion for damages
State in whleh the violation allegedly oc- (ineluding reasonable attorney and expert wit-
curred or is murring. and ta any alleged vio. ne= lees) only in the judiciai district having lu-
lator: or risdiction under parasraph (1) of this sutsec-
(Bi if the Attorney Generd has commenced tion.
and 16diligenlly prmeeuting a civil action in a tr) Rericx or %remry's appmrsl of leasing pro-
court of the Uniled Slates or a State with re. pm: raviex of appiornl. modifirationordiaap-
sllpcl to such malter. but in any sueh aclion provil of exploratioor produclion plan:prson,
in a court of the United States any Erson *ho may aeek revlex:acop of revit*: <rrtiorari
having a legal interest which is or may be ad- 10Svvrrmc Court
venely affeeted may intervene as a matter of (1) Any aetion of the Seeretary to approve a
right. leasing program pursuant to seclion 1341 of
(3) An action may be braught under this sub- this tltle shalbe subjpct 10judicisl review only
section imediatel~ alter nolifieation of the al- in the United States Court of Appeali for the
leged violation in sny case in whieh the alleged District of Columbia.
vioiatlon constilute~ an imminent threat Cothe (2) Any aetion of the Secretary to approve.
public health or sfety or would immediately require modifiestion of. or disapprove any ex-
affect a legal interert of the plaintiff. ploration plan oranY development and produe-
(4) in my aetion eommenced pursuant to this tion plan under lhis subchaptershall be subieet
seelion. the Atlorney General. "Don the re- to Judieial review oniy in a United States eourt
quest of the Secretary oranyother appropriate of appeais for a circuit in whieh an affpcled
Federal official. may intervene as a matter of State is located.
risht. (3) The ludicial review speCified in para.
(5) A court. in issuing any final order in any maphs II> and (2) of this subseetion shall be
aetion broughl pursuanl to subseetion <al<l) or 8Vailable oniy 10 B person who (A) Dsrticipaled
subsection (e) of this seclion. may award cos- in the administrative proeeedings related to the
of litigation. lneluding reasonable atlorney and actions specified in sueh paragraphs. (B) is ad-
expert witnefs fees. to sny Party. whenever versely affeeled or aggrieved by sueh action.
such court determines such award is auDropri- tC) filesa petition for review 01the Seeretary's
ate. The eourt maY. if a temporary restraining action within aixty dayr after the date of such
action. md tD) promptiy transmiü copies of
order or preliminary inlunction is saughl. re- the petition 10 the Seerelary and to the Attor.
in a suffieientg amountandto eampensatet sefor any ney General.
(4) Any action of the Seeretary specified in
lofs 01 damage wffered. ln accordance *th the DaraaraDh (1) or (2) shall only be subject to
F16) Exeeptes as providedocein subsectton (ci of ;evi& pursuant to the provisions of this sub-
section. and shall M Jpeeificails excluded Irom
this section. al1sui- ehallenging actions or de- citizen îuiü whieh are permitted Pursuant to
Ciîions allegediy in violation of. or seeking en- subsection ta) of this section.
forcement of. the provlsiom of this subchapter. (5) The Seerelary shall file in the appropriate
Or any regulalion promulgated under this sub- court the record of any public hearings re.
chapter. or the te- of any permit or lease quired by this subcha~ter and anY additional
iraued by the Seeretary under this subchapter. information upon whieh the Seeretary based
shall be undertaken in accordance wilh the pro- hi5 decision. as required by section 2112 of title
cedures described in thir subsectlon. Nothing in
this section shali restrict any right whieh any
wraon or cl- of persans may have under any GULF O
28. Speeifie objections to lhe action of the Sec- be assessed until the person eharged with a VI*
retary shali be eonsidered by lhe eourt only if lalion has been given an opportunity for a
the issues "Dan whieh sueh obieetions are hearing.
based have been submitted 10 the Secretary
durine the administrative oroeeedines rclated ,ClCriminsl pna1tirs
10 lheactions in&l,,ed. . . Any Derson Who knowingiy and willfully (LI
vioiales any provision of this subchapler. any
(61 The eourt of sppeais condueling a pro. lem of a lease. lieense. or permil issued pursu-
cceding Dursuant ta this iubseetion shali con. ant 10 lhis rubehapter. or any regulalion or
sider the matter under review soieiy on the order Lssued under the authority of lhis rub.
record made beforc the Secretary. The findings Chapter designed 10 protect heailh. safety, or
of the Secretary. if su~~orled by substantial the environmenl or conserve nalurai resoureer.
evidence on the reeord eonsidered as a whoie. (2) makes any faise stalemenl. representalion.
shali be conelusire. The cour1 mag affirm. or cenifiealion in anY sp~licalion. record.
vacate. or modify any order or deeision or maY report. 01 other doeument filed or required to
remand the proceedings to the SeeretarY for be mainlained under this subchapler. 13) falîi.
sueh further action as it may direel. fies. tampers with. or renders inaecurate any
17) Upon lhe filing of the record with lhe monitoring deviee or method of record required
court. pursuant 10 Daragraph (5). the jurisdic. 10 be mainlained under lhis subehapler. or (0
tian of the court shall be exclusive and its judg. revesis any data or information required to be
ment rhall be final. exeept that sueh judgment kept eonfidentiai by thir subehapler shali. upon
shall be subject to review by the Supreme conviction. be punished by a fine of not more
Court of lhe Uniled Slales upon wril of cerlio- lhan 1100.000. or by imprisonment for no1 more
than le" yearr. or bolh. EaCh day thal a viola.
lion under clause 11) of this subseelion eontin-
"es. 01 eaeh day that any monitoring deviee or
Exeept as 10 causes of action which the eourt data recorder remains ino~erative or inaecurate
e~nsiders of greater importance. any action because of any activity dereribed in clause (31
under lhis seclion shall lake preeedenee on the of this subseclion. shail eonstilule a separate
doeket aver ail other causesof action and shall violalion.
be set for hearing st the earliest practicai date
and expedited in every way. (dl Liibilily ofcorparsle ofrircn and .:enta for rio.
Iiliana by corporation
(Aug. 1. 1953. ch. 315. 123. as added Sept. 18. Whenever a eorporalion or olher enlity Is
1918. Pub. L. 95-372. litle 11. 1208. 92 Stat. 651.1 subjeet to proseeution under subseetian tel of
RVT~Z~CIÎ II TEXI this section. any offieer or agent of auch corpo.
ration or enlity who knowingly and wiiifuily
The Fdrral nules of C $81Rard~ie rilcrrrd io in authorized. ordered. or earried ou1 the pro-
JudiciaryIand J"d.ria,nardurrihr Appcndix ta Tlilr 28 seribed activity shall be subjeet lo the same
fines or imprisonment. or bolh. as provided for
S~ION Rm~m ro xn O~HI~ S~XOIS under subsection tel of this Section.
This section is referrcd Lo in section 1315 of this (el Concurrent and cumulative nature of menalties
LillC. ~ -~
The remedies and penallies preseribed in lhis
B1350.Remdies and pnillies subehapler shail be concurrent and cumulative
and the exereise of one shall no1 preeiude lhe
i., lnjunciion.. rrstninins ordera. ch. exelcise of the others. hirther, lhe remedies
At the request of the Secretary. the SecretarY and penallies preseribed in lhis subchapter .
of the Army. or lhe Seeretary of the Depart- shali be in addition to any other remedies and
ment in whieh the Coasl Guard is operatin&!, penalties alforded by any ather iaw or regula-
the Attorney General or a United States atlor- lion.
ney shali institute a civil action in the district (Aug 7. 1953. eh. 345. 124. as added Sept. 18.
court of lhe Uniled States for the district in 1978. Pub. L. 95.372, tilie II. 5 208. 92 Stat. 659.1
which the affeeted operation is located for a
temoorarv restrainina order. iniunctlon. or O1351.Oil and ras derelopment and production
(i,D.rîlopm."t and produrlion pian.: ""bmirrion to
secrctaiy: rtatemenl or farililie>iand aprniion:
rubmi.lion to ~ovrrnorx of arrerted Sta1.a and
local .o*.rnmrnt.
subchapler. 1II Plior 10 de\.elODment end oroduelion Dur-
1b1Civil pnnilirs: hraring suant to an ail andgas leare i&ued afler Sep-
If any person faiis to compiy with any provi- tember 18. 1918. in any area of the outer Conti-
sion of this subchapter. or any term of a lease. nental Sheif. other than the Gulf of Mexico. Or
iieense. or permit isued pursuant to this sub- isued or maintained prior to Seplember 18.
ehapter. or any regulation or order irsued 1978. in any area of the outer continental
under lhis subchapter. afler notice of such fail- Sheif. other than lhe Gulf of Mexico. with re-
ure and expiration of any reasonable period al- spe~i to which no oil or sas has been discovered
in paying quantities Drior to Seplember 18.
iowed for corrective action. such Derson shall be
liable for a civil penalty of no1 more lhan produetionlesplan (hereinaftera dein this section nre.
$10.000 for eaeh da? of the continuance of such f~rred to as a "oian"1 10 lhe Seeretarv. for aD-
faiiure. The Secreiîry mai asses. roileet. and ~ ~~ ~
compromise an? siich penalty. No penalty shall provai pursuant'to this section. (11131 ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOF THE UNITED STATES 239
(2) A plan shall be aeeompanied by a slate- Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1155). unles the Stale
eoncurs or k conclusively presumed 10 eoncur
ment deseribing al1 facilillesand orierations. with the eombtency certificationMOmpanY-
other than those on the ouler Cantlnentai ing iuch plan Dursuant to section
Sheif. propased by the iesee and knom by 307(~)(3)(B)ii)or (111of sueh Act 116 U.S.C.
him twhether or not owned or operated bYsueh 1456(c)t3l(B)(i) or (fiIl. or the Secretary of
iessee) whleh will be eonslructed or utillzed In Commerce mnkes the findim authorfzed by W-
the development nnd production of 011 or pas lion 30?~eX3)(B)~liI) of sueh Act 116 U.S.C.
Imm the leare area. lneiuding the location and 1I56IclI3HB~(iii~l.
site of such faeilities and owrations. the land.
isba?. material. and enerpy iequiremenu arsoei- (el DecIsntion of ..mr.1 or dcvalo~mrntind vm
nted with sueh facllitles and ODeratlOiw.and ail duction plan u mdor Fdcnl action: iubmisiion
;nvironmental and safety safëguards M be im. of p~iim~naq or finmi~eui piani priar IO rom-
plemented. mca<cmnt of Nalionai EnvimnmcnW Polit,
(3) EXEeDt for any prlvlle~ed or proprletary ~rorisioni ~dum
information tes sueh term b deflned in remls. (1) At leestonce the Seeretary shall deelare
+innr i~riird kv the Swrelary). the Seeretary. the approval of a development and Droduclion
elD1 of a plan and plan In any sreaor reglon tas deflned by the
Seeretaryl of the outer Continental Shelf.
other than the Gulf of Mexico. to be a malor
state. and. upon request. to the executlve of Federal action.
MY affeeted local govemment. and (BI malre (21 The Seeretary msy require iea of
IUC~ plan and slstement available to anY aD- tmu for whieh development and Droduction
~r<~~ris.tt interstate redonal entitv and the plans have not beenap~mved. M submit Dre-
lhinary or final plans lor thelr leases. Drlor 10
or immediately alter a delerminatlon by the
... ---
Seeretary that the procedures under the Na-
After September 18. 1878. no oll and ga le~ tional Environmental Policy Act of 1969 112
msy be lssued pursuant tathb subchapter ln U.S.C. 4321 et seq.1 shsli commence.
my region of the outer Continental Shelf. ln Plan. con.idcmd major Fded utioni; iubmi*
alher than the Gulf of Mexlco. unleu aueh sion of drin cnrimnmenld 1mp.a stalemnl IO
leare requires that development and ~IodUCti~n Covrrnon or JTd SM" and lai1 mrern.
mt~vltles be carried out in mordance with a menu
pian whieh complies with the rmulremenb of If approval of s development and production
thk se~tlon. plan b faund M be a major Federal aetlon. the
Ir) Çrooand conbnu 01 lin Seeretary shall transmlt the draft envlronmen-
A plan may apgly tomore than one oil and W Impact statement lothe Governor 01 any sJ-
OP^ieare. and shall set forth. Ln the demee of fected Stale. and upon re<luest. to the exeeutive
delail establbhed by regulations &ued by the of any l~sl govemmenl. and shall make ouch
Seerelary- draft avallable ta any appropriate Interslate re-
11)the speclfie work to be performed: pionai entity and the publie.
(2) B descriptiOn of ail f~illlies Bnd OpW.
8110~ loeated on the ouler Continental Shelf (81Plans considerd nonmaloi Fdcnl actions: rom-
whleh are propmed by the 1-ee or known by menu and mommandaliona from Suta
him (whether or not owned or awrated by If approval of B development and production
sueh leseel M bedirectly related to the pro- plan b not found tobea'malor Federal action.
Wsed development. ineluding the ia'ation the Gavernor of nny aflected State and the ex.
and siîeof sueh facililies nnd operations. and eeutive of any affected Ioed government shall
the land. iabor. material. and energy requlre- have sixty days fram the date of receipl of the
menu assoeiated with sueh facilities and op- plan from the Secretary to submit commenu
and reeommendatiom. Plior tosubmittins rec-
er(3) the environmental sfeguards tabe Im- ommendations to the Secretary. the executive
of any alfected local government mus1 famard
plemented on the ouler Continental Shelf hi$ reeommendations La the Governor of his
and how such ~~fe8uard.i are 10 be im~le- State. Sueh commenu and recommendations
mented: shali be made avaiiable to the public umn re.
(41 sli 6sIety standards to be met and hOw quest. In addition. any lnterested person maY
luch standards are 10 be met: submil comments and reeommendatiom.
(5) an expeeted rate of development and
production and a lime senedule for rierfom- (h) ~~proral. di~pprorsl or modificationof plan:
anee:and rcapplicalion: priodic revit*
(6) such Olher relevant information a the (1) After reviewing the record of anY public
Secrelary may by regulation require. hearing'held with respect to the approvai of a
(dl$41~1 .oncurrence in landor xater zone use in pian pursuant to the National Environmentai
cosrtaiion. ofStilc Policy Act of 1969 142 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.1 ar
The Secretary shall no1 grant any license or the comments and refommendations submitted
Permit for any activity deseribed in detail ln a under subseetion (gl of thi~ section. the Secre-
Dlan and affecting any land use or water use in tary shall. within sixty days alter the releae of
the coastal zone of a State with a coa~tsl zone the fins1 environmentai impact statement pre-
management program appraved pursuant 10 pared pursuant 10 the National Environmentai
section 306 of the Coastai Zone Management Policy Act of 1969 in accordance with subrec- 240 OULFOF MAINE [1114]
lion le) of this section. or sixly days alter lhe lii)under subparagraph (Bi of Paragraph
period provided for comment under subrection (1) wilh respect 10 a leare issued alter approv.
cg) of this section. approve. disapprove. or re. al of a eoastal zone management program
guile modifications of the plan. The Seerelary pursuani 10 the Coaslai Zone Management
shall leauire modificalion of a plan if he deter. Act of 1912 (16 U.S.C. 1155).
mines that the lessee has failed lo make nde.
quate provision in such plan for sale operations
on lhe lease area or for protection of the
human. marine. or coartal environment. indiid-
ing complianee wilh lhe regulations preseribed . ..
graph Ill; or
by lhe Seerelary Pursuant to paragraph 181 of lii)under subparagraph (Bi of Daragraph
seetion 13311a) of this title.Any modificalion 11) with respect to a lease issued beforf ab
reauired by the Secretary which involver activi- proval of a coartal zone manaaement program
lies for whieh a Federal lice- or permit is re.
quired and which affects any land use or water PurSuan1 10 lhe Coastai Zone Management
use inthe eoaslai zone of a State with a coartal Act of 1912 116 U.S.C. 1451 et seQ.1.and sueh
approvsi OECU~S aïter the iesseehar submii:
zone management program approved pursuant led a plan to lhe Secretary.
to section 306 of lhe Coastal Zone Management
Act of 1912 116 U.S.C. 1155) mus1 reeeive eon- the tem of the iease shall be duly extended.
eurrenw by sueh Stale with resmt to the eon- and at any limewithin rive years aller such dis.
sbtency eerlifieation amompanying sueh plan BDPIOVP.~. the lessee may reapply for approval
pursuant to seetion 30?le)l3)lB)li) or (il)of 01 the same or a modified .an. and lh~ ~ ~~~~.
LarY shall approve. disapprove. or reuuire modi.
such Act 116 U.S.C. 1156le)(3XB)(i) or (ilil
uniess the Seeretary of Commerce makes the liealions of sueh pian in aceordanee with this
finding authorized by section 301le)l3)~B)liii) of subseetion.
sueh Act II6 U.S.C. 1456lel(3)lB)(iii)l. The Sec- (Ci UDO~ expiration of the five-year period
retary shall disapprove B pl-- described in subparagraph (BI of this para-
(A) il lhe lessee rails to demonstrate thal na~h. or. in the S.~~et~ ~ . ~ discretio- . -~ an
he can comply wilh the reguiremenls of this Garit~r ltme uwn rrqurst of a leurr $1the M.
subehapter or other applicable FeQeral iaw. relary har not approiod a plan. tlie SIrrrtnry
ineludina the reaulalions orewtibed bv the shail caneel lhe icarc and the lesec sii3ll be en.
~retari pursuiil lo parignph 181 ol sec- llllcd 10 IWCIVC rurnprnsatlon tii nerordanrr
tion 133NaI of this title: Ulth SCCLIOII 13341n11?icC,of Ibn tlliCThe Sec.
(BI if any of the activities dewribed in rClarv msv~..~l a~~ ~~ . ~ ~l~iiti Ihr ~ ~~.c~~.~
detall in the olan for whieh a Federai lieense period described in subparagraph (BI of this
or permit ls iequired and whieh affects any paragraph, reuuire the lessee to aubmit a devel.
land use or water use in ~ ~ ~~ ~W zone of a opment and DroductiOD plan for approval. dis.
Slak with a coastai mne management pro- approval. or modification. If lhe lesiee rails 10
gram approved pursuant lo section 306 of the submil a required plan expeditiousiy and in
good faith. the Secretary shall find that the
CoasLaI Zone Management Act of 1912 116
U.S.C. 1455) do not reeeive concurrence bv leiree has no1 ken duly diiigenl in DUrsuing his
~bligati~ns under the lease. and shall immedi.
ateiy initiale Droeedures to caneei sueh ieaje.
withoul compenîation. under the Provisions of
section 1331(c) ofthis title.
(31 The Secretary shali. from lime to lime.
Seeritary of Commerce does not make the review each plan appmved rrnder this seclion.
finding authorized by section 307~cll3IiB)~iii)
of sueh Act 116 U.S.C. 11561c)l3)(B)(iii)1: Sueh review shall be bared upon changes in
(C) if o~erations threakn national securitv available information and other onshore or off.
or national delense: or shore COnditio~ affeetinc or im~acled bv devel.
ID) if the Secretary determines. because of opmcnt and produclmn idrsti5;it Io *"eh Plln
If the re$iru indirali.i thnl ihi. ylsil 5liu.ilJ be
exceptional geological conditions in the lease TCVISC~ IO ~CP! th< ~~~Qu~~PIII~~I~~i th,%SL~ACE.
areas. exee~tional resource values in the
marine or ciasta1 environment. or other e<. lion. Che Srrrrlary sha.1 r,,qu.re ,urh rciisinli
reptional eireumstanees. that li) implementa- (il Approral of rcririun 01approrrd plan
lion or the plan u,ould probably cause serious
harm or damage to lire lineiuding fisli and The Seeretary may approre ans revision of
an approved plan propoîed by the lessee if ho
olher aquatic lifel. 10 property. to any minet- determines chat such revision wiil lead to greai.
al deposits (in arear leased or no1 learcdl. to er reeovery of oii and naturai .as. improve the
the national security or defense. or to lhe effieiency. safety. and environmental
marine. eoastal or human environments. liil
of the rccovery operation. is liie only means
availabie to avoid substantiai eeonomie hard-
ship 10 the lessee. or is otherwise not inconrist.
en1 wilh the provisions of this SubchaDlPr. 10
the exlent such revision is consistent wilh Pro-
outweigh the-advanlages if development and tection of the human. marine. and eoastal envi-
Droduction.
ronments. Any revision of an approved Di"
12)IA) II a pian is disapproved- whieh the seeretary dctcrminrs is significant
(il under subpara~raph (A) of paraKraph shail be reviewed in aceordanee with siibree.
111:or lions (dl lhrough (1) of this section. 244 GULF OF MAINE [illS]
no regulated price appiies. the fair market
value of the 011or gas sooblained.
tel Definilioni
AS used in thh section- The President shall submit reports to the
(11 the term "regulaled price" means the Congres conlalnlng flndings made under thk
highest priee- section. and after lhe date of receipt of such
(A) al whieh oii many' be aold pursuant to report CongreS shall have a period of sixty cal.
the Emergeney Petroleum Allocation Act of endar days. thlrty daya of which Congres mus1
1973 Il5 U.S.C. 151 el seq.1 and any rule or have been In session. to eonsider whether ex.
Order issued under sueh Act: ports under the terms of lhis section are in the
(BI at whieh natural gas may be sold to national Interest. If the ConCres withln such
natural.gas campanies pursuant to the Nal- lime perlod pWrJ a roncurrGnt resoiution or
disappm\al rlating d~ragrermrnl uilh the
ural Oas Act 115 U.S.C. 717 et seql. any Prrsidenl r findinp conrerning the national in
other Act. regulalions governing natural gas IereIl further eXDOrts made pursuanr ro r~eh
nrieing. or any rule or order issued under Preridenl!SI findtngs shnli eraw
any such Act or any sueh regulations: or
(Cl al whieh eilher Federal oii or gas may (dl Exchange or iemponry exportation of oil and p
be sold under anv otlier ~rovision of law or forconrenienre or erTicienry of tmnsponilion
rule or order lhireunderwhieh se& a price
(01 mannel for detennlning a prieel for oil The PIOVISIOIL~ Of th16 SeCllO" Shsll "01 apply
or=as: and IO any 011 01 gas rhich Ir eithei rxehanned ln
(21 the tenn "small refiner" has the mean- Slmlial UuanlilY for ConFenience or increawd
ing given Jueh term by Small ~urlne&~d- efftclency of tramDorlaiion rith wrsolü or the
minhtration Standards 128.3-8(dl and (gl. as no~ernmenl of a forelgn sialc. or rhich islem.
in effet on Seplember 18. 1978. or as there- porarlly exwrled for CO~YC~~C~CP 01 inerrued
after revhed or amended. efll~~ençy of Irsn~p~rlatlon aero~ paris of an
adjacent lorelm state and reenlerr the Uniled
Slales. or rhlch ISexchanged orexported pur.
suant 10 an exirlinll inlrrnalione.1aereemenl.
(Aug. 7. 1953. ch. 315. 4 28. as added Sept. 16.
1978. Pub. L. 95-372. tltle 11. 8208. 92 Stat. 668.1
(AUE. 7. 1953. eh. 345. 127. as added Sept. 18.
1978. Pub. L. 95-372. title 11. 1208. 92 Stat. 668.1
R-~CLI in lur
refemedmebselnmbue.alc<e),l)(~).tsmb.~ 93-159.3. NO".
n. 1973. 87SUI. 62s. rr~endcd. wh~ch tselruiried
eenerilly b chipki 18A t1751 et a4.1 of Tltle 15.
commem and %de. or eomplcie elaullication of
thb Act U> the Code. M Short Tltle note set ouf O 1355. Restrictionon ernployment of former omnn
under secclon 151al mrla 15 and ~ibln. or cmploym of the Deprtmrnt of theInlerior
The Nituml Gu Act. iclermd IOIn aubue. iexlliB>.
b ict June21. 1038.eh. 556. 52 SUi.821. u amcndcd. NO full-lime offleer or employee of the De-
WhlCh Lselrrslflcd pcncmlly fo ehaPci ISB <a117 el partment of the Interior who directly or indi-
m.) 01 TltleID. commerce and Tnde. For Complck iectiy dlscharged duties or responsibilltles
of Tltlc 15and Tables.~ctto the Code.sec section 717w under thls subchaoler. and who was al anv lime
during the tweive-months Dreeeding the ienni.
D 1354.Limllitions on export of oior K.. nation of hh employment with the Department
eom~ensated under the Exeeutlve Sehedule or
1.1 Applinilion af Export Admlnlatiallon proriaions compensated at or above the annuai rate of
Excepl as Dmvided in subneetion (dl of this basic pay for grade OS-18 of the Cenerd
Sehedule shall-
(1) withln two years after hls employment
with the Department has eemed-
(Al knowingly act as agent or allomey
M.). for. or otheraiise reliresent. any othei
lbl Candilion precedenl io exponition: rxprni nnd.
in8 by Pmident of no incresu. in rrliince on im-
porld oi1 orp
&fore any oil or gaa rublccl Io lhis section
may be exported under the rcuuircmenU and .". ".
PmVlSlDN of the Export Adminhlrallon Acl of (CI knorlnply 81d or mis1 in reprrrenlinP
1969. the Pres~d~nl shall mskc and publirh an any olher Derson lexcrpi the United StaVrl
CXPIPS finding lhal such exparts wlil no1 in ln any fonnal or informai sppearan*
rrc- reliancc on 8mporlPd 011 or as are in belore.
the nalionai interest and are in accord aiih
the DIOI~S~O~% of the ïxoort Admlnhlrat!on any department. ageney. or court of thc
Act if 1969. United States. or any offleer or emDiOYe
------ ..~....~. ~ ~ -~~~~~~~~...~wi~.~~anv iu.~eial OJ
'8@h orlclnil. Robalshould br ''m.y". olher proeeedlng. aDDlicatian. request for a ANNEXES TOMEMOW .OF THEUNITEDSTATES 245
~u~lin^ or other determination. regulatian. tb) Ercoptiisns (rom design. construclion. allerntion.
order. lease. permit. rulemaking. or oiher par- and rcpnir reguiremenls
tie~lar matter involving a specific party or The regulationr issued under subrection
parties in whieh the United Slates is a partY tal(21 of lhis section shall not apply to My
or has a direel and subslantial interest whieh vessel. rig. platform. or other vehicle or slruc-
wso seL~%lly pendin% under his official re- Lure built prior 10 ûeptember 18. 1818. unlil
spansibllity 8.3an officer or employee within a sueh lime alter sueh date as such vehicle or
period of one year prior to the letmination of
sueh responsibility or in whieh he participat- structure ir rebuill.
ed personally and substantialls so an officer tr, lixrcptian. rrom manning rq~irrmenu
or employee: or The regulationz issued under subreetion
(21 riihin one year alter his emplosmenl tal(31 of this section shall no1 appls-
with ihe Department has ceased- i1i to anv vessei. ri.. ~iatfom. or other ve-
(AI knowingly act as agenl or atlornes hicle or strüelire if-
for. or othenuise represenl. anY olher (A) s~ccirlr c ~ ntractual orovisions or na.
person texeept the United States) in anY tional registry manning iequirements in
formal or informal appearanee hefore: or effeet on September 18. 1978, provide tothe
tBl with the intent 10 influence.make anY ......+.,,.
oraï orwritten communleation on behalf of ' <RI t.... ~. .. nnt~ ~ s~ ~ie~e~t~ number of
any other person texcepl the United States)
10. îitlr.ns of ihc Un8ti.d Siairr. or alien- law-
1dIy adnillled IO the United Stalrs for Dei-
the Department of the Interior. or any officer manent reridenee. qualified and avaliabie
or employee thereof. in connection with anY for such work: or
ludicial. rulemaking. regulation. order. lease. tC1 the President rnakes a specific findina.
permit. regulation. or other partieular matler with respect 10 the partieular ve.uel. ri*.
whieh is pending befare the Deparlment of pigtform. or other vehicle or structure. thal
the Interior or in whieh the DeDarlment has application would not be mnsislenl With
B direct and substantial inlerest. the national interest; and
(Aua. 7. 1953. ch. 345. $29. 8.3 added Sept. 18. (21 to any vessel. rig. platform. or other ve.
1978. Pub. L. 95;312. title 11. $ 208. 92 Stat. 668.) hiele or structure. over 50 percent of which 1s
owned by eitizens of a foreign nation or with
REFERE*CIS IN TEXI respecl to whieh the citizenz of a foreim
nation have the right effectively to conlml.
exeept to the extent and ta the degrce lhat
the President determines lhat lhe eovem-
ment of sueh foreign nation or ans of iLr Po-
litieal subdivisions hm implemented. bY stal.
013%. Dotumcntary. rai'try ind manninr rquire. die rcgiiinilon poi.çy or praclire R nsiional
ments mannlng requirrmerit for cquipmenl rnRa8ed
in Che er~lor8llon drirloprnenl or ~iodur
tion 01 oii and gar in IL? offshore *rra- 246 GULFOFMAINE
Notices
DEPART OMTENTTRüiSURY
. Foreign Ass.1~ Contre1
UIPODIRECTLYFROM KOREAINT 011
AraiR.public of Konaions by th.
-
ORI<of th. S.ri.1.q
lwWl -PtRd=1-521
INTERNA1 REVENUE SERVICE
Eitoblishm.nt ef New 0mr.i
ThlOd"&.Ubc~mtlve8eptrmber
LIWO.
hi&: Bepte1. IWO.
IAetinv Swretoru 01 the T~I,,,&~.
Irame. Ma; nimt*~roipso:
a:w .m.,
DEPART OMTENETTERIOR
Omc. ofiSecieteV
OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF,
ATLANTIC COAST AREA
G.ologiral end Gcophysical
Ex~loi~tioni EXES TO MEMORlALOF THE UNITED S1
droppd rhe spcificmfcroncc and have W. 51511 WfidtIwi~
adoptcd langusge whh reilects similsr 251.8 Teatdriilingaictivltier Whenused in thts Part. the loliowing
provisions in 30CFR 2523. 25161 permit nr noticemquirementafat tema shali have the meaninggiven
ahaitaw testdnlling.
z51.14 Di~closum oflnft and 251.62 permitrequlromcnlafoc adeep below:
Doto Submilled UnderPemiL8 ~lraflgiaphlctssl. [a) ..AGI.mesna the outer Continents!
ZS1.BJ Gmupparticipationinteatdriiling Shelf LsndaAct. as amended (13U.S.C.
The commenta received rcgôrding Ihis B~tivilte.. 1331et seq.1.
section have been previoualy cansidcrrd (b) "Affected local gavemment"
vnder 'Discussion ofMay>rCommenls " 251.64 Band,. meens the principsl governing body ofa
281.65 Durationofexplorationactlvilies. iocslity which is inan affected Siste
251.7 lnapeetionand mportingofpmgreas and is identified hy the Govemor ofthat
andieaults OfsctitivitiiiddI~d ddk1 Siate asa iocality which will be
pernill. signiti~antly affecled by oii andgas
261.7-t Inapectianendob.arrali1 of activities on the OCS.
expiorsttonactlvities.
251.1-2 hogres. reparton activitiei (c).'Affected State" means. with
ronducted unders pemit. respect Io any progtnm. plan. ieaoe sale.
EWVt~OmEMlAWAtl Lu0 251.7-3 flnal reporan activitiesmnducted or other sctivity prapased. conduclcd. or
~~oinrrmvur~nux nie Department under a prmil. approved puwuant io the provisions of
of the lnterior hai detennined that the 261.8 Susoenôianand cancellalionof the Act. snyState:
revision of the regulatione in 30CRI (1)The iiws of whtch are declared,
Part 251,in accordance wilh this notice, pursuant to section 4(el(Z)[A)of the Act.
is note major Fedsral action 251.9 P~naitiea. tobe the law of the United Slates for the
significantiy aIlecting the quslity of Ihe 251.10 Appesli. oortion of the OCS in which such
human envimment and will no1require 251.11 bspection. eelecfior.and subrniasian ;ctiv$i& OP ii pro~ased to be.
preperstian of anPnvimnmental Impact ~f~~~l~~icinaflormationend data. conducted
Ststement. The Deparmient has also 251.12 Inspection.se1ectioa.and svbmissian (2)Which is, or ia propased to be.
detennined lhat thii document te na1 s ofgeophyslcalinformationanddata.
~ig~ificantmle anddaes not require 211.13 Reimbursemenl to permitLeeS. directiy connected by tranapartslion
251.14 Disciosureoflnfomialionanddafe facilities Io any srtiticial isiand or
preparation oie regdatory ansiysis lvbiiited under permita. insteiistianorother device pemanently
under Execulive Order 1W and 43 or temoorsrilv athirhed to the seshed:
CRI Part 14. 251.161 Didosuie ofidornaIlon and data (3)Which ;areceiuing. or in
Dstsd:Ianuaiy Y. 1880. IothepubIlo. accordance with the ~roposed ectiuily.
Cb.h L Eddy. 251.14-2 Disdoam toiodcpnidlnt will receive oil for processing. refining.
contraclora. or transshipment whirh wai extracled
AcliwAssistant Seem1f'~of theInI~riii. 251.1~3 Shalingofinfornationrifh fmm the OCS and transported directiy
Pan 251afTitie mol the Code of sffcctedStates. to the State by means of veaselsorby a
Fcdersl Reguletiuns 1srevieed ta reod as z5i.l~ ~iaclasuredinrmérion.ndds,s combination of means lnciuding vesaeis:
foltc,ws telafingtoapeclficmnlrachial
commitmmts. (4)Which LPdesignated by the
Authodly:Outer ContinentalShclfLand. Skcretary sa e Stste in which the* is a
Act. 13U.S.C1.331eleq.. aiamondd. 01 suhstsntiai pmbshilily of significanl
Slat828;NationalEnuimnmcnlalPDiicyAc1 Impact on or dsmsge ta the coaslal.
of1989.42U.S.C.1321et aeq.i19ml:Coaslal marine. or humsn environmentor a
Zone Management Act011872 esamended. State in which there will besinnitican1
S.. 18u.s.C. 1451et seq. changes in the social. govemm>ntai. or
251.1 hrpos. economic infrsstniclure resviling from
251.2 Deficiliail. pZ5l.l -. ihe expioration. developmenf and
251.8 ~dminiatr~uvsaulhorityand The Act suthorires LheSecmtary to production afail and gaa snywhere in
sppiicabiiily. orescribe mie8 and ndatians the OCS; or
2251.3-2 Funclion#01Dlrectm.ty. (5)In which the Secrelary findsthat
251.3-3 Gedoaicd andgeophyatcei Ùecessary to carry ouithe provisions of becsuse ofsuch activily there is. or will
acltvificundeia iease. the Act. The primary purpose of the
251.W Geoiogi~srandgn>phymlcai iegulations in Ihis Part la to pmsuibe be. a significsnt nsk osetious damsge.
g~tivifte8no!underaieaac. policies, procedures. and ~quirements due to factors such as prevaiiing winds
~~1.m Generalmquhmen~ ofnoticea end for conduciing geoiogicai and and currents. ta the manne or coesiai
permits. geophysiîsl actiuitiee noi auhrired environment in the eveat of sny ail spitl.
251.1 CeaiagisalandgcophymicasIolivitica undera lease on the Outer Conlinentel blowout. orrelesse of otl orgas from
roquirlngnoticeor prnib. Shelf (OCS].Theseactivilies maytaks uesseis. oioeiines. or other
25iei Geoidcai and geopby#icai place on unleared land8 oronlands transship&nl facilities.
exploraflafor mineraicesawce8. under lease Io a third psrty. These Id) "Analyzed geoiogical information"
uicz ccoioglcslor pphyiicai iciantific sctivities are limiied Io geological and mesns data coilecled under spermit or
msearrh. geaphyslcal exploration for mineral s iease which have been analyred.
251.5 Appiying fornoues orpemita. Anslyais msy inçluda. but is no1iimiled
ZSl.bl PermitformS. reaourceaand geoiogicsi or geophyeical 10.identification of lilhologic and fassii
251.5-2 Ni>tIce~. scientific research which involves the
251.+3 Filinglocitionalorprniis to use of solidor liquid exploiiven or content. coreenaiysea. laboratory
mnductexptarstion formine~el'. dBlling aciivitieaïhr reqoiremenis of analyses ofphysical and chemlcal
I<e.OYICII. the regulstioiu in this Part lmplement properiies, welllags or charts. msulis
ZSIM ~iiingioattoni fornotice*or the provisionaof sections 5. Ngl. 11 (al anddata ohtained from focmetion nuid
pemita loconducl .clentüicmiearîh. and(g).19.24. and ZBaf the Act. Federal teas. and deacnptions of hydrocsrbon
251.M Fiahernui'i Conlingmy Fund. Agenctes are exempt from the occurrencesor hsrardous conditions.
regulatione in this Part. GULFOF MAINE
(el "Coastsl environment" mesns the geolo$cal and geochemicai techniques. mapt developed by deicrminhag Ihc
physicai. smosphertc. and bialogical fncluding.but nat limited Io.mre end xeoiogir~i syiificance olgrophysicel
components. wnditions. and fsctora test driiling,weil iaggingtechniques. and dota and pmce~oed geophy~tcal
which interactively determine the vanou boattom aampiing melhods Io informalin.
productivity. atate. condition, and produce information and data on (w] 'Lesse" means (1)any form of
quality of the temesbial ecoayatem fmm mineral resources. including informauon authorizatian which is issued under
the shoreiine inward to the boundanes and data in support ofpossible section 8 or maintsined unciersection 8
of the coastsl zone. and development activity. of the AEtand which suthodres
(0 "Coastôl zone" means the casatal The term does not include acientific exploration for. and development and
waters (including the lands therein and ~raduction of, minersir, or (21the area
reseerch.
thereunderl and lheadjacent shorelands (O)"Geophysicsl exploration for ioipr~d hy such a~th~rtzat~on.
(including the waters therein and mineral resaurces" means any operation whicheter .$required by the contcxt.
thereunder). strong\y influenced by each conducled on the OCSwhich utiiires (XI"Lerree"'mesns the purly
other andin omximitv to the shoreiinea geophysical techniques. including, but authonztvi bv a icusr. or an so~roved
of the severai coeataistates. The not limited Io grsvity, magnetic. and assignment ihereof, to expia& for.
wastai zoneinclvdes islsnds. bansiiion vsrious seismic methods. to vmduce develoo. and omduce the lessed
and intertidei areas. sait msmhes. information and data in support of deposita in aicordance wilh the
wetisnds. and beeches. The coastal possibleexpioiation and deveiopmenl regulations in Part250 of this Chapler.
zone extends seaward to the outer iimit sctivity. The term does no1include The term includes ail parties holding
of the unitad statea amtonal sea end scientific research. such authority by or thmugh the lessee.
extends inland fmm the sharsiine Io the (pl "Geological orgeophysical (y) "Marine environment" meana the
extent necesssr Iycontmi shorelands. ~cientificreseenh" means eny phyeical. amasphertc. and bialogical
the usesof which have a direct and investigation conducted on the OCS components. conditions, and factors
significsnt impact an the coastai wsten. using soiidorliquid explosives. or which interactiveiv deternine the
and the inward baundaties of which drilling activilies for acientific researcpruilucii~iiy slnfe condition. and
may be identified by the several coastal purpases involving the gathedq and quniiiy of themnrinc rcosy9rrm.
States. pursuant Io the suthartly of snsiysis of gealogical or geophysical incl~ding the waier8 of the hiah seosthe
section 3051blflof the CoastalZone information and data which are made contiguoÜazonet.ransitionslind
~~n~~em~~l'À~1. avsilsble 10the public for inspection inlertidal areas.sall marshes. and
(g]'CoiialdlZone Msnqement Act" and reproduction at'the earliest wetisnds within the caastal zoneand on
mcanr the Cossial Zone Mansxrment prscticable lime. the OCS.
Act 011972. asamended Il8 U SC. 1151 (9) "Govemor" meansthe Governor of [E)"Minerais" includes oil, gas,
et seq.1. a Stateor the pemon or entity sulphur. geopressured-geothermal and
fhi "Cultural resaurîe" mesnaa site. desi~nated bv. orousuant to. State lau ssrociated reaources, and ail ather
stk;ture. orohject of hisloncsl or tucrrrcse thepokers granted IO s
srcheoiogicaisignificance. Çovernor pursuuni Io the Am minerals which are euthatized by an Act
(8)"Data" meona faci* and slalistics Ir) 'Humsn envimnrnpn!" means the of Congress Io be pmduced fmm "public
lands" ssdefined in Section lm of the
orsampirs which have no1been oh\ricsl. sorial. anecononiic Federai Land Policy and Management
nnrlyzed or pmussed. co&ponents. mnditions. and factom Act of 1978(43U.S.C.1702).
(il ' Decp slrstigraphic Icmeans which interactively detemine the state. (aa] "Nationsi Environmental Policy
dniling which involvos Le pnelrôlion condition, andquality of living Act" meanr the National Envimnmental
iniu theses boltom ufmare than 50feel conditions. emplaymenL end health of Policy Act of 1988(42 U.S.C.4321el
(152 mrlers) of consoiidaied rock ora those affected. direcUy or indirectly. by seq.).
loxalof more than m feet lm4 metersi sctivilieaomming on the OCS. (bb) "Notice" means the statement of
(LI"Uirectof'mrans the Direclor of [al "Hydrocarbon occurrences" means intent to conduci geologicai scientific
the Çrul<iicaiSurvev. U S Depariment the direct or indirect deteclion durtnc research which invalves shallow test
of the intëtior ora sibordinatë driliing operations of any liquid or drillingsctivitiea.
suthortzed to ad on the Direclor's gaseous hydmcarbons by examination (cc)"OCS Ordei' means e formel
behslf. of weil cuttings. cores. gas detector numbered Order. iasned by the Director.
(1)"~~~l~~atian"meansthe pmcess of readings. formation fluid tests. wireline that implements the regulations
warching for minerals. Exploration logs, or by sny other meanS.The term contained in this Part and soeciilcallv
sctivities include but are not limited ta:does not include badrgrovnd ges. minar
(11Geaphyeical surveys where accumuiatiorul of gasor heavy oii Order.
magnetic. gravity. seirmicor other residues on cuttings and cores. (dd) "Oil" means sny fluid
systems are Uaedto detecior imply the (11"information." when used without hydrocôrbon substance ather than gaa
presence d minerais, and (21Any ô qualifying adjective. indudes snaiy-md which is exbacted in a fluid state fmm a
dtillinx. whetheron or offsgeological geologicsi information. processed reservoii and which exists in a fluid
stmctüre. geophysicsl information. interpreled state underthe existing temperature and
(ml "Gas" means sny fluid. either geoiogicsi infornation. and interpreled pressure conditions of the reservoir. Oil
combustible or mnwmbuatibie. whicb geophysical information. incivdes liquefisbie hydrocarbon
is extracted fmm a resewair and which [u) "interpreted geologicai substances mch B. dnp gasoline or
has neither hdependenl shspe nor information" meansknowledge. oflen in other nstural condensates recovered or
volume. but tends Io expend the form of schematic cmss sections and
indefinitel& ssubatance thnt exista ina maps, dsvelapd by deiermining the recoversble in s liquid stste from
produced gas.
caseousor rarelied stste under standard geoiagicei significence of date and leel "Operator" mesnsthe Individuai.
ïemperatwe and pressure conditions. snalyzed geaiagical information. parinership. firm. or corporation having
("1 "Geolagical exploration for [VI"intewreted geophysical contml or menagement of operstions on
mineral ~esowces" meana any operation information" mesnsknowledge. oflen in the ieassd ares or a portion thereof, The
canducted onthe OCS whlch utilires the form of seismiccross sectians and operator msy be slessee. designared 163461 ANNE !XESTO MEMORIALOF THE UNITED S'I
5251.3-5 Orrnl iqubnrnenu otnoma
snent of the iesaee or hoider of rinhts issiled under the Artor sny pmvioion of .cd p.mm
o iaase license. orpmii~ issued
pursuant to the Ac[. (a)Ceologicai or geophysical
sctivitiefor mineral exploration or
5251.3 Administraiiveauthoilly*cd scientific research activitiei suthorired
www. under thniPart shaU be conducted 80
52st,t Amrlnlrtram .uthoW. ihat those ~~tiVltlesdoDot:
(1)interfere with or endanger
exploration or scientific researîh operations under any leese irsued or
sctivities suthorired orconducted wider maintained pursuant to the Act:
UiisPart shall be perfomed in
accordance with the Act. the replations (21Cause ham or damage ta aqustic
in thisPan. OCS Oldera. other orders of iifa:
the Director, and otherapplicable (3)Cause pollution;
staates and regulations. and (4)Create hazsrdous or unsafe
amendmenta thereto. conditions:
(5)Unreesonably interfere with or
$251.3-2 FUW~S ofDliacta.
harm ather uses of the area:or
The Director shall reguiate ali [el Disturb cultursl resourîes.
aoerations and other sctivities unde" [b)Any persan conducting geoiagical
research. thisFart and perfom sll dutiro or geophysicsl sctivities for minerai
(hhl "~ermittee"means the person ~,~scnbed by ihiPsan. The Dtrerlor is exploration or Bcientificresearch under
suthorized by a permit issued pvrsvant s~th,inzed la issueOCS Ordcra and thia Part shsii immediateiy report to the
to thi~Part to canduct activities an the other written and oral orders and to Director when these activities:
ocs. tske ail other actions necessary tcarry filDetprt hvdrocarhon accwences:
(ii) "Person" meano acitizen or out thepmvisions of this Pan and to ~-.- -- .
national of the United States. analien prevent harm ordamage to, orwaste of. (21encounter eiironmentsl hem&
lawfuliy admitted for permanent any naturai resource(imiuding any which canatitute an imminent threat ta
residence in the United States as minerai depasil in areasieased or nat hman acttvity: or
defined in 8 U.S.C.11011al[ml.sprivate. (3)Adwrseiy affectthe environment,
public, or municipal corporation leased). any life (inciuding fish and aquatic iife. culturaresowces.ar other
organized under the iewa ofthe United ~ther squatic iife). property, or the usesof the ares in which the exploration
States or of any State orterritory marine,caatal, orhuman enviionment. activitv is conducted.
thereof. and associations of svch The Director shall wnfim orsi orders in (clany person coiiducting shaiiyn
citizens. nationals. resident aliens. or writing as saonss posoibie.
prlvate. public. or municipal. testdnl iny orJprp eiraiigrsphic les!
colporstions, States, or political 0251.63 G-IC~I and peopnyilsal dnliinn neolonieai acti\it.eunder a
subdivisions oistates. The term does Y1i"iUi. "cd.'.le*=. permiifir minerai exploration or
not inchide Federal Agencies. The regulôtions in this Part shall not scientific researîh under thia Pan shall
[jj"Pollution contingency plan" appiy to geological and gebphysical ut.iire the brst uvsil~hir and snfcnl
conducted by or on behaif of technologies uhich theDireclor
means the National Muiti-Agency Oii the iessee on a iealie on the OCS.Those dcteminra tu h+rc<iniirnirailyIc.$nible
and Harardous Materials Pollution activitiea shail be govemed (d) ~uih<irizuiii>ngrrn~ed iundrr th n
Cnntincencv,Pian oranvsuccesso olran by the regulations in Part250ofth'is Pd" io conduci geological end
thereto. geupnysl~si rxplor~ on formmcrnir or
(kk] "Ploceked gebhysical title. f,rscientifiresearch shsli nnl =<infera
information" means data coliected zii.~ G~IWK~I mm geopnystul "ny <iiacoscred oil gds oroSher
under s permit or aiease which have a<lC. Mt undei ale- minerala or to a leûreunder ihr ALI
been processed. Plocessing invoives
~h~ngingthe form of data soas to The regulations in this Part are 0253.4 Gsobglciiind 9aiphpK.I.
facilitate interpretatian. Plocessing ta permits for geologicai and asuvitia rwidq notices orpnmia.
operationa may inciude. but are not geophysical activities issved sfter or
limited to, applying correctionsfor ~inexoiredas of the effective date of thia 82si.b-i GnWical and gwphyaul
known perturbing causes. rearranging erpiwauonfor mhunl murce..
fiiterinz data. and combinim or Geotngirsl or geoph)siçal ekploraiu>n
iransi&ing data elements.- for minrrsl resaur'es ma) na1 hc
[iii "Secretam" means the Secretsry ~fthe reguiations in this part confiict
ofihe Intertoior ssubordinste c<inductcd an the OCS without an
authatized to acton the Secretary's with the provieions ofe permit which oppro\edpermtt vnlrro auch o~liuil r.9
behaif. waa iesued under reguiations pubiished arr bi.ingconducfed pursuant 10a ibase
[mm]"Shaliow test dniling" means in the fedsrsi Register on]une23.1978 issurd or rncintained under lhe Act
drillhg into iheaea bottom to deptha (41 FR 25893).the requirements of Lhe %parate pemita mus, be obtained for
permit shail govem. except for any aeoioaicol explorailon luiminerel
iess thsn thase soecified in the ieqvirements iimiting the Director's Ïeso~Ïces end forgeophysicai
de(nn)t'Third party" means any persanst. mtharity to inspect and require the erriiorationformineral resources. If the
thsn a representstive of the United submission of interpretations dertved 0i;ectar disapprovea an application. the
hum information and dsla eoquired statement ai re)ection shali stste the
States or the permittee. under those pemita isaued after Iônusry reasons for the denial. end shall advise
(O.)"Vioi+tion" means a failure to 21.1978. as estabiished by Part 252of the appiicant bf those ohanges needed to
como. .with anvp. .ision of the Act. or this title. obtsin appmval.
a pmvisian of a reguiation or arder 250 GULF OF MNNE [6347]
A notice shaii not he an - Upon the establishment ofan kount
standsrdized fonn. but shaii be shed undei the Fishenneo's Contingency
. Fund for any areaof the OCSpurniant
and shsll state: to subsection1021b)of the Act, th?.
(1) ïhename of thepemn mnduding halder of a pedt for geologicalor
orparticipating in the pmposed geophysical exploration activitifor
researdi: mineral reaourîeinsthe area coveiedbv
[z)Thetypeof research and marner the acmunt ahaii pay an amount
in which il will he mnducted: specified by the Secretan of Commerce
(3)Thelocation.designsted on smap. for the pqose of the establishment and
plat or chart where the researîh wibe
conducte& maintenance of en account for thMa.
141The dates. whih shaUdesiflate s At thelime of issuins permit the
pe.od of no1morethan 1 par. an which Director shall coUectthe amount
xhereseanb smxvit, Lapmposed Io ba speciiied and deposit it in the Fund to
cornmencd and coü~plëtd: the credit of the eppmprtats acmunt.
$zrr.6 rem minp anmaa.
(5)The pmposed lime and msnner in
the eppbcant of the changes needed to which ihe i~ülomrationend data'resulting$251.61 mmH ~inotin rqulmnn
fromthe me& willbemade for,h.llowwmml",
obtain appmvsl. availsbls to the publicfor inspection The Director.prtor to the
(b]A noiice must befùed 4th the and repmductioq such iime being the commencementof shsllow test drilling
Director sl lca30 days pdor to the earüest maclicabletime: for erploration for mineral resourcor
commencementofaciëntific research [a]"apemenl Ibat theinfornielion for acientificicreerch. mev mouire for
activities which invalve ahalla+ test and data reoull~ fmm the resesreh wdl pemits or recamrnend 1a;nol;ces the
drilling.Within dsys ofthe fiiii of oot he suid orwthheid for exchipive gatheriiyland submission of gcophysical
the natice. the Directormay dirapprove use:and infarmot;on anddais sufficien!Io
thenotice by sending statement of (7)Thename .egisby numbei. delemine shallow srmcturai delail
dirappmvatby cerüfied mail tothe registered ornierand port oregistq of srross and in the vicinityof the
oerson who füed the notice.If the vessels used in the operatios prupnspd test. Other information and
~irrctor disappmves the naticsithe data mav uiclude.but i, no1limiled Io.
statement ahail state tnasons for seismic.bathymebic. side-scan sonar..
disappmval and shall sdvise the and mwetameter systems. avoss and
applicant ofrecommended changes: Each application for a pemit Io in the vicinity ofthe pmpared test
conduct gwiogiuii or geophptcal
e~piorauonfor mincral resomes in the Whenrpquired $$ 251.B-Z(~)(1and (el
and 251.M wül spply to permib issued
OCS3h.U be Tilcd.in d~piicate.al the and notices filed for shallaw test
(a) Anapplication foa pedt shaii lollowingiocationi.
be subrnitted in a formandmsrnei (al Far theOCSoRthr Ailentic
presmibed end appmved by the Coast-the Areo OiIand Gsr Supervisor
Directai. Each soolication foi a oe~mit for Resome Evsiustion. Atlantic Areo. (a] No deep suatwaphic test dnhng
.. U.S.Ceo1owc;dSwey. 1725 K Smel actiuiiien shall be iniliated or conducted
shall include: NW.Suire 201.Woshinglon DC XTxa unlil a Lrmh Plan ha* beenmhmitted
(1)The name of any person who will (t]Furthe OCSin the Cvlfof by the sppli&nt and ôppmved by the
conduct the pmposed exploration or Mexico-the Ares 0i1 and Cas Direclor.nic DnilingPlan ihail include:
résparchactivity: Supeniaor for Rnoura Eualution. US. 11)Thepmposcd lype and wguenro of
(2)The nameof any person who wiU GeologicslSwey. Gulfof Meum Ama. dniling advities Iobe undertaken
participale iathe pmposed exploration PO 80~m1. Melaine. Lowsiana 7m0. 1n.ether wilbs tirnelahie for theIr
or research sctivity: (clFor theOCSoif the -si of the
(3)The type of exploration ome& Sv-lesof (;ililorno. Oreaoaor
activity andthe manner in which the Weshingto-the h a Gù and Cos completion:
actiuity will be conducted: Supcrvisor. US CeologicelSiuvey. (2)A desuiption of the drmingrtg
PBU~CAres. Raom 180,lYUl West Suth proposed foruse. unless a descrtption
(4)The iocstian antheOCSwhere ihe Sireel LosAngelei. Calilorniam7. has been previowly submitted to the
explorationor research activity will be Director,hdicatiq the important
canducted: (dl Forthe OCS OH tha Slolr of feahires thereof. with special attention
BI The rupose forconductiw the Aiasb-lhe Am 011and Cas to safety feahves and pollution
evpioration or rescarcBCDYI~Y si,p<inm.. US Geolo,qiwlSurvey. prevention end mntml feahires.
(61The dates an which <heexplonlion Alaska Area. PO. Box m. Anchorage. fndudingoil apU cohtainment and
orreoevrch acLnIY ia ~mposed Iobe Aiaska 88510. deanuo olansand onshae disoosal
commencedand c6mpielCd and pmcedGs:
(31Thel-tion of each deep
(7)Such other relevsill informaliun stratigraphie test to be conducted
and dnl~ es the Duectormsv.reo.ire Eachnotice or epplicstion for spemlt includingthe surlaceand pmjected
(b)This reporüq iequirement has to conduct geologicaor geopbysical battamhole.location of the borehole:
been appmved bythe Olïics of scieo@c researdi onthe OC3 shsll be (41The typesofpophysieal
Management and Budgetin accordance filed.in duplicate. at the locations instnimentation to be wed:
with the Pederal ReportsAcl ofls4Z indicated in subsectia261.54 of tbia (5Geophy~id information and data
(o~z-sn7mz). sufficient Io detemine shallow iXES TO MEMORIAL OFTHE UNITED Sl
suudural dataismaa and in the effecionUie enwamnuil thst could be nbligrsphic 1-18 .hall beprmanently
vid~iity of thepmpos'id test and ather mpected to aevr aas reiull of the pluggedand abandonedby Uie
Infahalion anddata hm. but no1 propmcd action. emiittee prior Io moving the off
lMtad Io. idsmic bathymeuc. iida- (5)Sucbother relevvnt infurmaiion rocstiao in amrdsncs with the
scsn sonara.nd mslpietometeraystems. snd dsts asthe Direclor mey mquirs requirementr of the regulationinPart
oolicctedsmss any pmposeddrilling (c)(il Wüonrequimd under a cossini 250ofUiiaChaptsr and applicable
Irmtlon. aiid otheigeophysicai data rone managementpmpsm appmved orden.If the trsn onwhich deep
fmm the ares of the pmposedtest under theCoeatal ZDnoManagrm~nl sbaligraphic 1-1 driliing bsabeen
l~cation aodpmc~ssedgeophysiesl AcL lbr acbnlica pmposedby en mnd~cted ialst8rlesaed Iorexploretion
spplicant for spmit ta condurt
idormaUon and interpreled geophysical geologicalorgeophyalcslcxpionitlon for beid reapansiblsfor the test bole.e
idomstion therefmm soas Io aUow
rvaiuation af sbuchvsl delaü Io the minerals orfor geologiwl or geophysical pmvided the lesaeehasno1reenteredor
total depthof thepmposed lest: and scieniifle resesFChmut~~COIVBSlate otherwise.disturbedlheborehole.
(8)Svcbder relevant ùiformstian concurrencein liscoaatalrone O25t.O-a aiouppuaaww ht..l
and date sa lhe Directormev reoulrs. conaiatencvcertificetio~rirlIo the amno .s<I"wm
(b) Al thesmelime the &vpliCant
submlts sIhiUinsPlan to the D"ectar. (a] inorder to minimire duplicetive
gealogicsiexplorelion activities
involvlng the pensustlon of the seabed
of theOCS. s pman pmposing io drilla
deepstratigraghlc test shaUsfford sll
inlereated nenona.Uhouah a sinned
amernenian opportwiiiy Io participate
in the driUinans coit-ahsa besis.
nie pmiisians of the spement for
shaMg the mit af adeepaustilpsphic
lest may induds e pcnslty for late
partisipana of no1morelhan 103
perîent of the goalto ?achonginel
participant in addition to the original
sbsreust. nia participants ahalassess
anddiatribuis penaltiesinaccordance
with lhsternis ofthe agipemenl.ifthe
Director relee~ea publicnotice
annawiclns a silpiincant bydmcarbon
occurrence.the penalty for subsequent
late participants mey beraiaedIo noi
morethan 300 percentof the wst 01
eadi onginel psrtlcipanin addition Io
the origineaham sos~
(b] An sppli-t pmposing Io conducl
shallow teal driliing sctivities shsU;
when arderadby the Directoi or when
provided in the permit, sfford al1
interestedpersonssnopportunity to
parücgate in the testactivity oa cost-
sharingbaaiawith apenalty for late
Darticioatian of no! marethan50
perce$ of the coat1EBC~ or@nal
participant.
(C TO sllow forpup partidpation in
sballow ordeep lest drllllng activiues.
the appiicsnl ahail:
(1)Ribliah siummarysintement
deadblng the pmposedsctivity ina
mamer approvedorpresctibed by the
OLIOC~O~.
(21Fornard scapy of lhepublished
culi&ai resowe fmm dakg. until lhe atslemenl I the Direclor:
Director haaniven directionsaeto iis (3)AUaw al laast Mdays fmm the
preaervation. date of pubiiahing the aummsry
(f)MI OCS regilatians relatiq 10 statemeni fer othei oeraonto .o~ ~ ~
dniiing operationinPart 250of this titieoriginal particlpsnl;
and ali OCSOders ~lsling Io lhs (4)Compule the eatimsled wst 10an
driliingof veUaspply. asappropriele 10 onginal parllclpent by dividing tha
driiling activities sutborired under lhlseitimated total cas1of the pwam by
Pan lhenwnberof miglni participants: and
(gAt the campletionaf the lest 151Furniahthe Dbw;tor with a
astivitielhe barehole of al1deep combletelis1of ail participants under ANNEXES TO MEMORIALOF THE UNITED STATES
wdting. of thidsedsion If the irupection
ia dons on theprmilb'i pda üm
pnniHee ihall ~bmll the geophYaical
inIomaIlon ordam aelected withm 80
Odem ardediiola Isaied & the dey. folloulng &Pi of the Dkedah
mgdatinu inthi Ptarmta),bo ippaabd iequssL unlem theDinctor suthabr
as pmvidd in Part ZBOof ~ ChpLB. 1-r pu(& d the for dekq. ib.
hctor .han havethe rfnht toarrange.
by wnbact oratherwiae,-for the
reomduction. withovt the conaent of the
p~rmittanoIpoph~iicai data.
(a)Each holder da permil for pmces.ed gwphysicel Idormation
geological explmetion ectivitibr repmceraed geopbysical information
mineralresourcei oricienliflc reseanb and interpreled geophyaical infamuilion
shaU notify the Director immedialely. in (cII he event thatgeophysical data.
wiong, of the hscqquiaitioaanalyari, ii data. prmessad geophysicel information.
interpretation oiaoy geoioglcel repmcessed geopbyslcsl Infonnstion or
infornation and data mUected under 0 is1.e in^ ui.saon .d interpreled geoph alcal IdormstionIs
the prmiL Allgealogicsl dsta. endyzed da.mh.(n,dp.oph).kAlntormatlo"ind tranafemd hm Je ermiltee Ia third
gealogical infotmation aod intsrpreted' party. or hm a thudlparty to another
gedogical infamation collecled bg the thid parm.the tramfemr shallnotify
Y - ~ -ee ahall beevailable for the Director and shaU nquire the
lnapedian by the Director. At anLime meiving thirdparty, inwdting. 10sbi&
within 1yearaflcr receivinganotice of by the obligations af the pemittee es
Iheacquisition -ksi% or specified iUilsaectionaa a condition
lnterprelstion of any gedogical orecedent Io the Danafer of büornatian
hdomistian and dala. theDitor may or data.
selectaU or pan ofihegeological data. (dl Eacùeubmirdon of-byrical
analyied geologid information and data. pm-aed geophyaisal
inlerpreted godogral infomaUon information iepmceased geaphysical
However. alonger penod of limemay be information end interpretedeophyalcsl
specified in the permnie permittee information.shaû wnisin.Jeai
ahsU svbmil reomdvtihle molai ofthe otherwlse speUned by lheDueclor. ths
~nfomtio~~and date seleclcd U,ibe ~-l-owinn:
(1)~n"accmle and cornpletc r d
Uimior nthm Jodsy. foiIoring mipl ofcach ~leo~h~iieelavney comducied
of the Umctor9 wunL unie,, tk under ihc peml uidudingd>@lai
Director siithonrea slongeumc penod nauigetlonal date end finsi localion
for the 8ubm18sionof the domam or maps of sll imey stations.
(21~il seismic dala developed uodcr.
(h) EachsvbmbBonof geol&cal p-t preaented io e fo-l and of a
dsta. analyred gedogical inf-tiw. quei>tysuitable for pmceasins
andinterpreied geological inlamation (3)Roccosed grupbyiical informalion
ahali contain. wileothenviseipded de.ved from seisrnte data with
., ~~~.Directorthefoliawim exnoneous seais and interference
(1)An accurateand cornpiete record remo\cd prcsented in sfom~a!and of s
geologieal (~ncludi~ geahemical) quniiiysuilable br Uiferpretiva
dnia. unal~d atdweai mlmetion. evsiuelioa refi&ng sUtpaf-the-art
and lnterp&ted~geolo8ical idormalbn
reaultinn hm each ornation: pm(4)Othergeopbysical dais. pmreesed
(2)Paieonlologicel wons idrntifying
micmeeopic foasiis by dcpth vniesa geophyaicsl idonetion. rrpru~rased
washrd osmple. aremaintsinrd by the geophyaicsl infornation. and interpretcd
permittee foi psleontological goophyaical inlormaiiunoblained ha
de~ermination and aremade available but na,Iimted to. shailow and drcp
upon request for inspection by the aubboilorn pmfiln. bsihymruy.
GeologicalSwey: sidescm sonarp. rity and meguelic
(91Copies afwellla@or chsrta; sweva. end s~eclal studier such sa
refradlon and-velocity sweys.
(4)Resulta and dsla oblaiedhm $25t.l3 RHmMlg.nt Io
formation &Id W.:
(5)Analyiei ofmie or bonom [a] ARerthedclivery of gwphydcsl
samples ora representetive nia spül' data. ~cessed s-ophysical
ofthe mre or batam sample; WoGatian. anireirocUaed
[el Detalled ducriflonsai eny geophyslcal information eelected bythe
hvdrocarbms or harardoua coditions Director in accordanwcieth3251.12(b)
&%tend durlngoperatiwa. of this Partandwon recelni of s
incl~ding nearI<nsesofwdl-convol. requeai for reimb;raemeot and a
abnmal geopiswea. and losses of detemlnslian by theDiiector that the
cirmlation: and requcsted reimbunernenl i8pmper. the 254 GULF OF MAINE (63 5 )
permittee olhirParty#bailbe M-atian 10yeen sReribe date il is
reimbuned forthe mit of repmducing aubmitledtotheDhctor.
theielected infmatlm and dats sthe (c?as Dhctor shsli dfscloss (3)ihe Directorshall mske evsilable
permittee'orlhirdpsrty'i lowest rats geologicsldata. analyred geolo@csl tothepublicpmcessed geophyiical
or aithelowest wmmenial rate information and interpreted geologicinformallos repmcesaed geophyslcal
estsblished in tareawhicbeveris informetionsubmiltsd vndi permita* Mormatios and interpreted geophysical
.-"". loliowa: informetionnubmittedin support of an
(blAherthe deliveryof pmcesssd (1ihr Cimtor sbsUImmedlately application farpermitto drill a deep
and repmcessed geophydcal tssucapublicsmouncemsnl wbsn any sbsügephic test. or wbicthepsmilttee
Lnlormationselectsd btheMrecinr Ln silpiificanlhvdmcsrbocmnces are b nqutred Io obtsin in order to condoct
accordancewith P25l.lZbl of &ia Pari dëiactedorenvtmnmsotal hsuvda are the drllllof adeep sbsügsphie test.
and upn mipt if a reqÙ&tfor enuruntered on unleadlands during ai thecartint othefolio tlmea:(a)
reimbunement and dctermlostion by drüUogopratiom. lnIbscane of 10 yean aflcrmmpleUon of s test or
theWeclor hl thersquntsd sMcant hrdmcarb annirrenceathe [b)(Y,calendsdsya siterthelssuanca
reinbunement is pmpez thepermittee Gtor wiUannnuics such acurrence. of thefimtOÇS oiland gai lease within
orthir party .habe mimbuniedonly in sfom and mannertha tl hvther W geograpbicmiles 182.8kilometenilof
forthereasansble cost. stbibutsbla to ths site ofthe completedtest.
pmcessing and repmcei8lngas
disthpished hm thewst of data
squiaiUon ai follow.: 1Uths
perslog orrepmxshg b been ?bs DMctor reaerveatherightto
dons bythewmittea in theEornand disdose any informatioordata
manne, whi& isused bythe permittee awuired hm a nermittee toan
inthenormal wnduct d buainesathe hiependent wibactor or agent fothe
Dictor shd pay themasonable wsta purpose of repmduclng.pmceaslng.
aithelowert rate at whithe Rpmcessing. or interpretingsuch
pmceid or repmcalsd informatioL infomstion or da&. Whenpracticable.
made avallable bthepdttes to any theWector nhaUnae thepermittes
Partyor (2Uthe pmcesifns or who pmvidad the informationor data of
reomceasim bas been dons ieform intent to disclose the informationor
Gd mamer"ai theDhctor may requeat dsta in an independeni coniracorr
othetrhanths tsed inthenormal agenL ihs Director'#notice of intenl
wnduct ofthe p6rmittssbusiness he WU affor te pmilaes a penod of not
Directorshsli pathemsta of Icss <ha.6worilnndarn wthln whlcb -
pmceaslngend repmceuing such date. 10comment ontbëintënded action.
[cl Requestsfor mimbursemenare10 Whenthe Dhctor so notifie8s
contaln sbreakda- of coita in permittee otheintent to diaclaie
suffident dstall to allow separauon of infomtion ordata Ioanindependent
omceasim and reomcesiim wsts Imm conbactor or agent.au other Owen of
luch informatioordats ihall bs
deemed Iohave ben notified'dthe
hctor's intenLPdorto any luch
disclosuis. the contrioraxent shall
bs requtred to execute smittën
~ ~ ~~ ~~.~ ~~ cornmitmentnat to banafeorto
le)iheDirectoribaU make
information anddata avallable in
acmrdance with thersqutremeotaand
eublectIotheLimitationsthe &edam
of InformationAct (5U.S.C.Siq'athe unaithorireduseby or diacl&ure of
Mplemsnting regdsliani (4CR( Part hfarnatioo or data to third partles.
21.therequirementaotheAct.and the
regdations wntained In9CFX Pait250 O 25l.lb-3rn Ofml- rtth
[OUand Ga* and SulphurOperations in .mst.aStaEir
theOuter Continentalçhelfl.thsart (al AttheUmeof dolidtinn
and 90 CR(Part 252[hiter Continental gkihyaical dsta. pmcea.sd gsaphyslcal
ShelfOil andCas Inlarnatian Pmlpsm). Inlamation. roproceaaedgeophyslcal
(b)Exceptas apcifiad in thli sectioinfamation and interprptsdpopbysicalscswerd%o;nd~ry of any cossial Stale.
orin Parti ZI*a>nd 252of LhiiChsoter.inlomaiion submitied undarpermit. the Dueclor. puniuant Io the pmvlstons
no informationordate determin4 by and niaincd by ibeDL-ectsi.foUows: of Iuz7lsl(q and 2527(b]of thii
theDhctor to beexempthm pvblic Ilihc Dvector shaUmakesvailsble Chspter sod secltonaNg)andWr) of
disclosure under (a)of thli section s10IhepublicgeophysicaldstIO yron theAct.8beUpmvide theGovernor of
be pmvlded 10any affscted Storebe ancrthedate ofissuancof the permit the Statthéiollowtrq tnfomation that
made avsilsble ttheexsnitive of any undor wbichBe dsta leobtained. hsa been sequlred by the D.re~!oron
sffected localgovernent or the 12ihe Dtrsetar ihall makaavaUable such lands pmposcd ta be oifcfor
publicwilessIhewrmittes and sU in the publicpmccssed gcopbystcal leasing:
krsoru to wbomüuch permitteebas infornation repmssed gsophyiical (1)AU inlamation onthe
eoldtheinfornation or data under information and intcrpmted gcopbyslcgsographical geological.and ecologiml(63521 ANNEXES TO MEMORIALOFTHE UNITED STATES
charactedstics of the aresi aragions
pmposed Io be offered for leasing:
(2)Anestimate of the oil and gsa
reserves in therear .mo.aed for
leasing: and
(3)An Idenlincatian ofan field.
geolosicslshuchire.ortrap focated
withm 3 mile. oitheseawar dundary
of ihsSlale.
(b] Alter thme of receipt of
nomination* for eny srea of the OCS
within 3gsopaphic miles of the
seawardbovndary of any coaalal Slste
and tentatlv~ bac1 leleclion in
sccadance with the pmvialans of43
CRIPana 3313and 3314. the Direclor. in
conxidtstion with the Gavernor of the
SteÏe. shsil delemine whslher any
tracts baing~ven furtherconsidcrôlian
for leasina mer contavone or more oil
or gaare&aLa widerlying bolh lbe
OCÇ and lands iublectIOthe
juriadiclion of the Stste.
(c)Al enytime prior IOa sale.
infomstian acquired by the Direclor
thet pertaini ta the identification of oil
or gss pwla m fields underlying bath
the Outer Continenlal Shelf and ianda
subiecl iothe lurisdiction aleny coasbl
Sta~eon usclaaelected for leasing
wiW 3gewaphic miles of the
nesward%obowids orlyany such Slals
will be ahared. "panrequesl and
pumusni la the pruv.al&s of
4251 7(sj(4and 2527Ibl ul this Chaplpr
and sîcliona B(g)and ZBaf the Act. with
theGovemar of euch Slste
(dl Knowiedgc ohtuined b> aSlale
ofitnsl who recîivesinfomstian wder
iuhieelions (a) andIbl of this section
shali be aubaectto threauirrrnrnia and
li&Ïtelion. if the freedof
Infornation Act (5U.S.C.552)and the
hplemenling reguiationi (43 CFR Part
21.the Act. the remilsüona contsinedin
Y) CIR Pen EU Iihland Css end
S~lphurOpcrauana uithe Outer
Continental Sh~ln the reg~laltona in
!hi)>art251ICeologlesl and
çeophysicsl Expluralions of le Oulrr
Con!inenisl ShelTand the r~g~lsiions
conlaineci ln CRI hrt252IOu1o
Continental Shelf Oil and Ca.
Infornalion Pmgrsml.
Ail inlamationand dais abesdy
received by the Direclor and covered by
aspecific cnnlrschial cornitment
mcerning 118releasa shall be handled
ina way conalslent with the ronbschiai
cammllment. ln the event of sny connicl
between thii pmviaion and a provision
01sny other regulalian in this P251,
or of any remlalioin Psrt250.thia256 GULFOFMAINE [25891][258921 ANNEXESTOMEMORIALOFTHEUNITEDSTATES [25894] ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOF THE UNITEDSTATES 259
Direelor of iiiteiil Loeon6uçt cxolornliciii 1,). Ji ex,.l?rx,:n., !L. c,, - . ., d
uhieh does not iiiiolre sirch explosives or - 8 I.~,,L.mi! or n.ed AU ...1i:r.it . ive
a deep rtratigia~liic test at lnst 30 dii~ .In.ii~eC;roln8icllSur<r> i arc<
prior to commaneitir: the îrvloiation. FJI tlieoiitrrcnii~i~'~i~~ isii:.~on
Shallow test drilling ma). iiot be ron- ' r .%I.31111~ ÇO%>i\l-iIl~ A:e.i Oii rnd
dueted if, aithin 21 days of th" fillnD or <i . si.ïer\i<ur Ll\,rin Area. ,..> K
the noticc. the Su"erviS0r rejeetr the no- S~PLI N \Y .s.vie?l~ !i'~,i:iiiui<tiI>C
tice by scndiiig n atntemeii~ of rejection .'P7,4
by CerIiRed mai, to the Iiersor ,"ho Rled i Pd, Che O,.,,, Can:inrn,;il %."Li
tlie iiotice. A stntcmciit of rejcetion ma) I.11.e~uif uf .nr*ir,-'lie rra OLI ii.6
advise th" person Ofchangesi,, thenotice C. < Suyenisor C;..! LI Mexico rra
WhiCh. if filcd ngnin. r*O"ld recder the 1, U 1%~ 794. M?: >.r.c rou&~e!~a ?OOli.
notice îcceptable IO the supe;vhor. ... Fnr ihr 0i.i~~ Conlinenlni Slidf
('1 tiicrua., ul the strtr< ol caiifo:n:a
Ilmiwd ta. aptilylnp correctbru for 8251.8 Furxii- fair iii>lii.riiriipi.r~i<ii ~<e:oi: miu Washiii.:lu:. -the ~ica oit
know DCrIulblnll CBU~CS. re~rrnnglng or "pplir,<liiiii.. rii<.0.1 sul~r)ri.s~r ric.nc ~rci ~ t . ~ ~
IIitem dam. and combinina or tians- ta; Notices. A aot1cc shall notbe oii a ::41 i'pdrroi Huiidi:.; 100 N L<> An.
formlnl data clemcnts standardlzed loran. but shali be slmed Et].% SIIFIL 1.25 Aii..!es C8lLllrllla
nndshali state: .OCIL
111 nienameis> oftiepersonis, eoii- ti8 FL~ tne Outrr continentri snrli
ducting or partlripating in th. proposed iE In(. Stafc ol Aiaria-the Are3 011
exPloretion; .' i ü,r SUDC,VL*>, AhSb Arc* PO
121 Tlle tyoe of explorauon nnd man- C >x259 Ançhoraar. Aiaska88510
ner In which il Will bc eonducted;
(31 The loeatlon. desisnetedan amap.
plat, or ehart. wherc the explorntlon wiil
beeonducted;
141 The dates. whieh shsili deslgnate
a period of ilot more thBn ON year, on
whlch the exploration will be commeneed
and compieted;
151 The praposed lime and manncr in
whieh the data and information rauit- Zi \Y. W~shlngIon OC 202.4
ing from me exploration wlli be made IL.Fur the Outcr Contlncclal Shc:l
avsiiable tothe public for ln~~le~tionand on the staia of ~8-a~ cniiiornm.
reoroductlon. rvch tlmc beinii the earlieît O:C#Y. and WBJhl".l0n-,heAr~1 \1i,,.
v&tleable the: iiia suoervhor. Nisk-~~dnc ~rea.
(6, A" agreement mat the data and 345 Middlefleld Road, Mcnlo Park. Cali-
Information resultlng fram the explora- fornla94025.
tion Will not be sold or witiiheld for ex- Ibl Geol~~i~oI ond veophysienl pz.
ciusne use. and olmotion tor scienti.~e r~.-.rrh ~o.....
$1, An esreericni ta cornpl, uitli the ind aiipli;silo>u for ~crmits ta rocdur!
SealoRlCal and gniinhudcel exoioraliun
Act. the icculntloiu In ihis Part. applirs-
10, scirntlflr racairh ahu bc nlpd in
~UDIICJV wlUl the AICD 011 and OQI
süoervisor es ~ndfcaied i" psragraph
(81 III of thlsa~tion.
8 251.8 Crnrral rondiiiuns of ii<i#ii.rl
",id pcrmi,..
18) Thenmc. rcairtry n,unber regh- (RI Stolutes, regulationa ond orders.
tered owner and port of reglstry of vcs- ExPloration authorized under thh part
seIr usrd in the operation. shsll be eondueted in accordance with
(bl permit o~plieotian<. A" appiiea- tiie Act. the regulrtioru in mis part. ap-
tlon for a Dermit ahdl be on fam ap- Dllcable OCS ordsra, othcr wrltten or
Dmved by the Direetor. Eaeh aDlilleation 0x81 orders of the Supervhor, and othcr
ahali Inchde: applicable atatutes and regulations.
111 menamelri of thepersan(s1 coii- whethel sueh statutes. regulatlo~ and
ductlng or partieipatlng in the propoaed order3 are enacted. ~ramulgatcd. issued.
ewioratlon: DI Bmended before or alter the notice $3
01 me type of eit~ioration and mari- Rled or the permit h lsued.
Ibl Generof restrictions on wernfiaris.
ner in whieh it will be mnducted: Ex~Iorntlo" aUthDIlZed ""del thh Part
131 The loeatlon on the Outer Coii- 'hall be conduetcd ro mat ooernfions do
tinental Sheif where the exploration riIl not:
bc eonducted:
14) The o. .ose of eoiidiictins. the er- (1) lnterfere wlth or endanger acrrn-
ploration: Lions under any leare maInfaincd or
151 The dates oii wllrh the explora- Eiantedpursuant to the Act:
tion nlll ba eomnieneed and rompiete<l: 121Cause undue harm to asiintic hie:
and (31 CâUS. ~011uti0n:
IO Create hamrdous or uiissie roii-
ilitioiis:
151 uiirensonrbiy iiiterfere nitii or
ihnrm other itses 01 the nrea: or
'6) Distll1.b euiturnlresaurces, Iiirlild-
iilK i.lleBBtiUCtUrCs 01 object~ of II.-
I~rlcîI 01 ~rchaeolosleal dgniflranee
wsvhi~ test. RO~~VEI: the person mut
'ci Renwt of hydroenibon .hoii~ ur
nie aith the Supervisor a notlee to the i<liore îReets. A~Y ~ieisiiii<uiidiir:iiiE 260 GULFOFMAINE
sranted under this Part lo conduet er-
leme undcr the Act.confer a right to a 10 A dei> s:riiicraphic texi au-
Inoa maiinerP ~ahich nrcscn~? rblooo~t~d
o..-...
11) mbltsh a sYmmsrY abtemant of
the ~royracd test ln n mmner aPProved
h-, ... n,i-i".--.u.r.
<a# AIIOW at le-r 30 dam fmm the
date of the publlcPlon for other PC~OM
IO rnn~lder oartleloallan Ln theo-m
~. ~ ~ ~~. .-
&me. end .ubmlt. on a tlmelg bssfa. a
liît of al11atCpar«elpant,
. . 925i.Il Report of opcintlona CO,,.
seismlc data. fmm the are* of the oro. duclcd undrrnoiircs and pcrmiis.
msed test loeatlon and proeeued g~o. (8) Woeklv reports. Eich pcrmfttee
Ph~slePl lnformatlon and IntemreM shall subrmtIOthe 6-lsor aaek4 m-
~eo~l~vslealInfonnatlon therefmm: and mrk whlch inelude a daily log of opera.
tl0"S.1258961 ANNEXES TO MEMORIALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES
261262 GULF OF MAINE [25897]
clieI~OLICor nilu ilul<ii iite vciiolztiie
obll~ati~ll10 nbil~idon any drill siresin
comuliniice u-it~~i 2519te,. aiid to eani-
uly "th ail otliei. obiigntio>is specified in
thil Pal1 or in the ucriiiit or iiotice.
S 251.16 I'i.iii,...
Ord~x< or dwbluns IS~YP~ LCder LIIc
r~g~lallOlu Illlhls Part may bc a~walrd
8% Proiided in Part 290 of Lhu Ntlc
EIIPCIIVC JllnP 11 1916
AUVlOIed: June 11. 1816.
TOY IUIPPZ.
Secretory ofthe Interior.
!FR Dm m-18150 nltd 8-21-ie;8:<Siml
Tnle 32-~alion.1 netense
CHAPTER XII-DEFENSE SUPPLY
AGENCV
SU~CHAPTFR ~YIICELUHSOUO
IDSa64W.21: RCSDD (d&AR)13101
PART 1286-PERSONAL PRIVACV AND
RlGHTS OF INDIVIWALS REGARDING
THElR PERSONAL RECORDS
Cormtion
The follostng paraaraph wna Inadvcrt-
entls Ornltted whcn the Anal document
was publlrhcd (41 FR 18836. ~sy 7.
1976>. and should new be added to page
18844. third column. imrnedlatcl~ below
the eenter hcading "Apmndlx c. o rcad
aslouoius:
AI1 syrferns of records rnaintalned by
the DeteNF SUPPIY Ageney shall lx er-
smpt fmm the requirements of 5 U.S.C.
552816) P~IJUÎD~ ta 5 U.S.C. 552s<k)(l>
to the extent that the systern eontalns
any iilfoimation ~roperl~ classlAed under
Erecutire Order 11652. and whleh is re.
quired bY the Exeeutivc Ordei. to be kept
secret in the interest of nationsiderense
01 foreign Dolby. This exemption, ~hlch
may be applicable to parts of al1 systems
01 records. 1s neesssary beeaure ecrtaiii
record wsternr not otlierui~e sliecmeai~y
desigi>ated foi. rxein~>tioiis hereinmoi- ANNEXESTOMEMORlALOFTHEUNITEDSTATES
NATIONA ENVIRONMEN POLICYCTOF 1969,42WC, SECS4.321-4347,
ASENACTED
COASTAZLONEMANAGEMA ENTOF 1972,16USC,SECS.451-1464,
ASENACTED
ENDANGEREDSPECIEACTOF1973,16USC,SECS.531-154.SENACTED
MARINPEROTECTI OESEARCHANDSANCTUARA ICTOF1972,33USC,
SECS1.401-14,SENACTED 264 GULF OFMAINE [IO6571
Preecdlns year.includuip in such rmrt eny rmm-
mendalioN the Commitfee dwm awroprlata to *.tan 181. Eiubl.hninl ., *. Cibi.., C.ili,U.
acmm~lish the PU- of t& chapteter. ~mb. L. (SInien iahenbr esubilihathe c-bina commit-
91-181. éII. Dm. 30. 1969, 83 Stat. 840.1 on Ih. mn-=nt (brntnilter =*.& U>.s'.th.C.bl-
net ComrmtWI.
64112. Termination. 181 na PmUd*r"t or tbi Dhltld %.tu -1 w.3.
orsr meoti- oi th. c.bin.t oommit*. la. ",Ci-.
This ehapter shall crplre nve y- alter lt be- mnt -11 Gesiae~n the .t.enesof~hc-ocnt
mmcs cnn'tke. imb. L. 91-181. $12. Dce. 30. 1969. 1C) me CLblnet m-lt* Sb." be mm- 0, th.
83 Sul. 840.) Ioll.,"!ns momwn
me viesRuteent oi ta*unite sute.
R""lilEEa V -7 &ret.r,Of AnlCUltWI
"ni!. cnLprsr". rererrto intext.su. m ta* mngmil.
"thl.*Cr". mesning Rib. L Ol-,BI. WhlCh in. .m..,
Dos.90. lDBD.
8- l,-mm< ON LNVTiLON.
-AL soum ~lrutii. m a. -MI tm m- MY" OI
mol, nprornt.t,R. m., pu<,aplo In Iho d."bon"oru
a, V> mm , auoni ta ,W. d m. C."'D.' Ommiiu on Ihe pnnrcaunent u Ob.
le2l. Congreasional derlaration of purpose.
The p-R of Vlls chapter are: To dcclars a
natlonal poliey WNeh WU encourage pmducuve and
OVmble harmony betweui man and Ns envlmn-
ment; to ~romote ellartswhlch will prevent or ellmi-
nite damage to the envlmnment and bloaphere and
sUmuI~.te the heilth and welfare ofman; toenfieh
the undcratandlng of the cmlogiuil ayst- and nat-
uml mumes Important to the Nation: and to es-
UhlM shCouncll on EnvtronmuiW Quallty. (Pub. L.
01-190.i 2.Jan. 1.1910.83Stat. 852,s
8u0-7 Thri
ktlon I pub. L. 01-IOOmvtda: .mir ~iti
lenisunt th* cupllrl mir ~c eim u tnc '~itlonit
EnrlmnmenU1 Pollcg Aefal10w:
B. OiD. NO.11+12.C~nin.rCorrirm or nr.munon.
MENT r*n mzm' mwo.7 mrmn on mm-.
"XnrTrrsorurr
EX Ora. NO. 11471.M11 ZB.IOBD.31 PR. 8803. .s
.menda 07 E.. ON. NQ. 11514.mr. 5,1910.95 PB. .z,~.
PI0vI.d:
87 nnuo 01 the iuthorlw rcn~a tn m.
01 the Unltod8f.lls.it U orderrau fanm:[lMSS] ANNEXESTOMEMORIALOFTHEUNITED STATES 265 266 GULFOFMAINE [Io6591
mautr, wptnced br in* YI~P~.O ofcomnurcs ,b.r..
10.111, nt,- ro u in< Saieug 'l
~b) me S~IPIDII wtn carroncurio- of th. mur.
(b) -mmtnd to the wen~ent ina to me wnclu -.ail1 sppo~nl ui Piwul8ie D.fŒtoI Of Ih. InduWI.I
prlontlc. imow procrinu design* for thnmnVol ofpl-
~~tion uid IDIon~iinctmnit ot the enilmnmant. COYLlCll
(c) DIUimlne Lhr need fornerpolllei uid Pr-- Sic 1 Irnction. ol rha <ndr,lital CouMt ms lndiu-
cor deiltng ntti enrii~nman~~ problsmr no, t+lns .de- VI., MU"<" *a,, ulV1.e ,ne R",d<", .na Ih.Chii,mui
qu.,e17 iddr-. O, th. U>unri, on mriionmoni.1 Qull,, ldrovlh ib.
(dl Coodust. u II deterdne. to O. .ppropil.11.publls sec..,.,, on prwrun. oc induiu, ..litin,to ,a. 9"illiI
bulng, or c.n,.rrne.. on ,ru- 0, en.tronmonW e, me ini,ronnun, In p.,l,e",.r. ,no I"d".l"il Covnrll
'~".!acuice.
(CI ~emote ch. dovalopment snd ws of lndlca uia
monltorlnl .Pte- II) ta uui inilmnmentil conal-
floru uid trenb.. (2) to DnOIcI th. enrtronmenW lm-
prt of piop-d PVDllc and prir.11 utIoru. uid (SI to
dettm,". the sv.ct,v.nua 0, prosruni for pmuctiw
.na enhuicmg =onronmntil pvult~.
11) cmrdm.t. meril prwreliu rdnid ta onvbon-
man,., qu*,,1.
MVU~ .na -lit tns ~siident .na the womds In
.cn,cn* InternitloW ca>pcr.t,on ,or .,r.,,nznet> eo-
ilanmentil piOblemi. under Ibe lonlrn Pol*r WldinCB
or th* 8Ler.t.W 01 9f.b.
(hl mue gmdtltn" to mernt wenctn rorthe prwui-
tlon DI detU1.d CUtementA on pmp-1' la IWlilitl~
0th- meru ~ttom .n.ct!w the eniimnmsnt. u
rq",rd Dy -,,on Im(,)[C) or the Act Iioctlon 091
I~IICI 01 rnu titlel.
(IIIPU. WM otbm tmtructmm to wenctn. uia n-
quUt repo~ and otnei inrorm.rion irm them. u
miy D. reputd to c m out rhcMuneil'i ruprulbultlu
vnarr Vie Ac'.
(1) me ~nldent ln prwutny the uuiuil m-
iVonmrnul Quilltr Rspon pn>.caed for In muon MI ol
Uie Act I-tln43IL olmU tltl.1.
(LI -ter tniutirarioru. ~tuaiu. .urre)i.r-ch.
.Da miln8 to (11 Œolms.1 .y.,*- uid en-
.,mnm.nW .aul,,y.(,,) th. tmpu, of ne" uid ch--
Iw tsshnola<!u thsrwn. end II1Il me- of pnreotlW
OrIauCIw .d.eN eneu riom ."Ch technolm m.
8U.. 4. ArnOid<Nnf> O,LO. 11<7>. EXrutli~ 016t1 NO.
Ilen el Mir 20. iOW. Inclelnl tho beMlw Uieia>f.Y
henL.7 Mlndd:
11) BI .ubtttuuns for rha "the lnrlm-onW
puillt, Coun~lY. ihenret It mm. th. follo*mr: "th.
C.D,"L, Commit,* oo Ui. m"ionlri.nt".
(1) By iubitltuling IO^Iho term "tba CounCIY. -ber*-
.ver ,,mur.. th. 10110.1.g: <'th. C.b,r,.tcommttw.
(3) BI INLI~~~P su-tton 11)OI mtlon toi. *ter
."Bu.aprt.-th. ,o,,ow,.g: "In. D1,ortC.ror m. omn ol
8etence .nd ncnnoiw:.
(4) Br iubstltutlw lor lubuctlon (g) ol -llOn 101
Lbr ,0110nng:
.-,g)me Cnilr-n O, th. Counc,, on mr,mnmenw
~uinty (estsbl!ihd DYmbuo L.- $1-100) lthU cnwterl
,~.II i~1.t tho mesident inatr.ctmg th* m.~i. of tnr
C.b!"*t Commlttei:'
16) B. arletln. iu-tton tel or uctm lm.
.a, BI .uDil.l"l.np >or 'th. omc. oc PlonCo .no
~~noo$ops in swtlon !a ino<ol:oilrig '(h.~ourirll >n
BnrlronmPn<il QuiliiY ic.l.oli.h<d bI Pub!& LlWOI-1-1
the ~~~~t ~cpn.enui~.n~ncooirniuumbl.a
JUI, 0 ID70 PYDYuil <O th. PIOVlSlOaS Of ChW1'1 O
- . 0, nt,. r 0, <ne vniixl SUlU Cod.
dltee".
Re"- Nno*
Ex m. No. Ii6m W~moxu kmosniur Polrvrion
COrnOL CO.*cm
Zx OId. NO. 11511. IF. O. 1010.JI KR. 6093. pmrld:
Br iIRuo Of the &YthOdl, Inta In me as Rc.ldent[106601 ANNEXES TOMEMORlALOFTHEUNITEDSTATES
267 268 GULF OF MNNE [Io6611
MLISLC. O. THE RT.rnT"T
m thecongrsu or the unlm stotr~:
AS SonCern Wlth th. <.ondlrlon ofow pnyateai =""bon-
msnr ha8 Intonsinca. II ha. -mm. inerak<tngly skar
fhllY. nccato*nw more amut ,no ,OU, enuhonmcnl-
lina.Witrr uid alr.Ir .lu,bis DeCome Insrc%slngly elrir
mit oniy by rcorgan,z,n. ou. PLdLI., enm. E." WC de.
wop tnit kno~lrage. .nscttvdy <mure thc Pm=-
uon. devclopment M. cnhancemtnt of the fo-, enulron-
ment >Uc,r
ment. Lh* CUC -:m.
m pmslY<>LY 01 ln,. m'.rp"N:lO" pl." in.,, u,c
eswt .Ut, a,. .<Ur the d.(. lb., VOYld ULC tbW,
under S U8C DC6I.l Inrhr .knre ofihu rcrt~
""W."
-Iden<llg p>,lutin,..
-tr.co mrm thmugh th* ."th. .colwieU enilo. on-
wrvlng snd recordmg chonp tn Cam ra mcg ocsu.
-D."."*e the m., .-urc 0, mn Ir .nv,,m-
.......
-En""nc Intcrutlom unong lorM or pollution.
-Idantl<y rhere >n tas sojw~ci> =nain ~ntcmctton
Wodd k most ~.pproprtatc.
ln orgirimtion.1 term. rnln rqulres pul>lag -mer
,nt0one .-"cg. ru,.,y oc rewrrcn. moniw.mg. .und.
.r.-w,tmg Uid .n<.rc.mcnt .ctlrltls now witlcrd
19roush YseN ae~~~nen~ and ~~lnclel. IIUw requ<res
rnir Uic "ou .ency Inslud. .um.,.nt support el..
men-~n MInrch uia tn ite to~UI. and 1-1 ut>-
pOluUon progr-. la eumDlcU> are tt the nrrm
srrangth -nit.$ rar currlng out ~fs mtum. m.
mer asencg roula alo. of mww. arw upon thc
M rew-b LM~YC~C~ by oth~r ~cneic,.
Cr-@< the LClM >I Ra,gs,:.a:,on PI." NU 3 Yi.
lol:orlnl wuld b m0i.d $0 <N ut. m~nronarnu.
RJ<ec:lon ril.,,cy
-me fL"Fliun.C~i.~d oui by ?ne Rderil WaUr QuU-
<:Y ULll"":'V.l8O" .:mm inr apuimmi 0, in.
InYl<orl
"YIIYIY..I~LIYIx,xrom rnc wrtrnent or
Health. Educatlon snd Wellarc)[10662] ANNEXESTOMEMORIAL OFTHEUNITEDSTATES 269
--
Inont, u>ui .i.o.daFa. *or Uie prac<io.o th. prie..,
enrmnment from ~iautii. nutmu .OUM b tr-.
u> th. m,ilroominul R-,,on A*"<, mo mm.
?.Dm of the Mer.! R.dYIIOD CDYNll lOuld Y.Y> b.
ICuul.r.M AEC rould muin -oaiblli<, <a ma ,m.
Pl-enllllon .nd entorrrmenl O< MIsiim nuiduda
.na on the on- m -tua- on &.me aiinu ..~..
suri in<r wiln 1;rauura%iiciii.-moniuw. thnr
P'"I.U"Ci .M -n out .. .duoiianil p-m on
Wltld* "8. Uimugh Ui. .iuruni =mu IiCDnduoU
.'Unaii* Fi oontm, p m -,,!ch "",LU plInda
87 inn<lemng th. mutment ol A8rkultml pst#-
c~dn repamtion ind mooiionng iunc~onu> ib. -A
UUI m*rnng 9, n<h Ui. Wlodaa p m king lm"..
hm- ,mm Hm ."d ,n,mar. Ui. ne- iplD.7 ml., ..
Iileni b& c.P.bllllSla con,",, oie, ,P. ~nvmuouoo
ofpillctdea ,nu> in. .n.uonm.o,
ni. Uoinmroi ol Amculcure ml rnnunu. u> con.
duel r-h on ib. ."oci,.."aar 0, -cloi m. D.-
purment roula furni* thin inromPuon <o uis m.
Wh!& U>YId i7~ ~ t~ ~ ~lblllt. ~, ~.. .~<....,Il.-+"".
("IImlrldes foi ux SI-~ nihudenns eosyonmentsl d
nath reocu mu. me ne- isnc, roula beau. to mil.
ur of in..-nia orthe -ment
mi sas.. nosrsver. tho &enin smlnst ~lutn~ en-
. -- .-..-
In in. won< ,,,.ce .l Ui. <r.>lr.l aundv<f.u<i!ng
lui:~,,on< aric <.",,.:id ~iihln in, oneeua, "8 de-
~u<ment ir Wuld requ:re thai drpinmeoi son-il, 270 GULF 01
Y> W e drcr<lai,.,aiing ann aewmn-o -hm.
rneuiei iur,, or unr."!,. iiaan oblsri,",, Y ui ,m.
put,., Ub,Vl muid rn cd,- invl9uri,.oo
B-W~ eni~ronmrnw piouciion CU- umso a mu>,
Iwlxllcllon md hur vrstln, .niimaounW d.U.
nomiion ii4 -t lipOr<YIe Y><De qudlll cd "1. in
ou, mvn,,, uid the iiuld. I Ir,,<.mit m tu. cu .
.wonp. indepna~ni .eoc~ u n-a mu vns, raiu
oc courr. m. rlals ri* ."a an" "pon Ibo .ip-
.ne -unce 01mer umncla narini-.smrr..~. inino
rn"lroornent.1u-.
Rom rro mrcrron. or
nie pdnCIpiI rolu ind hinstlOM ofthe AA L*OUld
Lnrluda:
-nie eauauanment uie .niorserment0, enuiro-nw
protocr,.,n nuia.rd, oonni.tont*th n.!Lonii on-
vLlonmnw Pb.
-nia mnavn oiresc.rca onthe dnrr ersruoi pot-
lvuon uidon mbma uid wulpmcnt corantmiiinr Cormnm or NOII
it.the g.th.r<n. 0, ,,,,-,!on on potlumr.. ind Ondlr Umu ol Roor@uUon PUn No. <.Vu rn
*o iYo O**la lnlomurlM In.tni~e~nl en*=- OI Vie B110-8 O ~ U Q ~ mvld b. miid
mmw pmwuon P- uid m-endms pollcr
ch."-.
-&brins otbna. thiouch FU. tscluucil&tins*
-Ta. -no Ll1.r.l "kcm.B.z,, -r 0, a. Bu-
re." M LOn- (,rom th* apirtmrnt ofVie mUOa1
-ni. omrr 019n (truitRwr.zxL, (,romta. "."onil
851rnse laiadinon1
-s!emnta M rna uni- BU- uk. swe, ci-
** apLnrnc"c orthe '."",).
rn ddltlon. Dy exsrut!uuetton. <ba PicSmru of the
lollowlns orguilrnllon.mld Dc tnnsl.ired V> NOM:
-nie NiWm 0ceanogr.phlc CenUI If- the
-"nunt oitna NirYl
-nie ii.tioniiac."~pnic In<-oiit"lon centor
-Th.om Nitlon.,-fi 8U.YcmRoleciIfmm th.
ment orTrin-tlonl.
~n bnrt. ~ea - the princmil iunctloniorme pro-
p.= uia .g.nCI.sto DI -un-:
TU. inv"on".inrr YRNC. sr."rc.s *ori*-m*
(-Al MnpNLi me 'ollortn8 cornpollen-:
-nia wnther Bumu (-ch". -,ne. nier .rd flood
-nieT-nDXIT and -encc1. sumer innh ind -rie
%.Vl"tC<l
-ni. rss* -<n Luantones 1-n on pmai
onulronrnenti proDLM)
E5Si uflvllln Inrluae obacntry .na PidltlW Uie
NL~ or in* =ce-. ,no ,uso oi<ne!axer and uppi i1-
molpi,.. .na.theslu ."d .nip 0, Ch. Mn. It do-
*,", rn. n.i,oni uirn,ng .Y.YM la '"Ch ".LW
nU1,a, Y nuiricin...torn.dm,. n-. eirinquire. snd
rhm,c ac. riuu I, pm",d., ,",or-,,on ,or n.tlon.l
de*"=. ~IISUII"... w.n,poMllon uid InduW.
-SEI monttom iImmpn.r~ ai.lç .na mnriaai
@nenom.". on a glob., mtr. inmugn .n ""pir.ll@lM
romp,.r oc .trocen". .inn uid ip... ,.Cllllt.iIt .lui
p,<p.re. icrDniUIIca, indm."". mnp ."d on-
B ~ ~ ~ O, c ~ ~ ~ . I n~"niu "ND xruxr =mir
FI." *ETwmn-mm "."C,Y YIIYIII- or "te nw
or thc ~ni~n~~' ~ S. nsn uid wiidiiir service
wntcn -. a>Bn rriri.d ma in- wnan ire aimi-
,. cOmm<r C,iI mlng roi,,* b+ ,nn,f.rrcd. me
~1.h wlmnt. SC~~U~~ B,ITC.IIOCcornmerchil mm-
YpYltlng IU DLli"<D. ne riw dul! iiiiiraoii srrrnaihei~inatnrnshlnr
-ti~~bhmeni the~nttond aeinte and *tmsph=r!c tnrii,.~,< proniol,ii~oiiwrrn~on n< nrner,smrr 1,
*.Mnÿt~,,o"-h-OAA-r,,nI" ,nemputrnen, orcorn- ,rnwmiir muin. .plu ."d 0"
merco roula .name w ui ippmrn th.* ruk3 In i CO. son.ii<u r.rnr.n
~~d,".leduxs. B. cm.lol.lngi iinlnd ipproisn rorha ,,,l>b,m.niirrrniiw7lphy.."* op-ri,... "III0, or-<-
n~rnp,<lrr.w. %,>O% ",,,"hC,",l.,lnl..l.i.ust or!- 1106641 ANNEXES TO MEMORIALOF THE UNITED STATES 271
~tlvttse,YOYM trimhrrd. R- rnc ran in* wi~
lllc&rvlee's Bureiu O<Sport nrhrrler u>d Wildllb. the
minne sport nininr progrlm vou~ h -sierra. nits
In"olre< nvcsupporting ,ak,ro,o,,eruid ,,,me mpi en.
g=sed in aatint>rs to onnince mnnc s~on nsninri
g43JI. Congressional doclicalion of national environ.
mental policp
(BI me Conmerr,reu>mizing the pmfound lm-
DBct 01 man's acUvlt~ on the lnterrelatlons of al1
uimmnents of the natuml enulmnment, partieularly
the Profound Influences of wpulatlon groath. hlgh-
denriltr urbanlzatlon. lndustrlalexpandon. rrsouree
ex~loltatlon. end new and erpandlng technologleal
advances and remgnlzing further the erltlcal im-
portance of restoting and malntalnlna envtronmen-
hl qusllty to the overall welfere and dcvelopment
01 man. declares that It h the eonlndng ~lley of
the Federal Gouernment, In eooperatlon wlth State
and local governments. and ouier eoneerned publie
and ptivate orpanlzatlons, to use al1 praetfcable
means and measutes. lneluding Ananelal and techni-
cal asslstanee. Ina manner calevlated to foster and
promore the general welfare. to ereate and mslntaln
eondltlonri under whleh man and nature can exlst
In produetlve harmony. and fun11 the Joelal. nxi-
nomlc, andother maIiulremenlrof present and future
ceneratlonr of Amerlcann.
ib) In order U, Cam out the wllcy Kt forth in
this ch~~ter. It$3the continuhr res~~nslblllty orthe
Federel Mvernment U, use sll practleable means,
wnslstent wlth other esentlsl conslderatlons of
national mlley, to lmpmve and mordhate Federsl
plans, lunctions. prosrams. and resaurcesto the end
thatthe ~ation mav-[IO6661 ANNEXESTOMEMORlALOFTHEUNITEDSTATES 273 274 GULF OF MAINE [IO6671
B4332. Cmp.i.tion of i~rnrin: reporta; inilrbilil,
of information: r.ronmendiIioaa: internilionil
and nataonal coordination of cuorli.
The Conmpsr authorizes and dlreots that. tothe
fullest extent parible ili the wliei~. reauhtlons.
and ~ublle IPWS of the Univd Bum shdl bcinter-
DrcM and sdmlnktered In PUX)rd~cewlth the WU-
iles aet forth in tNs chauter. and 121 dl age.d~s
of the Federsl Oovcmmmt shsll-
(A) utllh B s~JtemaUe. Interdbcl~l.llnary lyr
prcech PNC~ Ml1 mm the mtegravd uae of the
natural and wxial rncnrn and the envlmnmmtd
dmlm am ln Dlannlng uid ID decldo-
w~eh mas ha"& m&t on man's envlmnmnit:
(8) ldentlfy and develou methm and D-
O<p-w ,or nrrIislllfm. dures. In w~dtatlon wlth the CouncU on mvlmn-
ID) A nqur8t for luna to dofrsrtba cm a ao.imng mentai Qusillty establllhed by aubchapteru ofibis
uid a>Utrustlllgnar Caellltle!Ith*Dnlted StiM ibYI chuter, whlch wlu LN- that gmenUy unquan-
ke lncludlaIn the wuail budget eBtlnyte. oan wnc, tlfled envlmnmenw ammlties and "dues mas be
on17 LIsucpi quut !nslvdn luna to dofnr theccaa
0, suohmeasma ,anup bo me- t.-"re m., the aven appropriate mnsideration In declalonm&g
nsi Iisllltn,, meet m. qutmnlt of muon 4 Of dow Mth mnomtc and Wuilcd mnsldenitl-:
m. order. (Cl indude in everv rrürmmendatiolon or mrt
,C) Alul. 0,.grn*c. .bYI notllythe -ecu.s Bsur on pro-Is for lerlalauon uid other malor Ped-
tuy . .oYi*prcamvvc .PICIUc.UOLU Pr- ICI eraiactlona simUlcanUy iUectlng the qusilltg of
lvlllt,-bon .st,i I. nr- tomeet th*qu,nmcnt.
or iuDwctloni 4 (il11)uin lb) ofth* adm. When the the human uivlmnmmt. a detaued statement br
inpottic km- nnda tait sua pmmunco ~ped- the mwnrilble omcial on-
nCat,om M not .*qu.ta to -t ."Ch qummcnts hi 11) the envimmentai impaet of me pmposed
SUI uimult dth the *"DY hrid ui* tbr ,.ttar-1 action.
thonupon devolop idquata pcnormuico .Pdnsruoni. 1B) UIY adverae mvimnmentai aïe& ahleh
(dl H d ofagenda *.II OVc dur m&d-clai to
*e qu.l,tym .Irind aiur -n;n Wh.- lvlllflaue cannot be ivolded ahouid the pmpoai be
~~l~lhlctaodr -nt@ DYU~~D the Wium suta. imDlemmted.
8.C. 7.PmeuIurr* lm Pldm1 WatO Rlsaircls Pm- IIUI dternative. toMe Drowsed action.
ofc~m~ltnro.-Utnc Intanor..naothe-7. uicthennn- (IV) the rehtlanship between local shat-
VUlY AuUio*,,, ur.3 th*Wiltd SU- &"on 0, mi mm iuu of man's cnvimnmmt and the ma-
IlitcrnstloniBaindary uid Watar Commfalon UiYl b.
-nt ml* *o qulnmrntr m rcnon, m tbi. oi- tenmce and mhpncmimt of long-terni pmduo-
e=. In .ddltfrn.'II'"ch pmJec* .hl, bs prsacnlM *or tlvity. and
the ooniloe..tlonotthe%.-y M the m**a .tm. IV) any lrrwenlble uid Imtrlwable mmmlt-
=un fable it.gc LIthryInsolse p-i a mm- ment< of renouree. whtch wuld be fn<rolved in
mrnditlom *th r-t to the authonu~an orson- the PmwJed acuon ahouid It bc implaiaitd.
ItnicUrn oc uiy *dm! aitar - pml-t In tbs
nnt- sut-. ibc sosreuiy oi tar rn~nor~iuinit- Prim tomaklng any dew sutement. me re-
PI- uul euppontng -+A m YI sueh profa rewt~ng JPOnJlble Federal omdal shsùl wmuit sslth and
to -~i qii.~tt.na iiiaipnpue a npon to tac i i ~ obtaln the eomments of any Pedersù agaiey *eh
OI «is -DaulDIe amnw d-blng tbc mntlil im- har furlsdlcuon by Law or -Id nwriise sslth
PY~ ol th. pml-t on -ter qtmlltrtndudmg -- respect to any environmentai lmpoct involsed.
mrndstlom mocernlng mg eningn or &hm mriaura
mm rupet tncrsto i~rh ho conilderito ke n-- Coule. of sueh statemmt and the mmmaita and
in mnnruan *th tbc dalgli.sonstmct~on. ind opr- viewr of the auumpriate Pederal. Btate. and 1-1
itlon d tbs pmject. BBenae., whlch are euthorized to develop and
IO1 ibc report oc th. Blentw ofthe rn~na ~hill enforce environmental standards. ahall be maae
-%-."y .t the cullest Pnetleablo .US &"y -,t avsilablc to the ~rnldent. the Cavndl an mvimn-
lundlns, ociush s -ter -urcsVURLprojectrn req~lt IOI mental Quallty and tothe uubli M pmvlded by
WNeh tbc 8ccrcUv m the Interio<YI. to nubrmts n-n
port nuirn 00 d.7~ mirerreceip or D~I& pians.the sectlon 552 of ntle 5, and shll acmmpany the
heu ofthe agenrg mnecmea miy pro- outhonuuon. propoaal thmvgh the erlstlng agengi revlew
WnrtNCflOn. or lunatng ofthe pmlect .althoutaueh an Dm-.
acmmp.nmng npon. 1" euch . Cu., the bM d th. ID) study. develo~, and dacrlbs auumuriate
wonr~ confcrnd ahal>cxpiintig .ut. in hir maune altemauve. to remmmmded course. of action in
O' report eoncern,ng the pm1ecr tnii m. m
th* Uitcnor h.a no, rcponra on the por.ntta, eny ~ro~osd whleh Involva unresolved mrinleta
orth* prolm onri*. que.l!tr. concemlng altemauve mes of avallable renourca:
Srr 8. SEmnv pmviilanl.hcvt totheextant ait thRi (E) renmbe the ivorldwide and IOM-mae
sr* tnm~tstantntn thta ordcc. ULoutrmdtng ,"ln.
rwlitlms. orner.aaiepatiom. orotner cor- -ni.
a*.tl"o alon t.<".dma*.. or orncnnm ,.kenunecr *.
ornon Supmdd hg .rnlon 8 hem< or m~ittngto th. ..~~~ ~ ~
sublect s tna -der ~hsn rems~n ~ncultrorrouid .srt rao~ul~on;; an;l'p&ms dnlgned tomaxtmbe
untu unende, mmtad. or tarnÿnate by .,,. lnternatlonalcmwration h entleluatlng and ~rr-
tnonrr. vcnUng a decline in the qudity of msnLLnd's
81T. 9.0rd.r" *"~'"l~td. EXecYUYl <hdCI NO. ,1281 world envimnmcnt:
ol Ma7 26. 1886nnd ExecutlvcOrder No. llZBB orJuly
1 1%. in h.,,h" r>irrr.idr" (Fi make auailable toStates. countla. murilcl-
~dltia. In~tltutlons. and lndlvlduds. advlce and [10668] ANNEXESTO MEMORIAL OF THE UNITED STATES 27 5
wornatlon uerul in restorlng. msinfsilnlns.and envimnmenk and the enmU of thme trends m the
enhancing the quality of the environment; amid. eeonomlc. and other requirements 01 the Na-
101 inillateand utillre ecologleal information
in the planning and develo~ment of resouree-
oriented PmieeU: and
(HI BdSistthe Couneil on mvimnmental QW- sures: (41 s revicw of the pmerams and actlvlWes
(Ineludins regulatorv actlvities) of the Federal Gov-
Ity estabilshed by subchapterIl of thls ehapter.
,Pub L. 91-190, tltle 1. $102. Jan. 1. 1970, 83 Stat. ement. the State and 1-1 sovernmenis. and non-
853.1 ~\PMI~C~W ~IR.R orindiiiduai3 r;rh lranfeular
ICICTC:IC~to th~ii~iitïron the ennmnmrnt aiid on
Brnion Rvmnrn 70 IN OrNa Srcrioaa
mir iiction 3, toin artton,331of inla tttlc It.eCYIJCI\~BUO!I drvelolment and IUiZIUon Of
naturai resources; and (5, a ~m- for remedYlnB
54333. Conformity of ndminidratlve procedures to the denciencles of exbting pmgrams and actlviUn.
nstion.1 rnrironmenfsl poli<y. tosether wlth mommendations for legislatlon. (Pub.
NI asencies of the Pedersl Governent shsllR-
L 91-190. titlen.i 2oi, Jan. 1.197o. 83stat.854.1
vim thdr present statutory euthorlty. administra- srcrio~ ~vn- ro iir-a 8icrmna
tive regulations. and current Wlieieî and pmeedures m i icrttonlarelrrrray> In-,,on ,3140, tnta tltlc.
for the PU- of determinmg whether there are
any dmclmcln or inmiuistencln therein whlch 543U.Eatnbliément; mcmberahip: Chairman: np-
pointmmta.
pmhlbtt full canpltance with the PW-J and Pm-
vidons of Ui1sehapter and shau Pm- to the PRSI- mere la ereated in the ~rreuuve omce of the
dent not later than July 1. 1971. such messures e-9 Presldent a Councll on mvimnmental Qwlty lhere-
may be ne-ary to bting their authorltyand wll- Inalter referred to ai the "Councu"). me Caundl
Ihall op mnyosîd of LhlCP memkm Yllo Shdi M
Eler lnto mrilormity with the lntent, purIm.?e%and
pmeedues aet forth in thls chamer <Pub. L. 81-190. avuoinwd by rhr RÏ.sidml w sene at Iiü plrarurr
tltle 14 103.Jan. 1. 1970. 83 Stat. 854.) by and aiUi the sdncr and coiirnr of th? Srnate
The ~nsldent smil desrnate one olthe memberr
SIcrxon Rrrnim m ni Orxn 8miovs of the auneu toserve ar chatman. ~ach member
mu sectioniiraard to -ton 1331 oltmi ttt~e.
shsu be a person who. as a rault of hls training.
84334. Olher 81alulor). obligalioniof agenciea. experlenec. and athinmenta, la erîeptlmdly well
NO- in mtlon 4332 or 4333 of thlr tlUe WU ln 4wlRed to dyze and lntemret nvironmrntal
;rends and in~omition of ai kl"dn: toa~~rsilse~m-
an^ aiavaifect the daelRe statutorv dbll~auons of
Mers1 asency il) to mmply ;!th &terla or ~rams and actlviues of the mdeml Mvemment m
standards of nivimn~aitsl awity. 121to m>rdinate the llaht of the micv xt forth in subchmter 1 of
01 m~ult Mth an" other Fedeml or State wenev thls ek~ter: to be consclous of and reaponstveto
-. the rienunc, ea>nomle. socid. enthetic. end eulw
or 13) to act. ai recraln fmm actlng contingent umn
VLPWmmendatlons or CertlfloaWon of any othcr ne& and interest3 of the Nation: and to fornulate
Pederal or Stateagency. 1Pub.L. 91-190, UUeI. 1101, and reemend natlom wlids to pmmote the Lm-
Jan. 1. 1970.83 Sht. 854.1 pmvcment of the suiltu of the mvlmnment. (Pub.
04335. Etorta aupplemenlal io exlatins authoriri- 1. 91-190, tiue II5 202. Jan. 1. 1970. 83 Sta854.1
tiom.
04.3aultanls.rn~nt of personnel. experts ind eon-
me miicia and goalsaet forth in thla ehapter
are su~~llementary to th* set forth In eirlstiw au- The Coundl may wploy such amcers md rm-
ploye~ esmay ben-ry tocm out ita funet1onr
thoriratloiü Of Meml Wericlea <Pub. L. 91-190. under thls ehapter. In addition. the council may
tiUe 1, 4105. Jan. 1. 1970, 83 Stat 854.)
emPLWand flx the compensation of such experteand
SlECHAPl'ER II-COUNCIL ON ENVIRON- mnsuitanis ss mSY be necessaru for the earrying
MENTAL QUhLlTY out of LU functlons under this chapter. in accord:
anee Mtn aeetion 3109 or nue 5 (but wlthout regard
ta the last sentence theroof)rhb. L. 91.190, tllle II,
P 203.Jan. 1, 1970. 83 Stat 855.)
$4341. Reports to Consresa; rerommendations for $4344. Duiiesnnd functions.
Icsiaiation. It Shall be the dutv and functlon of the Coundl-
111 to -kt and adviae the Plesldnit In the
The Ksldent shdl tramlt to the Congress an-
~-rsWm 01 the mvlmnmentoil Qudlty Remrt
- ~ ~ ~~~. ~ ~ requlred by euon 4341 of thls Wtlc:
(2) to gather tlmely and suthorltauve wor-
wrt"1 whlch shall act forth (11 the atatua and con- matlm mneernfng the condluonr and trends III
dltion of the mafor natural. manmade. or dtercd
envimmentsl cl- of the Natlm. Ineludmg. but the uusllt~ of the environment Wth curent and
not Limitedto. the sir. the auustle, lncludlmame. Proswotive. to ansluie and lnterpretîueh Iiilor-
matlon for the P- of detemiloliig whethm
estuarine. end fresh watn. and the terreit~ ~~~ ~
vimnment. including. but not llmited to. the fomt, suîh eonditlonr and trends are interferinp.or are
likel~ to Interiere,wlth the aehlevement of the
dryland. wetland. range. urban. suburban. and rual mllcy set fonh in subchapter 1 of Viw chapter.
environment: (21 curent and foreJaesble ken& ln and to compile and submit to the Realdent studb
the uuallty. management and utUlratlon of such relatlns to sueh mnditlma and trends: GULF OF MAINE
(31 torevlew and BPP'BLSt~he varIouspmgramJ $4346. ~cnure and comwnaition of m=mbera
and activitles of the ~ederal Goverment In the Members of the Councll shsll senie full Ume and
light of the poneyset forth ~niubchapter I oithis the Chalmsn of the CouneIl shall be ComDemted ot
chapter for the pumo~e of determlnlng the extent the rate provlded for Wvel n of the Eirecutlve Sched-
towhich auch prwram and activiua aremn- Yle Pay Rates. The other membera of the CouneIl
WbutillB tothe acNevement of aueh wlle~. and ahall be mmpmioted st the raie provlded for Icvel
b d e mmendatlons w the Preatdent wlth N or the Blecutlve üchedule Pw Rates. (m. L.
91-190. titleII, $208. Jan. 1. 1970, 83 Sut. 858.1
(41 todevelw and recommd to the Presldent R.m.nF. r* R.T
national mlicla tofmter andpmmote the lm- Levela II u>d IV ol tnsEIecutlvr 8shMule Ry Ritsa.
pmvement of erivlmnmental queilhr to meet the r.*en.* to In tert.arc*et out u Scstlo.3SSLB uia 63L6.
r~<pe~IvtIy. DI Tltla 5. OOv~rnm~ntOrguilritlon and
mn~ervatlon. soclei. emnomic. hath, and other n"p>ogoor.
regdrementa and gWr ofthe Natlm:
15) to mnduct Invatlgatlonr, studles. survws. 84347. Autharizition elappmpriltion.
reseanh. and analyses relatlng toecologioal sYa-
There are authorized to nppmprlated toesrn, out
mm, and eniiromenial qualii~. the pmulJlans of thts ChaPter not 0 excee$ d300.000
8, todalument and dane ehwn in the na* for mcal year 1970. 1700,000 for mal year 1911,
urd rnnmnmcnt. ~n~ ~d~n. the ~lant and end 11.000.000 for each mcsl year therwter. (mb.
L.91-190. tltleII.3207. Jan.1. 1970.83 Skt. 858.1
animal syîtem. and toaccumulate neceuam data
and other information for a mntlnulng analYsIr
of thesechanpu or trendsand anLnterpretatlon of Chspter SCENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
thelr underlylng eailscs: IMPROVEMENT
%i.
(71 to report at lest once eafh y- tothe (971 Donme&3LIW and*-. dcclultlom. Dun>-.
Preildwt ai the date snd fondltlon of the yi- Ornec ocniv,mnmsnw Puauty. . ..
v(mnment: ind (a) UNb1IsbmLmLti D-ri BPUtY DWWr.
(8) U) d e and fumm rueh studles. rrmrtr (b) Compenaitlo" oc nputy DMtor.
(01 ~mp~ogmrnt or pemme~. srprta, .nd con-
therem. and recommendatlonr wlth re-t to .",,.nt<;--t,oii.
matteri of wllcy and IeglJlatlon arthe Resldent ,a) DYtllS andfunctJ<i~ of Diroour.
may muest. (L, *u*anty or Directa W co-r.
ml."., m envim-nt., Q"dt7 mp- W
(Pub. L 91.190, UUe n. I 204. Jan.1. 1970. 83 Stat. BUndlUnd ~Znmltt=a h.71~ lurueilct,~.
855.1
Tu**- 0, mrniona
.a much ot th. lunruoni d uio mneii on mrlmn. 54SiI. Concrrrrional bndinm. d=laraiionl. and pur-
"?.".* QUiliiY "Laer pu .*,0, 'ma uci,oo .a p-oo p.,*&
IO em1C%lsU og.<nn. -.a,n.o,."d W<Ds Abmimoulia ,& ""&
d !ho EAvimnmt"l81 Rotecilon Mncs 4 le70 Xmp
in NO 3 II nt 5, en ne 2 loro 35 FR ~ ~ ~ M 1 thsr man hm csuL<edeha~co in thacn-
sut.-. mt oÜt&der ation ,360f &x tltlc. vlmnment:
(2) that many of these changes may met the
gU45. Conaviktion with the Citirrn'a Adviaory Com-
mittee on Enviionmental Quility and othtr relatlonrhlp between man and Ur envlmmnit:
repreaentalires. and
In errnblng Ita piwrrs. rmîtionr. and dutla (3) that papulation Increares and urtmn con-
under thk chspter, the CounciI6h~ll-
centrauon mntribute dlmtly topillutlon and the
(11 consult with the Otizens' Advl~oryCommit- degradation of Our envirament.
tee on hvimmental Qualiw atabllzhed by Ex- lb) (1) TheCon- declam thst there Lsa na-
eCUUveOTdernumbered 11472.dated May 29. 1969. tionei WlleY for the environment whieh Provldes for
and wlth suehrepresentativs or science. ~dustw.
the enhancement of envlmmental qusilltu.RiIl
amculture. labor, eonservstlon oiganilatlons. pillcy h evideoced by statu- hereiaIore enaeted
State and local governments and other groups. ar relat18 +A the preventlon. abatement. and mntrol of
it deems advlsable: and
environmental pollution. water and land raourees.
(2) Utillze.to the fullest extent pissible. the transportatlon. and economic ard regional develap-
SeniIca. faelUtia, and Information (lncludlng ment.
~tattstical information) of ~ubltc and pdvate (21 The prlmari rspanslbility for ImDlemcntinB
agerieier and omanlzatlonr. and Individuab. ln
W poliey ruts wth State and 104 govemmenb.
order that duplleatlonof eEort and expenremay be (3) The Meral Government encourage rnd aup-
~volded. thu ~~~urlngthat the Couneil's aetivitia wrta implementatlon of tm wllcy through sppm-
"il1 not unnecesrarlly overlap or connlct with
priate regional orgsnlzatlons atabllzhed under
slmllar ectluitiia suthorized by law and performed exbtlw law.
by ertablished agenela. (CI Thepu-es of this chaptrr are-
(Pub L. 91-190. titlen. 8 205, Jan. 1. 1970. 83 stat. (11 toWure that eaeh Federal dePanment and
855.)
RIP'=".NCU II niT Bgency eonducting or sugportlng public works
activities whieh affect the envimnment sheii im-
EXTUIAC OIaOI numkred 11'71.dite* May 29. LS68. plement the wlicler ertablirhed under erhting
13210tethbmtlUL.. 11111 xt out u 8no* under etton
IBW:and t6161 ANNEXES TO MEMORIA~ LOF THE UNITED STATES 277
$10,000,000. ,Pub L 92.532, title m. s 304. et. 23.
with other interestcd Federal alencies. siiaii issue
nwc.'il). und r .irn::?h!c iwiil iIi>ri.io co?l:Ol snY 1972. 88 Stat. 1063.1
~C:I.IIIPI ~mrmltted ui:l.:n ii.e ee.iat.ntcd innr.ne RTiPmFNCn IN TPXT
'..C,.IBr) il6 >:< L.r,:,:, 1..r,:-r <. 5111e:,,11:1or.
iration issued pursusnt to any other authoiits shall
-. va..d uniers the Secretan. rhail eertifu that the
pcmitted activity 1s eonsiitent with the purposes of
this eilapter and can becarried out within the regu-
lati~ns pramulgated under this section.
(K).\rcordan<e "f reculaiions "ifh trerties. eonxrn- II:. C ?*:il .loiil."-diidi
,ions, and olher aerPrmPnls.
!4'2 c.:.d,.s,<,.. ar.,.:a 12,.fit>.I.CV
~he regulations isrued pursuant to subseetion If1 ,455 L?+",<\O',
of this section shail be applied ln accordance with :+Y Ila">ec:...., dci,lr, .?., prc4-". sr*,:..
reeoanized orinciriles of international law. includina
IbI PrOgrdim r~<I"fem."tS.
tr~~itei VOIL~CIII:~::~.~nd other icree!i:riiir ioulii. h le) Uml* on #?%nt.
:he ~tii!~d S!~~V< i: qip?ntori CiLes, thc ~<DIIIc~- (dl Submlsslon ol piogram Cor rcvlew in6
uon of <ce rrd~lrtions 1s in a;<~reince uitli .i.rh 'Pp'oval.
,CI *,,acat,on 0, grants.
~rineiples or $8 otherwise authorized by sn agree- ,Il Riuorrlon 0, "nobltgafLd grsnts.
ment between the united states and the foreign igi ~rsn~s tD ~~iiriçai rubaiviaiona.
State of whieh the nffected person is a citizen or, in1 ~xpiiario~ date or pnr suinority.
1155. Admlnbtrsflve srsnia
in the case of the crew of a forelgn versel. betu'een la) AufnorlratLon
the Unlted states and flas state of the vessei. no
regulation aPDiieable tooeean waters outside the lbl A1b0c~Llo11 <IIgrants.
,cl Program re4"lremcnïl.
territorial iurisdietion of the ~nlted strtes shall be Id) Rcqulred BUfnDrllg ror m.nag*mint or
applied to a person not a citizen of the United CDBStBI son*.
States. (Pub L. 92-532. titie III. 5 302. Oct. 23. 1972, Ir1 Requhoe Rnalngr.
i<i i(lloEaflOn to olhei oolltlenl rubdlvlalona.
66Stat. 106l.l
61433.Penalties.
la1 Anv Erson subiect to the iurlsdictian of the
Ulllted States who violata any iwulstion issued
llusuant to thls ehmter shall be liabie ~ ~n a~civli
~enaitv of 301 miire thai: 1~0000 for ,.*ch rurh iio- ~ ~ . ~
ma.. .<.-r..: ;i. ir.r.5 crriioreisn
lalioti. Io br auri<rd b) the Sr.rrirry Ewh dni of d 12L1i.<<1?1., L: <<<I i-. CI".r"<, IL. ,*d.
* CO~I~~CIOC \:c.s!lon .hall co:,titure 3 jeparate rra. .., :r,.:in<l.., or sr: ,,,icr
~lol;ition 'IO. .T>prr.r',ii.a"l>i*"'..lcrol:a..a
ibl NO Penalty shall be assessedunder thir sec- ,ci Conlfrucrlon v,tn criaflng requ,rcm.ntr 0,
tion until the pei'son eharged has beengiven notice VatCr an* hl ponurlon progrnma.
and an opportunity to be heard. UW~ fatlvre of the 18, Concurrence Wlth p'oB'8mr WhlCh ancet
trilana
offending party to pay an Ssessed penalty, the At- 1<51 PUbIIC berrlnga
torney General. at the reouest of thesecretarv =hall
1458. Rculcu. al performance: telminaflon ol nnlncll
nJSblançO.
!*59 RiCDibr an0 nual,.
. ~. . 1460 Coaslll Zone Xrnaacmcnr Aduirory Commlttre
(cl A vesse1 u~ed In the violation of a regulatlon 14661.Eltus,,ne aanSrUBr,~,.
l46l Annus, rcpori
issued Pursuant to thls chapter shall be liable In 1163. Ru199 nnd iigulatlonr
rem for any civil penalty assessed for sueh violation llBI Au,borhafton ot appropr,ai,ons.
and iiizv be uroceed~d acal::rt >n ncy oi,irict ruurr
of the Uciwd 8ia:c5 hnild lun<eici:on 'hereif
Theoirtnr! cuurb LI th* U11rd SLRICI 5ha.l The Congrcss flnds that-
hnte !ur:<dlclin? lo rrirnili a s:olnliri: .JI the :<.ru. (si There is a national interest in the enetlve
lai:om ircued wiiruant io ihl- 'lini ter and 1.) &r.<.t management. benenciai ue, ~rolection. and devel-
SUCIIOL~P~~~InIsPm~av bt u;vro>::aie ~rticn<<he! opment of the eoastal zone:
be bmuglil b~ the Atlnrne~ Ciice:i: in iixrrc O: ibl The eoastrl zone 1s rieh in a variety of natu-
the Ui.itM Sraies ~iihrr iii~hr oan :"~<~ ~ ~. ~ ~n: ral. commercial. reereationai. indutrial. and erthetic
the resuest of the Seerctaiy. [Pub L. 92-532. fltle resourees of immed'iate and potenllal value to the
m. 5 303. Ott. 23. ,972. 66 Stat 1062.1 mesent and future well-belng of the Natlon:
(c) ~he increasinp and eompeting demandr upon
5 1434.i\ulhorization of a~iproprirlions. the land8 and waters of our casstsi zone oeeasioned
There are authorized to be aPProDrlated for the by ~o~ulation Bmwth ~nd eeonomic development.
flxal year In whieh this Act 1s enaeted and for the lncluding rmuirements for indurtri. commerce. resi-
nelit two flseai Yeais thereafter such sumsas mny denliai development. reereation. exlraction of Mn-
be necessary to earn. out the proulsions of this
eral resoureer and fossll fueb. transportation and
chapter, ineluding sums for the eostsof acquisition. naulgation. raste disposal. and haivesting of nsh.
development. and operation of manne sanctuanes shel1R~h. and other living msrlnc raource3. have
designated under this ehapier. but the sumsaprim-
resulted in the losa of ilving msrlne resourea. wud-
Pllated for any svch flscal year shaii not exeeed life. nutrient-rieh areas. permanent and adverse 278 GULF 01
Srniorr RrmlrD ro in Orlili Srcriani
changes to ceolorleal system. dcercaslng open SPacc
101 public use. and rnorelhe eroJlon: Th* rectlon U rLlLrrCd 10III YCLfOn846601 xD1s (Ifle.
rd) ~he coastel zone.and the ah. shcUflrh. 5 11?3.Uefinitions.
other livlng marine rerourees.and rlldllfc therein.
Wr purmes of thls C~BP~CI-
are eco~oglce~iyfragile and eonsequenliy cxfremely cal "Cos~tal zone'' means the eoastal raters
minerable to dertmetiOb oy mon's alternllonol: tlncluding the lands thrreln and thereundcr) and
ICI Important eeologienl. cultural. hlrtorle. and the adjacent shorelands (Including the waters
esthetlc values in the Coastal zonerhich aie esren-
tial to the u.ell-belng of al1 cltizenr are bflng Irre- lherein and lhereunderl. strongly lnflueneed by
trlevsbl~ damaged or lost:
If) Speelnl naturai and reenlc eharaeteilJtles nre
belng damaged by ill-plnnned deiploprnent thnt bexller ~iie 7 ne cxrciidv. in ~rcnt ~vhcr anters
threatenr there values:
igl In llghl of compefing demandî and the urgent 16the internalional oi~ndan oeiaecn tne United
nccd to proieci ":id lo~hr Nsh Pr:orils 10 iialuiul SLRtCa 8:.dClnada .<nd Inutlierare= seaaard to
Ihe outcr limit of the Unlted States terrltorfoil
sy.t~rn%in the co3rial zone ~rercn: aia:e and locîl SCB IIIPZOIIC exfends lrllalld from inc shorcllncs
I~,:IIYL:Y~BI 8:rangcm~~u for pl~nnmg and rem- onl~ LO Cheexlent nercsrary U, conlroi rhorelnnds.
latlns land and rater uses ln ruch arcas are hade- th0 ir of u hlçh hs<e sdirect and slpniflcnnt lm.
quate: and
ch) The kcy to more eneetlve protection and use PBC~ on the eoasfal waters. Excludcd from the
or the land and rater resourcer of the masml zone cosW mm are tan& the useof whtch 1s uy Law
subieet mlely to the ucretlon of or whleh lsheld
ls to encourage the rfatcs 10 excreise thclr full in trust by the Fedcral Goverment. 1Y OmFcrs
~uthorify OIC~ the lands and waters in the coartal or agenu.
zone by assistins the sfatesi. n ernperstlon rlth 1b1"C-tal waters" means (11 ln the orest
mderal and la'al goremmenu and othcr vltally
aneeted mteieru. in drvrioplng land and water use Laker arca. the waters rlthh the krrltorloil jurlr-
diction of the United States corubting of the
program for the eoarUl %ne. lncludlng unlned Great Lakes. thelr conncctlng waters. hsrbora.
w1w.iesc.riteria. standards. molhoda. and piocesses r~adsteads. and estuary-type areas aueh ssbaya.
for deallng ~ith land and rater use declsloiLI of 1h~l10wl. and manhcs and 121 ln othei are-.
more than local simflcanec. IPub. L. 80454. tltle
III. ! 302. ai sdded Pub. L 92-583. Gel. 21. 1012. thare waten. adjaeent to the rhorelhes. whbh
86 Stal 1280.1 conlain a nicasi;rablo ouanlii) or perrenlape of
SAO"7 TlTLI rea uaicr. inîludiny bit no,iimitcd U, souna.
08>1 lapmnr. bai, us.ponds md eliuarlcr
SClfbn 301 oI Pub L B(USI. as SddL6 bP.Pub.L (CI "Co~~tal rtate" means a %tate of the Unlted
01-%(13. p:outacinsr: -mis titir~ensrrtn rnt. ohspterl
IDil.." rlrcd u the 'C0.SlilzoneM.n.g.mlnt Act of States In. or bordering on. the AUantlc. Wemc. or
Arctlc OEcan. theGulf ofMci;leo. Long Island Gound.
5 lli2.Con~ressional dedaration of policy. 01one or more of the Great Lake. For the purposer
of thls chapter. the term aiso hcludcs Puerto Rlco.
ïhe Congres nnds and dcelarw lhnt Il 13 the the Vlmln Islands. Guam. and Amerlean Samoa.
natlonal wiicy ta, fo presenie. proteet. devdop,
and rhere porslble. to rare or enhancc, the re- Id) "Estuary" meanr Lhat part of n rlver or
murees of the Natlon's costal zone for th& and SfTeQm Or OlhCl bDdy of ratel hnvbg wilmpalrcd
succeedhg genersfio~, 1b1 to encoursgc and -ht Connection with the open sea. rhere the %a rater
16measursbly diluted wlth lresh rater dcilved [rom
the rfales to ererclse encetively thelr reswnslblll- land drainage. The term lncluder esluary-type areas
lies in the eoastal lanethrough the dcvelopment
and ImPlem~nIetlon of management pmgram to of the Great Lake.
eehlevc alse use of the land and rater rerources iei "Estuarlne sanetuan" means nmrearch arca
of the eoasfal mne glvlng full conslderatlon to reo- rhlch may lnclude any part or al1 of an stuar/.
ndlolntnE lransltional ares. and ndjseenl uplands.
lo~1~sI. c~ltu=I. historlc. and ethctle values as eonstllutlng tothe extent feaslblc a nafuial unlt. set
weUas to needr for eeonomlc dcveloprnenl. le> !or 851de tO Provlde sclentisfs and sludcnls the opwr-
al1 Fcderal ageneies engagrd ln progPam allcetlng
the coastal zone toeooperate and ~artlcl~ate wllh Itmlty to examine aver n Perlod of tlme the cco-
~LOIC end iorxl eoiernmenï ard regionsi aRrnrlrs lo~ical rclatianshlps aithln the area.
111 i11e uumoser 01 this chnptci and (Il "Secretary" mesns the mcretery of
Commerce.
d. 10 enCOU:BpCthe 08111C1V8110n Of the pUb1.C Of (KI "Management program" Inchdes, but 1s no1
Federal. state. and local Bovernmenu and of reslonai
agrneles In the develapment al coastal lont man- llmited 10, a eomprehemlve îtatemcnt in wrds.
egement pronam. with respect to lmplemcn~tlon maPJ. illustrations.or other medla of eommunlca-
of JUC~ management prosramr. Il Is the natlonal tlon. PrcPared and adopled by the stete In accord-
anee rlth the provlslonr of thls chapter. settlng
wlicy 10 encourage coopcratian among the various
~Ute and rcsional aaeneier lneludlns ertabllshmcnt 101th Oblectives. wlleles. and standards U, mlde
of Interstete and reglonsl agreements. eoopersfivc PUbllc and prlvale user of lands and waters In the
proeedurw. and joint petlon partlcularly regsrdlnp CDaSfalzone.
envlronmcntal problems. [Pub L. 89-454. Lltle III.
(hl "Waier w" meanol acllullle% whlch *are con-
1303. as added Pub. L.92-583. hl. 27, 1072. 86 ducted in or an the arater: but docl no1 mean or
Btat. 1281.1 inelude the ertsblirhment of any rater quallty ANNEXES TO MEMORIAl .OF THE UNITED STATES 279
standard or eriterla or the regulation of the dis- the rtale's eligibillty for furthei grants under thlr
charge or runoff of water pollutants except the Section ~hnll terminate. and the state shall be
~ ~nd~rd~~.~eriteria.or reïulatlons whlch are ineor- ellgible for granti under section 1455 of thls tltle.
~orsted in an? program-= iwuired by the Proul- le) .\limaiion of prants.
slons of seetlon 1456<f) of this title. Grantri under thir section shall be alloeated to
(11 .-~~nd use" means aetivities which are con-
dueted in or an the shorelands wlthln the eoartal the States based on ruler and regulaflonr promul-
gated by the Secretary: Prouided. hotueusr,mat no
zone. subject to the reQulrements outlined In sec- mrns8ement program development grant vnder this
tion 1456<gl of thi~ title. (mb. L 89-454. tltle III. section shall be made ln excesiof IO per eentum
5 304. as added Pub. L. 92.583, Oct. 27. 1972. 88 Stat.
1281) nar lers than 1 per centum of the total amount
~pproprlated to carry out the purposes of thls
5 lljl.>Irnr~cment de>aloriment proarrm xranlr. Section.
la) .\ulhorization. if) Iteiersinn of unoblignled granls.
Thesrcrriar, iini.tiori7rd ,Onn*r a::ii'i3i1urar,< Grant3 orportions thereaf not obllgated by e state
during the flseal year for which they wcre flrst
10 am i.oJr:al sinie for <ce rurt>oie O! nrc:4:'.w 11.
~hc d~~~l>ïm~:.t 13 ~U.~#C~.LII: IITYYTPI:Ifrr the authorized to be obligatw by the state. or durlng
land and water resourceosf its coartal zone. the fiscal year immcdiafely followlng. shall revert
to the See:etary. and shail be added bu him to the
(b) Propram requirementr. funds availsble for grants under thls seetlon.
Such management program shall include:
(11 an ldentiflcation of the boundarles of the CC)(;rani- ioufhrr polilie.mlrubdivirionr.
Wlth the approval of the Seeretary. the state may
~08ste.Izone IubleCt to the management Prowam:
(21 a definltlon of what rhall constitute Der- slloeate ton local gouernment. to an areawide agency
mirsible land and water uses wlthln the caastal deslsnated vnder section 3334 of Tltle 42. to a
zone whieh have a direct and signllicant impact regional ageney. or to an lnteirtate agency. a por-
on the coasta1 ,,.*ter%: tion of the Brant under this section. for the purpose
131 an inventory and designation of are- of of carrying out the provisions of thls section.
partlcular eoncer n lthin the cosrtal zone:
141 an IdentlRcatIon of the meam by whlch the ih) E\piration dateof xrant authority.
The authorlty to make srants under th18 section
State procases to exert eontrol over the land and shall exotie on June 30. 1977. (Pub. L. 89-454.~.itle
wster uses referied to In iiaragraph (21 of thir III.5 305. as added Pub. L. 92-583. Oet. 21, 1972, 88
subseetlon. lneludlng a listing of relevant eon-
Stat. 1282.1
stltutional proulslonr. legirlatlve enaetments. Srcrior Rrnlar~ ro ZN O~xn Srcrions
regulationr. and ludielal deeilon: Thb arflon 1.r relrmra tIn rectlona 11111. 11ol thlr
(51 bmad guideliner on prlority of us= In titis.
partlcular areas. includlng specifically those uses
5145%,\dminislratirn xrrnis.
011owest priority:
(01 B de~cription of the organlnatlonal strue- la) ,~ulhorizalion.
ture .ro.osed to imolement the manaeement The secretaryis aufhorized to maite annual grant.
~r~gm. Ineludlng the r~m~ibilltler and Intcr- to any caastal state for not more than 66% per
relationshlps oflocal. sreawldc. state. reglonal. and centum of the costir of adminirtering the state's
Interstate agencies in the management pra'ers. management program. if he approver sueh program
In accordance with subsectlon (cl of thls section.
le) I.imition grania. Federai funds reeelred from other sourcesrhall not
The Krants shall not exceed 66?1 Der eentum of
the costir of the Drogram in any one year and no be used ta Da? thertater'share of costs.
state shall be ellglble to recelve more fhan three ib) .\llncationofcranls.
annual grants pursuant to thlr section Frderal Such grantri îhall be alloested to the states wlth
funds reeelved [rom other source shall not be ured approved proginms based on rulîs and regdations
~romulgated by the Secretary whieh shall take into
Becount the extent and nature of the shoreline and
area covered by the Plan. ~oiiulatlon of the area.
grantir wlll be used to develop a management pro- and other relevant factors: ~riuided. hatusver. That
gram consistent with the requlrementri set forth In no annual admlnisLrative grant under thls section
~ectlon 1455 of this tltle. Alter maklng the initial
shall be made in exeesr of IO Der centum "or lesr
grant tO a COastal state. no subsequent grant shall than 1 per centum of the total amount approprlatcd
lm made under thls section wiless the Seeretan. 10 EB~~Y out the punioser of this seetlon.
Ands that the state 1s satlsfactorllydeueloping sueh
(O I'roaram r"quirem~nt<.
manasement program. Prim to BlantinB al>provs1 of a management pro-
id) Submiroion of program for review and a~proral. gram rubmitted by a eoastal state. the Seeretary
Uwn uimplction of the develo~ment of the state's shall And that:
23nReP2Cnt PlDDranl iiir <tate <hall subm:i such (11 The rtate ha5 developed and adopted a
progrnrr to chr çîrrp:a:s for revieu and av~iui~l mananement oroeram for !tir eoaatal z~ ~ ac~
PYr5YBnI !O the vroii\ioiis of <criion 1.55 of th,< cordice with ries and reguiations promulgated
titieor SUC~ othe; action as he deems necesary. on by the secretan.. alter notice. and Wth the opwr-
Anal approval of sueh program by the Seeretary. tunlty of full partlelpation by relevant Federsl Ouif OF MAINE
age1xcie5,state agencies. laal governments. re- (21 to aertuire fee simple and les than fee
glanai organizations. wrt authoritier. and other simple interests in lands. waters, and other prou-
interested partles, publie and prlvate. whieh is ade- ertv throu~h eondemnation or other means when
auate tacarry out the purposer of Vils ehapter and necessary to aehieve conformance with the man-
is consistent with the policy deciared in section agement program.
1452 01 this tiiie.
(21 The stafe haa: ce) Rc~uired hnding..
Prlor to glanting BPP~OVBI. the Secretary shU
(AI eoordinrted its program alth laai. area- ais0 find that the program provides:
ride. and interstate plans applicsblo toareas (il for am one or a combination af the follow-
within the eoaital zone exirting on January 1of in= generai techniques for eontrol of land and
the year in which the state's management pro- water uses within the caastal zone;
gram is submltted io the secretan. whieh pians
have been dei,eloped by a iaal government. an IAI Stste establishment of crlteria andstand-
nieaaide ngency designated pursuant to remla- *rd8 1011-1 impiementalion. subject to admin-
istrativereview and enfoicement of cornpllance:
tions established under section 3331 of ntle 42. (BI Direct state Land and water use planning
a repional sgency. or an Interstalc ngeney: and and regulation: or
<BI estabiished an effective mechaniSm for ICI State administrative review for conrilst-
continuing c~nsultation md ~oord~natim be-
tween the manasement agency designated pur- eney with the management program of al1 de-
suant tollarnglaph (51of thlr subseetion and velopment pians, proiects. or iand and water
use regulations. including exceptions and vari-
with iaal gouernmenta. interstate sgencies. E- ances theieto, Iiroposed bu any statc w laal
glanai agencies. and arearide agencies aithin BUthoritY or private deveioper. with power to
the coastai zone to assure the full ~arfieiliation approue or disapprave alter public notice and
Of5UChimai governments and ageneies in Ca",. ano~~ortunity for hearings.
in# out the purwses of this chapter.
121 for a methad of wuring that locai iand
131 The state has held pubile heanngs in the and wnter use regulatlons within the cosstol mno
deveiopment of the management promam. do nat unreasonabiy restilct or enelude iand and
(41 me management prowam and anvchanges water uses of regional benent.
thereto have been reuiewed and aoor. .d bv the
GOvernOl. (Il .Allocaliotouther polifirai subdivisions.
151 The Governor of the state has dc~ignated a With the approval of the Seeretary, n date may
ailocate to a local government, an areauilde sgeney
sin.-.aaencv tareeeive and adminlster the sranta designated under section 3334 of ntle 42. B regional
for impiementing the management program m. agency, or an interstate agency. a portton of the
~uired undcr DaraEraph Ill of this subsection.
(61 ~he state is orgnnhed to implement the want under this section for the purwae of carry-
management program rmuired under paragiaph ing oct the provisions of thls section: Proddsd.That
(11 of thiS subsection. =ch allocation shaii not relieve the state of the
(71 The state hss the authoritla nffessaiy ta rerponsibility for ensuring that any funds so auo-
cated are npplied in furtherance of ruch state's au-
Impiement the pmgram. inclvding the authority Proved management program.
reoulred under subreetion rd1 of this section.
(8) ~he management program provides for (E) 13rn~ram modi fieofion.
adeauate consideration of the national interest The rtate shril be authorlzed to emend the man-
invoived in the sltfng of faeuities necesan to BFrmPllt I ~ O Y ~ 'IIIPmodlnCxtlotl bc in ac.
meet requiremenls wNch aieoher than loeai in P IL<LIKOYL~~I <II?IIMP~U~CL XPPUIII~ ul.der ~ub-
natue. SeCllucl ci nl lhlareri.i.rt An)iimendmect or modi-
(91 The management prowam maker provl- fication of the proaram murt be approved bv the
dons for procedurer whereby speeiRe aieas may be Seeretary before additionai administrative granis
deslgnated for the PurWre of presemng or re- are made ta the state under the program as
starint8 hem for their conservation. recreationail. amended.
ecoiogieai. or esthetic values.
(hl Se~mrtitrl detelnpment.
cd) Rmuired aulhnriiy for manazement of cnarlal At the discretion of the state and with the ap-
zone. ~rovsl 01 the Seeretary. a management program
Plior to glanting auproval of the management maY be deveioped and adopted in segments ~o that
progrsm. the Seeretary shall find that the state. immediate attention may be devoted tothose sres
acting through its chose" agency or agencies. in-
within the coastai zonewhich most urgentiy need
cluding locai governments. areawide ageneier desig- management programs: P~ouided. That the date
nated under section 3334 of Titie 42. regional admuaLely ~Tovides for the ultimate coordination
agencies. or Interstate ageneies, has authoritu for of the variour segmenta of the management program
the management of the e-ta zone in aeeordanee into a single umfled program and that the unined
with the manaeement Program. Sueh authoritv shaii umgram wili be comr>ieted as soon as Ir reasonably
includo power-
Druticable. (pub. L 89-454, tit~cIII.i 306.as added
(11 to administer land and water use regula- Pub. L. 92-583. OCt. 27. 1972. 86 Stat. 12831
tlons. controi deveiopment in order to ensurecom- SrCTLOn RIInlrn ro ZN Orlrn 8lcnoxs
pliance with the management program. and ta mis section h rererrcto tn sectionsxsr. iras.i~m.
resolve eonfliets among competing uses; and 11111.1404 otnb tttle. 16201 ANNEXESTOMEMORULOFTHEUNITEDSTATES 281
51456.Inieragency twidinnfion and cooperation. 01 is otherwbe necesrary ln the interest of na-
tional sreunty.
(a) Federal agrncier.
Inearrilng out hb functionr and respanribllitier Cd) .\ppiicrtion of local.o<rrnmen,r for Feder.1 a..
underthii chapter, the Secretam shail consultwlth. si*tance: reMion*hip of .ni,i,ier ri,h .ppro,sd
~lonerate with. and. to the maximum extent pme- rnrnagemen1 prozrrmr.
ticable. caordinate his actlvitier with other inter- State and local governmenk lubmitting appllea-
tions for Federal asslrtnnee under other Federal pro-
ested Federal agencies. gram sffeeting the constni zone shall indisate the
(b) .,dequate conrideralia" of \iîxr of Fcd<.rrl*Ken- views of the appropriate stnte or lmnl agency as to
cies; medialion ordirrxrrrm<.nt~.
The Secretam shall no1 npprovc the management the IeistiOnShlp of sueh netivities tothe npproved
mananement Drocrnm lor the coastal zone. Sueh
program submitted by a rtate pursuant to section
1155of thi~ title uniers the viers ol Federnl agencies
prlncipally affected by sueh prosrnm have been ade-
~uately eonsidered. ln case of serloru disagreement eral ageneies shnli no^ npprove pro~ored projeetr
between any Pederal agency and the state in the that are inconsistent with neoarial state's manage-
development 01 the prosram Liie Secretav. Ir3 Cu- ment promam. exccpf upon n nnding by the seere-
operation with the Exeeutive Omeeof the President. tan that sueh projeet Ir eonslrtent rith the pur-
shau seek U, mediste the differencer. 110%~ of th& chapler or nceersary in the interest ol
national securlty.
(") Construcfion "ifh oihrr Irrr.
Nothin8 in thir ehsiiter rhnll be construed-
shall conduet or support those activities in a man-
ner whleh ir. to the maxlmum exient praetieable.
~lth approved state management pro-
submerged innds. or nnvignble waters: nor ta dir-
gram. Dlaee. supersede. limlt. or modifv rnuinterstate
(21 ~n~ ~ederai agency whieh rhnll undertnke compact or the lurisdietion or responsibiiity of
deueioDment pfoject in the eoaitoi zone of a anviesrilv estrblirhed joint or common îgeney of
state ~hnli insure tliat the ~rolect is. to the maxi- ~WO or more rtntes or of two ormore States and
mum extent practiçable. consistent alth approved the Federai Goremment; nor to llmit the au-
state management urogiam. thority of Congres to nuthorlee and fund prol-
(31 ~fter nnal approval by the Scçretary of a
eek:
state's management program. nny n~~liennt for a (21 as rupeireding. modifying. or repealing er-
requlmd ~ederal Uccnse or Permlt to conduct an i~ting iawr np~licabie M the various Federal agen-
~ctlvity nflectlng lapd or rater wes in the caartai cier: norio affect the jurisdiction. mrers. or PIL-
mne of that state shail provlde In the nupiieailon to rogatives of the ~nternntionnl Joint commission.
the lieenring or permittinc ngeney î eertinention United States and Canada. the Permanent Engi-
that the pmpased altivity complies rith the state'r neering Board. and the Unlted States operating
npproved program #nd fhaf such nçtivity \$,il! be
condueted in mrnrier consistent rith the program. enfitv or entities eitabllshcd riurruant to the
ço'~ml~~lIth~c BZ%LT~cexl) rigned o< wahi:$g-
~t the same fime. the applicnnt shnll furnish ta the M:l J.ln~?iry 11 1361 or Che 1il:~rnalionll Bnund.
=tete or ils designaled ngency n copy of the eerti- in' and Wrirr Commission ~'::.ied Strlcr and
fication. cifh ail neeeunry information and data. Mexico.
Each coarlai sfate shail cstnbiish procedurer for
wbiic notice in the ense of ni1 sueh eertineîtiona cf) consrruccin~i xifh cristinp rrquirernrntr ofrater
and. to the extenf ifdeemr approDrinte. procedurer and air polliifioii OroKrrmr.
for public hearinBs in connection therea'ith. At the Notwithstandins any other provision ol thir ehap-
ter. nothing in thiJ chnpter shall in any way affect
earliest practicrble time. the rtnte or Itr designated sny requirement (11 estîblirhed by the Federal
agency shail natify the Federnl agenev eoneerned Water pollution controi et. as rmended. or the
that the state concuri with or objeets M the appli-
cent's certincaiion. If the state or its designated Clean Air et. as nmended. or (21 estabIlshed by the
ngeney falls to furnish the resuiied notineation Federai Government or by any rtate or local gouern-
rithin six manths Blier receipL of Lk eopy of the ment pursuant to sueh Acts Surh requirements
ap~iicant's certification. the stnte's concurrence $hall be ineorparaled ln nny program developed pur-
suantto this chîpter and shnll be the rater pol-
with the certification rhnll be eonelurivelv pre- lution controi and air pollution eontrol requirements
sumcd. No liccnre or Permit rhall be ginntcd by the
Federal îgency untii the rtnte or its derlgnated Bppiieabie to ruch ~iogrnm.
ageney har eoncurred iiiih the nppiicnnt's eertinea- (c) con<u.r,.n<r xith pri>Lrlm. xhirh ;i,Trr,inlaiid
lion or until, by the stnte's Irilurc to net. the eon- ...-...
eurreneeio eOnelUsivelYpresumed. uniesr the Secre- When any state'r coastri zone management pro-
iîry. on his own initiative or upm apyieai by the Eram. subrnitied for npprovai or proposcd for modl-
a~~li~ant. ends alter providing a rearonnbie oppor-
fieîiion purrunnt M seetlon 1455 al this title. in-
Dnity for dctaiied eommcnti lrom the ~ederal cluder requirementi as to shorelands whieh airo
ageney involved and from the stnte. that the ncth- would be rubjeet to nny Pederally supported na-
Ity IS coniiJtent with the objectives of thls ehapter tmnai land use program whlch rnay be hereafter ANNEXESTO MEMOW OFTHEUNITEDSTATES
tlon of such endnngered smles and threetened spe- tnlernstlonal a8rWmentl. amphlbian. reptile, mol-
cles. and to take sueh =teps armay be approprlate lurk, cnutaccan. arthrom or other invertebrate.
toachleve the pur-$ 01 the treatin and eonven- and includ~ any part. product. W. or onsprlns
tlom set forth In subscctlon ta1 of thir section. thereof. or the dead body or parts thereof.
CE) If 1sfumer deelarcd to be thewlicy of Con- 18) me tcrm "forelm commerce" lncludw.
gres th81 al1Fdeml druanmenu and agciiriiiihnll smong othrr ihinpr. any vanraetion-
mk to eorvenr rnde?prrrd qwica and rhrcstencd A bCtueCn persans w~thln romlsn
SDCCILS BC~ haIl YLII:IClhelr a~iP.oriiie9 :lurihir- country
16) betwcen persou in two or more foretgn
ince of the pvrposes of thls ehapter. {Pub.L.93-205
1 2,Dec. 28, 1913.81 Scat. 884.1 eountrln:
Emcrlvr D*n: iC) between a person wlthln the UiilM
States and a penan In a forefw country; or
BLCtlOn IB OlPub. L. 83-205 provlbed Chal: ''This kct ID, betwecn personn wltNn the unlted
Wd.lcll7131. 7165. 1381. 1311311.andioi%01OX-th*LDtiU0 States. whrre the Ash and wlldllfe in quntlon
ind arcilon 13(al Tltls7, bgrteulfurtrlpidlng serllonl
MBY t0 6e815-8O< thls iitie. and Lnsetlprorlslon,sol are movfng In aw country or countrlea autîlde
O", aa notu ""der fhl,,tellon, ih*llfer emwt on me the United Sfatn.
di* OIIL<aiucVncnr lDcs 28.18131." 111 The lerm "lmwrt" means to land on.brlng
Into. or lntrcduce Into. or attempt to land on.
Bsetlon 1 of Pub. L. 83-203provlded: «Thaf thh &rt brlng hto. or lntmduce mto. any place rublnt to
Ien.cllng rhls ehipteramcndlng secUon. %BO*-1. 460,-9. the Jurllldlction of the United States. whether or
M86a. 1151. 715s. 1381. 1311. 13and 1401ol tM3 CflUc not suîh landlns. brtnglng. or IntrMuctlon mnstl-
Uld SeCLlOn 136 01nilo 7. Agrlculturrrepallngsaçtlon. tutes in lmportauon withln the meaiilng of the
8CSDs 10 668cc-(1 OIhls IIUa. and snictinProrklonS =t cUsU,m Ilws of the Unlted Statu.
oui u notn under thh section1 mip ~c cirerr the 'in-
onngered Spe~lu&Cr ofLB13'." 181 The term "person" meam an Lndl~ldml.
corwrallan. pertnershlp. trust. -laiion. or any
For the purwre of thk ehaptei- vhlon themol. or of mw Ionsn govimment.
ILI me term "commercial aetivity" means ail 191 The Lenn "plant" mcans any mrmber of the
plant klngdom. lncludtng aeeds, rwll and other
Bctlvltles Of industm and trsde. includlng. but not parts thereof.
llmlted m. the buylng or selling of eommcdltles
and~etlvftle~ eonduCted 101the PurDrne of faelll- (101 The term "Secretam" meam. excipt as
tatlng such buying and selline. Othewlse hercln provtded. the Secretan of the
InteIIor orthe Sc~r~lary of Commerces. prog-
(2) The terms "conserve". "conservtng", and ~~SPO~S~~I:IIICSBR VC~LC~ PUIIUIII to the pmvl-
"conservation'' mean to use and the use of al1 smns ofRcorsan.ralion Plan unb ber cd4 of ls7O.
mcthodr and procedures whleh are neceasary to
brlng sny endanaered spceles or threstened spnleii CXCCP~ that wttn ~~II)CCI IO the enforcement of
to the polnt at whlch the measures provlded pur- the vmnrions ol ihis chauler and the Convenuon
vnlch perüin U, the Imwrlation or crwrtation
sunt to thld ehaprer are no longer necmam. of terrestrl8Ipbntî, the term means the Secre-
Si1~hmothods nrd Prorcdrre, include. but are nol tam of Amicuiture.
llmlled IO.al! D~<IIML.C,Bsalsled wxh rrientlnc
ICLOLICCI manayrmrnt sueh as re'csrch. ccnru<. (1Il Theterm ''spnbr'' lncludes aw subspedes
IBF CP~OICC~C~~. habitai aeqiiiriuon and matnic- of Rsh 01 wlldllfe or plan& and aw other grow
of fLIh or wildllfe of the samc spelw or smaller
nsncc propagation. livc trapyin~. acd imnsvlan- taxa in comhon spettai arrangement that inter-
talion. and in the oxireordinsrv case vherc 000- brecd wlth mature.
112) The term "State" means any of the aev-
elal States, the Dtstnet of Columbia. the Com-
monwealth of Puerto RICO. hmencan samoe. the
'11 The tcrm 'Convention" menri. the Convrn-
"onon fntcrnational nsdc inmdanîcied Spcciri Vlrgln Islan&. Guam. and the mLIt Temitory al
of Wlld FBYna and AOm. slmcd on Msrçh 1. 1913, the Paeylc Islands.
and the appendleer thercto. il31 The term "State agrncy" means the State
(41 The term "endangered speeles" means any
BB~~CY. department. board. commluion. or other
IpecIn whieh 1s In daneer of erttnetlon throuzh- governmcntal mtlty whlch 13responslble for the
ouf *II or 8 slgnylcant wrtlon of itî range other management and conaervatlon of Rsh or wildlue
khan a speein of the Clau INK~~ determlned by resources wlthln a Sfak.
the Sccretary to eonstltute a pst whaw protee-
tlon under the providons of thisehapter would il41 me term "tare" mesm to harsss. harm.
PY~Y~. hunt. nhmt. wound. U11,~OP, capture, or
prerent an ovcwhclmlng and overrtdlns rlsk to eollect. or to attempt to engage Ln anu such
man.
151 The term "nrh or wildllfe" mcans any mem- conduet.
ber of the anlmal klngdom. ineludlng wlthout Ilm- 115) The term "threatened speclw" means aw
ltallon any mammal. Rih. blrd (lncluding sny SPCC~CS whlch 1s Ilkely to bnome an endangerd
mlgratory. nonmlmatory. or endangered blrd for lpedel wlthln the foresecable future thraughout
whlch proteetlon h also anorded by trestv or other al1 ora slmln~ant portlon of Ltî range. I6291 ANNEXES TO MEMORIAL OFTHE UNITED STATES 287
graph sha11 not rmdre ~ublic hearine or comment eneel lmmedlately umn pubuîatlonof the regulauon
under rcctlon 553 or Tllle 5. in the hderal Regirter:
cd) Prolrniir rrxulrlionr. il1 mu reguiatlon approprlate to cm out the
Whenever amy rmles 1s lhted as S. threatened Or th' war orlglnnw
s ~ ~ ~ Ip~urruantto sUbsection icI or sct~on, mmulgaM ed <-rry out lhe Endangered Swl-
th8 aeere~ary rhall issue ruch rcgulat~onr cr hc CoNervallon &toi lge9.
'II' regulallon (lncludlng any regululatlon
cONelvallonrsory endrpe<.ler, me Seeielaryfor thby lmulemcntlng seetlon 1535lg1121<BIilIl of thh
tltb' lJsued by the In Iegard to any
regulstlon prohlbit wlth rcswt to any threatened wsing a s'gnÿlesnt rhk l0 lhe weu-
5mIe~ sny acl pmhlbltcd under recflon 1538<a1Ill
,,rthh (Ille, In thcare of Rsh or wildlife. or section "lng Of Or IlshOr
1538(al<ZI 01 thls tlllc. In the ease or plan&. wllh II' lhe 'lme Of pubucstiOn re8Uhtlon Ln
respect to cndnngered rpeeles: eieept thal wlth re- 'heFedera'ReghtertheSeereMry publhha the--
spe~t to the tamg or rer~d~nispee~eror m or detaucd *-= why auch remauon - nues-
111~s.uch rcgu~at~DRI%hall app~y ui slate W~IC~ and in) ln the=- such ~*mIaUon s~~lles
" "=ldent =P==tQS or and WfldUle.the re@--
hffi enter& Lnto a ea>perative agreement pursuant Inen* Or Ib1 "" and IC' Of
to seetlon 1535(8) or thh tlfle only 10the extent that
such regulallons have also ken sdopled by sueh mrnpued *lh. AW -gulatlon
sta1c. promulgated vnder theauthorlty or thhelaw (II)
shall ceare to have force and enect al the cloa of
(e) similirityof appearsnecasea. the 120-day perlod rolloaing the date or pubuca-
~he Secretary mny. by reguiatlon. and to the ex- lion unleu, durlng ruch 120-day petiod. the nile-
tent he deems advlsable. treal any JPeCles as en- maklng pmeedures whlch would apply to such
dangercd specln or threatened rpedes eventhouch regulatlon wlthout regard to th& subperagraphare
11ISnot l~stcd DUnUant to thh section Ir he nnds cornpiid WI~.
th8L
(A) sueh spfeles socloscly resemblcs ln appear- 131 The uubiieatlon Ln the Federal ~edstcr ofany
uromed or nml rcguiatlon wuch or
BIICC.al the wLnt In ~ucsflon. sSPeeles whieh hm .Dpmpriate to carry the of Ehaptcl
ben Usted pursuant to sueh sfftlon mt enraree- .bu lncl,,dea $tatement by the wrrlary Uic
ment pe~nnel would have subsmtia dlmeulty rwUonuiNehsue rWlaUon and the rela-
Ln afkmPhK dlnemnflak between the Ilsted ii~iuhi~ 01 r-tr to suchrepulat~~~. (mb. I.
Bnd unlbled speclei: 9S205. O 4.Dec. 28. ISl3.87 Btat. 886.)
(81 the cnect of thls substantiai dlmculty ü
anaddItlonal lhrent to an endangcred or threat- ux.narclo ui l'm
ened meclei: and Rn>iss"Uitlon Plan~urn~md + otID10,nfomd toln
treatmrnl of an speles .Yb'=. 1.1(1). U set ouL.l neta undier .OCIIO. 1611 01
th* Il,,..
rubstantlally fwultate the enforcement and fur- TD. ~nd~g~rra B ~ C L~ondt~.~~~ dst orIO...
ther the wlley al thh cha~ter. QcQto.scflDnWCf.sq.(e)(3DIal8(tltle.(8) (1).
(1) Resulalions.
(11 -cepl m provlded In paragra~hi 121and 131 m i DA=
01 thh suwuon and subsectlon (b) of tu aectlon. Seetton=Lleen-cbe. 18. 1913ue metton LSof mb. L.
thc DmV~l~oRI Sut~n 553 of ntle 5 rrclaung ta '3-""5 out no* unde' -*tlon of UU..
mcma*lng pmeduresl. rhall appl~ to any rcgula- S-ON R-n> ro n mm ~miori
lion pmmulpatcd to earry ou1 the Durmes of thh T~U WUO~ u mlcmd to lo ssu- 4wk-1. ma.
~ha~tcr. 1151.715s. LM.1%1%001ViYflUe.
12)(AI In the ease of any rcgulatlon pmd by
the Secrelary to carry out the pu-i of thlr 'lu'. L.ndacquisiiion.
chaptcr- 191 The Suretary or the Intcrlor ahau alabllsh
(11 the ~ec~ttary rha~~publm genern~ and hulement a uramam ca-emc (A) *h Or
of the promed rcgulatlon (Ineluding the complete t"8tened 'P==les pursuantr l0 1533Of Or
tut or the regulation) ln the Federal ReplJter not
les than 60 days before the e0ectlve date of the :lz ~i ~~~~2t~~,"OB~r4$~~~h",,ô"~
regulatlon: and
he-
(111u anY person leeh he maY be III shall utIllie the land acqulsluon and other
sdversely snrcted by the prowîed regulallon files authar~tY der the mh ~nd wlldlue Act of 1958.
Iwllhh 15 days srter the dete Of Dubllcatton Of asamended. the Fish and Wlldllrc Cmrdlmtlon
senerai notlccl oblectlonr thereto and rcquestr a ~ct. as amended. and the Mlgratory BW Con-
public hesrlng themn. the SeRtarY may grsnt aervallon Act. arappmprlatc: nnd
(21 h euthotimd towqulre by purchaae. dom-
such TC~UCS~.but shall. Ir hc denies such rcqunt.
publlSh NS IC-N lhereror Ln the ~ed~ral tlon. or otheMe. lands. waters. or Inferest thcrc-
Re~hter. ln. and aueh aulhorlty shnllbc ln addlllon toarip
(BI Netthel svbparagraph (Al or Uh paragraph Othe' land aeQuhitlon authority "-led Ln
lbl Rinds made availebk or suantto the and
nor rectlon 553 of ntle 5 shall apply uithe ea~e or
ewDr the ral~ow~ngregutatiom and any such reguls- and Water Conservation Fmd Ac1 of 1985. m
uon nhall. ai the dheretion of the Seeretary. lake amended, -Y beused for the ~wwse al wqululNiP GULF ( 'MAINS
Lands. aaters. or lnterlsts thereln under suh;mtlon are deemed bv the Sceretats io to endangerrd
la) ofth& section. tPuP.L. 93-205. f5. M. 28. 1973. or threntened. and har fumuhed s eapy of sueh
plan and P-am loserher ulth dl pertinent de-
87 Stat. 889.1
R.,-~**C~ IN *XT ~Lls Informntlon. and data reoverted to the
nui .na wad~ii. AC, of rose. .mendea. iercrrea smrelarr.
loin suhwc. 1.1(Il.U rlWsled touctlon 7.29 et W. of (3) the Sfste agencv h auvionzed to eonduci
,nu ,,,,o. Lnve~tlcnUon. tOdetermine the stntus and muire-
me n3h and wiiditic crnrd>n.tton kt. u nmended. menu for aurvlvail of resident amies of nsh and
rtlella6 tD3" IUOYE, (8)111.1, c11m1lle6 fais<Lton601
.t Cq O<th* ittl. wldlUe;
me MILI(Il.YI. cirisinito Eection 7ia et seqoroth* i+) the Stnte ancncy Isauthoflzed w estnblish
.....a pmgrams. lncludlng the ae~ui~itlon of land or
îqutic hab1te.t or uitprests therein. foithe con-
~rvation ofreident endnngered swis orthreat-
~ ~ ~
ened rwcles; and
E"ZCIN. DIII (51 ~mvklon h made for publicpartlelmUon in
SIetloD LLIeEILDcc. 21 lQ71.sr< iscllon 1of Pub. I. dedgnathg ~JldenC specis of flsh or wudlife sr,
93.205.Yf Out U i noLe undel YetlOn 16310, th" tltlC. endsngered or Vimtened.
Slcriow Romiro ro ir Ornn Srcnons
(d) :\Il-lion of fundr.
~stlon u mttrred to inurtton ,ml-o oi iarriiric. (11 The SNrctaw Ir authorlzed to pravlde man-
a 19~5.coowra~ion =iih thestiles. cisl ~ybtanee to any State. throwh iu reswetive
(a) Generally. SLJW a~Cnc~ ahicn hni eclomd ,<>l aa caprruliir
In carwlng out the Dmgram authorid by this anee8necL UYISUQ~~ LOs~ibiWtlon O! th& ~~Llon
chspter, the Seeretnry shall cmpemtc to the mad- Co .&%ut in dc,dor>mrnr of vruurainr for :lie con.
mm extent praetleable wlth the states. Sueh eo- ~ervation of endangercd and threatened îpeeier. me
Secretan. shall mnks an nlloçntion of appio~rlated
opratlon shall lnclude coruulfatlon wlth the States
concerned bcforc acqulrlng sny land or water. or In- 111116 . SUC~ Stntes bnied on consideralion of-
terest thereln. for the purpose of eonscrvins any en- A the lntprnaUonnl Commttmenta of the
dansemi swclea or thrcatpned apeelrs. Unlted Stntes te ~rotect endangered speeier or
threafened specler:
(b).\lanagementngreemtnls.
nie Secretam may enter lnto agreements with (BILhe rendInes of B Stnte to proçeed wlth a
any Statd lm theadmllilrtratlon and management conservation program conristent wlth the oblee-
of !LW area established for the conscrvetion of en- tives and pummcs of thia chapter;
ICI the number of endangered specles and
dangerrd speeler or threatcned rpeeies. rrny reve- threalened speclcr wlViln a Stak;
nuesderlvcd [rom the sdmliilrtmtlon of rueh areas
under thes agmmenk shnll bc rubleet w the pro- ~UI the wlcniial for rrawnng endangered apo-
Yl~lOnr>of rn'uon 715s of thh tllb. CLCIand lhreateced IWO*? n~lhln B stat~ e&i
the ml=ll*e U~.O~C~ IO LIIIII.~a .or~.rnm
(.) Cm~er.lir..Ir.rm.nls. to restore and proteet an rndangered srnies or
111IurIh~m~e of the purwws of th13 chaplrr.
the *retan. 1sauthon4 to enter ln10 a coopera- threatened spn'ls In term of rurvlval of the
smtes.
UIe WCCmCnI in %cordancc aiih lhir section aiih SO much of any appmmated funds aillocated for
Srate which stablhhcr and mantalns an =de- ~bllgaU0n toany Stste for any nresl year rnre-
quate and active pmmam for the eonrenlauon of mains unobli~ated nt the elme thereof ir author-
endangered rpeclrs and thrcatened r~eeles. Within
one hundrcd and twenty dam @ter the Secretan. i~ed to be made avnilnble to that Sfate until the
elme of the succrrdlw flsenl year ~ny amount al-
recelves a certined COPY of sueh e pra~osed state Iw*t~d in any Siate uhich 1sunoolignwd nt tkreiid
Pmsram. he shall make a determlnatlon whether 01th? pend dunng uhich ii ü u%ui.aole for ex'end-
such Pmgram 1s In accordance ulth this ehapter. uure ri aufhoruhl to be made 1i.9119ble for ex-
Unles, he detemillies. Dursuant to thlr subsectlon.
Denditure by Lht Seeretzri ln mnducting p m
that the Statepmgram Ïr not In aecordanceu4th th18 under Uils wuon.
ehapter. he ahall enter lnto a ewperatlve agree- (21 Such uaperatlve nsreements shdl pmvide for
ment with the State for the .-se al asristlna in (A) the action. to Lx taken bv the Smrelarr and
implemrntation of the Sblc pmsram In order for a
stsw program tobe dmmcd an adrquate and active the States: IBI the bencnu that are expected to bc
defived In eonnretlon wlth the s~wrvation of en-
Prwrsm for the eonacmalion of endanger- socci~r dangered or threatened swier; CC1 the ertlmated
ind threatened rpeele8. the Secretaw 'ut nnd. and emt of thereactlonr: and iDl rheshsreof auehemts
amu& IherEBfler reconf)mi ruch nndinp. that un-
der the State prwram- to be borne bu the Fedcmi Goremment and by the
(11 avthorlty mides In Vie States agenw w States exeept mat-
(1, Vie Fedeml share of ruch pmgram cmts
CD-rve rnidmt smles of llsh or adlue der-
mined bv the State wency or the 8eeretan. to be rhall not cxeeed 86% per ecntwn of the esumated
endangemi orth-tcned: PI^ C-1 stated In the ancement; and
(2) the State apcnc~ha5 etabilshed aeeept- 111) Ihe Federnl shnre may be lned to75
able ccnservallon pm-, corulstent *th the wr centun aihenever two or more Siatn having a
puriabes md pollcies 01 thls cha~te~ for al1 r-1- cornmon merest ln one or more endangerd or
dent rwles of flsh or ulldllfe In theState which thre~tened rwles. the conservation of which may .OF THEUNITED STATES
lx enhaneed by eooperation of rueh States. enter emergency exista wslng aslrnincant mk to the
jolntiy into an agreement u-ith the Seeretary. well-king of sueh sweles and thatthe pmhlbi-
~he seeretary may, in hü düeretlon. and under tiou must be appiled to protect such srnios.
SUC~ niles and regulauons ar; he may prescribe. The Seeretary's Andlng and publleatton may te
sdv~nee funda to the Stase for mancing the United made wlthout regard to the ~ublic hesrlng or
States pro rata siare agreed uwn In the mperative comment piovlslons of section 553 of lïtle 5 or
any other provision of thls ehs~ter: but such
weement. For the purposes of thh section. the
non-Fedrral sh- mau, In the dlwretion of the prohibition shaill exrilre 90 dam alter the date
Seeretary. be in the fom of monev or reu PmpertY. of lia imwsttion uni- the Secretary further
the value of which aiil be detemuned by the Sec- extends sueh pmhlbltlon bv publlshlng notice
retarv.whose declsion shall be flnal. and a rtatemcnt of Juriiüieatlon of such
extellsim.
(r) Rerier of Stale programs.
Any action taken by the Secretary under thls (hl Keguialionr.
section shdl be subieet to hh peiiadlc revlcw at no ~he Sec- ta authortzd to pmmvlgste sueh
greater than annual intervals. regulstionî as may be sppmprlate to e- out the
provisions of thü section reiating to Rmclal dst-
(1) Conflictr betrern Fcdeial and Statelaws. ance to Stater.
Any State law or regvlatlon whlch applies wlth
respect to the Imwrtation or exwrtatlon of. or (i) Authoriralion or appropriationa.
For the purnoses of th& seeuon. the= is author-
interstate or foreign commercein. endangerd spe- lzd to be appmpristed through the r7sce.ly- end-
cin or threatened specles is vold to the extent that ing June 30. 1911.not to exceed $10,000,000. iRib.L.
it may effectively il) permit what is pmhlbited by
this chapter or by any regulatlon whleh impiementa 93-205. $6. Dee. 28. 1913. 81 Stat. 889.)
this chapter. or i21 prohlbit what 1sauthorizd pur- En-E DITE
mant to anexemption or permlt provlded for In thls 8cetlon oneetbc OIE.23. 1073. eorrstlon18 ofPub.L.
chanter or in anyiegulation whieh impiementa thls 83.206.Yt out asD note under luctlon cdUU tltlo.
azmon Rrriiniom x i CrrriBmions
chapter. This chapter shall not othetvhe be con-
stnied to vold any state law ar regvlation whlch is 1540. 16.1olULU tlUC.rstdoLneetlona 8Md. 1653, 1638,
intended to conserve miaratom. resldent. or htm-
CUC~ nsh or a,ldli!r or to i>errn!orvroNbll sale 51536.Inferagancy cooperalion.
u' .drh nsi, ~r uildiife An) Staw iar or &ntio:i
re..elln~. the takm~ 01 an endannerd iaçier or me secretary shaU review other pmgm adrmn-
threatened speeirs may be mare restrictive than the htercd by hlm and utlllze sueh pmamr lnfurther-
ance 01 the Purmes of thh cha~ter. Al1 othcr
exemptions or permit6 provided for in thls chapter Federal departmenta and agenela shall. lnconmita-
or in anv regulation whleh implemenia Vils chapter tien wlth and with the esbtanee of the Seeretary.
but not iess restrictive than the prohlbltlons s+ utllize thelr authoritlerIn furtherance of the pur-
denned.
- if INS ChaPtel 0s Cwlng out Pl'wl'Um for
CL.)Transilion. rhr cumenailon of cndwcmd rwin and tmt-
il1 FOI purma of thi. subseetlon. the tem eced specles 11ted PUI\U~III w secilon 1533 of (Ns
"eJtabllrhmenL petiod" means. %?th respect toanv titie &d bv ta*lng rvch action necesîary to Lnr-
State. the perlad beginnlng on Deeemhr 28. 1913. chat actions authorised. funded. or med out by
and ending on whichever of the foliomng dates flrst them do not Jeopardlze the continued exlstencs of
sucherdangeled rpeeios snd ihmaiened rwier or
oceurs: (Al the date of the close of the 120-day
petiod foliowlng the adjoument of the Arst Rgular rrut in Che dertruclion or madineaiion of habitai
session of the Le$islature of sueh State whkh eom- uf ruch svrrin rhich L?dctenlned by <heSeercUru.
menees alter December 28. 1973. or BI the date of alter consvltation arappropriate wlth the aected
the ciose of the 15-month petiod follouing Decem- States, to be critical. im. L. 93305. $ 1.Dec. 28.
ber 28. 1973. 1913.87 Stat. 892.) -
(2) The Dmhlbitionr set forth ln or authorized
m7.CT.Y. DIT.
PUrSUant to Sectionî 1533(d) and 1538ia) il) tB) of SnrlM aSeettreM. 28. L019.sccectlon LBO< Pub.L.
thir tltle shall not awiy wlth rawt to the Wng 83-205. ef ouf n8 a intaunder scetlon1631 of thb UtIo.
of any resident endangemi mies or th-tened
species tother than srnia listed In Appendlr I to 5 1537.International cooperition.
the Convention or othemise swifleally covered by (a) Finineial assistnncr.
any other tmty or Federal lawl uithin any Statc AS a demonstmtion of the mmrmtment of the
rnited States u> the wridridc pmmtlai of cn-
(Al which ü then a Party to a cmperatlve
agreement with the Seeretary pursuant to subsec- dangrrd species ar.d ihreaicned mectes the Reri-
Lion ici of thls section texcppt to the extent that dent ina~. suOle~I to the vro5iuonrof vction 124
th? taking of any sueh rpeeies h eontrary to the of TII:~ 31 US forelm rumencies acçmuig u. the
law of sueh Statel : or un:ted Stam Mverrmrnt under the mrultd
(BI eicept for any time uithin the estabilsi- ~rlde Derelopment ar.d Nrutanre Aei of 1954 or
ment peilod when- any other law to pmvide toanu foreim country
(il the Secretam appiies such pmhibitlon to idth ita consent) ar;sistanee in the develoPment and
sueh specia at the requeJt of the state. or management of prom In that country whleh the
iii) the Secretary applies such prohibition Secretm detemlnes to be necesran orusful for
alter he flnds. and pubihhes hls Andinp. that an the conservatla af anv endanserd -los or GULFi
threatened rpeela lhted by the SnretarV pursuant The Preridenl shall ilso dslgnate the agenda
rhlehshall act on behalf ol and repreront the Unlted
to yetlon 1533of thk litle. The Pmidcnl sMI Dm-
vlde aslJtanee twhlch ineludes. but 1snot llmlted to. States h al1 regards as rcqulred by the convention
the ~ulsltlon, by 1- or otherwlse. of lands. on Nature RoUxtlon and Wlldllfe Prcservation Ln
wnten. or lntere~td VIC~L~I to forelgn wuntnes the Western Hemlsphcre. <Pub. L. 93-205. $8.
under tm section under ruch te- and conditions Dec. 28, 1913.81 SOit. 892.1
he deem aypmpnate. menever forelm eur-
RmraE7.C.s i* N T
reneles am ausillable for the pmvlslon of aukfanec The A8110YltYI.I"aee OIYIIOPment and Aststince
Act 01 105I. IeIDIIILIO In $uboec. I.1. Is clrrsme IO
VCllOn 1681 si t2g O!Tl%!( 1. ApIcuIture.
(b) ~ncourapcmcnt of forei~nproKramS.
II~order 10earry out furthcr the provlslans of tNs
chapter, the Sccretsn. through the SecretarY of
State. shall eneourast (a) Geneially.
111 forelm countrles to provlde for the ;on- <II Exeept as omvldcd in sectlanr 1535ig1(21
servatlon of nsh or wlldllfc lnsludlnp cndanprred and 1539of thlr tlllc. rlth rermct to anvendanacred
specles and threakncd spcelcs llsted ounuant to rDecies of nsh or rlldllfe llsfed pursuam to Muon
sectlon 1533of th11tftle: 1533of lhls tltleIfIs unlawf~l for anyperson rubleet
(21 the entenng Lnto of bllatcrsl or multliateral 10 the iurlsdlçtlon of the unltcd States &
agreements with forelzn eountrles to pmvide for (Al LmPirt any such specle~ into. or export any
SUChEONervBtlOn: and such sPecier from the Unltcd States:
(31 forelgn personr who dlreztly or IndirccflY <BI take nny such s~eclcs iIlthh the Unlted
take nsh or wlldllfe In forelm countrlcs or on the Starcr orthe unimrisl wa ol inr um*d stalcs.
hlgh seas for lm~ortatlon ln10 the unlted States C takt any SYC~ SWCICS ~wn the hlsh SCB,.
for eommerelal or ofher purposes to develop and 11 POUCI< seIl deI.~er carri transwrt. or
out wlth ruch asslrtanee as hr mav provlde. shl~, by any meam rhalroever. sw sueh speelps
eonscrvatlan practlccs dalmrd to enhanec sucli taken Ln vlolatlon of rubparagraphs (BI and (ci:
nsh 01 wlldllle and thrlr habltat. (E) deIlver. T~CEIVC earry, transport. or shlp b
(r) Pcraonn~l. Lnterrtate or forelm commerce. by sny means
N~CI ~on~ultatlon *th the Sccretsry of State. the rhaUoever and ln the courre of cornerclal a-
tlvlty,BW such spceler:
Secritan> msv- (FISeIlor onerfor sale ln fnkrrtate or forelm
(Il &SI& or othclaiw d a avallable any of- commerce any such specler: or
nceror empioue of hlsdepartment for the pume
of cmperatlw wlth Iorelm eountrler and Interna- (01 vlolste any regulstlon pertalnlng ta ruch
tlonal omanlratlons ln dcvcloplng personnel re- IP~CIFSor to any lhrcatencd spcelei of mh or wlld-
Ille liifed purruant to rrctlon 1533 of this tltte
sourcs and Dmarsms whleh promolc the corner- and Pmmulgatcd by the Secretan purruant to
v~tlon of nih or alldllfc; and authoiity ~rorldcd by fhlr chapter.
(2) eonduct or Provlde nnanclsl arilstanee for
the edueatlansl tralnbg of forclm pcnonncl. in 12) acem as ~rovlded ln seçtlons 1535<ei(2) and
tNs countn or abroad. in nih. wlldllfc. or Plant 1539 of thk tltlc. rlth respect to any endangered
management. rcrearch and law enforcement and speeler of plants lhted purruant to secllon 1533 of
thistitle.Il kunlnaiul for nny perwn sublcet io the
10 rcnder Profculonal asslrtnnee abrosd In rueh Jurlrdicllan of the Unlted States b-
m*tters. (Al Import any sueh speelrs hto. or eimrt any
Cd) Inre.li..tion..
such s~eêlesfrom. the Unlted States:
Nter eonrultatian rlth the secretan of state and (BI deIlver. rezelvr. carn. tranrr>ort. or ~hl~Ln
the Secretan of the lieasun. as sppraprlate. the lnterrtate or forelm commerce. by aw meam
Snretan may conduct or cnuse to be conduetcd whatsoeuer and In the coune of a eommcrelal ae-
such law enforcement lnvestlgatlonr and rcrrarch tlvltyany rueh speeles:
abrosd 8. he deems "censan to carry out the pur- ICI se11or aner for sale in lnterrtate or forelm
Piser of thls chaptcr.
commerce anY rueh specler: or
(e) canrrntinn impl.mrnti,ion. (Dl violate any rcsularlon prtalnlng torvch
The Prcrldmr Isauthonrcd and dlrccted to dcsle- s~ezlesor IO B ~ rhrcatened smler of Dlants Ilsted
PYISYB~~ to acetlon 1533 of thls tllle and pramul-
nete agencles to aet as the htanagement ~uthorlty Kated by the Secretary pursuant tosuthonty pn>-
01 Authorltles and,the 8elenllnc Authorlty or Au- vlded bu liilschapter.
thoiltles pursuant to the Convcnflon. The agencles
so dcslgnated =hall thcrenflcr bc authoilzed to do
*II tNnb-s aulmcd 10 thcm under the Conientlon.
LncludLn~the irruancc of ~crmllr and ceitinestei. The provbloni of thh aectlon shall no1 amb to
The egcncr dcslmated by the Prcsldcnt tocom- any nsh or rlldllfc hcld h captlvtty or ln a eon-
munlcate rlth othcr pailles to the convention and trollcd environment on mcemhr 28. 1913. 11 the
*th the Snretariat shall slsobe em~oweied. rhcrc PUTPOS~S of IUC~ holding are no1 contran to the
~~pro~rlatc. in eonrullatlon rlth the Stnte De~arf- DYIPOS~I 01 th13cha~ter: exeept thst thlr svbrectlon
ment. to act on hhalf of and represcnt the Unlted $hall not a~ply In the case of any Ash or wlldllfe
States ln al1 regards as requlrcd by the Canvcntlon. held In the course of a commcrclal actlvlty. Wlth i6331 ANNEXES TO MEMORlAl LOF THE UNITEDSTATES 291
respact to any aet prohlblted by thls sectlon whlch tlon 1533 of thh tltle ss endangemd or threatened
meun sfter a perlod of 180days from Dnemkr 28. smln. and (21 are ImDarted for .vm.es of human
1913,there shall be a rebuttable prerumptlm that or anmal consmpt~on or taken in rswn undci shc
the Rsh or wlldllfe involved In sueh eet wss not held ~ur~~dl~ttonof the Umud Stawi or on the hlgh aras
in captlvlty or in a controlled envlronment on De- 101 re-xeauonnl . . or ulaiiu tnfall to nle
cembcr28.1973. any dnlarstlon or report as the 8eereta-j deems
neceu~m to facllltate enforcement of thh chapter
(d Violation of Convention.
(11 Il h unlawful for any person subleet to the orto meet the obllgatlons of the Conuentlon.
~urlsdletlon of the unlted states to mpage in MY (0 Deaipalion of porta.
tmde in any spnlmenr contram to the Pmvlstons (11 It 1s unlawfuf for anu penon sublst to the
of the Conventlon. or to pmsns B~Y spelmens traded lunsdletlon of the United States to imoort mto or
eontrary to the provisions bf the Conventlon. Indud- exmrt from the Unlted SlsM any fL<hor niid11fe
lng the dennltlom of te- in BNcle 1 themf. "thcl khan shelln<h aiid mhcw produce shlch Ai
(21hnv. lma.rtatlon into the Urilted States of Ash areno,llsled ounuani Io section1533of th>>t,llc as
orwildlife shall.U- endangerd apsln or threatened speles. and (Bi
(A) ruch Rsh or wildiife h net an endangerd are lmported for Winwses of hwnen or animal con-
speein ltrted pursuant to sectlon 1533of thh title rumptlon or taken in waters under the Jurlsdietlon
but h Ihted In ~ppndlr n to the Convnitlon. or the Urilted Statesor onthe hlgh seasfor mm-
<B)the tamg and eiportatlon 01 such fllh or tlonal purpises) or planta.excePt at a port or ports
wildlife 1s not eontmm to the Drovlslonr of the dedmated bb the snrctary of the Interlor. For the
Convenuon and al1 other applicable mlrements pume of facllltatlng enforcement of thh chapter
of the Onvrntlon have been ~at&fld. and rdvcing the costrthereof. the Secretam of the
(Cl the applleable mqulremene of subseetlom Interlor. with approval of the 8cemtam of themps-
(dl. (el. and If) of thls sntlon have beensalis- UIY and dter notice and opportunlty for PU~UC
Red. and heartne. may. bu regulatlon. deslpnate ports and
ID) SUC~ lmpoltstlon Isnot made in the course change rueh dwlpnatloni. nie Secretam of the In-
of a commercial actlvlty. tellor. under sueh te- and eondtuons as he rnaU
be prwumed to k an lmmrtatlon not In vlolauon of preacrlbe. may permlt the Importauan or exwrta-
anuprovblon of thh chapter or any reBulatlon f- tlon at nondejlgnated ports In the Internt of the
Suedpunuant to thls ehapter. health or aafety of the nsh or wildiife or ~lantsor
foi Other marom. If. Uihi$discretlon. he denu lt
cd)lmports and exporta. appmprlate and conslatent wlih the purnose al thh
(1) ~t h unlawful for any penon to engage In 8ubsnti0".
business BI enlmmlter or ermrtcr of Ash or wild-
Uie rothn than shellAsh and Ashem produce whlch (21 ~ny port deslgnated by the Secretam ofthe
[Al are not llrted pursuant to reetlon 1533 of thla Interlor under the authorlty of section BBBcM (dl
of thls tttle. shall. If such derlgnatlon f ln enect on
tltle as endangered speles or thmatened speln.
and iB1 are ImDorted for purnoses of human or
animal eonsumptlon,or taken in waters undrr the
Jurlsdieuon of the uriltcd States or on the hlgh r- whe provldn.
for mreatlonal pums, or Plants without Rrat
havtn~ obtained prmlslon fmm the Secretary. Violations.
(21 Any Denon rwulred ta obtaln pennlslon un- It 13unlawfuf for any ls~n sublnt to the JuN-
der parawph (1) of thfs subseetlon shall-
<Al keep rueh mords as will fullu and carrntly
disclme each Importation or exwltstlon of Ash.
iuudllfe. or plants made by hlm and thesubscguent $9m . . 28. 1973.81 Stat. 893.)
dhm~ltlon made bv hlm with respect to iuch ïsh. -.*cm inTX.7
wildllfe. or plane; acs«on wra-lml oi thlr tmc. renmd toin au-.
181 nt 811re-nable tlmes upon notlee by a Ill Illwu rcp.lcd bysection 1,ofPub.L. 09-106.
dufy authorlzed representative of the Snrrtam. -W. Dm
mord such reprcsentatlve aeeerrto hl5 Placer of Srstloneflestlua.. S. 1013. rcarcflonIOofPub.L.
busInes. an o~mrtnnfty to examine hh inven- DJ-105.tout Y. noir unaer aestlon ,531 oc thls tlU<.
tow of lrnmrtrd nsh. wlidllfe. or plants and the
mords mulred to k kept Under sub~aragra~h
(Al of th15 ~aragr~ph. and ta eoW rueh mords:
and
ICI me iueh reports ss the Seeretary may m-
gvlre. nie ~crreiar/ may ylmiii wider suçh temu and
(3) nie Sceretary %hallprcscrlk ruch redulatlons COO~LLIOP 8~ he rnay pmrrlbe. a>* act olherpUc
as arc necessary and appmprlate to carry out the
pumosn or thlssubsectlon. prohlb~wd by reeilon 1538of thir uiic forac>cniins
pwmes or to rnhanee the propagation or survlval of
(e) Reports. the annted spnles
It 1sunlawful for sny prsm Immrting or rrmrt- (hl Hardrhipei<m~tions.
Ing Ash or wlldilfe <othcr than rhellAsh and Ashcry (11 II any person entera lnto a contraet with re-
produets whlch (1) are not listed Dursuant to sn- spect toa specles of nsh or wlldllle or plant beforc ANNEXES TO MEMORll iLOFTHE UNITED STATES
RErn5Nclr m "brr such order of the court may be Dunhhed by auch
SeetLon 668c-3 ol rhlatlle. relcrrad$0In subrc. Ib). courts a cmtempt thcreof.
w.4 rrpsnltd by Icctlon 14of Pub.L. 83-205.
(b)Criminal riolntionr.
Ermrwl: DArr
Secrlon enectlvlme. 28. 1973. are secti16 olpub. L.
93-205. I(Ouf aa inoir unacr rçflon 1531al thla tltlr.
SrcTiori Rrrrlim ro iN Olnn S-IONS ~.
mis section iarcirrrrato inaeetion ,538or ,nir titis. Issued In order to Lmplement subsectlon (8) 11) (A).
(BI.(Cl. ln). (El. or (Pl: 18112) (A). 1B). or (Cl.
g15.fO.Penalties and enforcement. ICI. (dl lother thsn a regulatlon relatlng torecord-
keeping. or Rling of reports). (Il, or cg) of sectlon
(a) Civil p~naliiaî.
ili A~Y Derson who knowingly vlolates. or who 1538 of thh tltle shall,upon conviction. be llned not
kn~wlngly eommits an act ln the eourre of a com- more than $20,000 or imprlsoned for not more than
mercial aetivity whlch vlolates. any provlslon of thir oneYear, or bath. My person who wiilfully cornmita
chapter. or any provision of any peniiit or cer- an aet whleh violates any provlstons of sw other
reaulation hsued under thls chapter shall. vpan cm-
tintate issued hereunder. or of am repulation
lsued in order to impiement subseetion (al il) (A). viction.k Aned not more than $10.000orimpnaoned
<BI.ICI. CD). (El. or IF). 1@.)(21(Al. iB). or (Cl. for not more than SIX months, or bath.
CC). id) Iother than regulatlon relatlna to reeord- (2) The head of w Federal agency whleh han
keeplng or Aling of rewrtsl, (1) or (al of section lsrued a lease. Hcense, pernilt. or other agmment
authorlzing the u~eof ~eded lands. Lncludlng gr=-
1538of this title. ma? be asressed a civil penalty bu
the SecretarY of not more than $10.000 for each Ing of domestlc Ilvestoek. to any person who 1s con-
violation.Any person rho knowingly violates. or who vlcted of a edmhal violatlon of thh chapte? or any
knOalngly eommits an act in the courre of a corn- reaulatlon. Permlt. or certifleate lssued hereunder
merclal activity whieh violates. any provision of any maY lmmedlately modify. suspend, or revoke eafh
other regulation issued under tNs ehapter may be Lease. Ucensc. permlt, or other agreement. ~he Bec-
assessed a clvll penalty by the Secretary of not more rrlary \hail alu suspriid for a uenod of uv toanc
than $5.000 for eaeh such vlolation. An? person who YPII. Or CanCCI. any Fcdcral hirnling or nshlng pcr-
otherrise violates any provirion of this ehapter. or miu or rlsimllrlrrued to any penon ah0 13çonneted
any regulatlon. permit. or certlncate isued here- of B crimlnal riolatlon ofw provlslon of thh ehsp-
under. mau be assessed a elvil penalty by the Seere- ter or anY regulatlon. permlt. or cet'tlncate lsrued
hereunder. The Unlted Statea shall not be Ilable for
taw of not more than $1.000 for eaeh ruch vlolatlon.
No Penalty may be assessed under thh subseetion the paymenis of any compensation. relmburscment.
unlesr SUC~ perron is given notlce and oppartunlty or damages 1ii conneetion with the modmcatlon.
for B heanng with respect to sueh vlalatlon. Each SYIP~N~O~. or revacetlon of sny le**. Uee-S. per-
vlolatlon rhall be a separate onense. MY such elvu mits. stamm, or other agreementrpursuant to thla
sectlon.
penalty may be remitred or mitlgated by the Secre-
tal~ UDO~anv fallure to ~ ~v a i~enalt., assescd (cl Districicour1 jurisdiclion.
under this subsectlon. the Secretam may request the The several dlstrlct courts of the United Staks.
Attorney Genersl to lnrtitute a elnl sctlon In a db- includina the courte enumerated In sectio4n 60 of
trlet court of the unlted States for anvdlstrlet In
Tltle 28. shall have jurl~dtctlon over any acttons
whlch such person 1s found. resldes. or tramacts B1111naunder thls chapter. For the PurPose of thla
bu~mess to collect the penalty and sueh court shall chapter, Amerlcan Samoa shall be lncluded wlthln
have iurlrdiclion to hear and deelde any sueh actlon. the judlelal dhtnct of the Dlrtrlct Court of the
The eout shall hear sueh action on the record made Unlted States for the Distrlet of Hawaii.
before the Secretam and shall sustain hls aetlon If It
<dl Rawirdi.
1s su~~orted hy substantlal evldence on the record Upan the rccommendatlon of the Wretaw, the
eonsldered as a whole. Secretary of the Treasuw is authorlzed to pw an
2 Hcarlnea held during 2mcrcdin~s for the a>-
~c%vnent 01 riil1 yînalues acthortzîd by ~aragraph amount equal to one-haif of the clvil penalty or nnc
I OC ths rubsert.nn .liailk runaucicd in accord. pald. but not to exceed $2,500, ta any person who
aneewlth seetion 554 of ntlc 5.~he Seeretary may furnlshes Information whtch lead? to a Rndlng of
civil vlolation or a convletlon of a crlmlnal volation
Issue sub~cnas for the attendance and teaumony of of aw provsion of tNs ehapter or anY regulatlon or
witnesses and the produetlon of relevant papers.
books. and documents. and admlnister oaths. Wlt- permit iswd thereunder MY O ~ C ~or CmploYCCof
"esses Jwnmoned shall be pald the same fen and the Uciied States or of eiu Siew or local govern-
mileage that are paid to wltnesses in the courts of ment ah0 furn:rhcs rrilormslion or rcndcra service
In the periamanee of hts ombl dutles shall not te
the Unlted States. In case of eontwnacy or refusal to ellgible for payment under Vilsaectlon.
obeY a subpena served uwn any person Pursuant to
this paragraph. the dirtrlct court of the Unlted Cr) Enfarcemenl.
States for any dlrtiiet ln wmeh such perscnis found 11) The pmvlslons of thls ehapter and any rem-
or reslde5 Or tramacts bwlness. uwn a~~llcation by latlom or ~emilte bsued purswnt thereto shaIl te
the United States and alter notice to such person.
enforeed by the Secretam. the Seeretaw of the
$hall have iurisdietion to lsue an order requlrlng Treasury. OF the Wretaw of the Department In
îueh person to appear and give testimony before the whieh the Coast ~uard h opcrating, or dl auch See-
Secretam or to appear and produce daments te- retanes. Eaeh suchSecretam maY utUlre b~ asree-
fore the Seeretary. or bath. and any fallure to obey ment,wlth or wlthout relmbursemrnt, the personnel.servlee~. and faellitleOC any Other Federni agent? or by the Secretary or by saeh versons as he ma?
deriznate.
any swite ageney for purporer of enfomi?r! thir
chapter. (O Hemlations.
12) The judger of the district courts 01 the United The Secretam. the SecretarY of the Treasury. and
stawr and the united States magistrates may, the Seeretw of the Department In whieh the Coast
~~thrn thelr respec~iue ~utisdiet~ons. uwn ProPer Guard Is operatlng, are outhorized to promulgste
or ammation ahorlng probable came. Issue lueh regulatlons as ma? be appropriate to enforce
warrants or olher procesr as may be rmulred
this ehapter. and charge reasonable fees for er-
for enforcement of th& ehapter and any iegulation
isued theremder.
(31 NIy person authorlzed by the Secretary. the
secretam of the ~rezsury. or the secretary of the and wlth the tranrfer. board, handlIn8. o; storage
~e~~rtrnent in which the toast ~uard is overatina. of Rsh or wildlife or Planla and cvidentlary lrems
tO force thls chapter may detaln for inspectionand Jelzed and forfcited under thir chapter. AI^such fecs
lnrpet anv package. "rate. or other container. in- colleeted pwsuant to this rubseetion shall be dc-
cllidlng Its conteni.. and sill seeompanvmg docu- POIlted ln the hasury to the credll or the appro-
ments, uwn importation or erwrtation. Such ver- Priatlon whlch ISEument and chargeable for the cmt
so" may execute and serve sny arrest warrant. of flimishlng the sermeer.APProPrlatCd fun& may
rearch warrant. or other warrant or civil or ctimlnal
be cxpended pendhg relrnbUrsement fmm parties In
prmesr Issued by any meer or courtof competenl interest.
Junidlctlon for enforcernent of thls ehapler. Sueh (8) citiren ruits.
Derson M authotized may search and selre. with or il, EILECP~ as provldcd in parasraph <2>of thia
.~lhouL 11 marmnl ar authorilrd br Ina AnY fl'h
a'IlCI:!e urovrrt> or .teinÿ, .vlz?d rhall & held by ~ubseetlon anv person mav commence selvll sut on
my peJOn autkorver! b~ the Seçretnv the SrcrP- hb om behalf-
<Al ta enjoin any perron. ineluding the urilted
IB.~ O! the ~'TCB\UO orI~P secr~tan ~r the lkvuri- States and anu othcr govermental instrumen-
BCIII 111nh:ch the Co&<, ouard ir operatine Drnd:nS taiitv or sgencv ito the extent pemit~ by the
~JSOUSIUO~ 01 CIY~I QI cnmlnal orocrecinn- or icr
Institution of an actlon ln rem for forleltuie of such eleventh amendment ta the Constltutton). who b
M. wildiife. property, or Item pursuant to para- allcaed to beIn vlolstion of anv~rovblon of »ils
<hepter 01 regulstlon lssucd mder the authorlty
graph (4) of thb subaeccion; eiecpt that the Scere- thcmf: O,
tan may. in lleu of holding such nsh. wlldilfc. Dmp- <BI to eompei the secretam to apply. pur~uept
erty. or Item. permit the amer or eonrlgnee ta wst to reetlm 1535(g)(21 (B)tiil 01 this tlne. the pro-
a bond or other surety s~thfactory to the Secretsru.
(4) (Al All Ksh or wildllfe or planfs taken. pos- hibltions set forth In or authorlzed pursuant ta
aersed. sald. ~urchased. onered for sale or purchme. sectlon 1533id) or 1538ia) lII(B1 of th13tltlewith
ICIWE~ 10 the taking of any resldent endangered
trBRlDOcted.dellvcred. redued. eartied. shipped. er- Iveeles or threatened spccier wlthin mu State.
w*d. 01 lmwrted eontrary tothe provlrionsof thlr The district cour*shall have i~dletlon. wlthout
cha~ter. any reguiatlon made pursuant theretn. or regard LO th* annomnt 111 COII~IOYCIIYor the citizen.
any permit or eertineate irsued hereunder shall be
subject to foifeiture to the Unlted States. Shln 01 the Iiarlics !O rcfortr anY svch proiiuon or
lB1 All mns. traP3. mi..and other egulvment. re~unc~rn 8, Ih? Case tnaY br In aol elrll sull
rummcnrrd under s~bibuaraarnrih B ihc dlririci
vessel~ vehl~le~.aireraft. and other means of trans- cous .niIl rompel rhe Scrriary IO amlv the pro-
vortstlon used fo ald the taklnp. wssesrlng. selllng. h~btt~o~r04pl.t 11the court end;\ Ihal the alrastion
~urchasing. oflering foi Sale or purchase. transwrt-
ing. dellvenng. reeelving. cnrrying. ship~ing. erwrt- that an emcrgcney exlrtr 1ssUDPorted by Iubltantlsl
0.. 01 ImDortlna of anv nsh or wildlife or olant. In evldenee.
~ - ~ ~ ~. 121(AI NO action may becommeneed under sub-
vloiatlon orthis ehapter. anv mgulatlon made pur- Paragraph illlA> of thisseetion-
suant thereto. or any permit or eertlncate issued (il pnnr tos1x.t~ days alter wltten notice O!
thereunder shali besubjeet to forfeiture to theUnited the violation has bec" men lo the Seeretary. and
Stetei uwn eonuietlon of a erimlnal violation pur- 10 any alieged vlolator of any rueh pmvldon or
suant to svbseetlon <b,(Il of thls sectlon. regulatlon:
151 A11prDVlJlons 01 law relaflng to the seizure. III)If the Secretarv has eommeneed action ta
forfelture. and eondemnation of a vesiel for rlolat>on lrnmse a penalty pursuant tosubsetlon cal of
thfs section: or
of the customr lawr. the disDosilion of such vesse1or
the procceds from the sale theieof. and the remisslon llltl if the Unlted States has eommeneed and 1s
or mitigatlon of sueh forfeiture. shall apply to the dlilgently prosecuting a erlrnlnal aetlon lna eowt
01 the unlted states or a State ta rednrs a v~ols-
selzurer and forfeiture~ incurred. or alleged to have tlon ofany svch provirion or regulatlon.
ken Ineurred. under the provisions of thls cha~ter. (8) NO action may be eommeneed under sub~ara-
lmfar as sueh provisions of law are appl~cablc and graph illiB1 of thhreetlon-
not Inconsirtent Mth the provlsionr of th& chapter;
11) plior to Iixty days elter written notlcc has
excevt that al1 wwers. rlghi.. and dulles conferred been given to the secretam settlng forth the rea-
or imw~ed by the euitomr Lawsupon any omcer or sons wh~ an emergency 1s thought to exist with
emPloYee of the Trearury DeDanment shall. for the respect ta an endanaered slieeies or a threatened
purposes of this ehapter. be ereicised or perfomed
SDRI~S in thc State eoneerned: or ANNEXES TO MEMORlAl.OF THE UNITED STATES 295
The TutII Act O! 1830. TeICrrtd$0 in Iubaee. (hl.$8
liil if the Seeretary has commeneed and Lsdiil- claulnsd ta sertion 1202 of wq. ol Tltlr 1s. Curtornr
gently prosecuting action under section 1535igl DUflCS.
(21 ,BI (iil of this titie to determine whether anY E-va DA=
such emergeney exists. SIEtbTi tneçtlve Dlc 18.1973.ace =ctlan LIol Pub.L.
(3) (Al AnY suit under this rubsection may be 03-205. xt outars no* under sectton 1531 or thxr tnk.
browht in the judiclal district in whieh the viola- 9 1541. Endnnîered planls.
tion oeeun.
(BI In sny such suit under th& subsection Ln Ihe Seeretam of the Smithsonlan Institution. In
CDnlwletiDn with other affeeted ageneies. is author-
which the united stater is not aParty. the Attorney ized and dirceted to revlew (11 rpecies of plan*
~eneral. at the repuest of the Seeretary. may Inter-
vene on behaif of the United States as a matter al whleh are nowor mau bffome endangered or threat-
ened and (21 methods of adwuately eoruerving such
nsht. speeier. and'to report to Convesi. within one year
141 nie court, in issuing any flnal order In any
suit brought pursuant to paragraph (11 of this sub- alter December 28. 1873, the rps~lh d ruch rwlm
ineiuding recommendatiom for mw iegi~lation or
section. ma? award eosts of litigatlon iineluding rea- the amendment of exhtinp Icgidation. (Pub. L.
sonable attorney and expert wltness lees) to anY
riarty, whenever the court determines sueh award is 93-205. 5 12,Dec.28.1973.87Stat.~01.1 '
E-Y. DIT.
Bppmllrixte.
151 me injunctive relief DrovidW by this subrec- SLetlDn eflLaLvI DOS.28. 1073.YO mstlon 16 DI Pub. L.
83.206. *t out a8 8 note unorr sectlen 163, or th- rltls.
tion ihau nat restriet anv~ ri~ht whieh any Demn
(or ci- of LWSO~S) may have under any statute or 5 1542.Authorization al appropriations.
common law to seek enforcement of any standard ~rcept as authorized in section 1535 of this title.
or limitstlon or to seek anv other. relief (Including there are authorized to be nppmpriated-
rcllef against the Seeictaiy or a State apeney! (Al not to exeeed 14.W0.000 for fiscal year 1974,
no, to exc-rd $8000000 for ':cal year 1975 and
(hl Cnrdination rith olher 1arrr.
nie secretam of Aariculture and the Seeretam no,lo rxîcPa $IOOonnoo l~r Ilvai >car 1978. u,
$hail P~LIL~C for XIVIO:)TIP~C roordinnliun of Chead- cnalo the ue~artm~nc of ihc Iclcniir bc?irw out
sueh functions and resmnsibilities ar lt may have
m:ri.rlraIion of tu< cl.spwr uiliithe sdm.ii.i%tralion
~ ~t~ ~ ~imai duaranime l'rur sections loi to 105 ken siven under this ehapter; and
111 to nsb. and 612 to 614 of ntle 211 and section (BI not to execed $2,000,000 for Aral year 1974.
1306 of ntle 1s. Nothing in this chapter or anY $1,500,000 for fl~cal year 1915 and not to exceed
~m~ ~ ~ ~ m~ ~ ~ ~this Act shall be eonstrued as s2.000.000 for Ascal year 1976, to enabie the De-
partment of Cpmmerce to earm out such lune-
superseding or limitlng in any manner the func-
~LOR*OtIhe SÎC:CI?~IS OI A~~~UIIU;~ ucn~r iny oilier tio~ and re~~>~ibilitie as it maY have been
la* I~IBU~P O> yroh.oiled c.ireblncted ~mv~rtall~ns given under this chapter.
(Pub L. 93-205. 8 15. Dee. 28, 1973. 87 Stat. 903.1
nr ~oscss.on 01 ari:m~i* ard oihrr ini<.ri and co
pr~cerdlny UT deiermiiiaiinn vnder (hi5 rliajtershall E"VTIY. DATE
V~OC~L~C~ny ~iroceedi?~ nr br con5idrred deiri- srrrlon enectiucne. la. 1873.are wcflon 18 oc PUD. L.
93.~6. out "naLr-tmn ISBL tnla tttlr.
miiin!ivr <if any is<ue if l~ct or lar ni ery orwetd-
ing under any et adminirtered by the secAiar/ of siçrio>i Rvnlrn ro in Or"u< s-iorir
Agriculture. Nothing in this ehapter shall be con- Thls seclton Isrelrned toIn ~Iion ,637 of lhia tltlr.
strued as su~erseding or Iimiting in any manner the § 1543.Construction ~ith Marin< hlsmmai P~olrrtion
functlons and resmnrlbilities of the Secretary of the Act of 1972.
neasury under the hrl~ Act of 1930, including.
~xcelit as otherwlse provided Ln this ehaPtcr. no
w~thout lnnltation. s~tion 1521 of Title 19. relating provision of mis chapter shall take nreeedence over
~othe im~rtation of wildlile taken. killea. posser~ad.
or ex~orted to the United States in violation of the ~ny more restrictive contiieunp provision of the
~arine Mammal rotee et ion Act of 1972. (Pub. L.
iaw~ or regv~ations al a foreign country. (pub. L. 93-205. B 17.DR.28.1973.87Stat.903.1
93-205. 5 11. Uee. 28. 1013. 67 Stat. 897)
RrraaNcEs i" nir
The Manne Mimmsl Rotesflon Wf oc LWî. rilamd U,
Ln tcxt.I Pqb L 82522. Oct. ai. iQ72. 88 Stat 1017.
wnkn 19CI- IR^ U>secrion 1381 et m. ormta utle.
ErllCTlvr DITS
SCCtlOn clTectiucm. 28.1913. we mtlon IB olPub. L.
93.205, et out is under vctton ~UI oftnta t~tlc. 296 GULF OF MAINE
SICIIOXRmm?.m 10 rmOrnn Siniors
Thla Mtlon la mfcmd to Ln seetIona 1254. 1288.
12W Of thla tlth.
i 1316.Authoriutlon ofipproprl.liona
There are authorlzed tobe approprlated to
emY out thls ehapter. ather than sectlona
1254, 1255. 1256ta). 1257. 1258. 1282. 1263. 1264.
1265. 1286. 1287. 1288Cf) and (h). 1288. 1314.
1321(c). Id). (1).il). and(Li .321. 1325. md 1327
Of thls tltlc. $250.000.000 for the fW year
endlns June 30. 1973.1300.000.000 for the fM
Yeu endlnp June 30. 1974. and $350,000.000 for
the fW Yearendlnp June 30. 1875.
(June 30. 1918. eh. 758. tltle V. 0517. is added
Oet. 18. 1972. Rlb.L.92-500. 42. 88 Suit. 886.)
R.mana in nxr
Sdlon 12M al thliUtle. mfemd to tn tcrt. au
omftted fmm th.Code u ixmted.
CHAFTER Zl-OCEAN DUMPING
L*s.
1401. Canm~lonil fLndln#.palley. uid deeluitlon of
Dume.
1402. hfOltlo~.
SUBCHAPIER I-REOULATION
1411. R~hlblted .CU.
1412. Dum~Lnsmmlt pro-.
<il hvlmnmrnW Rolceblon Aceilcy pr-
ml,"
(bl Pemll otccodei.
Ir1 Sltc. and tlmei for dumplri..
<dl Rlh ristes.
ICI mmlm SU- P&U; ~p~nm.
1413. DvmP!JU pmll Dm- for Mped -(eu.
Ii) Iiauuicc bY8ecrcW of the hy.
tb, Inde~~ndent detcmhillon of n& for
(Junc 30. 1948. ch 158. tltle V. $516. as added dumDLnl. othcr meth& of d-.
Ort 18. 1912. Rib L 92-500. 02. 86 Stal 895. ~d .PPIOO~~LC 1-Llom
and amended Jan 2. 1874 Rib L.83-243. 44. 87 (II Duinrrmonc of~emnscnlor m.h de
Stat IO88 ) temllUllOn OfSCC..,.,. O~ ~~~ h V
(dl W.Iver of repulmmcnts.
A"IID".IIS
~w~~ubam. <b>.mb. L 83-243 dcslmited erlatlnc 1r1 Feterli1.rolma Lnvolvlngdmdped mi-
p-ph sapu. LI1uid cla.(1) U, (O .s <Alto <Di.
uid Uded PU. (2).
8100~ um Rnol, ro corrani ir Srcrrrrlr or
lnaiom or hnncilii W~ra Po~~urion
P.Jwa-r,on, COrnOL. r*n Aurnim Pn0c"Ars
(el Infomitlon for mvlrw uid euiluitlon
Of LDDIILItIOna.
~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~
181Dlspliy of luued prmlts.
Pcnillla.
<il hvevmLD1 Of Clvllpnilly by AdrmnL..
tnU,i: rrmlulon ormltlpitlon; murt
ietlon for wpmmatc mlbf.
(hl Clirmnil pciultlcs.
te1 se-fcoffcnur.
Id1 Inlunctlve rrllef.
~dv~rory 8m.m ln cxlstcnee on an. 5.1813. U, ter- 111Revantlon and suspînslon of vemits.
m~nate no1 later than the er~lrillon of the Lwo-yenr 181Clvilaulu by ~rlvate versons.
pilod lolloclnp Jan. 5. 1813. unleas. In theue of a ch) Emersencl*~. i4 101 ANNEXES TO MEMORIAL OFTHE UNITED STATES 297
srr
RVERENC~I IXhxr
1416 Reiarionshili to other iars. Th c
lai Voidlng or preeristing lieenses. na1ini- rArtpcmran.ne ~ub L O?-532 whwn cnscted or,$,
Ibl Actions under authority or iver riand
Harbors Act. II>LrhaDLer and <wi.oir>1431lu 1434ul TiLlr 16 Con.
(CI Imy>airment of navigation. Kr<BItYn
(dl Consistent Stale ~rograms.
tel ~xirting conservation I>TOW~M n~t ar-
reeted.
1417. Enlorcement.
(81 Utilizationor oiher deparlmenk. agen-
Cies.and imtlUmPntalllieS.
ibl Deleration or review and evalvation au-
thorily.
- <Cl SYNelllanCP and Othe1 enforeement ac.
CiVilY.
1118 Recuiatiom.
1419 Internationaleoo~eration.
1420. Authorization or iDDraDrialions. EmRlvl DITE 01 1914 UIRTDI~
1421. Annual report Lo Congres. Section 2 of Pub. L. 93-251 provldcd in part that
amendment or subsecr.(b) and [CIor thh seetion and
SUBCHAFTER II-RESEARCH oections 1402. 1411. and 1112l8). other than 1st un-
tence of ~ubsee. <s) .r th13 tltle. by Pub.L 03-25,
1441. Monitorin~ and research promam: reporta fo ahill becorneerrectlvc ~ar. 21.1911.
connres.
1442 ~esea;eh prousm respeetina Doalblc ionp SHORT TI~I
range errecm or pollution. overfkhhg. and
man-lnduced changes of oeeanmos?stem. Srciion 1 of IIib L 82 532Drouldrd l'i3st thrAct
Irnwlin8 Ihis rhamrr and wclionr 1131 to 1.34 of
Titi? 16 Consenai.on1 msY br iild ai the Marine
II1AMuai report roconmes. Prolcclion. RlSOarrl,. and SanctuariclArt of 1811
id) caoperation of other departrnents.
agenctes. Md IndcDcndcnf 1nrtr"rnen-
talitle% Ex. Ord. No. 11752.Dm. 17. 1873.38 PR. 34703.set
ce) Utlluatlon or ~>e~riruicl. setviees. and out B note undcr wetlon 4331 of mtle 42 ~he
raci~ities:~ntcr-weney weements. Public Health ad Wellarc. provides cor Lhc p;evcn-
1443. Coweration with public authoritiea. apeneies. tlon. eontrol. and abalement of envlronmcntil poilu.
and imtitutlons. prlvate igenelcs and Institu- tlan d rederal raelllles.
tlom. and Indlviduah.
1444 Authorlldllo~ of8ppmpriatlom.
CIIIrnUI Rmmm ro Ir orMo sarioms
~his chayiter h rercrrcd fo ln secclon 1503 or th&
Cifie: Lltie 42seetion 6905.
§ 1401.Con~s8ienii Ondin& poliry. ind declaralion
of purpose
(81 Unreguiated dumplng of materlal into
ocean waters endanaers human health. welfare.
al1 types of materials inti wean watersind to
prevent or strietly limit the dumping :nt0 oeean
waters of any materlal whieh would adversely
affect human health, welfare. or amenities. or
the marine environment. eeologieal systems. or
eeonomie potentialities.
.c, 1, I\ Ili? purDore of Ihii chauler la rraii-
lnlt. 1 ltw Iransporlalmn bs an). PC~SO~ of ma-
,vr~aI lrom the Cnitrd States and. in ihr înre of
17n.ied Sinivr irsrls alrrrafl. or sgrrieirs the.
Tran~portation of material from a location out-
side the United States. when in either case the
transportation is for the purpose of dumping
the material into ocean waters. and
(pub.L. 92-532. 5 2. Oet. 23. 1972. 86 Stat. 1052:
Pub. L. 93-254. 5 l(1).Mar. 22. 1974. 88 Stat. 50.) 298 GULF OF MAINE
(fl "Dumping" meanî a disposition of materi-
al: Prouided, That it does not mean a disposi-
tion of any effluent from anyoutfail structure
to the extent that such disposition is regulated
under the provirions of the Federal Water Pol-
lution Control Act. as amended 133 U.S.C. 1251
et seq.1. under the DrOViSions of section 407 of
this title.or under the provisions of the Atomie
Energy Act of 1954. ar amended 142 U.S.C. 2011 1914-Subspc. tel.Pub. h 93-254.(Il2l(Ai. subiitltul~
1322 of th& title. ail ailthln the meinhg of section
O! th& tiue ansil bc inc~udedoniy to ~heextent
that ruch oll takenon board i verse1 oraireraft for
the pur~orjcor dumoing: for -oii ailthin the mcanina
of section II of the Federpl Water Poll~tion C~ntrOi
isiand "or the lnientional placement of any AC^ md does not mean seuace from vesaelswilhln the
device in oeean waters or on or in the sub- ieanlna of section 13of rue< Act.-
Subwe. (1). Pub. L. 83-254, (112I(Cl. idded su&.
<II.
~mcrivi DATE or 1914 Araomm
Amendment by Pub. L. 93-254 effcctlvc Mar. 22.
1971. apesection 2 of Pub. L.93-254. setout in DiR 8s
M Effective Date of ,974 Amandment note undcr se-
rion il01 olth& tltle.
SUBCHAPTER I-REGULATION
g1411.Pmhibitîd acts
181 Excepl as may be authorued by a pemil
wued ~>ur$uanlto section 1412 or swtlon 1113
.. ..~~.i~~~~~, ~ ~ ~---.P~ ~ ~ ~r~mIa110119 IS~UC~
pursuant to section 1418 of thisiitle.
(1) no person shdl transport from the
United States. and
(2) in the case of a vesse1 or aireraft regis-
tered in the United States or flying the
United States flag or in the eare of a United
States department, ageney. or instrumentall-
ty, no person shdl tramport from anY Io--
tion
my material for the purpose of dumping il inta
ocean waters.
lbl Exeept as may be authorized by a permit
~~'iuedpumuant to section 1412 of this title. and
subject to reguiations issued punuant to sec-
tion 1418 of this title, no person shall dump anY
material transported from a location oubide
the United States 11) into the territorid sea of
the United States. or 12) into a zone contiguous
BCtOrs. 10 the territorial sea of the United States. ex-
(k~ "Tr~nsport" or "transportation" refers to tending to a lime tweive nauticai miles seaward
from the base line from whieh the breadth of
the carriage and related handling of any mate- the territorial ses is measured. to the extent
.~-~ ~. a vessel. 01 b~ any other vehiele. includ- that it may affect the territorial sea or the ter-
ing aircraft. ritory of the United States.
(II "Convention" means the Convention on
the mevention of Marine Pollution by DumP- (mb. L. 92-532. title 1. D101. Oct. 23. 1972. 86
ina of Wartes and Other Matter. Stat. 1053; Pub. L. 93-254. 5113). Mar. 22. 1974.
t~ub. L. 92-532. 53. OCt. 23. 1972, 86 Stat. 1052: 88 Stat. 51.)
pub. L.93.254.5 l(21. Mar. 22. 1974.88 Stat. 50.)
REFEREXCES TraTUT
........~ ~ ~.~ ~
anri "cd*, IO.<S"b~"*,il.r inroiPoraird rxiii.nn ,ira
<I<,YR> ,niiim idri.8naird 1 addi4 iirm 2i and sLo
,I,,L.ra D,YII.OIIIO"ara.",,,ran\>>riai.on "1 an, ma
t,.r.al ,Ur .?rrln dlninos fir lormci i?r.hiOillun
volume. ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOF THE UNITEDSTATES
299
ID) The effect of sueh dumping on marine
ecosystem. Dartieuiariy with respect to-
(il the transfer. concentralion. and disper-
sion of such materisi and ilr byproduclr
through biologieai. physieal. and chemicai
DIOEeJSeB.
lii) potenliai changes in marine ecosystem
diversity. produ~tivity, and slability. and
(iiil Species and community population
dvnamies.
Amonamiitl b> Pub 1. 93.254 rllrrlisr Mar 22 IernaUse~ and the probable impact ofrrquir
an74EIIPriiicuair 2of 1914 *mrnomrns notrOJI unamarsec* ing turc of ruch alternale loralionr,or mrihod3
upon roibiderations affPciitig the public in
.>.LU..
(Hl The effect on alternale usesof means.
Sirlion Il0ia)ol 1-b L 92.532 moiidrd ihsi 'Th,. such as rientifie sludy, fishlng. and other
L II? 1U3I 5ukhs~L~rl 313aII Lake rlfrri ail monil. living lesourceexploitation. and non-living re-
.Il?! LI80date O1 LllPenJtlmCn< Of th 1 Act iOCl 23 source exploilalion.
L8121 (11 In designating reeommended sites, the
Administrator shall utilize wherever Ieasible
1mstioN beyond the edge of the Continental
-~~if.
In establishing or revising such criteria. the Ad-
miniStlat0l shail consult with Federai. State,
and local officiais.and interested members of
the general publie. as may appear appropriate
srcrioii RnraRro ro IN Orma Srcrioras to the Administrator. With respect 10 sueh cri.
This seelion isreferred to In acetion 1.12 of this teria as may affect the elvii works program of
title. the Department of the Army. the Administrs-
tor shail ais0 consuit with the Secrelary. In re-
viewing applications for permiü. the Adminis-
lrator shail make aueh provision for consulta-
lion with interested Federai and State ageneies
Exceut in relation to dredged material. as pro-
vided for in section 1413 of Lhis title. and in re- as he deem useful or necessary. No permit
shail be issued for a dumping of material whieh
will Violate applicable water qualily standards.
TO the extem lhat he may da so without relax-
ing the requiremenlr of this subchapter. the
Administrator. in establishing or revising sueh
eriteria.shall apply Lhe standards and eriteria
binding upon the Uniled Slales under the Can-
vention. ineludinc Ilr Annexes.
lb) Permit catcgoricr
The Administrator may estabiish and issue
various cslegories of permiu. ineiuding the gen-
eral permits described in section 14141~) of this
,!,le
Ici Silcsand times for dumping
The Administrator may. eonsidrring the erite-
ria estabiished pursuant to subseetion (a) of
this section. designate reeommended rites or
limes foi dumping and. when he finds it neces-
SB~Y to lotec cl critical areas. shali. alter consul-
tation with the Secretary. also designate rites
01 Limes within whieh certain maleriais mav
the foliowing : (dl Firh rates
(AI The need for the Proposed dumping. NO Dermil is required under this subchapter
(B)~he effeet of sueh dumping on human for the transpartation for dumping or the
health and welfare. including economie. es- dumping of fish wastes. exeept when deposited
thetic. and reereationai values. in harbors or other proteeted or enelosed coast-
al waters. or wherc the Administrator fin&
(CI ~he elfecl of such dumping on fisheries that Sueh deposits could endangcr health. the
.psoiirccs. .iankton. fish. shelifish. wildlife.
shore iines and beaeher. environment. or eeologicnl systems in a rpeeific GULFOFMAINE
section 2 of mb. L.93-25. provided in part Lhal: If. in any case. the Seeretary fin* that. in
"The amendmen* made bYSubParagraDh i(41lA)liii) the disposition of dredged material, there is no
and ~aragra~h 1(4)<8) of thisAct lenaLing provision
Of ."bec. (81 resriecting al>li1ieationostandards bY ee~nomicsll~ feasible method or site available
~dministrator and subree. te) of tnis section1 shall other than a dumping site the utilization of
becorne effectiveon the date thal the Convention on whieh would result in non-eomplianee with the
the mevention of ~arine Poliution by Dumping of criteria established pursuant to section 1412tal
wmtes and O~her ~atters encan into force for the of this title reiating to the effect8.of dumplnx
United States." or with the restrictions estabiished Pursuant to
~~endmenl of rubrec t.1 of thb section. othcrfhan seetion 1412tcl of thir title relating to eritieal
see section2.ofPub.bL.93-254. setfoutiin Partaran19Ef- BICBC, he shall so eertify and request B waiver
fective ~ste of 1914 Amendment note under section nom the Adminirtrator of the speeific require.
L~OIof thla litle. ments involved. Within thirty days of the re.
ceipt of the waiver request. unlesr the Adminis-
S~ZON R~~~ARE DO IN O~nm SECTTOWS trator finds that the dumping of the material
mis section is referred to in sections i411. 1413to will remit in an unaeee~tably adverse imDact
1415of this title.
on m~nieipai water suiplies: shell-flrh be*.
81113.Dumping permit promam for dredgîd matarial wiidiil~, fisheries (ineludin~-. roamine and
breeding aressl. or recreational aress. he shall
la) ~ssuance bg Secreteiy of the Army grant the waiver.
Subject to the provisions of subsections (bl.
(CI, and (dl of thi~ seetinn. the Seeretary may ir) Federal prnjreis involring dredged malerial
issue permit^. alter notice and opportunity for In conneetion with Federal prajects involving
publie hearings, for the tranrportation of dredzed material. the Secretarv mav. in lieu of
dredged material forthe purpose of dumping it the permit procedure. issue rigulaiions whieh
into oeean waters. where the Secretary deter- wili require the application CO ruch projeet8 of
mines thal the dumping wili not unreasanably the same criteria. other factors to be evaluatcd.
degrade or endanger human heaith. welfare. or the same proeedures.and the same require-
amenities. or the marine environment. eeologi- ments whieh appiy to the issuance of permits
cal syrtems. or economic potentialities.
under subsections ta). lbl. te).and Id1 of this
(bl Independent determinalion of need fordumpinl. section.
~ther methosis or dispusai. and appropriate loca. (Pub. L. 92-532. title 1. 8 103. Oct. 23. 1912. 86
iionr Stat. 1055.)
IIImaking the determination required by sub-
section (al of lhis section. the Seeretary shall ssniur< REFEaarl ro In O~HERSrnIoNs
apply thase criteria, estabiished pursuant to
section 1412(81 of this title. relating to lhe ef- Thla srrtion is rrfrrrPd ta in scctmns 1411. LIIZ.
fects of the dumping. Ba~ed i~pon an pvaluation ,414.1415 01 thistiti%,. ANNEXES TO MEMORlAL .OF THE UNITED STATES
0 1111 l'eimit conditions
r~CDrll 8, everi siagv 01 Lhv pr0ceedln8 Th?
cal Ilrsienated and included ci,nditiona llllai delrrnii!iation01 the AdmllllStrBIOI Or the
PelmitS issued under this subchapter shaii S~cretary. as th^ CE?? mny br shali be Iikrwisr
desimate and inciude (11 the type of material availabie.
autharized to be transparted for dumping or to 1-1Dis~.. (if issucd mrmila
br diimped: (21 the amount of material author- A COPY of any permit issued under this sub-
ized to be :ransported for dumping or to be
dumped: n the location where such transport ehapter shali be plaeed In a eons~icuous Place
for dumplrh wiil be terminated or where sueh in the vesse1 whieh will be used for the trans-
dumping will oecur: (41 the length of time for !>Or181100 01 dumping auihorirrd by such
pcrmll and an addirionai çops shali be fur.
whieh the permits are valid and their expirs- nlrhcd b> the irruing officiai io the Secrerary
tion date: (51 any speciai provisions deemed of the depariment in ahiçh the Coui GJard ir
neeessary by the Administrator or the Secre- operating. or its designee.
tary. as the case may be. after consultation (Pub. L. 92-532. title 1. 5 104. Oct. 23. 1912.
with the Seeretary of the Department in whieh Stat. 1056.1
the Coast Guard is operating. for the monitor-
ing and surveillance of the transportation or S~CllOrnRmmm TO rN <)1H6ASECIIONS
dumping: and (61 sueh other matters arthe Ad.
ministrator or the Secretary, as the ease may This section b referrcdLo ln secfion 1412 of thls
be. deems appropriate. fltlC.
I~I permit prorcasing reea; rrporting rcqui~mrntl
The Administrator or the Seeretary, as the
case ma7 be. may rirescribe sueh orocessin% fees lai Aaaearmcnl of civilpenalty bg Adminialralor; m-
IL, pcrmlts and rurh rrporling rrquirri~nrs miasion or mitigation; rovn mian for appropri.
for arlians tsken pur\dsnl io permiu irjurd by atr
liini iitidrr Lhir ubrhaptrr ai hr drrms appro.
Ur191<'
con~isteit with the requiremenü of sections
1412 and 1413 of this title. but in lieu of a re-
quirement for specific permits in sueh case. the
Administrator or the Secretary. as the casemay
be. may issue general permits for the transpor.
tation for dumoina. or dumping. or both. of
sp~.c~fwd maicr;nlr or rlassps of malerials fur
~hlch he may issue permil,. rliirti lie drirr-
miner uili hsrc a minimal adverse eniironmcn-
181tniparl
Any permit issued under this subchapter
shali be reviewed periodically and. if appropri-
ate, revised. The Administrator or the Secre-
tary. asthe ease may be. may limlt or deny the
issuance of permits. or he may alter or revoke
partialiy or entirely the terms of permits issued
by him under this subchapter, for the transpor-
tation for dumping. or for the dumping. or In addition to any action which may be
both, of specified materiais or clwes of materi-
ais. where he fin& that sueh materials camat brought under subsection ta1 of this section. a
be dumped consistentiy with the criteria and
other factors required to be applied in evaluat-
ing the permit application. No action shall be
taken under this subsection unless the affeeted
person or permittee shaii have been given
notice and opportunity for a hearing on such
action ~ . .oosed. FOI the purpose of imposing civil penalties
Inrtormation for rcrier and evaluational applica- and criminai fines under this section, eaeh day
01 a eontinuing violation shril eonrtitute a sep-
tion? arate offense as rhall the dumoing from each of
Tt,? Administrator or the Seeretary. as the Severai vessels. or other sources
caw may be. rhail require an appiicant for a
permit under this subchapter to provide ruch id]I ~ ~ U ~ CelierV
inlormation as he may consider necessary to hi Attorney General or his deiegate may
r<-viewand evaiuate such application. bring actions for equitabie relief to enjain an
trlPuhlic information imminent or eontinuing violation of this sub-
Lnlormntian reeeircd by the Administrator or clinpivr ul rrwinliJ!ir ur~rn~i~nICd ~navr 1111s
tlir SI~I.IP~~TYa.sthe ease may be. asa part of iiibcliaprcr.or of urrmilr isucd undl', lliii sub.
clinl>lrr and !hi' di<iriet rodris df ihe United
aiiy apr~lication or in conneetion with any Slillt, .t~lii ti3ii. iuriiaigcion ta Rraiii r~îli
u~r!,lil priinted under this subchaptfr shall be relief as the equities of theease may require
aiiitiillll10 th? public a5 n mattrr of publie 302 GULF (JF MAINE 14151
10 Liabilily or vea*is in rem
"es feesl to any party. whenever Lhe court de-
A YeSSel. except a public vessel within the termines suehaward is appropriate.
meaning of aectlon 13 of the Federal Water Pol- (51 The injunetive relief provided by this sub-
lution Control Act. a~ amended. used in a viola- section shall no1 restricl any right which anY
tion. shall be lisble in rem for any eivil penalty perron (or el- of pemnsl may have under
aJIes';ed or criminal fine impoJed and may be any statute or eommon law to seek enforcernent
Prmeeded against in any district court of the of any standard or llmilation or to seek any
Uniled States havins jurisdiction thereof: but other relief (lncluding relief against the Admin-
no vesel shall be liable unles'; il shall appear islrator. the Secretary. or a State aeencyl.
that one or more of the oaners. or bareboat (hl Emcrgrncie.
charterem. wer at Lhe lime of the violation a No person shall be subject to a civil penalty
eonscntlng party or privy to sueh violation. ar to a eriminal fine or imprisonment for dump
(Il Rrr<xition and ausmnaian of wrmii8
in. materials from a vessel if sueh materia are
If the provisions if any peimit lfsued under dÜmped In an emergeney to safeguard life at
Jeetion 1412 or 1413 of this tille are violated. sea. AnY such emeraeney dumping shall be re-
the Admlnlslrator or the Secretary. a~ the case Dorted to the Admlnistrator under sueh condi-
maY be. may revoke the permit or may suspend tions a~ he mav .r~scrlk.
the permit for a speeified period of time. No (Pub. L. 82.532. title 1. 5 105. Ocl. 23. 1972. 88
permit shall be revoked or ruspended unles'; the Stat. lO57.1
permittee shall have been given notice and op-
~OrtUnltY for a hearlnc on such violation and R-YiCIS in mr
section 13 or the ~ederi~ waier poliution contm~
Act. referredto h subec. ICIis yelion 1301mt June
(il ExCepl & provlded in paragraph (21 of 30. 1918.ch. 758.a< added by act Apr. 3. 1910Rib. L.
thls subseetlon any Demon may commence a 81-224. tllle 1.5102.84Stat. LOO,whleh vra clrvlfled
eivil suit on his om behalf to enjoln any 10 Ll aectlon 1183of tM tlllruid wsa supcmeded by
mr~on. lncludlna the United Sales and anv I321af92th&0titie.18, 1871.88 SM. 816. Srr MtlOn
5 1416.~l~lionahip to 0th..laxi
I.) V0idi.l of ~i~xilin. ii..nan
After the eifective date of thb sukhapter. al
lieenses. mrmits. and authorluitions other than
those lasued Dumuant 10 thlr subehapter ahal
be void and of no legs1 effect. W the extent
thal they Durwrt to authorlm any aetivlty reg-
ulated by this subehapter. and whether hued
before or arter the effective date of thls sub-
chapter.
lbi Actions under suthoiily of Riven and Hsrbora
Art
The orovblons of subseetlon (al of this see-
rion. or permit: or 1~) Impiirm~nl of narissiion
(C) If the Administrator hsr eommenced Pllor to is';uin~ any permlt under this sub-
acllon to Impose a penalty pursuant to sub- chauter. If Il appears ta the Admlnistrator that
seelion ta) of thls section. or If the Adminis- the disposition of material. other than dredged
tralo? .. the SPCIC~BIY. ~ha^ init~a~ ~ oermit matériai. may adversely affect navigation in the
revmatlon or suspension proeeedings under terrlwrial sea of the United States. or in the
~ubseetion tfl of this section: or approaches to any harbor of the United States.
(Dl if the United States har eommenced 01 may create an artifleialIsland on the Outer
and 1sdiligently prosecuting a eriminal action Continental Shelf. the Admlnistrator shall eon-
in a eourt of the Uniled States or a State to suit slth the Secretary and no permit shall be
redress a violation of this rubehapter. lssued If the Seererary determines that naviga-
tion wlll be unreaJonably impalred.
l3)(Al Any suit under this rubsection maY be Id) Consisttnt Shle propms
bmught in the judieial districi ln which the vio-
lation occum. Alter the effective dale of this subchapter. no
16) In any auch suit under lhb rubsection in Gate shall adoot or enforce anvrule or recula-
whleh the United States is not a Party. lhq At- lion relating tri any activity réguiated by-this
torney General. at the rcquest of the Adminis- aubehapter. Any State may. hou'ever. propose
trator or Secretary. may intemene on behaif of 10 the Administrator eriteria relating to the
the United States 81 a malter of right. dumping of materials in10 mean waters within
(41 The court. in issuing any final order in its jurisdiction.or into ather acean waters 10
any suit brought pursuant to Para~raPh II) of the exteni that sueh duniping may affect
this subseetion may award eosts of litigation aaters u'iliiin thr jurisdlctian of sueh State.
(ineluding resonable attorney and expert u'it- and if the Adminislrntor determines. alter 14161 ANNEXESTO MEMORIAL OF THE UNITEDSTATES 303
notice and OPDortunitr for hearing. that the
DroDosed eriteria are not inconsistent with the and to the Atlorney Oeneral. ar appropriate.
aueh information of enforcement activities and
Durposes of thiS subehapter. may adopt thorie such evidentiary material arsembled as they
eriteria and may issue regulalions to impiement may require in carrying out their dulies relative
such criteris. Sueh determination shall be made to penalty arsessrnenll. erimlnal prosecutions.
by the Administrator within one hundred and or Other actions involving litigallan pumuant to
twenty days of reeeipt of the proposed criterla. the provisions of this subehapler.
FOI lhe Durposes of this subseetion. the te- (Pub. L. 92-532. title 1.O107. Oct. 23. 1972. 86
"State" means any State. interstate or resional
authorily. Federal territory or Commonweallh Stat. 1059.)
or the District of Columbia. 5 1118.Remlitioni
le1 Eiiating tonaîwation promama not affectcd
In earrying out the res~onsibilitieî and au.
Nothine in this subehapter shall be deemed thority conferred by this subehauter, the Ad.
to affect in any manner or to any extenl any minlstrator. the Seeretary. and the Seeretary of
~r~vision Of the Fish and Wildlife Coordinalion the department in whieh the Coast Ouard is
Actasamended Il6 U.S.C.661-666"). operatina are authorized to luuesueh regula.
(Pub. L. 92-532. title 1.5 106. Oct. 23. 1972. 86 tlons as they may deem appropriale.
Stat. 1058.1
(Pub. L. 92-532. title 1. 5 108. Oet. 23. 1872. 86
RVUIENCU IN TZXT Stst. 1059.)
The e11.ctive dale of thlSubeb.L.r. refrrmd to In Srnion Rmuo ro ZN Oram Srcrions
subrecs. (SI.Ib). and<d). me- Ihc cffcctivc dite of
tiiieI01 mb. L. 92-532. se wetlon 110ii) of mb. L. Thls sectionls referrcdta ln setIoru 1411. 1417 of
82-532.set out u m ~ffcef~vemrc notc undcr mtlon th& II~Ic.
1.11 of LhlsLitlr.
The Rivers and arbora ~ct of 1689. rcfcrrrdta in
aubec. Ibl. hiet Mir.3. 1699,eh. 415. JO Sul. 1151. The Seeretary of State. in ~onsullation wilh
a'hich rnscled -fions 401.103.404. 406 Io409.411 lo the Administrator. shall seekeffective inlema.
416. 416. 502. 549. 686. and 681 al thh LillFor eom. lional action and eoooeratlan 10 insure Prote.
Volume.larslflcatlon of thcf ta the code. si=Tabler
The Fllh and Wildlile Cwrdhitlon Ac1 rcferrcd to
in rubsee.ce).h aet Mar. 10. 1934.ch. 55. 48Slal.401.
as amended. vhlch rnacfed sections BBI to 6BBeof
T~UE 16. co~ervatlon. mr com~lete clBuilieation of
lhis Act to the Code. %ee Short Tlllc notc set out ai ruies and r&ulations ;n'support of the ~ollcy
under section 661of ~itle 16and ables volume.
of this ehaoter.
5 1117.Enforcemcnt (Pub. L. 92-532. title 1. 4109. Oet. 23. 1972. 86
la1 Utilizatioof olhei departmrnta. agencira. and in. Stat. 1060.)
atr"m.n,.litils R ~ E ~ in Tur
The Administrator or the SecrelarY. as the hm chapte< referred IDln icht .a< in tnc onsi
na1 ihu Act mraninp 1-0 L 92-532 ah ch enwlra
<hi<rhaDLCrand Scciton r.31 io 1434OI Tiilr 16 Con
6cr<BL<On
There are hereby authorized to be appropri-
ated not to exeeed $3.600.000 for fkal year
1973. no1 to exeeed $5.500.000 for each of the
fiscal Yesrs 1874 and 1975. na1 to exeeed
$5.300.000 for fiscal year 1876. not to exceed
tl.325.000 for the transition period (July 1
through Septernber 30. 19761. and not to exeeed
$4.800.000 for fiscal year 1977. for the purposes
and administration of this subehaoler. and for
Suceeedlng fiscal years only suehkums as the
Conares mav authorlze bv iaw
(Pub. L. 92-532. title 1. 5111, Oet. 23. 1972. 86
Stat. 1060: Pub. L. 93-472. Oet. 26, 1974. 86 Stat.
1430: Pub. L. 94-62. 5 1. Jul~ 25. 1975. 89 Ste.1.
303: Pub. L. 94-326. 5 1,June 30. 1976. 90 Stat.
725.1
IWaoMENrr
1916-Pub. L. 91-326 added provlrion sulhorizingLo
be appro~riafed nol U> excced t1.800.000 lor fiunl
,.,a,19::
1975-1-b L 94.6'2 sLbSt.L~Led noi io ricrrd
15500000 lui cacn ol th? 1.we.l>pan 187. and 1875
10, uia no! CO eacrco 15.500.000for f,wal >nrr 181.
an" 1915 aiid aaocu yroiumnr nuinoriz.ng iporoprt
BLIYI~YI sn arnuLni iiui iu excreoI5 300.000foilwnl 14181 ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOF THE UNITEDSTATES 305
such fiscal year may not exeeed $6.000.000.
There are authorized to be appropriated not to
exceed $1.500.000 for the transition veriod Section i of Pub. L. 93-248 provlded: "That th% Act
(July 1 through September 30. 19761. and not to Iarhich enacted this ehavterl mnU Lx eited arthe 'ln-
exceed $5.600.000 for fiscal year 1977. tervention on the HiphSe- Acl'."
(Pub. L. 92-532. title Il. 5204. Oct. 23. 1972. 86
Stat. 1061; Pub. L. 94-62. 93, July 25. 1975. 89
Stat. 303; Pub. L. 94-326. 93. June 30. 1976. 90
Stat 725)
AYnDICNTI Whenever a ship coliision. stranding. or other
1976-Rlb. L. 94-326 Bdded Drovlsion aulhorizing to Incident of navigation or other occurrence on
be apvrovrlated not to eieeed 15.600.000 for fiscal board a ship or externai to it resulting in mate-
,.". 80"" rial damage or imminent threat of material
191s-~lb 1. 94-61 sddrd ~lrov~sioi~~tnnrn.cg inr damage to the ship or her eargo ereates. as de-
BDPo~rialion oi an amouni not Lo excerd Si 100000 temined by the Secretary. a prave and immi-
101 the L-w.I#oii D I C ~<JuI) 1.LhrouDn Srpl 30 nent danger M the eoastline or related interests
1976s of the United States from pollution or threat of
pollution of the se8 by oil whieh may reason-
CHAPTER 28-O1L POLLUTION CASUALTIES ON ably be expeeted to resuit in major hamful
THE HiGH SEAS: UNITED STATES INTERVEN- consequenees. the Secretary maY. except as
TION provlded for in section 1479 of this title. with-
out Iiabllity for any damage to the oamers or
operators of the ship. to her eargo or erew. or
to undeRuriters or other parties lnterested
therein. take memures on the high sem. in ne.
cordance with the provisions of the Convention
and this chsvter. to Drevent, mitigate. or elimi-
iIlecfcd. nate that danger.
1474. Wdemi intervention actiom.
1415. Comulta~ion ~rmedure. (Pub. L. 93-248. 53. Feb. 5. 1974.88 Stat. 8.)
1418. Emernencles.
1417. euo on ableme-urca: conrideratiom.
1418. P~~O~SI. nag .tate.and forelm stateconsider-
atiom.
1419. mdersl lisbllltv for unrerîonable damases: Ju-
$147slkcledof Ptdersl interesla dimctly lhientenedor
ID determinine whether there ia mave and
imminent dangër of major hamïul conse-
quenees to the coastline or related interests of
the United States. the Seeretary shall eonslder
the interests of the United States directly
tieL threatened or affeeted ineluding but not limlt-
1481. Effective date ed to. fish. shellfish.and other living marine re-
sources w ildlife, eaastalzone and estuarine a=-
$1471. Definitions tlvities.and publie and private shorelines and
beaches.
AS(11 "ship" means-ter-
(Pub. L. 93-248. $4. Feb:5. 1974.88 Stat. 9.1
(A) any seagoing vesse1 of any type what.
soever. and 9 1474.Prdanl intcrrrntion ilions
(B)any noating craft. except an installa- Upon a determination under section 1472 of
tion or deviee engaged in the exploration this title ofa graveand imminent danger to the
and exploitation of the resourees of the eoastline or related interests of the United
seabed and the ocean noor and the subsoii States. the Seeretary may-
thereof; (Il eoordinate and direct al1 publie and pri-
(2) <'011.'means erude oil. fuel oil. diesel oil. vate efforts directed at the removai or elimi-
and lubrieating oil; nation of the threatened pollution damage;
(31 "convention" means the International (21 directly or indirectly undertake the
Convention Relating to Intervention on the whole or any part of any salvage or other
Hich Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casual-
tiei 1989; action he could require or direct under sub-
(4) "Secretary" means the Secretary of the section (1)of this section;and
department in whieh the Comt Guard is oper- (31 remove, and. if neeessary. destroy the
ating; and Ship and eargo which is the source 01 the
(51 "United States" me- the States. the danger.
District of Columbfa. the Commonwealth of (Pub. L. 93-248. $5, Feb. 5, 1974. 88 Stat. 9.)
~uerto Rico. the Canal Zone.Guam, Ameri-
ean Samoa. the Virgin Islands. and the Trust s~nxon R-RED TO IN OTH~ Smlons
Territory of the Pacifie Islands.
This section ir referredtoin sections 1415. 1186of
(Pub. L. 93-248. 5 2. Feb. 5. 1974. 88 Stat. 6.1 LhiJtitie. Aooex11
CANADIA LAws:
THE PUBLILANDGSRANTA SCT,195CANADAREV~SB STATUTE(952),
CHAP2.24,PP.115-117
OILANDGASPRODUCTI ONDCONSERVAT AICNOF1968-196REVISED
STATUTEOFCANADA 1,970,CHAP3.0(ISTSU,EC3.
CANADAOILANDGASLAND REGULATIO ANS
CANADO AIAND GASDR~LLINAGD PRODUCTR IENGUIATIO6NU,NE1961
(SOR/61-253),PARS.-40CANADA GAZITE,PARTIIVOL9.5,
PP805,813-817.JUNE1961 fljsl ANNEXES TO MEM0Rl.U Of THE UNITED STATES
14 GEORGE VI.
CHAP. 19.
An Act respecting Grants of Public Lands.
[Assenledia1stJune, 1950.1
IS Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the
H Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as
follows:
SHORT TITLE.
1. This Act may be cited as The PubZicLands Grants smtiue.
Act,1950.
INTERPRETATION.
2. In this Act
(a) "grant" means letters patent under the Great Seal ~efitim.
of Canada and any other instmrnent by which public "-t".
lands may be granted in fee simple or for an equivalent
estate;
(b) "land" includesmines, minerais, easements, semitud-land.,.
and al1other interests in real property; and
(c) "public lands" means lands belonging to His Majest"pub?
in right of Canada and includes lands of which the
Governrnentof Canada has power to dispose.
3. Where under the laws of a province an instrument pzYgy8,
transferring land without words of limitation operates aimplo.
an ahsolute transfer of al1such right and title as the trans-
feror has therein, a grant of public lands in such provinee,
ilHis RIajesty has power to convey such an estate therein,
and if no contrary or different intention is expressed in the
grant, opcratesas a conveyance of an estate in fee simple
or an equivalent estate in such lands, although no words
of limitation are used in the grant.
4. The Governor in Council rnay
(a) authorize the sale, lease or other disposition of ";jLm
landa. 308 GULF OFMAINE Il161
public lands that are not required for public purposes
and for the sale, lease or other disposition of which
there is no other provision in the law;
autborizing (b) make regulations authorizing the Minister having the
Mioisterto control, management and administration of any such
publie land# public lands to sell, lease or otherwise dispose of tticm,
subiect to such limitations and conditions as the Gover-
nor'in Council may prescribe;
T-iflof f-. Ic) ~rescribe a tariff of fees for co~ies of maps, plans.
' fieid notes, documents, papers and other records per-
taining to public lands, for the preparation of docu-
ments evidencing a sale, Icase or other disposition of
public lands and for the registration in any govern-
ment department of any documents pertaining to
public lands;
IntcM. (d) fix the rate of interest to be paid for or on account of
the purclinse money or rent of any public lands sold
or leased under this Act.
No titiby 6. No right, title or interest in or to public lands shall be
prrsnption.
acquired by any person by prescription.
LEASES.
Authority to
aign boaea 6. All leases of public lands issucd by special authority
of the Governor in Council or pursuant to ariy regulation
of the Governor in Council may be esecuted on behalf of
His Majesty by the Afinister having the control, manage-
ment and administration of the lands or by some person
thereunto authorized by the Minister.
DEFENCELANDS.
~=f=nrn 7. Such of the lands mentioned in the Schedule to the
lands. Ordnanceand Admirally Lands Ac!as at the comrnenccment
R.S,e.lls of this Act are vested in His Blajesty in right of Canada,
by whatever mode of conveyance they were acquired or
taken, whether in fee, for life, for years or otherwise, and
al1 the appurtenances tliereof, are and continue absolutely
vested in His Blajesty for the purposes of Canada in the
same manner and to the sarne exteiit as at the date of the
corning into force of this Act.
I I S. (1) Public lands that are declared by the Governor
"ot'Obemldi.n Council to be neeessary for the defence of Canada shall
not be sold, alienated or otherwise disposed of but m3.v be
leased or otherwise used as the Governor in Couiicil thinks
best for the advantage of Canatln.
~aoidifothe (2) Until the Governor iri Coiincil otherwise provides,
lands thnt at the commencement of tliis Act nere lands in
R.8..o.llS class one under the Ordnance and Adrnirally Lands Act 11171 ANNEXES ToMEMonlN OFTHE UNITEDSTATES
shall be deemed to have been declared by the Governor in
Council to be necessary for the defence of Canada.
CO~RECTIO SF GRAXTS.
9. A grant that is issued to or in the name of a person ~~d~a~~,
who is dead is not therefore void, but the title to the land w.nh.
thereby granted or intended to be granted vests in the
heirs. assigns,devisees or other legal representatives of the
deceased person according to the laws in force in the pro-
vince in which the land is situate, as if the grant had issued
to or in thename of the deceased person during his lifetime.
10. IVhere a grant has issued to, or in the name of, a ~~;~tio'o'
wrong person, or contains a clerical error, misnomer or wrongcontaioing
or defective description of the land thereby intended to be ="Or
granted, or where tbere is in a grant an omission of the
conditions of the grant, the Governor in Council may, if
there is no adverse claim, direct the defective grant to be
cancelled and a correct grant to be issued in lieu thereof,
and the correct grant shall relate back to the date of the
gant so cancelled and have the same force and effect as if
issued at the date of the cancelled grant.
II. Wliere through error grants have issued for the same
land, inconsistcnt with each other, or where sales or appro-
priations of the same land. inconsistent with each other,
have been made, the Governor in Council may
(a) order a new grant to the person thereby deprived,
of land to a value equal to that of the original grant
at the time of the grant,
(b) in the case of a sale, lease or licence, order a refund
to be made of any money paid on account of the sale,
lease or licence, with interest at the rate of five per
cent per annum, or
(c) when the land has passed from the original holder,
or has been improved before Lhe discovery of the
error, or when the original grant was a free grant,
grant to the original holderuch land as to the Governor
in Council seems just and equitable under the circum-
stances,
but no claim under this section shall be entertained unless
it is made within one year alter the discovery of the error.
12. The Public LandsGranlsAct and the Ordnanceand Eer;: ,,,,
Admiralty LandsAct are repealed. R.s.e. 11s GULF OF MAINE
CHAITER30 (1stSupp.)
An Actto amend the Oil andGas Production and Conservation Act
11969-70 ,.431
1. The long title of theOiland Cas Roduction andConservationAct,chapter
0-4of the RevisedStatutesof Canada, 1970,is repealed and the followingsub-
stituted therefor:
"An Actrespectingthe production and conservation of oil and gas"
2. (1) The definition "Chief Conservation Officer" in section 2 of the said
Anis repealed and the following substitutedtherefor:
-chid "'Chief ConservationOfïïcer' means
Conrerwtion
oniccr- (a) in relation to any area in respect of which the Minister of Indian
Affain and Northern Development has administrative responsibility
for the natural resources therein, such officer of the Department of
Indian Mairs andNorthem Developmentas that Minister maydesig-
nate fromtimetotime, and
(b) in relation to any area in respect of which the Minister of Energy,
Mines and Resources has administrative responsibility forthe natural
resources therein, such oficer of the Department of Energy, Mines
and Resourcesasthat Ministermaydesignatefromtime to time;"
(2) The definition "Minister" in section 2 of the said Act isrepealed and the
followingsubstitutedtherefor:
"~ininc~- "'Minister*means
(a) in relation to any area in respect of which the Minister of lndian
Main and Northem Development has administrative responsibility
for the natural resources therein, the Minister of Indian Affain and
Northem Development,and
(b) in relation to any area in respect of which the Minister of Energy,
Mines and Resources has administrative responsibilityfor the natural
resources therein,the Ministerof Energy,Minesand Resources:"
(3) The definition "pipeline" in section 2of the said Act isrepealed and the
followingsubstituted therefor:
"oimline" "'nineline' means anv ~ioe or anv svitenl or arraneement of oi~es hy
whichoil, gasor water incidental IO,the drilling for or production of oil or
Rasisconveved fromanv wellheadorother placeat whichitisproduced 10
iny other place.orfromany placewhereit iistored. proccssedortrcated to
any other place,and includes al1property of any kind usedforthe purpose
of, orin connenion withor incidental to, the operation of a pipeline inthe
gathering, transporting, handling and delivey of oil or gas. and without
restricting the gcnerality of the foregoing, includesfi shore installations
or vesseis. tanks, surface resewoirs, DumDs.racks, storage and loading
facilities,cornpresson, wmprcssor station&presrure meGuring and con
trolling equipment and fixtures, flow controlling and measuring equip-
ment and fixtures, metering equipment and lixtures, and heaiing. cooling (926-9281 ANNEXES TO MEMORIALOF THEUNITED STATES 311
and dehydratingequipment and fixtures, but does not include any pipe or
any systemor arrangement of pipes that constitutes a distribution system
for the distribution of gas to nltimate consumen;"
3. Section 3 of the said Act is repealed and the followingsubstituted there-
for:
"3. This Act applies in respect of oil and gas in any of the following
~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ t i ~ ~
areas, namely:
(a) theYukon Territoryorthe NorthwestTerritories;
Ib) those submarine areas adiacentto the CoastofCanada to awaterde~th
of IWO hundred meters O; beyond that limit to wherethe depth ofihe
superjacent waters admits of the exploitation of the natural resources
ofthe-seahed and subsoilthereof: and
(CJ any lands that belongto Her ~ajcst~ inright ofCanada or inrespectof
which Her Maicsty in right of Canada has the right to dispose ofor
exnloitthe mineraisthere'in:
but does not apply in respect of oil and gas in any such area if the area is
withinthe neonranhical limitsof,or ifthe administration of the oiland gas
resources h the àrea has been transferred by law to, any of the ten go-
vincesof Canada."
4. Subsection 4 (1)of the said Act isrepealed andthe followingsuhstituted
therefor:
.il- - ~ ~ "4. (1) The Govemor in Council mav establish a committee to he
rnmmlnrr know"&the OilandGas Committee.whiih shall consistoffive memhers.
nnt more than three of whom shall he employees in the public service of
Canada.
~ i ~ i ~ t ~ ~ i ~ ~1) The Committee shall he nnder the direction of
dirc"on
(a) the Minister of Indian Afîairs and Northem Development in relation
to anv,r~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ct ofwhich that Ministerhas administrative resoon-
sibiljtyforthe naiuriilresourcestherein,and
(hl the Minisierof Energy,Minesand Resourcesin relation 10 any area in
~e~-en of whichthdt Minister has administrativeres~onsibilitvfor the
natural resourcestherein."
5. Subsections 5 (2) and (3) of the said Act are repealed and the following
suhstituted therefor :
Dcpsrl- "(2) Personsemployed inany division,hranch or bureau of the Depart-
mental ment of Indian Affain andNorthem Development,or the Department of
perronnc1 Energy, Mines and Resources,that is designated by order of the Minister
s i
concerned as the division. branch or bureau charzed with the day-to-day
administration and management of oil and gas r&ources forthe-Depari-
ment. are no1eligible IObe membe~ of the Committee: but the MiniSiers
wncerned mav each desinnate one officer from anv such division,branch
or bureau whoshall act ai secretaries to the ~omiittee.
(3) The Ministerof lndian Affairsand Northern Developmentand ihe
staff
Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources shall provide the Committee
with such orricers, clerks and employees as may be necessary for the
proper conduct ofthe amairsof the Comminee,and mayprovidethe Com-
mitteewithsuch ~rofessionalortechnicalassistancefortemporaryperiods
or for specific workas the Comminee mayrequesl,but no such assistance
shall he provided otherwisethan from the publicservice ofCanada except
with the-approval of the Treasnry Board."312 GULFOF MAINE 1928-9291
6. Paragraphs 120)and (k)of the said Act are repealed and the following
substituted therefor:
"(f) authorizing the Minister, or such other person asthe Governor in
Council deems suitable, to exercise such powen and perform such
dutiesasmaybe necessaryfor the removalof oil gw from any area
referred to in sect3,and authorizing the making of such ordas
maybe specified:
(k) authorizina the Minister. or such other Derson as the Govemor in
Council dëems suitableIO exercise such powers and perform such
duties as may benecessaryfor the constmction of pipeline within any
area referredto in sec3.and authorizi-athe maki-a ofsuch ordei
asmaybespecified;"18051 ANNEXES To MEMONAI. OFTHE uNmD STATES
TERRITORIAL LANûS ACT
PUBLIC LANDS GRANTS ACT
Canada Oil and Gas Land Regulations
Canada Oil and Ga8 Drilling and Production Regulations
PC. 1961-797
TUESDAY th,e 6th day ofJUNE, 1961.
His Excellency the Governor General in Council, on the reeomrnenda-
tion of the Minister of Northern Affairs and National Resources, pursuant
to the Territorial Lands Act and the Public Lands Grsnts Act, is pleased
hereby to revoke the Canada Oil and Gas Regulations made by Order in
Council P.C. 1960-474of 13th April,1960(1',and to make in substitution
therefor Canada Oil and Gas Land Regulations and Canada Oil and Gaa
Drilling and Production Regulations, hereto appended.
--
">SOR160-lmC.NADA GAZETTE PART II. Vol. NO.9. May 11%314 GULF OF MAINE 18131
19. (1) \Yliere. due to a discordance of reference ooints or imorecis-
. . ~ ~ ~ .
ions In rncouuriiig3 sulscqiicntl.v surveyed grid area,srction, unit or'targec
area appmrs 10 oi.rrlnp n griil srea, section, unit or tnrget area the posi-
tion of aliicli is ~leciiicilto Iic truc bv section 18.the subsequently surveyed
grid nrca, section, unit or target area shall be laid out and surveyed as
though no orerlap existed eïcept thnt it shall he reduced by that portion
that lieswithin the overlap.
(2) Subjeet to subsection (1). a grid area that has been reduced
pursuant to subsection (1) sliall. for the purposes of these Regulations,
be considered to be a whole grid area.
(3) Where, due to a discordance of reference points or imprecisions
in measuring, a parcel of Canada lands appears not to lie within a grid
area, that parcel may be disposed of pursuant to section 58.
20. Any legal survey made pursuant to these Regulations shall be
made by and paid for by the permittee or lessee as the case may be.
21. (1) Where a monument is damaged, destroyed, moved or altered
as a result of the operations of a licensee, permittee or lesaee
(a) he shall report the matter to the Chief as soon as possible; and
Ibl he shali
(i) pay to the Reeeiver General of Canada the cost of restora-
tion or re-establishment of the monument, or
(ii) with the consent of the Suweyor General, cause the monu-
ment to be restored or re-estahlished at his own expense.
(2) Eveiy permittee or lessee shall maintain and keep in good repair
al1monuments that are situated on or mark the boundaries of his permit
area or lease area as the case may he.
(3) The restoration or re-establishment of a monument shall be done
hy a Dominion Land Surveyor under the instruction of the Sweyor
General.
22. Every licensee, permittee or lessee whofinds that a monument has
been destmyed, damaRed, moved or altered shall report the matter to the
Chief as soon as possible.
Prohibition
23. (1) No person shall, for the purpose of searching for oil or gas,
carry out exploratory work on Canada lands except as authorired hy
these Regulations.
(2) No person shall produee from Canada lands any oil, gas or
related hydrocarbons (other than coal or valuable Stone) or any minerals
or substances that are produced in association with any of the foregoing
except as authorized by these Regulations.
Ezploratory Licences
24. (1) Tlie Chief or the Oil Conservation Engineer may, upon appli-
cation, issue a licence.
(2) Every application for a licence shall be accompanied by the fee
set out in ScheduleA.Pl41 ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOFTHEUNITEDSTATES 315
(3) Eve1.u licence expires on the thirty-first day of March next fol-
lowing the date of its issue.
(4) A licence may not bc assigned or transferred.
25. A licence shall not be issued to
(a) a person who is less tlinn taenty-one years of age; or
(b) a compnny uriless that compnny is incorporatcd or licensed to do
busincss in Canada or is incorporated in a province of Canada.
26. (1) Subject to siibsectinn (2), a liccnsec may, for the purpose
of searching for oil or gas enter upon and use tlie surface of any Canada
lands in ordcr to
(a) makc geological or geophysical examinations;
(b) carry out aerial mapping; or
(c) investigatc the subsurface.
(2) i\o licensee shall enter upon Canada lands that have heen dis-
posed of in any aay hy Her I\lajesty, except Canada lands that are
included in a permit or oil and gss lcasc granted under these Regulations,
unless the licensee has obtained
(a) the consent of tlie occupier thereof; or
(b) an order for entry from the arbitrator.
27. No licensee shall drill on any Canada lands a hole deeper tban
one thousand feet unless
(a) in the case of Canada lands included in a permit or lease, the
licensce has obtained thc written consent of the permittee or les-
see; or
(b) in tlie case of Canada lands not included in a permit or lease, the
licensee has obtained tlie written consent of the Chief.
28. Evcry licensee who carries out work on Canada lands not. held
by him under permit or leasc shall, upon completion of the work, furnish
the Chief with three copies of
(a) a map on a scale of not lcss than four miles to one inch showing
the area covered by the examination and indicating the location
of al1 roads and airstrips;
(b) information obtained as to the prescncc of water, coal, gravel,
sand or other potentially useful minerals; and
(c) al1 reports, pliotographs, maps and data referred to in section 54.
29. A licensee shall upon requcst hy the Oil Conservation Engineer
report the location and progrcss of any field party employed by the
licenscc.
Permit upon Application
30. (1) JVhere the Minister i satisfied that exploratory work will be
carried out, he msy, upon application, issue an exploratory permit for
Canada lands that have not previously bcen held under permit or lease. (2) Every application for an esploratory permit shall be delivered
in person by tlie applicnnt or Iiis autliorized ngent to the officeof the Chief
in Ottawa bctivecn nine o'clock in tlic forcnoon and four o'clock in the
aftcrnoon on any day cxcept 3 Saturda? or a holiday and shall be accom-
panied by
(a) tlie fee set out in SelieduleA;
(b) the deposit rcquirc(1 hy section 41;
(c) a stntcment in duplicate of the estent and character of the exami-
nation to he made and the cstimated cost thereof; and
(d) a description of the aren for n.liich application is made.
(3) The Chief shall cause to be endorsed on each application the date
and time that the application is received.
31. (1) JT'here an application is not nccepted, the fee and deposit
shall be returned to the applicant.
(2) JVhere an application is withdrawn hy the applicant before the
permit is issued, the deposit shall be retumed tn the applicant.
Permit upon Tender
32. (1) Before a permit may be issued for Canada lands that have
been held under a permit or lease which permit or lease has expired, been
cancelled or surrendered, the Minister shall cal1 for tenders for the pur-
chase of a permit in the manner provided in this section.
(2) A permit issued pursuant to subsection (1) may be granted upon
such terms and conditions as the Minister may order.
(3) A cal1 for tenders under this section shall
(a) be advertised in the Canada Gazette and in such other manner as
the Minister considers advisable at least thirty days before the
date fixed for the closing of tenders; and
(b) state the tems and conditions upon which the tender is called
and upon which the permit is to be granted.
(4) Where tenders are called pursuant to subsection (1) and no ten-
der is received, the Minister rnay dispose of those lands hy permit pursuant
to section 30 on or after the day following the date fixed for the closing
of tenders.
(5) Wliere tenders are called pursuant to suhsection (1) and a tender
has been received, hut the Minister has refused to accept that tender, the
Minister may continue to cal1 tenders for the purchase of a permit for
those lands.
33. (1) Every permit shall be issued for a grid area or one-half of
a grid area.
12) A pcrrnit shall not he issued to
(a) a person mlio is less tlixn twcnty-one years of age; or
(b) a Company unless that conipany is ineorporated or licensed to do
business in Canada or is incorporated in a province of Canada. ANNEXES IO MEMORIALOF THEUNITED STATES 317
34. (1) A permittee muet be the holder of a licence before he may
carry out exploratory aork on Canada lands.
(2) Where a permittec is aiithorized to Carry out exploratory work
under these Regulations, that work may be performed by any penon
employed or hired by the permittee.
(3) A permittee may, for the purpose of carrying out exploratory work
for oil and gas,
(a) enter upon the Canada lands described in his permit; and
(b) use such part of the surface of the Canada lands described in his
permit as may be necessary.
(4) A ~ermitteee mav oroduce from the Canada lands described in
his permit &ch quantity if o'iland gas that, in the opinion of the Oil Con-
servation Engineer, is necessary for test purposes or for conducting opera-
tions of the permittee on that permit area.
35.(1) Subject to these Regulations, a permittee has the exclusive
option to obtain an oil and gas lease for the Canada lands described in
his exploratory permit.
(2) Every permit shall state the term of the oil and gas lease for
which an option is given and the royalty payable under the lease.
Term of Permit
36.(1) Except as prorided in subsection (3), where the whole or
greater part of a permit area is located south of latitude 65",the permit
is valid for three years from the date of issue.
(2) Except as provided in subsection (3), where the whole or pater
part of a permit area is located between latitude 65" and latitude 7O",
the permit is valid for four years from the date of issue.
(3) Where a permit area is located north of latitude 70' or where
the whole or greater part of a permit area is, in the opinion of the Chief,
covered by seacoast waters, the permit is valid for six years from the date
of issue.
37. A permittee may at any time surrender the grid area or one-half
of the grid area for which he holds a permit but, except as provided in
section 42, no deposit shall be refunded to the permittee.
Renewal of Permits
38. (1) The Chief shall, upon application, renew a permit for the
term of one year.
(2) The application for reneivnl shall he made to the Chief in Ottawa
before the expiry date of the permit and shall be accompanied hy the
deposit required by section 41.
(3) A permit may be renened pursuant to subsection (1) not more
tlian six tirnes.318 GULF OF MAINE t8171
39. (1) Where
(a) a permit has been rcnewed six times;
(b) a well is heing drilled in a manner satisfaetory to the Chief; and
(c) in the opinion of tlie Cliief, the well will not be completed 01
ahandoned hefore the expiration of the permit,
the Chief may, upon application extend the term of the permit for
one or more periods of ninety days.
(2) Tlie application for extension shall he made to the Chief and shall
be accompanied by the deposit rèquired by section 41.
40. Wliere a permit has been renewed six times, the Minister may,
upon application, renew the permit for such term and subject to such
conditions and deposits as he may prescrihe.
Deposita
41. (1) Every permittee shall deposit with the Chief, before the
commencement of a period, money or bonds of a value equal to the deposit
required for that period.
(2) The deposit required for the period set out in Column 1 of
Schedule B is the amount set out in Column II of that Schedule.
42. (1) The portion of a deposit equal to the allowable expenditure
made during tlic period, shall be returned to the permittee.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), the portion of the deposit not retumed
to the permittee is forfeited to Her Majesty.
(3) Where in the opinion of the Chief a permittee has not been able
ta make allowable expenditure equal to the deposit required for any
period, and the permittee has giren notice to the Chief, and during the
renewal period ncxt following the permittee makes allowable expenditure
equal to the aggregate of
(a) the deposit required for the renewal period next following; and
(b) tlie portion of tlie deposit for the period, heretofore not retumed
tu the pertmittee,
the portion of the deposit heretofore not returned shall be returned to the
permittee.
(4) The notice required under subsection (3) shall be given hefore the
end of the period and shall state the reasons that the permittee has not
been able to inake allowable crpenditures equal to the deposit required
for that period and thnt tl~cpermittce intends to make allowable expendi-
ture, during the rcneival period next follo~ving,equal to the aggregate of
(a) tlie depoçit required for the renewal period; and
(b) tlie portion of the deposit for the period heretofore not returned
to the permittee.
(5) Subçection (3) does not aliply to the first period of a permit. Volume II
DOCUMENT AANRYEXE NOS.12TO 44
Annex12
S.E.NORTHEASTUMAERNVERSIPTYES1,979,CHAPI.I,"COWNIAL.BOSTON,
BACKGROUN 1D:2-176OP.8-26ANDCw. XIX,"Cm COD ANDCAPB
ANN:1820-186W,P.300-313
[Not reproduced]
Annex13
H.A.INNlSTHECO/U%HERIETS: H~S~RL.OFAN~NTEKYAT~ONECONOMY,
New HAVE& Y,ALUNIVERSIPNRES1,940,P111-19
[Norreproduced] L.SABINER,PORT ON THEPRINCIPFISHWES OFTHEAMERICA NEIS,
WASHINGTO D.C,.,TTI<EASURDEPARTME OFTHEUNITESDTATERS,OBERT
ARMSTRONG,PRINTE1R8,53, P. 174
[Norreproduced]
Annex15
JOURNU SF THCONTINE~ CONORES 774-1789,VOL. IV, 1779,
WASHINGTON,GOVERNME PRTINTING~CE,1909,PP960-962
[Nofreproduced] ANNEXES TO MEMORIALOF THE UNITEDSTATES
TRmn OFPEACE ,783UNITEDSTATES-GRE ARITAI8 ,STA.0TS NO.104.
REPRINTERDM TIES EAND OTHERINTERNATIOA NARLEEMEN OFTHE
UNITESDTATES :776-194CHARLEB SEVAN SD.VOL.12,PP8-12
MAPDCPICTIV THECOASTC SOVFRCBY TIlCONV~~TIO ON1818(FROWC.C.
TANSILLC,ANADIAN-AM~RI RCALATIO.18:5.1911NEWHAVEN,
CONVENTIONONFISHERIEBS, UNOARANDRESTORATI OFNSLAVES1818,
UNITEDSTATES-GREBARTITAI8.STA248.TSNO. 112REPRINT EDM
' Notreproduced. GULF OF MAINE
TREATY OF PEACE
Signed al Pans September 3,1783
Ralified and proclaimed by the Congress of the United States (Co
tinenlal Congress) lanuary 14,1784
Ralified byGreat Britain April9,1784
Ratifications'exchangedat Paris May 12,1784
Eniered intoforce May 12,1784
.4rticle4rupplemented byconvention ofJanuary 8,1802 '
Articles2 and 3 superseded bysubsequent conventionsregarding boun~
ariesand füheries
Articles4-7,9, and IO terminated upon julfillment ofierms
Article8 annulled by War of 1812
8 Stat. 80; Treaty Senes 104
In the Name of the most Holy & undivided Trinity.
It having pleased the Divine Providence to disposethe Hearts of the mos
Serene and most potent Pnnce Georse the Third, by the Grace of God, Kin!
of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Duke oi
Brunswick and Lunebourg, Arch-Treasurer and Prince Elector of the Hol)
Roman Empire &ca. and of the United States of America, to forget al1pas1
Misunderstandings and Difierences that have unhappily intempted the good
Correspondence and Friendship which they mutually wish to restore, and to
establish such a beneficial and satisfactory Intercoune, between the two
Countries upon the Ground of reciprocal Advantages and mutual Conven-
ience as may pmmote and secure to both perpetual Peace & Hamony, and
having for this desirable End already laid the Foundation of Peace and
Rewnciliation, by the Provisional Articles signed at Paris on the 30th of
November 1782,' by the Commissionen empowered on each Part, which
Articles were agreed tobe inserted in and to constitute the Treaty of Peace
proposed to be concluded between the Crown of Great Britain and the said
United States, but which Treaty was not to be concluded until Tem of
Peace should be agreed upon between Great Britain and France and his
Britannic Majesty should be ready toconclude such Treaty accordingly; and
'TS 108, port, p. 36.
'SecMoox. Digest01 IntcrnotionLaw, i.0V. pp. 361 and 382.
*TSrIO?d,ntr, p. 1.dy of thisee2eMiller 151. 191 ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOF THE UNITEDSTATES 323
the Treaty ktween Great Britain and France having since heen concluded,
His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, in order to carry
into fullEKect the Provisional Articlesabove mentioned, according to the
Tenor thereof, have wnstituted and appointed, that i to SayHis Britannic
Majesty on his Part, David Hartley, Esqr. Member of the Parliament of
Great Britain, and the said United States on their PartJohn Adams, Esqr.
late a Commissioner of the United States of America at the Court of
Versailles,late Delegate in Congressfrom the State of Massachusetts, and
Chief Justice of the said State and Minister Plenipotentiary of the said
United States to their High Mightinesws the States General of the United
Netherlands; Benjamin Franklin, Esq'r. late Delegate in Congres from the
State of Pennsylvania, President of the Convention of the said State, and
Minkter Plenipotentiary from the United States of America at the Court of
Versailles,John Jay Esqr late President of Congressand Chief Justice of the
State of New York, and Minister Plenipotentiaryfrom thc saidUnited States
at the Court of Madrid; to be the Plenipotentiaries for the concluding and
signing the present Definitive Treaty; who alter having reciprocally com-
municated their respective Full Powen have agreed upon and confirmed the
followingArticles.
ARTICLE I"
Hi Britannic Majesty acknowledgesthe said Unitcd States, viz, New-
Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgja, to be frce Sovereign
& independent States, that he treats with them as such, & for himself, His
Heirs and Successon, relinquishes al1Claims to the Government, Propriety
and Territorial rights of the same and every Part thereof.
ARTICLE 24
And that al1Disputes which might arise in future on the Subject of thc
Boundaries of the said United States may be preventcd, it is hercby agreed
and declared, that the following are & shall be their Boundaries viz: From
the North West anxle of Nova Scotia viz, that angle which is formed bv a
Line drawn due North from the Source of St. Croix River to the Hixhlands.
along the said Highlands which divide those Riven that cmpty themcclves
into the River St. Lawrence, from those which fa11into the Atlantic Ocean,
to the North-Western-most Head of Connecticut River: Thence down along
the Middle of that River to the Forty Fifth Dexree of North Latitude: froni
thence by a Line due Weston said Latitude until it strikesthe River Iroquois
or Cataraquy; Thence along the middle of said River into Lake Ontario;
'For textofdeciaion, commirrioncrapp~intedpurruanttoart. 4 otrcaiy Drc.2+,
IR14 (TS 109, poilp.41), re8Stat.230. 274:TS Ill, 119.324 GULFOF MAINE Ilol
through the middle of said Lake until itstrikes the conimunication by water
bctween that Lake and Lake Erie: thence along the middle of said commu-
nication into Lake Erie. through the middle of said Lake iintil it arri\.es at
the water comniunication between that Lake and Lake Huron. thence along
the middle ofsaid water comniunication into the Lake Huron, thence through
the middle of said Lake to the water communication between that Lake and
Lake Superior, thence through Lake Superior Northward of the Isles Royal
& Phelipeaux to the Long Lake, thence through the middle of said Long
Lake and the water communication Lietweenit and the Lake of the ti'oods,
to the said Lake of the \Voods, thence through the said Lake to the most
Nonhwestem Point thereof, and from thence on a due \$'est Course to the
River Misiiippi, thence by a Line to bedrawn dong the middle of the said
River Mississippiuntil it shall inte~ect the Northernmost Part of the thirty
fint degree of North Latitude. South, hy a Line to be drawn due East from
the Determination of the Line last mentioned in the Latitude of thiny one
Degrees North of the Equator, to the middle of the River Apaiachicola or
Catahouche thence along the middle thereof to its Junction with the Flint
River, thence straight to the head of Saint Man's River; and thence down
along the middle of Saint Mary's River to the Atlantic Ocean; East. by a
Line to bc drawn along the middle of the Ri\.er Saint Croix, from its mnuth
in the Bay of Fundy to its Source, and from its Source directly North to the
afomaid Highlands which divide the Riven that fall into the Atlantic Ocean
from thosc which fall into the River Saint Lawrence; comprehending al1
Islands within twenty Leagues of any Part of the Shores of the United States,
and ]ying between Lines to be drawn due East from the Points where the
afomaid Boundaries between Nova Scotiaon the one Part and East Florida
on the other, shall res~ectively touch the Bay of Fundy and the Atlantic
Ocean, excepting such Islands as now are or heretofore have been within
the Limits of the said Province of Nova Scotia.
ARTICLE 3'
It is agreed tliat the People of the United States shali continue to enjoy
unmolested the Right to take Fish of every Kind on the Grand Bank, and
on al1the other Banks of New-foundland, also in the Gulph of Saint Law-
rence and at al1other Places in the Sea, where the Inhabitantsof both Coun-
tnes used at any time heretofore to fish. And also that the Inhabitants of
the United States shall have Liberty to take Fish of every Kind on such Part
of the Coast of New-foundland as British Fishermen shall use, (but not
to dry or cure the same on that Island) and also on the Coasts Bays &
Creeks of al1other of hk Britannic Majesty's Dominions in America, and
that the American Fishermen shall have Liberty to dry and cure Fish in
any of the unsettledBays, Harbours and Creeks ofNova Scotia, hlagdalen
Islands and Labrador, so long as the same shall remain unsettled, hut so Il11 ANNEXESTO MEMOR~ALOFTHE UNITED STATES 325
soon asthe same or either of them shall be settled, it shall not be lawful
for the said Fishermen to diy or cure Fish at such Settlement without a
previous Agreement for that Purpose with the Inhahitanu, Proprieton
or Posswon of the Gmund.
ARTICLE 41h
It isagreed that Crediton on either Sideshall meet with nolawful Impedi-
ment to the Recovery of the full Value in Sterling Moneyof al1bonâ fide
Debts heretofore contracted.
ARTICLE 51h
It is agreed that the Congres shall earnestly recommend itto thc Legis-
latures of the respective States, to provide for the Restitution of al1Estates,
Rights and Properties, which have ken confiscated belongingto real British
Suhjects; and al50of the Estates, Rights and Properties of Penons resident
in Districts in the Possessionof his Majsty's Arms and who have not bomc
Arms against the said United States: And that Persans of any other Descrip
tion shall have free Liberty to go to any Part or Parts of any of the thinccn
United States and therein to remain twelve months unmolested in their
Endeavoun to obtnin the Rcst;tution of such of their Estates, Rights and
Properties as may have been confiscated; and that Congres shall also
earnestly recommend to the several States a Reconsideration and Rcvision
of al1Acts or Laws regarding the Premises,so as to render thc said Laws
or Acts perfectly consistent not only with Justiceand Equity but with that
Spirit of Conciiiation which on the return of the Blessinp of Pcace should
univenally prevail. And that Congres shall also earnstly recommend to
the several States, that the Estates, Rights and Properties, of such las1mcn-
tioned Penons shall be restored to them, they refunding to any Penons who
may be now in Possessionthe bonâ fide price (where any has heen giren)
which such Persons ma? haw paid on purchasing any of the said Lands,
Rights or Propertiec since the Confiscation.
And it is agreed that al1 Penons who hai,e an? Intcrest in confiscatcd
Lands, either bu Debts, rnarriage Settlements, or othemise, shall meet with
no lawful Impediment in the Prosecution of their just Righu.
ARTICLE61h
That there shall be no future Confisc:ltionsmade nor an? Proseri~tions
commenced against any Person or I'ersonsfor, or LiyReason of, the Part
which he or they may have taken in the present \Var, and thnt rioI'clïon
shall on that Account suflcr ;in? future 1.0s or 1):lriingeeither in his Pcr-
son, Lil~ert~ 01 Property; :ind thnt those ivho ni;iy IIC iiiCotifincnicnt rln
such Charges at the tirne of the Katilication of the 'l'rcntyiiiAii~cric::~h.:ill
For a rupplementto art4, sec ~,,~~enti<iJan.8, 1801(TS IllIIportp 19.326 GULF OF MAINE 1121
lx immediately set at Liberty, and the Prmecutions so commenced be
discontinued.
ARTICLE 7"'
There shall be a firm and perpetual Peace between His Britannic Majesty
and the said States, and between the subjects of the one, and the Citizens
of the other, wherefore al1Hostiliti~ both by Sea and Land shallfrom hence-
forth ce=: AU Prisonerson both Sidesshall be setat Liberty, and His Britan-
nic Majesty shallwith al1convenient Speed, and without causing any Destmc-
tion, or carrying away any Ncgroes, or other Property of the American
Inhabitants, withdraw al1his Armies, Garrisons and Flcets from the said
United States, and from every Post, Place and Hmbour within the same;
lcaving in aUFortifications, the American Artillery that may be therein: And
shall alsoorder and cause al1Archives, Records, Deedsand Papen belonging
to any of the said States, or their Citizens, which in the Course of the War
may have fallen into the Hands oHi officen, to be forthwith restored and
delivered tothe proper States and Perrons to whom they belong.
TIC LE 8"
Thc Navigation of the River Mississippi, from it.j Source to the Ocean,
shaUfor ever rcmain free and open to the Subjects of Great Britain and the
Citizensof the United States.
ARTICLE 9"
In case it shouso happen that any Place or Territory belonging to Great
Britain or to the United States should have been conqucred by the Arms of
either from the other, before the Arrival of the said Provisional Articles in
America, it isagreed that the same shall be restored without Difficultyand
without requiring any Compensation.
ARTICLEIOtb
The solemn Ratifications of the present Treaty expedited in good and due
Form shall be cxchanged between the contracting Parties in the Space of six
Months or mner, if possible,to be computed fromthe Day of the Signature
of the Present Treaty. In Witness whereof We the undenigned, their Min-
isters Plenipotentiary, have in their Name and in Virtue of our full Powen,
signed with our Handr the present Definitive Treaty, and cauxd the Seais
ofour Ams to be affixedthereto.
Done at Paris, this third Day of September in the Year of our Lord, one
thousand, sevenhundred and Eighty three.
D. HARTLEY [SEAL]
JOHN ADAMS [SEAL]
B. FRANKLIN [SEAL]
JOHN JAY [SEAL]1571 ANNEXESTO MEMORULOFTHEUNITEDSTATES 327
FISHERIES, BOUNDARY, AND RESTORATION
OF SLAVES
ConventionsignedatLondonOctober20,1818
RatifiedbytheUnited KingdomNouember2,1818
Senateaduiceandconsentioratificationjanuary25,1819
RatifiedbythePresidentoftheUnitedStates January28,1819
Ratifications exchangeat Washingtonjanuary30,1819
Entered intoforce]anuary30,1819
ProclaimedbythePresidentoftheUnitedStatesJanuary30,1819
ArticleIII continuein forcebyconuentionofAugurt6,1827 '
8 Stat.248;Treaty Series112
The United States of America, and His Majesty The King of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, desirous to cernent the good Under-
standing which happily suhsistsbetweenthem, have, for that purpose, named
their respective Plenipotentiaries,that isto say: The President of the United
States, onhii part, has appointed, Albert Gallatin, Their Envoy Extraordi-
nary and Minister Plenipotentiarytothe Court of France; and Richard Rush,
Their Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of
His Britannic Majesty:-And His Majesty has appointed The Right Honor-
able Frederick John Robinson,Tmasurer of Hi Majesty's Navy,and Presi-
dent ofthe Comrnitteeof Privy Council forTrade and Plantations; and Hen~
Goulburn Esquire, one of His Majerty'sUnder Secretariesof State:-Who,
alter having exchanged their respectiveFull Powen, foundto be in due and
proper Form, have agreed to and concluded the followingArtides.
ARTICLE 1
Whereas ditïerences have arisen respecting the Liberty claimed by the
United States for the Inhabitants thereof, to take, dry, and cure Fish on
certain Coasts, Bay, Harboun, and Creeks of His Britannic Majesty's Do-
minions in America, it is agreed between The High Contracting Parties,
that the Inhabitants of theid United States shall have forever, in conimon
with the Subjecu of His Britannic Majesty, the Liberty to take Fi5hof every
kind on that part of the Southem Coast of Newfoundland which extends
'TS 116,Porip 74
'For a detailed rtudy of thir converce 2Miller 658.328 GULFOFMAINE I58l
from Cape Rn! tiitlic K:iiiir.iii I~l.i11i~i, tlic )\c\tci~i :iiiiISi>rtlirrn<:<,;~ct
of PIcufoiiiidl;iiid. In>iticlic c.iid <:;ipe K;i! ti> tlic Qiiirpii 1~1:iiii<>II tlic
Shores of thc ll.iycl.~lc~~I~I,~I~~A II~I.C:Itl>o t11c <:O:L~L~.Rxp. I.i:~rIx~~!m,
and Crecks fron~ >lout\t Jol, ,,ritlic Snutl~crn <:<,,~,t l.~iI~r.i~l~1,),xnd
throycl~ thc Strciyl~t~ t~i l%~~ll~i:~tnld tl~cn,r SC~IIIL\<,I~~ iII<~lcli~~it<l\l~ni~
thc C:<>a<t <ithout l~r~j~<liceIi<>\~cvcrt.o i~n! ,if thc PXCIUS~ K~iCI~tsof
the Hud<on Bay Cun,p:~i~y: :~nd tlmt thc ;\~,~crit.;~nFi\liern~cn >l~:tll;~l<n
have liberty forcvcr, to <IF :iiiiIciirc Fkh iti.itiy <>ftlic iiii~cttlril II.ip,
Harboun, and Crceks <,Itlic Sniithcni part iiftIic <:o;~.t iifNr~~f~~iiti;Il:iiid
hcrcalmvc dacrilied. :iiirof thc C:o:~co tf I.:llii.id<irIitixi sooii ;L%thc :iiiic,
or an? Portion thcrcof. .1i;i1Ir settlcd, it \1i:i1iic~tI,c 1:itiful lor thc ;iid
Fishcmcn to dn or riire Fish :ilsiich Portion .cttlcd, withoiit prcvious
agrecmcnt for cuch piirlnix with tlic Inhn1,ii:inic. I'roprietors, or Poîçczson
of thc Gound.-Aiid tlic I.iiitcd St;itcs hcrcl,! rîiiuiiiirc forcrer, any Li]>-
crty hcrctofnrc cnjr~!cd iir i 1.iiiiicdby thc 1iili:iliit:ints tlicrcof, to tnkc, dry,
or cure Fkh on. or uitliiri rhrcc i~i;irinellilcs of ;iiiy of the Coi~~ts.Bnys,
Crccb, or H:irl)oiin 01 tliç Brit;iniiic >f;ijrsty'ç I)c>niinionsin Anicrica not
included tiithin tlir ;il>ii\.ciiiîiiiioiicd liriiits: ~irovidîd howcrcr, thnt the
Amencan Fishcrnieii .li;iII I,c ;idniittcd to riitcr ~ch Bi1.s or Hnrliouri for
the purpw of Shcltcr :ind of rrpainng I>:ini;igcj thcrcin, or purchacing
Wmd, and of ol>taining \Vater, and for no othcr purposc ivhatcvcr. Rut
thcy shall bcundcr such Rc~iriclionï ;ü niiiy I>cneccsary to prc\,cnt thcir
taking, dying or curing Fish thercin, or in :in? uthcr nianner whatever
abusing thc Privilcges hcrcl~yrecewcd to thcni.
ARTICLE II
It is agrccd that a Line drawn from thc most North Western Point of the
Lake of thc \\'oods, along thc forty Ninth Paralle1 of North Latitude, or,
if the said Point shdi not Lx in the Fort? Ninth Parallcl of North Latitude,
thcn that a Linc drawn from thc said Point due North or South ar the Casc
may k, until thc said Line shall intenect the s.iid P:irnllel of North Latitude,
and [rom the Point of such Intc~ection due \Vcst along and with the said
Parallcl shall bc the Line of Dcmarc;ition Iiciwrcri the Territories of the
United States, and thosc of His Bntnnnic ll;ijcsty, and that the snid Linc
shallfom thc Korthcrn Boundary of the s;iid~l'crritoricsof the United States,
and the Southern Boundary of thc 'l'erritorics of Hi3 Brit:innic hlajesty,
from the Lakc of the \\'i,ods to thc Stnii! >Ii>iint;iiin.
:\RTICI.F.111
It is agrccd, thnt ;III).C:uiintr) th;it niny Iici1:iiriicdby cither Party on the
North \\'a[ Coast of .\riierir:i,\\'c\tw:iril 01 tlic Stvny MountAri, shall,
roçethcr with it's H.~i-l,iii~r>B .:iyç. ;ciid<:~i.i.A..;iiid thc Navigation of nll1591 ANNEXES To MEMoRtALOFTHE UNITED sTAm 329
Rivcn ivithin the s:irneLi ree and opcn, for the terni of ten yean' from the
date of the Signature of the Present Con\.ention,to the Vwls, Citizens,and
Subject of the Tw-OPowen: it bcing well undentwd, that this :\grccrnent
isnot to be construed tothe Prejudice of any Claim, whicheither of the Two
High Contracting Parties may have to any part of the said Country, nor shall
itbe taken to nfiect the Claims of any other Power or State to any part of
the said Countrv; the only object of thc High Contracting Parties, in that
rcspect, king to prevent disputes and difierencesarnongstThcmselves.
ARTICLE IV
All the Provisionsof the Convention "to regulate the Commcrcc betwecn
the Territories of the United Statesand of His Britannic Majesty" concluded
at London on the third day of July in the year of our Lord one Thousand
Eight Hundred and Fifteen: with the exception ofthe Clause which limited
iü duration to Four yean, & cxccpting alsoso faxas the samewas affectcdby
thc Declaration of His Majesty rapecting the Island of S' Hclcna, arc
herebyextended and continued inforceforthe term of ten ycm from thc datc
of the Signature of the present Convention, in thc same manner, as if al1the
Provisionsof the said Convcntion werc hcrcin speciallyrecited.
ART~CLE V
Whcreas it was agrecd by thc fint Article of the Treaty ofGhent,' that
".4UTemtory, Places,and Possessionswhauoever taken by either Party fmm
the other during the War, or which may bc takcn after the signing of this
Treaty, excepting only the Islands hereinafter mentioned, shall bc restored
without delay, and without causing any destruction, or canying away any of
the Artillery or other public Propcrty originallycapturein thc said Forts or
Places whichshall rernain therein upon the Exchange of thc Ratificationsof
thisTreaty, or any Slavesor othcr private Property", and whereas under thc
aforesaid Article the United Statu claim for their Citizens, and as their
private Property, thc Restitution of, or full Compensationfor ail Slavu who,
at thc date of the Exchange of thc Ratificationsof the said Trcaty, werc in
anv Territory, Places, or Possessionswhatsoevcr directed by thc said Trcaty
to be rstored to the United States, but then still occupied by the British
Forces, whethcr such Slaves werc, at the date aforgaid, on Shore, or on
hard any British Vesscllyingin Waten within thc Territory or Jurisdiction
of thc United States; and whereas diKerenccshave arisen, whethcr, by thc
true intent =id nreaning of the doresaid Article of the Trcnty of Ghent the
Cnited States are entitled to the Restitution of,or full Compensation for al1
or ;in? Sln\.esas above described, the High Contracting Parties hereby agree
'Fur ancxieniioofan. IIIrceconrcnrion of Aug6.1827(TS 116), Port, p.74
.TS 1IO. onfr, p.49.
TS 109,nnrrp.41.330 GULF OF MAINE i601
to rcfcr rIir siid dificrencn to sonie Friendly Sovercip or Ixanamed
for that pirrpose; and the Hiçh Contracting Partics furthcr engage 10con-
sidcr thc dccision of such E'riciidlySovcreignor statbc final and con-
clusivcon .dthe mattcn rclerrcd.'
ARTICLE VI
This Convcniion, when thc snme shall have been duly ratificd by Thc
Presidcnt of thc Unired'Stata, Iiyand with the Advice and Consent 01thcir
Senarc. and by His Britannic Jfnjesty, and the respective Ratifications
mutuaIl!. cschangcd, shalllicbindinç and obligatory oti the said United
Statesand on His hlajnty; and the Ratifications shabe exchanged in Six
hfonrhs from thisdate, or smner, if possible.
In witncssivhcreof the respectivePlcnipotcntiaria havesigncd the samc,
and have thcrcunto affixedrhcScnlaf iheirh.
Donc nr London thiï Twenticrh dny of Octol~r, in the Ycar of Our Lord
Onc Thousand Eight Hundred and Eighteen.
ALBERT GALUTIN [SEAL]
RICHARD RUSH [SEAL]
FREDERIC KOHN ROBINSON [SEAL]
HENRYGOULBURN [SEAL]
--
aFora rnnwntioriqnratSi. PetersbJuly12,1822,ndeimediarioofEmpcrord
Ruiria, 'S 11.pofl. 61. ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOFTHE UNITED STATES
Annex17
R.MCFARLAN D,HISTORYOFTHE NEWENCUNDRSHERIES N,EWYORK,
UNIVERSI TYPENNSYLVAN~APRESS, BD.APPLETO NNDCO.AGENTS ,911,
Cm. XIX, "THEFISHERIL SUESTION ",.321-337
Annex18
G. B.GOODER, E RSHERIFAND RSHERY INDUSTRIESF THEUNITEDSTATES,
WASHINGTO DNC.,GOVERNMENT PRlNnNG OFFICE1887VOL. 1"HISTOR YF
THE FRESHHALIEUFTISHERY P,.29-34
VOL. 1,"THEGEORGEB SANKCODFISHERY" PP.187-198
VOL. IIP.201
- ATLAS P,LATE,"GEORGE 'SELLSMAC -K1836TO1847"
- ATLASP,LATE3S0-35"THEGEORGEB SANK COD FISHERY"
[NOIreproduced]
Annex19
1873(ADAFI'ED FROALISTFROMG. H. PROCTORTH& RSHERMANM 'SOHORIAL
AND &C(~HD BWK,GWUCESTER P,OCTORBROTHCR PUBUSIIERS1873)
[Nor reproduced] Annex20
UNITESDTATESEPARTME OFTOMMER HE,RY INDUSTRIE^THEUNITED
STATES1:928,WASHINOTDN.,.,GOVERNME PRINTIOGFFIC1,929,
[Notreproduced]
[Noreproduced]
Annex22
FOODAND AGRICULTU RREGANIUI~ONFTHEUNITEDNATION"S. EVIOF
PP4429-30
[Noreproduced]
Annex23
C. SOUTHACTH,NEWENGLAND CDASTINGII,DT(I~I~)
[Norrepmduced] ANNEXESTO MEMORM OFTHEUNITEDSTATES
Aooex24
P.RNKHAM,A CHARTOFGEORGE BSANKINCLUDINCAPECOD ANDNANTUCKFT
(1797)
[Norreprodured]
Anoex îS
[No: repmduced]
Aooex26
[Nofreproduced]
Anoex27
C. WILKES,HAR TFGEORGE SHOALAND BANK(1837)
[Not reproduced] Annex28
HYDROGRAPHS IURVEYCSONDUCTE BYTHE UNITESTATE SETWEEN1842AND
192FROM CAPESABLETOCAPEHATTERAS
UNITEDSTATECSOASTAND GEODETICSURYEYC,HARTNO.1000:AN INDEXOF
HYOROGRAPHS IURVEYCSONDUCTE BYTHE UNITESTATE SETWEEN1929AND
1939FROMCAPESABLETOCAPEHATTERAS
UNITEDSTATECSOASTANDGEoDmCSURVEY C.HARTNO.1000:AN INDEXOF
HYDROGRAPHI~SURVEY~COND BYTTE DN~TEDSTATLS BFlWE1940AN~
1975FROMCAPESABLETOCAPEHA~RAS
[Nor reproduced]
Annex29
UKITEDSTATECSOASAND GEODETICSCRVE CH.ARTNO.3075GEORGE SANK.
EASTERPNART. PECIALHARTFOUFISHIUGINDUSTR(JUNE1934)
UNITEDSTATECSOASAND GEOD~ICSURVEY C,HARTNO.3076:GEORGEBSANK,
WESTERPNART.SPECIALHARTFOR FISHINGINDUSTR1942)
[Nor reproduced]
CANADIANHYDUWRAPHS IERVICCEHART-APPROACH OSTHEBAYOFFUNDY,
CANADIAN CWT 425,FIRSTEDITION,1924
[Norrepmduced] ANNEXESTOMEMORIAOFTHEUNITEDVATES
AGREEME NNESTABLISHM OFNLONGRANGEAIDTO NAVlGATlON
(LORAN-C)STATIO NNEWFOUNDUN 96,4,UN~D STATES-CANADA,
15UST1835,TlAS No. 5657
[Norreproduced]
Annex32
[Norreproduced]
Annex33
H.BIGEWW ", HYSICACLEANOGRA PHTYGULFOM FAINEW*',ASHINGTOS,
D.C.,GOVERNME PRTlh71GFFICE1, 2INBULLFTINOFTIUENITESTATES
BUREAUOF RSHERIEV,OL.L,1924.PARIIPP.511-521
[Norreproduced]
Annex34
[Norreproduced] GULF OF MAINE
Annex35
SEARC AVI>RESCUAEGKEEMESTBC~\V EIEROYALCANADIA AIRFORCEAVD
THEUSITEISIATESCOASTGUARD,DATED 7 OCTOB~'K957
SEARC HND RESCUAEGREEYEV BElWtEN THCIIIEOF DEFF.NCSTAFF,
CASADIANFo~ccs.ANI>[HECOYYAKDANT U.NIIEDSTATFSOASTGUAKD.
DAIED6 AUGUST 1965,MENDCD 19APKIL1966
[Nol reproduced]
Annex36
MAPDEPICTINGFI.IGIITINFORMATREGION(SFIR)IN THATLA~C AREA ,S
AIWPTEDRY ICA0 (AIR N~viû~riohN. NORTHAMERICAN ANDPACIFIC
REGIOVSIOEl>.1977D.m. 8755/10I,TERNATIONACLIVILAVIATIOV
ORGANIZATION)
[Nol reproduced]
Annex37
MAPDEPICTING AIRDEFENS IOENT~FICATIZONES
OFTHENEWENGLAND REGION
UNITEDSTATERSEGULATIONS1: CFR, SEC.9(1981)
[Norreproduced] ANNEXESTOMEMORULOFTHE UNITEDSTATES
Anne38
[Nor reproduced]
Anne39
A MAPOFSELECT EDYSIOGRAPRHICIONSFEASTERNORTHAMERICA
[Nol reproduced]SAMPLEEXPLORATIPERMITO:CSPERMIT2-68,ISSUTOEXPLORATION
SURVEYISN,C.,DATDAPRI1968 ANNEXESTOMEMORIOFTHEUNITEDSTATES 339
. Co* ccc'ccic CC :x CC? 7 f $?!
%$ 3; nnmrr-md 6
2" %d %bgn=s~=1 0% == $3 = s szx
. Wh O-ntvinnvi oo 01 CC, m O
2" "_$$&+CC qq eq $37 $ = ?z2
;s dd ddssoddzss s= sss 6 $ sss
.3 'S 'S .S.Z
=P
k.: 5 a,?3 u a u4b
5 2Z .i r=r =; .B 8 2534
94 4s .S. .g$*:< 4 .jg 337 .3 .3
52 sr Zr+y9E9yr ,= ù8 ,,o 9 29 829
ii ff ofE$f$;f ;o SE? ;$o 3 3 iis
tz zzSzzzoz oz zS ooz z z zzz
vioo 00 n
Sm 'C'")CC-C 2s CE.C : 2
ww 93 yzrysd~ ww ww ASA 3 w wwwMI. D. V.Sibila
Exploration Surveys,Inc.
5615Daniels Avenue
Dallas, Texas 75206
Re: OCS Permit E2-68
Dear MI. Sibila:
Your letterof April 3 requestsauthorization for Exploration Surveys,Inc.,to
conduct a seagravityand marine magnetometer surveyof the continental shelf
of the Northeastem United States from Cape Cod to the Chesapeake Bav(due
east of al1Statesfrom Massachusetts to Vi%nial in the area &vered b; - ,r &O-
posed lines of control shown on the enc~osedplai (Enclosure 1).
The uronram is more fullv described in the prouosal dated November 1967.
reccived wTthyour lettcr.m.e primary equipméntio be used consistsofa grav-
ity mc1er.amagnetomctcr,and a fathometer. Youadvised mebytelephonethat
the boat 10 be used is the Goldenfleece. that the cable to be towed will not
extend more than 250 feet bchind the vessel,and that it is likelythe operation
will becommcnccdabout May 15and be completed laiethis year.
Yourproposed operations in that portion of the requested area which lies in
the "outer Continental Shelf' as that term is defined in Section2 of the~~u~~~ -
Continental Shelf Lands Act of August 7, 1953,are approved for the period
May 10to December31,1968, subject to the followingconditions.
1. That you fumish reports of areas in which operations are conducted
and notices of vour exnected areas of overations to a~~ro~riateoffices of
the Navy,~oact ~uard, Bureau of ~omkercial ~ishe;&sind to this okice
as specificd on the enclosed rheets (Enclosures II and III).
2; mat the ouerations be wnducted in such a manner as will provide
minimum interfereuce with fishing operations.
3. ïhat, if and when requested by this office, you make the necessary
arrangements for a representative of the Geological Surveyor the Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries to observe the operations on board the survey
vessel.
4. ïhat this approval may be suspended or revoked at any time for fail-
ure to complyreasonably withthe aboverequirements or forother unjusti-
fied action.
Please note that this approval is not applicable to that portion of the Conti-
nental Shelf which extends from the coast lineto three geographical milesin10
the Atlantic Ocean, as these State-ownedlands are areas over which 1have no
jurisdiction.
By lener dated April 12,you transmitted a supply of plats on which opera-
tional blocks are overprinted in red, copyenclosed(Enclosure IV).These were
intended for our use in notifying various parties of your areas of operations.
However,as such noticeswillbe furnished by Exploration Surveys,Inc., rather
than by us, we are retuming these plats to you under separate cover,except for
several copiesbeing retained for our files. ANNEXESTO MEMOW OF THE UNITEDSTATES 341
A copy of ihis leiler with enclosures is being furnished to the Navy, Coast
Guard, and Bureau of Commercial Fisheries offices shown on Enclosure Ill.
Sincerelyyours,
/s/H. A. DUPOW
H.A. Dupont
Regional Oil and Gas Supervisor
Eastern Region
Enclosures4
Enclosure1
[Notreproduced]
OCS Permit E2-68
EnclosureIl
Notices are to be sentto theCommander. Eastern Sea Frontier. withcooiesto
the RegionalOil and Gas Supervisor,U.S .eolo~icalSurvey,and io apbopri-
ate offices of thU.S. Coasi Guard and Bureau of Commercial Fisheries as
shown on the attacbed sheet (Enclosure III), as follows:
1. To be maileda fewdavs ri oto commencementof onerations : Date
you expect to commence 6p;rations and the expected area or lines of
operdtions during the first iwo weeks.
-2. Tobe mailedat the end of successiveoeriodsnot exceedineone week
each: Report showing or describing lines&n or areas surveyed(including
approximate number of miles of line mn) subsequent to each preceding
report and containing notice of your expected area ornes of operations
for the next two weeksfollowingthe date of your report.
Plats similar to those enclosed (Enclosure 1or IV)may be used to show the
lines or areas in lieu of describing them in your reports or notices.ïhis report-
ing procedure may be modified as necessary at the discretion of the Regional
Oil and Gas Supervisor.
OCS Permit E2-68
EnclosureIII
Commander, Eastern SeaFrontier
UnitedStates Navy
90Church Street
New York,NewYork 10007
* Commander, 7thCoast Guard District
U.S.Coast Guard
150S.E.3rd Avenue
Miami, Horida 33131
(Horida to SouthCarolina)
* = Crossedouton theoriginal342 GULF OFMAINE
Commander, 5thCoast Guard Distria.
U.S.Coast Guard
Custom House
Norfolk,Virginia23514
(North Carolina to Maryland)
Commander, 3rdCoast Guard Distria
U.S.Coast Guard
(~elawareto point in Massachusetts)
Commander, IstCoast Guard District
U.S.Coast Guard
Custom House
Boston,Massachusetts02109
(Massachusettsto Maine)
* RegionalDirector, Region2
BureauofCommercial Fisheries
Federal Office Building
144FirstAvenue
StPetersburg.Florida 33701 Telephone -A.C.813
(Florida to North Carolina) 898-0846Ext. 3141
RegionalDirector, Region3
Bureauof Commercial Fisheries
Federal Building
14ElmStreet
Gloucester, Massachusetts01930 Telephone -A.C.617
(Virginiato Maine) 281-0640
RegionalOiland Gas SupeMsor
Eastern Region
U.S .eologicalSurvey
3221GSABuilding Telephone -A.C. 202
Washington,D.C. 20242 343-4528
OFDELAWARE
U~N ~ECOMMENDATIONOF THE WATER AND AIR RESOURCES COMMISSION
AND NOW, to-wit, this 17th day of May, A.D. 1968,the State of Delaware
does hereby accept the report and recommendation of the Waterand Air
Resources Commission uoon the a~olication of Exoloration Survevs. Inc..
Dallas, ~exA, for authori6 to condici a seagravityand marine magn;tometer
survey of the continental shelf off the coast of Delaware, as represented
- Crosscdoutontheoriginal ANNEXES TO MEMORIALOF THEUNITED STATES 343
upon application 10the Water and Air ResourcesCommissiondated 26March
1968,copyof which is attached hereto and made a part hereof.
AND, THE STATEOFDELAWARE, pursuant to the authority contained in Subsec-
tion II, Chapter 64,Title7, PageVII,Delaware Code of 1953as amended does
herebygrant a permit10performthe aboveworkatthelocationshown and with
dimensions proposed on the attached application, without charge or fee; said
vermit will be continued until31 Decemher 196~~rs~ ~-ng as the c-nd~~i~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
attached to this permit are adhered to, whicheveris the shoner in timc. Upon
theexpiration of the [en-yeartem,this permitshallexpireand hewmenull and
void unless ~rior thereto the oermineë shall have a~olied for and received a
renewalorthis permit.A rcnewalmayhe denicd ifthéhate determinesthat the
permit is no longerin the publicinterest. This permitshall be subiectto the fol-
iowingconditions:
I. The oroiect is to be carried out in accordance with the olans sub-
mitted. lf'chinges arc necessary. revised plans must be submiited and a
supplcmental approval issucd prior to actual constmction.
..
2. RepresenGives of the ~ater and Air Resources Commission may
inspect such exploration during any phase of the operation.
3. Any actions, operations or installations which are considered by the
Commission 10be contrarv to the best interests of the oublic shall consti-
tute reason for the disconknuance and/or removal of Said action, op&-
tion or installation.
4. ïhat reports of areas in which operations are conducted and notices
of expected areas of operations be supplied to the offices of theWaterand
Air Resources Commission.
5. That the operations be conducted in a manner sufficient 10orovide
minimum interférencewith fishing and navigation.
6. That no drilling,.expl.sives, chemicals or radioactive materials be
emoloved.
y. Approval from the Corps of Engineen and/or the Delaware River
Basin Commission, where their iurisdiction is in effect, shall be obtaiued'
beforethis vernit is considered io he valid.
8. This Permit is void if the project has not been initiated by six (6)
months fromthe date of issuance.
9. Thispermit willbe revokedupon violationofanyofthe abovecondi-
tions.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, 1, CHARLES L. TERRY, IR., Govemor of the Slate of
Delaware have hereunto set my hand and the Great Seal of the State of Dela-
ware has been hereunto affixed hy the Secretary of State, at Dover, on this
17th day of May, in the year of our Lord One ïhousand Nine Hundred and
Sixty-eight.
/s/ Charles L. ~ERRY
Bythe Govemor
/s/ Elijiah C. DUKES
Bythe Secretaryof State GULF OF MAINE
EnclosureN
(Chart to be inserted)
ExecutiveOffices
5615Daniels Avenue
Dallas, Texas 75206
August 19,1968
MI. George Brown
Regional Oil & Gas Supervisor(Acting)
U.S.Geological Suwey
3221GSA Building
Washington, D.C. 20242
Dear Mr. Brown:
With rcfercnceto our tclcphonc conversation of thisdate, we hcrcby rcquesi
approval fortbc installation of a marine sub-bonom profiling system aboard
the MV Caldwellfre:our lettcr of 8-12-68).
Thisunit isto be operated aboard thedwellwithinthe area as established
in PermitOCS E2-68.
The equipment used in wnjunction with this addition to Oursurvey is as
follows:
1. Model24218.30.000joule "SSP.sparkersourcr (one unit mcasuring
20 in.x 20in. x 50in.)to bc mounted aboard the survey vessel.
2. Model 24257"Hydro Sireamer" cdblc and reel assembly (one unit
mcasuring 30 in. x 30 in.) to be mounted ahoard the survey vessel.
(Strcdmer istowed a maximum of500fcet bchind vesselwhile on line.)
3. Model 24220Am~iificr (one unit measurin- 19 in.x 6 in.10 be
. mounted aboard the sukey vessel.
4. Model 24255 facsimile recorder with incorporated Model 26140
signal programmer (one unit measuring 36 in. x 30 in. x 12in.) to be
mounted aboard surveyvessel.
As with our standard surveyingequipment, the operation of this device is in
no way harmful io the wildlifcand natural resources ofthe area.
Pleasefumish a wpy of the attachment to our permit to:
Mr. WayneGilpin
Ravenwood Motel
310Washington
Fairhaven, Mass.
Yoursvety tmly,
EXPWRATIO SURVEYIS N,C.
/s/ D.V. SIBILA ANNEXES TOMEMORIOFTHEUNITEDSTATES
Annex41
[No:repmduced]
Annex42
THECOVER SNDTABLE SFCONTEN ORTHE DRAFTAND FINAL
ENVIRONMEN IMPLCTSTATEMENISFOROUTECONTINENT SHELF
LEAS EALENO.42
DEPARTWEVTOF ~VHERIOPRES SELEASEDATEO 17JUKE1975,
2 JAVUAR 976,12OCTIJtl197AND 7 DECEWB1E976
[NOIreproduced] SELECTED DOCUMENTS RELAnNOUTERCONTINENTAL SHELF
LEASESALENO.52:
CALL FONOMINATION 4SFEDERU REGISTEi8805-1x8(30APRI1982)
THECOVER SND TABLEOFCONTEN OR THEDRAFTANDFINAL
ENVIRONMEN TPACTSTATEMEN FOROUTERCONTINENT SAHELF
LEASESALENO.52
[Norreproduced]
Aooex44
TABL I: ZOOPU~KTONS:PRINDISTRIBUTOIFTAXAIV TERMS OF
PERCEhTAGE COMPOSITIOTHCTOTALBIOMAS S AY1977)
TABLEIII :BENT:DISTRIBUTIONDOMINAN TAXAIN TERMSPERCENTAOE
COMPOS~T~ OFNHETOTA LIOMASS
[Norreproduced] VolumeIII
DOCUMENTA RNYNEXENS,OS.45TO51
Aooex45
~STERVATIOVCOVVESTIO FORTHENORTHWEA STLANTIFCISHERIES,
Do~tATWASHINGTON,8 OFNEBRUAR1949,15UNTS 157
MAP DEPICTITHESUBAREA ESTABLISHBYTHEINTERNATIONCOLNVENTION
FOR THNORTHWES ATLANTIFISHERIES
[Nolrepmduced]
Annex46
INTERNATION ALMMISSIOFR THENORTHWES ATLANTIFISHERIES,
STATISTICBULLETIN,OL.FOR THYEAR1952
[Natreproduced]
Aooex47
NORTHWES ATTLANTICSHERIESRGANIUTIO"NP,ROVISIONNOMINAL
CATCHE SNTHENORTHWEA STLANTIC1,80"BYTHEASSISTAETXECUTIVE
SECRETAR SE,RINO.N366, NAFO SCSDoc.81/VI/IS (REv.6 JULY1981)
[Natreproduced] Anoex48
INTERNATION AOLMMISSIOONTHENORTHWEA FTLANTR ISHERIES", ESH
REGULATIO TNINcREASTHEYIELDOFTHEGEORGE BSANKHADDOC KsHERY",
BYH.W.GRAHAM S,CONADNNUAL REPORT19,51-195,P23-33
IKTERVATIOV COLMIIISSIF~R THNORTHWEA STLANTIFCISHERIES, WRT
0)PANE L,A~C~INISTRAT RVEOR TOR THYEAW EN~ING30JUNE1952,
SECONADNNUAL REPORT 1,51-195,.7
INTERNATION COLMMISSIFORTHE NORTHWEA STLANTR ISHE~ES .EPORTS
OF THCOIIMI~C E5RFSCARC AVD STATlSTlASI>PANELSP,NEL'SMESH
REULLA~IO SE,COZID.NUAIREPORT,1951-1952P.13-14
[Nolreproduced]
Annex49
INTERNATION COLMMISSIFORTHE NORTHWEA STLANTI CSHERIE S,PORTS
OF MEETING SFPANELSANNUAL P~OCEEDING VO,L.19,1968-19PP.24-28
[Norreproduced] ANNEXESTOMEMORIALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES
Annex50
INTERNATION COLMMISSIOORTHE NORTHWES ATLANTIRCSHERIESR.EPORT
INTERNATION COLMMISSIFORTHE NORTHWES ATTLANTRISHERIERS,EPORT
OFTHE3IWSPECIAMLEETING1, -19OC~OBE973,REPORTOFPANE5L,ANNUAL
REPORT ,OL2. 4,1973-19PP18-20
INTERNATION COMMISSIOFOR THENORTHWEA STLANTI FISHERIESPORT
OF THE3~ SPECULMEETING 1,5-19OCTOBE973,PRESNOTICE ,NNUAL
REPORT ,OL.24, 1973-19P.32-33
[Nor reproùuced]
Annex 51
P. FINKL",THEINTERNATIONCOLMMISSIOORTHE NORTHWES ATTLANTIC
FISHERIES:NEXPERIMENINCONSERVATIO IN",ALHOUSLElwJOURNAL,
VOL.1,OCTOBE1R974PP.526-550
[Nor reproduced] Volume IV
Annex52
UNITEDNATIONCS.ONVENTIOONTHECONTINENTsAHLE~F(1958.ATIFICATION
'
SEEALSOLEITERC.N. 21.1970.TREATI-F4MARCH 1970
UNITEDNATIONSC,ONVENTI ONTHECONTINENTS AHLEL(1958),
COMMUNICAT FOOMTHE UNITEDSTATESF ~ERICA,13AUGUST1970,
"MULTILATER TREAnESDEPOSITEWDiTHTHESEC~ARY-GENERASL T:ATUS
ASAT31DECEMBE 19817, N Doc.ST/LEG/SERE/I AT P607: SEEALSO
737UNTS394:SEEALSO LEITERC.N. 119.19. RUTIFS~F13AUGUS1 T970 ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOFTHE UNITED STATES
LEITERFROMTHE ASSISTADIRECTO FRRLANDSAND MINERAL S,UREA UF
LAND MANAGEMEN UT.TED STATEDEPARTME ONFHE INTERIOR. TO THE
ASSISTANTDIRECTOFOR LANDS ANMINERAISB.U~U OF LAND
MANAGEMEN UNITED STATEDEPARTME OFTHE INTERIOR,
DATED 8 APRIL1965
[See1,pp. 361-3621
DEPARTME OF HE INTERIOR, D. G. CROSBDEPARTMEP&OFNORTHERN
AFFAIRSNDNATURA RESOURCES OCANAD A,TED14MAY 1965
LANDMANAGÉME UNT,D STATEDEPARTME OFTHE IN~RIoR,
DATE2 8MAY 1965
L.T.HOFFMANASSISTANDIRECTO -LANDS ANDMINERAL S,REAU OF LAND
MANAGEMED NTP,ARTMEOFTHE INTERIODATEO 16JUNE1965352 GULFOF MA~NE
LETTERFROMTHE ASSISTA~TDIRECTORFORLANUS *un MI~ERALS,BUREAUOFLAND
YANAGEWEÏT. UVITEDSTATS DEPARTHEhT OF THElNTERtOR TO THE DEPARTMEIIT
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENTOFTHE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT
Washington, D.C. 20240
9187(713a)
April 1,1965
Department of Northem Main & Natural Resources
Resources Division,Northern Division Branch
Kent Building
150Kent Street
Ottawa, Canada
Gentlemen:
This Bureau is charged with the responsibiliiy for mineral leasing on the
Outer Continental ShelfpertaininIOthe United StatesofAmcrica. In thiscon-
neclion. we have information thatthe Canadian Federal Government recentlv
has iss"ed offshore permils for mineral prospecling on the Outer continental
-.....
Some ofthe submergedlands weundentand you haveleased under offshore
permils are approximately 125 nautical miles east of Cape Cod. We refer
specifically to an offshore permit of some 190,657acres to Sewny Mobil Oil
Com~anv of Canada Ltd.. and 1.332.753acres leased to California Standard.
We wouid liketo identify~hesetwo leases with referenceto the median line as
dcfined inArticle6 of the Convention on the Continental Shelf,agreedupon ai
the 1958 United Nations Conferencc on the Law of the Sea al Geneva. We
understand that lhis convention came inIo frNea on Junc 10.1964.There-
fore, we would appreciate a description of the two leases mentioned above.
Wealso would aooreciate a set of vour reeulatioand instruclions oertain-
ing 10 ofïshore pekits and minerai leasing. For your information ke have
enclosed a wpy of our regulations penaining to Mineral Leasingand Pipelines
on theOutcr Continental ShelC.WCalso are enclosinea set of our Outer Conti-
nental Shelflcasing maps. These maps represent th;~uterContinental Shelf
off Washington to a depth of 500fathoms. You willnote on the sheet showing
the Cave FÏatten, ~reathat the lea-innblocksdo not crossthe median line sea-
ward f;om ~~12.
Sincerelyyours,
/s/ MAXCAPUN
for) L.T. HOF~MAN
Assistant Direclo- Lands and Minerals ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOF THEUNITEDSTATES 353
LmER FROML. T. HOFFMAN. BUREAUOF LAND MANAGEMENT.UNITEDSTATES
DEPARTMENTOFTHE INTERIOR, TO D. G. CROSBY,DEPARIMENT OF NORTHERN AFFNRS
AND NATURAL RESOURCESOF CANADA, DATED 14MAY 1965
I-~ITED STA-~S
DEPARTMENTOF THE INTERIOR
BUREAUOF LAND MANAGEMENI
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240
May 14,1965
Mr. D. G. Crosby
Deoartment of Northem Affairs and National Resources
~&them Administrative Branch
Kent Building, ISOKent Street
Ottawa, Canada
Dear Mr. Crosby:
ïhank you for the maps showing locations and holders of the offshore oil
and gaspermits you haveissuedon theeast and Westwasts. Wealsoappreciate
the wov of vour orinted oil andaas land reaulations.
A~--~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ethat vou have issued offshore
permits on the Outer Continental ~helf pertaining <O the United States. We
believethis isthe case inthe Gulf of Maine, offthe Straitsof Juan de Fuca, and
Dixon Entrante. Weare unable to comment on the oermits vou have issued in
the ArcticOcean as wedo not have a map rhowingiheir lo<ations.
lnasmuch as the location of a median line might besubject to different inter-
oretations. we sueeest that vou check the locations of vour oermits which
approach iubmersd lands inder United States jurisdinhn to.see if they are
within Canadian jurisdinion under an application of Article 6 of the Conven-
tion on the Continental Shelfof the 1958Gcneva Conference.
ïhis communication is beingwritten solelyin the interestof seeingif there is
a basis for disagreement as to the location of a median line separating our
resoective iurisdictions on the Outer Continental Shelf. As an ooeitinn
Buicau, we:of wurse. have no îuthority toenter into any formal disc;ssion of
the location of a median line inme of a dispute. However,weare hopeful that
there wuld be a simple misunderstanding on either our part or yours, of the
elements positioning a median line. If this is the we, then the maner wuld be
amicably determined without resort to high authority.
Inthe las1oaraeraoh ofvour letterof Aoril8 vouaskforthe location ofleases
we might hace isSueboff ihe east coast and théState of Washington. No Fed-
eral oil and aas leases on the Outer Continental Shelf offthe east wast have
been issued. However.certain seismicoermits have beenissued.ïhese oermits
allow only geophysi&l anivities and no deep drilling. Although a numher of
blocks off Washington were leased as a result of our October 1, 1964sale, wc
believe vou willbe interested in onlv Blocks21 N.. and 61 and 62 W. that are
nearest io the Canadian-United Staks boundary.
Sincerely yours,
/s/ L.T. HOFFMAN
Assistant DirectorL~EK PROU THUVDEKSECRFT AFSYTATEOREXTERNA AFFAIRSFCA~AIM,
TOROBER T.OLSOVS,ECOUS DFCRRAR OF 1HtU~ITEDSTAltSEMBASSY,
[See1pp.373-3761
EMBASSY
OF THE
UNITED STATESOF AMERICA
Ottawa,August 16,1966
J. WMcNeil,Esq.
Director
ResearchDevelopmentBranch
Department of Minesand TechnicalSuweys
Ottawa,Ontario
Dear Mr.McNeil:
1refer to our telephone conversationof August 16regardingoil exploration
activitiesin Canadian continental shelfareas.
Itwouldbeappreciatedifyou couldprovidemewith availableinformation
on permit5issuedforexplorationinthe Cape Rattery and Gulfof Maineareas,
as well as information on operational plans and schedules of oil companies
holdingpermits.
Sincerelyoun,
/s/ RoberK. OLSON
Robert K.OLSON
SecondSecretaryof Embassy ANNEXES TO MEMORIALOF THE UNITED STATES
AIDE-M~MOI REOMTHE UNITED STATED SEPARTME NFSTAT EOTHE EMBASSY
OF CANADA D,ATEO 10MAY1968
As the Govemment of Canada is aware. the United StatesGovemmenthas
been considering the desirability of deliheating the boundary between the
United Statesand Canada on the continental shelfin the Gulf of Maineas well
as in the area of the Straits of Juan de Fuca. Sincethe mineral interests in both
countriesare urgentlyseekingto beginexploration ofthe areas. itappean tothe
United Stateshighlydesirable that earlydiscussionsbe undertaken betwcenthe
two govemmen& with a view to reaching agreement on the location of these
dividing lines.At the same rime,it would alsoseem opportune for the twogov-
ernments to wnsult with regard to stem to be taken to protect the living
resource- ~ ~the sea aeainsthe oolluti~ ~and disturbance which mieht resulÏ
fi& mineral exploraïion and &ploitation. In this conneflion, in order that~
somereassurance can begivento the lishing interests involved.itappean tothe
United Statesthat particdar urgencyattachestothequestion withiegard to the
fishing resourcesnow beingexploited by anumber of nations in the area of the
Georges Banks.
nie United States. therefor.. or.ooses that aonrooriate renresentatives of
the two govemment; consul1at an early date iiih iegard to'ihe nature and
application of possiblesafeguard masures beforethe beginningof exploration
for mineral resources or their exploitation. In licensingolïshore activities in
other areas, for example. the United StatesGovemment has applied the safe-
guards envisaged in Article V of the Convention on the Continental Shelf of
A~ril29. 1958.to insurea~ainstanv "uniustifiable intenerence wi...fishine
oithe &servition ofthe ïivingresourks ofthe sea". United Statesauthoritiei
acwrdinelv. would be ~leased to share with their Canadian wlleagues the
benefit o?il;eir technicaiexperiena in the application of the rafeguads.
The United States also suggests that in the meantime there be a temporary
suspension of exploration and exploitation activities with regard to mineral
resources in the area of the northern half of the Georges Banksto permit wn-
sultation to take place and to provide time to sankagreement on the exact
location of the boundary in this area.
Department of State
Washington, May 10,1968 NOTE FROMTHE DEPARTME NTSTAT EO ME EMBASS OYFCANADA,
DATED 5NOVEMBE 1969
NOTE NO.366 FnOMTHE EMBASS YFCANAD AO ME DEPARTME NFTSTATE,
DATED 1DECEMBE 1969
The Department of State rcfers to the aide-mémoire10vthe Canadian
Embasy on May 10,1968,suggestingthe suspension byCanadaofexploration
and exploitationctiviiies on the Georges Bank until agreement could he
reached on the exact location ofthe United States-Canada Atlanticcontinental
shelf boundary and to permit consuliation on measuresto safeguard fisheries
interestsrom~~ossible~oiollution. The Government of Canada aereed to a
moratorium on mineral exploitation on the Georges Bank, but dëclined to
siop exploratory activities, claiming thai Canadian exploration regulations
adeauatelvsafeeuarded fisheries resources.
~arlierihis year considerable pollution of the seas occurred as a result of
drilling operations off Santa Barbara, California. In the light of this incident,
continued unceriainive~ardinn the United States-Canada continental shelf
boundarics, and the imp&tance-of the rishery resources of the Georges Bank,
the Government of the United States hopes that Canada will now 10aee
cornoletemoratorium on al1mineral exoloration and ex~loitationin the entire
GUI; of Maine until agreementcan be reached on the'exan location of the
United States-Canada continental shelf boundary in this area and muiually
acceotablereeulations safeeuardinn the fisheries ofthe area fromoollution c&
be f&muiated. if Canada Fannot &ree to a compiete susPensiin of minerai
exploration and exploitaiion intheGulf of Maine,the United Stateshopesthat,
at a minimum. Canada will aeree to a moratorium on al1drilline in the area.
Until mineral éxplorationand<xploitation are suspended in the Gulf of aine
and mutually acceptable regulations safeguarding the fisheries of the area are
adopted, the United States will hold the Govemment of Canada completely
liable for any and al1damages for pollution of the Gulf and the Georges Bank
resulting from such activitiesauthorized hy Canada.
The Government of Canada has alreadv issuedoloration oermits for the
northern portion of the Georges Bank continental shelf. The ~nited States is
concerned ihat, pcndingsettlemeni of the boundary question. suhstaniial
investment in exvloration and exoloitation of the area could ereatlv increase
the difficultyof r;egotiatinga satisiactoryboundary. Forthis reason,ihe United
Stateshas refrained fromauthori.ing mineralexploration orexploitation inthe
area.
Uniil ihe exact locationofthe United States-Canada continental shelf boun-
dary inthe Gulfof Maineisagrecd upon,the United Statescannot acquiesce in
anv Canadian authorization of ex~loration or ex~loitation of the natural
reîources of the Georges Rank coniinental shelf. fie United States Govern-
ment, therefore.cannoi recognizethe validityofcanadian pennits for any part ANNEXES10 MEMORIALOF THE UNmD STATES 357
of the Georges Bank, reservesils rights and the rigbts of its nationals to this
continental ihelfarea, and intends tomake iü position amattcr of public record
in the Federal Regisler so that individuals and companies concerncd with
exploration and exploitation in the area maybe awareof this position.
nie United States Govemment further reserves its r~-~ts a~d ~-ose of its
national~in all~fontinentalshelf arias in the vicinity2ïhe other boundaries
betwecnthe United States and Canada pendinnagreem- -on continental shelf
boun~~~-~s i~-~ ~ ~--.-~~ ~ ~~e~l.
Regarding the suggestion made in its aide-mémoireof May 10for consulta-
tion on measuresto safeguard fisheries frompossibleoilpollution anywherein
the Gulf of Maine. the United StatesGovemment would welcome a Canadian
Government response and a proposal for a convenient place and time of
meeting.
In the near future, the United States Government will suggestto the Cana-
dian Government dates for the initiation of formal negotiation of al1of the
United States-Canada continental shelf boundaries.
Department of State,
Washington, November 5, 1969. NOTICEOF RESERVATIOEXP~RATIO ANDEXP~ITAT~ROIGHT SFTHE
UNITE DTATESNDITSNATIONAL35~DW REGISTE301(21 FEBRUARY
1970) ANNEXES TO MEMORIAL OFTHE UNITED STATES
Notices
DEPART OMFET NATTE JOHN P. MADGElT
om<. of th. S.<relorv Slatemonl of ChmnginFinonrlol
[PUDUNotl8201
UNITED STATES-CANADIAN CONTI-
NENTALSHELFBOUNDARY QUES-
TION
~.ti<ofR.seirolioof Erploialiethe pa6months'd~ lntem stlns
."d~~~loitotion RlpofUni1.d ,LIHo t-r.
('2NOohuim.
(41NO eh.ngc.
Thla stitlmclamadeM of Febni-
ely 4.1010.
hW: Febmsly 4.1970.
J O P.mocm.
~F.R. 0070-m: M. nb.M. 1110:
8:4.m.i
DEPARTO MFANGT RICULTURE
outc. th.
KANSAS
Derignotimof Ana forE~.~McY
Lam".
mithsPurpasol~~
1- DU~UUItoLOCUODSI1 U10DD-
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fromecmimrrclllbnb,U-Uvelibla
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Llb bs.bms-~~ counliIm --
GEORGEV. KENNEDY brr11.ino.c-t towhla -no
Y.km.nlef ElimnpasIn Fln<m&ld.lu-1-.I.UI.noe.Iidao ΠOc
Intmsh !%,,:der aUbUihsd DUda .Iid
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ihn.h. -mil; ma. na S. o.im
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Adminldmlion
IPk8~RO.UI
nili8tatanrntlanudsmof~uiw1, SIOUXCITYROCK YAIDS.DMSION Dwa atwuhlrytm, D.c.w 18th
lm*, OF UNITED STOQiYAkDS CORP. d.rOfmlWO.
am: Juiw 14 1070. ~ I U A.Cm.-.
0~0.0.V. Knaxm~. NotiandDismisi Proc..dlnpOder AdStmkmrdi Adni<lWn#Mn.
lpB. b. %pst ma. na. m im:
*:as~~1.1 RoLen uid tBbxi~ardhi ml. tus 1.a m. umr:8:41.m,inu.m. im Annex58
BARTLE TCT,16USC,SECS1.081-1086(1966)
[Nooreproduced] ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES
Annex59
NOTE FROMTHE SECRETAR OFSTATETO THE AMBAsSADOROFCANADA,
DATFD 18JANUAR1 Y974
SECRFTARYOF STATEC'SIRCULANRon TOTHEGOVERNMEN WTHSOSFISHERMEN
---
COAST OF THE UN~TEDSTATES OAMERICA D,ATE5 SEF'IEMB1ER74
-
NOTE FROMTHE SECRETARYOF STATETO THE AMBASSADOROF CANADA,
DAIED 18IANUARY1974
The Secretary of State presenü his compliments to His Excellency the
Ambassador of Canada and has the honor to refer to the acwmpanying note
relatingto lobstcrfishingwhichisbeingcirculatedto a numberof governments.
TheUnited Statesunderstands that a Canadian fisheryfor lobster existsoffthe
coast ofthe Unitcd States and, accordingly,thc matters covered inthe accom.
panying note will not be applied to canadian vessels engaged in the lobster
fisheryateast forthe time being.Appropriate authorities of the United States
will be prepared toscuss this maner with the appropnate authorities of
Canada.
The Secrctaryorstate wouldbe grateful ifthe AmbassadorofCanada would
forward this information to his Governmeni in conjunction with the accom-
panying note.
Department of State,
Washington,January 18,1974.
SECRFTARYOF STATE'SCIRCULARNOTETO THE GOVERNMENTSWHOSE FISHERMEN
HAVEBEENKNOWN TOOR CURRENTLY W RSH IN TItE NORTHWESTATLAhTICOCEAN
OFF THECOAST OF TtlE UNITED STATESAND OTHERSCONCERNED WlTH NORTHWEST
The Secretary of State prcsenü his compliments to Their Excellenciesand
Messieurs thehiefs of Mission of the Governments whose fishermen have
been known to or currently do fish in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean off the
coast of the United States and othen wncerned with Northwest Atlantic fish-
eries, and has the honor to infom the Chiefs of Missionthat the President of
the United StatesonJanuary 2, 1974signedinto lawan Act(Public Law93-242)362 GULFOF MAINE
adding "lobster" (Homarur amencanus)to the list of continental shelf fishery
resourceswhich appenain to the United States.
As identified in the Convention on the Continental Shelf, 499 UNTS 311.
and domestic United Stateslen~~e~~~~n~~~,~ ~ - ~d Statesexercisesover the
American lobster(also known asnorthem lohster)and other continental shz
fi\her) re\ourceslocated on its continental shelf sovcrcign rights for the pur-
pohrsof exploration and exploitation and suchrights areexclusivein thescnsc
that iCthe United Statesdocs not exploit theseresourcesno one mayexploit
[hemwithout the expressconsentof the United States.
The United ~tatciwill rcgulatetheAmericanlohsterfishery withdueconsid-
rrdtion being given to the principles of conservationof the resourccand the
maximum sustainable yicld from the fishcw. It is a violation of United States
Iÿu Corany forcign firhing \,csselto vakcAd retain American lobsteror any
other continentalshclf fishery resourcefrom thecontinental shelfofthe United
Stateswithout theexpressconsentof theUnited States.Heaw penaltiesmav he
impoqedfor \uch vi&lation upon conviction in acourt ofth;ljnited States.
The Lnitcd Statesscekstheactivecooperationof al1fishermenoperating ofï
itsAtlantic Coastin conservineand orotectina the American lohster resource.
Surh fishcrmcn are cxpcctedïo retim to thësea immcdiately any American
loh\ter\ which may betaken incidentally in the courseof directed fisheriesfor
other s~eciesfound in the reeion.FisheÏmenwho enwunter concentrationsof
~mcncan lohstcrs in the coke of their fishing operations shoudtakc imme-
diaie stepsIO aboid suchconcentrationsin future tows. United Statesenforce-
mentofficers will act with discretion durina ashort period to allow fisbermen
i,prrating in theregiontobecomcfamiliar $th thenew legislativerequiremenü
nith rrgard to American lobstcr before enforcing the law to the fullest extent.
Warninrs uillbe issucd immediatelv in the caseof observation of American
Ii>h.terheing caughi and retained aboardfishing vcsselsnot authorized to do
.O. andappropnate enforcementaction mayhetaken at any time in thecaseof
flagrant ;iolations. Accordinelv. it is reauestedthat al1fishennen o~eratinein
ihèregion beinformed of this"&tter ass'oonaspossible.nie wopeiation oïall
Go\.ernmentsand fishermenwill beappreciated.
The Secretaryof State would be grateful if each Chief of Mission would
forward this information to hisGovemment.
linclosures:
1. List of Addressees
2. Excerpt from Public Law 93-242
(iovernmcnt of Canada
(ioiernment of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (in charge of Cuhan
Interests)
(iovernment of Denmark
(ioiernment of the FederalRepublic of Germany
<;o\ernment of Finland
(iovernment of France
(iiivernment of Great Britain
<;overnmentof Greece
(;<ivrrnment of lceland
(;iivernment of ltaly364 GULF OF MAINE
lateral agreements. For the purpose of determining whethersuch a taking has
occurred,vesselsmaybeboarded when engagingineitherof the followingacts:
(a, fishing withgear which is designed specificall10 catch continental shelf
fisheryrcsourcesofthe United States,or
(b] fishing withbottomgear(including bottom trawlinggear) which wouldnor-
mallyresult inthe catch of continental shclf fishcryrcsourcesofthc United
States, except wherethe procedures used are designed to reduce and con-
trol suchiniidental catchpursuant to an agreementHith the United States.
Inthose instances where the takine of continental shelf fishem resources
does not result in a substantial catchind such taking does not appear to be
deliberate or repeated, a warning willnormally be given. In any event,fisher-
men are ex~ecled10return 10the sea immediatelv anvcontinental shelffishe~
resourceswhichmaybetaken incidentallyinthecourse of direned fishenes for
other species. Fishermen whoencounter concentrations of continental shelf
fishew resources in the course of their fishin~ooerations should take imme-
diate &epsto avoid such concentrations in fut;re'tows.
To facilitate the transition in fishing methods required by these proccdurcs.
United Statesenforcementolficen willan withdiscretionduring ashort ocriod
to allow fishermen operating in the region to become familiar kith theie pro-
cedures.
The boardinn and where aoorooriate the arrest of anv vesse1Dursuant to
these procedur& shall be in sth& &nformity withthe abive.
The efïcnivc date of these new procedurcs willbe December 5,1974.
The United States Government is oreoared10 enter into nenotiations with
any govcrnmentfor the purposc of esiabiishingprocedures desi'gnedto reduce
and control the incidental catch of continental shelf Iishery resources ofthe
United Statesby iïshermen usingbottom gear(inc1udingbottom trawlinggear).
The Secretary of Staie would be grateful if each Chief of Mission would
forward this information to his Government.
Altachment:
List ofAddressees
Depanment of State,
Washington,September 5, 1974,
Government of Canada
Government of the Czechoslovak Socialist Reoublic lin charge of Cuban
Interests)
Govemmentof Denmark
Government of the Federal Reoublic ofGermanv
Government of the German ~émocratic~e~ubli'c
Government of Finland
Govemment of France
Government of the United Kingdom
Govemment of Greece
Govemment of Iceland
Government of ltaly
Government of Japan ANNEXES TO MEMORIALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES
Government of the Reoublic of Korea
G-v-r~ ~ ~.--. .~ . ......-
Government of Nonvay
Government of the People's Republicof Bulgana
Government of the Polish Peoole'sReoublic
Government of Portugal
Government of Spain
Government of the Socialist Republic of Romania
Government of the Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics
Government of Venezuela ANNEXESTO MEMORlALOF THE UNITED STATES
Aooex 61
NOTENO.180 FROMTHE EMBASS OFCANAD AO THEDEPARTME NTSTATE,
DATED 3JUNE1975
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON
The Department of State refersthe Embassyof Canada to the interestofboih
the Government ofcanadaand the Govcrnmcnt ofthe United Statesinan ami-
cabledelimitation oftheboundaryofthecontinental shelfin theGuIfof Maine.
nie United StatesGovernment accordingly wishesto bring to the attention
of the Government of Canada certain meaiures beina ~lanned relatina to the
continental shclf in the Gulf of Maine. First, the lJ&dStates ~ovekment
wishesto note that inthe near futurethe United Slates Department of the Inte-
rior exoectsto issue a cal1for nominations in the Gulf of Maine area Dunuant
to ~niied Statesdomesticlegislationrelatingto the outer ~ontinenial.~helf. In
response to this anion, interested pesons may indicatc to the Department of
theInterior those areas of the con6nental shelf which should subseauentlv be
opened for leasingforexploration and exploitation of mineral resourbes.There
willhe no Iegalobligation for any areas so nominat10be offered for leasing.
IIisantici~atedthat the Drocessof Iran evaluation initiated bv the cal1fornom-
inationsWillrequire at léastone year fromthe date of the cali for nominations.
The area within whichnominations will be sought lies within twohundred
miles of the US wastline and to the south and Westof lines dcsnibed as fol-
lows:
nie line drawn from a ooint at
~- .. ~....
~ .-- -~
41' 58'56.77" N, 65" 43' 23.25"W 1;
41" 53'45.84" N, 65" 43' 10.02"Wto
41' 53'50172"N (sic),65" 39'41.94"W and
thence south along the line oflongitude
at 65" 49'41.94"W.
nie United States Govemment recognizesthat this area mayextend into an368 GULF OF MAINE
area within which the continental shelf boundary hetween the United States
and Canada has not heen resolved. However, itnotes that the.solicitation of
nominations does not of itself nhligate the United States to take any further
measureswith respecttothis area pending further effortsto resolvethe location
of such boundary.
The United States Govemment also wishes to hring to the attention of the
Govemment of Canada the intention of the United States Geological Surveyto
conduct certain deep sea drilling operations within the Gulf of Maine during
the course of the coming summer as a portion of the Deep Sea Drilling Ro-
gram. It is anticipated that one or more of such drilling operations may take
place within an area in which the precise houndary hetween the United States
and Canada mayno1haveheen resolved.The United Stateswishesto assurethe
Govemment of Canada that the strictest environmental safeguards will he
maintained durinn the course of these operations.
The ahove me&ures contemplated hy United States authorities are consis-
tent withthe viewsofthc United Statesconcemingtheappropriate delimitation
of the continental shelf and thc rinhts of the United States in accordance with
international law. They do not, however, entail the creation of any private
rights. The cal1for nominations will he accompanied hy appropriate public
notice of the oossihle absence of an acreed boundary in the affected area.
The ~nited Statesfurther notesthaïiü contemplaied actions are no1dissimi-
lartothoseactions takcn by theGovemment ofCanada withinthearcü inques-
tion. These actions werethe subjcct of the Unitcd States notc of Novemher 5,
1969and an accompanying notice in the FederalRegisrer.
The United StatesGovcmment also wishesto take thisopportunity to rcitcr-
atc itr desire that ncgotiations conceming this continental shelf houndary
hetween the U.S. and Canada may he resumed in the coming months. It is
hoped that this matter willhc finally and amicably resolvedon mutually satis-
Department of State,
Washington, May15,1975. ANNEXES TO MEMORIALOF THE UNITEDSTATES
Aooex62
The Department ofState refen tothe note of the Embassy ofCanada No. 52
of February 2. 1976,conçerning the intention of the United StatesDepartment
of the ~nteriorto prepare a draft environmental impact statement preliminary
to a possible sale of oil and gas leases on the continental shelf in the Gulf of
Maine area.
The orenaration of a draft environmental imnact statement nreliminaw to a
possibk sale of oil and gas leases is a standard'procedure und& United States
regulations. It is part of the process of which the Embassy of Canada was
advised in the Department of State's note of May 15, 1975.The Department
calls the attention of the Emhassyof Canada to the news release issued by the
1)epartment of the lnterior on January 2. 1976,which Statesthat "Announce-
ment of the tracts to be studied does no1wnstitute a decision to hold an OCS
sale." It is not anticipated that the studies being carried out by the Department
of the Interior can be concluded in lessthan ten months or more. Any decision
with regardto oiland gasleasing inthe Gulf of Mainearea willawaitthe results
of tbose studies.
The Department of Statedoes no1believethat this procedural step in acon-
tinuine nrocess initiated last snrinn should affect the constmdive discussions
now b&ng carried on by the &O governments concerning the delimitation of
the continental shelfin the Gulfof Mainearea. The Department of Statereiter.
atesthe interest of the Government of the United Statesin an amicabledelimi-
ta~i~ ~ ~ ~h~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~sharesthe viewof the Canadian authorities
that an acceptable delimitation on the basis of the principles of international
law is ~ossible notwithstandinn th- difficulties to be overcome in the discus-
sions.
At the same tirne, in view of the position restated in Note No. 52 of the
Embassv of Canada. the De~artment of State believes il necessaiy 10reiterate
that the;teps being iaken bi United Statcs authorities are consisient with the
viewsof the Government of the United Statesconccrningthe appropriate deli-
mitation of the continental shelfand the riahü of the United States in accord-
ance with the 1958Convention on the Conanental Shelfand international law.
As is wellknown tolhe Government of Canada, the Government ofthe United
States does not believe that an eauidistance line in the Gulf of Maine area
would satisfythese criteria. It isthe viewof the United States that al1the tram
heing studied bythe Department of the lnterior are situatcd on the continental
shelf of the United States.
The Denartment of State is confident that the Iwo novemmenü willbe able
to reach &reement on a continental shelf boundary-and related matten that
take into account the intcrests of both Canada and the United States,and il is
hoped that a basic understanding on these matten can be reached in the near370 GULFOF MAINE
future.To thatend,theDepartmentlooksîorwardtothevisitoîthe Canadian
delegation10 Washington onFcbmary 17 to resume the discussionwhich
begdnsoconstmnivelyinOttawaon December15.
DcpartmentoCStüte.
Washington,Fehmary10,1976. ANNEXES TO MEMORIAL OFTHE UNITED STATES
TERRITORISALANI> FISI~ING ZACTPROPOSEDFISIIINGZONOFCANADA
(Zuu~s4AND 5)ORDERIIOCANADA GAZET~EP,ART(EXTRA),NO. 101,
TERRITORL SU ANDFISHINZONESACT ,SHINGZONESOFCANADA(ZONE4
AND 5) ORDER,IlCANADAGum PARTI(EXTRA), IJANUAR Y977,
PP.1-5
[Norreproduced]MARITIMBOEUNDAR IE'WEENTHEUNITEDTATEANDCANADA D,EPARTMENT
OFSTATEP,UBLCOTIC506.41FEDERARLEGISTE8619-48620
(4 NOVEMB1E76)
DEPARTMENOFSTATPERESRSELEASNO.543,DATE4 NOVEMB1 E76
[Norreproduced]
FISHERCONSERVAT IONEN,OTICEFLIMITS, PARTMEOFTTATEP,UBLIC
Nonce526,42FEDERARLEGIST12937-1294(7 MARC1977)
[Nor reproduced] [486 1 91 ANNEXES TOMEMORIALOFTHE UNITED STATES 373
flnl>iilirsble: the fiogucncy aith rhich
th" Illfolm3LlO" LI Dromed fO be ml-
IsLed: the nmc 01 the rrv1rrrr or rt-
YLerlnE dlrbDn rithin OMB. ind M Il-
dirrtlon of Who Will be therc5pondcnt3
V, the I>'<>IXiSeCOIIPCL~~".
RI"YF.U IOI îXLCrulO" .hkh no-l
V, rnbc no siprilfic:uilburr arc tobe
.,i,rrored alter bricr "",,ce throuah thls
lPlCUC. iein:irionnl lrr.
Rinhcr lnfamalto" about the items The llmlli of the nirritiine Jurbdietluii
011 th~i driii lhsfn13iy b~ O~I:LIIIC<I rrom 01 LIie United States os set farth beloul
the c1rnr:,,i<c omrr. omrr or LfliinEc- nrc intrndcd to bc witlioul rireJudlee V,
ment ""d Iliid~~I. Wnrhln.ton. DC. uiii iiegotiîtianr \\.,LI, Coiirdnar La any
20503 ,202-385-3523,, or lrom the ie- ,,o*illoiiWhiCh m,<s 1iauc bec" ormay be
RdODted rrsl>cetins the limlb Q mnrit,mc
lurbdiction ln suc11oreas.
~~bli~stlon or prOmsCd announce-
D .. .. ut Ci.... . R,. :.i >i* 5: r. '. ment on thb svbjeet rar ~ubli~
$ *< .. c...-,,.a,Lc. C" V..SI,> tv,...,,. haJ ben Iound unncccsînry and 1mprac-
:,'" AIS4 .le mrm. ticnble ma- of the neccslty foi the
no,.f .O *,m..* ,:,,t,,,.,,.t.:p. % W . , . . . Unlfed SU- tarenellmmediately 10the
!',O " us ,014 BDnNnFemCnt DI lhC oovçrm.nt of
canada. A" announcrmcnl whirh b al-
recurc 1mmed1i:cly upon ~iub~tcnt~on
Ir? DP.70 32465 Fl3.d 1,-1-78:8:45 iml s1So k n(CMBry V, CnCcllnb exercke
DEPARTMENT OF STATE the forelm an8lir reswruibllltg of Vie
Dernrtmenl ofsrale.CS* TIU~ 5. U~IM
IP"b,,C "OLlC* ml
MARITIME BOUNDARIES
~~heen (hr united Stitrs and Canada ïS.~C"X"*A oui- O, illlX. I .*O1
me Rlh.77 Cmrui'on .nd Xe.". 10. ...l,'*5'.".
sgrrnrnt Ac, O< 1918 iRib L 96-265 CJ- 01.02'111.w
RrlslO". Labl,<hc. a ndhC" CDwII.tI0:~ zone II. 44'I<'M"H
D.,UTYI*I or C0"li"Tr tnntiguo .. V, the wrrtlorial rrx of the 01'011'm"w
Unlwd Smtes efIccll%c March 1 1011. 12. 44.07.42"N.
Bureau O< Ci-: 07'WJW.W
BU"." or n.rndll"re ."d EniPloYmi"' m. O",., bauds" Of shlch U B lm* 13, 13'32'W'N
rOIaviI .nd CiiminU Jwtlco AelffiUI. dman ir such. msnnci mil rarh wlnl 67.6-SO.W.W
oc LOIU OoiernmenU. Ud. U-25. U- on ., i, 200"eutlcal miln 1mm ,hi ha-. II. <3'93'm"N,
m. .nnuu>,. Ca"",, .O4 rnY">Clpli IO.. !lnr cm ahkh the trnimnul un -s Oi'lCWW
.rnmtnts. Onire HUI. 30M1U. - .... .-.A
9U.I.~ 0, OUlonlE. SI.. oc LlusllDC. me unttld stah erxcrelscs Soverelzn
S.,. 50-l. s-8. monliil,, reYL gr*- r(=htq in amordanec rlth Inma-
11,m wrrlre ~Uxlolll. mvld T HUIOII.
111-4110. i..nnl !ni ovrr the corunc~ital aheU ai,-
L.TIX.ID*. ~"r~unln~ V, toc unwd stnvr for the
m,,"",.uz- o. Ce"US.~~ r>urpnc of rxolonng II anil esplaiiinn i~.
nn~aral rsourcn.
nie oovcmmcnt or the urilted srales
or *m.r,cî ha., Mn. U. and r111 be en-
rarrd I.~~..~~-i~ ~~tlonr and nemtiatlons >O 48.20 iar
ailh the govcmmints of ncighbarlns ,2,'22,r'W
counlrin conccrnlng Lhc dclimlnatlon of :I <"'La 1T.X
n5.m w 'w
B.,..,.*, ,..hW 9:.I:,.lr.D<EI.. G.1 1.1.1?.d nwas iubjcct La the rumflve Jurlidlc- :2 4I'II'OJ'N.
>i.r.,n.na In.<<<.".. Pi.- ,<l.>2M@ 0ii "on of the United StaM and of lhese ,Y,',, 48 W
C.I_lO" ,,e..,n .<ld IIYLnll. l7.D 11 rounlnrs 4 48'10 44 V 15 47.41 15N
ri ,:,..A.. dl,,..,. A 1.: W.- mr on,.rrrnrni of u~ iinit.risiair< i~i'ar 12 w 126.40 61 w
01 Amrrlrl 9clredS in dur rnursr !O de- 1 'a"3 Ir \' 11 41'18 11 N
trrmlnc and r>uh!,rli rhr iimiL<ul LC? en- ."." " '" 121'11 YI W
,:.c r+cn C.,"~C,~>.,~O" 70:- on 41% :~:,::'',.v$" 15 ,,,..,09%.Nw
.." ". . .. ..-" ..
coo-31. 7 18-2wm"x. 1s. ,e..z'O6"N.
~he ~ ~orcrnment or Canada. an Na- ...o$'&7"w .... . ..~w .
OFFICE OF TELECOMMUNI- ,,r.,c: , ,?-a 0, ,,":,,?cd 40 or,w:- 8 4." 8, 3 .i 4R.l '41 "
CATIONS POLlCY .l.col.>r.i the CXII.L DI I:,O n.hpri 8:' 125 w 11,"- 1, w
t? tt .s.~-!?a nvCa9xdt n'8.h SA^;b. ' !;:;6,4;2Sw
FREQUENCI HANAGEMEIIT ADVISORY <.O?l?.".ï<l PI" 13, .Ji i 111-
COUNCIL "h~ L'".Le< siuw1 "3.: c.io.:i i. 1, .% Di., " ,.-n.5 , 2
Meeting n L .:,,ri, cn n\ ,::ri Ln., . i. .\<l ; :a , ,, ,,.,>*,
L"r C:..lr.: SI1:CI !O<< ,.LII ?,: hl: df L1Q<51 $10~ w 110'18 OB W
sO~ice rr l~ercby gierii tlirr riie me-
DUeliPg Mnn.îlenie~it Ad<isori Counril I.~~ I.~~ALS O .II <,r<. bi c m..?11 r>ii 2, u 7 S.<Z~A N
IFIIIIC, .,II mcet at 3:30 r ni. in Raam
II?. OlOCE 0, Telerommunbalioni FO!iCS.
1800G Street. NW.. WrshinEton. D C..on
Thurrdny. Norember 18. 1376.
T~F nrlnctpal agenda Item? ail1 be:
<I, SIR~YS of rnfernntional Tel~om- uni1e.5 statcr of iImîrta. hcrrby an- iJo'l7si"W 110 3VIB"W ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES
[See 1,p. 429.Aftachmenronlyrepraducedhere]
AIDE-MÉMOIR FEOM THE DEPARTME NFTSTATE TO THEEMBASS OF CANADA,
DATEO 30 DECEMBE 1976
REGULATIONSRESPECTINGUNmD STATESRSHlNG VESSELSIN CERTAIN AREASOF
CANADUN RSHERIES WATERS
Short Tirle
1. These Regulations may be cited as the Transitional UnitedStates Fishing
Vesse1LicenceExemptionRegulations.
Inferprefafion
2. In these Reaulations. "Aereement" meansthe AereementberweentheGov-
ernmenrofcana& and rhe~o~ernmentofthe ~nired$ares ofAmericaonRecip
rural Fuhing Rivileges in Certain Areas off rheir Coasrs.signcd al Ottawa on
Junc 15,1973,as extended fromlim10 lime: "new" has the same meaning sr
in the Coasral FisheriesProreclianRegularions:"Fishing Zone 4" or "Fishing
Zone Y meansthe area of the sea descrasFishingZone 4 or FishingZone
5in the Fshing Zonesof Canada (Zoner4and 5, Order:"licence'.has the same
meaning asin the Cmral Fsheries Rotection Regulations:"permit" has the
same meaning asinthe CmralFsherles RorecrionRegularrons;"United States
fishine vessel" means a fishinn vcsselthat is reaistered in the United States of
~merrca or, in the case of a v&sel that is not registered,a fishing vesselthat is
entitled to flythe fiagof the United States of America.
Authority
3. (1) A United States fishing vessel may,without the authority ola licence
or enterCanadian fisheries watersfor the purpose of engagingin al1or
any of thefollowing activitiesin any of the areas described in the Schedule:
(a) commercialfishingorfishingforpurposes of scientificresearch,
(6) rran,hippingor takingon board any fish,outfit or supplies,
iransporthg fishfromfishinggrounds, and
(e) pronsioning, setvicing, repairing or maintaining any other United
Statesfishingvessel.376 GULF OF MAINE
(2) Subject to the FisheriesActand regulations made thereunder and to the
Agreement,the crewof a United States fishing vesse1may,without the author-
ity of a licenceor permit,
(a)engage in commercial fishing or fishing for purposes of scientific
research.and
(b)tranship any fish, outfit or supplies in any of the areas described in
the Schedule.
Schedule
1. FishingZone 4.
2. FishingZone 5.
3. The reciprocal fishing area of Canada as defined in the Agreement,
namely:
"(i) inthose "Areas" listedin.0rder-inCouncil P.C. 1967-2025and Order-
inCouncil P.C. 1969-1109,issued bv the Government of Canada on
November 8, 1967, and Iune 11, i969, respectively, those waten
extending 9milesseaward of the territorial sea ofCanada asit existed
in 1966;
(ii) in those areas not listed in the Orders-in-Council cited above, those
waten south of 63"north latitude whichare contiguous to and extend
from three to twelve milesfrom the coast of Canada, with the excep-
tion ofbays wherethey ceaseto exceed24milesinbreadth."
4. Those portions of Fishing Zones 1,2 and 3 that are seaward of the recip-
rocal fishing area of Canada described in item3.
5. Those areas of Canadian fisheries waters, other than the areas described
in items 1,2 and 4, that are seaward of the reciprocal fishing area of Canada
described in item 3
The Department of Statehas studied the EmbassyofCanada's aide-mémoire
of December22, 1976.regardingmutual restraint bygovemmentsinconnenion
with the implementationof therespective fisheries zones.
ïhe Department is pleased to leam that the Govemment of Canada is pre-
pared to act with restraint with respectto the application of Canadian law to
United Statesfishermen. In the Department's view,such action on the par! of
Canadian authorities willhelp maintain an atmosphere helpful to the ongoing
negotiations.
The Denartment of State wishes to assure the Government of Canada that
the ~ovc&mcnt ofthe United Stateshasthelcgal authority and ir ready forthe
time being to cxercisc forbearance on the bais of reciprocity in the area
between the boundan, lines vublished bv the two Governments to facilitate
fisheries and boundaj nego6ations between the two countries.
With respect to the area outside those lines that will come under United
States fishen, iurisdiction on March 1.1977.the exercise offorbearance by the
UnitedSrare;dovemment involving&parturcs fromthe FisheryConrervation
and Management An of 1976would requirea treaty or other lcgislativeanion. ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOFTHEUNITEDSTATES 377
Absent such Congressional action,as of March 1,1977,Canadian fishing in
the United States fisherv conservation zone. excent in areas between the lines
that have been publishédby the two ~ovemmenG, must take place in accord-
ance with United Stateslaw. In anv event,after March 1. 1977,Canadian fish-
ing in the United Statesfishery conservation zone needs to bc pursuant to an
internationalagreqment which recognues United States jurisdinion south of
the equidistance line.
The Department of State appreciates that absent reciprocity by the United
States, which would require modification of United States law by treaty or
other legislativeaction, the Government of Canada might require that Ameri-
can fishine within Canada's fisheries iurisdiction outside the area claimed bv
both counïries takc place in accordanCewith Canadian law.The Embassywiil
appreciate that the United StatesGovernmentdoes not recoanizethe authority
ofany other govemment in any part of the fishing conservation zone claimed
by the United States.
Department of State,
Washington, December 30, 1976. GULFOFMAINE
[See 1,pp. 43@433]
The Department of State refers to Note No. 626of December 22. 1976.from
the Embassy ofCanada in Washingtonto the Department of State.
The Deoartment notesthat overthe past months.the respectiveleaal advisers
of the ~epartment of State and the ~jnistry of ~xternal hain haie engaged
in legal discussions which have clearly set forth the legal positions of the two
-overnments wncernina maritime boundaries. ~he-Deoarlment is disao-
pointed that Note No.62-6isa furtherexposition of the canadian legalpositi&
on each maritime boundary, rather than a movement toward negotiations. In
liahi of the statement of wsition in the referenced Note.the Government of the
unitcd States iswmpelied to respond with a brief legalstatement of the posi-
tion of the Government of the United Stateson cach maritime boundary. This .
statement is intended to be a neneral statement of the oosition of the Govem-
ment ofthe United States,andYsnot intended to addre; the specificarguments
raised in Note No.626.The Depanment reservesthe rightto makefunher wm-
ments at a later time. .
The position of the Government of the United States is that under the 1958
Convention on the Continental Shelf, and applicable principles of interna-
tional law. maritime boundaries are to be determinedbv aireement and in
accordance with equitable principles. The Government oithëunited States is
also of the viewthai equidistance is an appropriate method for determining a
maritime boundary when there are no sgcial circumstances in the area and
when equidistance results in a boundary in acwrdance with equitable prin-
ciples.
It isthe position of the Govemment of the United Statesthat eauidistance is
an inappropriate means for determiningthe maritime boundary in the Gulf of
Maine area because it does not accord with equitable principles. Special cir-
cumstances plainlv exist in the area. In the view of the Govemment of the
United States.an examination of the relevant factors. includinnwastal orooor-
tionality, wktal wnfiguration and the geology and geom&hologi oi the
area, indicates that a maritime boundary in accordance with equitable princi-
olesisone whichextendsthrounh the Northeast Channel. It isais0 a~orooriate
io note that the Governmentofïhe United Stateswntinues to main& kat the
sovereignty 10 Machias Seal Island rcsts with the United States for the reason
set forth in the aide-mémoireof Seotember 15.1~.~from~th~ Embassv ofthe < ~ ~
United Statesto the Ministryof ~xiernal Affairs.
In the area seaward of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the area seaward of
Dixon Entrante. the two novernments havetaken the same basic oosition that
equidistance is an approGiate means for determining a maritime'boundaryin
accordance with equitable principles. Therc are no special circumstances in ANNEXESTO MEMORUU.OFTHE UNITEDSTATES 379
those areas. The United States position concerning the maritime boundary
inside Dixon Entrance is wellknown and lonn-standina.
In the Beaufort Sea. the position of the G&ernmeniof the United States is
ihat there are no special circumstances in the area and that equidistance pro.
duces a maritime boundan, in accordance with eauitahle ~rinn~les.
The Government of the United States notes thai the G&crn&ent of Canada
wishes IOre.cerveilsrights to make newclaims"in those caseswherethere exist
circumstances com~arable to those on which the United States'claim in the
Gulf of Maine area.1~based. The Government ofthe United Statesfullyagrees
withthe basic proposition that wherespecial circumstancesexist.theyare rele-
vant factorslobe taken intoaccount in a determinationof a maritimeboundan,
in accordance with equitable principles. However, during the course of thé
aforementioned legal discussions, the Canadian negotiaton repeatedly
asserted that there were no s~ecial circumstances in the maritime boundary
areas between Canada and the United States. Of course. the Government of
Canada is free IO change its position concerning these matten: however,the
Government of the United States does not believethat there isany basis in law
or fact to support or tojustify the positions identified in the charts attached to
Note No. 626 whichthe Governmcnt of Canada claims are based on the same
~rincinleswhichthc Government of the United States kas ar-ued asbein- rele-
kant in the Gulf of Maine area.
The Government of the United States remains commitled to the punuit of
nenotiations toward a mutuallv accevtable settlement of the United States-
canada maritime boundaries and urges an immediate resumption of negotia-
tions.
Department of State.
Washington, February 16,1977 [See1,pp.444-4481
AIDE-M~MOI FROMTHE EMBASS OF CANAD AO THEDEPARTME NTSTATE,
D~no 26MAY1977
[See1,pp. 442-4431
NOTE FROMTHE DEPARTME NTSTATETO THEEMBASS OFCANADA,
DATED 27JUNE1977
NOTEFROMTHE DEPARTMENTOF STATETO THE EMBASSYOF CANADA,
DATED 27JUNE 1977
The Denartment of Stateknowledees recei~tof the Emhassvof Canada's
note number 221of May26,1977.The Ünitedcates~ovemmen~willnot reply
at thisime to the legal arguments put forward in that note, but it reservesthe
right to do so, if ne&ssary, at a latir date.
The Department of Staterecalls that the two govemments agreed last
October that the phase of the talks dedicatcd to discussions of legal issues
should be wncluded and that the two eovemments should movedirectlvto the
negotiation of aundary in the ~zf of Maine area and related résource
arrangements. The Department of State considen that the leaal discussions
whichwere held in 1976wereonstmctive and useful.Atthis staee. however.il
is the Department's view that further debate of legal positions-will not con-
tribute to a solution of the problem and that these should be set aside for the
lime beine
The ~Gartmeni of Statewould wishto conceniraie itspriorities on effortsto
achieve constmnive long.tenn solutions, and believesthat this vicw is sharcd
bv the Dcvdrtment of Extemal Afïairs as evidenccd bv the fmitful discussions
ihich too'kplace in Ottawa on June 17,1977.
Department of State,
Washington,June 27, 1977.
NDE-MÉMOIRE FROMTHE DEPARTMENTOF STATETO THE EMBASSYOCANADA,
OATED7 JULY1977
The Department of State refers 10the Embassy of Canada's Aide-Mémoire
of May 26,1977. ANNEXESTOMEMORIALOFTHEUNITEDSTATES 381
The Governrnent ofthe United States cannotconcur in the viewexpressed in
that Aide-Mémoire that in the absence of agreement on maritime boundaries
ihe United Statesshould refrain from authorizinnexploration and exploitation
of the resources of~ ~~ continental shelfin a~1a~as where the~~~~-mment of ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Canada now Statesthat it reserves rights.
The United StatesGovernment anreed on November4. 1976.that both coun-
trie\ would a\,oid stepi for the timë being relating to the developrnent of non-
living resources in the houndary ûreas between the United States and Cünada
which could prejudice negotiation of a boundary settlement. To implement this
decision, the Department of the lnterior on December 7, 1976,withdrew 28
tracts in the disputed area of the Gulf of Maine from its proposed 1977North
Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas lease sale. ,411of the remaining
sites scheduled for test drilline and the tracts oroeram~ed f~-~~ease sale in the ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Gulfof Maine ares in the latt; part of 1977are locatcd not in n boundary area,
but outside of the areü claimed by the Government of Canada which has been
the subject of discussions and negotiations between the two govcrnments over
the past several years. In the r,icwof the United States Government. its Outer
Continental Shelfprocram is eniirelv consistent with ils siated ~osiiion on the
delimitation of maritime boundaries.
The Government of the United States understands from the Embassy of
Canada's Note Number 626 of Decernber 22. 1976,tbat the Government of
Canada now reserves the right to assert a possible interest in other areas under
thejurisdiction of the United States of America. The United StatesGovernment
cannot be expected to lend credence to these "reservations" which in Ourview
have no basis in law or Tact,by withholding, as suggested in the Embassy's
Aide-Mémoire of May 26, legitimate actions of national importance in these
areas of U.S.jurisdiction.
The Government of the United States remains committed to a mutuallv
acceptable settlement of United States-Canadamaritime boundariesanh
be1iet.e~that both governments should refrain from actions which makc settle-
ment more difficuit. However. the actions 10be taken in connection with the
planned lease sale in this area iater this year will take place only in areas subject
to United States iurisdiction and not affected bv a maritime boundar, settle-
ment. Accordingiy, the Government of the ~nited States believes th& these
actions will not add to the complexity of continuing negotations on maritime
boundaries."U.S.CANAD TONEWTIAT MEARITIISSUES7",BULLÈTIN,HEDEPARTMENT
OFSTATEN,o. 1992,29Auousr 19P.282
[Norreproduced] ANNEXES TO MEMORlALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES
NOTENO. GNT-067 FROM THE DEPARTMEN OT EXTERNA L~FA~RS TO THE
EMBASS OFTHE UNITED STATED S,ATED3 NOVEMBE 1977
[See1,pp. 452-4541
NOTE FROMTHE DEPARTUEN OTSTATE TO THEEMBASS YFCANADA,
DATED 2DECEMBE 1977
The Department of Staterefersto note GNT-067ofthe Department of Exter-
na1Affain delivered in Ottawa on November3. 1977.
Assubsequcnt conversationswith United ~tal'esollïcialshavcconfirmed,thc
Government of the United States cannot accept the contention that the line
described inthat note and setforth inthe attachments10that note wouldwnsti-
tute a maritime boundaiy in accordancc with equitable principles. Funher-
more, the Govcrnmcnt of the United States cannor agree that the award in the
Annlo-French Continenral Shelf Delimitation Arbitration iustifies the espan-
sion of boundary claims by Canada. The Government of the United taiesis
disappointed that the Government of Canada would take this step which is
inc&istent withrheproccssthe twogovernmenü have undenvayaimedai nar-
rowingdiiïerences through negoriarionsingood faithto reacha cornprehensive
solution. The Government of the United Statesol be expened to rakein10
account an exoanded Canadian claimforoumosesof thesenenotiations.
Inthiscon&ction,the~overnrnentofthc united Stateswishgsto reiterateiü
view.as confirmed by the award in the aforementioned arbitrarion, that inter-
national law reauires that maritime boundaries be established inrdance
with equitable principleAs noted in earlier discussions, it is the viewof the
United Statesthat the eauidistant linealready claimedbyCanada isnot in con-
formity with equitable principles because of the special circumstances of the
area. Therefore, the Government of the United States can look with no sym-
pathy on any Canadian claim or position that further aggravatesthat inequity.
In ~h~ ~ ~w~ ~the United StatesGovernment. a maritimeboundam in the Gulf
of Maine area that accords with ;quitable pr'inciplesis a line whiih takes in10
account rhe coastal configuration of the area. particularly the distoning eiïen
on an eauidistant line of the concantv ofU.Se. astline and the oroimsion
ofthe pininsula of NovaScotia.~uch'alineshould produce a delimiiarioncon-
sistent withtherinciple of natural prolongation and with a reasonable degree
of proportionalky wiÏh the length of the &levant coastlines of the two &un-
tries.
The Government of the United Statescontinues to be hopeful that the pres-
ent maritim~ ~oundam and resource neeotiations will reach a mutuallv satis-
fanoiy accommodatiin of the respective maritime interesü of the iwi coun-
triesItrcscrvcs the right. ~fnecessary, to makc a more dctailed response to
Note GNT-067at a latër lime
Department of State,
Washington, December 2, 1977. GULFOF MAINE
[See 1,pp. 456-4571
DE PART M OF STATE PRESRSELEASN EO.53,DATED 27JANUAR1 Y978
DEPARTMENTOF STATEPRESS RELEASE NO.53,DATED 27JANUARY 1978
January 27,1978
No. 53
Acting SecretaryRequesrsSecretatyoftheInterIOWirhdrawfrornSale Certain
Oiland Cas LeasesinGulfofMaine
ActingSecretary WarrenChristopher on January 27sent the followingletter
to Secretaryof the Interior Cecil Andms requesting him 10withdraw fromsale
at thistimecertain tractsinthe Gulf of Mainewhichthe Department ofrior
had previouslyannounced would be included in itsNorth Atlantic Outer Con-
tinental ShelfOil andGas LeaseSaleof January 31:
"As you know the United Statesand Canada arc prcscntly cngagcd in a
difîicult ncgotiation regarding maritime boundaries and related resource
issues. Ambassador Lloyd Cutler, the Prcsident'sS~ecial Represenraiive
for these neeotiations. has been meetingwith the Canadians on an inten-
siveschedu6 in an atkmpt to concludeïhese negotiaiions.
Recenrly during the wune of these negotiations the Government of
Canada infomed us ihar it considered ihat certain tracts ofired in rhc
North AtlanticOuter Continental Shelf OilandGas Lease Sale No. 42 of
January 31, 1978,as announced in theederalRegisterof December 30,
1977,are within the area claimed by Canada to suhject 10-negotiation
hetween the two countries. We have ascertained that these consist of the
followingtracts:
TmerNo. Bloek
In Rotraction diagram NK 19-9: 42-13 899
42-14 900
42-21 942
942-22
943
42-23 944
42-29 981
42-30 982 ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES
In Protraction diagram NK 19-12:
42-95 65
42-100 102
42-101 103
42-102 107
42-103 108
42-104 109
Although the United States Government does not share the Canadian
viewthat these tram are within the area under negotiation, Ambassador
Cutler believes that their sale at this time would seriously and adversely
affectthe prospem for a successfulconclusionofthe negotiations. He has
therefore strongly urged that these tracts be withdrawn from the ahove
offer and not offered for sale at the present lime in order no1Iojeopardize
the outcome of the nenotiations.
Accordingly,in vie; of the importance to the United Statesofa success-
ful negotiated settlement of Ourmaritime boundary and resource issues
with Canada. 1stronelv urnethat vou withdraw the above tram from sale
-. ..-....-.
1would appreciate it if you would confirm to me as soon as possible
your action on thematter so that we can inform the Canadians."
NOTE FROM THE DEPARTMENTOF STATETO THE EMBASSVOF CANADA,
DATED 3 FEBRUARY 1978
ïhe Department of State refers the Embassy of Canada to the note of the
Deoartment of External Aîïairs of Canada of Januaw 25.1978.wncernine the
grt th~tlaniic 0uler Continental Shelf Oil and Ga; kase sale 10have lbeen
conducted bythe United StatesDepartment ofthe lnterior onJanuary 31.1978.
The Govemment ofCanada wasinformed bythe Department ofSiaie's note
of December2,1977,that the Governmcnt of the United States does not accept
the cantention that the linc described in the Departmeni of Extemal AiTain
note GNT-067of November3, 1977,and referred to in the note of January 25
referenced above. constitutes a maritime houndary in accordance with equi.
table principles as required by international law.The Department of State had
previously notified the Government of Canada on July 7, 1977.that in viewof
ongoing negotiations betweenthe United Statesand Canada wnceming mari-
time boundaries and resources,al1the tram withinthe Gulfof Mainearea over
whichthe United Statesexertisesjurisdiction but whichhad also been claimed386 GULFOFMAINE
by Canada in Canada Order in Council PC-1977.1as published in the Cana-
dian Gazette of January l, 1977,would be removed from the lease salein ordcr
10facilitatethe nenotiaiine orocess.The remainine tracts scheduled inthe lease
sale wereal1locatëd outsi& of areas claimed by canada in Canadian Order in
Council PC-1977-1.
Sincethat exerciseof restraint bv the Government of the United States.the
Governmcnt ofCanada has believed iiadvanrageousionotify the ~nited fate es
of a new position as indicated in note GNT-067. Although the Government of
the United Statescan acceot that it isthe riahl of the Government of Canada to
take whatever positionit &ay wish in any;vcntual arbitration of these issues,
the Govemment of the United States cannot accept thai it mus1 iake into
account newlvadooted Canadian oositions enlarninéCanadian claims durine
the course ofnegoiiations.~oreo/er,theGovemmenï ofthe United Statescai
no1agreeIorefrain from exercising-its~urisdinion at al1timesand places whcrc
Canada may assert an interest.
The Government of Canada may be assured that the Government of the
United States will continue to exercise restraint in those areas under the iuris-
diction of the United States which Canada claimed hy way of the canadian
Order in Council PC-1977.1as published in theCanada Gazette on January 1,
1977.However.the Government of the UnitedSrareswishes 10 advisethe Gov-
ernment of Canada that itdoes no1giveany credenccor recognition to the new
Canadian position asserted in note GNT-067.
As the Government of Canada is no doubt alreadv aware. li.iea-ion in the
United States has posiponed indefinitely completion of the North Atlantic
Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Cas Lcasc Sale referred ro in the note of the
Government of Canada of Januarv 25. 1978.Should the lcase sale be recom-
menced in the future, advance public notice will be given as provided by US
law.
The Government of the United Stateswelcomesthe renewed commitmentof
the Government of Canada, exprcssed in ils note of January 25,to a sucassful
conclusion of the current maritime boundary and resource negotiations and
wishesto assure the Government of Canada that the United Statesfully shares
ihis commilment and the strong interesi that no future step be iaken hy eiiher
parry ihat could prejudice the outcome of these negotiations.
Deparnent of State,
Washington, Febmary 3,1978. ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOF THE UNITEDSTATES
Aooex 71
NOTENO.FLP-130 FROM MARCEC LADIEUX S,PECIALEWTUTOR OfCANADA,
TO LLOYD CUTLER S,PECIANLEWTUTOR OFTHE UNITEDSTATES,
LEITER FROM LWYDCUTLER TOMARCEC LADIEUX D,ATED 11APRIL 1978
NOTE NO.nt'-130FROMMARCELCADIEUX, SPECIAL NEGOTUTOR OF CANAD*,
TO LUIYD CUTLER, SPECIALNEWTMTOR OFTHE UNITEDSTATES,
DATED IOAPRIL 1978
Department of Externalffairs Ministbredes Affaires extérieures
Canada
BnisselS,April 10,1978
No. FLP-130
Sir.
1havethe honour to referto the discussionswhichhave taken placebetween
re~rcscntativesof our governmentsconcerninga long-termagreementon mari-
timeboundaries andrëlated marine resources;l havethe honour also10refer10
the Reciprocal Fisheries Agreement bctwcen the Government of the United
StatesofAmericaand the Govemment ofCanada (The 1977Reciprocal Agree-
ment) signed in Washington, D.C., Febmary 24. 1977.
Whilesignificant progress has been achieved toward conclusion OCa long-
term agreement,anumberof issues remainto be resolAsdyouare aware,the
1977 Reciorocal Anreement ex~ired December31. 1977.Pending conclusion
of the long-term aceement, itnecessary to establish further ageed interim
measures.
1therefore propose that each party continue on a reciprocal basis10observe
the termsand conditions of the 1977ReciprocalAgreement,asamended bythe
understandings setorth in the Annex to this Note. These understandings are
designed to maintain existingfishing patterns with no initiation of newfisher-
ies and no expansion of effort, and renect experience gained under the 1977
Reciprocal Agreementandthe mutual expectation of an early conclusion of a
lonn-lem agreement.
l'rthis proposal isacceptable to the Government of the United States, I have
the honour to propose that this Note and its Annex, whicbare authentic in
English and French. together with vour reply to that ekct, shall constitute an
agGement between ~ur-~ovemmeni whichshall enter into force followingthe
completion of intemal procedures by each government in accordanceiüith
domestic laws and notification thereof to the other. 1propose that the present
Agreemcntenter into forceon the date of the later of the two notifications. li is
further proporedthnt the understandings contained in the Annex shall be
regarded as constituting an integralpart of the 1977Reciprocal Agreement.
Unless theIWO govemmenü agree on a further extension, this Agreement
shall terminale on December1. 1978.or fony-five (45)days Collowingnotice388 GULF OF MAINE
bv either oartv that it intends 10withdraw from the Aereement or uoon the
entry into'forfe of a comprehensive long-termagreement bctwein thiparties
on boundaries and marine resources, whicheveroccurs fint.
Accept, Sir,the renewed assurances of my highest consideration
/s/ M. CADIEUX
Ambassador M. Cadieux
Special Negotiator for
Maritime Boundaries (Canada/USA)
Special Negotiator Lloyd N. Cutler,
U.S.A.Department of State,
Washington, D.C.
1. The terms and conditions of Article Vof the 1977Reciprocal Agreement
are replaced by the following:
(a) On the Pacific Coast,there shall be no fishing for salmon by nationals and
vessels ofeitherParty in thezone of the other, exceptsalmon taken bytroll-
ing beyond 12nautical miles of the wast and salmon taken by trolling
between 3 and 12nautical miles in the area Westof a linejoining Bonilla
Point and Tatoosh Island;north of a line projected due Weston 47degrees
6 minutes North latitude, and south of a line projected fromBonilla Point
to latitude 48degrees 29.7minutes North, longitude 125degrees 00.7min-
utesWest.
(b) Each Party shall havethe right to limitsuchfishingforsalmoninilszoneby
nationals and vessels ofthe other to thesame lime oeriods as its nationals
and vesselsare permittedsuch firhingfor salmoninihezone of theother.
(c, In lightof the number of immature salmon originating in the rivcrs of the
Unitcd Statesfound inthe SwiftsureBankareaof BritishColumbia Statisii-
cal Area21,Canada agreesto consult withthe United Statesabout the con-
servation need to close this area to al1salmon fishing from April 15. 1978
through June 14,1978.lfthe United Statesconcludes that there isa conser-
vation need to closethe fisheryduring such period bu!Canada does not do
so,the United Statesshallhave noobligation to permitsalmon fishingin ils
PacificCoast watersby nationals and vesselsof Canada on more favorable
termsthan the temisofthe 1977Reciprocal Agreement.
(dl In lightof the fan that U.S.and Canndian regulations differ as to the chi-
nook salmon sire Iimit.the United Statesagrccsthat Canadian salmon troll
vessels,in the U.S. fishery conservation zone off the Coastof the State of
Washington, north of a line drawn due Westfrom La Push (47 degrees SS
minutes North Iaiirude) mav have chinook salmon between 26 and 28
inchesonboard, subjectio théfollowingconditions :
(i) Allsuchfishmustbecaught inthe Canadian zone:
(ii) Upon entering the U.S. fishery conservation zone, al1vessels shall
report by radio to U.S.authorities on designated frequenciesthe num-
ber of chinooksalmon onboard the vesse1between 26and 28inchesin
leneth. and shall notifv the same authorities uoon leavi~ - ~ ~ --~~-
Thgtwo Parties recogAzethat in certain areas, ;almon fishermen tra-
ditionally troll back and forth between the zones of the iwocouniries, ANNEXES TO MEMOR~ALOF THE UNITEDSTATES 389
and that certain problems could arise with regard to the reportinp.
requirements outlined in [hi, paragraph when vcssels arc conducting
continuous fishing ooerations in these areas. 1s is aareed that the
appropriate enforcement authorities of the Iwo ~ovëmments shall
establish uniform proccdures which recognizc this particular situation
and minimize dismption of fishing:
(iii) Such fish shall be segregated or grouped for identification on board
the vesse1and the location and number of such fish recorded by the
Master in order to facilitate inspection and enforcement. U.S. and
Canadian enforcement authorities shall make periodic inspections to
enforce this provision.
2. The two Parties note that negotiations are continuing toward an agree-
ment on interceotions of Pacific salmon and that both Governments are com-
mitted to an iniensive effort to wnclude these negotiations in 1978.Such an
agreement would provide a framework for improved management, develop-
ment, and utilizatiÔn of these salmon stocks. 1" the context of such an agree-
ment, the Canadian authorities would be prepared to work with the U.S.
authorities in developing coordinated regulations for the ocean troll fishery,
including increased minimum sizelimits, such as 28inches for chinook salmon,
and other measures, off the Pacific coasts of Canada and the U.S.
3. The Parties note that paragraph I of this Annex provides for Canadian
salmon troll fishing in a larger area in the U.S. fishery conservation zone than
that provided for originally in the 1977Reciprocal Agreement. The Iwo Parties
agree that this expansion of area shall not provide for an increase in the total
Canadian salmon troll fishing effort in the U.S. fishery conservation zone over
the existing level as intended in Article II, paragraph 3of the 1977Reciprocal
Agreement. In accordance with paragraph 5ofthis Annex, thetwo Parties shall
consult to ensure that procedures are developed to monitor Canadian effort in
the U.S. zone and to &change information regardhg that effort.
4. The United States recognizcs that Canadian salmon troll ~~cssclsthat
might lawfully posress chinook salmon between 26and 28 inches periodically
lay-to at night in areas north of La Push, and that because of etisting strong
southerly cunenis, rhey may, whilc laying-to at night. drift south of 47 dcgrccs
55minutes North. The U.S.undertakesto assure that U.S.enforcement author.
itics will take this Cdctorinto account. but notes that no Canadian troll vessels
with 26-28 inch fish aboard shall be permined to condun fishing operations
south of La Push. cûr drift further south than 47deprees46 minutes North lati-
-
tude.
5. The two Parties recognize that the 1977 Reciprocal Agreement deals
principally with the subject of reciprocal fishing privileges in their respective
zones and that the rational management of fisheries subject to reciprocal fish-
ing privileges is necessary in order Io ensure their effective conservation. The
two Parties rewgnize that their domestic management decisions regarding
~ ~cks~ ~ mut~ ~ ~nterest mav have conservation imoacts of ioint concem and
therefore agree to consult quarterly, and ai such othcr limes as eithcr may
request, regarding appropriate action each may take to limit catches from these
stocks. With this in mind. and in order to facilitate the harmonious im~lementa-
lion of this ~~reement, the Parties agree that the following &nsultative
mechanisms and procedures shall be established:
(a) Therc shall be established two Consultative Committees, one for the Atlan.
tic Coast and one for the Pacific Coast ihercinafter referred 10 as the Com-390 GULFOF MAINE
(b) Each Committee shall be composed of members appointed by each Party
whomaybe accompanied byadvisors.
fc) nie Committees shall serveas fora for consultation on maiiers cancernina
the implementation of this Agreement. Unless othenvise agreed betwee;;
the Parties,al1questions shall be referredin the fi~t instance to the appro-
priate Committee for iü consideration. Each Committec shallmeet at the
requestofeither Partyand at leastquarterly.
(d) Each Party agrees to notify the other of proposed regulatory measures
affectinn fisheries subiect to reciorocal fishinn orivileees and to consult
with thëother Party on such mc&ures withinïh; cornkittees referred to
above. Such consultations shall take place prior Io the implemcntation of
the renulatorv measures concerned. Where-one Partv believes that urnent
conseÏvationconcerns require immediate action. thekommittee shall &n.
sider the matter within 48 hours of notification to the other Partv durin-
whichtimcthe proposed regulatorymeasure shallnot be implemcnkd.
(el MatterSwhich have not been suwessfully resolved by a Committee, and
maiiers ofgeneral concernwhichdo not oertain solelvio eitherthe Atlantic
or to the Picific Coasü, shall bc referred10the spe2al Negotiators of the
long-termagreement without delay.In the absence of either Special Nego-
tiatorthe mattershallbe referredto an appropriately designated alternate.
6. In the event that a Partv takes anv action which. in the view ofthe other
Party, advcrselyaffects iü fiiheries in ihe zone of theparty taking anion or in
the boundary regions in a manner substantially incompatible with this Agree-
ment,the consultative processdescribed in paragraph 5above shall be utiïized.
In the eventthat a matterisnottherebv resolved within 14davsof referral tothe
Special Negotiators or designated al<ernates,either Party &ay take reciprocal
action with regard to the activities ofthe fishing vessels ofthe other Party to an
extent sufficient to re-establish the balance of fisheries interests between the
Iwo Parties.
7. nie IwoPartiesnotetheimportance ofexchangingcatch and effort statis-
tics on a reeular and timelv basis and monitorinn the fishine activities ofthe
vessels ofoie country fishikgin the zone of the other. nie ~aRiesalso note the
need for vessclsto be more conspicuously marked so as to provide for more
efleaive enforcement surveillance.IIisanreed that the two Parties willwnsult.
in accordance with paragraph 5 of this-~nnex, on these matters in order to
estahlish more effective procedures. In particular, each Party recognizes the
reciprocal procedures forreportingby vessels ofthe othercountry of entry and
departure into itszone and of catches taken in ils zone,and agreesto consult in
this regard.
8. Notine Article IX of the 1977 Reciorocal Aareement. the two Parties
agree that in order to ensure the full and ;flenive enf&ceméntof this Agrec-
ment in the boundary rcpjonon the Atlanticcoast. the enforcement authoritics
of each will closely~w-ordinate their inspection and enforcement activities,
including appropriate steps to facilitate the exchange of observers on the ves-
sels of each Party.
Excellency :
1have the honor to refer to your note of April 10,1978,in which you noted
that while negotiations are contiouing toward a long-term agreement on mari- ANNEXES TO MEMOW OF THEUNITEDSTATES 391
lime boundaries and related marine resources, agreed interim measures must
he estahlished.
You have proposed that each party continue on a reciprocal basisto observe
the terms and conditions of the 1977Recinrocal Fisberies Aereernent between
our two Govemments signed on ~ebruaj 24, 1977,as amen2ed by the under-
standing set forth inthe annex to vournote. withaviewto maintaining exi-tina -
~~-h~ -r~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
1have the honor to inform youthat the proposalscontained in your noie are
acceptable 10ihc Go\,crnmcni of the United Statesof America and 10 confirm
that kour note and the annex thereto. which are authentic in Enelish and
~renih, together withthis repiy shall constitute an Agreementbetwe& our two
Govemments. As vou proposed. this Agreement shall enter in10force when
each ofour ~ovemmcnis h;s notificd rheothcr ofthe completion of ilsintemal
procedures in accordance wiih ils domestic laws,on the date of the latrr of the
two notifications. It is further understood that, unless the two Govemments
aeree on a further extension. this Aereement shallterminate on December31.
1578,or lorry-five(45) day3'follow~g notice hy either pdrty thai it intendr to
wiihdraw fromthe Agreement,or upon the entry into forceof a comprehensi\e
long-termagreement;whichever occurs first.
Accept, Excellency,the renewed assurances of my highest consideration.
Lloyd N. CUTLER
Special Maritime Negotiator
His ExcellencyMarcel Cadieux,
Special Negotiator for Maritime Boundaries (Canada/USA), Annex72
Lm~n mo~ MARCEC LADIEU TO LLOYD CUTLER D,ATED2 JUNE1978
[See1,p. 4651
NOTENO.FLM-0092 FROMTHE DEPARTME NFTEXTERNA ALFFAIRS TOTHE
EMBASS YF THEUNITEDSTATES D,ATED2 JUNE1978
NOTEROM THE EMBASSYOF THE UNITED STATESTO THE DEPARTMENT OF EXTERNAL
AFFAIRS,DATED2JUNE 1978
The Embassyofthe United Statesof America presents itscomplimentstothe
Department ofExtcmal Allairs and has the honor to refcr to the Department's
Note No. FLM 0092.of June 2. 1978.exoressinnthe Govemment of Canada's
intention toase implementation on aProvis6nal basis of the 1978Interim
Reciprocal FisheriesAgreement.
The Government of the United States reerets this decision bv the Canadian
authorities and has no altemative but to 6ke wr&sponding action. Accord-
ingly,Canadian fishing vesselswillnot bepermitted to wntinue fishing in the
United States FishervConservation Zoneer noon. local time.June 4. 1978.
except thosevesselsfishingfor halibut punuant to théConvention forth; F'res:
ervation of the Halibut Fisheryin the Northem PacificOcean and the Rering
Sea of March 2. 1953.and those vesselsfishine for hiehlv mieratorv soccies of
tuna, since these tuna species are exemptez by the Unitcd ~tAes'Fishery
Conservation and Management Act of 1976and by United States policy from
wastal state control. The Govemment of the United States assumes that
United Statesvessels willbe granted a correspondingexception to fish for such
highlymigratory speciesof tuna in Canadian waters.
The Govemment of the United States welcomesthe exoressed intention of
the Govemment of Canada to punuc reciprocal measureSto avoid confronta-
tion inhe boundary regions,and in this wnncction wishesto state ils intention
to wnfonn to thecanadian proposal to adopt flag-state enforcement pro-
ceduresin theboundaryregions alongthelinesof the 1977Reciprocal Fisheries
Agreement.
The Govemmentof the United Stateswelcomesand sharesthe wmmitment
of the Govemmeni of Canada to punuc negotiations on maritime boundaries
and relatedesource arrangements, as wellas a long-termsalmon interception
agreement in an effort to conclude mutually acceptable agreements as soon as
possible. In addition, the Govemment of the United States intends to proceed ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOF THE UNmED STATES
393
with legislationapprovingthe 1978Interim Reciprocal FisheriesAgreementin
hope that bilateral agreement to ratify ifs provisions will be anained in due
course.
The Embzssyof the United Siatesof America takes the occasion 10renew 10
the Depdrtment of Exiemal Affairj the assurances of iis highesiconsideraiion.
June 2,1978
No. 237
Staternenton UnitedStoresand CanadianFisheriesZones
The Deoartment of State reerets the decision bv the Govemment of Canada
no longer'to give provisional'éffectto the 1978'interim fisheries agreement,
which provides for reciprocal fishin~in the United States and Canadian 200
mile fiiheries zones. since tbis dession closes Canadian waters to United
Statesfishermen,the United Stateshasno option but to closeitswatersto fish-
ermen from Canada during any periods when Canadian waters are not avail-
able to United States fishermen. We do n~t ~e~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~an~action was ~ ~ ~ ~~-
warranted by any action taken by the United StatesGovemment.
The differences between Canada and the United Statescenter on issues
involvingWestCoast salmonand certain EastCoast fishstocks.Withrespectto
the issue of WestCoast salmon fisheries. the 1978interim agreement provided
for access bv Canadian fishermen to new areas in the United States salmon
fisheryoncondition ihat,at the requestofthe UnitedStates,theGovernment of
Canada close ils Swiftsure Rank arca salmon fishery from April 15through
June 14. The United States, on two occasions. requested for conservation
reasons that this closurebe instituted. but Canada, disagreeingon the need for
conservation measures in the area. whcrc most of the salmon present during
that period are of United States origin, declined to insiitutc full closure of the
Swiftsure Bank area until May 15.In these circumstances.the United States
was under no obligation under the terms of the agreement IO grant cxtended
accessby Canadian fishermen to United Statessalmon fisheries. Neverthelesr.
the Uniied States offered what if considered to be proportionately improved
terms for Canadian salmon trollers.
On the East Coast, Canada called on the United States to take aclion to
restrict efforts by United States fishermento increasetheirtake of certain fish
stocksinthe United States fisheryzone.The United Statespointed out that the
1978interim agreement imposed no such obligation on the United States and
that the United States had no leeal basis for takinn such action within the
perio'dof time contemplated by canada. In light ofti;e substanfialdifferences
wbich remained, the two govemments were unable to find a solution to the
The United States intends IO procecd with legislation approving ihc 1978
inierim agreement in hope that bilateral agreementto ratify its ~rovisionswill
be attainëd in due mursi. In the meanwhae, the United ~iateswill cooperate
with Canada to moderate actions on both sidesinorder to providethe best pos-
sible atmosphere for eventual resumption of reciprocal fishing arrangements.
The United Statesbelievesthat the current situation illustratesthe weakness
of interim reciprocal fisheries agreements as compared with a long-term
arrangement including mechanisms for settlement of differences. The issues
brought to lightinthe iurrent instance representthe kind ofproblem that would394 GULF OF MAINE
be susceptible of solution in the context of a long-term agreement on fisheries
and boundaries and a mutually agreed regime for limits on Salmon intercep-
tion.Both Canada and the United States. in lieht of recent evenü. have aereed
to redouble thcir efforts to concludc a long-Grm agreement; and the siecial
negotiaton, Ambassador Marcel Cadieux of Canada and Lloyd Cutler of the
United States. have anreed toeet in midJune and ag-in shortlv thereafter to
pursue the negotiations intensively. ANNEXES TO MEMORIAL OFTHE UNITED STATES
FISHINZONES OFCANADA(ZONES4AND S)ORDER ,1CANADA GAZ€lTE
(EXTRA) ,o.79,15SEFTEMBE1978PP.1-4
TERRI'~OR~ALSEA FISHINZOVES ACTFISHINZONESOFCANAUA(ZON ES
ANI>5)ORDER, A.MENI>HEII3CANADGAAZ~F, NO. 3,2JANUAR Y979,
PP.482-483
[Nolrepmduced] Annex74
NOTE FROMTHE DEPARTME NFISTATETO THEEMBASS YFCANADA,
DATED 15FEBRUAR 1Y979
The United StatesGovemmenthas notedthe Govemment of Canada's deci-
sion to publish in the CanadaGazantexpanded claim in the Gulf of Maine
area.
The United StatesGovemment willissue a statement reiectinnthat claim.
The United States Govemment will continue to exerciie iisKeriesjurisdic-
tion inthat area and should Canndian fishinp,vessclsattemot to fish within that
area, the United States Govemmentwould have no choice but to enforce
against them.
If, in response to US enforcement in the area, the Canadian Govemment
should attemDt to exercise iurisdiction not reco~nized hv the United States
~ovemment, byscizinga ~Svessel, the Secretaryof~iate Wouldbe requircd by
Section205of the Fishcrya/sic/Conservation and Management An of 1976to
certifvthat factto the ~ecreiarvof the Treasurv.whowoujd then be reauired to
cmba&o Canadian fish prod;cts from the fish;ry or fisherics invoivcd.
The Unitcd States Govcmmcnt is concerncd about the possible confronta.
tional situation whichcould arisc from oublication of the exoanded Canadian
claim,a situation whichcould damagethe prospects fora res6lutionoïthe fish-
eries and boundaries dispute between us and could have unpredinable and
oossiblv serious imoact on the broader relationshio between~us.The United
States dovemment Would prefer, if a long tenn scitlcmcnt is not possihlc, to
arbitrate the boundary and to set up interim fishery arrangements acceptable
10boih sides to last until and bcvond the cornoletion of the arbitrarion. Llovd
Cutler, the US negotiator, is prGared at any &meto resume talks to that end.
Department of State,
Washington, September 14, 1978.
NOTE FROMME DEPARTMENTOF STATE TOTHE EMBASSYOF CANADA,
DATED 20SE~MBER 1978
nie De~artment of State refers the Embassv of Canada to the oro~osed
Order in ~ouncil published in the Canada G&ette of September '15,'1978,
extending Canada's claimof iurisdiction over the continental shelf and fisher-
ies in theGulf of Maine area: ANNEXESTO MEMORW OF THE UNITED STATES 397
The United StatesGovernment considcrs thenewCanadian claimto be with-
out merit. The United States believesthït Georges Bank isa natural prolonga-
tion of United States territorv and that. in view of the suecial circumstan&s
existing in the Gulf of aine area, the maritime boündary published by
Canada on November 1,1976,based on the principle of equidistance, isnot in
accord with equitable principles. Afortiori, a delimitation allocating an even
largerarea of the United Statescontinental shelfto Canada isnot inaccordwith
equitable principles.
In the viewof the United States,there is nojustification in international law
fordiswunting the effecttobe givenCape Cod and Nantucket Island in deter-
miningthe maritimeboundary in the Gulf of Maine area. CapeCod and Nan-
tucket Island, areas closely linked to Georges Bank and of great historical,
political and economicimportance to the United States,do not constitute dis-
torting projections.
Neither the claim published bv Canada on November 1. 1976. nor the
expanded Canadian ciaim can bebstified by refercnceIo the ,udgment of the
Court of Arbitration wncerning the delimitation of the Continental Shelf
between the United Kingdom and the French Re~ublic.In that casethe Court
rejectcd the equidistance theory Canada espoiscd in asserting its original
claimand adopted the position which thc Unitcd States maintains with respect
Io the relation of the concepts of "eauidistance". "spccial circumstances'*and
"equitable principles". Nothing in that judgment lends credence to the
expanded Canadian claim, whichgivesno effectto Cape Cod and Nantucket
Island.
Further. the UnitedStatesconsiders that ex~ansionofthe Canadian claim in
the midst of negotiations is not in keeping wiih the obligation of States under
the Convention on the Continental Shelf, done at Geneva April27, 1958,and
a~~iicable~rinciolesof intemational law.toneeotiate withaviewto arrivine at
an'agreeménton'the delimitationof mantirne boundaries. The United taïe es,
althouah convinced that its boundarv position would be upheld in any third
oartv idiudication. has consistentlv indicated its readinessCoarriveat a neeo-
iiatédr&olution of the boundaty 'inthe Gulf of Maine area. ~nfortunat~~,
Canada's action expands rather than narrows the differences betweenthe two
-overnments.
Forthese reasons.the United States rejectsthe cxpïnded claim ofCanadian
jurisdinion. The UnitedStates willcontinueto exerciscfisheriesjurisdiction in
the area of theex~anded claim in acwrdance with United Stateslaw.
The United taies isnonethelcss prepared to wntinue negoiiationstoward a
settlementof maritimeboundary issues,or an agreement to submit unresolved
maritime boundary issuesto international adjudication.
NOTE FROMTHE DEPARTMENT OF STATETO THE EMBASSYOF CANADA,
DATED 15 FEBRUARY 1979
The De~artment of State refen to the Order in Council of Januaw 24. 1979.
announce'din the Canada Gazetteof September 15,1978.and publi;hed in th;
Canada Gazette on Februïry 14, 1979.asserting an expansion of Canada's
claim to iurisdiction over the wntinentsl shelf and fisheries in the Gulf of
Maine ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~
The Govemment of the United Statesof Americabelievesthat the Canadian
claim is without merit. and regrets that the Govemment of Canada has taken
the decision to enlarge'thediffirences betweenOurtwogovemmentsduring the398 GULF OF MAINE
courseof active neaotiations to resolvethesedifierences.The Government of
the United States America scr forrh il., vviws on this matter in the Dcpart-
mentof State'snotcsof December2, 1977,and September 20, 1978.The Gov-
ernmentof the United Statesof Amçrica reaiïirms the positionstakcn in those
notes,andagainrejens theexpandcdclaim of Canadianjurisdiction. Asstated
in the Department's aidc-memoireof September14,1978,and ilsnoteof Sep-
tember20, 1978,theGovernmentofthe Unitcd Statesof America will continuc
to excrcisefisheries jurisdiction in the area of the expandcd claim in accor-
dancewith thc United Stateslaw.
The De~artmentof State wishesto note. however.that notwithstandine this
anion by ihe Government of Canada,the Govcrnm;nt of the United staresof
America is willing to work with the Government of Canada to complcte the
drafting of atreaty conccrning fisheriesofmutual intcrcst to the United States
andCanadaintheAtlanticOcean andascparatetreaty,tobebrought intoforcc
simulraneouslywith the trcaty on fisheries, providing for bindingrhird party
settlementof the maritime boundaw disnute in theGulfof Maine area.
Thc Govcrnment of the United gate;ofAmcrica looks forward to an ami-
cable solution of this mattcr consisrcnruith the strong ties of fricndship and
commonconcernthat bind Ourtwo nations.
Department of State,
Washington, Febmary 15,1979. ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOF THE UNITEDSTATES
NOTENO.160 F'ROMTHE EMBASS OYFCANAD AO THE DEPARTME NFISTATE,
DATED 29 MARCH 1979
NOTE FROMTHE DEPARTME NFTSTATETO THEEMBASS OF CANADA,
DATED 2 APRIL1979
The Departmcnt of Staiepresenlsiü complimentsto the Embassy ofCanada
and acknowledgesreceiptof the Embassy'snote of March 29.1979.concerning
the Canadian claim in the Gulf of Maine area.
The Government of the United Statesof America reaiïitms the positions set
fonh in the Depanment of State'snote of Febmary 15,1979.
The Government of the United St~te~ ~ ~G~rica shar~s t~e= ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~
expressed by the Government of Canada thai agreemecnt has been reached
between the twogovemmcnts to submit the issue of delimitation olthc mari-
time boundarv in the Gulf of Maine ar10 bindin~ disoute senlement. The
Government of the United Statesshares the viewexpGssed bythe Government
of Canada that inhese circumstances further exchanaes of di~lornaticcorre.
spondence regardingthe legalmerits of the respectiveClaimswillnotbe neces-
sary.
Department of State,
Washington, April2, 1979. GULF OF MAINE
Annex 76
LETTER FROM RONALD ~OAN, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES T, SENATOR
CHARLE PERCY C,HAIRMAC NO. MMITT ONEFOREIGN RELATION US. ITEDSTATES
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
March 6,1981
Dear Mr. Chairman:
You and.1have both been concerned about the trcaties with Canada. signed
March 29, 1979, dealing with East Coast fishcry and maritime boundary
mattcn, which have beenbefore the Committee for two ycars.
At the heart of Ourcoocern, and the concern of vour colleamies.has been a
sharrd desire to solvethe fishcry problem and. ai ihe sametimë. build a strong
and close relationship with Canada, based upon good willandmutual respect,
recomizine that both countries have indeoendent national interests to ouisue.
o fie rxaminingthe matier, it is cle18me that the fisherytreaty cainot be
ratified in a form that would beacceptable to Canada. There seems to be no
controversy in relation to the boundary settlement ireaiy. Thercfore. I believc
that it would bebes10 uncouple the two treatiesand procccd withthe ratifica-
tion of the boundary setilement treaiy.
1reauest that the Comminee meet on an urgent basis to recommend Senate
adviceand consent to ratification ofihe ~rcaty'I3etweenthe Government ofthe
United Statesof Americaand the Government of Canada to Suhmitto Binding
Dispute Sertlementand Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of
aine Area, signed at Washington, March 29, 1979,subject toan amendment
which would allow that treaty tobe brought in10force without the entry into
force of the accompanying fishery agreement.
This course of action willensure the settlementof the maritime boundarv bv
an impartialand binding third party dispute~ettlem%~rocedure~~~hill aflo\;
a future fisheries relationshio betweenthe United Statesand Canadato be built
uoon known factsand ci~ ~~stances.1askthat the S~ ~ ~ ~ ~rn 10mewithout
firther action the Agreement~etweenihe Government orthe United Statesof
America and the Government of Canada on East Coast Fishcrv Resources,
si-ned atWashinmon. March 29. 1979
In connection hh'the exchange of instruments of ratification of the boun-
dary settlement treaty it is mv intention to take two other actions. The first
would be to order théC~a~ ~~ard to forbearfromth~ ~ ~ ~cement of USlaws
against Canadian fishingvesselsinalliaritirne areas now claimedbyCanada.
While 1firmly helievethat there is no basis in international law for the claims
that Canada has made. 1also believe that if there is to be a oeaceful resolu-
tion of the maritime boundary dispie, 1must exercise thir d'iscretionin law
enforcement. 1 also iniend to suggest that the Secretdry of Commerce work
closelvwith the New Endand Reeional Fishem Manaeement Council Io insti-
tute & soon as possibles fishe; managemeil plan for scallops on Georges
Rank. 1knowthe Secretaryalso intends to continue the fine technical coopera-
tion we have had with Canadain the field of fisheries ANNEXESTOMEMORIAL OFTHEUNITEDSTATES 401
1believethatthecourseofaction outlinedahoveisinthe hestinterestofthe
United Statesandwillcontributetothecloseandcooperative relationwith
Canadathatweseek.
Sincerely,
/s/ Ronald REAGAN
TheHonorable Charles Percy
United StatesSenate
Washington,D.C. 20510 Annex77
[Norreproduced]
UNITEDSTATESDEPARTMENTO SFATEBURMU OF INTELLIGENCEAND RESEARCH.
[Nor reproduced]
Annex79
UNITEDSTATEDSEPARTMENTS OTFATB,UREA UFI~TELLIGEN CEDRESEARCH,
OFFICOF THEGEOCRAPHL EIM,IIN TIISm, NO.86,CONTINENTS AHLELF
BOUNDAR:YCHILE-PERU
[Norrepmduced]
Annex80
UKITEDSTATESDEPARTME~OS FTATEB.UREA UFIhTELLlGENCE AND ~SEARCH,
OFFICF OFTHGEOGRAPHE LIITSINTHLSEAS,NO.88.CONTINENTA SHELF
BOUNDA RBRU-ECUADOR
[Norreproduced] ANNEXESTO MEMOW OFTHE UNITEDSTATES
Annex81
UNITEDSTATEDSEPARTME NFTSTATB,UREA UFINTELLIGENCNDRESEARCH,
OFFICE OF TGEOGRAPHEL I,M~IN THET US.O.69, CONTINENTSALELF
BOUNDAR YOLQMBIA-ECUADOR
[Not reproduced]
UNITEDSTATEDSEPARTME KFSTATEB,REAUOF IhTELUCENCE AKD RESEARCH,
OFFICFOFTHEGEOGRAPIIELRI.M~IN THE SEAS. 79,CONTINENTS ALELF
[Norreproduced]
Annex83
UNITEDSTATESEPARTME~TS TATEBUREAL OF IVTELLIGENCEAhD RESEARCH,
OWCF OF MEGEOGRAPHE LI. ISN THESUS.NO.73.CONTINENT HLELF
[Nol reproduced]
Anoex84
UNITEDSTATEDSEPARTME OFTTATE, BUREAUOF INTELLIGENCRESEARCH,
Omc~ OF THGEOGRAPHD EM,~ JNTHESEASN,O.64,CONTINENT ALELF
BOUNDAR AY:GENTINA-URUGUAY
[Not repmduced] Annex85
[Norreproduced]
Annex86
UNITEDSTATEDSEPARTMEV~O STATE.UREAUOFINTELLIGENCAEDRESEARCH,
OmCE OF THEGFOGRAPHE M.ITS IN TSUS,NO. 68COWIINEPI~ASHELF
BOUNDARYG : UINFA-BISSA-ENEGAL
[Not reproduced]
Aooex87
UNITEDSTATEDSEPARTMEN TF STATBURFAUOF INTELL~GENCE AND RESEARCH,
OFFICE OF TGEOGRAPHE M.IT.9 IN SUS.NO. 92.CONTINENTASHELF
BOUNDARY :KENYA-TAANLA
[Norreproduced]
Anoex88
TKEATYOS DDEMARCAT IFMARINEAREAS ANDMARITIMECOOPERATION
RETWEENTHE REPUBLIC COSTA RICA AND THREPUBLIOFPANAMA,
SIGNED2 FERRCAKY980 ,NTEREDIlCrFORCEIIFEBRUAR Y 982
A MM OF THMAR~MEBOUNDARI ESIWEENCOSTARICA ANDPANAMA
. [Nol reproduced] ANNEXESTOMEMORIOFTHEUNITEDSTATES
Annex89
TREATYOFDELIMITAT BITNEENTHEREPUBU CFVENEZUE AND THE
KINGDO OFTHE N~HERLANDS SI.GNDN31MARCH 1978EWERE WO
FORC s DECEMBE 1R78
[Nor reproduced]
Annex90
UNITESTATEDSEPARTMEN TOAE,BUREA UFImLLIGENCE AND RESEARCH,
O~CE OFTIIECEOGRAPHELIMITIN THESUS. NO.COSTINE~TS ALELF
BOUNDARG Y: EECE-ITALY
[Not reproduced]WORKIUG PAPEKSUBMI~TF ~Y THEDELEGATIO~ OF~GENTINA AND CANADA,
"THESPECIALCASEO FFISHSTOCKWSHLCH OCCUR BOTHWLTHLNTI~ EX.CLVSIVE
ECONOMI CNE AND IN AN hEA BEYOND AND ~MMEDIATELYADJACEN TO 1T":
SUBMITTE DTTHESECOND PARTOFTHE NIN-IHSESSIO NFUNCLOS 111,
WORKISG PAPEROS MANAGEMEN OF THELIVINGRES0URCt'SOFTHESEA.
SUBMITTE DYCANADAR , EPORTFTHECOMMITTEEO THE PEACENL USESOFTHE
WORKING PAPERSUBMITTEDBY THE
DELEGATIONS OF ARGENTlNA ANCANADA
THE SPECIAL CASEOFFISHSTOCKS WHlCH OCCUR BOTH WYIHIN THE EXCLUSIVE
ECONOMIC ZONEAND INAN AREABEYOND AND IMMEDIATELADJACENT TO R
ïhis oanersummarizesthe soecialconservationand manaeementornblems
relating'to'fish stockswhich ocfur bothwithin the Exclusive~&nomic~oncof
a coastal statc and the high scasand immcdiately adjacent to this zone of
national iurisdinion. It issubmittedto orovide fanual information concerninp,
thesestockssothat theConferencecanieview theexistingdraft LOSarticle ni
the subjen with a view to determining whetheror not the uniqueand valuable
fisheries resourcesthat they representwill be adequatelymanagedand con-
servedpunuant to the proposed article.
Firh stocksaresinglebiologicalunitsandmustbemanagedassuch.
Fish stockswhich occur both within the wastal state'sExclusive Economic
Zone and theseabeyond and immediately adjacenipresenta uniquefish-
eriesconservationand managementchallengeto the international wmmunity
asa whole and in particularÏo wastal slat&. within whosezonessuchstot&
occur.Thefundamentalpointisthat thefish stockwhichoccun both within the
EEZ of acoastalstateand the hiah seasbeyond andimmediately adiacentto il
is a singlebiological unit. ~x~ehenceoffihe wasü of wuntrics where thesc
fish stocksoccur had demonstratcd that overfishing of such resourcesin the
seasbevondthe economiczonewill result in drasticieductions of the biomass
of thetocks,and, accordingly, of the yield both within the coastalstate'sEEZ
and in thehighseasadjacentto this zone.Suchhighseasfishing anivities have
demonstraled that ovefi~shinnbevond the 200 mile limit invalidates coastal
stateeffortsto adequatelyageand conservethesestocksthrough conserva-
lion mcasureswithin the 200 milelimit.
Ovefih~ng outside2WmilesonstroddlingstockserodestherightsoJthecwstal
storeinside2W milesand theinternattonalcommunirybeyond.
The special problem that resulü from any inadequate conservation and
managementregime in the seasbeyond and immediately adjacent to the 200 ANNEXESTO MEMOR~AL OF THE UNITEDSTATES 407
mile Exclusive~conomicZone has Iwocomoonent parts. Overfishine of such
straddling stocks beyond 200 miles.in that iiinvalidàtes coastal statcÏnanage-
ment and conservation measureswithinthe EEZ,can result inthe lossor reduc-
lion of coastal statebenefiü intended to be derived from existingprovisionsin
the ICNT. Mile a basic element of the EEZ concept is the recognition ofthe
coastal state sovereinnrinhts for the ~urposeof exploring and exploiting.con-
servine and manaehe tfie livine reiouices within this zone. it is nowbeinn
demoistrated that-inadequatcly-co fihinglaccidities outside the zonë
on a stockoccurrinn both withinand bevond the EEZ mayseverelyreducethat
singlestockunit. (~eeanached casestudies.)The international cohmunity as a
whole also suffen from the resultant depletion of valuable protein rich
resourcesand lostfishing opportunities in the areaboth withinand beyond the
EEZ.
Applicationof differentmanagemenr tegimesinsideandoutside200milesIo a
singlestockinevitablresultsindepletion.
In order to ensure that no such mismanagementand concomitant loss ofval-
uable fisheries rights and resources occun it is imperative to ensure that the
productivity of these straddling stocks is maintained and improved. Recogniz-
ineon the one hand that fish are not constrained bv limitsof national iurisdic-
lion and, on thcother hand. that sujurisdinionafiimit scadjnsttd to
accommodate the variations in the exact location of fish concentrations that
result from evironmentalconditions, adherence Iothe funclional and scientific
conceptof managingthese fish stocksas a singlebiologicalunit appear to pro-
vide the only sound and practical solution. The application of different
mananement ohilosoohies to a sinele stock inevitablvresults in a levelof har-
vesting from ihe whole stock app;oaching the less &nscmative management
Ievcl.If catch quotas are also divided. wntrol on a continuous basis becomcs
almosi impossible,particularly whenthe area offishing iscloseto the limits of
national fisheriesurisdinion. Mile for a limited lime period the lessconser-
vativeregimemaybenefit fromthe measuresimplementedunder the morecon-
semative-approach,eventuallynot eventhis sounder conservationand manage-
ment scheme will be able to preventa serious and continually wonening
decline inthe total fish stock.
Speedyandeffectiveactionbyinternational tribunalsmay pmvide n tecessary
assurance ofcontrol.
Experience has shown that even where control measures existpunuant to a
regional fisheries organization forthat portion of a straddling stock extending
beyond 200 miles, these measures are frequently inadequate to,prevent over-
fishing of quotas, unreported by-catches and inadequate biological sampling.
The situation iswonened bythe entryof fleetsbelongingto countries whichare
not members of the organization concemed, and whose catchesare, therefore,
ovemins of the total allowable catch limits established by the organization.
Againone of the resultsisthe erosion ofthebenefits of sound managementand
stricter wntrols~~pplied bythe coastal statetothat samestock occurring within
its zone.
Conservation considerationsalone then makeitimperativethat stocksoccur-
ring both within the Exclusive Economic Zone and in the seas beyond and
immediatelyadjacent Io it be treated as a singlemanagement unit and, through
ensuring consistencyof sound conservation measuresfor the stock throughout
its entire range. guarantee the existence ofa stable productive resource.The408 GULF OF MA~NE
existingICNT article dealingwiththis subject alreadyrewgnizes that the coas-
ta1stateconcerned and the statesfishingforsuch stocksinthe adjacent areaare
to consult with a viewto agreeing upon the measures necessaryfor the conser-
vation of these straddling stocks in the adjacent area. However,giventhe seri-
ous conservation problems which havealready begun to emerge, asa result of
either nonexistent or ineffectivemanagement controls,itis necessaty to review
the adequacy ofthisapproach. In particular, it isimportant to considerthepos-
sible case in which no adepuate conservation measures for the straddlina or
adjacent area stock havebeen agreedto by those states concerned. In ordër to
prevenr the degeneration of the stock it should be ensured that conservation
measures are established which take into account the international commu-
nity'sgeneral interest in the conservation of the resources of the high seas and
the coastal state'sparticular interestinmaintaining theproductivityofthe stock
as a wholesoasto ensure that its sovereignrightsover that portion of the stock
found within itszonearenot vitiated.
Annex1. Case Shrdy: NorthwestAtlantic
Fishin- fleets in the Northwc~- A~ ~ ~ic over the oast 30 vears develooed
cnormous effort on groundfish species,predominantly cod, and redirectedihis
efTortto other species as catches of groundfish dwindled. Thc international
fisheries commissionestablished for the area. ICNAF(1nternational Commis-
sion forthe Northwest Atlantic Fisheries),adopted catch regulations relatively
laie in the period and most cod stocks did no1come under regulation until the
1974fishcryyear.It iswellknownthat thisquota regulation provcd inadequate,
largely because the scientiïic advice aimed at maintaining the status of the
stockswasbascdon data fromtwoycarspriortothe year inwhichthe measures
were aoolied. durina which time the stocks had declined substantially. The
scientifi; information itseif was not compiete since many catches weÏe not
reported, and the management decisionstaken within ICNAF weremoreoften
based on oolitical facto&than biolomcalones.
The sitiation changed with the cïevelopingmomentum towards and final
establishmentof 200milelimits.In watersunder coastalstate control the stocks
are recovering, whilefor stocksin waters whichstraddle the 200mile limitand
stockentirclybeyond,the recoveryisnottaking place.The tahle providesinfor-
mation on three cod stocks: one entirelyinside the Canadian Zone, one which
straddles the 200mile limit andone stock entirelv bevond the Canadian Zone.
Thechanges in the population status of the stocks mayno1be apparent fully
in the table and the followingmmments arenoted:
1. Labrador-Newfoundland Stock
The biomass is increasingrapidly and it isprojected that the spawning
component willquadruple between 1978and 1982.
2. Grand BanksCod
This stock isin a verydepressed condition,the sustainable catch bcing
estimated to be only 16perccnt of the maximumsustainablc yield,and
no recovery has been noted. ANNEXESTO MEMORiALOFTHE UNITEDSTATES 409
Comparison of cod stocks TACS(and catches)000mt
Stwk Lobmdor-N&oundland GmndBank FlcmUhCap
Ytar (stockUimide ($m>dd/~t8~ (utinly hynd
2Wmilu) müe/Unit) 2W müclimit)
Maximum 807 227 b0
ar~h Iv~r.rw (~~~1~7) IY~~PISI
1974TAC
Catch
1975TAC
Catch
1976TAC
Catch
1977
Catch
1978TAC
Catch
1979TAC 180
Catch N/Aas yet
1980TAC
Annex II. Case Study: SouthwestAtlanticDepletionojthe Miscornesistius
Australis(Polaca) byDisfantfihing Vesse&
This species, whichis found in the cold waten of the MalvinasCurrent, has
been studied by the Japanese ship Kaiyo Maru during fishing research field-
work undertaken in December, 1969and inJanuary, 1970and bythe fieldwork
carried out by theresearchvesse1WalterHenviginJanuary and Febmary, 1971.
Fromthe analvsisoftheinformationeatheredas aresultof the fieldworkcar-
ried out in 1969j70and 1971 ihas bee~possible io deiermine ihat the biomass
of m~cmmes~s~iauusrrralLr(polaca,was 2,095,742tons and the maximumallow.
able catch was 523.000tons. (The above figures derive from the ~rocessingof
data undertaken by ictiologisk fromthe Arientine Museode ~inhas ~aturales
"Bernardino Rivadavia" (Argentine Museumof Natural Sciences).)
Subsequently more fishing research fieldworkwas carried out by the Shink-
aimaru and again by the WalterHenwigin 1978/79.This information was pro-
cessed by the Institut0 Nacional de Investigation y Desarollo Pesquero
(National lnstitute of Fisheries Research Development).
In this wavthe Ar~entinefishineauthorities had availablescientificinforma-
tion relatinito two ieriod- 1959/70and 1971on the one hand and 1978/79
on iheother - separaied by7/8 yean during whichfishingfleeü under scveral
flags fished in an intensive way in the are& of the souïhwest Atlantic over
which this species extends. From the fieldwork carried out in 1978/79 it was
possible to determine the presence of a biomass of micromesistiusaustralis
(po1aca)of435,747tons inwinterand abiomassof 627,625tons in summer. Itis410 GULF OFMAINE
evident that even considerine the hiehest fieure. a drastic reduction of the me-
cies has taken place in a lap& 7/g yearsgivei that the biomass of 2,095,?42
tons has heen reduced to 627,625.i.e. to onlv a third of the original hiomass.
Eventhoueh no reliableinformation on thësize ofthe catch a~&tralloolacaJ
hyforeignveiselsisavailahle.there isconcrctcevidcnceofthc prcrencc~f large
fleeü fishina ihis species. The fact ihat one of the countries that fishes fre-
quently inthé areaIrno1a memher of the FA0 means that the data puhlished
by that organization on catches hetween 1971and 1978do not rciicct the real
magnitude of fishing undertaken hy that country inthe area.[161-165) ANNEXES IO MEMORIA LF THE UNITED STATES 411
6. WORKlNG PAPER ON MANAGEMENT OF THE UVlNG RESOURCES OF THE SEA,
SUBMI~D BY CANADA*
1. Introduction
This working paper issubmitted by thedelegationof Canadafor discussion
purposes,anddocsnot nccessarilyreflectthefinal definitiveviewsofthe Cana-
dian Government.
In the viewof thedelegationof Canadathefunnional approachprovidcsthe
soundesibasisfor a raiional systemof managementof the living resourcesof
thesea.Onthis basisit wouldbe recomized that different managementregimes
may be required for different species-groups.However.thereaie certainBasic
principles which should form the foundation of any managementregime for
marine livine resources.The oumose of this working p-.er.is to outline the
essentialele&nü of ihis funciioial approachto managementof marine living
resources,and to further amplify the principlcs underlying this approach in
relation to their possiblerefleition in future treaty articles.
II. TheFunctionnlAppmachto Managementof LivingResoum of theSea
Relationship ro Management of Marine Environment as a Whole
The functional apuroach to fisheries managementviewssuchmanagement
asforming part of ihe broader conceptof managementof the marine environ-
mentasa wholc. The importance of that broaderconcept.and ilrelationship
to fisheriesmanagement,wasstressedal thesecondsessionof the Intergovern-
mental Working Group on Marine Pollution which was held in Ottawa in
November, 1971.The statement of objectives adopted in the report of that
Working Group has sincebeen adoptedby the Stockholm Conferenceon the
Human Environmentand mayberegardedasthefoundation for soundprinci-
plesof fisheries management.It readsasfollows:
'-nie marine envrronmenrand al1theliving organisms which if supportsare
of viral imporrance ro humaniry, and allpeople have an inreresr in assuring
that this ènviranment is so minaped thit i& mtalitv and resourcesare n&
impaired. niis applies especial6ycoasral na;ions.'which have a parliorlar
inrererr in the management of coasfal area resources.nie capacity of thesea
ro assimilate wasreGnd render them harmless. and ils abilitv to reaenerate
narural resources, is noi unlimited. Proper management i;requ6ed and
measures to prevenr and contra1 marine pollution musf be regarded as an
essential elemenr in rhis management of the oceans and seas and rheir
narural resources."
Dt~erenriarion of Species
In further developing thefunnional approachIo fisheries management. ilis
neccssaryto diiferentiate between various groups of specicswith a vicw Io
identifYi& the typesof regimesthat may be most appropriate in each case.
Thus, marine living resourcescan be conveniently classificd into four broad
ecological groups on the basisof their distribution and migratory behaviour,
nameïy(a)Sedentaryspecies, (b)coastalspecies,(c)anadromousspecies,and
(d)wide-ranging species.
* OriginallyissuedasdocumentA/AC.138/SC.II/L.8.412 GULF OF MAINE [los-1661
(a) Under the lems of the 1958Convention on the Continental Shelf, the
coastal state exercises exclusive sovereign rights over livingorxanisms which
are defined as sedenraw soecies.i.e.tho;e oreanisms whichlat the harvestable
stage.either are immob;le'onor under the seabed or are unible to moveexcept
in constant physical contact with the seabed or the subsoil. In the Canadian
viewthis approach to the management of sedentary speciesis appropriate and
adequatc inthat itrecognizesthe interrelationship bctweenthe management of
living and mineral resources and assinns to the coastal state unitam and full
authoritv over al1the resourcesaooerfainine to ils continental shelf..
fb, The next broad category of marine liGng risources relateito the coosral
species.These are the non-scdentary, free-swimming species which inhahit
nutrient-rich areas adjacent to the coast.Somefish and shellfish species livein
close assonation. but not, at the hamestable stage, in constant physicalcontact
with the seabed. Other species inhabit the waten immediatelv above the
seabed: others are trulv oeiaeic inthat thev inhabit surface or mid-waterare~ ~ ~ ~ ~
yet others are pe~agicihrough most of théirlives but return GÏhe seabed or
shallow coastal areas to reproduce. Since,in xeneral. the produaivitv of these
soeciesisdeoendent in laree oart on land-.relGedfactors.Checoastal ;ta~~~-~~~-~~~~~~~~~~ ~
special responsibility as ieli as a special interest in the'maintenance of their
productivity which. in the Canadian views.should be duly reiiected bv assian-
ingto the coastal state the authority to manage thesespecks as well asa prefër-
ential position in their utilization.
(c) The anadromousspeciesrepresent a specialcomponent ofthe coastal spe-
cies.They are bred and spend their early lifein the rivers of the state of origin.
Even though they may travel far to sea away from their rivers of origin, they
return to these riven to reproduce. If the state of origin did no1take special
measuresto maintain these riversin fit condition. the most i~~orta.t stocks of .~
anadromous species would soon disappear. Maintenance of the rivers is a
costly undertaking for which the state of origin bean sole responsibility. In
recent years.many nations have spent inneasing sumsto enhance the produc-
tion ofanadromous speciesbyanificial means,adding 10 the cos&of maintain-
ingthe Nns. Managementofthe runs on astock buis is bcstachieved whenthe
fish are aooroachin~ their home rivers. when thev have achievedtheir max~- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
mum pou"dage and-are in prime condiiion in the&home waters.
In the case ofanadromous species,therefore. moreso than anvother species.
the stateoforiain has virtuallvsole resoonsibilitvforthe continied existenceof
the stocks an8must make major expenditureLto assure continuation of the
Nns. ïhese heavy and unique responsibilitics and the high cost of exercising
them, inthe viewof the Delegationof Canada. can bejustified only if manage-
ment authority is vestedin the state of origin and if that state, in principle, has
the soleright to harvestthe anadromous speciesbred in ilsown rivers. As a step
in this direction, the Canadian authorities have orooosed that fisheries for
these soecies should no1be conducted on t~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -~~-~~-
Id) i'inally,there is a group of wide-rangingspecies.including most of the
large pelagicrish such as tunas and mostof the marine mammals. It mightalso
be envisagedthat fish which inhabit waten overthe deepcr parts ofthe oceans,
the "bathypelagic" species,could alsobeconsidered withthe wide-rangingspe. - -.
cies for purvoses of formulating a common manaxement renime. Bvvirtue of
their diriribution over wide oc6nic areas. as wellk their tekPorat$ presence
in certain seasons in coastal watersof various States,an international authoritv
composed of interested statcs would appear to be the most appropria[;
mechanismfor management of thesespecies.Takinginto account the degrccof
dependence of individual species on coastal waters, consideration should be1166-1681 ANNEXESTO MEMORIALOFTHE UN~D STATES 413
given to the provision that might be made to accommodate wastal state inter-
ests in these speciesduring the period in whichthey inhabit coastalwaters.
III. Speeial loterestof theCosstel State
nte coartal storeha a specralinteresiinand responsibilityfortheconservation
ofthe Irvingresourcesofthe senadjacentIoilscmt ondshould havetheauihority
reuuiredIOmanaae thoseresourcesina mannerconslrtentwith ifssoecinlinterest
and responsibilifi as wellns pretérentiolrights in the harvestofsich resources.
This principle has particular application tn the management of the coastal
and anadromous svecies (havine aireadv been eiven maximum avolication in
respect ofthe sed~ntorys~ecies~Thelikited recognition of the sp'ehalinterest
of the coastal state in the 1958Convention on Fishingand Conservation of the
LivingResourccsof the Hiah Seas is not sufficient to enablc a coastal sta10
imn~ëmentan effective svstëm ofmanaeement ofwastal fishemresources.This
spécialinterestderivesf&m the responzbility of the wastal staie withrespect10
vroduclivitvoflivine.resourcesadiacenttoitswast aswellasfromthelonestand-
ing socio-ëwnomic-depen dfcoacetal wmmunities on nearby fishqtocks.
The relationship between land and sea in coastal areas imposes certain
resvonsibilities uvon the wastal state. It must vrotect the coastal environment
whkrelivingreskrces are concentrated. and whichfor many speciesis vital 10
reproduction, early developmcnt or feeding. The waters bordering the conti-
nentsare farmore vroductivethan the ooen oceans.This productiviivissubiect
to decline through the adverse effecü on the marine environment.caused by
eniryof river-borneand air-borne pollutanü, dumping of refuseand industrial
wastes.and shorcline alteraiions such as land fiIl oroiem. The resoonsibilities
which the wastal state must assume in maintaining Lesourceproduni~ty and
quality,and the wsü itbearsinmeetingihis responsibility.mus1be balanced by
the authority to manare and the preferential riaht to utilire adjacent living
marine resources, subjëct tn intemoiionallyagree~principles(discussedbelowj.
Coastalpopulations inareas remotefromindustrialized locationsareusually
dependent on some fnnn of primary industry for their continued wellheing.In
many cases fisheries are the only fnnn of employment availableto most of the
population. The population tends to be scattered nver a number of small wm-
munities, each maintaining a balance, sometimes precarious, between the size
of the wmmunitv and the abundanceof the fish soecies on which itdenends.
Each communiti tends to exploit fishery rcsour&s in ils immcdiate vkinity.
Such coastal populations are often not capable of wide-ranginp,fishinp,opera-
tions. 0ver-exoloitation of wastal livina resourceshas serious iocio-eu>nomic
~nse~uences'for the coastal state, whose dependence on coastal resources
must bctaken into awunt. Forsomespeciesthe coastalstate could have exclu.
sive exvloitation r-.hts: for others a okferential share in the harvest could be
adequite. It wuld also be envisaged that the coaslal state wuld share in the
benefitsfrom mastal resourceswithnuiactuallyfishing,forexample,through a
leasine arranaement with nther States.
As iegardcthe fimitrof the area under the management authority of the
wastal staie, these wuld be biologicalor geographical in nature. If biological,
the functional authoritv of the c&tal staÏe &id be exercised in accordance
with the known distribution and znogeographical limits of the stocks being
managed. excepting the territorial or jurisdictional waters of anoiher siate. It
mav be, however,that some fonn of aeneraohic delimitation of authority,
related to the rele"ant biological limits.kil~be wnsidered desirable or neces-
sary for practicai administrdtivepurposes.414 GULF OF MAlNE [168-169)
N. BasicPrinciplesfor CoastnlState Management
The followingprinciples would be applicable to any systemfor the rational
mananement of the livingresources of the sea.Thev are elaborated here. how-
ever, with particular reference to the management of coastal species by the
coastal state. whose authority and preferential rights would be governed by
these orincioles. as would ako the oarticioation of other Statesin particular
fisheries unier kanagement by the Lastaistate.
It mustbe recognizedthat the specialinterestof the wastal staie inthe fisher-
ie~ resources adiknt to itsma;. is an overridine orincide in the sense that
particular sociaiand economicci~c"msiancesof thiwastdi state may necessi-
tate modification of these principles in particular fisheries. Whatisessential is
that the use of wastal fisheries resources should be of maximumbencfit Iothe
people of the wastal state in tenns of ewnomic elliciency, wntribuiion Io the
economy and improvementof social conditions.
(1) Y;eld/rom ajisheryshouldbe allvraredamongparricipanrs o.nrhe basisof
someaoomoriareformula. so rhateachoarticioanrmavobtainhisshoreonthe
mosta&ariageo& basis.
Stocksmaybe protected from overfishina, and vieldsmaximizedin the long
term.by rcgulalingfisheries to takc appropÏiate annual catches. Ifsuch rcgulc
tion does no1also include a scheme of allocation io participants the resultant
wmpctition for the availablc catch will inevitably result in wasteful inputs of
ca~iial and manoower. Under such circumstancës. some oarticioants .&Il be
abie to wmpete more effectivelythan othen andin entreme situations one or
two participants may be able to aupropriate most of the catch to themsclves,
thouah at wsts which mavbe ~reaiërthan the neld value. In fairnessto al1oar-
ticipants, yields should Be thocated in a ;ay that does no1 discrimiiate
bctweentheir fishing capacities.Todate, suchallocation israre in international
fisheries.and in fact wasachieved forthe firstlimeearlier this vear withresoect
to allocation of herring and groundfish catches withinthe nier natio cnrnl
missionfor the Northwest AtlanticFisheries.(Questionsrelatingto themethod
of allocating shares are discussed in wnnexion with the immediately following
principle.)
(2) Access roafuhery shouldbecontrolledo ,n thebasisofsomeappropriate
formula, roensurethatno morethonthemaximumbiolo~icay lieldistaken,and
that it istakenwithourunnecessariy nvestmento sfcapiraiandmanpower.
Conirolled access is, of course, an obvious wnsequence of any system of
sharc allocation. The objective of rational fishery management should be to
constrain the productive capacityin a fishery,bycontrolling acccss,so that the
yield is taken with no greater effort than necessary.taking inio account. how-
ever, relevant socialfactors. This concept may be extendcd, and it could bc
envisaned that ewnomic rationaliationof fisheries would include the obieo
tiveofLbtaining maximumeconomicyieldfrom theiesource. ïhis would mian
that fisheries would be exploited so that the difierence between value ofthe
vieldand wst of obtaininn ihe vieldisal a maximum.This obiectivecanusuallv
be attained by fishing at ipoiit slightlybelowthe maximu~sustainable yield.
lndeed thcre are some situations wherethe fishina effort required 10reach the
maximum sustainableyield maybe out of al1proportion to the increaseincatch
.. ~ ~ ~ned~
Whiletheapplication of a policy ofthis kind isespeciallydifficult inthe case
of fish stocks exoloited bv fleetsof different nations. a reasonablv satisfactorv
solution would Le to establish an overall catch limii, with share; allocated to[169-1711 ANNEXESIO MEMOW OFTHEUNITEDSTATES 415
oarticioants~ Wit~ass~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~re-determined share in the catch.each coun-
iry isia a position to utilizethat siare to the best advantage in ter& of its pdr-
ticular social goals. In the viewof the Delenation of Canada, the coastal stale
should have Ïhe authoritv 10 determine the allowable neld for the various
stocks of coastal speciesfalling under its management, in accordance with the
principles herein outlined andin consultation with regional advison commis-
Sions.Ït isbecause international exnerience has demoistrated the diificultv of
reachiog consensus on particular measures needed on the basis of scieniific
data that it is proposed that the coastal stateshould have authority to impose a
decision wheÏe consensus is not oossible.
Asto the formula whichwould be usedto determinethe share of other States
participating in a fisherysubjen to managementbya coastal state,the essential
factor would beto orovide for recoenition of the ~rinti~lethat the wastal state
could reserve for &elf a share pr~portionate to'its nieds and its capatity to
exploit the stock in question within the limits of agreed conservation niteria.
With this orinciole established. the auestion of allocation of shares amonn
other partikpanis would, of course, bégreatly simplified and could be left f&
determioation by regional advisory commissions(which could draw upon the
develooin~exoerience of such bodies as ICNAF in this field).The same situa-
tion c&ld-a1s8 prevail with respect to the entry of new partihpants into a par-
ticular fishery.
(3) Management must be carried out on the basisof widelyrecognizedand
internationallvacceotablescientificand socio-economic criteria.
This is essential fo~ b~ ~ ~ ~ectiveness and eauitv. Without aereement on
such criteria~therewould beno objectiveguidelin;s forthe exercise ofmanage-
ment authority orto help avoid or rcsolve disputes which mightarise. Hence
intcrnationally agreedcriteria are essential to any managementregime,includ-
ing coastal state management.
(4) Managementshouldpmvidefor wntml of therateof expansionoffuheries.
Maoy of the current problems in international fisheries managementare the
result of raoid and uncontrolled increases in fishin~:the conseauences of such
increares are often not apparent until the damag; has been done. There are
manv examples wheredeclining yieldsfrom fisheries are thouaht to be al least
partiy caused by sudden and opportunistic increases in fishi& givingtempo-
rary yields which the stocks cannot maintain in the long term and which in
extremesituations mayseriously impairthe capacityofthe stocksto reproduce.
Recovery ofstocksunder these conditions maybe very slow,resultingin negli-
gible yields over a long period of years and possible long-term imbalanas in
marine biological communities with consequences that are at present unfore-
seeable.
(5) Allfirh caughtshouldbereportedand utilized.
Fisheriesshould no1be conducted so that signifiant amounts of the species
sought, or speciestaken incidentally to the speciessought, arediscarded al sea.
This practice, unfortunately, is now far too prevalent in fisheries for highly-
valued soecies where substantial auantities of other soecies are caueht and
discarded despite the fact that theie other species are baluable to otKerpar-
ticipants and may themselvesbe subject to conservation regulations.
(6) Fisheriesforhumanconsumptionshould inprincipletakepriority overcom-
petingfisheriesfor reductiontofirh meal.
The oceans are gaining in importance as a source of protein. The most efiï-416 GULFOF MAINE [171-1721
cient wavto use this orotein isto makeit availabledirectlyas food. rather than
use ilinanimal fecdito produce lessprotein. Whereverthe possibilityexistsio
usespeciesdirectlyforhuman consumption, fisheries forsuch purposes should
receivc~rioritv.Soccialcircumstances.such as traditional fishina patterns and
socio-ewnomic nieds of Stateswndu&ng the fisheries will have to be taken
into account. Processingof fish wasteand of speciesnot directlymarketablefor
human consumotion. tiwoduce acceotableoÏotein wncentrates whichmaybe
used 3sfood additivesfo'rhuman wn;umpthn, mayeventuall) achievegrediçr
importance relativeio fish meal.
(7)Any management regime foran inrernarionally-exploitedfisherm yusrbe
preparedto reporrto rheinternationalcommunityan theexerciseof ils manage-
menrauthoriry;appropriatedispute-setrlementpmcedurs esouldbeprovidedfor.
Responsibility for resource management must carry sufiicient authority to
fulfil that resoonsibilitv. While the exercise ofauthoritv should be subiect to
review, the a;thority iiself should not be open to chaienge. nie concept of
coastalstatemanagementof wastal soeciesas "custodian" forthe international
communitvwouldhot imolvsomefnh ofclosesuoervisionoverthe exercise of
powers and the dischar& of responsibilitiesby a'wastal state, but rather that
the exercise of powersin accordance with internationally agreed criteria would
be sub.ec~ ~ ~a.. .oriate disoute-sealement orocedurei.
Asto whetherthe coastal siate would be rLquiredto submitto dispute-settle-
ment procedures whereit reservedan entire stockto meet ils s~ecialneeds, the
viewof the Canadian delenation is t-a~ disoute-settlement o~ece~ur~s should
apply insich evenionly iftlhedispuieconce~edtheachicvcmcntof fulluiiliza-
lion ofthat stock,or ofa dependent stockofanother species. withinthe limitsof
agreed conservationrequirements.
As to whether the coastal state would be acwuntable for the exercise ofils
authority over the wholeof a stock'srange including the territorial sea and the
exclusivefishing zone, il mightbe wnsidered inappropriate to seek any dimin-
ution ofthe wastal state'srights in respect offisheries withinthe territorial sea
and exclusive fishing zone. It must be recognized, however, that il would be
anomalous for any sound system of fisheries management to apply one set of
conservation principleswithintheterritorialsea and exclusivefishingzoneand
a confiicîingset in areas immediatelyadjacent thereto.
(8) AI1counrriesparricipatingin an internationally-exploitedfisheryshouldco-
operarewirhthedesignaredmanagementaurhoriry.
Participants should contribute a fair share of the costs of managing the
resource proportionate to their retums fromthat resource,and should provide
the information needed for management purposes (catch, effort and biological
statistics,etc.).Contributions by participants might be in the fonn of research
programmes, for instance. It should not be expecîed that a few participants
should bear this burden on behalf of al1participants, although the primary
responsibilitywould be that of the wastal state.
(9) ne qualityof oeeanwatersmusr be mainrained.
As discussed in Section II. it has been acceoted that manag-ment of fisherv
resourcescannot bedivorcedfrorn managementofthc marine environmentas a
whole.Maintenance of environmental qualiiyisnccessaryon twocounis: firrt,
to ensure that the reoroductive caoacitv and other life orocesses of the soecies
are noi impaired ihiough cnvironmenial degradation, and secondly to ensure
that contaminants dangerous 10 human lifeand health are not conceniratcd in
marine food chainsto the pointwhere speciesbewme unusable forhuman con-[172-1731 ANNEXESTO MEMORlALOF THE UNITEDSTATES 417
sumption. Herealsothe coastalstate has a specialinterestand responsibility,as
rewgnized by the Stockholm Conference.
As noted above (Section IV, Rinciple 3), al1fisheries management systems
mus1be founded uoon certain basic scientificorincides ifthev are to maintain
the productivity of the resource and the valui of ii yield. Éxamples of such
principles are mentioned below. They are not intended to beexhaustive nor
Eomorehensive. but to illustrate the devance of scientific factors to sound
management.Thedynamicstateof fisheriessciencerequiresilsfrequent review
on a world-wide basis. Such reviewand further elaboration of scientific prin-
ciples can most appropriately be carried out through specialized technical
agencies.
(1) Stock shouldbemanaged as individualunifs.
Fewspecies fom homogeneous mixturesof individuals throughout the spe-
cies'range. Rather these individuals tend to b-.arouoed into separate oooula-
lions orGocks,ohen associated withparticular oceanographic f;atures,'s"ch as
current systemsor distinct shelf areas, withlittleinterchange betweenthe scpa-
rate erouos. Each eouo willhave itsom oarticular set of bioloeicalcharaser-
isti&such as gro\;th rate or mortality raie, dependent on its &netic makeup
and the environment whichit inhabiü. Each willrespond to fishing pressurein
a different wav. de~endinn on the size of the ~articular stock and-its uniaue
characteristics: Ma;agem&t procedures shouldbe designedto take accouniof
the varyingcharacteristics of each stock.
The areas inhabited bvsuchstockswillvarvinsize.butfor coastal soeciesare
usually well-defined. F& some stocks, the distribution may extend io coastal
waters of severaladiacent States:for others the distribution willbe confined to
the adiacent watersof asinelestate. In anvcase.the stockmustbe manaeed as a
wholéifmanagement is taie effective.fiis isnot10Saythat stocksshGuldbe
managed in isolationrromother stocksofthe samespecies,or in isolationfrom
other i~ecies. The management svstemmus1be effectivefor exoloited soecies
over bioad coastal areasTothewke fishing effort issimply divërted to species
or stocksnot under regulation.
(2) Exploitationof unitstockshouldbecontmlledsothatproductionof newage
-.ouDsor "recruits"isal a maximum.
Under conditions of very lowexploitation the full potential productivity of
the stockmaynotbe realized,and annual yieldsare lessthan they could be.The
same situation mav aoolv under conditions of vew hieh exoloitation in that
stock sizemaybe r;d;&dto the point whereannua~~roductiin of newindivid-
uals is below that which rhe species iscapable of maintaining. Underextreme
conditions of over-fisbin~the stock mavbe reduced to the voint where com-
mercial fisheries can ni longer be Grried out. Thus &ough fish mus1
be allowed to escape the fisherman to ensure the contioued presepce of an
adequate spawning stock.
(3) Each agegroupof s species.as il becomesavailabletofishing, shouldbe
fuhed al thepointwhenitscontribution to cntchescanbegreatest.
As an age group becomes older it gains in weight as a whole owingto the
growth of the individuals,and losesweightowing10natural mortality. In early
life,growthis rapid and the gains outweighthe losses.Atthe point wherethese
gains and losses are in balance, the age group will haveattained its maximum418 GULFOF MA~NE [173-174)
weight.and it isat this point that its maximum contribution io catches can be
made, taking into amun& however, relevanteconomic and social wnsidera-
tions. Under conditions of heavy exploitation, fish tend to be caught at too
small a size and catches are lower than they wuld be if the individuals were
allowedto grow.
Abundance of indivdual ape mou~s is often variable from vear to vear. but
can usuallybe prcdicted ina&a;ce, ;ometimes severalyears inadvancc. of the
lime when the greatest yield from the agcgroup can be taken. This allows time
to plan fishingoperations to make besïusë of the stocks.
VI. Roleof International Commissions
In the viewof the Canadian Delegation,only the coastal state can effectively
implement the above-noted principles for the management of coastal species.
The wastal state has the most to lose if adjacent stocks are not souhdly
managed. Only the coastal state is in a ~osition 10 take DromDtaction in
rcsponseto urgentconservation needs. Byriason ofgeographythc«>astal state
is inthe bcst position to assume and exerciseauthority. Such authority would
be the natural wnsequencc of the rcsponsibilitieswhichthe wastal state must
already meet with respect towastal s~ecies.
Howevcr,the systcmof wastal staie management for wastal species envis-
aged by the Canadian Delegation would no1preclude a role for international
fishery commissionswithinthe wntext ofthat systcm. Inthe viewof the Cana-
dian Delegation such wmmissions wuld have an important advisory rolevis-
à-vis the wasial siate in iü discharge of iü management functions. Certain
specific elements of that advisorv role have alreadv been discussed in wn-
nëxion withsomeof the principle~outlinedabove. ln-moregeneralternis,inter-
national fishery commissions,establishcd on a regional basis and wmprising
both wastal and distant-water fishing states, wuld provide a fomm for co-
operation and wnsuliation and, in particular. a most useful mechanism for
the collection, presenlation and analysis of the statistical and biological data
reauired for management Durnoses. Similarlv. oarticular foms of consulta-
tiin and woperati& mighi bc'institutcd, with O; without the establishment of
a fornial wmmission, in cases where panicular stocks of wastal swcies fall
under the management authority of Go or more neiahbouring wital states.
As regards cas& where wide-ranging migratory sp&ies tem~orarily inhabit
waters where a wastal state has management authority,that state should be a
member of the appropriate commission responsiblefor the management of
the migratoryspeciesin question. Volume V
Documentary Annexes,Nos. 92 to 99
C.H. M.WALDOCK 'Ek lNTERNATl0NACOUR TND THE LAWOFTHESEA",HE
FIRSTCORNEU VAN VOLLENHOVM ENEAIORILELCTUR2E, MAY1979,CORNEUS
VANVOLLENHOV ENUNDATIO T.M,.CASSER INST~, 1979PP.1-17
C. H. M. WALDOCK",HE LEGALBASISOFCLAIM SO THECONTINENTS ALELF,
THEGROTIU SOCIFTY, ~N~CI'IONS1950,VOL.36.PP115-148
[Not reproduced]
A. GROS ,LACONVENTIO SNR LA P~CHEEï LA CONSERVATIONDES RESSOURCES
srorocr~u~DE LAHAUTE MER"RECUEI LES COURS, TO97,1959PP.1-89
[Nor reproduced]
[Norreproduced] Annex95
D.J.DRISCOUAND N.MCKELLA "T,HCHANGIN REGIM EFNORTHSEA
FISHERIEINW,EEFFECTIM VANAGEME OFRESOURCE: REINTERNATIONAL
POLITIOF THENORTHSUC , . M.MASOE,D.,LONWN/NEW YORK ,979,
PP.125,128-139
A.UNDERDA THEPOUTIC SFINTERNATIOFNISHERIMEANAGEMENT:
-E CASEOF THNORTHEAA STUNTICO, SUI,UNIVERS~TFTSFORUGFT,
[Notrepmduced]
Annex97
S.RHEE",SU BDUNDAR DEL~MITAI BrrNEENSTATE SEFORWORLW D AR
II"AMERICAJNURNA OFINTERNATIOh NALVOL 6,NO.3,1982,555,
PP.556-558
[Nolreproduced] ANNEXESTO MEMORIAOF THEUNITEDSTATES
Aonex98
KNIGNTVW . ILDE5,MASS(.2CUSH.)199(1948)
WONSOvN. WONSON 9,MASS(.7 ALLEN)71 (1867)
SPATHV .RSEN,20WASH2 .~ 500,148P.2D834 (1944)
DRIESBACH LY.NCH71 IDAHO501,234p.2~446(1951)
[No:reproduced]
Annex99
@ CHART OFPRO~RTIONALIIT YESTAPPLIEDT N EQUIUISTAIITINE:AREA
DFTERHINE OYREEREVC EO THEBASEPOlYrSWHICHDETERMINE AT LINE
Memorial of the United States of America