APPLICATION
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
AGAINST
THE REPUBLIC OF INDIA
submitted on 24 April2014
by
THE REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS
to
THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
re
obligation to pursue in good faith and conclude negotiations
leading to nuclear disarmament Table of Contents
I. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY........................................................................
..... 3
Il. FACTS ........................................................................
...................................................... 8
A. The Five Nuclear-Weapon States Parties to the NPT ........................................... 8
B. The Nine States Possessing Nuclear Weapons ..................................................... 8
C. India and the Nuclear Arrns Race ........................................................................
. 9
1. Early Nuclear History ........................................................................
....... 9
2. India's Current Nuclear Arsenal ............................................................. lO
3. Nuclear Policy, Doctrine, and Expenditure ............................................ 11
4. Current Plans for Expansion, Improvement, and
Diversification ofindia's Nuclear Arsenal ............................................. 12
D. India and Nuclear Disarrnament ........................................................................
. 14
III. ·THE LAW........................................................................
............................................... 17
A. Article VI of the NPT: An Obligation Erga Omnes ........................................... 17
B. Customary International Law ........................................................................
..... 18
C. Good Faith ........................................................................
.................................. 20
IV. OBLIGATIONS BREACHED BY INDIA .................................................................... 22
A. Breach of Customary International Law............................................................. 22
B. Breach of the Obligation to Perforrn Its Obligations in Good Faith................... 23
V. JURISDICTION OF THE COURT ........................................................................
........ 24
VI. FINAL OBSERVATIONS ........................................................................
..................... 24
REMEDIES........................................................................
......................................................... 25
2 To the Registrar, International Court of Justice.
The Undersigned, being duly authorized by the Government of the Republic of the
Marshall Islands, state as follows:
I. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
1. In its Advisory Opinion of 8 July 1996 on the Legality of the Threat or Use of
1
Nuclear Weapons, this Court observed that "[t]he destructive power of nuclear weapons cannat
be contained in either space or time" and that such weapons "have the potential to destroy ali
2
civilization and the entire ecosystem of the planet". It acknowledged "the unique characteristics
of nuclear weapons, and in particular their destructive capacity, their~ca poacausetyntold
human suffering, and their ability to cause damage to generations to come" . Largely based on its
4
analysis of Article VI of the 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation ofNuclear Weapons
(hereafter "the Treaty" or "the NPT"), the Court unanimously concluded: "There exists an
obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations 1eading to nuclear
5
disarmament in ali its aspects under strict and effective international control".
2. This Application is not an attempt tore-open the question of the legality of
nuclear weapons. Rather, the focus of this Application is the failure to fulfil the obligations of
customary international law with respect to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date
and nuclear disarmament enshrined in Article VI of the NPT and declared by the Court.
3. Unless the required negotiations, aimed at reaching the required conclusions, take
place, we shall continue to face the very real prospect of the "devastation that would be visited
6
upon ali mankind by a nuclear war". We shall also continue to face the possibility, even the
likelihood, ofnuclearweapons being used by accident, miscalculation or design, and oftheir
proliferation. As Nobel Peace Laureate Sir Joseph Rotblat pointed out: "If sorne nations-
1
I C.J Reports 1996, p. 226.
2
Id., para. 35.
3
Id., para. 36.
4
729 UNTS 161.
5
Supra, n. 1,para. 105,point 2F.
6NPT preamble. zndrecital.
7ln 1996Lord Carver, formerUK Chief of the Defence Staff(the professiona1head of the UK's anned
forces and the principalmilitary adviser to the Secretary of State for Defence and to the UK
Government) statedthat "the indefinite deployment ofnnclear weapons carries ahighrisk oftheir
ultimate use- intentionally,by accident or inadvertence". See Hansard, HL Deb, 28 October 1996, voL
575, cols. 134.
3 including the most powerful militari!y - say that they need nuclear weapons for their security,
then such security cannot be denied to other countries which really fee! insecure. Proliferation of
nuclear weapons is the logical consequence of this nuèlearpolicy". 8
4. In its Advisory Opinion, the Court observed: "In the long run, international law,
and with it the stability of the international order which it is intended to govern, are bound to
suffer from the continuing difference ofviews with regard to the legal status ofweapons as
9
deadly as nuclear weapons" . A coherent legal system cannot countenance its own destruction or
that of the community whose activities it seeks to regulate. 10That is why fulfilment of the
obligation "to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear
disarmament in ail its aspects under strict and effective international control" is so important.
5. Equally, a coherent and civilized legal system cannot tolerate unacceptable harm
to humanity. A lawful and sustainable world order is predicated on a civilizational right to
survival rooted in "the principles ofhumanity" 11 and "elementary considerations ofhumanity" 12
which help to shape an emerging "law ofhumanity", 13the international law for humank:ind of
which the nuclear disarmament obligation is a key element. Yet it is now 68 years since the very
8 Joseph Rotblat, "Science and Nuclear Weapons: Where Do We Go From Here?''The Blackaby Papers,
No. 5, December 2004, p. 7.
9 Supra, n. 1, para. 98.
10 As B.S. Chimni has stated, "No legal system can confer on any ofits members the right to annihilate
the community which engenders it and whose activities it seeks to regulate". B.S. Chimni, "Nuclear
Weapons and International Law: Sorne Reflections", in International Law in Transition: Essays in
Memory of Judge Nagendra Singh, 1992, p. 142. Quoted by Judge Weeramantry in Section V.1 of his
Dissenting Opinion in the Advisory Opinion in Lega/ity of the Threat or Use of Nuc/ear Weapons,
supra, n. 1, at p. 522; see also the Dissenting Opinion of Judge Shababuddeen, id., p. 393: "Thus,
however far-reaching may be the rights conferred by sovereignty, those rights cannot extend beyond the
framework within which sovereignty itself exists; in particular, they cannot violate the framework. The
framework shuts out the right of a State to embark on a course of action which would dismantle the
basis ofthe framework by putting an end to civilization and annihilating mankind".
11
From the Martens Clause as expressed in Article 1, paragraph 2 ofProtocol 11977 Additional to the
Geneva Conventions 1949: "ln cases not covered by this Protocol or by other international agreements,
civilians and combatants remain under the protection and authority of the principles of international law
derived from established custom, from the principles of humanity and from the dictates of public
conscience".
12Corfu Channel case, Judgment of April9'h, 1949, IC.J. Reports 1949, p. 22.
13 See e.g. the Opinion of the Tribunal in the Einsatzgruppen Case (1948): "[An] evaluation of
international right and wrong, which heretofore existed only in the heart ofmankind, has now been
written into the books of men as the law ofhumanity. This law is not restricted to events ofwar. It
envisages the protection ofhumanity at ali times". United States of America v. Otto Ohlendorf, et al,
Military Tribunal II, Case No. 9 (1948), in Trials ofWar Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military
Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, Vol. IV, Nuernberg, October 1946- April1940 (U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1950-872486), p. 497, available at
http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd!Military _Law/pdfi'NT_war-crirninals_Vol- IV.pdf.
4 first United Nations General Assembly Resolution sought to put in motion the elimination from
national arsenals of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, 14 almost 45 years since the
NPT entered into force and nearly 20 ye;:rrssince the Court delivered its Advisory Opinion. The
long delay in fulfilling the obligations enshrined in Article VI of the NPT and customary
15
international law constitutes a flagrant deniai of human justice.
6. Inspired and guided by these principles and values, this is an Application
instituting proceedings against the Republic oflndia ("India"), aState possessing nuclear
weapons not party to the NPT. The underlying claims, described in more detail herein, are that
India is:(i) in continuing breach of its obligations under customary international law, including
specifically its obligation to pursue in good faith negotiations to cease the nuclear arms race at an
early date, as well asto pursue in good faith negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in ali
its aspects under.strict and effective international control; and (ii) in continuing breach ofits
obligation to perform its international legal obligations in good faith.
7. The Applicant herein is the Republic of the Marshall Islands (the "Marshall
Islands" or "RMI"). The Applicant is a non-nuclear-weapon State ("NNWS") Party to the NPT.
The Marshall Islands acceded to the Treaty as a Party on 30 January 1995, and has continued to
be a Party to it since that time.
8. While cessation of the nuclear arms race and nuclear disarmament are vitally
important objectives for the entire international community, the Marshall Islands has a particular
awareness of the dire consequences ofnuclear weapons. The Marshall Islands was the location
ofrepeated nuclear weapons testing from 1946 to 1958, during the time that the international
16
community had placed it under the trusteeship of the United States ("U.S."). During those 12
years, 67 nuclear weapons ofvarying explosive p17er were detonated in the Marshall Islands, at
varying distances from human population. According to the 3 September 2012 Report of Calin
Georgescu, a Special Rapporteur to the UN Human Rights Council, the devastating adverse
impact on the Marshall Islands ofthose nuclear substances and wastes continues to this day. 18
The Special Rapporteur concludes that "the harm suffered by the Marshallese people has resulted
14
A/RES/1(1),24 January 1946.
15
Cf Judge Cançado Trindade's remarks in para. 145 of his Separate Opinion in Questions Relating ta
the Obligation ta Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senega!), IC.J Reports 2012, pp. 544-548;
especially at para. 145 where he contrasts "the brief time ofhuman beings (vita brevis) and the often
pro1ongedtime ofhumanjustice".
16Report of the Special Rapporteur on the implications for human rights of the environmentally sound
management and disposai ofhazardous substances and wastes, Calin Georgescu; Addendum, Mission to
the Marshall Islands (27-30 March 2012) and the United States of America (24-27 April2012): 3
September 2012, Doc. A/HRC/21/48/ Add.l.
17
Id., paras. 1-18.
18Id., para. 19.
5 in an increased global understanding of the movement of radionuclides through marine and
terrestrialenvironments", and urges the international community to "learn from the Marshallese
experience with nuclear contamination, particularly the ...understanding of the relationship
between radioiodine and thyroid cancer". 19
9. With regard to the RMI's interest in bringing this Application to the Court, the
following should be added. It is weil known that over recent years the RMI has been preoccupied
with combating the extremely harmful consequences thal the effects of climate change have for
its very survivaL While focusing on the problem of climate change, the RMI has come to realize
that it cannot ignore the other major threat to its survival: the ongoing threat posed by the
existence of large arsenals ofnuclear weapons the use ofwhich, according to the Court, "seems
scarcely reconcilable with respect for [... ] requirements [of the principles and rules of law
applicable in arrned conflict]"? 0 Itis obvions that the RMI's participation in the common
struggle against climate change needs to lead to firrn commitments by ali States, which
commitments must include not only moral, but also legal obligations aimed at realizing concrete,
clear-cut goals in order to remove the threat of devastation caused by continued reliance on the
use of fossil fuel energy sources. It is from this perspective of striving to reach agreement on
such commitments in the struggle against climate change that the RMI has concluded thal it is no
longer acceptable simply to be a Party to the NPT while total nuclear disarmament pursuant to
Article VI and customary international law remains at best a distant prospect. This Application
seeks to ensure that India fulfils in good faith and in a timely manner ali its legal obligations in
relation to cessation of the nuclear arrns race and to nuclear disarmament.
1O. One of the reasons why the RMI became a Party to the NPT is thal this Treaty is
21
the key instrument ofthe international community for ridding the world ofnuclear weapons.
Article VI of the Treaty states, in its entirety, as follows:
Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith
on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early
date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete
disarrnament under strict and effective international controL 22
11. As previously stated, the Court concluded its Advisory Opinion of 8 July 1996 by
19
Id., para. 66(b).
20Supra, n. 1, para. 95.
21At the UN High-Level Meeting on Nuclear Disarmament, 26 September 2013, Hon. Mr. Phillip Muller,
Minister of Foreign Affairs, Republic of the Marshall Islands, stated that the RMI's "deeper purpose" is
"thal no nation and people should ever have to bear witness to the burden of exposure to the devastating
impacts ofnuclear weapons",
http://www.un.org/en/ga/68/meetings/nucleardisarmament/pdfi'MH _en.pdf.
"s upra,n. 4.
6 unanimously holding that "[t]here exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a
conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and
23
effective international control".
12. More than four decades after the NPT entered into force, India has not joined the
Treaty as a non-nuclear-weapon State, and instead has tested nuclear weapons and acquired a
nuclear arsenal which it is maintaining, improving, diversifying, and expanding.
13. India has not fulfilled its obligation under customary international law to pursue
in good faith negotiations to cease the nuclear arms race at an early date, and instead is taking
actions to improve and expand its nuclear forces and to maintain them for the indefinite future.
14. Simi1arly,India has not fulfilled its obligation under customary international law
to pursue in good faith negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict
and effective international control, in particular by engaging a course of conduct, the quantitative
build-up and qualitative improvement of its nuclear forces, contrary to the objective of nuclear
disarmament.
15. Further, the obligation of aState to perform its legal obligations in good faith,
whether arising under a treaty or pursuant to customary international law, is itself a legal
obligation that India has breached.
23
Supra, n. 1,para. 105,point2F.
7 II. FACTS
A. The Five Nuclear-Weapon States Parties to the NPT
16. The U.S. was the first country in the world to develop and test nuclear weapons.
The U.S. used nuclear weapons in warfare on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on
6 August 1945 and 9 August 1945 respectively. The U.S. was the sole possessor ofnuclear
weapons in the world untilthe Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon on August 29, 1949.
In 1952, the UK tested its first nuclear weapon. In 1960, France tested its first nuclear weapon.
In 1964, China tested its first nuclear weapon.
17. In the 1960s, negotiations eventuated in agreement on the Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty. The U.S., Russia, the UK, France and China, ali Parties to the NPT, are the
only States meeting the Treaty's definition of a "nuclear-weapon State" for "the purposes of this
24
T reaty".
18. The Treaty was opened for signature on 1 July 1968, and entered into force on 5
March 1970.
B. The Nine States Possessing Nuclear Weapons
19. In addition to the five NPT nuclear-weapon States, four non-NPT States are
known to possess nuclear weapons: India, Pakistan, Israel and the Democratie People's Republic
ofKorea ("DPRK"). 25
20. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ("SIPRI"), the
individual and collective world nuclear forces as of January 2013, were as follows:
24
ArticleIX.3 oftheNPTprovides:"Forthepurposesofthis Treaty, a nuclear-weaponStateis onewhich
hasmanufacturedandexplodeda nuclearweaponor othernuclearexplosivedevieepriorto 1January
1967".
25
See infra,n.81.
8 World nuclear forces, January 2013 26
(Ali figures are approximate)
Year of first Deployed Other Total
Country nuclear test Warheadsa Warheadsb Inventory
United States 1945 2,150c 5,550 -7 700d
1
Russia 1949 -1,800 6,700' -8 5oo
United Kingdom 1952 160 65 225
France 1960 -290 -10 -300
1964 -250 -250
China
India 1974 90-110 90-110
Pakistan 1998 100-120 100-120
Israel -80 -80
North Korea 2006 6-8?
Total -4,400 -12,865 -17,270
" 'Deployed' means warheads placed on missiles or located on bases with operational forces.
6 These are warheads in reserve, awaiting dismantlement or that require sorne preparation (e.g., assembly
or loading on launchers) before they become fullerationally available.
'In addition to strategie warheads, this figure includes nearly 200 non-strategie (tactical) nuclear weapons
deployed in Europe.
d This figure includes the U.S. Departrnent of Defense nuclear stockpile of c. 4650 warheads and
another c. 3000 retired warheads that are awaiting dismantlement.
'This figure includes c. 700 warheads for nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) in
overhaul and bombers,2000 non-strategie nuclear weapons for use by short-range naval, air force and air
defense forces, and. 4000 retired warheads awaiting dismantlement.
1This includes a military stockpile of c. 4500 nuclear warheads and another c. 4000 retired warheads
await dismantlement.
C. India and the Nuclear Arms Race
1. Early Nuclear History
21. Indian Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri authorized limited movement toward a
nuclear weapons pro gram following the nuclear explosive test conducted by China in1964.27
26
See Shannon N. Kile, "World Nuclear Forces", SIPRI Yearbook 2013 (Oxford University Press:
Oxford, 2013). The question mark(?) against North Korea's total inventory is in the original.
27
See Rajesh M. Basrur, "lndian Perspectives on the Global Elimination ofNuclear Weapons", in Barry
M. Blechman and Alexander K. Bollfrass, eds., National Perspectives on Nuclear Disarmament
(Washington: HenryL. Stirnson Center, 2010), pp. 60-61.
9 India conducted its frrst test in 1974 when it exploded a plutonium fission device 28 in what it
29
described as a "peaceful nuclear explosion experiment". At the time ofthat test the Atomic
Energy Commission of India stated that "India had no intention of producing nuclear
weapons". 30 By 1986-1988, India is believed to have had nuclear bombs deliverable by aircraft. 31
22. In 1998, India conducted five nuclear weapon test explosions, ofvarious types,
32
including thermonuclear. India has conducted no further tests.
2. India's Current Nuclear Arsenal
33
23. As of2013, India\vas estimated to have 90-110 nuclear warheads. The
operational delivery systems reportedly are two intermediate range aircraft, the Mirage 2000 H
and Jaguar IS/IB, and two short or intermediate range land based ballistic missiles, Prithvi Iand
34 35
Agni I Ttis reported that India's warheads are not deployed, but are instead in central storage.
28
See Timothy McDonnell, "Nuclear Pursuits: Non-P-5 nuclear-armed states, 2013", Bulletin of the
Atomic Scientists, Nuclear Notebook (69(1), 2013) (hereafter "McDonnell"), pp. 64, 67,
http:/!hos.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/69/1/62.
29
Report of the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament, twenty-ninth session (A/9627), New
York, 1975, p. 8, https://disarmament-
library.un.org!UNO DA!Library .nsf/6dc03c 1297fa94348525777 5005b138c/6d913cb85a9acfdd8525783
3006db095/$F1LE/ A-9627.pdf
''Id.
31
McDonnell, supra, n. 28.
32M.V. Ramana, "lndia", in Ray Acheson, ed., Assuring Destruction Forever: Nuc1ear Weapon
Modernization Around the World (Reaching Critical Will- a project of the Women's International
League for Peace and Freedom, 2012) (hereafter "Ramana"), p. 34,
http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Publications/modern
ization/assuring-destruction
forever.pdf; McDonnell, supra, n.28, at pp. 65, 67.
33See Shannon N. Kile, Phillip Schell and Hans M. Kristensen, World Nuclear Forces, Chapter VI.,
Indian nuclear forces (2013), http://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2013/06; see also infra n. 34.
34
See Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S. Norris, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, India nuclear forces,
2012 (hereafter "Kristensen and Norris"), p. 100, http://hos.sagepub.com/content/68/4/96.full.pdf+html;
Ramana, szrpra,n. 32, pp. 35-36. The Mirage 2000H aircraft has a range of 1,800 km; the Jaguar ISIIB,
1,600. The Prithvi 1missile has a range of 150 km; the Agni 1700 plus. These analysts note that other
aircraft and missiles, e.g. Agni II with a range of2,000 km, may be capable of delivering nuclear
warheads.
35
FAS, Status ofWorld NuclearForces 2013,
https://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html.
10 3. Nuclear Policy, Doctrine, and Expenditure
24. India has stated: "Nuclear weapons are an integral part of our national security
and will remain so, pending the global elimination of al! nuclear weapons on a universal, non
6
discriminatory basis" _3
25. According to a 2003 statement of the govemment of India conceming a cabinet
comrnittee review of nuclear doctrine, "nuclear weapons will on!y be used in retaliation against a
nuclear attack on Indian territory or on Indian forces anywhere", and such "retaliation to a first
37
strike will be massive and designed to inflict unacceptable damage". The statement also says:
"However, in the event of a major attack against India, or Indian forces anywhere, by biological
38
or chemical weapons, India will retain the option of retaliating with nuclear weapons".
26. Regarding the 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear- Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), India is
one of the 44 Annex II countries thal must ratify the treaty for it to enter into force. 39 India has
40
not signed or ratified the CTBT, and has given no clear signais that it intends to do so. When
the CTBT was adopted in September 1996, India objected strongly thal the treaty is "unequal"
and perpetuates the "existing global insecurity born ofworld divided unequal!y into nuclear
41
haves and have-nots". However, should the U.S. and China ratify the CTBT, prospects would
36
Conference on Disarmament, CD/PV.ll39, Final record of the one thousand one hundred and thirty
ninth plenary meeting on 29 May 2009, p. 8, https://disarmament-
library.un.org!UNODA!Library.nsf/a61ff5819c43 81ee85256bc70068fal4/fc4bbebce96dc99c85257 6780
05353ed/$FILE/CD-PV1139.pdf.
37
"The Cabinet Committee on Security Reviews operationalization ofindia's Nuclear Doctrine", Indian
Government Statement, New Delhi, 4 January 2003, http://www.acronym.org.uk/docs/0301/doc06.htm.
38Id. The committee reportedly adopted a 1996 draft report on nuclear doctrine by the National Security
Advisory Board, availab/e at http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india!doctrine/990817-indnucld.htm.
However, the reservation of an option for a nuclear response to a biological or chemical attack is not
explicitly statedinthe draft report. The report had retained flexibility inthat and other respects by
stating that"the fundamental purpose", and therefore perhaps not the only purpose, "of Indian nuclear
weapons is to deterthe use and threat of use of nuclear weapons by any State or entity against India and
its forces".
39
Per Article XIV.
40
See Eloise Watson, The CTBT: Obstacles to Entry into Force (New York: Reaching Critical Will of the
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, September 2012), pp. 11-13,
http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Publications/ctbt-…; Liviu Horovitz
and Robert Golan-Vilella, "Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty: How the Dominoes Might Fall
After U.S. Ratification", 17Nonpro/iferation Review (No. 2, July 2010), pp. 246-248.
41
Statement in explanation of vote by Ms. Arundhate Ghose, Ambassador/Permanent Representative of
lndia to the UN offices at Geneva, on item 65: CTBT at the 50th Session of the UN General Assembly
at New York on 10 September, 1996,
http://www.fas.org/news/india/1996/ctbt_UN_september _10_96.htm.
11 greatly improve for India to join the treaty, as the Indian Prime Minister acknowledged in
2009. 42
27. Regarding a Fissile Materials Cut-offTreaty, "[w]ithout prejudice to the priority
we attach to nuclear disarmament", India accepts a Conference on Disarmament program of
negotiations on a Fissile Materials Cut-offTreaty and discussions short ofnegotiations on
nuclear disarmament, assurances of non-use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon
43
States, and prevention of an arms race in outer space.
28. India does not release information on its nuclear weapons spending, and it is
44
difficult to reliably estimate such spending. One non-governmental estimate is that India' s
nuclear weapons spending in 2010 was U.S. $4.1 billion, and that in 2011, the spending
increased to U.S. $4.9 billion_4 5
4. Current Plans for Expansion, Improvement, and Diversification oflndia's
Nuclear Arsenal
29. India's development ofits nuclear arsenal has focused on increasing the diversity,
range, and sophistication of its nuclear delivery vehicles, including land and sea based missiles,
46
mrcra , an su mannes.
42
Minutes of Joint Press Conference by Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama of Japan and Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh oflndia Following the Japan-India Summit Meeting, 29 December 2009: "Prime
Minister Singh indicated that should the US and China sign the CTBT, a new situation would in fact
emerge, and that heconsidered it necessary to work globally towards the early entry into force of the
Treaty"; see a/sa The CTBT: Obstacles to Entry into Force, supra, n. 40, at p. 15.
43
See infra, n. 64; Statement by India at the CD Plenary on 4 February 2014,
http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmarnent
fora!cd/2014/Statements/partl/4Feb_India.pdf; Statement by the Mr. DB Venkatesh Varma, Permanent
Representative of India to the Conference on Disarmarnent at the CD Plenary, 3 March 2014,
http://www.reachingcritica1will.org/images/documents/Disarmarnent-
fora!cd/2014/Statements/partl/3March_India.pdf.
44M.V. Ramana, "India", in Ray Acheson, ed., Still assuring destruction forever (Reaching Critical Will
a project of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 2013) (hereafter, "Rarnana, Still
assuring destruction forever"), p. 10,
http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Publications/modern
ization/still-assuring
destruction-forever.pdf
45Bruce G. Blair et al., Global Zero Technical Repott; Nuclear Weapons Costs Study, June 2011,
http://www.globalzero.org/files/gz_nuclear_weapons_cost_study.pdf.
46
Rarnana, Still assuring destruction forever, supra, n. 44.
12 30. India is developing at !east five land and sea based missiles, as summarized in this
chart prepared by Hans Kristensen and Robert Norris, whose analyses for the Bulletin of Atomic
Scientists are widely cited:
47
Indian nuclear forces, 2012
Type/designation Range (km) Payload (kg) Comment
Aircraft:
Mirage 2000 H/Vajra 1,800 6,300 GwaliorAir Force Station
Jaguar IS/IB/Shamsher 1,600 4,775 Ambaia Air Foree Station
Land based missiles:
Prithvi I !50 1,000 Nuclear version entered service after
1998 with the army's 333rd and
355th Missile Groups.
Agni I 700+ 1,000 Deployed with the arrny's new 334
Missile Group in 2004
Agni II 2,000+ 1,000 Under development.
Agni II+ 2,000+ 1,000 Under development.
Agni III 3,000+ 1,500 Under development.
Sea based missiles:
Dhanush 350 500 Under development.
Sagarika!K -15 300-700 300-700 Under development.
In addition to the missiles under development listed above, India is believed to be planning an
48
intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), the Agni VI, and a ground-launched cruise missile
31. In April 2012, India conducted a test-launch of a land based ballistic missile, the
Agni V, with a range reportedly greater than 5,000 km, enabling coverage of any target in
China. 49
47Kristensen and Norris, supra, n. 34, p. 100.
48See Hans M. Kristensen, Federation of American Scientists,Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control:
Modernizing Nuclear Arsenals, Presentationto ShortCourseon Nuclear Weapons Issues in the 21"
Century, Elliot! School oflnternational Affairs, George WashingtonUniversity, Washington, D.C., 3
November 2013, slide 15, http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/publicationsl/Brief2013_GWU
APS.pdf.
49
Kristensen and Norris, supra, n. 34, p. 96; Ajai Shukla,"lndia launches 5,000-km range Agni-5 missile
successfully", Business Standard,24 April2012, http://www.business-standard.corn!article/economy
policy/ajai-shukla-perfect-launch-for-5-000-km-range-missile-112041900!52_l.html.
13 32. In January 2013, India conducted its first publicly announced test of a ballistic
missile suitable for launch from a submarine. 50 India has had a nuclear-powered submarine for
1
deployment of missiles under development for more than three decades 5 It aims to have a sea
based nuclear force in the near future, if it is not already operational, in addition to its land and
air based forces. 52
33. Regarding air-based Indian nuclear forces, it is reported that in 2012 discussions
between India and France began for the purchase by India from France of 126 nuclear-capable
53
Rafale jets, with a tentative delivery date of2016-2017.
54
34. India uses plutonium for the explosive core ofnuclear warheads, and continues
to add toits stockpile ofweapons-grade plutonium. 55 India currently has one operating
56
plutonium production reactor, and is building another. India is also building a fast-breeder
reactor that once operational will significantly increase its capacity to produce weapons-grade
plutonium. 57 India also has a large stockpile ofreactor-grade plutonium that could be used for
weapons iflndia so chooses. 58
D. India and Nuclear Disarmament
35. India has notjoined the NPT as an NNWS, the only option open toit under the
59
terms of the Treaty. India further maintains that commitments and calls made in conferences of
NPT States Parties do not apply to it, in particular rejecting calls made by NPT States Parties, as
50
Y. Mallikarjunand T. S. Subramanian,"lndia successfullytest-frresunderwater missile", 27 January
2013, http://www.thehindu.com/news/nationallindia-successfully-testfires-unde…
missile/article4350553.ece.The missile tested was the Sagarika/K-15 with a range of700 km.
51
Ramana, supra, n. 32, p. 36. At !easttwo other nuclear-poweredsubmarines are being developed. Id.;
see also "India successfully test-fires underwatermissile", supra, n. 50.
52
Ramana, Still assuring destruction forever, supra, n. 44, p. 1O.
53
See, e.g., "France SellsNuclear-CapableAircraft to India", Global Security Newswire, 7 February
2012, www.nti.org/gsn;Kristensen andNorris, supra, n. 46, p. 97; Tamir Eshel, "RafaleDeliveries
Could Begin in 2016-2017", Defense Update, 18June 2013, http://defense-update.com.
54
Ramana, supra, n. 32, p. 36.
55
See estimates ofthe InternationalPanel on Fissile Materials cited in Ramana, Still assuring destruction
forever, supra, n. 44, p. 10, and Ramana, supra, n. 32, p. 36.
56Ramana, supra, n. 32, pp. 36, 37.The secondreactor will be part of a new complex, and is planned to
be operational by 2018. Id. at p. 37.
57Kristensen andNorris, supra, n. 34, p. 97;Ramana, supra, n. 32, p. 37.
58Ramana, supra, n. 32, pp. 36.
59
India does not qualizyas a "nuclear-weapon State" under Article IX.3 of the Treaty.
14 weil as the General Assembly and the Security Council, for it to join the NPT as an NNWS. 60
However, India has consistently voted for the General Assembly resolution welcoming the
61
Court's conclusion regarding the disarrnament obligation. India states that it has never
contributed to the spread of sensitive technologies. 62 Itadds that it is updating regulations
relating to export controls and taking measures to strengthen nuclear security in accord with
international efforts to prevent the acquisition of nuclear weapons by non-state actors and
additional States. 63
36. India supports the commencement of negotiations on complete nuclear
64
disarrnarnent in the Conference on Disarmament. It also votes for UN General Assembly
resolutions calling for negotiation of a Nuclear Weapons Convention, including "Follow-up to
the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of
Nuclear Weapons", 65 and a resolution new!y offered in 2013 following up on the High-Level
66
Meeting on Nuclear Disarmament The latter resolution caUs for "the urgent commencement of
negotiations, in the Conference on Disarrnarnent, for the early conclusion of a comprehensive
convention" to prohibit and eliminate nuclear weapons. 67India abstained on the 2012 resolution
establishing an Open-Ended Working Group to take forward proposais for multilateral nuclear
68
disarmament negotiations, but subsequent! y participated in the Working Group.
37. The first-ever UN General Assembly High-Level Meeting on Nuclear
Disarmament, referenced in the preceding paragraph, was held on 26September 2013, pursuant
60 E.g., "lndia EOV: L. 43 United action towards the total elimination ofnuclear weapons
[AIRES/68/51]",4November 2013,
http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-
fora/1cornilcoml3/eov/L43_lndia.pdf
61 Most recentlyadopted as A/RES/68/42, 5 December 2013.
62E.g., Statementoflndian Prime Minister Mamnohan Singh at Seoul Nuclear SecuritySummit,27
March 2012, http://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/19078/: "India has never been a
source of proliferationof sensitivetechnologies and we are determinedto further strengthenour export
control systemsto keep them on par with the highest internationalstandards".
63Nuclear SecuritySummit National Progress Report, 27 March 2012, http://www.mea.gov.inlbilateral
documents.htm?dtl/19074/.
64
Statementby H.E. Mr. Salman Khurshid, Minister ofExternal Affairs oflndia, at the High Leve!
Meeting of the General Assembly on Nuclear Disarmament, 68th UnitedNations General Assembly in
New York, 26 September2013,
http://www.un.org/en/ga/68/meetings/nucleardisarmament/pdmN_en.pdf.
65
Most recentlyon 5December 2013 (AIRES/68/42).
66
A/RES/68/32, 5 December 2013.
67Id.
68
AIRES/67/56,3 December 2012; UN Doc A/67/PV.48, pp. 20-21.
15 69
to a 2012 resolution which was supported by India. At that meeting, Salman Khurshid, Minister
ofExternal Affairs ofindia, placed India's support for nuclear disarmament in the context of the
70
1988 Rajiv Gandhi "Action Plan for a nuclear weapon free and non-violent world order". He
stated that India has a "posture of no-first use", maintained that India "refuse[ s] to participate in
an arms race, including a nuclear arms race", and noted that India's "proposai for a Convention
71
banning the use ofnuclear weapons remains on the table"
69
A/RES/67/39, 3 December 2012.
70
Statement by H.E. Mr. Salman Khurshid, supra, n. 64.
71
Id.
16 III. THELAW
A. Article VI of the NPT: An Obligation Erga Omnes
38. Article VIprovides:
Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith
on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arrns race at an early
date and to nuclear disarrnament, and on a treaty on general and complete
disarrnament under strict and effective international control.
39. In its Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use ofNuclear Weapons,
the Court declared that Article VI involves "an obligation to achieve a precise result- nuclear
disarrnament in ali its aspects- by adopting a particular course of conduct, namely, the pursuit of
negotiations on the matter in good faith". 72 The Court went on to conclude, unanimously, that
"[t]here exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations
leading to nuclear disarrnament in ali its aspects under strict and effective control". 73 This
"recognizes that the provisions of Article VI.. .go beyond mere obligations of conduct- to pursue
nuclear disarrnament negotiations in good faith- and actually involve an obligation ofresult, i.e.,
to conclude those negotiations" _? 4
40. The Court observed that "fulfilling the obligation expressed in Article VI ...
remains without any doubt an objective of vital importance to tbe whole of the international
community today".75 The Court has long emphasized the importance of obligations erga omnes,
76
owed to the international community as a whole. lts conclusion in tbe Advisory Opinion was
tantamount to declaring that the obligation in Article VI is an obligation erga omnes. 77Every
78
State has a legal interest in its timely performance, therefore, and a corresponding legal
72
Supra, n. 1, para. 99.
73Supra, n. 1, para. 105, point 2 F.
74M. Marin Bosch, "The Non-Proliferation Treaty and its Future", in L. Boisson de Chazoumes and P.
Sands, eds, International Law, the International Court of Justice and Nuclear Weapons, 1999, p. 375.
75Supra, n. 1, para. 103.
76Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited, Judgment, IC.J. Reports 1970, p. 3, para. 33.
77See President Bedjaoui's Declaration in Legality ofThreat or Use ofNuclear Weapons, supra, n. 1 at
pp. 273-274: "As the Court has acknowledged, the obligation to negotiate in good faith for nuclear
disarrnament concerns the 182 orso States parties to the Non-Proliferation Treaty. 1think one can go
beyond that conclusion and assert that there is in fact a twofoldeneral obligation,opposable erga
omnes, to negotiate in good faith and to achieve the desired result".
78Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited, supra, n. 76.
17 obligation to help bring it about. 79
B. Customary International Law
41. The obligations enshrined in Article VI of the NPT are not merely treaty
obligations; they also exist separately under customary intemationallaw. 80
42. In its Advisory Opinion, after noting that the twofold obligation in Article VIto
81
pursue and to conclude negotiationsformally concems the (now 190 ) States Parties to the NPT,
the Court added !hat "any realistic search for general and complete disarrnarnent, especially
82
nuclear disarrnament, necessitates the cooperation of all States".
43. In point 2F of the dispositif, moreover, not confining its remarks to the States
Parties to the NPT, the Court unanimously declared: "There exists an obligation to pursue in
good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarrnament in all its
83
aspects under strict and effective international control".
44. The Court's declaration is an expression of customary international law as it
stands today. All States are under that obligation, therefore. This is consistent with the view
expressed by President Bedjaoui in his Declaration: "Indeed, it is not unreasonable to think thal,
considering the at !east formai unanimity in this field, this twofold obligation to negotiate in
good faith and achieve the desired result has now, 50 years on, acquired a customary
character'. 84
45. In voting over many years since 1996 for the General Assembly resolution on
79 Cf Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory
Opinion. l.C.J Reports 2004, p. 136,paras. 154-159.
80In Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of
America), Jurisdiction andAdmissibility, Judgment, l.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 392, at para. 94, the I.C.J.
heldthat the fact that principles of customaryinternationallaw are enshrinedin multilateral conventions
does not mean that they cease to exist and to apply as principles of customarylaw.
81There are 190 StatesParties includingthe DPRK. Althoughthe DPRK announcedits withdrawal from
the NPT on 10 January 2003, StatesParties continueto express divergent viewsregarding its status
underthe Treaty. See UN Officefor DisarmamentAffairs, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation ofNuclear
Weapons, Status of the Treaty, http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/npt.
82
Supra, n. 1,para. 100.
83 d
J. ., para. 105.
84
PresidentBedjaoui'sDeclaration in Legality ofThreat or Use ofNuc/ear Weapons, supra, n. 1, p. 274,
para. 23. President Bedjaoui was referringto the 50 yearsthat had then elapsedsincethe adoption ofthe
UN General Assembly's first resolutionin 1946and the normativelanguagerepeatedlyreiterated in its
resolutions on nuclear weapons and in other instruments sincethen.
18 follow-up to the Court's opinion, India appears to have accepted the universality ofthat
obligation. In operative paragraph one of the resolution, the General Assembly: "Underlines
once again the unanimous conclusion of the International Court of Justice that there exists an
obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear
85
disarmament in ali its aspects under strict and effective international control".
46. As the Court itself noted, the UN General Assembly has been deeply engaged in
working for universal disarmament ofweapons ofmass destruction since its very first resolution
86
in 1946. The UN Security Council a1sohas repeatedly called for the implementation of Article
87
VI by al! States, not only Parties to the NPT. In Resolution 1887 of24 September 2009, after
calling upon States Parties to the NPT to implement Article VI, the Council called on "ali other
88
States tojo in in this endeavour". The Council has also described the proliferation ofweapons
89
of mass destruction as a threat to international peace and security.
47. Regarding the obligation of cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date set
forth in Article VI, it stands on its own as a customary international law obligation based on the
very widespread and representative participation of States in the NPT and is inherent in the
custornary international law obligation of nuclear disarmament.
48. The General Assembly has declared the necessity of cessation of the nuclear arms
race. In the Final Document ofits first Special Session on Disarmament, held in 1978, the
General Assembly stated that it is "imperative ... to hait and reverse the nuclear arms race until
the total elimination of nuclear weapons and their delivery systems has been achieved". 90
49. Short!y after India and Pakistan conducted nuclear explosive tests in 1998, in
Resolution 1172 the Security Council dernanded that the two countries refrain from further tests,
85
A/RES/68/42, 5 December 2013. During sorneof the years since the resolution wasfirst put forward in
1997,a separate vote was held on the first operative paragraph. India voted "yes" on those occasions.
Regarding the vote on that paragraph in A/61/83, 6 December 2006, see UN Department ofPublic
Information,GAll 0547, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/gal0547.doc.htm.
86
A/RES/1(I) of 24 January 1946, cited by the Court in para. 101 of the Advisory Opinion.
87
E.g., Resolution 984 of 11April 1995,cited by the Court in para. 103 of the Advisory Opinion, and
Resolution 1887of24 September2009.
88
Resolution 1887,24 September2009, operative para. 5.
89
E.g., Resolution 1887,24 September2009.
9<Final Document of the Tenth Special Session ofthe GeneralAssembly, adopted by A/RES/S-10/2, 30
June 1978,without a vote, para. 20; see also, e.g., paras. 47, 50,
http://www.un.org/disarmament/HomePage/SSOD/ssod4-documents.shtml.The 1978 Special Session
establishedUN disarmamentmachinery in its current form, with the Conference on Disarmament
devotedto negotiations, the Disarmament Commissiondevoted to deliberation, and the First Committee
of the General Assembly devoted to agenda-setting.The Special Session thus was a quasi-constitutional
assembly with respect to disarmament.
19 called on ali States to refrain from tests in accordance with the provisions of the Comprehensive
Nuclear- Test-Ban Treaty, and called on India and Pakistan "immediate! y to stop their nuclear
weapon development programmes, to refrain from weaponization or from the deployrnent of
nuclear weapons, to cease development of ballistic missiles capable of delivering nuclear
91
weapons and any further production of fissile material for nuclear weapons".
C. Good Faith
50. Thal good faith constitutes a "fundamental principle" of international law is
beyond dispute 92 Not only is it a general princip le oflaw for the purposes of Article 38(1)(c) of
93
the Statute of the International Court of Justice and a cardinal principle of the Law of
Treaties,94 it also encapsulates the essence of the Rule of Law in international society 95 and is
one of the Principles of the United Nations.
51. Article 2, paragraph 2 of the UN Charter provides: "Ali Members, in order to
ensure to ali of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership, shall fulfil in good faith
the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter". The Declaration on
Principles of International Law 1970 makes it clear that this duty applies not only to obligations
arising under the Charter but also to those arising "under the generally recognized principles and
rules of international law" and "under international agreements valid under the generally
96
recognized principles and rules of international law".
52. Inthe Nuclear Tests cases, the I.C.J. declared: "One of the basic princip les
governing the creation and performance of legal obligations, whatever their source, is the
principle of good faith. Trust and confidence are inherent in international cooperation, in
916 June 1998,operativeparas. 2, 7.
92See Robert Kolb, La bonnefoi en droit international public: Contribution àl'étudedes principes
générauxde droit, pp. 112-113(20Il).
93Cf The Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex, Second Phase (1930) PCIJ, Series A,
No.24, p.12; see a/sa, JCrawford, Brownlie's Princip/es of Public International Law, Oxford, 8th
edition,2012,pp. 36-37.
94Articles26 and31(1)ofthe 1969ViennaConventiononthe LawofTreaties.
95V. Lowe,InternationalLaw, Oxford,2007,p. 116.
96
DeclarationonPrinciplesoflntemational Law conceming FriendlyRelationsandCooperationamong
StatesinAccordancewiththe CharteroftheUnitedNations,U.N.G.A.Res.2625 (XXV), 24 October
1970.
20 particular in an age when this co-operation in many fields is becoming increasingly essential". 97
53. In the Final Document of the first Special Session on Disarmament, the General
Assembly called upon ali States to meet requirements of good faith, declaring:
In order to create favourable conditions for success in the disarmament process,
ali Statès should strictly abide by the provisions of the Charter of the United
Nations, refrain from actions which might adversely affect efforts in the field of
disarmament, and display a constructive approach ta negotiations and the
98
political will ta reach agreements
54. As set forth above, the customary international law obligation of nuclear
disarmament requires both conduct and result: States must not only negotiate in good faith with
serions efforts to achieve the elimination of nuclear weapons, but must also actually achieve that
result.99
55. The Court has stated that the "princip le of good faith obliges the Parties to apply
10
[a treaty] in a reasonable way and in such a manner that its purpose can be realized". °Conduct
that prevents the fulfilment of a treaty's object and purpose is proscribed. 101Further, conduct that
calls into question a State's commitment to the achievement of agreed objectives undermines the
trust necessary for successful cooperation towards their achievement. Ali of this applies equally
to the obligation to fulfil customary international law obligations in good faith. 102
97
Nuc/ear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, JC.J Reports 1974, p. 253, at p. 268, para. 46
(emphasis added); Nuc/ear Tests (New Zealand v. France), Judgment, id., p. 457, at p. 473, para. 49
(emphasis added).
98Supra, n. 90, para. 41 (emphasis added).
99Supra, para. 39.
10
°Case Concerning the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia), 1997 JC.J Reports, p. 7,
para. 142.
101Report of the InternationalLaw CommissionCovering its !6th Session,727th Meeting, 20 May 1964:
Pursuant to the VCLT Article 26 obligation that every treaty in force must be performed by the parties
in good faith, the duty of the parties is "not onlyto observethe letter of the law but also to abstain from
acts which would inevitably affect their abilityto perform ... "; Antonio Cassese, The Israel-PLO
Agreement and Self-Determination,4 EUR. J. INT'L L. 567 (1993), available at
http://www.ejil.org/journa1Nol4/No4/(whenthere is an obligationof good faith negotiation, "both
Parties are not allowedto (1)advance excuses for not engaging into orpursuing negotiations or (2) to
accomplish acts which would defeat the object and purpose ofthe future treaty"); Judge Mohammed
Bedjaoni, "Good Faith, International Law, andElimination ofNuclear Weapons", Keynote Address, 1
May 2008, http://www.lcnp.org/disarmament/2008MayüleventBedjaoui.pdf, pp. 24-29 (in the NPT
context, good faith proscribes"every initiative the effect ofwhich would be to render impossiblethe
conclusion ofthe contemplateddisarmamenttreaty").
102
See supra, para. 51.
21 IV. OBLIGATIONS BREACHED BY INDIA
56. Part II of this Application has outlined the facts that are relevant for an assessment
of the Respondent's non-compliance with its international obligations with respect to nuclear
disarrnament and the cessation of the nuclear arrns race. Part III has outlined the legal basis for
this case. The conduct of the Respondent will now be analyzed very briefly in light of the
relevant law.
A. Breach of Customary Iuternatioual Law
Nuclear disarmament
57. As set forth above, the Court has provided an authoritative analysis of the
obligation ofnuclear disarrnament. With respect to Article VI of the NPT, it has held that "the
obligation involved here is an obligation to achieve a precise result- nuclear disarrnament in al!
its aspects - by adopting a particular course of conduct, namely, the pursuit of negotiations on the
matter in good faith".103In the dispositifofits Advisory Opinion the Court concluded
unanimously: "There exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion
negotiations leading to nuclear disarrnament in ali its aspects under strict and effective
104
international contro1".
58. Although India expressly supports the commencement ofnuclear disarmament
105
negotiations and participated in the Open-Ended Working Group, it has breached this
obligation of customary international law by engaging in a course of conduct, the quantitative
build-up and qualitative irnprovement of its nuclear forces, contrary to the objective of nuclear
disarrnament. 106
Cessation of the nuelear arms race at an early date
59. The customary international law obligation of cessation of the nuclear arrns race
at an early date is rooted in Article VI of the NPT and resolutions of the General Assembly and
the Security Council and is inherent in the obligation of nuclear disarrnament enunciated by the
Court. The Respondent is failing to comply with this obligation; on the contrary, it is engaged in
ali-out nuclear arrns racing.
103Supra, n. 1,para. 99.
104Id.,para. 105, point2F.
105
See supra, Part II.D.
106
See supra, Part II.
22 60. Its conduct, set forth in Part II of this Application, in quantitatively building up its
nuclear forces, qualitatively improving and diversifying them, and planning and preparing to
maintain them for the indefinite future, is clear evidence ofindia's ongoing breach of the
obligation regarding the cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date.
B. Breach of the Obligation to Perform Its Obligations in Good Faith
61. In the previous Section, the Applicant has submitted that the Respondent has
breached and continues to breach its obligations tmder customary international law regarding
nuclear disarmament and cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date. The Respondent is
especially failing to act in good faith as far as its performanceofthose obligations is concerned.
62. As set forth in Part II of this Application, the Respondent is engaged in the
quantitative build-up, diversification, and qualitative improvement of its nuclear arsenal. This
constitutes vertical nuclear proliferation that clearly conflicts with the Respondent's obligations
ofnuclear disarmament and cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date. It also encourages
other States possessing nuclear weapons to follow suit and may induce non-nuclear-weapon
States to reconsider their non-nuclear posture.
63. The Respondent's plans and policies also manifest an intention to rely on its
nuclear arsenal for decades to come.
64. Inshort, by engaging in conduct that directly conflicts with the obligations of
nuclear disarmament and cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date, the Respondent has
breached and continues to breach its legal duty to perform its obligations under customary
international law in good faith.
23 V. JURISDICTION OF THE COURT
65. In accordance w:iththe provisions of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute,
jurisdiction exists byvirtue of the operation of the Declaration of the Marshall Islands dated 15
March 2013 (and deposited 24 April2013) and the Declaration of the Republic oflndia dated 15
Septernber 1974 (and deposited 18 Septernber 1974), each Declaration w:ithoutpertinent
reservation.
VI. FINAL OBSERVATIONS
66. Pursuant to Article 31 of the Statute of the Court and Article 35, paragraph 1of its
Ru1es,the Applicant will exercise the power conferred by Article 31 of the Statute and choose a
person to sit asjudge ad hoc and willso inforrn the Court in due course.
67. The Applicant reserves the right to rnodify and extend the terrns of this
Application, the grounds invoked and the Remedies requested.
24 REMEDIES
On the basis of the foregoing statement offacts and law, the Republic of the Marshall Islands
requests the Court
to adjudge and declare
a) that India has violated and continues to violate its international obligations under
customary international law, by failing to pursue in good faith and bring to a
conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarrnament in ali its aspects under strict
and effective international control,n particular by engaging a course of conduct, the
quantitative buildup and qualitative improvement of its nuclear forces, contrary to the
objective of nuclear disarmament;
b) that India has violated and continues to violate its international obligations under
customary international law with respect to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an
early date, by taking actions to quantitatively build up its nuclear forces, to
qualitatively improve them, and to maintain them for the indefinite future;
c) that India has failed and continues to fail to perforrn in good faith its obligations
under customary international law by taking actions to quantitatively build up its
nuclear forces, to qualitatively improve them, and to rnaintain them for the indefinite
future; and
d) that India has failed and continues to fail to perforrn in good faith its obligations
under custoinary international law by effectively preventing the great majority of
non-nuclear-weapon States from fulfilling their part of the obligations under
customary international law and Article VI of the NPT with respect to nuclear
disarrnarnent and cessation of the nuclear arros race at an early date.
25In addition, the Republic of the Marshall Islands requests the Court
to order
India to take ali steps necessary to comply with its obligations under customary
international law with respect to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and
nuclear disarmament within one yearJudgment, including the pursuit, by initiation
if necessary, of negotiations in good faith aimed at the conclusion of a convention on
nuclear disarmament in ali its aspects under strict and effective international control.
DATED this24'h of April2014
~~~
Tony A. deBrum Phon van den Biesen
Co-Agentf the Co-Agent of the
Republicf the Marshalllslands
and Minister ofF oreign Affairs of theublic of the Marshall Islands
Republic of the Marshall Islands
26
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
APPLICATION
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
filed in the Registry of the Court
on 24 April 2014
OBLIGATIONS CONCERNING NEGOTIATIONS
RELATING TO CESSATION OF THE NUCLEAR ARMS RACE
AND TO NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT
(MARSHALL ISLANDS v. INDIA)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour
le 24 avril 2014
OBLIGATIONS RELATIVES À DES NÉGOCIATIONS
CONCERNANT LA CESSATION DE LA COURSE AUX ARMES
NUCLÉAIRES ET LE DÉSARMEMENT NUCLÉAIRE
(ÎLES MARSHALL c. INDE)
5 R-ILE_INDE_2.indd 1 7/10/15 13:17
I. LETTER FROM THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
AND CO-AGENT OF THE REPUBLIC
OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS TO THE REGISTRAR
OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
Majuro, 6 April 2014.
I have the honour to submit herewith nine Applications to the Court. In six of
these Applications the Marshall Islands is requesting the Respondent State to consent
to the Court’s jurisdiction for the purposes of this particular case.
All of the Applications are delivered to you on Thursday, 24 April 2014, by our
Co-Agent, Mr. Phon van den Biesen. Attached to this letter are nine letters in
which I make it known to the Court that Mr. van den Biesen has been duly
appointed as Co-Agent for each of these cases.
Each of the nine Applications is submitted to the Court in two original copies.
In addition, 30 paper copies of each Application are provided to the Court as well
as one USB device containing digital copies of each Application. I certify that
these paper copies and the digital versions are true copies of their respective originals.
(Signed) Tony A. deBrum,
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Co-Agent,
Republic of the Marshall Islands.
Appointment Decision
Referring to the duly adopted laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and
the constitutional procedures in place, I herewith decide as follows :
Mr. Phon van den Biesen, Attorney at Law in Amsterdam, the Netherlands at
the offices of van den Biesen Kloostra Advocaten (address: Keizersgracht 253,
1016 EB Amsterdam, [email protected]), is hereby appointed
as Co-Agent of the Republic of the Marshall Islands before the International
Court of Justice in its case against the Republic of India concerning the Application
of Article VI of the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
(NPT) and/or related rules of international law, among them rules of customary
law (the “proceedings”).
Mr. van den Biesen is entitled to submit the Application introducing the proceedings
to the Court and to further represent the Republic of the Marshall Islands
either alone or together with the other Co-Agent, identified below.
Tony A. deBrum is also hereby appointed as Co-Agent in the proceedings.
This decision will be submitted to the Court with the cover letter submitting the
Application.
Majuro, Marshall Islands, 25 March 2014.
(Signed) Tony A. deBrum,
Minister of Foreign Affairs.
2
2014
General List
No. 158
5 R-ILE_INDE_2.indd 2 7/10/15 13:17
I. LETTRE DU MINISTRE DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES
ET COAGENT DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE
DES ÎLES MARSHALL AU GREFFIER
DE LA COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
Majuro, le 6 avril 2014.
Par la présente, j’ai l’honneur de déposer neuf requêtes devant la Cour. Dans six d’entre
elles, les Iles Marshall demandent à l’Etat défendeur visé d’accepter la compétence de la
Cour aux fins de l’affaire.
L’ensemble des requêtes vous sera remis le jeudi 24 avril 2014 par notre coagent,
M. Phon van den Biesen. Vous trouverez, jointes à la présente, neuf lettres dans lesquelles
j’informe la Cour que M. van den Biesen a été dûment désigné comme coagent pour chacune
de ces affaires.
Chacune des neuf requêtes sera déposée à la Cour en deux exemplaires originaux.
Trente exemplaires sur support papier de chacune des requêtes seront également fournis à
la Cour ainsi qu’une clef USB contenant leur version électronique. Je certifie que ces exemplaires
sur support papier et leur version électronique sont conformes à leurs originaux
respectifs.
Le ministre des affaires étrangères et coagent,
République des Iles Marshall,
(Signé) Tony A. deBrum.
Désignation
Me référant aux lois dûment adoptées par la République des Iles Marshall et aux
règles constitutionnelles en vigueur, je désigne par la présente M. Phon van den Biesen,
avocat à Amsterdam, aux Pays‑Bas, au sein du cabinet van den Biesen Kloostra
Advocaten (adresse : Keizersgracht 253, 1016 EB Amsterdam, phonvandenbiesen@
vdbkadvocaten.eu), comme coagent de la République des Iles Marshall
devant la Cour internationale de Justice en l’instance introduite contre la République
de l’Inde concernant l’application de l’article VI du traité sur la non‑prolifération
des armes nucléaires (TNP) et des règles de droit international y afférentes,
dont celles de droit coutumier (ci‑après l’« instance »).
M. van den Biesen est habilité à déposer la requête introductive d’instance
devant la Cour et à continuer de représenter la République des Iles Marshall seul
ou avec l’autre coagent dont le nom est indiqué ci‑dessous.
M. Tony A. deBrum est désigné par la présente comme coagent en l’instance.
La présente décision sera déposée à la Cour en même temps que la lettre de couverture
accompagnant la requête.
Fait à Majuro, Iles Marshall, le 25 mars 2014.
Le ministre des affaires étrangères,
(Signé) Tony A. deBrum.
3
2014
Rôle général
no 158
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II. APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. Introduction and summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
II. Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
A. The five nuclear-weapon States parties to the NPT . . . . . . . . 12
B. The nine States possessing nuclear weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
C. India and the nuclear arms race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1. Early nuclear history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2. India’s current nuclear arsenal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3. Nuclear policy, doctrine and expenditure . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4. Current plans for expansion, improvement and diversification
of India’s nuclear arsenal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
D. India and nuclear disarmament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
III. The Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
A. Article VI of the NPT : An obligation erga omnes . . . . . . . . . 26
B. Customary international law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
C. Good faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
IV. Obligations breached by India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
A. Breach of customary international law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1. Nuclear disarmament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2. Cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date . . . . . . 36
B. Breach of the obligation to perform its obligations in good faith . 36
V. Jurisdiction of the Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
VI. Final observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
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II. REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
[Traduction]
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Page
I. Introduction et résumé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
II. Les faits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
A. Les cinq Etats parties au TNP dotés d’armes nucléaires . . . . . . 13
B. Les neuf Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
C. L’Inde et la course aux armements nucléaires . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1. Débuts en matière d’armement nucléaire . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2. Arsenal nucléaire actuel de l’Inde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3. Politique, doctrine et dépenses de l’Inde en matière d’armements
nucléaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4. Projets actuels visant l’accroissement, l’amélioration et la
diversification de l’arsenal nucléaire indien . . . . . . . . . . . 21
D. L’Inde et le désarmement nucléaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
III. Le droit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
A. L’article VI du TNP : une obligation erga omnes . . . . . . . . . . 27
B. Le droit international coutumier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
C. La bonne foi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
IV. Les obligations dont l’Inde manque de s’acquitter . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
A. Manquement au droit international coutumier . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1. Désarmement nucléaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2. Cessation de la course aux armements nucléaires à une date
rapprochée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
B. Manquement à l’obligation de s’acquitter de bonne foi de ses obligations
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
V. Compétence de la Cour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
VI. Observations finales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Conclusions demandées 39
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I. Introduction and Summary
1. In its Advisory Opinion of 8 July 1996 on the Legality of the Threat or Use of
Nuclear Weapons 1, this Court observed that “[t]he destructive power of nuclear
weapons cannot be contained in either space or time” and that such weapons
“have the potential to destroy all civilization and the entire ecosystem of the
planet” 2. It acknowledged “the unique characteristics of nuclear weapons, and in
particular their destructive capacity, their capacity to cause untold human suffering,
and their ability to cause damage to generations to come” 3. Largely based on
its analysis of Article VI of the 1968 Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons 4 (hereafter “the Treaty” or “the NPT”), the Court unanimously concluded
: “There exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion
negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and
effective international control.” 5
2. This Application is not an attempt to re-open the question of the legality of
nuclear weapons. Rather, the focus of this Application is the failure to fulfil the
obligations of customary international law with respect to cessation of the nuclear
arms race at an early date and nuclear disarmament enshrined in Article VI of the
NPT and declared by the Court.
3. Unless the required negotiations, aimed at reaching the required conclusions,
take place, we shall continue to face the very real prospect of the “devastation that
would be visited upon all mankind by a nuclear war” 6. We shall also continue
to face the possibility, even the likelihood, of nuclear weapons being used by accident,
miscalculation or design 7, and of their proliferation. As Nobel Peace
Laureate
Sir Joseph Rotblat pointed out :
“If some nations — including the most powerful militarily — say that
they need nuclear weapons for their security, then such security cannot be
denied to other countries which really feel insecure. Proliferation of nuclear
weapons is the logical consequence of this nuclear policy.” 8
4. In its Advisory Opinion, the Court observed :
“In the long run, international law, and with it the stability of the international
order which it is intended to govern, are bound to suffer from the
continuing difference of views with regard to the legal status of weapons as
deadly as nuclear weapons.” 9
A coherent legal system cannot countenance its own destruction or that of the
1 Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports
1996 (I), p. 226.
2 Ibid., para. 35.
3 Ibid., para. 36.
4 United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 729, p. 161.
5 See supra note 1, para. 105, point 2F.
6 NPT preamble, 2nd recital.
7 In 1996 Lord Carver, former United Kingdom Chief of the Defence Staff (the professional
head of the United Kingdom’s armed forces and the principal military adviser to the
Secretary of State for Defence and to the United Kingdom Government) stated that “the
indefinite deployment of nuclear weapons carries a high risk of their ultimate use — intentionally,
by accident or inadvertence”. See Hansard, HL Deb, 28 October 1996, Vol. 575,
col. 134.
8 Joseph Rotblat, “Science and Nuclear Weapons : Where Do We Go from Here ?” The
Blackaby Papers, No. 5, December 2004, p. 7.
9 See supra note 1, para. 98.
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I. Introduction et résumé
1. Dans son avis consultatif du 8 juillet 1996 sur la Licéité de la menace ou de
l’emploi d’armes nucléaires 1, la Cour a fait observer que « [l]e pouvoir destructeur des
armes nucléaires ne [pouvait] être endigué ni dans l’espace ni dans le temps » et que ces
armes avaient « le pouvoir de détruire toute civilisation, ainsi que l’écosystème tout
entier de la planète » 2. Elle a reconnu les « caractéristiques uniques de l’arme nucléaire,
et en particulier … sa puissance destructrice, … sa capacité d’infliger des souffrances
indicibles à l’homme, ainsi que … son pouvoir de causer des dommages aux générations
à venir » 3. Se fondant en grande partie sur son analyse de l’article VI du traité sur
la non‑prolifération des armes nucléaires de 1968 4 (ci‑après le « traité » ou le « TNP »),
la Cour a conclu à l’unanimité qu’« [i]l exist[ait] une obligation de poursuivre de bonne
foi et de mener à terme des négociations conduisant au désarmement nucléaire dans
tous ses aspects, sous un contrôle international strict et efficace » 5.
2. La présente requête ne vise pas à rouvrir la question de la licéité des armes
nucléaires, mais concerne en revanche le manquement aux obligations de droit
international coutumier relatives à la cessation de la course aux armements
nucléaires à une date rapprochée et au désarmement nucléaire consacrées par l’article
VI du TNP et réaffirmées par la Cour.
3. Tant que les indispensables négociations visant à parvenir à la conclusion
recherchée n’auront pas eu lieu, nous continuerons d’être confrontés à la perspective
bien réelle des « dévastations qu’une guerre nucléaire ferait subir à l’humanité
entière » 6, ainsi qu’à la possibilité, voire à la probabilité, que des armes nucléaires
soient utilisées par accident, par erreur de calcul ou à dessein 7, et qu’elles prolifèrent.
Comme l’a souligné sir Joseph Rotblat, lauréat du prix Nobel de la Paix :
« Si certaines nations, dont les plus puissantes sur le plan militaire, affirment
qu’elles ont besoin des armes nucléaires pour assurer leur sécurité, alors on ne
saurait refuser cette sécurité aux autres pays qui se sentent réellement en danger.
La prolifération des armes nucléaires est la conséquence logique de cette
politique nucléaire. » 8
4. Dans son avis consultatif, la Cour a fait observer :
« A terme, le droit international et avec lui la stabilité de l’ordre international
qu’il a pour vocation de régir ne peuvent que souffrir des divergences de
vues qui subsistent aujourd’hui quant au statut juridique d’une arme aussi
meurtrière que l’arme nucléaire. » 9
Un système juridique cohérent ne saurait admettre sa propre destruction ou celle
1 Licéité de la menace ou de l’emploi d’armes nucléaires, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil
1996 (I), p. 226.
2 Ibid., par. 35.
3 Ibid., par. 36.
4 Nations Unies, Recueil des traités, vol. 729, p. 161.
5 Voir supra note 1, par. 105, point 2F.
6 TNP, préambule, 2e alinéa.
7 En 1996, lord Carver, ancien chef d’état-major de la défense du Royaume‑Uni (responsable
des forces armées du Royaume‑Uni et conseiller militaire principal du ministre de la
défense et du Gouvernement du Royaume‑Uni), a déclaré que « le déploiement illimité
d’armes nucléaires présent[ait] un risque important que celles‑ci finissent par être utilisées,
que ce soit intentionnellement, par accident ou par inadvertance ». Voir Hansard, débat à la
Chambre des lords, 28 octobre 1996, vol. 575, col. 134.
8 Joseph Rotblat, « Science and Nuclear Weapons : Where Do We Go from Here ? », The
Blackaby Papers, no 5, décembre 2004, p. 7.
9 Voir supra note 1, par. 98.
5 R-ILE_INDE_2.indd 7 7/10/15 13:17
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community whose activities it seeks to regulate 10. That is why fulfilment of the
obligation “to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading
to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international
control” is so important.
5. Equally, a coherent and civilized legal system cannot tolerate unacceptable
harm to humanity. A lawful and sustainable world order is predicated on a
civilizational
right to survival rooted in “the principles of humanity” 11 and
“elementary
considerations of humanity” 12 which help to shape an emerging “law
of humanity” 13, the international law for humankind of which the nuclear
disarmament
obligation is a key element. Yet it is now 68 years since the very first
United Nations General Assembly resolution sought to put in motion the elimination
from national arsenals of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction 14,
almost 45 years since the NPT entered into force and nearly 20 years since
the Court delivered its Advisory Opinion. The long delay in fulfilling the obligations
enshrined in Article VI of the NPT and customary international law constitutes
a flagrant denial of human justice 15.
6. Inspired and guided by these principles and values, this is an Application
instituting proceedings against the Republic of India (“India”), a State possessing
nuclear weapons not party to the NPT. The underlying claims, described in more
10 As B. S. Chimni has stated, “No legal system can confer on any of its members the
right to annihilate the community which engenders it and whose activities it seeks to regulate”.
B. S. Chimni, “Nuclear Weapons and International Law : Some Reflections”, International
Law in Transition : Essays in Memory of Judge Nagendra Singh, 1992, p. 142. Quoted
by Judge Weeramantry in Section V.1 of his dissenting opinion in the Advisory Opinion in
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, see supra note 1, at p. 522 ; see also the
dissenting opinion of Judge Shahabuddeen, ibid., p. 393 :
“Thus, however far-reaching may be the rights conferred by sovereignty, those rights
cannot extend beyond the framework within which sovereignty itself exists ; in
particular, they cannot violate the framework. The framework shuts out the right of a
State to embark on a course of action which would dismantle the basis of the framewo
rk by putting an end to civilization and annihilating mankind.”
11 From the Martens Clause as expressed in Article 1, paragraph 2, of Protocol I 1977
Additional to the Geneva Conventions 1949 :
“In cases not covered by this Protocol or by other international agreements, civilians
and combatants remain under the protection and authority of the principles of international
law derived from established custom, from the principles of humanity and from
the dictates of public conscience.”
12 Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 22.
13 See e.g., the opinion of the Tribunal in the Einsatzgruppen Case (1948) : “[An] evaluation
of international right and wrong, which heretofore existed only in the heart of mankind,
has now been written into the books of men as the law of humanity. This law is not restricted
to events of war. It envisages the protection of humanity at all times”. United States of
America v. Otto Ohlendorf et al., Military Tribunal II, Case No. 9 (1948), in Trials of War
Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10,
Vol. IV, Nuremberg, October 1946-April 1949 (US Government Printing Office, 1950-
872486), p. 497, available at : http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_war-criminals_
Vol-IV.pdf.
14 A/RES/1(I), 24 January 1946.
15 Cf. Judge Cançado Trindade’s remarks in Section XIII of his separate opinion in
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), pp. 544‑548 ; especially at paragraph 145 where he contrasts
“the brief time of human beings (vita brevis) and the often prolonged time of human
justice”.
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9
de la société dont il vise à régir le fonctionnement 10. C’est pourquoi le respect de
l’obligation de « poursuivre de bonne foi et de mener à terme des négociations
conduisant au désarmement nucléaire dans tous ses aspects, sous un contrôle international
strict et efficace », revêt une telle importance.
5. De même, un système juridique cohérent et civilisé ne saurait tolérer que des
dommages inacceptables soient causés à l’humanité. L’existence pérenne d’un ordre
juridique mondial repose sur l’hypothèse qu’il existe un droit de la civilisation à la
survie, ancré dans « les principes de l’humanité » 11 et les « considérations élémentaires
d’humanité » 12, lesquels contribuent à forger le « droit de l’humanité » 13, ce
droit international en devenir destiné à toute l’humanité, dont l’obligation de procéder
à un désarmement nucléaire constitue un élément fondamental. Or,
soixante‑huit ans se sont écoulés depuis que l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies
a cherché, avec sa toute première résolution, à lancer le processus visant à éliminer
des arsenaux nationaux les armes nucléaires et autres armes de destruction massive
14, et près de quarante‑cinq et respectivement vingt ans depuis que le TNP est
entré en vigueur et que la Cour a rendu son avis consultatif. Le long retard pris
relativement au respect des obligations prévues par l’article VI du TNP et par le
droit international coutumier constitue un déni flagrant de justice des hommes 15.
6. Inspirée et guidée par ces principes et valeurs, la présente requête introduit
une instance contre la République de l’Inde (ci-après « l’Inde »), Etat doté d’armes
nucléaires non partie au TNP. Les demandes qui suivent sont reprises et détaillées
10 Pour reprendre les propos de B. S. Chimni, « [a]ucun système juridique ne peut conférer à
l’un quelconque de ses membres le droit d’anéantir la société dont il est l’émanation et dont il
vise à réglementer le fonctionnement ». B. S. Chimni, « Nuclear Weapons and International
Law : Some Reflections », International Law in Transition : Essays in Memory of Judge Nagendra
Singh, 1992, p. 142. Cité par M. le juge Weeramantry à la section V.1 de l’opinion dissidente
qu’il a jointe à l’avis consultatif sur la Licéité de la menace ou de l’emploi d’armes nucléaires, voir
supra note 1, p. 522 ; voir aussi l’opinion dissidente de M. le juge Shahabuddeen, ibid., p. 393 :
« Ainsi donc, si étendus que puissent être les droits découlant de la souveraineté, ces
droits ne peuvent aller au-delà du cadre dans lequel la souveraineté elle-même existe ; en
particulier, ils ne peuvent violer ledit cadre. Celui-ci exclut qu’un Etat puisse avoir le
droit d’entreprendre une action qui démantèlerait la base du cadre en anéantissant la
civ ilisation et l’humanité. »
11 Expression tirée de la clause de Martens telle qu’énoncée au paragraphe 2 de l’article
premier du Protocole additionnel I de 1977 aux conventions de Genève de 1949 :
« Dans les cas non prévus par le présent Protocole ou par d’autres accords internationaux,
les personnes civiles et les combattants restent sous la sauvegarde et sous l’empire
des principes du droit des gens, tels qu’ils résultent des usages établis, des principes de
l’hu manité et des exigences de la conscience publique. »
12 Détroit de Corfou (Royaume-Uni c. Albanie), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1949, p. 22.
13 Voir, par exemple, l’opinion du Tribunal de Nuremberg dans l’affaire des Einsatzgruppen
(1948) : « [Une] évaluation du bien et du mal au niveau international, qui n’existait jusqu’ici
que dans le coeur des hommes, est désormais inscrite dans leurs livres en tant que droit de
l’humanité. Ce droit ne se limite pas aux actes de guerre, mais a pour objet de protéger l’humanité
en toutes circonstances. » Etats‑Unis d’Amérique c. Otto Ohlendorf et consorts, Tribunal
militaire II, affaire no 9 (1948), dans Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military
Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, vol. IV, Nuremberg, octobre 1946-avril 1949
(US Government Printing Office, 1950-872486), p. 497, peut être consulté à l’adresse suivante :
http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_war-criminals_Vol-IV.pdf.
14 A/RES/1(I), 24 janvier 1946.
15 Voir les observations faites par M. le juge Cançado Trindade dans l’opinion individuelle
qu’il a jointe à l’arrêt en l’affaire relative à des Questions concernant l’obligation de
poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 544‑548, en
particulier au paragraphe 145, où il oppose « le temps compté des êtres humains (vita brevis)
et le temps souvent long de la justice des hommes ».
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10
detail herein, are that India is : (i) in continuing breach of its obligations under
customary international law, including specifically its obligation to pursue in good
faith negotiations to cease the nuclear arms race at an early date, as well as to pursue
in good faith negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects
under strict and effective international control ; and (ii) in continuing breach of its
obligation to perform its international legal obligations in good faith.
7. The Applicant herein is the Republic of the Marshall Islands (the “Marshall
Islands” or “RMI”). The Applicant is a non-nuclear-weapon State (“NNWS”)
party to the NPT. The Marshall Islands acceded to the Treaty as a party on
30 January
1995, and has continued to be a party to it since that time.
8. While cessation of the nuclear arms race and nuclear disarmament are vitally
important objectives for the entire international community, the Marshall Islands
has a particular awareness of the dire consequences of nuclear weapons. The Marshall
Islands was the location of repeated nuclear weapons testing from 1946 to
1958, during the time that the international community had placed it under the
trusteeship of the United States 16. During those 12 years, 67 nuclear weapons of
varying explosive power were detonated in the Marshall Islands, at varying distances
from human population 17. According to the 3 September 2012 Report of
Calin Georgescu, a Special Rapporteur to the United Nations Human Rights
Council, the devastating adverse impact on the Marshall Islands of those nuclear
substances and wastes continues to this day 18. The Special Rapporteur concludes
that “the harm suffered by the Marshallese people has resulted in an increased
global understanding of the movement of radionuclides through marine and terrestrial
environments”, and urges the international community to “learn from the
Marshallese experience with nuclear contamination, particularly the . . . understanding
of the relationship between radioiodine and thyroid cancer” 19.
9. With regard to the RMI’s interest in bringing this Application to the Court,
the following should be added. It is well known that over recent years the RMI has
been preoccupied with combating the extremely harmful consequences that the
effects of climate change have for its very survival. While focusing on the problem
of climate change, the RMI has come to realize that it cannot ignore the other
major threat to its survival : the ongoing threat posed by the existence of large
arsenals of nuclear weapons the use of which, according to the Court, “seems
scarcely reconcilable with respect for . . . requirements [of the principles and rules
of law applicable in armed conflict]” 20. It is obvious that the RMI’s participation
in the common struggle against climate change needs to lead to firm commitments
by all States, which commitments must include not only moral, but also legal obligations
aimed at realizing concrete, clear-cut goals in order to remove the threat of
devastation caused by continued reliance on the use of fossil fuel energy sources. It
is from this perspective of striving to reach agreement on such commitments in the
struggle against climate change that the RMI has concluded that it is no longer
acceptable simply to be a party to the NPT while total nuclear disarmament pursuant
to Article VI and customary international law remains at best a distant pros-
16 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the implications for human rights of the environmentally
sound management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, Calin Georgescu
; Addendum, Mission to the Marshall Islands (27-30 March 2012) and the United
States of America (24-27 April 2012), 3 September 2012, doc. A/HRC/21/48/Add.1.
17 Ibid., paras. 1-18.
18 Ibid., para. 19.
19 Ibid., para. 66 (b).
20 See supra note 1, para. 95.
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plus avant dans la requête : l’Inde : i) manque de manière continue aux obligations
qui lui incombent en vertu du droit international coutumier, en particulier à celle
de mener de bonne foi des négociations devant, d’une part, mettre fin à une date
rapprochée à la course aux armements nucléaires et, d’autre part, déboucher sur
un désarmement nucléaire dans tous ses aspects effectué sous un contrôle international
strict et efficace ; et ii) manque de manière continue à son obligation de s’acquitter
de bonne foi de ses obligations juridiques internationales.
7. Le demandeur à la présente est la République des Iles Marshall (ci‑après les
« Iles Marshall »), Etat partie au TNP non doté d’armes nucléaires. Les Iles Marshall
sont devenues partie au traité par voie d’adhésion le 30 janvier 1995 et n’ont
cessé de l’être depuis lors.
8. Si la cessation de la course aux armements nucléaires et le désarmement
nucléaire constituent des objectifs d’une importance vitale pour la communauté
internationale dans son ensemble, les Iles Marshall sont particulièrement sensibilisées
aux effets désastreux des armes nucléaires. De 1946 à 1958, période pendant
laquelle la communauté internationale les avait placées sous la tutelle des Etats‑Unis
d’Amérique (ci‑après les « Etats‑Unis »), elles ont en effet été à plusieurs reprises le
théâtre d’essais nucléaires 16. Au cours de ces douze années, soixante-sept armes
nucléaires de différentes puissances ont explosé dans les Iles Marshall, à distance
variable de populations humaines 17. Selon le rapport du 3 septembre 2012 établi par
Calin Georgescu, rapporteur spécial au Conseil des droits de l’homme des
Nations Unies, l’effet dévastateur pour les Iles Marshall de ces substances et déchets
nucléaires se fait encore sentir aujourd’hui 18. Le rapporteur spécial conclut que « les
dommages subis par la population marshallaise ont permis de mieux comprendre, au
niveau mondial, le cheminement des radionucléides dans les environnements marin
et terrestre » et prie instamment la communauté internationale de « tirer les leçons de
l’expérience vécue par les Iles Marshall en matière de contamination nucléaire, et en
particulier … des liens entre l’iode radioactif et le cancer de la thyroïde » 19.
9. S’agissant de l’intérêt de la République des Iles Marshall à introduire la présente
requête devant la Cour, il convient d’ajouter ce qui suit. Il est de notoriété publique
que, ces dernières années, la République des Iles Marshall a cherché à combattre les
conséquences extrêmement néfastes des effets du changement climatique, qui vont
jusqu’à mettre en danger sa survie. En se concentrant sur ce problème, elle a pris
conscience qu’elle ne pouvait ignorer l’autre grande menace que font peser sur sa
survie les vastes arsenaux nucléaires qui subsistent encore aujourd’hui et dont la Cour
a jugé que l’utilisation n’était « guère conciliable avec le respect [des] exigences … [relatives
aux principes et règles du droit applicable dans les conflits armés] » 20. La participation
de la République des Iles Marshall à la lutte commune contre le changement
climatique doit de toute évidence conduire à ce que tous les Etats prennent des engagements
fermes, parmi lesquels doivent figurer des obligations non seulement morales
mais aussi juridiques visant à atteindre des objectifs concrets clairement définis afin
d’éliminer la menace d’une dévastation causée par la poursuite de l’utilisation de
sources d’énergie fondées sur des combustibles fossiles. C’est dans le contexte de la
recherche d’un accord sur de tels engagements visant à lutter contre le changement
climatique que la République des Iles Marshall est parvenue à la conclusion qu’elle ne
16 Rapport du rapporteur spécial sur les incidences sur les droits de l’homme de la gestion
et de l’élimination écologiquement rationnelles des produits et déchets dangereux, Calin
Georgescu ; additif, mission dans les Iles Marshall (27‑30 mars 2012) et aux Etats-Unis
d’Amérique (24-27 avril 2012), 3 septembre 2012, doc. A/HRC/21/48/Add.l.
17 Ibid., par. 1-18.
18 Ibid., par. 19.
19 Ibid., par. 66 b).
20 Voir supra note 1, par. 95.
5 R-ILE_INDE_2.indd 11 7/10/15 13:17
12
pect. This Application seeks to ensure that India fulfils in good faith and in a timely
manner all its legal obligations in relation to cessation of the nuclear arms race and
to nuclear disarmament.
10. One of the reasons why the RMI became a party to the NPT is that this
Treaty is the key instrument of the international community for ridding the world
of nuclear weapons 21. Article VI of the Treaty states, in its entirety, as follows :
“Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in
good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race
at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and
complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.” 22
11. As previously stated, the Court concluded its Advisory Opinion of
8 July 1996 by unanimously holding that “[t]here exists an obligation to pursue in
good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament
in all its aspects under strict and effective international control” 23.
12. More than four decades after the NPT entered into force, India has not
joined the Treaty as a non-nuclear-weapon State, and instead has tested nuclear
weapons and acquired a nuclear arsenal which it is maintaining, improving, diversifying,
and expanding.
13. India has not fulfilled its obligation under customary international law to
pursue in good faith negotiations to cease the nuclear arms race at an early date,
and instead is taking actions to improve and expand its nuclear forces and to maintain
them for the indefinite future.
14. Similarly, India has not fulfilled its obligation under customary international
law to pursue in good faith negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in
all its aspects under strict and effective international control, in particular by
engaging a course of conduct, the quantitative build‑up and qualitative improvement
of its nuclear forces, contrary to the objective of nuclear disarmament.
15. Further, the obligation of a State to perform its legal obligations in good
faith, whether arising under a treaty or pursuant to customary international law, is
itself a legal obligation that India has breached.
II. Facts
A. The Five Nuclear-Weapon States Parties to the NPT
16. The United States was the first country in the world to develop and test
nuclear weapons. The United States used nuclear weapons in warfare on the Japa-
21 At the United Nations High-Level Meeting on Nuclear Disarmament, 26 September
2013, Hon. Mr. Phillip Muller, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Republic of the Marshall
Islands, stated that the RMI’s “deeper purpose” is “that no nation and people should ever
have to bear witness to the burden of exposure to the devastating impacts of nuclear
weapons”, http://www.un.org/en/ga/68/meetings/nucleardisarmament/pdf/MH_en.pdf.
22 See supra note 4.
23 See supra note 1, para. 105, point 2F.
5 R-ILE_INDE_2.indd 12 7/10/15 13:17
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pouvait plus se contenter d’être partie au TNP, alors que le désarmement nucléaire
total, en application de l’article VI et du droit international coutumier, reste au mieux
une perspective lointaine. La présente requête vise à faire en sorte que l’Inde s’acquitte
de bonne foi et dans un délai raisonnable de toutes ses obligations juridiques concernant
la cessation de la course aux armements nucléaires et le désarmement nucléaire.
10. L’une des raisons pour lesquelles la République des Iles Marshall est devenue
partie au TNP tient au fait que ce traité constitue le principal instrument mis
au point par la communauté internationale dans le but de débarrasser le monde
des armes nucléaires 21. Le libellé complet de l’article VI du traité est le suivant :
« Chacune des Parties au Traité s’engage à poursuivre de bonne foi des
négociations sur des mesures efficaces relatives à la cessation de la course aux
armements nucléaires à une date rapprochée et au désarmement nucléaire, et
sur un traité de désarmement général et complet sous un contrôle international
strict et efficace. » 22
11. Comme indiqué précédemment, la Cour, dans son avis consultatif du 8 juillet
1996, a unanimement conclu qu’« [i]l exist[ait] une obligation de poursuivre
de bonne foi et de mener à terme des négociations conduisant au désarmement
nucléaire dans tous ses aspects, sous un contrôle international strict et efficace » 23.
12. Plus de quarante ans après l’entrée en vigueur du TNP, l’Inde n’est toujours
pas devenue partie au traité en qualité d’Etat non doté d’armes nucléaires. En
revanche, elle a procédé à des essais nucléaires et s’est équipée, dans ce domaine,
d’un arsenal qu’elle conserve, améliore, diversifie et accroît.
13. L’Inde, au lieu de s’acquitter de l’obligation que lui impose le droit international
coutumier de poursuivre de bonne foi des négociations pour mettre fin à la
course aux armements nucléaires à une date rapprochée, cherche à améliorer et à
accroître ses forces nucléaires et à les conserver pour une durée illimitée.
14. De même, l’Inde a manqué de s’acquitter de l’obligation que lui impose le
droit international coutumier de poursuivre de bonne foi des négociations conduisant
à un désarmement nucléaire dans tous ses aspects effectué sous un contrôle
international strict et efficace, et ce, en particulier, en adoptant une ligne de
conduite qui, en visant à accroître et à améliorer ses forces nucléaires, est contraire
à l’objectif du désarmement nucléaire.
15. Par ailleurs, l’obligation qui incombe à tout Etat de se conformer de bonne
foi à ses obligations juridiques, qu’elles découlent d’un traité ou relèvent du droit
international coutumier, constitue elle‑même une obligation juridique, obligation
à laquelle l’Inde a manqué.
II. Les faits
A. Les cinq Etats parties au TNP dotés d’armes nucléaires
16. Les Etats‑Unis ont été les premiers à mettre au point des armes nucléaires et
à les soumettre à des essais. Ils ont ensuite utilisé ces armes en temps de guerre
21 Lors de la réunion de haut niveau des Nations Unies sur le désarmement nucléaire
tenue le 26 septembre 2013, M. Phillip Muller, ministre des affaires étrangères de la République
des Iles Marshall, a déclaré que l’« objectif ultime » des Iles Marshall consistait à faire
en sorte « qu’aucune nation ou population ne doive jamais témoigner du fardeau représenté
par une exposition aux impacts dévastateurs d’armes nucléaires » ; http://www.un.org/en/
ga/68/meetings/nucleardisarmament/pdf/MH_en.pdf.
22 Voir supra note 4.
23 Voir supra note 1, par. 105, point 2F.
5 R-ILE_INDE_2.indd 13 7/10/15 13:17
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nese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August 1945 and 9 August 1945
respectively. The United States was the sole possessor of nuclear weapons in the
world until the Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon on 29 August 1949. In
1952, the United Kingdom tested its first nuclear weapon. In 1960, France tested
its first nuclear weapon. In 1964, China tested its first nuclear weapon.
17. In the 1960s, negotiations eventuated in agreement on the Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty. The United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France and
China, all parties to the NPT, are the only States meeting the Treaty’s definition of
a “nuclear-weapon State” for “the purposes of this Treaty” 24.
18. The Treaty was opened for signature on 1 July 1968, and entered into force
on 5 March 1970.
B. The Nine States Possessing Nuclear Weapons
19. In addition to the five NPT nuclear-weapon States, four non-NPT States are
known to possess nuclear weapons : India, Pakistan, Israel and the Democratic
People’s Republic of Korea (“DPRK”) 25.
20. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
(“SIPRI”), the individual and collective world nuclear forces as of January 2013,
were as follows :
World Nuclear Forces, January 2013 26
(All figures are approximate)
Country
Year
of first
nuclear test
Deployed
Warheads a
Other
Warheads b
Total
Inventory
United States 1945 2,150 c 5,550 ~ 7,700 d
Russia 1949 ~ 1,800 6,700 e ~ 8,500 f
United Kingdom 1952 160 65 225
France 1960 ~ 290 ~ 10 ~300
China 1964 ~ 250 ~250
India 1974 90-110 90-110
Pakistan 1998 100-120 100-120
Israel ~80 ~ 80
North Korea 2006 6-8?
Total ~ 4,400 ~ 12,865 ~ 17,270
a “Deployed” means warheads placed on missiles or located on bases with operational
forces.
b These are warheads in reserve, awaiting dismantlement or that require some preparation
(e.g., assembly or loading on launchers) before they become fully operationally available.
24 Article IX.3 of the NPT provides : “For the purposes of this Treaty, a nuclear-weapon
State is one which has manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive
device prior to 1 January 1967.”
25 See infra note 81.
26 See Shannon N. Kile, “World Nuclear Forces”, SIPRI Yearbook 2013, Oxford
University
Press, 2013. The question mark (?) against North Korea’s total inventory is in
the original.
5 R-ILE_INDE_2.indd 14 7/10/15 13:17
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dans les villes japonaises de Hiroshima et de Nagasaki, respectivement les 6 et
9 août 1945. Il s’agissait du seul pays au monde à posséder de telles armes avant
que l’Union soviétique ne procède à un essai de sa première arme nucléaire, le
29 août 1949, suivie par le Royaume‑Uni en 1952, la France en 1960 et la Chine
en 1964.
17. Dans les années soixante, des négociations ont abouti à un accord concernant
un traité sur la non‑prolifération des armes nucléaires. La Chine, les
Etats‑Unis, la France, le Royaume‑Uni et la Russie, qui sont tous parties au TNP,
constituent les seuls Etats répondant à la définition donnée dans celui‑ci d’un
« Etat doté d’armes nucléaires » aux « fins du … Traité » 24.
18. Le traité a été ouvert à la signature le 1er juillet 1968 et est entré en vigueur
le 5 mars 1970.
B. Les neuf Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires
19. Outre les cinq Etats parties au TNP dotés d’armes nucléaires, il est avéré que
quatre Etats qui n’y sont pas parties possèdent l’arme nucléaire : l’Inde, le Pakistan,
Israël et la République populaire démocratique de Corée (ci‑après la
« RPDC ») 25.
20. Selon l’Institut international de recherche pour la paix de Stockholm (ciaprès
le « SIPRI »), en janvier 2013, l’arsenal nucléaire mondial, pris individuellement
et collectivement, se présentait comme suit :
Forces nucléaires mondiales, janvier 2013 26
(tous les chiffres sont approximatifs)
Pays
Année
du premier
essai nucléaire
Ogives
déployées a
Autres
ogives b
Inventaire
total
Etats-Unis 1945 2 150 c 5 550 ~ 7 700 d
Russie 1949 ~ 1 800 6 700 e ~ 8 500 f
Royaume-Uni 1952 160 65 225
France 1960 ~ 290 ~ 10 ~ 300
Chine 1964 ~ 250 ~ 250
Inde 1974 90-110 90-110
Pakistan 1998 100-120 100-120
Israël ~ 80 ~80
Corée du Nord 2006 6-8 ?
Total ~ 4 400 ~ 12 865 ~ 17 270
a Par « déployées », on entend des ogives embarquées sur des missiles ou situées dans des
bases dotées de forces opérationnelles.
b Ogives de réserve, en attente de démantèlement ou nécessitant une certaine préparation
(montage ou chargement sur des lanceurs, etc.) pour être entièrement opérationnelles.
24 Le paragraphe 3 de l’article IX du TNP dispose que, « [a]ux fins du présent Traité, un
Etat doté d’armes nucléaires est un Etat qui a fabriqué et … fait exploser une arme nucléaire
ou un autre dispositif nucléaire explosif avant le 1er janvier 1967 ».
25 Voir infra note 81.
26 Voir Shannon N. Kile, « World Nuclear Forces », Annuaire 2013 du SIPRI, Oxford
University Press, 2013. Le point d’interrogation (?) concernant l’inventaire total de la Corée
du Nord figure dans l’original.
5 R-ILE_INDE_2.indd 15 7/10/15 13:17
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c In addition to strategic warheads, this figure includes nearly 200 non-strategic (tactical)
nuclear weapons deployed in Europe.
d This figure includes the United States Department of Defense nuclear stockpile of
c. 4,650 warheads and another c. 3,000 retired warheads that are awaiting dismantlement.
e This figure includes c. 700 warheads for nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines
(SSBNs) in overhaul and bombers, 2,000 non-strategic nuclear weapons for use by shortrange
naval, air force and air defence forces, and c. 4,000 retired warheads awaiting dismantlement.
f This includes a military stockpile of c. 4,500 nuclear warheads and another c. 4,000
retired warheads await dismantlement.
C. India and the Nuclear Arms Race
1. Early nuclear history
21. Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri authorized limited movement
toward a nuclear weapons programme following the nuclear explosive test conducted
by China in 1964 27. India conducted its first test in 1974 when it exploded a
plutonium fission device 28 in what it described as a “peaceful nuclear explosion
experiment” 29. At the time of that test the Atomic Energy Commission of India
stated that “India had no intention of producing nuclear weapons” 30. By 1986-
1988, India is believed to have had nuclear bombs deliverable by aircraft 31.
22. In 1998, India conducted five nuclear weapon test explosions, of various
types, including thermonuclear 32. India has conducted no further tests.
2. India’s current nuclear arsenal
23. As of 2013, India was estimated to have 90-110 nuclear warheads 33. The
operational delivery systems reportedly are two intermediate range aircraft, the
Mirage 2000 H and Jaguar IS/IB, and two short or intermediate range land based
27 See Rajesh M. Basrur, “Indian Perspectives on the Global Elimination of Nuclear
Weapons”, in Barry M. Blechman and Alexander K. Bollfrass (eds.), National Perspectives
on Nuclear Disarmament, Washington, Henry L. Stimson Center, 2010, pp. 60‑61.
28 See Timothy McDonnell, “Nuclear Pursuits : Non-P-5 Nuclear-Armed States, 2013”,
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Nuclear Notebook, Vol. 69 (1), 2013 (hereafter “McDonnell”),
pp. 64 and 67, http://bos.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/69/1/62.
29 Report of the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament, 29th session (A/9627),
New York, 1975, p. 8, https://disarmament‑library.un.org/UNODA/Library.nsf/6dc03c1297fa
943485257775005b138c/6d913cb85a9acfdd85257833006db095/$FILE/A-9627.pdf.
30 Ibid.
31 See McDonnell, op. cit. supra note 28.
32 M. V. Ramana, “India”, in Ray Acheson (ed.), Assuring Destruction Forever : Nuclear
Weapon Modernization around the World (Reaching Critical Will : A Project of the Women’s
International League for Peace and Freedom, 2012) (hereafter “Ramana”), p. 34, http://
www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Publications/modernizatio…-
forever.pdf ; cf. McDonnell, op. cit. supra note 28, at pp. 65 and 67.
33 See Shannon N. Kile, Phillip Schell and Hans M. Kristensen, “World Nuclear Forces”,
Chap. VI, Indian Nuclear Forces, 2013, http://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2013/06 ; see also
infra note 34.
5 R-ILE_INDE_2.indd 16 7/10/15 13:17
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c Outre les ogives stratégiques, ce chiffre comprend près de 200 armes nucléaires non
stratégiques (tactiques) déployées en Europe.
d Ce chiffre comprend l’arsenal nucléaire du ministère de la défense des Etats‑Unis, soit
environ 4 650 ogives opérationnelles, et quelque 3 000 ogives déclassées en attente de démantèlement.
e Ce chiffre comprend environ 700 ogives destinées à des sous‑marins nucléaires lanceurs
d’engins (SNLE) en révision et à des bombardiers, 2 000 armes nucléaires non stratégiques
destinées aux forces navales, aériennes et de défense aérienne à courte portée, et quelque
4 000 ogives déclassées en attente de démantèlement.
f Ce chiffre comprend un arsenal militaire composé d’environ 4 500 ogives nucléaires
opérationnelles et de quelque 4 000 ogives déclassées en attente de démantèlement.
C. L’Inde et la course aux armements nucléaires
1. Débuts en matière d’armement nucléaire
21. C’est à la suite de la première explosion nucléaire expérimentale chinoise
en 1964 que le premier ministre indien de l’époque, M. Lal Bahadur Shastri, donna
son autorisation pour que son pays fasse un premier pas en direction d’un programme
d’armement nucléaire 27. L’Inde effectua son premier essai en 1974,
lorsqu’elle fit exploser un engin composé de plutonium fissile 28, à l’occasion de ce
qu’elle décrivit comme une « explosion nucléaire expérimentale … à des fins pacifiques
» 29. A l’époque, la commission indienne de l’énergie atomique avait fait
savoir que « l’Inde n’avait pas l’intention de fabriquer des armes nucléaires » 30.
L’Inde est considérée comme possédant des bombes nucléaires pouvant être larguées
par avion 31 depuis 1986‑1988.
22. En 1998, l’Inde a procédé à cinq explosions expérimentales d’armes
nucléaires de différents types, y compris thermonucléaires 32. Elle n’a effectué
aucun autre essai depuis.
2. Arsenal nucléaire actuel de l’Inde
23. En 2013, l’Inde était considérée comme disposant de 90 à 110 ogives
nucléaires 33. Les systèmes de vecteurs opérationnels seraient constitués par
deux avions de portée intermédiaire, le Mirage 2000 H et le Jaguar IS/IB, et deux
27 Voir Rajesh M. Basrur, « Indian Perspectives on the Global Elimination of Nuclear
Weapons », dans Barry M. Blechman et Alexander K. Bollfrass (dir. publ.), National Perspectives
on Nuclear Disarmament, Washington, Henry L. Stimson Center, 2010, p. 60‑61.
28 Voir Timothy McDonnell, « Nuclear Pursuits : Non‑P‑5 Nuclear‑Armed States, 2013 »,
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Nuclear Notebook, vol. 69-1 (2013) (ci‑après « McDonnell
»), p. 64 et 67, http://bos.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/69/1/62.
29 Rapport de la Conférence du comité du désarmement, vingt‑neuvième session
(A/9627), New York, 1975, p. 8, https://disarmament‑library.un.org/UNODA/Library.nsf/6d
c03c1297fa943485257775005b138c/6d913cb85a9acfdd85257833006db095/$FILE/A-9627.pdf.
30 Ibid.
31 Voir McDonnell, op. cit. supra note 28.
32 M. V. Ramana, « India », dans Ray Acheson (dir. publ.), Assuring Destruction Forever :
Nuclear Weapon Modernization around the World (Reaching Critical Will : A Project of the
Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, 2012) (ci‑après « Ramana »), p. 34,
http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Publications/moder…
assuring-destructionforever.
pdf ; voir aussi McDonnell, op. cit. supra note 28, p. 65 et 67.
33 Voir Shannon N. Kile, Phillip Schell et Hans M. Kristensen, « World Nuclear Forces »,
chap. VI, Indian Nuclear Forces, 2013, peut être consulté à l’adresse suivante : http://www.
sipri.org/yearbook/2013/06 ; voir aussi infra note 34.
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ballistic missiles, Prithvi I and Agni I 34. It is reported that India’s warheads are not
deployed, but are instead in central storage 35.
3. Nuclear policy, doctrine and expenditure
24. India has stated : “Nuclear weapons are an integral part of our national
security and will remain so, pending the global elimination of all nuclear weapons
on a universal, non‑discriminatory basis.” 36
25. According to a 2003 statement of the Government of India concerning a
cabinet committee review of nuclear doctrine, “nuclear weapons will only be used
in retaliation against a nuclear attack on Indian territory or on Indian forces anywhere”,
and such “retaliation to a first strike will be massive and designed to inflict
unacceptable damage” 37. The statement also says : “However, in the event of a
major attack against India, or Indian forces anywhere, by biological or chemical
weapons, India will retain the option of retaliating with nuclear weapons.” 38
26. Regarding the 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT),
India is one of the 44 Annex II countries that must ratify the Treaty for it to enter
into force 39. India has not signed or ratified the CTBT, and has given no clear
signals that it intends to do so 40. When the CTBT was adopted in September 1996,
India objected strongly that the Treaty is “unequal” and perpetuates the “existing
34 See Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S. Norris, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, India
Nuclear Forces, 2012 (hereafter “Kristensen and Norris”), p. 100, http://bos.sagepub.com/
content/68/4/96.full.pdf+html ; Ramana, op. cit. supra note 32, pp. 35‑36. The Mirage 2000H
aircraft has a range of 1,800 km ; the Jaguar IS/IB, 1,600. The Prithvi I missile has a range
of 150 km ; the Agni I 700 plus. These analysts note that other aircraft and missiles, e.g.,
Agni II with a range of 2,000 km, may be capable of delivering nuclear warheads.
35 FAS, “Status of World Nuclear Forces 2013”, https://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/
nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html.
36 Conference on Disarmament, CD/PV.1139, Final record of the 1139th plenary meeting
on 29 May 2009, p. 8, https://disarmament-library.un.org/UNODA/Library.nsf/a61ff5819c4
381ee85256bc70068fa14/fc4bbebce96dc99c85257678005353ed/$FILE/CD-PV1139.pdf.
37 “The Cabinet Committee on Security Reviews Operationalization of India’s Nuclear
Doctrine”, Indian Government Statement, New Delhi, 4 January 2003, http://www.acronym.
org.uk/docs/0301/doc06.htm.
38 Ibid. The committee reportedly adopted a 1996 draft report on nuclear doctrine by the
National Security Advisory Board, available at http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/
doctrine/990817-indnucld.htm. However, the reservation of an option for a nuclear response
to a biological or chemical attack is not explicitly stated in the draft report. The report had
retained flexibility in that and other respects by stating that “the fundamental purpose”, and
therefore perhaps not the only purpose, “of Indian nuclear weapons is to deter the use and
threat of use of nuclear weapons by any State or entity against India and its forces”.
39 Per Article XIV.
40 See Eloise Watson, “The CTBT : Obstacles to Entry into Force” (New York : Reaching
Critical Will : A Project of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, Sep-tember
2012), pp. 11‑13, http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Publications/ctbt-
obstacles.pdf ; Liviu Horovitz and Robert Golan-Vilella, “Comprehensive Nuclear-
Test-Ban Treaty : How the Dominoes Might Fall After US Ratification”, 17 The Nonproliferation
Review (No. 2, July 2010), pp. 246‑248.
5 R-ILE_INDE_2.indd 18 7/10/15 13:17
19
missiles balistiques à lanceur terrestre de courte portée ou de portée intermédiaire,
le Prithvi I et l’Agni I 34. Selon certaines sources, les ogives de l’Inde ne seraient pas
déployées mais se trouveraient stockées dans des entrepôts centraux 35.
3. Politique, doctrine et dépenses de l’Inde en matière d’armements nucléaires
24. L’Inde a déclaré que « [l]es armes nucléaires f[aisaie]nt partie intégrante de
[sa] sécurité nationale et le rester[aie]nt tant que les armes nucléaires n’aur[aie]nt
pas été globalement éliminées sur une base universelle et non discriminatoire » 36.
25. Dans une déclaration de 2003 concernant l’examen de la doctrine nucléaire
par un comité interministériel, le Gouvernement indien a fait savoir que « les armes
nucléaires ne ser[aie]nt utilisées qu’en représailles contre une attaque nucléaire lancée
sur le territoire indien ou sur les forces militaires indiennes quelle que [fût] leur
position dans le monde », et que ces « représailles à une première attaque ser[aie]nt
massives et viser[aie]nt à infliger des dommages inacceptables » 37. Il poursuivait
ainsi : « [c]ependant, si l’Inde ou ses forces militaires, quelle que [fût] leur position
dans le monde, subi[ssaient] une attaque biologique ou chimique majeure, l’Inde
répliquera[it] à l’aide d’armes nucléaires » 38.
26. S’agissant du traité d’interdiction complète des essais nucléaires (ci‑après le
« TICEN ») de 1996, l’Inde figure parmi les 44 pays mentionnés à l’annexe II
qui doivent ratifier le traité pour que celui‑ci entre en vigueur 39. Or l’Inde n’a ni
signé ni ratifié le TICEN, et n’a jamais donné clairement à entendre que telle
serait son intention 40. Lorsque le traité a été conclu, en septembre 1996, l’Inde a
34 Voir Hans M. Kristensen et Robert S. Norris, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, India
Nuclear Forces, 2012 (ci‑après « Kristensen et Norris »), p. 100, peut être consulté à l’adresse
suivante : http://bos.sagepub.com/content/68/4/96.full.pdf+html ; Ramana, op. cit. supra
note 32, p. 35‑36. Le Mirage 2000 H a une portée de 1 800 km et le Jaguar IS/IB, une portée
de 1 600 km. Le missile Prithvi I a une portée de 150 km et celle de l’Agni I est de plus de
700 km. Ces analystes font observer que d’autres avions et missiles, comme l’Agni II, dont
la portée est de 2 000 km, peuvent transporter des ogives nucléaires.
35 FAS, « Status of World Nuclear Forces 2013 », peut être consulté à l’adresse suivante :
https://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html.
36 Conférence du désarmement, CD/PV.1139, compte rendu définitif de la 1139e séance
plénière du 29 mai 2009, p. 8, https://disarmament-library.un.org/UNODA/Library.nsf/a61ff5
819c4381ee85256bc70068fa14/fc4bbebce96dc99c85257678005353ed/$FILE/CD-PV1139.pdf.
37 « The Cabinet Committee on Security Reviews Operationalization of India’s Nuclear
Doctrine », déclaration du Gouvernement indien, New Delhi, 4 janvier 2003, peut être
consultée à l’adresse suivante : http://www.acronym.org.uk/docs/0301/doc06.htm.
38 Ibid. En 1996, le comité aurait adopté un projet de rapport sur la doctrine nucléaire
établi par le comité consultatif de la sécurité nationale, qui peut être consulté à l’adresse
suivante : http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/doctrine/990817-indnucld.htm. Toutefois,
la réserve relative au recours éventuel à l’arme nucléaire pour répondre à une attaque biologique
ou chimique ne figure pas expressément dans le projet de rapport. Sur ce point et sur
d’autres aspects, c’est la souplesse qui a été retenue dans le rapport, lequel indique que
« l’objectif fondamental » — il en existe donc peut-être d’autres — « des armements nucléaires
indiens est de décourager tout Etat ou entité d’employer ou de menacer d’employer l’arme
nucléaire à l’encontre de l’Inde ou de ses forces militaires ».
39 Voir article XIV.
40 Voir Eloise Watson, « The CTBT : Obstacles to Entry into Force » (New York,
Reaching Critical Will : A Project of the Women’s International League for Peace and
Freedom, septembre 2012), p. 11‑13, peut être consulté à l’adresse suivante : http://
www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Publications/ctbt-obstacl… ;
Liviu Horovitz et Robert Golan-Vilella, « Comprehensive Nuclear‑Test‑Ban Treaty : How
the Dominoes Might Fall After US Ratification », The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 17
(no 2, juillet 2010), p. 246‑248.
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20
global insecurity born of a world divided unequally into nuclear haves and havenots”
41. However, should the United States and China ratify the CTBT, prospects
would greatly improve for India to join the Treaty, as the Indian Prime Minister
acknowledged in 2009 42.
27. Regarding a Fissile Materials Cut-off Treaty, “[w]ithout prejudice to the
priority we attach to nuclear disarmament”, India accepts a Conference on Disarmament
programme of negotiations on a Fissile Materials Cut-off Treaty and
discussions short of negotiations on nuclear disarmament, assurances of non-use
of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States, and prevention of an arms
race in outer space 43.
28. India does not release information on its nuclear weapons spending, and it
is difficult to reliably estimate such spending 44. One non-governmental estimate is
that India’s nuclear weapons spending in 2010 was United States $4.1 billion, and
that in 2011, the spending increased to United States $4.9 billion 45.
4. Current plans for expansion, improvement and diversification of India’s nuclear
arsenal
29. India’s development of its nuclear arsenal has focused on increasing the
diversity, range, and sophistication of its nuclear delivery vehicles, including land
and sea based missiles, aircraft, and submarines 46.
30. India is developing at least five land and sea based missiles, as summarized
in this chart prepared by Hans Kristensen and Robert Norris, whose analyses for
the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists are widely cited :
41 Statement in explanation of vote by Ms Arundhate Ghose, Ambassador/Permanent
Representative of India to the UN offices at Geneva, on item 65 : CTBT at the 50th Session
of the UN General Assembly at New York on 10 September 1996, http://www.fas.org/news/
india/1996/ctbt_UN_september_10_96.htm.
42 Minutes of Joint Press Conference by Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama of Japan and
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh of India Following the Japan-India Summit Meeting,
29 December 2009 : “Prime Minister Singh indicated that should the US and China sign the
CTBT, a new situation would in fact emerge, and that he considered it necessary to work
globally towards the early entry into force of the Treaty” ; see also “The CTBT : Obstacles
to Entry into Force”, op. cit. supra note 40 at p. 15.
43 See infra note 64 ; Statement by India at the CD Plenary on 4 February 2014, http://
www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/cd/2014/…
part1/4Feb_India.pdf ; Statement by the Mr. D. B. Venkatesh Varma, Permanent Representative
of India to the Conference on Disarmament at the CD Plenary, 3 March 2014,
http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/c…
part1/3March_India.pdf.
44 M. V. Ramana, “India”, in Ray Acheson (ed.), Still Assuring Destruction Forever
(Reaching Critical Will : A Project of the Women’s International League for Peace and
Freedom, 2013) (hereafter, “Ramana, Still Assuring Destruction Forever”), p. 10, http://
www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Publications/modernizatio…-
forever.pdf.
45 Bruce G. Blair et al., “Global Zero Technical Report ; Nuclear Weapons Costs Study,
June 2011”, http://www.globalzero.org/files/gz_nuclear_weapons_cost_study.pdf.
46 Ramana, Still Assuring Destruction Forever, op. cit. supra note 44.
5 R-ILE_INDE_2.indd 20 7/10/15 13:17
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vivement protesté, le qualifiant d’« inéquitable » et affirmant qu’il perpétuait
« l’insécurité
mondiale existante née de la division du monde de manière inégale
entre les Etats possédant l’arme nucléaire et les autres » 41. Toutefois, si les Etats‑Unis
et la Chine ratifiaient le TICEN, les chances de voir l’Inde se joindre au traité augmenteraient
de beaucoup, comme l’a admis le premier ministre indien en 2009 42.
27. S’agissant du traité sur l’arrêt de la production de matières fissiles, l’Inde,
« [s]ans préjudice de la priorité qu[’elle] accord[e] au désarmement nucléaire »,
accepte la mise en oeuvre d’un programme de négociations relatives à un traité sur
l’arrêt de la production de matières fissiles et l’ouverture de discussions préalables
à des négociations sur le désarmement nucléaire, ainsi que des assurances de
non‑recours à l’arme nucléaire contre les Etats qui n’en sont pas dotés et de la
prévention d’une course aux armements dans l’espace 43.
28. L’Inde n’a publié aucune information concernant ses dépenses en matière d’armements
nucléaires, et il est difficile de les estimer de manière fiable 44. Une source non
gouvernementale estime que, en 2010, elles s’élevaient à 4,1 milliards de dollars et que,
en 2011, elles avaient augmenté pour atteindre 4,9 milliards de dollars 45.
4. Projets actuels visant l’accroissement, l’amélioration et la diversification de
l’arsenal nucléaire de l’Inde
29. L’Inde développe son arsenal nucléaire en cherchant en particulier à augmenter
la diversité, la portée et la sophistication de ses vecteurs à capacité nucléaire,
comme les missiles à lanceurs terrestres et navals, les avions et les sous‑marins 46.
30. L’Inde est en train de mettre au point au moins cinq missiles à lanceurs terrestres
et navals, ainsi qu’il apparaît de manière résumée dans le tableau ci‑après
établi par MM. Hans Kristensen et Robert Norris, dont les analyses pour le Bulletin
of Atomic Scientists sont reprises mondialement :
41 Déclaration visant à expliquer le vote de Mme Arundhate Ghose, ambassadeur et
représentant permanent de l’Inde au bureau des Nations Unies à Genève, sur le point 65 : le
TICEN, lors de la 50e session de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies à New York, le
10 septembre 1996 ; cette déclaration peut être consultée à l’adresse suivante : http://www.
fas.org/news/india/1996/ctbt_UN_september_10_96.htm.
42 Procès‑verbal de la conférence de presse conjointe entre le premier ministre japonais,
M. Yukio Hatoyama, et son homologue indien, M. Manmohan Singh, à l’issue de la réunion
au sommet entre le Japon et l’Inde le 29 décembre 2009 : « Le premier ministre, M. Singh, a
fait observer que, si les Etats‑Unis et la Chine signaient le TICEN, la situation en serait en
réalité modifiée et qu’il estimait nécessaire de travailler à l’échelle mondiale pour que le traité
entre en vigueur au plus tôt » ; voir aussi « The CTBT : Obstacles to Entry into Force »,
op. cit. supra note 40, p. 15.
43 Voir infra note 64 ; la déclaration de l’Inde lors de la séance plénière de la Conférence
du désarmement du 4 février 2014, qui peut être consultée à l’adresse suivante : http://www.
reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmarnent-/fora/cd/2014/Statements/
partl/4Feb_India.pdf ; et la déclaration faite par M. D. B. Venkatesh Varma, représentant
permanent de l’Inde à la Conférence du désarmement, lors de la séance plénière de la Conférence
le 3 mars 2014, qui peut être consultée à l’adresse suivante : http://www.reachingcriticalwill.
org/images/documents/Disarmament‑fora/cd/2014/Statements/part1/3March_
India.pdf.
44 M. V. Ramana, « India », dans Ray Acheson (dir. publ.), Still Assuring Destruction
Forever (Reaching Critical Will : A Project of the Women’s International League for Peace
and Freedom, 2013) (ci‑après « Ramana, Still Assuring Destruction Forever »), p. 10, peut
être consulté à l’adresse suivante : http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/
Publications/modernization/still-assuring-destruction-forever.pdf.
45 Bruce G. Blair et al., « Global Zero Technical Report ; Nuclear Weapons Costs Study,
June 2011 », peut être consulté à l’adresse suivante : http://www.globalzero.org/files/gz_
nuclear_weapons_cost_study.pdf.
46 Ramana, Still Assuring Destruction Forever, op. cit. supra note 44.
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Indian Nuclear Forces, 2012 47
Type/designation Range
(km) Payload (kg) Comment
Aircraft :
Mirage 2000 H/Vajra 1,800 6,300 Gwalior Air Force Station
Jaguar IS/IB/Shamsher 1,600 4,775 Ambala Air Force Station
Land based missiles :
Prithvi I 150 1,000 Nuclear version entered service after
1998 with the army’s 333rd and
355th Missile Groups
Agni I 700+ 1,000 Deployed with the army’s new
334 Missile Group in 2004
Agni II 2,000+ 1,000 Under development
Agni II+ 2,000+ 1,000 Under development
Agni III 3,000+ 1,500 Under development
Sea based missiles :
Dhanush 350 500 Under development
Sagarika/K-15 300‑700 300‑700 Under development
In addition to the missiles under development listed above, India is believed to be
planning an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), the Agni VI, and a groundlaunched
cruise missile 48.
31. In April 2012, India conducted a test-launch of a land based ballistic missile,
the Agni V, with a range reportedly greater than 5,000 km enabling coverage of
any target in China 49.
32. In January 2013, India conducted its first publicly announced test of a
ballistic
missile suitable for launch from a submarine 50. India has had a
nuclear-
powered
submarine for deployment of missiles under development for
more than three decades 51. It aims to have a sea based nuclear force in the
47 Kristensen and Norris, op. cit. supra note 34, p. 100.
48 See Hans M. Kristensen, Federation of American Scientists, “Nuclear Weapons and
Arms Control : Modernizing Nuclear Arsenals, Presentation to Short Course on Nuclear
Weapons Issues in the 21st Century”, Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington
University, Washington, D.C., 3 November 2013, slide 15, http://www.fas.org/
programs/ssp/nukes/publications1/Brief2013_GWU-APS.pdf.
49 Kristensen and Norris, op. cit. supra note 34, p. 96 ; Ajai Shukla, “India launches
5,000-km range Agni-5 missile successfully”, Business Standard, 24 April 2012, http://www.
business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/ajai-shukla-perfect-launch-for-5-000-kmrange-
missile-112041900152_1.html.
50 Y. Mallikarjun and T. S. Subramanian, “India successfully test-fires underwater
missile”, 27 January 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-successfully-testfiresunder…-
missile/article4350553.ece. The missile tested was the Sagarika/K-15 with a
range of 700 km.
51 Ramana, op. cit. supra note 32, p. 36. At least two other nuclear-powered submarines are
being developed. Ibid. ; see also supra note 50.
5 R-ILE_INDE_2.indd 22 7/10/15 13:17
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Forces nucléaires indiennes, 2012 47
Type/désignation Portée
(km)
Charge utile
(kg) Observations
Avions :
Mirage 2000 H/Vajra 1 800 6 300 Base militaire aérienne de Gwalior
Jaguar IS/IB/Shamsher 1 600 4 775 Base militaire aérienne d’Ambala
Missiles à lanceur terrestre :
Prithvi I 150 1 000 Version nucléaire mise en service
après 1998 dans le cadre des 333e et
355e groupes de missiles de l’armée
Agni I 700+ 1 000 Déployés en 2004 dans le cadre du
nouveau 334e groupe de missiles de
l’armée
Agni II 2 000+ 1 000 En développement
Agni II+ 2 000+ 1 000 En développement
Agni III 3 000+ 1 500 En développement
Missiles à lanceur naval :
Dhanush 350 500 En développement
Sagarika/K‑15 300‑700 300‑700 En développement
Outre les missiles en cours de développement qui sont énumérés ci‑dessus, l’Inde
serait en train d’envisager la mise au point d’un missile balistique intercontinental,
l’Agni VI, et d’un missile de croisière à lanceur terrestre 48.
31. En avril 2012, elle a procédé à un tir d’essai d’un missile balistique à lanceur
terrestre, l’Agni V, dont la portée serait supérieure à 5 000 km et permettrait d’atteindre
n’importe quelle cible en Chine 49.
32. En janvier 2013, elle a procédé au premier tir d’essai annoncé publiquement
d’un missile balistique pouvant être lancé à partir d’un sous‑marin 50. Depuis plus
de trois décennies, un sous‑marin nucléaire permettant le déploiement des missiles
indiens est en cours de développement 51. L’Inde entend disposer d’une force
47 Kristensen et Norris, op. cit. supra note 34, p. 100.
48 Voir Hans M. Kristensen, Federation of American Scientists, « Nuclear Weapons and
Arms Control : Modernizing Nuclear Arsenals, Presentation to Short Course on Nuclear
Weapons Issues in the 21st Century », Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington
University, Washington, D.C., 3 novembre 2013, diapositive no 15, http://www.fas.
org/programs/ssp/nukes/publicationsl/Brief2013_ GWU-
APS.pdf.
49 Kristensen et Norris, op. cit. supra note 34, p. 96 ; Ajai Shukla, « India launches
5,000-km range Agni‑5 missile successfully », Business Standard, 24 avril 2012, http://www.
business-standard.com/article/economypolicy-
ajai-shukla-perfect-launch-for-5-000-kmrange-
missile-112041900152_l.html.
50 Y. Mallikarjun et T. S. Subramanian, « India successfully test-fires underwater
missile », 27 janvier 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-successfullytestfires-
underwater-missile/
article4350553.ece. Le missile tiré à titre expérimental était le
Sagarika/K‑15, d’une portée de 700 km.
51 Ramana, op. cit. supra note 32, p. 36. Au moins deux autres sous‑marins nucléaires
sont en développement. Ibid. ; voir aussi supra note 50.
5 R-ILE_INDE_2.indd 23 7/10/15 13:17
24
near future, if it is not already operational, in addition to its land and air based
forces 52.
33. Regarding air-based Indian nuclear forces, it is reported that in 2012 discussions
between India and France began for the purchase by India from France of
126 nuclear-capable Rafale jets, with a tentative delivery date of 2016-2017 53.
34. India uses plutonium for the explosive core of nuclear warheads 54, and continues
to add to its stockpile of weapons-grade plutonium 55. India currently has
one operating plutonium production reactor, and is building another 56. India is
also building a fast-breeder reactor that once operational will significantly increase
its capacity to produce weapons-grade plutonium 57. India also has a large stockpile
of reactor-grade plutonium that could be used for weapons if India so
chooses 58.
D. India and Nuclear Disarmament
35. India has not joined the NPT as an NNWS, the only option open to it
under the terms of the Treaty 59. India further maintains that commitments
and calls made in conferences of NPT States parties do not apply to it, in particular
rejecting calls made by NPT States parties, as well as the General Assembly
and the Security Council, for it to join the NPT as an NNWS 60. However,
India has consistently voted for the General Assembly resolution welcoming
the Court’s conclusion regarding the disarmament obligation 61. India states that it
has never contributed to the spread of sensitive technologies 62. It adds that it is
updating regulations relating to export controls and taking measures to strengthen
nuclear security in accord with international efforts to prevent the acquisition of
nuclear weapons by non-state actors and additional States 63.
52 Ramana, Still Assuring Destruction Forever, op. cit. supra note 44, p. 10.
53 See, e.g., “France Sells Nuclear-Capable Aircraft to India”, Global Security Newswire,
7 February 2012, www.nti.org/gsn ; Kristensen and Norris, op. cit. supra note 34, p. 97 ;
Tamir Eshel, “Rafale Deliveries Could Begin in 2016-2017”, Defense Update, 18 June 2013,
http://defense-update.com.
54 Ramana, op. cit. supra note 32, p. 36.
55 See estimates of the International Panel on Fissile Materials cited in Ramana, Still
Assuring Destruction Forever, op. cit. supra note 44, p. 10, and Ramana, op. cit. supra
note 32, p. 36.
56 Ramana, op. cit. supra note 32, pp. 36-37. The second reactor will be part of a new
complex, and is planned to be operational by 2018. Ibid., at p. 37.
57 Kristensen and Norris, op. cit. supra note 34, p. 97 ; Ramana, op. cit. supra note 32, p. 37.
58 Ramana, op. cit. supra note 32, p. 36.
59 India does not qualify as a “nuclear-weapon State” under Article IX, paragraph 3, of
the Treaty.
60 E.g., “India EOV : L. 43 United action towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons
[A/RES/68/51]”, 4 November 2013, http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/
Disarmament-fora/1com/1com13/eov/L43_India.pdf.
61 Most recently adopted as A/RES/68/42, 5 December 2013.
62 E.g., Statement of Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh at Seoul Nuclear
Security Summit, 27 March 2012, http://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/
19078/ : “India has never been a source of proliferation of sensitive technologies and we
are determined to further strengthen our export control systems to keep them on par with
the highest international standards.”
63 Nuclear Security Summit National Progress Report, 27 March 2012, http://www.mea.
gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/19074/.
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25
nucléaire navale dans un avenir proche, si celle‑ci n’est pas déjà opérationnelle, qui
viendrait compléter ses forces terrestres et aériennes 52.
33. En ce qui concerne ses forces nucléaires aéroportées, l’Inde aurait entamé des
discussions avec la France en 2012 en vue de lui acheter 126 avions à réaction Rafale
à capacité nucléaire dont la livraison serait provisoirement prévue pour 2016‑2017 53.
34. L’Inde utilise du plutonium pour le coeur explosif de ses ogives nucléaires 54
et continue d’accroître sa réserve de plutonium utilisable à des fins militaires 55. Elle
possède actuellement un réacteur de production de plutonium en service et en
construit un autre 56. Elle construit aussi un réacteur surgénérateur rapide qui,
lorsqu’il sera opérationnel, augmentera sensiblement sa capacité à produire du plutonium
à des fins militaires 57. L’Inde dispose également d’une grande réserve de plutonium
de qualité réacteur qui pourrait être utilisée pour des armes si elle le voulait 58.
D. L’Inde et le désarmement nucléaire
35. L’Inde n’a pas adhéré au TNP en qualité d’Etat non doté d’armes nucléaires,
seule possibilité qui lui était ouverte en application du traité 59. Elle a soutenu, par
ailleurs, que les engagements pris lors de conférences réunissant les Etats parties au
TNP et les appels lancés à ces occasions ne s’appliquaient pas à elle, rejetant en
particulier les exhortations des Etats parties au TNP ainsi que de l’Assemblée générale
et du Conseil de sécurité à adhérer à ce traité en qualité d’Etat non doté
d’armes nucléaires 60. L’Inde a cependant toujours voté en faveur de la résolution
de l’Assemblée générale dans laquelle celle‑ci se félicitait de la conclusion de la
Cour relative à l’obligation de désarmement 61. Elle affirme qu’elle n’a jamais
contribué à la diffusion des technologies sensibles 62 et ajoute qu’elle met à jour ses
réglementations concernant les contrôles à l’exportation et prend des mesures pour
renforcer la sécurité nucléaire, se conformant ainsi aux efforts internationaux pour
empêcher que d’autres Etats et entités ne se procurent des armes nucléaires 63.
52 Ramana, Still Assuring Destruction Forever, op. cit. supra note 44, p. 10.
53 Voir, par exemple, « France Sells Nuclear-Capable Aircraft to India », Global Security
Newswire, 7 février 2012, www.nti.org/gsn ; Kristensen et Norris, op. cit. supra note 34, p. 97 ;
Tamir Eshel, « Rafale Deliveries Could Begin in 2016-2017 », Defense Update, 18 juin 2013,
peut être consulté sur le site internet suivant : http://defense-update.com.
54 Ramana, op. cit. supra note 32, p. 36.
55 Voir les estimations de l’International Panel on Fissile Materials citées dans Ramana,
Still Assuring Destruction Forever, op. cit. supra note 44, p. 10, et Ramana, op. cit. supra
note 32, p. 36.
56 Ramana, op. cit. supra note 32, p. 36-37. Le second réacteur fera partie d’un nouveau
complexe et devrait être opérationnel en 2018. Ibid., p. 37.
57 Kristensen et Norris, op. cit. supra note 34, p. 97 ; Ramana, op. cit. supra note 32, p. 37.
58 Ramana, op. cit. supra note 32, p. 36.
59 L’Inde n’entre pas dans la catégorie des « Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires » visée au
paragraphe 3 de l’article IX du traité.
60 Voir, par exemple, « Unité d’action pour l’élimination totale des armes atomiques »,
A/RES/68/51, 4 novembre 2013, peut être consulté à l’adresse suivante : http://www.reachingcriticalwill.
org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com13/eov/L43_India.pdf.
61 Très récemment adoptée sous la cote A/RES/68/42, 5 décembre 2013.
62 Voir, par exemple, la déclaration du premier ministre indien, M. Manmohan Singh,
au Sommet sur la sécurité nucléaire à Séoul, le 27 mars 2012, qui peut être consultée à
l’adresse suivante : http://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/19078/ : « L’Inde
n’a jamais contribué à la prolifération de technologies sensibles et nous sommes déterminés
à renforcer encore nos systèmes de contrôle des exportations pour s’assurer que celles‑ci
continuent de respecter les normes internationales les plus rigoureuses. »
63 Nuclear Security Summit National Progress Report, 27 mars 2012, peut être consulté à
l’adresse suivante : http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-
documents.htm?dtl/19074/.
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36. India supports the commencement of negotiations on complete nuclear disarmament
in the Conference on Disarmament 64. It also votes for United Nations
General Assembly resolutions calling for negotiation of a Nuclear Weapons Convention,
including “Follow-up to the Advisory Opinion of the International Court
of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons” 65, and a resolution
newly offered in 2013 following up on the High-Level Meeting on Nuclear
Disarmament 66. The latter resolution calls for “the urgent commencement of
negotiations, in the Conference on Disarmament, for the early conclusion of a
comprehensive convention” to prohibit and eliminate nuclear weapons 67. India
abstained on the 2012 resolution establishing an Open‑Ended Working Group to
take forward proposals for multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations 68, but
subsequently participated in the Working Group.
37. The first ever United Nations General Assembly High-Level Meeting on
Nuclear Disarmament, referenced in the preceding paragraph, was held on 26 September
2013, pursuant to a 2012 resolution which was supported by India 69. At
that meeting, Salman Khurshid, Minister of External Affairs of India, placed
India’s support for nuclear disarmament in the context of the 1988 Rajiv Gandhi
“Action Plan for a nuclear weapon free and non-violent world order” 70. He stated
that India has a “posture of no-first use”, maintained that India “refuse[s] to participate
in an arms race, including a nuclear arms race”, and noted that India’s
“proposal for a Convention banning the use of nuclear weapons remains on the
table” 71.
III. The Law
A. Article VI of the NPT : An Obligation Erga Omnes
38. Article VI provides :
“Each of the parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in
good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race
at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and
complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.”
39. In its Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear
Weapons, the Court declared that Article VI involves “an obligation to achieve a
64 Statement by H.E. Mr. Salman Khurshid, Minister of External Affairs of India, at the
High Level Meeting of the General Assembly on Nuclear Disarmament, 68th United
Nations General Assembly in New York, 26 September 2013, http://www.un.org/en/ga/68/
meetings/nucleardisarmament/pdf/IN_en.pdf.
65 Most recently on 5 December 2013 (A/RES/68/42).
66 A/RES/68/32, 5 December 2013.
67 Ibid.
68 A/RES/67/56, 3 December 2012 ; UN doc. A/67/PV.48, pp. 20‑21.
69 A/RES/67/39, 3 December 2012.
70 Statement by H.E. Mr. Salman Khurshid, supra note 64.
71 Ibid.
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36. L’Inde soutient l’ouverture de négociations sur un désarmement nucléaire
complet dans le cadre de la Conférence du désarmement 64. Elle vote également en
faveur des résolutions de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies exhortant les
Etats à négocier une convention relative aux armes nucléaires, notamment les résolutions
intitulées « [s]uite donnée à l’avis consultatif de la Cour internationale de
Justice sur la licéité de la menace ou de l’emploi d’armes nucléaires » 65 et celle
récemment soumise au vote en 2013 et portant sur le suivi de la réunion de haut
niveau de l’Assemblée générale sur le désarmement nucléaire 66. Dans cette dernière
résolution, l’Assemblée générale demande « que des négociations commencent
au plus tôt, dans le cadre de la Conférence du désarmement, en vue de
l’adoption rapide d’une convention globale » relative à l’interdiction et à l’élimination
des armes nucléaires 67. Lors du vote de la résolution de 2012 créant un groupe
de travail à composition non limitée chargé de faire avancer les propositions visant
des négociations multilatérales sur le désarmement nucléaire 68, l’Inde s’est abstenue,
avant de prendre part, par la suite, à ce groupe de travail.
37. La toute première réunion de haut niveau de l’Assemblée générale des
Nations Unies sur le désarmement nucléaire, que nous avons mentionnée au paragraphe
précédent, s’est tenue le 26 septembre 2013, en application d’une résolution
de 2012 qui a reçu le soutien de l’Inde 69. Lors de cette réunion, M. Salman Khurshid,
ministre des affaires extérieures de l’Inde, a replacé le soutien de celle‑ci au
désarmement nucléaire dans le contexte du « plan d’action [de M. Rajiv Gandhi]
pour hâter l’avènement d’un ordre mondial non violent et exempt d’armes
nucléaires » de 1988 70. Il a précisé que la position de l’Inde était celle du
« non‑recours en premier à l’arme nucléaire », soutenu que l’Inde « refus[ait] de
prendre part à une course à l’armement, y compris à une course aux armements
nucléaires » et fait observer que « la proposition [de l’Inde] visant l’adoption d’une
convention interdisant l’emploi des armes nucléaires était toujours valide » 71.
III. Le droit
A. L’article VI du TNP : une obligation erga omnes
38. L’article VI est libellé comme suit :
« Chacune des parties au Traité s’engage à poursuivre de bonne foi des
négociations sur des mesures efficaces relatives à la cessation de la course aux
armements nucléaires à une date rapprochée et au désarmement nucléaire, et
sur un traité de désarmement général et complet sous un contrôle international
strict et efficace. »
39. Dans son avis consultatif sur la question de la Licéité de la menace ou de l’emploi
d’armes nucléaires, la Cour a déclaré que l’article VI supposait « une obligation
64 Déclaration faite par S. Exc. M. Salman Khurshid, ministre des affaires extérieures de
l’Inde, à la réunion de haut niveau de l’Assemblée générale sur le désarmement nucléaire
(68e Assemblée générale des Nations Unies) à New York le 26 septembre 2013, qui peut être
consultée à l’adresse suivante : http://www.un.org/en/ga/68/meetings/nucleardisarmament/
pdf/IN_en.pdf.
65 Adoptée très récemment, le 5 décembre 2013 (A/RES/68/42).
66 A/RES/68/32, 5 décembre 2013.
67 Ibid.
68 A/RES/67/56, 3 décembre 2012 ; Nations Unies, doc. A/67/PV.48, p. 21‑22.
69 A/RES/67/39, 3 décembre 2012.
70 Déclaration de S. Exc. M. Salman Khurshid, voir supra note 64.
71 Ibid.
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precise result — nuclear disarmament in all its aspects — by adopting a particular
course of conduct, namely, the pursuit of negotiations on the matter in good
faith” 72. The Court went on to conclude, unanimously, that “[t]here exists an obligation
to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to
nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective control” 73. This
“recognizes that the provisions of Article VI . . . go beyond mere obligations of
conduct — to pursue nuclear disarmament negotiations in good faith — and actually
involve an obligation of result, i.e., to conclude those negotiations” 74.
40. The Court observed that “fulfilling the obligation expressed in Article
VI . . . remains without any doubt an objective of vital importance to the whole
of the international community today” 75. The Court has long emphasized the
importance of obligations erga omnes, owed to the international community as a
whole 76. Its conclusion in the Advisory Opinion was tantamount to declaring that
the obligation in Article VI is an obligation erga omnes 77. Every State has a legal
interest in its timely performance, therefore 78, and a corresponding legal obligation
to help bring it about 79.
B. Customary International Law
41. The obligations enshrined in Article VI of the NPT are not merely treaty
obligations ; they also exist separately under customary international law 80.
42. In its Advisory Opinion, after noting that the twofold obligation in Article
VI to pursue and to conclude negotiations formally concerns the (now 190 81)
States parties to the NPT, the Court added that “any realistic search for general
72 See supra note 1, para. 99.
73 See ibid., para. 105, point 2F.
74 M. Marin Bosch, “The Non-Proliferation Treaty and Its Future”, in L. Boisson de
Chazournes and P. Sands (eds.), International Law, the International Court of Justice and
Nuclear Weapons, 1999, p. 375.
75 See supra note 1, para. 103.
76 Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain), Second
Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970, p. 32, para. 33.
77 See President Bedjaoui’s declaration in Legality of Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons,
supra note 1, at pp. 273‑274 :
“As the Court has acknowledged, the obligation to negotiate in good faith for
nuclear disarmament concerns the 182 or so States parties to the Non-Proliferation
Treaty. I think one can go beyond that conclusion and assert that there is in fact a
twofold general obligation, opposable erga omnes, to negotiate in good faith and to
ach ieve the desired result.”
78 Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited, see supra note 76.
79 Cf. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,
Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I), pp. 199‑200, paras. 154-159.
80 In Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United
States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 434, at
para. 94, the International Court of Justice held that the fact that principles of customary
international law are enshrined in multilateral conventions does not mean that they cease to
exist and to apply as principles of customary law.
81 There are 190 States parties including the DPRK. Although the DPRK announced its
withdrawal from the NPT on 10 January 2003, States parties continue to express divergent
views regarding its status under the Treaty. See UN Office for Disarmament Affairs, Treaty
on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Status of the Treaty, http://disarmament.
un.org/treaties/t/npt.
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de parvenir à un résultat précis — le désarmement nucléaire dans tous ses aspects —
par l’adoption d’un comportement déterminé, à savoir la poursuite de bonne foi de
négociations en la matière » 72. Elle a ensuite conclu, à l’unanimité, qu’« [i]l exist[ait]
une obligation de poursuivre de bonne foi et de mener à terme des négociations
conduisant au désarmement nucléaire dans tous ses aspects, sous un contrôle international
strict et efficace » 73. Ainsi a‑t‑elle reconnu « que les dispositions de l’article
VI … prévoient davantage que de simples obligations de moyen — à savoir,
mener de bonne foi des négociations sur le désarmement nucléaire — et supposent en
fait une obligation de résultat — à savoir, conclure ces négociations » 74.
40. Selon la Cour, « l’exécution de l’obligation exprimée à l’article VI … [est]
indubitablement … un objectif qui demeure vital pour l’ensemble de la communauté
internationale… » 75. Elle insiste par ailleurs depuis longtemps sur l’importance
des obligations erga omnes, dont le respect est dû à la communauté internationale
dans son ensemble 76. Or, la conclusion qu’elle a rendue dans son avis
consultatif revient à faire de l’obligation énoncée à l’article VI une obligation
erga omnes 77. Chaque Etat a donc un intérêt juridique à ce qu’elle soit exécutée
dans un délai raisonnable 78 et l’obligation juridique corrélative d’y contribuer 79.
B. Le droit international coutumier
41. Les obligations énoncées à l’article VI du TNP ne sont pas de simples obligations
conventionnelles ; elles existent aussi de manière autonome en droit international
coutumier 80.
42. Dans son avis consultatif, après avoir relevé que la double obligation de
l’article VI, consistant à poursuivre et à mener à terme des négociations, concernait
formellement les Etats parties au TNP (à présent au nombre de 190 81), la Cour a
72 Voir supra note 1, par. 99.
73 Voir ibid., par. 105, point 2F.
74 M. Marin Bosch, « The Non‑Proliferation Treaty and Its Future », dans L. Boisson de
Chazournes et P. Sands (dir. publ.), International Law, the International Court of Justice and
Nuclear Weapons, 1999, p. 375.
75 Voir supra note 1, par. 103.
76 Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgique c. Espagne),
deuxième phase, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1970, p. 32, par. 33.
77 Voir la déclaration que M. le président Bedjaoui a jointe à l’avis consultatif sur la
question de la Licéité de la menace ou de l’emploi d’armes nucléaires, supra note 1, p. 273‑274 :
« Comme la Cour l’a reconnu, l’obligation de négocier de bonne foi un désarmement
nucléaire concerne les quelque cent quatre‑vingt‑deux Etats parties au traité de
non‑prolifération. Il me paraît pour ma part possible d’aller au‑delà de cette conclusion
et d’affirmer qu’il existe en réalité une double obligation générale, opposable erga omnes,
de négocier de bonne foi et de parvenir au résultat recherché. »
78 Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited, voir supra note 76.
79 Voir Conséquences juridiques de l’édification d’un mur dans le territoire palestinien
occupé, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 2004 (I), p. 199‑200, par. 154‑159.
80 Dans l’affaire des Activités militaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et contre celui‑ci
(Nicaragua c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984,
p. 434, par. 94, la Cour a jugé que ce n’était pas parce que les principes de droit international
coutumier étaient consacrés dans des conventions multilatérales qu’ils cessaient d’exister et
de s’appliquer en tant que principes de droit international.
81 Les Etats parties au traité sont au nombre de 190, parmi lesquels figure la RPDC. Bien
que celle‑ci ait annoncé, le 10 janvier 2003, qu’elle se retirait du TNP, les Etats parties à ce
texte expriment encore des opinions divergentes s’agissant du statut de la RPDC au regard
du traité. Voir Organisation des Nations Unies, Bureau des affaires de désarmement, traité
sur la non‑prolifération des armes nucléaires, statut du traité, peut être consulté à l’adresse
suivante : http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/npt.
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and complete disarmament, especially nuclear disarmament, necessitates the cooperation
of all States” 82.
43. In point 2F of the dispositif, moreover, not confining its remarks to the States
parties to the NPT, the Court unanimously declared : “There exists an obligation to
pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament
in all its aspects under strict and effective international control.” 83
42. The Court’s declaration is an expression of customary international law as
it stands today. All States are under that obligation, therefore. This is consistent
with the view expressed by President Bedjaoui in his declaration :
“Indeed, it is not unreasonable to think that, considering the at least formal
unanimity in this field, this twofold obligation to negotiate in good faith and
achieve the desired result has now, 50 years on, acquired a customary
character.” 84
45. In voting over many years since 1996 for the General Assembly resolution
on follow-up to the Court’s opinion, India appears to have accepted the universality
of that obligation. In operative paragraph 1 of the resolution, the General
Assembly :
“[u]nderlines once again the unanimous conclusion of the International Court
of Justice that there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to
a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects
under strict and effective international control” 85.
46. As the Court itself noted, the United Nations General Assembly has been
deeply engaged in working for universal disarmament of weapons of mass destruction
since its very first resolution in 1946 86. The United Nations Security Council
also has repeatedly called for the implementation of Article VI by all States 87, not
only parties to the NPT. In resolution 1887 of 24 September 2009, after calling
upon States parties to the NPT to implement Article VI, the Council called on “all
other States to join in this endeavour” 88. The Council has also described the proliferation
of weapons of mass destruction as a threat to international peace and
security 89.
47. Regarding the obligation of cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early
date set forth in Article VI, it stands on its own as a customary international law
obligation based on the very widespread and representative participation of States
82 See supra note 1, para. 100.
83 Ibid., para. 105.
84 President Bedjaoui’s declaration in Legality of Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, see
supra note 1, p. 274, para. 23. President Bedjaoui was referring to the 50 years that had then
elapsed since the adoption of the UN General Assembly’s first resolution in 1946 and the
normative language repeatedly reiterated in its resolutions on nuclear weapons and in other
instruments since then.
85 A/RES/68/42, 5 December 2013. During some of the years since the resolution was first
put forward in 1997, a separate vote was held on the first operative paragraph. India voted
“yes” on those occasions. Regarding the vote on that paragraph in A/61/83, 6 December
2006, see UN Department of Public Information, GA/10547, http://www.un.org/News/
Press/docs/2006/AG10547.doc.htm.
86 A/RES/1 (I) of 24 January 1946, cited by the Court in paragraph 101 of the Advisory
Opinion.
87 E.g., resolution 984 of 11 April 1995, cited by the Court in paragraph 103 of the Advisory
Opinion, and resolution 1887 of 24 September 2009.
88 Resolution 1887, 24 September 2009, operative para. 5.
89 E.g., resolution 1887, 24 September 2009.
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ajouté que « toute recherche réaliste d’un désarmement général et complet, en particulier
nucléaire, nécessit[ait] la coopération de tous les Etats » 82.
43. Par ailleurs, au point 2F du dispositif, la Cour, ne limitant pas ses observations
aux Etats parties au TNP, a déclaré à l’unanimité qu’« [i]l exist[ait] une obligation de
poursuivre de bonne foi et de mener à terme des négociations conduisant au désarmement
nucléaire dans tous ses aspects, sous un contrôle international strict et efficace » 83.
44. La conclusion de la Cour constitue ainsi l’expression du droit international
coutumier tel qu’il existe aujourd’hui. Tous les Etats doivent donc s’acquitter de
cette obligation, ainsi que l’entendait le président Bedjaoui dans sa déclaration :
« Il n’est en effet pas déraisonnable de penser qu’eu égard à l’unanimité, au
moins formelle, qui prévaut en ce domaine cette double obligation de négocier
de bonne foi et de parvenir au résultat prévu a désormais revêtu, après cinquante
ans, un caractère coutumier. » 84
45. En votant pendant de nombreuses années depuis 1996 en faveur de la résolution
de l’Assemblée générale sur la suite donnée à l’avis de la Cour, l’Inde semble
avoir accepté l’universalité de cette obligation. Au premier paragraphe du dispositif
de la résolution, l’Assemblée générale :
« [s]ouligne de nouveau la conclusion unanime de la Cour internationale de
Justice selon laquelle il existe une obligation de poursuivre de bonne foi et de
mener à terme des négociations conduisant au désarmement nucléaire dans
tous ses aspects, sous un contrôle international strict et efficace » 85.
46. Comme la Cour l’a elle‑même relevé, l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies
s’est engagée pleinement, depuis sa toute première résolution, en 1946, à oeuvrer à
l’élimination universelle des armes de destruction massive 86. Le Conseil de sécurité
des Nations Unies a également exhorté à plusieurs reprises tous les Etats 87, y compris
ceux qui ne sont pas parties au TNP, à mettre en oeuvre l’article VI. En effet,
dans sa résolution 1887 du 24 septembre 2009, après avoir prié les Etats parties au
TNP d’appliquer l’article VI, le Conseil a invité « tous les autres Etats à se joindre
à cette entreprise » 88, décrivant la prolifération des armes de destruction massive
comme une menace pour la paix et la sécurité internationales 89.
47. En qui concerne l’obligation de cesser la course aux armements nucléaires à
une date rapprochée énoncée à l’article VI, celle‑ci existe de façon autonome en tant
que prescription du droit international coutumier fondée sur la participation parti-
82 Voir supra note 1, par. 100.
83 Ibid., par. 105.
84 Déclaration que M. le président Bedjaoui a jointe à l’avis consultatif sur la question de
la Licéité de la menace ou de l’emploi d’armes nucléaires, voir supra note 1, p. 274, par. 23. Le
président Bedjaoui y a fait référence aux cinquante années écoulées depuis l’adoption par l’Assemblée
générale des Nations Unies, en 1946, de sa première résolution, ainsi qu’à la phraséologie
normative qu’elle a utilisée à de nombreuses reprises dans celles relatives à l’armement
nucléaire adoptées par elle ultérieurement et qui ont figuré dans d’autres textes depuis lors.
85 A/RES/68/42, 5 décembre 2013. Depuis que le texte de cette résolution a été proposé
pour la première fois, en 1997, un vote séparé a été organisé à plusieurs reprises sur le
premier paragraphe du dispositif. L’Inde a voté « oui » à chaque fois. En ce qui concerne le
vote sur ce paragraphe, document A/61/83, 6 décembre 2006, voir le département de l’information
de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, AG/10547, qui peut être consulté à l’adresse
suivante : http://www.un.org/News/fr-press/docs/2006/AG10547.doc.htm.
86 A/RES/1 (I), 24 janvier 1946, citée par la Cour au paragraphe 101 de son avis consultatif.
87 Voir, par exemple, la résolution 984 du 11 avril 1995, citée par la Cour au paragraphe
103 de son avis consultatif, et la résolution 1887 du 24 septembre 2009.
88 Résolution 1887, 24 septembre 2009, dispositif, par. 5.
89 Voir, par exemple, la résolution 1887 du 24 septembre 2009.
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in the NPT and is inherent in the customary international law obligation of nuclear
disarmament.
48. The General Assembly has declared the necessity of cessation of the nuclear
arms race. In the Final Document of its First Special Session on Disarmament,
held in 1978, the General Assembly stated that it is “imperative . . . to halt and
reverse the nuclear arms race until the total elimination of nuclear weapons and
their delivery systems has been achieved” 90.
49. Shortly after India and Pakistan conducted nuclear explosive tests in 1998,
in resolution 1172 the Security Council demanded that the two countries refrain
from further tests, called on all States to refrain from tests in accordance with the
provisions of the Comprehensive Nuclear‑Test‑Ban Treaty, and called on India
and Pakistan
“immediately to stop their nuclear weapon development programmes, to
refrain from weaponization or from the deployment of nuclear weapons, to
cease development of ballistic missiles capable of delivering nuclear weapons
and any further production of fissile material for nuclear weapons” 91.
C. Good Faith
50. That good faith constitutes a “fundamental principle” of international
law is beyond dispute 92. Not only is it a general principle of law for the
purposes
of Article 38 (1) (c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice
93 and a cardinal principle of the Law of Treaties 94, it also encapsulates the
essence of the Rule of Law in international society 95 and is one of the principles of
the United Nations.
51. Article 2, paragraph 2, of the United Nations Charter provides : “All Members,
in order to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership,
shall fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance
with the present Charter.” The declaration of 1970 on Principles of International
Law makes it clear that this duty applies not only to obligations arising under the
Charter but also to those arising “under the generally recognized principles and
rules of international law” and “under international agreements valid under the
generally recognized principles and rules of international law” 96.
90 Final document of the 10th Special Session of the General Assembly, adopted by
A/RES/S-10/2, 30 June 1978, without a vote, para. 20 ; see also, e.g., paras. 47 and 50, http://
www.un.org/disarmament/HomePage/SSOD/ssod4-documents.shtml. The 1978 Special
Session established UN disarmament machinery in its current form, with the Conference on
Disarmament devoted to negotiations, the Disarmament Commission devoted to deliberation,
and the First Committee of the General Assembly devoted to agenda‑setting. The
Special Session thus was a quasi-constitutional assembly with respect to disarmament.
91 6 June 1998, operative paras. 2 and 7.
92 See Robert Kolb, La bonne foi en droit international public : contribution à l’étude des
principes généraux de droit, 2001, pp. 112‑113.
93 Cf. Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex, Order of 6 December 1930,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 24, p. 12 ; see also, J. Crawford, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International
Law, Oxford University Press, 8th edition, 2012, pp. 36‑37.
94 Articles 26 and 31 (1) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969).
95 V. Lowe, International Law, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 116.
96 Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and
Co-operation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, General
Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV), 24 October 1970.
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culièrement large et représentative des Etats au TNP et est inhérente à l’obligation
relative au désarmement nucléaire prévue par le droit international coutumier.
48. L’Assemblée générale a affirmé la nécessité de cesser la course aux armements
nucléaires. Dans le document final de sa première session extraordinaire
consacrée au désarmement, tenue en 1978, l’Assemblée générale a déclaré qu’il
était « indispensable … d’arrêter et d’inverser la course aux armements nucléaires
jusqu’à l’élimination totale des armes nucléaires et de leurs vecteurs » 90.
49. Peu après que l’Inde et le Pakistan eurent procédé à des explosions nucléaires
expérimentales en 1998, le Conseil de sécurité, dans sa résolution 1172, a exigé que
les deux pays s’abstiennent de conduire de nouveaux essais, a prié tous les Etats de
ne procéder à aucun essai, conformément aux dispositions du traité d’interdiction
complète des essais nucléaires, et a demandé à l’Inde et au Pakistan
« de mettre immédiatement fin à leurs programmes de développement d’armes
nucléaires, de s’abstenir de fabriquer ou de déployer des armes nucléaires, de
cesser de développer des missiles balistiques pouvant emporter des armes
nucléaires et de cesser toute nouvelle production de matières fissiles pour des
armes nucléaires » 91.
C. La bonne foi
50. Il n’est nullement contesté que la bonne foi constitue un « principe fondamental
» du droit international 92. En effet, outre qu’il s’agit d’un principe général de droit
aux fins de l’alinéa c) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 38 du Statut de la Cour internationale
de Justice 93 et d’un principe central du droit des traités 94, il est à la base même de
la suprématie du droit dans la société internationale 95 et constitue l’un des principes
des Nations Unies.
51. Le paragraphe 2 de l’article 2 de la Charte des Nations Unies est libellé
comme suit : « [l]es Membres de l’Organisation, afin d’assurer à tous la jouissance
des droits et avantages résultant de leur qualité de Membre, doivent remplir de
bonne foi les obligations qu’ils ont assumées aux termes de la présente Charte ». La
déclaration de 1970 relative aux principes du droit international indique clairement
que cette règle s’applique non seulement aux obligations qui découlent de la Charte,
mais également à celles qui incombent aux Etats « en vertu des principes et règles
généralement reconnus du droit international » et « d’accords internationaux
conformes aux principes et règles généralement reconnus du droit international » 96.
90 Document final de la dixième session extraordinaire de l’Assemblée générale, adopté sans
vote par la résolution A/RES/S‑10/2, 30 juin 1978, par. 20 ; voir aussi, par exemple, par. 47 et
50 ; peut être consulté à l’adresse suivante : http://www.un.org/disarmament/HomePage/SSOD/
ssod4-documents.shtml. La session extraordinaire de 1978 a établi la forme actuelle du mécanisme
des Nations Unies pour le désarmement, qui se compose de la Conférence du désarmement,
organe de négociation, de la Commission du désarmement, organe délibérant, et de la
Première Commission de l’Assemblée générale, chargée d’établir l’ordre du jour. La session
extraordinaire s’apparente donc, en matière de désarmement, à une assemblée constituante.
91 6 juin 1998, dispositif, par. 2 et 7.
92 Voir Robert Kolb, La bonne foi en droit international public : contribution à l’étude des
principes généraux de droit, 2001, p. 112‑113.
93 Voir Zones franches de la Haute‑Savoie et du Pays de Gex, ordonnance du
6 décembre 1930, C.P.J.I. série A no 24, p. 12 ; voir aussi J. Crawford, Brownlie’s Principles of
Public International Law, Oxford University Press, 8e éd., 2012, p. 36‑37.
94 Article 26 et paragraphe 1 de l’article 31 de la convention de Vienne sur le droit des
traités de 1969.
95 V. Lowe, International Law, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 116.
96 Déclaration relative aux principes du droit international touchant les relations amicales
et la coopération entre les Etats conformément à la Charte des Nations Unies ; Nations Unies,
Assemblée générale, résolution 2625 (XXV), 24 octobre 1970.
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52. In the Nuclear Tests cases, the International Court of Justice declared :
“One of the basic principles governing the creation and performance of
legal obligations, whatever their source, is the principle of good faith. Trust
and confidence are inherent in international co-operation, in particular in an
age when this co-operation in many fields is becoming increasingly essential.” 97
53. In the Final Document of the first Special Session on Disarmament, the
General Assembly called upon all States to meet requirements of good faith,
declaring :
“In order to create favourable conditions for success in the disarmament
process, all States should strictly abide by the provisions of the Charter of the
United Nations, refrain from actions which might adversely affect efforts in the
field of disarmament, and display a constructive approach to negotiations and
the political will to reach agreements.” 98
54. As set forth above, the customary international law obligation of nuclear
disarmament requires both conduct and result : States must not only negotiate in
good faith with serious efforts to achieve the elimination of nuclear weapons, but
must also actually achieve that result 99.
55. The Court has stated that the “principle of good faith obliges the Parties to
apply [a treaty] in a reasonable way and in such a manner that its purpose can be
realized” 100. Conduct that prevents the fulfilment of a treaty’s object and purpose
is proscribed 101. Further, conduct that calls into question a State’s commitment to
the achievement of agreed objectives undermines the trust necessary for successful
co‑operation towards their achievement. All of this applies equally to the obligation
to fulfil customary international law obligations in good faith 102.
97 Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 268, para. 46
(emphasis added) ; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974,
p. 473, para. 49 (emphasis added).
98 See supra note 90, para. 41 (emphasis added).
99 See para. 39.
100 Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1997,
pp. 78‑79, para. 142.
101 Report of the International Law Commission Covering its 16th Session, 727th Meeting,
20 May 1964 : pursuant to the VCLT Article 26 obligation that every treaty in force
must be performed by the parties in good faith, the duty of the parties is “not only to
observe the letter of the law but also to abstain from acts which would inevitably affect their
ability to perform . . .” ; Antonio Cassese, “The Israel-PLO Agreement and Self-Determination”,
4 Eur. J. Int’l Law 567 (1993), available at : http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol4/No4/
(when there is an obligation of good faith negotiation, “both parties are not allowed to (1)
advance excuses for not engaging into or pursuing negotiations or (2) to accomplish acts
which would defeat the object and purpose of the future treaty”) ; Judge Mohammed
Bedjaoui, “Good Faith, International Law and Elimination of Nuclear Weapons”, Keynote
Address, 1 May 2008, http://www.lcnp.org/disarmament/2008May01eventBedjaoui.pdf,
pp. 24–29 (in the NPT context, good faith proscribes “every initiative the effect of which
would be to render impossible the conclusion of the contemplated disarmament treaty”).
102 See para. 51.
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52. Dans les affaires des Essais nucléaires, la Cour a dit :
« L’un des principes de base qui président à la création et à l’exécution
d’obligations juridiques, quelle qu’en soit la source, est celui de la bonne foi. La
confiance réciproque est une condition inhérente de la coopération internationale,
surtout à une époque où, dans bien des domaines, cette coopération est
de plus en plus indispensable. » 97
53. Dans le document final de la première session extraordinaire consacrée au
désarmement, l’Assemblée générale a exhorté tous les Etats à respecter le principe
de bonne foi, en déclarant que,
« [p]our créer des conditions propres à assurer le succès du processus de désarmement,
tous les Etats dev[aient] respecter strictement les dispositions de la
Charte des Nations Unies, s’abstenir de tous actes qui risqueraient de nuire aux
efforts déployés dans le domaine du désarmement et faire preuve d’une attitude
constructive à l’égard des négociations et de la volonté politique d’aboutir à des
accords » 98.
54. Comme nous l’avons exposé plus haut, l’obligation de désarmement
nucléaire prévue par le droit international coutumier impose à la fois un comportement
et un résultat : les Etats doivent non seulement négocier de bonne foi en
déployant de réels efforts pour parvenir à l’élimination des armes nucléaires, mais
ils doivent également aboutir effectivement à ce résultat 99.
55. La Cour a affirmé que « le principe de bonne foi oblige[ait] les Parties
à … appliquer [un traité] de façon raisonnable et de telle sorte que son but p[ût]
être atteint » 100. Tout comportement empêchant la réalisation de l’objet et du but
d’un traité est proscrit 101. En outre, un comportement qui remet en cause l’engagement
d’un Etat à réaliser les objectifs convenus sape la confiance nécessaire à une
coopération réussie en vue de leur réalisation. Ces règles s’appliquent de la même
manière à l’obligation qui consiste à s’acquitter de bonne foi des prescriptions du
droit international coutumier 102.
97 Essais nucléaires (Australie c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 268, par. 46 (les
italiques sont de nous) ; Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle‑Zélande c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1974, p. 473, par. 49 (les italiques sont de nous).
98 Voir supra note 90, par. 41 (les italiques sont de nous).
99 Voir par. 39.
100 Projet Gabčíkovo‑Nagymaros (Hongrie/Slovaquie), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1997, p. 78‑79,
par. 142.
101 Rapport de la Commission du droit international sur les travaux de sa seizième session,
727e séance, 20 mai 1964 : conformément à l’obligation énoncée à l’article 26 de la convention
de Vienne sur le droit des traités et selon laquelle tout traité en vigueur doit être exécuté
par les parties de bonne foi, il appartient à celles‑ci « non seulement d’observer strictement le
texte, mais également de s’abstenir de tout acte qui aurait une incidence inévitable sur leur
capacité à l’exécuter… » ; Antonio Cassese, « The Israel‑PLO Agreement and Self‑Determination
», Eur. J. Int’l Law, vol. 4 (1993), p. 567, peut être consulté en anglais à l’adresse
suivante : http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol4/No4/ (lorsqu’il existe une obligation de négocier
de bonne foi, « aucune des deux parties n’est autorisée 1) à avancer des raisons pour excuser
le fait qu’elle n’engage ni ne mène de négociations ou 2) à accomplir des actes qui pourraient
faire échec à l’objet et au but du traité à venir ») ; M. le juge Mohammed Bedjaoui, « Good
Faith, International Law and Elimination of Nuclear Weapons », discours liminaire,
1er mai 2008, peut être consulté à l’adresse suivante : http://www.lcnp.org/disarmament/2008
May01eventBedjaoui.pdf, p. 24‑29 (dans le contexte du TNP, la bonne foi proscrit « toute
initiative qui aurait pour effet de rendre impossible la conclusion du traité envisagé relatif au
désarmement »).
102 Voir par. 51.
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IV. Obligations Breached by India
56. Part II of this Application has outlined the facts that are relevant for an
assessment of the Respondent’s non-compliance with its international obligations
with respect to nuclear disarmament and the cessation of the nuclear arms race.
Part III has outlined the legal basis for this case. The conduct of the Respondent
will now be analysed very briefly in light of the relevant law.
A. Breach of Customary International Law
1. Nuclear disarmament
57. As set forth above, the Court has provided an authoritative analysis of the
obligation of nuclear disarmament. With respect to Article VI of the NPT, it has
held that “the obligation involved here is an obligation to achieve a precise result —
nuclear disarmament in all its aspects — by adopting a particular course of conduct,
namely, the pursuit of negotiations on the matter in good faith” 103. In the
dispositif of its Advisory Opinion the Court concluded unanimously : “There exists
an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading
to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international
control.” 104
58. Although India expressly supports the commencement of nuclear disarmament
negotiations and participated in the Open-Ended Working Group 105, it has
breached this obligation of customary international law by engaging in a course of
conduct, the quantitative build-up and qualitative improvement of its nuclear
forces, contrary to the objective of nuclear disarmament 106.
2. Cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date
59. The customary international law obligation of cessation of the nuclear arms
race at an early date is rooted in Article VI of the NPT and resolutions of the
General
Assembly and the Security Council and is inherent in the obligation of
nuclear disarmament enunciated by the Court. The Respondent is failing to comply
with this obligation ; on the contrary, it is engaged in all-out nuclear arms racing.
60. Its conduct, set forth in Part II of this Application, in quantitatively
building
up its nuclear forces, qualitatively improving and diversifying them, and
planning and preparing to maintain them for the indefinite future, is clear evidence
of India’s ongoing breach of the obligation regarding the cessation of the nuclear
arms race at an early date.
B. Breach of the Obligation to Perform Its Obligations in Good Faith
61. In the previous Section, the Applicant has submitted that the Respondent
has breached and continues to breach its obligations under customary international
law regarding nuclear disarmament and cessation of the nuclear arms race
103 See supra note 1, para. 99.
104 Ibid., para. 105, point 2F.
105 See Part II D.
106 See Part II.
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IV. Les obligations dont l’Inde manque de s’acquitter
56. Dans la deuxième partie de la présente requête, nous avons brièvement
exposé les faits pertinents pour l’évaluation du non‑respect, par le défendeur, des
obligations internationales qui lui incombent en ce qui concerne le désarmement
nucléaire et la cessation de la course aux armements nucléaires. Dans la troisième
partie, nous avons exposé les grandes lignes du fondement juridique de l’espèce.
Nous allons à présent analyser très succinctement le comportement du défendeur à
la lumière du droit applicable.
A. Manquement au droit international coutumier
1. Désarmement nucléaire
57. Comme cela a été rappelé plus haut, la Cour a eu l’occasion de fournir de
l’obligation de désarmement nucléaire une analyse qui fait autorité. S’agissant de
l’article VI du TNP, elle a jugé que « l’obligation en cause … [était] celle de parvenir
à un résultat précis — le désarmement nucléaire dans tous ses aspects — par
l’adoption d’un comportement déterminé, à savoir la poursuite de bonne foi de
négociations en la matière » 103. Dans le dispositif de son avis consultatif, la Cour a
conclu à l’unanimité qu’« [i]l exist[ait] une obligation de poursuivre de bonne foi et
de mener à terme des négociations conduisant au désarmement nucléaire dans tous
ses aspects, sous un contrôle international strict et efficace » 104.
58. Même si l’Inde a soutenu expressément l’ouverture de négociations sur le
désarmement nucléaire et a pris part au groupe de travail à composition non limitée
105, elle a manqué à l’obligation que lui imposait le droit international coutumier
en adoptant une ligne de conduite qui, en visant à accroître et à améliorer ses
forces nucléaires, est contraire à l’objectif du désarmement nucléaire 106.
2 Cessation de la course aux armements nucléaires à une date rapprochée
59. L’obligation de droit international coutumier relative à la cessation de la
course aux armements nucléaires à une date rapprochée est ancrée dans l’article VI
du TNP et dans les résolutions de l’Assemblée générale et du Conseil de sécurité ;
elle est par ailleurs inhérente à l’obligation de désarmement nucléaire énoncée par
la Cour. Or le défendeur manque de s’en acquitter et est, au contraire, engagé dans
une course effrénée aux armements nucléaires.
60. Son comportement, exposé dans la deuxième partie de la présente requête et
qui consiste à accroître, améliorer et diversifier ses forces nucléaires et à préparer
leur conservation pour une durée illimitée, démontre clairement que l’Inde manque
actuellement de s’acquitter de l’obligation relative à la cessation de la course aux
armements nucléaires à une date rapprochée.
B. Manquement à l’obligation de s’acquitter de bonne foi de ses obligations
61. Dans la section précédente, le demandeur a soutenu que le défendeur avait
manqué et continuait de manquer aux obligations que lui imposait le droit international
coutumier concernant le désarmement nucléaire et la cessation de la course
103 Voir supra note 1, par. 99.
104 Ibid., par. 105, point 2F.
105 Voir IIe partie, D.
106 Voir IIe partie.
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at an early date. The Respondent is especially failing to act in good faith as far as
its performance of those obligations is concerned.
62. As set forth in Part II of this Application, the Respondent is engaged in the
quantitative build‑up, diversification, and qualitative improvement of its nuclear
arsenal. This constitutes vertical nuclear proliferation that clearly conflicts with
the Respondent’s obligations of nuclear disarmament and cessation of the nuclear
arms race at an early date. It also encourages other States possessing nuclear weapons
to follow suit and may induce non-nuclear-weapon States to reconsider their
non-nuclear posture.
63. The Respondent’s plans and policies also manifest an intention to rely on its
nuclear arsenal for decades to come.
64. In short, by engaging in conduct that directly conflicts with the obligations
of nuclear disarmament and cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date, the
Respondent has breached and continues to breach its legal duty to perform its
obligations under customary international law in good faith.
V. Jurisdiction of the Court
65. In accordance with the provisions of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute,
jurisdiction exists by virtue of the operation of the Declaration of the Marshall
Islands dated 15 March 2013 (and deposited 24 April 2013) and the Declaration of
the Republic of India dated 15 September 1974 (and deposited 18 September 1974),
each Declaration without pertinent reservation.
VI. Final Observations
66. Pursuant to Article 31 of the Statute of the Court and Article 35, paragraph
1, of its Rules, the Applicant will exercise the power conferred by Article 31
of the Statute and choose a person to sit as judge ad hoc and will so inform the
Court in due course.
67. The Applicant reserves the right to modify and extend the terms of this
Application, the grounds invoked and the Remedies requested.
Remedies
On the basis of the foregoing statement of facts and law, the Republic of the
Marshall Islands requests the Court
to adjudge and declare
(a) that India has violated and continues to violate its international obligations
under customary international law, by failing to pursue in good faith and
bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its
aspects under strict and effective international control, in particular by engaging
a course of conduct, the quantitative buildup and qualitative improvement
of its nuclear forces, contrary to the objective of nuclear disarmament ;
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aux armements nucléaires à une date rapprochée. S’agissant de l’exécution de ces
obligations, le défendeur manque notamment d’agir de bonne foi.
62. Comme nous l’avons exposé dans la deuxième partie de la présente requête,
le défendeur procède à l’accroissement, à la diversification et à l’amélioration de
son arsenal nucléaire, ce qui constitue une prolifération nucléaire verticale, laquelle
contrevient de toute évidence aux obligations de désarmement nucléaire et de cessation
de la course aux armements nucléaires à une date rapprochée qui lui
incombent. Ce comportement encourage en outre d’autres Etats possédant des
armes nucléaires à faire de même et peut inciter les Etats non dotés d’armes
nucléaires à reconsidérer leur position en la matière.
63. Les programmes et politiques adoptés par le défendeur démontrent également
son intention de s’appuyer sur son arsenal nucléaire pendant les décennies à venir.
64. En bref, en adoptant un comportement contrevenant directement aux obligations
de désarmement nucléaire et de cessation de la course aux armements
nucléaires à une date rapprochée, le défendeur a manqué de s’acquitter et continue
de ne pas s’acquitter de son obligation juridique consistant à exécuter de bonne foi
les prescriptions du droit international coutumier.
V. Compétence de la Cour
65. Conformément aux dispositions du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 de son Statut,
la Cour est compétente pour connaître du présent différend par l’effet de la déclaration
d’acceptation faite le 15 mars 2013 (et déposée le 24 avril 2013) par la République
des Iles Marshall et de celle faite le 15 septembre 1974 (et déposée le 18 septembre 1974)
par la République de l’Inde, toutes deux sans aucune réserve pertinente en l’espèce.
VI. Observations finales
66. Conformément à l’article 31 du Statut de la Cour et au paragraphe 1 de
l’article 35 du Règlement, le demandeur exercera son droit de désigner un juge
ad hoc et informera la Cour de son choix en temps utile.
67. Le demandeur se réserve le droit de modifier et de compléter la présente
requête, ainsi que l’exposé des moyens et les conclusions demandées.
Conclusions demandées
Sur la base de l’exposé des faits et des moyens juridiques qui précède, la République
des Iles Marshall prie la Cour
de dire et juger
a) que l’Inde a manqué et continue de manquer aux obligations internationales
qui lui incombent en vertu du droit international coutumier en s’abstenant de
poursuivre de bonne foi et de mener à terme des négociations conduisant à un
désarmement nucléaire dans tous ses aspects effectué sous un contrôle international
strict et efficace et, en particulier, en adoptant une ligne de conduite qui,
en visant à accroître et à améliorer ses forces nucléaires, est contraire à l’objectif
du désarmement nucléaire ;
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(b) that India has violated and continues to violate its international obligations
under customary international law with respect to cessation of the nuclear
arms race at an early date, by taking actions to quantitatively build up its
nuclear forces, to qualitatively improve them, and to maintain them for the
indefinite future ;
(c) that India has failed and continues to fail to perform in good faith its obligations
under customary international law by taking actions to quantitatively
build up its nuclear forces, to qualitatively improve them, and to maintain
them for the indefinite future ; and
(d) that India has failed and continues to fail to perform in good faith its obligations
under customary international law by effectively preventing the great
majority of non-nuclear-weapon States from fulfilling their part of the obligations
under customary international law and Article VI of the NPT with
respect to nuclear disarmament and cessation of the nuclear arms race at an
early date.
In addition, the Republic of the Marshall Islands requests the Court
to order
India to take all steps necessary to comply with its obligations under customary
international law with respect to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date
and nuclear disarmament within one year of the Judgment, including the pursuit,
by initiation if necessary, of negotiations in good faith aimed at the conclusion of
a convention on nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective
international control.
Dated this 24th of April 2014.
(Signed) Tony A. deBrum, (Signed) Phon van den Biesen,
Co-Agent and Minister of Foreign Affairs Co-Agent of the Republic
of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. of the Marshall Islands.
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b) que l’Inde a manqué et continue de manquer aux obligations internationales
relatives à la cessation de la course aux armements nucléaires à une date rapprochée
qui lui incombent en vertu du droit international coutumier, et ce, en
prenant des mesures visant à accroître, améliorer et conserver pour une durée
illimitée ses forces nucléaires ;
c) que l’Inde a manqué de s’acquitter et continue de ne pas s’acquitter de bonne foi
des obligations qui lui incombent en vertu du droit international coutumier en
prenant des mesures visant à accroître, améliorer et conserver pour une durée
illimitée ses forces nucléaires ; et
d) que l’Inde a manqué de s’acquitter et continue de ne pas s’acquitter de bonne foi
des obligations qui lui incombent en vertu du droit international coutumier en
empêchant de fait la grande majorité des Etats non dotés d’armes nucléaires de
respecter la part des obligations que leur imposent le droit international coutumier
et l’article VI du TNP en ce qui concerne le désarmement nucléaire et la
cessation de la course aux armements nucléaires à une date rapprochée.
En outre, la République des Iles Marshall prie la Cour
d’ordonner
à l’Inde de prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour se conformer, dans un délai
d’un an à compter du prononcé de l’arrêt, aux obligations que lui impose le droit
international coutumier en ce qui concerne la cessation de la course aux armements
nucléaires à une date rapprochée et le désarmement nucléaire, parmi lesquelles
celle de mener des négociations de bonne foi, si nécessaire en engageant
celles‑ci, en vue de conclure une convention relative à un désarmement nucléaire
dans tous ses aspects effectué sous un contrôle international strict et efficace.
Fait ce jour, le 24 avril 2014.
Le coagent et ministre des affaires étrangères Le coagent de la République
de la République des Iles Marshall, des Iles Marshall,
(Signé) Tony A. deBrum. (Signé) Phon van den Biesen.
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IMPRIMÉ EN FRANCE – PRINTED IN FRANCE
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Application instituting proceedings