COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRETS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE RELATIVE A
L'INCIDENT AÉRIEN DU
27 JUILLET 1955
(ISRAËLc.BULGARIE)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES
ARR~T DU 26MAI 1959
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING THE
AERIAL INCIDENT OF
JULY 27th, 1955
(ISRAELv.BULGARIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
JUDGMENT OF MAY 26th,1959 Le présent arrêtdoit êtrecité comme suit:
(Agaire relativà l'incident aériendu27 juilleI955
(Israëlc.Bulgarie), Exceptions préliminaires,
Arrêtdzt26 mai 19-59:C. I. J. Recuei1959, p.127. 1)
This Judgment should be cited as follows:
"Case concerningthe Aerial Incident of Jzdy 27th1955
(Israel v. Bulgaria,P~eliminary Objections,
Jzsdgnzentof May 26th, I959: I.C.J. ReportsI959, p.127."
No de vente:
Sales number 206 / INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
1959
May 26th
General :ist
No. 35
YEAR 1959
May 26th,1959
CASE CONCERNING THE
AERIAL INCIDENT OF
(ISRAEL v.BULGARIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
Com~ulsoryjurisdictionofInternationalCourtofJustice.-Declara-
tions acceptingcompulsoryjurisdiction of PermanentCourt of Inter-
national Justice.-Ar36, paragraph 5, of Statute of Court.-
Determinationof States to which Articleraph5, app1ies.-
Conditionsrequiredfor applicationof Article36, paragraph5.-Lapse
of a declarationfollowing dissolution of Permanent Court.
JUDGMENT
Presen:PresidentKLAESTA D Vice-PresideZAFRULLA KHAN ;
JudgesBASDEVANT H,ACKWORTH W,INIARSKI, ADAWI,
ARMAND-UGOK NO, JEVNIKOV,ir Hersch LAUTERPACHT,
MORENO QUINTANA, CORDOVA W,ELLINGTOKNOO,SPIRO-
POULOSS ,ir Percy SPENDE;udges ad hGOITEIN and
ZOUREK ;eputy-RegistrGARNIER-COIGNET. In the case conceming the Aerial Incident of July 27th, 1955,
between
the State of Israel,
represented by
Mr. Shabtai Rosenne, Legal Adviser to the Ministry for Foreign
Affairs,
as Agent,
assisted by
Mr. M. Shneerson, Minister Plenipotentiary, Embassy of Israel,
Paris,
Mr. J. H. Lazarus, Assistant to the Attorney-General, Ministry
of Justice,
Mr. F. Landau, Assistant to the State-Attorney, Ministry of
Justice,
Mr. T. Meron, Assistant to the Legal Adviser, Ministry for
Foreign Affairs,
asCoiinsel,
and
the People's Republic of Bulgaria,
represented by
Dr. Nissim Mévorah,Professor:of Civil Law at the University of
Sofia, Adviser to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
as Agent,
assisted by
M. Evguéni Kamenov, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary of Bulgaria in France,
as Counsel,
and by
M. Pierre Cot, Professeuragrégé of the Faculties of Law of France,
and
Me Marc Jacquier, of the Bar of the Paris Court of Appeal,
asAdvocates,
composed as above,
deliversthe followingJudgment:
On October 16th) 1957, the Minister of Israel to the Netherlands
handed to the Registrar an Application by the Government of Israel,
5dated October gth, 1957, instituting proceedings before the Court
against the Govemment of the People's Republic of Bulgaria with
regard to the destruction, on July 27th, 1955, by the Bulgarian
anti-aircraft defence forces, of an aircraft belonging to El Al Israel
Airlines Ltd.
The Application invoked Article 36 of the Statute of the Court
and the acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court by
Israel, on the one hand, in its Declaration of October 3rd, 1956,
replacing the previous Declaration of September 4th, 1950, and
by Bulgaria, on the other hand, on July zgth, 1921. In accordance
with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Application was
communicated to the Government of the People's Republic of
Bulgaria. In accordance with paragraph 3 of the same Article, the
other Msmbers of the United Nations and the non-Member States
entitled to appear before the Court were notified.
Time-limits for the filing of the Memorial and the Counter-Me-
morial were fixed respectively by Orders of the Court of November
26th, 1957, and January 27th, 1958. The Memorialwas filed within
the time-limit fixed for this purpose. Within the time-limit fixed
for the filing of the Counter-Memorial, the Government of the Peo-
ple's Republic of Bulgaria filed preliminary objections to the juris-
diction of the Court. On December 17th, 1958, an Order, recording
that the proceedings on the merits weresuspended under the provi-
sions of Article 62 of theRules ofCourt, granted fhe Government of
Israel a time-limit expiring on February 3rd, 1959, for the submis-
sion of a written statement ofits observations and submissionson the
preliminary objections. The written statement was filed on that
date and the case became ready for hearing in respect of the pre-
liminary objections.
Mr. Justice Goitein, of the Supreme Court of Israel, and M.
Jaroslav zourek, member of the International Law Commission of
the United Nations, were respectively chosen, in accordance with
Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute, to sit as Judges ad hoc
in the present case by the Govemment of Israel andthe Govemment
of Bulgaria.
On March 16th, 17th, 18th, ~gth, qrd, 24th, 25th and 26th and
on April ~st, 2nd and 3rd, 1959, hearings were held in the course of
which the Court heard the oral arguments and replies of M. Mévorah,
Agent, M. Kamenov, Counsel, and M. Cot, Advocate, on behalf
of the Govemment of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, and 'of
Mr. Rosenne, Agent, on behalf of the Govemment of Israel.
In the course of the written and oral proceedings, the following
submissions were presented by the Parties:
On behalf of the Government of Israel, in the Application:
"That it may please the Court:
(a) Subject to the presentatioof suchwritten and oral pleadings
as the Court may direct, to adjudge and declare that the People's
Republic of Bulgaria is responsible under international law for
6 the destruction of the Israel aircraft 4X-AKC on 27 July 1955
and for the loss of life and property and al1 other damage that
resulted therefrom ;
(b) To determine the amount of compensation due from the
People's Republic of Bulgaria to Israel;
(c) In exircise of the power conferred upon it by Article 64
of the Statute of the Court, to decide that al1 costs and expenses
incurred by the Government of Israel be borne by the Govem-
ment of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. "
On behalf of the same Government, in the Memonal:
"1. On the first petition of the Application instituting Proceedings:
Whereas units of the armed forces of Bulgaria opened fire
on 4X-AKC and shot it down and destroyed it, killing au
its occupants, as has been admitted by the Government of
Bulgaria ;
And whereas the Govemment of Bulgaria has furthermore
adrnitted that in so doing its armed forces displayed a certain
haste and did not take al1 the necessary measures to compel
the aircraft to land, and has stated that it would identify
and punish the culpable persons and pay compensation;
And whereas such action was in violation of international
law ;
May it please the Court
To judge and declare
That Bulgaria is responsible under international law for
the destruction of Israel aircraft 4X-AKC, on 27 July 1955,
and for the loss of life and property and all other damage
that resulted therefrom.
II. On the second petition of the Application instituting Pro-
ceedings :
(a) Whereas the Govemment of Israel has established that
the financial loss incurred by the persons whose cause is being
adopted by it amounts to the sum of U.S. Dollars 2,559,688.65;
May it please the Court
To give judgrnent in favour of the claim of the Government
of Israel and fix the amount of compensation due from Bulgaria
to Israel at U.S. Dollars 2,559,688.65;
(b) Whereas the Govemment of Israel has stated that a
declaration by the Court regarding the intemational respon-
sibility of Bulgaria, as contained in Submission No. 1,would
be sufficient satisfaction and that it was waiving any further
claim to reparation;
And whereas, nevertheless, the Government of Israel has
asked the Court to take note of the failure of the Government of Bulgaria to implement its undertaking to identify and
punish the culpable persons;
May it please the Court
To place the foregoing on record.
III. On the third petition of thc.Application institutingproceedings:
May it please the Court
(a) To judge and declare
that the expenses incurred by the Government of Israel in
preparing this claim, assessed at 1 £ 25,000, be borne by the
Government of Bulgaria.
(b) To decide
that the costs of the Government of Israel in this case shall
be borne by the Government of Bulgaria.
IV. And further to judge and declare that the sum awarded under
Submission No. II (a), with interest at six per cent per annum
from 27 July 1955 until the date of payrnent, together with
the expenses and costs incurred in this case, shall be paid by
the Government of Bulgaria to the Government of Israel in
Israel."
On behalf of the People's Republic ofBulgaria in the Preliminary
Objections (communications of December 4th and 8th, 1958 :)
"May it plesse the Court,
Whereas Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute of the Inter-
national Court of Justice is inapplicable in regard to the People's
Republic of Bulgaria,
Whereas the International Court of Justice is without juris-
diction to adjudicate on the Application of the Government of
Israel since the lattersubmits to the Court a dispute which relates
to situations and facts that arose prior to the alleged acceptance
of the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice
by the People's Republic of Bulgaria,
For these reasons and all others which may be presented or
which the Court should consider it appropriate to add thereto or
to substitute therefor,
To adjudge and declare
That the Court is witlzout jurisdiction in the case concerning the
aerial incident of July 27th, 1955, and also
That the Applicàtion fded on October 16th, 1957, by the Govern-
ment of Israel against the Government of the People's Republic
of Bulgaria is inadmissible ;
In the alternative,
May it please the Court,
Whereas the State of Israelcan act in defence of its nationals
only and whereas the damage in respect of which it seeks reparation
8 was for the most part suffered by non-Israel insurance companies,
Whereas the dispute referred to the International Court of
Justice by the Israel Government is subject to the exclusive
jurisdiction of the People's Republic of Bulgaria; and whereas
moreover it falls in any event essentially within the domestic
jurisdiction of Bulgaria,
Whereas the Government of Israelhas not exhausted the remedies
available in the Bulgarian courts before applying to the Court,
For these reasons and al1 others which may be presented or
which the Court should consider it appropriate to add thereto
or to substitute therefor,
To adjudge and declare that the Application filed on October
16th, 1957, by the Government of Israel against the Government
of the People's Republic of Bulgaria is inadmissible."
On behalf of the Govemment of Israel, in its Written Observa-
tions on the Preliminary Objections :
"May it please the Court,
Rejecting al1 Submissions to the contrary,
To dismiss the Preliminary Objections, and
To resume the proceedings on the merits."
On behalf of the Govemment of the People's Republic of Bul-
garia, Submissions deposited inthe Registry on March zoth, 1959,
after the first oral presentationof that Govemment's case:
"May it please the Court,
On the First Preliminary Objection,
Whereas the Declaration of August ~ath, 1921, by which the
Kingdom of Bulgaria had accepted the compulsor jurisdiction of
the Permanent Court of International Justice an3 which formed
part of the Protocol of Signature of the Statute of that Court,
ceased to be in force on the dissolution of the Permanent Court,
pronounced by the Assembly of the League of Nations on April
18th, 1946;
Whereas that Declaration was therefore no longer in force on
the date on which the People's Republic of Bulgaria became a
party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice; and
whereas it cannot accordingly be regarded as constituting an
Court of Justice, by virtue of Article 36, paragraph 5, of the
Statute of that Court,
For these reasons,
To adjudge and declare that the Court is without jurisdiction
to adjudicate upon the Application of the Government of Israel
relating to the aerial incident of July 27th, 1955.On the Second Preliminary Objection,
Whereas the dispute referred to the Court relates to situations
or facts prior to the alleged acceptance of the compulsory juris-
diction of the International Court of Justice which is said to
result from the accession of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
to the Statute of that Court on December 14th, 1955;
Whereas the Government of Tsrael, in accepting the compulsory
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, excluded dispures
prior to the date of its submission to that compulsory jurisdiction;
Whereas, on the basis of reciprocity, the Government of the
People's Republic of Bulgaria cannot, in any event, be regarded
as having accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Inter-
national Court of Justice in respect of facts prior to December 14th,
19551
For these reasons,
To adjudge and declare that the Court is without jurisdiction
to adjudicate upon the Application of the Government of Israel
relating to the aerial incident of July 27th, 1955.
On the Third Preliminary Objection,
Whereas the Government of Israel can act in defence of its
nationals only; whereas it does not dispute that al1 or part of
the damage in respect of which it seeks compensation was covered
by insurance; whereas it provides no evidence of the Israel
nationality of the insurers,
For these reasons,
To adjudge and declare that the Government of Israel has no
capacity to submit to the Court claims to a right to be indemnified
which has been the subject of assignment or subrogation in favour
of insurance companies not of Israel nationality.
On the Fourth Preliminary Objection,
Whereas it appears from the Memorial filed on behalf of the
Government of Israel that the Application, of which the Court
is seised, is based upon action undertaken by the Bulgarian anti-
aircraft defence armed forces, in the Bulgarian airspace; whereas
the dispute, which has arisen as a result of such action, does not
fall within any of the categories referred to in Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice,
but, on the contrary, falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of
the People's Republic of Bulgaria;
Whereas, moreover, this dispute is one 'relating to matters
which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of the Bul-
garian State'; whereas in virtue of reservation '(b)' included by
the Government of Israel in its Declaration of Acceptance of the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court-which reservation the
Bulgarian Government claims to be entitled to apply in its favour,
on the basis of reciprocity-the dispute falls outside the juris-
diction of the International Court of Justice, For these reasons,
To adjudge and declare that the Court is without jurisdiction
to adjudicate upon the Application of the Government of Israel
relating to the aerial incident of July 27th, 1955.
On the Fifth Preliminary Objection,
Whereas the nationals of Israel whose claims are presented by
the Government of Israel have not exhausted the remedies available
to them in the Bulgarian courts before applying to the Inter-
national Court of Justice,
For these reasons,
To adjudge and declare that the claim of the Government of
Israel cannot, at the present stage, be submitted to the Court."
On behalf of the Government of Israel, Submissions filed at the
heanng of March 26th, 1959:
"May it please the Court,
Rejecting al1 Submissions to the contrary,
To dismiss the Preliminary Objections, and
To resume the proceedings on the merits."
On behalf of the Govemment of the People's Republic of Bul-
garia, Submissions tîled in the Registry on Apnl znd, 1959, after
the oral reply :
"On the Fifth Preliminary Objection,
Whereas the nationals of Israel whose claims are presented by
the Government of Israel had not exhausted the remedies available
to them in the Bulgarian courts before the reference by that
Government to the International C,ourt of Justice,
For these reasons,
To adjudge and declare that the claim of the Government of
Israel cannot, at the present stage, be submitted to the Court."
Atthe hearing of April3rd, 1959 ,t the end of his oral rejoinder,
the Agent for the Government of Israel confirmed the formal Sub-
missions set forth inthe Written Observations submitted on behalf
of his Government.
Itwas stated to the Court that on the morning of July 27th, 195.5,
the civil Constellation aircraft No. 4X-AKC, wearing the Israel
colours and belonging to the Israel Company El Al Israel Airlines
Ltd., making a scheduled commercial flight between Vienna,
Austria, and Lod (Lydda) in Israel, having, without previous
authorization, penetrated over Bulgarian temtory, was shot down
by aircraft of the Bulgarian anti-aircraft defence forces. After
catching fire, the Israel aircraft crashed in flames near the town of Petritch, Bulgana, and al1the crew, consisting of seven members,
and also the fifty-one passengers ofvanous nationalities were killed.
These facts gave rise to negotiations and diplomatic correspon-
dence between the two Governments which attempted in that
way to amveat a friendly solution. As these diplomatic approaches
did not lead to a result which was satisfactory to the Parties
to the case, the Government of Israel submitted the dispute to
the Court by means of an Application instituting proceedings
on October 16th, 1957. Against this Application the Government
of the People's Republic of Bulgaria advanced five Preliminary
Objections.
The Court willproceed to consider the First Preliminary Objection.
The Government of Israel claims to find a basis for the juris-
diction ofthe Court inthe present case by invoking in its Application
the fact that "Bulgaria's acceptance of the cornpulsory jurisdiction
was made on 29th July, 1921, on the occasion of the deposit of the
instrument ofthat country's ratification of the Protocol of Signature
of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
In its Memorial, it reproduced the declaration thus invoked under
the date of August ~eth, 1921, which is the date of its ratification
by the Government of the Kingdom of Bulgaria and therefore the
date of its entry into force. The Memorial adds: "Bulgana became
a Member of the United Nations on 14 December, 1955 ..when
that country's Declaration became applicable to the jurisdiction
of the International Court of Justice." While not so stating at the
time, though it was thus understood by the Bulganan Government
and explained in the subsequent proceedings, the Government of
Israel rested this reference to the 1921 Declaration on Article 36,
paragraph 5, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
Thus, the Govemment of Israel relies on two provisions. The first
is the Declaration signed on July 29th, 1921, at the same time as
the Protocol of Signature of the Statute of the Permanent Court
of International Justice, and ratified on August rzth, 1921. This
Declaration is in the following terms:
[Translation]
"On behalf of the Government of the Kingdom of Bulgaria, 1
recognize, inrelation to any other Member or State which accepts
the same obligation, the jurisdictionof the Court as compulsory,.
ipso factoand without any special convention, unconditionally."
The second provision is Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute of
the International Court of Justice, which reads as follows:
"Declarations made under Article 36 of the Statute of the Per-
manent Court ofInternational Justice and which are still in force
12 shall be deemed, as between the parties to the present Statute, to
CourtcoftJustice for the period which they still have to run and in
accordance with their terms."
To justify the application of thelatter provision to the Bulgarian
Declaration of 1921, the Government of Israel relies finally on the
fact that Bulgaria became a party to the Statute of the International
Court of Justice as a result of its admission to the United Nations,
pursuant tc Resolution 995 (X) adopted by the General Assembly
on December ~qth, 1955.
The Government of the People's Republic of Bulgaria denies
that Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute transferred the effect
of the Bulgarian Declaration of 1921 to the jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice. Consequently, its First Preliminary
Objection asks that it "may please the Court ...to adjudge and
declare that the Court is without jurisdiction to adjudicate upon
the Application of the Govemment of Israel relating to the aerial
incident of July 27th, 1955"
The Court has to determine whether Article 36, paragraph 5, of
the Statute is applicable to the Bulgarian Declaration of 1921.
The object of Article 36, paragraph 5, is to introduce a modifi-
cation in the declarations to which it refers by substituting the
International Court of Justice for the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice, the latter alone being mentioned in those declara-
tions, andby thus transferring the legal effect of those declarations
from one Court to the other. That Article 36, paragraph 5, should
do this in respect of declarations made by States which were
represented at the San Francisco Conference and were signatories
of the Charter and of the Statute, can easily be understood. This
corresponds indeed to the very object of this provision. But is this
provision meant also to cover declarations made by other States,
including Bulgaria? The text does not Say so explicitly.
At the time of the adoption of the Statute a fundamental
difference existed between the position of the signatory States and
of the other States which might subsequently be admitted to the
United Nations. This difference is not expressed in the text of
Article 36, paragraph 5,but it derives from the situation which that
text was meant to regulate, namely, the transfer to the International
Court of Justice of declarations relating to the Permanent Court of
International Justice which was on the point of disappearing when
the Statute was drawn up. The States represented at San Francisco
knew what their own position was under the declarations they had
made. They were acting with a full knowledge of the facts when
they agreed to transfer the effect of those declarations to the com-
pulsory jurisdiction of the new Court and they had the power
to do so. These States were not in the same position with
regard to the declarations signed by other States. In the case of
13some of these, there might arise the question of the effect of the
war, a question which does not appear then to have been corisidered.
In a more general way, the signatory States could not regard as
more or less imminent the admission to the United Nations of any
of the other States, their admission being possibly preceded bythe
lapsing of the declarations of some of them; the question which
the signatory States were easily able to resolve as between them-
selves at that time would arise in a quite different form in the
future as regards the other States.The existence of these differences
militates against a construction extending the effect of Article 36,
paragraph 5, to declarations made by States subsequently admitted
to the United Nations, on the mere ground that those declarations
were in force at the time of the signing of the Charter or of its
entry into force.
Article 36, paragraph 5, considered in its application to States
signatories of the Statute, effects a simple operation: it transforms
their acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent
Court into an acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice. This was done in contemplation
of the dissolution of the old Court and the institution of a new
Court, two events which, while not absolutely coincident, were
sufficiently close so far as States signatones of the Charter and
of the Statute were concerned. The transformation enacted was
in their case contemporaneous with this double event. The position
was quite different in respect of declarations by non-signatory
States, apart from the possibility, which did not in fact materialize,
of a non-signatory State's becoming a party to the Statute before the
dissolution of the Permanent Court. Subject to this, the operation
of transferring from one Court to the other acceptances of the
compulsory jurisdiction by non-signatory States could not con-
stitute a simple operation, capable of being dealt with immediately
and completely by Article 36, paragraph 5. Such a transfer must
necessarily involve two distinctoperations which might be separated
by a considerable interval of time. On the one hand, old declarations
would have had to have been preserved with immediate effect as
from the entry into force of the Statute, and, on the other hand,
they would have had to be transferred to the jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice, a transfer which could only have
been operated by the acceptance by the State concerned of the
new Statute, in practice, by its admission to the United Nations.
Immediate preservation of the declaration was necessary in order
to Save it from the lapsing by which it was threatened by the
imminent dissolution of the Permanent Court which was then in
contemplation. If it were not thus maintainedin being, a subsequent
transfer of the declaration to the jurisdiction of the new Court
could not be effected. Thus, the problem of the transfer of former
declarations from one Court to the other, which arose in the case
of the acceptances of non-signatory States, was quite different
14from that in the case of acceptances by States signatories of the
Charter and of the Statute.
In addition to this fundamental difference in respect of the
factors of the problem, there wete special difficulties in resolving
it in respect of acceptances by non-signatory States. These difiî-
culties, indeed, rendered impossible the solution of the problem
by the application of Article 36, paragraph 5, as drafted and
adopted. Since this provision was originally subscribed to only by
the signatory States, it was without legal force so far as non-
signatory States were concerned: it could not preserve their
declarations from the lapsing with which they were threatened
by the irnpending dissolution of the Permanent Court. Since it
could not maintain them in being, Article 36, paragraph 5,could
not transfer their effect to the jurisdiction of the new Court as
of the date when a State havicg made a declaration became a
party to the Statute. Since these declarations had not been
maintained in being, it would then have been necessary to reinstate
lapsed declarations, then to transport their subject-matter to the
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice: nothing of this
kind is provided for by Article 36, paragraph 5. Thus, the course
it would have been necessary to follow at the time of the adoption
of the Statute, in order to secure a transfer of the declarations
of non-signatory States to the junsdiction of the new Court, would
have had to be entirely different from the course which was
followed to achieve this result in respect of the declarations of
signatory States. In the case of signatory States, by an agreement
between them having full legal effect, Article 36, paragraph 5,
governed the transfer from one Court to the other of still-existing
declarations; in so doing, it maintained an existing obligation
while modifying its subject-matter. So far as non-signatory States
were concerned, something entirely different was involved: the
Statute, in the absence of their consent, could neither maintain
nor transform their original obligation. Shortly after the entry
into force of the Statute, the dissolution of the Permanent Court
freed them from that obligation. Accordingly, the question of a
transformation of an existing obligation could no longer anse so
far as they were concerned: al1 that could be envisaged in their
case was the creation of a new obligation binding upon them. To
extend Article 36, paragraph 5,to those States would be to allow
that provision to do in their case something quite different from
what it did in the case of signatory States.
The question of the transfer from one Court to the other of
former acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction is so different,
according to whether it arises in respect of States signatones of
the Statute or in respect of non-signatory States, that the date
of the transfer, which it is a simple matter to determine in the
case of signâtory States, in spite of the silence on the point of
Article 36, paragraph 5, can scarcely be determined in any satis-factory way in the case of declarations of non-signatory States.
If regard be had to the date upon which a non-signatory State
became a party to the Statute by its admission to the United
Nations or in accordance with Article 93, paragraph 2, of the
Charter, the transfer is then regarded as occurring at a date which
might be very distant from the entry into force of the Statute,
and this would hardly be in harmony with the spirit of a provision
designed to provide for the transition from the old to the new
Court by rnaintaining something of the former regime.
On the point now under consideration, the States represented
at San Francisco could have made an offer addressed to other
States, for instance, an offer to consider their acceptance of the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court as an acceptance
of the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. But, in
that case, such an offer would have had to be formulated, and
the form of its acceptance and the conditions regarding the period
within which it must be accepted would have had to be determined.
There is nothing of this kind in Article 36, paragraph 5. When
this Article decides that, as between parties to the present Statute,
certain declarations are to be deemed to be acceptances of the
compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice,
this can be easily understood as meaning that the Article applies
to the declarations made by the States which drew it up. Such
a form of expression is scarcely appropriate for the making of
an offer addressed to other States.
Thus to restrict the application of Article 36, paragraph 5, to
the States signatories of the Statute is to take into account the
purpose for which this provision was adopted. The Statute in
which it appears does not establish the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Court. At the time of its adoption, the impending disso-
lution of the Permanent Court and, in consequence thereof, the
lapsing of acceptances of its compulsory jurisdiction, were in
contemplation. If nothing had been done there would have been
a backward step in relation to what had been achieved in the
way of international jurisdiction. Rather than expecting that the
States signatories of the new Statute would deposit new declara-
tions of acceptance, it was sought to provide for this transitory
situation by a transitional provision and that is the purpose of
Article 36, paragraph 5. By its nature and by its purpose, that
transitional provision is applicable only to the transitorysituation
it was intended to deal with, which involved the institution of
a new Court just when the old Court was being dissolved. The
situation is entirely different when, the old Court andthe acceptance
of its compulsory jurisdiction having long since disappeared, a
State becomes a partyto the Statute of the new Court: there is then
no transitory situation to be dealt with by Article 36, paragraph 5. To the extent that the records of the San Francisco Conference
provide any indication as to the scope of the application of
Article 36,paragraph 5, they confirm the fact that this paragraph
was intended to deal with the declarations of signatory States.
Those of non-signatory States, in respect of which specialprovisions
would have been necessary, were not envisaged.
This point had not been dealt with by the Washington Com-
mittee of Jurists. A Sub-Committee, Sitting on April 13th, 1945,
had merely drawn attention to the fact that many nations had
previously accepted compulsory jurisdiction under the Optional
'Clause and added "that provision should be made at the San
Francisco Conference for a special agreement for continuing these
acceptances in force for the purpose of this Statute". This reference
to a special agreement clearly indicated that in order to preserve
these acceptances under a new system, the consent of States
having made such declaration would be necessary: the contem-
plating of such an agreement indicated that the Conference could
not substitute its decision for that of the States not there
~epresented.
At the San Francisco Conference, the provision which became
paragraph 5 of Article36 was proposed by Sub-Cômmittee D and
discussed and adopted by Committee IV/I, on June ~st, 1945.
In this Committee, the statements made mainly indicated the
preference of many delegations for the Court's compulsory juris-
diction and their regret that it did not appear to be possible to
adopt it. As to the meaning to be attributed to the provision
which was to become paragraph 5 of Article 36, the Canadian
representative said: "In view of the new paragraph ...as soon
.as States sign the Charter, the great majority of them would be
automatically under the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court
because of the existing declarations." The representative of the
United Kingdom having for his part said that he thought "that
some forty States would thereby become automatically subject
to the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court", this optimistic
estimate was corrected by the Australian representative in the
terms thus recorded in the minutes: "He desired to call attention
to the fact that not forty but about twenty States would be
automatically bound as a result of the compromise. In this con-
nection he pointed out that of the fifty-one States that have
adhered to the optional clause, three had ceased to be independent
States, seventeen were not represented at the Conference and
about ten of the declarations of other States had expired." The
representatives of the United Kingdom and of Australia, refemng
to the meaning which they attached to the paragraph which sub-
sequently became paragraph 5, were indicating the number of
17States to which, in their opinion, this provision would be applicable.
The Australian representative, whose statement followed that of
the representative of the United Kingdom, set out to correct the
latter's estimate of the number of declarations which would thus
be affected and, for this purpose, he rejected those of the seventeen
States which were not "represented at the Conference". This
statement clearly shows that in the view of the Australian rep-
resentative, paragraph 5 was not intended to be applicable to the
declarations of States not represented at the Conference. This
statement, though it related to a point in the paragraph of cardinal
importance, was not disputed by the representative of the United
Kingdom orby any other member of the Committee. The conclusion
to be drawn is that, in the view of the members of the Committee,
the States not represented at the Conference remained outside the
scope of the matter being dealt with by paragraph 5 and that that
paragraph was intended to be binding only upon those States
which, having been represented at the Conference, would sign and
ratify the Charter and thus accept the Statute directly and without
any probable delay.
This is confirmed by the report of Committee IV/I, approved by
the Committee on June th, 1945. The report, having stated that
the Committee proposed solutions for certain problems to which
the creation of the new Court would give rise, sets out under (a)
what is provided in Article 37, under (b) what is provided in
paragraph 4 (which was to become paragraph 5)of Article 36, and
adds: "(c) Acceptances of the jurisdiction of the old Court over
disputes arising between parties to the new Statute and other
States, or between other States, should also be covered in some
way and it seems desirable that negotiations should be initiated
with a view to agreement that such acceptances will apply to the
jurisdiction of the new Court. This matter cannot be dealt with in
the Charter or the Statute, but it may later be possible for the
General Assembly to facilitate such negotiations." Thus a clear
distinction was drawn between what could be dealt with by Arti-
cle36, paragraph 5,and what could only be dealt with otherwise,
that is, by agreement, outside the provisions of the Statute, with
the States absent from the San Francisco negotiations. If that did
not refer exclusively to the declarations of such States, at least
there is no doubt thatit did refer to them and that theywereprinci-
pally referred to: the use of the word "acceptances" confirms this,
if confirmation is necessary, and this word, which appears once only
in the French text, appears twice in the English text of which
indeed it is the first word.
This confirms the view that Article 36, paragraph 5,was designed
to govern the transfer dealt with in that provision only as between
the signatories of the Statute, not in the case of a State in the
position of Bulgaria. Finally, if any doubt remained, the Court, in order to interpret
Article 36, paragraph 5, should consider it in its context and
bearing in mind the general scheme of the Charter and the Statute
which founds the jurisdiction of the Court on the consent of States.
It should, as it said in the case of the Monetary gold removedfrom
Rome in 1943 , e careful not to "run counter to a well-established
principle of international law embodied in the Court's Statute,
namely, that the Court can only exercise jurisdiction over a State
with its consent". (I.C.J. Reports1954, p. 32.)
Consent to the transfer to the International Court of Justice of
a declaration accepting the jurisdiction of the Permanent Court
may be regarded as effectively given by a State which, having
been represented at the San Francisco Conference, signed and
ratified the Charter and thereby accepted the Statute in which
Article 36, paragraph 5, appears. But when, as in the present
case, a State has for many years remained a stranger to the Statute,
to hold that that State has consented to the transfer, by the fact
of its admission to the United Nations, would be to regard its
request for admission as equivalent to an express declaration by
that State as provided for by Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute. It would be to disregard both that latter provision and
the principle according to which the jurisdiction of the Court is
conditional upon the consent of the respondent, and to regard as
sufficient a consent which is merely presumed.
Even if it should be assumed that Article 36, paragraph
5, is not
limited to the declarations of signatory States, the terms of that
provision make it impossible to apply it to the Bulgarian Declaration
of 1921. The Government of Israel, in order to base the jurisdiction
of the Court upon the combined effect of the Bulgarian Declaration
of 1921 and Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute, has construed
that provision as covering a declaration made by a State, which
had not participated in the San Francisco Conference, which is not
a signatory of the Statute and only became a party thereto much
later. The Court will also consider the matter from this angle and
accordinglyenquire whether the conditions,required by Article 36,
paragraph 5,for a transfer from the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice to the International Court of Justice of acceptances
of compulsory jurisdiction relating only to the former, are satisfied
in the present case and whether the Bulgarian Declaration must
therefore "be deemed ...to be an acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice".
The declarations to which Article 36, paragraph 5, refers created
for the States which had made them the obligation to recognize the AERIAL INCIDEST 01:27 YI1 jj (JUDGMENT OF 26 V 59) 143
jurisdiction of the Permaneilt Court of International Justice. At
the time when the new Statiite was drawn up, it was anticipated
-and events confirmed this-that the Permanent Court would
shortly disappear and these undertakings consequently lapse. It was
sought to provide for thissituation, to avoid, asfar as it was possible,
sucli a result by substituting for the compulssry jurisdiction of the
Permanent Court, which was to come to an end, the compulsory
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. This was the
purpose of Article 36, paragraph 5. This provision effected, as
between the States to which it applied, the transfer to the new
Court of the compulsory jurisdiction of the old. It thereby laid
upon the States to which it applied an obligation, the obligation
to recognize, ipso facto and without special agreement, the juris-
diction of the new Court. This constituted a new obligation which
was, doubtless, no more onerous than the obligation which was to
disappear but it was nevertheless a new obligation.
In the case of a State signatory of the Charter and of the Statute,
the date at which this new obligation arises, the date at which this
transfer from the jurisdiction of one Court tc that of another Court
is effected, is not directly determined. It could only be linked to
the signing of the Charter by an interpretation somewhat out .of
keeping with the provisions of Article IIO of the Charter which,
for thedate of theentry into force of the Charter and, consequently,
of the Statute, have regard to the dates of the deposit of ratifications.
Neither of these dates can be taken as fixing the birth of the obli-
gation here under consideration in.the case of a State not a signatory
of the Charter but subsequently admitted to the United Xations.
Cntil its admission, it was a stranger to the Charter and to the
Statute. What has been agreed upon between the signatories of
these instruments cannot have created any obligation binding upon
it, in particular an obligation to recognize the jurisdiction of the
Court.
This was the position of Bulgaria. Article 36, paragraph 5, could
not in any event be operative as regards that State until the date of
its admission to the Cnited Xations, ïïznely, December 14th, 1955.
.4t that date, however, the Bulgarian Declaration of 1921 was
no longer in force in consequence of the dissolution of the Permanent
Court of International Justice in 1946. The acceptance set out in
that Declaration of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent
Court of InternationaI Justice was thereafter devoid of object since
that Court u7as no longer in existence. The legal basis for that
acceptance in Article 36, paragraph 2,of the Statute of the Per-
manent Court of International Justice, ceased to exist with the
disappearance of that Statute. Thus, the Bulgarian Declaration
had lapsed and was no longer in force.
Though the Statute of the present Court could not lay any
obligation upon Bulgaria before its admission tothe United Nations,
and though the Bulgarian Declaration of 1921 had lapsed before
20that date, can Article 36, paragraph 5, nevertheless have had the
effect that that Declaration must be deemed as between Bulgaria
and Israel to be an acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of
the International Court of Justice? That depends upon the date to
which Article 36, paragraph 5, refers when it speaks of declarations
"which are still in force", "pour une duréequi n'est pas encore
expirée".In expressing itself thus, Article 36, paragraph 5, neither
states nor implies any reference to a fixed date, that of the signature
of the Charter and of the Statute, or that of their original entry
into force. These were events to which Bulgaria, which became a
party to the Statute only as a result of its admission to the United
Nations in 1955, was not privy; it would be permissible to have
reference to those dates in respect of the application of Article 36,
paragraph 5,only if that provision had referred thereto expressly
or by necessary implication; nothing of the kind is stated or implied
in the text.
There is nothingin Article 36, paragraph 5, to reveal any intention
of preserving al1 the declarations which were in existence at the
time of the signature or entry into force of the Charter, regardless
of the moment when a State having made a declaration became a
party to the Statute. Such a course would have involved the
suspending of a legal obligation, to be revived subsequently: it is
scarcely conceivable in respect of a State which was a stranger to
the drafting of Article 36, paragraph 5. There is nothing in this
provision to show any intention of adopting such an exceptional
procedure. If there had been such an intention, it should have been
expressed by a direct clause providing for the preservation of the
declaration, followed by a provision for its subsequent re-entry into
force as from the moment of admission to the United Nations:
nothing of the kind is expressed in the Statute.
Article 36, paragraph 5, is expressed in a single sentence the
purpose of which is to state that old declarations which are still
in force shall be deemed as between the parties to the present
Statute to be acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice. The provision determines, in respect
of a State to which it applies, the birth of the compulsory juris-
diction of the new Court. It makes that subject to two conditions:
(1) that the State having made the declaration should be a party
to the Statute, (2) that the declaration of that State should still be
in force.
Çince the Bulgarian Declaration had lapsed before Bulgaria was
admitted to the United Nations, it cannot be said that, at that time,
that declaration was still in force. The second condition statedin
*Article36, paragraph 5, is therefore not satisfied in the present case.
Thus, even placing itself on the ground upon which the Government
of Israel bases its claim, the Court finds that Article 36, para-
graph 5, is not applicable to the Bulgarian Declaration of 1921. This view is confirmed by the following considerations:
On the one hand, the clear intention which inspired Article 36,
paragraph 5, was to continue in being something which was in
existence, to preserve existing acceptances, to avoid that the crea-
tion of a new Court should frustrate progress already achieved;
it is not permissible to substitute for this intention to preserve, to
secure continuity, an intention to restore legal force to undertakings
which have expired: it is one thing to preserve an existing under-
taking by changing its subject-matter;it is quite another to revive
an undertaking which has already been extinguished.
On the other hand, Article 36, contrary to the desire of a number
of delegations at San Francisco, does not make compulsory juris-
diction an immediate and direct consequence of being a party to
the Statute. If Biilgaria, which at the time of its admission to the
United Nations was under no obligation of that kind in consequence
of the lapse of its Declaration of 1921, were to be regarded as subject
to the compulsory jurisdiction as a result of its admission to the
United Nations, the Statute of the Court would, in the case of
Bulgaria, have a legal consequence, namely, compulsory juris-
diction, which that Statute does not impose upon other States. It
is difficult to accept an interpretation which would constitute in the
case of Bulgaria such a derogation from the system of the Statute.
In seeking and obtaining admission to the Vnited Nations,
Bulgaria accepted al1 the provisions of the Statute, including
Article 36. It agreed to regard as subject to the compulsory juris-
diction of the Court, on the one hand, those States parties to the
Statute which had made or would make the declaration provided
for by paragraph 2 and, on the other hand, in accordance with
paragraph 5,those States which, at the time of their acceptance
of the Statute, were bound by their acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Permanent Court. At the time when Bulgaria
sought and obtained admission tothe United Nations, its acceptance
of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court had long
since lapsed. There is nothing in Article 36, paragraph 5, to indicate
any intention to revive an undertaking which is no longer in force.
That provision does not relate to the position of Bulgaria at the
time of its entry into the United Nations; Bulgaria's acceptance
of the provision does not constitute consent to the compulsory
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice;such consent can
validly be given by Bulgaria only in accordance with Article 36,
paragraph 2.
Article 36, paragraph 5, cannot therefore lead the Court to find
that , by the operation of this provision, the Bulgarian Declaration
of 1921 provides a basis for its jurisdiction to deal with the case
submitted to it by the Application filed by the Government of
Israel on October 16th, 1957. AERIAL INCIDENT OF 27 VI1 55 (JUDGMENT OF 26 V 59) 146
In the circumstances, it is unnecessary for the Court to proceed
to a consideration of the other Preliminary Objections to the Appli-
cationraisedby the Government of the People'sRepublic of Bulgana.
For these reasons,
by twelve votes to four,
finds that it is withouturisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute
brought before it on October 16th, 1957, by the Application of the
Government of Israel.
Done in French and English, the French text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-sixth day of May, one
thousand nine hundred and fifty-nine, in three copies, one of which
willbe placed inthe archives of the Court and the others transmitted
to the Government of Israel and the Government of the People's
Republic of Bulgaria, respectively.
(Signed) Helge KLAESTAD,
President.
(Signed) GARNIER-COIGNET,
Deputy-Registrar.
Vice-President ZAFRULLA KHAN States that he agrees with the
Judgment of the Court. Paragraph 5 of Article 36 of the Statute
of the Court requires that the State having made a declaration of
acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court
should be a party to the Statute of the International Court and
that the declaration should still be in force. The paragraph is not,
by its language, limited in its application to States who became
signatories of the Charter of the United Nations, though in actual
fact the paragraph did not become applicable to any other State, as
no other State, having a declaration stillin force, became a party
to the Statute of the International Court before the dissolution of
the Permanent Court put an end to al1 declarations accepting its
jurisdiction. If Bulgaria, or any other State whose declaration
accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court was
still in force, had become a party to the Statute of the International
Court beforethe dissolution of the Permanent Court, paragraph 5
of Article 36 of the Statute of the International Court would have
become applicable. Judges BADAWIand ARMAND-UGON av,ailing themselves of the
right conferred upon them by Article57 of the Statute, append to
the Judgment of the Court statements of theirSeparate Opinions.
Judges Sir Hersch LAUTERPACHT, WELLIXGTON KOO and Sir
Percy SPENDER,availing themselves of the right conferred upon
them by Article 57 of the Statute, append to the Judgment of the
Court a statement of their Joint Dissenting Opinion.
Mr. GOITEINJ ,udge ad hoc, availing himself of the right conferred
upon him by Article 57 of the Statlite, appends to the Judgment
of the Court a statement of his Dissenting Opinion.
(InitialledH. K.
(InitialledG.-C.
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRETS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE RELATIVE A
L'INCIDENT AÉRIEN DU
27 JUILLET 1955
(ISRAËLc.BULGARIE)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES
ARR~T DU 26MAI 1959
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING THE
AERIAL INCIDENT OF
JULY 27th, 1955
(ISRAELv.BULGARIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
JUDGMENT OF MAY 26th,1959 Le présent arrêtdoit êtrecité comme suit:
(Agaire relativà l'incident aériendu27 juilleI955
(Israëlc.Bulgarie), Exceptions préliminaires,
Arrêtdzt26 mai 19-59:C. I. J. Recuei1959, p.127. 1)
This Judgment should be cited as follows:
"Case concerningthe Aerial Incident of Jzdy 27th1955
(Israel v. Bulgaria,P~eliminary Objections,
Jzsdgnzentof May 26th, I959: I.C.J. ReportsI959, p.127."
No de vente:
Sales number 206 / COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
Le26mai
R61eg6n6ral
no 35
ANNEE 1959
26 mai 1959
AFFAIRE RELATIVE A
L'INCIDENT AÉRIEN DU
27 JUILLET 195 5
(ISRAËL c. BULGARIE)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES
Juridiction obligatoiredela Courinternation-lDécla-tice.
rations acceptantla juridiction obligatoire dela Cour permanentede
Justice internati-naArticle 36, $aragraphe 5, du Slatut de
Cour.- Déterminationdes États auxquels s'appliquel'article 36,
paragraphe5- Conditionsrequisespour l'applicationde l'article36,
paragraphe5- Caducitéd'unedéclarationpar suite dela dissolution
de la Cour permanente.
ARRÊT
Présents:M. KLAESTAD P,résident; MZAFRULLA KHAN, Vice-
PrésidentMM. BASDEVANT H,ACKWORTH W,INIARSKI,
BADAWIA , RMAND-UGO KO,JEVNIKOVS ,ir Hersch LAU-
TERPACHTM , M. MORENOQUINTANAC , ORDOVAW , EL-
LINGTON KOO,SPIROPOULOS Si,r Percy SPEND,uges;
MM. GOITEIN et ZOURE Kues ad hoc; M. GARNIER-
COIGNET Grefier adjoint. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
1959
May 26th
General :ist
No. 35
YEAR 1959
May 26th,1959
CASE CONCERNING THE
AERIAL INCIDENT OF
(ISRAEL v.BULGARIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
Com~ulsoryjurisdictionofInternationalCourtofJustice.-Declara-
tions acceptingcompulsoryjurisdiction of PermanentCourt of Inter-
national Justice.-Ar36, paragraph 5, of Statute of Court.-
Determinationof States to which Articleraph5, app1ies.-
Conditionsrequiredfor applicationof Article36, paragraph5.-Lapse
of a declarationfollowing dissolution of Permanent Court.
JUDGMENT
Presen:PresidentKLAESTA D Vice-PresideZAFRULLA KHAN ;
JudgesBASDEVANT H,ACKWORTH W,INIARSKI, ADAWI,
ARMAND-UGOK NO, JEVNIKOV,ir Hersch LAUTERPACHT,
MORENO QUINTANA, CORDOVA W,ELLINGTOKNOO,SPIRO-
POULOSS ,ir Percy SPENDE;udges ad hGOITEIN and
ZOUREK ;eputy-RegistrGARNIER-COIGNET. En l'affaire relatiàel'incident aériendu 27juillet 1955,
entre
l'État d'Israël,
représentépar
M.Shabtai Rosenne, conseillerjuridique au ministèredes Affaires
étrangères,
comme agent,
assisté de
M. M. Shneerson,ministre plénipotentiaire, ambassade d'Israëlà
Paris,
M. J. H. Lazams, adjoint à l'Attorney-GeneraZm, inistère de la
Justice,
M. F. Landau, adjoint au State-Attorney,ministère de la Justice,
M. étrangères,joint au conseillerjuridique, ministère des Affaires
comme conseils,
la République populaire de Bulgarie,
représentéepar
M.le Dr Nissim Mévorah, professeurde droit civil àl'université
de Sofia, conseiller au ministère des Affaires étrangères,
comme agent,
assisté de
M. Evguéni Kamenov, envoyé extraordinaire et ministre pléni-
potentiaire de Bulgarie en France,
comme conseil,
et de
M.Pierre Cot, professeur agrégédes facultés de droit de France,
et de
Me Marc Jacquier, avocat à la cour d'appel de Paris,
comme avocats,
ainsi composée,
rend Z'arrêstzciva:t
Le 16 octobre 1957 e ministre d'Israël aux Pays-Bas a remis au
Greffier une requêtedu Gouvernement d'Israël en date du g octobre
5 In the case conceming the Aerial Incident of July 27th, 1955,
between
the State of Israel,
represented by
Mr. Shabtai Rosenne, Legal Adviser to the Ministry for Foreign
Affairs,
as Agent,
assisted by
Mr. M. Shneerson, Minister Plenipotentiary, Embassy of Israel,
Paris,
Mr. J. H. Lazarus, Assistant to the Attorney-General, Ministry
of Justice,
Mr. F. Landau, Assistant to the State-Attorney, Ministry of
Justice,
Mr. T. Meron, Assistant to the Legal Adviser, Ministry for
Foreign Affairs,
asCoiinsel,
and
the People's Republic of Bulgaria,
represented by
Dr. Nissim Mévorah,Professor:of Civil Law at the University of
Sofia, Adviser to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
as Agent,
assisted by
M. Evguéni Kamenov, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary of Bulgaria in France,
as Counsel,
and by
M. Pierre Cot, Professeuragrégé of the Faculties of Law of France,
and
Me Marc Jacquier, of the Bar of the Paris Court of Appeal,
asAdvocates,
composed as above,
deliversthe followingJudgment:
On October 16th) 1957, the Minister of Israel to the Netherlands
handed to the Registrar an Application by the Government of Israel,
51957, introduisant devant la Cour une instance contre le Gou-
vernement de la République populaire de Bulgarie au sujet de la
destruction, le27 juillet1955, par les forces de défenseantiaérienne
bulgares, d'un avion appartenant à la El Al Israel Airlines Ltd.
La requête invoque l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour, ainsi que
l'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour d'une part par
Israël dans sa déclaration du 3 octobre 1956 remplaçant la décla-
ration antérieure du4 septembre 1950 et d'autre part parla Bulgarie
le 29 juillet1921. Conformément à l'article 40, paragraphe 2, du
Statut, la requête a étécommuniquée au Gouvernement de la
République populaire de Bulgarie. Conformément au paragraphe 3
du mêmearticle, les autres Membres des Nations Unies, ainsi que
les États non Membres admis à ester en justice devant la Cour, en
ont étéinformés.
Les délaispour le dépôtdu mémoireet du contre-mémoire ont été
fixésle premier par ordonnance du 26 novembre 1957 et le second
par ordonnance du 27 janvier 1958. Le mémoire a étédéposédans
le délai fixà cet effet. Le Gouvernement de la République populaire
de Bulgarie a déposé desexceptions préliminaires à la compétence
de la Cour dans le délaifixépour le dépôt du contre-mémoire. Le
17 décembre 1958, une ordonnance, constatant que la procédure
sur le fond était suspendue en vertu des dispositions de l'article2
du Règlement de la Cour, a accordéau Gouvernement d'Israël un
délaiexpirant le 3 février 1959 pour présenter un exposéécritcon-
tenant ses observations et conclusions sur les exceptions prélimi-
naires. A cette date, l'exposéécrit ayant étédéposé, l'affaires'est
trouvée en état d'êtreplaidée pour ce qui est des exceptions pré-
liminaires.
En application de l'article 31,paragraphe 3, du Siatut, ont été
désignéspour siéger comme juges ad hoc dans la présente affaire:
par le Gouvernement d'Israël, M. David Goitein, membre de la Cour
suprême d'Israël, et, par le Gouvernement bulgare, M. Yaroslav
zourek, membre de la Commissiondu droit international des Nations
Unies.
Des audiences ont été tenuesles 16, 17, 18, 19, 23, 24,25 et 26
mars, ainsi que les I~~,2 et 3 avril 1959, durant lesquelles ont été
entendus en leurs plaidoiries et réponses, pour le Gouvernement
de la République populaire de Bulgarie: MM. Mévorah, agent,
Kamenov, conseil, et Cot, avocat ;pour le Gouvernement d'Israël:
M. Rosenne, agent.
Au cours de la procédure écrite et orale, les conclusions ci-après
ont étéprises par les Parties:
Au nom du Gouvernement d'Israël, dans la requête:
(Plaiseà la Cour:
a) Dire et juger, sous réservede la présentationde toutes pièces
de procédureet plaidoiriesque la Courprescrira, que la République
populaire de Bulgarie est responsable,selon le droit international,
6dated October gth, 1957, instituting proceedings before the Court
against the Govemment of the People's Republic of Bulgaria with
regard to the destruction, on July 27th, 1955, by the Bulgarian
anti-aircraft defence forces, of an aircraft belonging to El Al Israel
Airlines Ltd.
The Application invoked Article 36 of the Statute of the Court
and the acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court by
Israel, on the one hand, in its Declaration of October 3rd, 1956,
replacing the previous Declaration of September 4th, 1950, and
by Bulgaria, on the other hand, on July zgth, 1921. In accordance
with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Application was
communicated to the Government of the People's Republic of
Bulgaria. In accordance with paragraph 3 of the same Article, the
other Msmbers of the United Nations and the non-Member States
entitled to appear before the Court were notified.
Time-limits for the filing of the Memorial and the Counter-Me-
morial were fixed respectively by Orders of the Court of November
26th, 1957, and January 27th, 1958. The Memorialwas filed within
the time-limit fixed for this purpose. Within the time-limit fixed
for the filing of the Counter-Memorial, the Government of the Peo-
ple's Republic of Bulgaria filed preliminary objections to the juris-
diction of the Court. On December 17th, 1958, an Order, recording
that the proceedings on the merits weresuspended under the provi-
sions of Article 62 of theRules ofCourt, granted fhe Government of
Israel a time-limit expiring on February 3rd, 1959, for the submis-
sion of a written statement ofits observations and submissionson the
preliminary objections. The written statement was filed on that
date and the case became ready for hearing in respect of the pre-
liminary objections.
Mr. Justice Goitein, of the Supreme Court of Israel, and M.
Jaroslav zourek, member of the International Law Commission of
the United Nations, were respectively chosen, in accordance with
Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute, to sit as Judges ad hoc
in the present case by the Govemment of Israel andthe Govemment
of Bulgaria.
On March 16th, 17th, 18th, ~gth, qrd, 24th, 25th and 26th and
on April ~st, 2nd and 3rd, 1959, hearings were held in the course of
which the Court heard the oral arguments and replies of M. Mévorah,
Agent, M. Kamenov, Counsel, and M. Cot, Advocate, on behalf
of the Govemment of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, and 'of
Mr. Rosenne, Agent, on behalf of the Govemment of Israel.
In the course of the written and oral proceedings, the following
submissions were presented by the Parties:
On behalf of the Government of Israel, in the Application:
"That it may please the Court:
(a) Subject to the presentatioof suchwritten and oral pleadings
as the Court may direct, to adjudge and declare that the People's
Republic of Bulgaria is responsible under international law for
6 de la destruction de l'avion israélien 4X-AKC, qui a eu lieu le
27 juillet 1955, ainsi qiie des pertes matérielles et humaines et
tous autres dommages qui en sont résultés;
b) Fixer le montant des réparations dues par la République
populaire de Bulgarie à l'État d'Israël;
c) Décider, dans l'exercice du pouvoir qui lui est conféréen
vertu de l'article 64 du Statut, que tous les frais et dépensencourus
par le Gouvernement d'Israël sont imputés à la charge du Gouver-
nement de la République populaire de Bulgarie. ))
Au nom de ce mêmeGouvernement, dans le mémoire:
«1. Sur la première conclusion de la requête introductive d'ins-
tance :
Attendu que des unités des forces armées bulgares ont
attaqué, abattu et détruit le 4X-AKC, tuant tous ses otcupants,
ainsi que le Gouvernement bulgare l'a admis;
Attendu que le Gouvernement bulgare a également admis
que, ce faisant, ses forces armées avaient fait preuve d'une
certaine hâte et n'avaient pas pris toutes les mesures néces-
saires pour contraindre l'avion à atterrir et qu'il a déclaré
qu'il rechercherait et punirait les coupables et assumerait le
dédommagement ;
Et attendu que cette action a constitué une violation du
droit international;
Plaise à la Cour
Dire et juger
Que la Bulgarie est responsable, selon le droit international,
de la destruction de l'avion israélien 4X-AKC, qui a eu lieu
le 27 juillet 1955, ainsi que des pertes matérielles et humaines
et tous autres dommages qui en sont résultés.
II. Sur la deuxième conclusion de la requête introductive d'ins-
tance :
a) Attendu que le Gouvernement d'Israël a établi que les
pertes pécuniaires subies par les personnes pour qui il prend
des États-unis;e montent à la somme de 2 559688,65 dollars
Plaise à la Cour
Statuer en faveur de la réclamation du Gouvernement
d'Israël et fixer le montant desrépar?tions dues par la Bulgarie
à Israël à 2 559688,65 dollars des Etats-Unis;
b) Attendu que le Gouvernement d'Israël a dit qu'une
déclaration de la Cour relativeà la responsabilitéinternationale
de la Bulgarie, telleque celle qui est reprisedans la conclusion 1,
constituerait une satisfaction suffisante et qu'il renonçait à
toute autre demande de réparation;
Et attendu, néanmoins, que le Gouvernement d'Israël a prié
la Cour de constater que le Gouvernement bulgare n'a pas tenu
7 the destruction of the Israel aircraft 4X-AKC on 27 July 1955
and for the loss of life and property and al1 other damage that
resulted therefrom ;
(b) To determine the amount of compensation due from the
People's Republic of Bulgaria to Israel;
(c) In exircise of the power conferred upon it by Article 64
of the Statute of the Court, to decide that al1 costs and expenses
incurred by the Government of Israel be borne by the Govem-
ment of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. "
On behalf of the same Government, in the Memonal:
"1. On the first petition of the Application instituting Proceedings:
Whereas units of the armed forces of Bulgaria opened fire
on 4X-AKC and shot it down and destroyed it, killing au
its occupants, as has been admitted by the Government of
Bulgaria ;
And whereas the Govemment of Bulgaria has furthermore
adrnitted that in so doing its armed forces displayed a certain
haste and did not take al1 the necessary measures to compel
the aircraft to land, and has stated that it would identify
and punish the culpable persons and pay compensation;
And whereas such action was in violation of international
law ;
May it please the Court
To judge and declare
That Bulgaria is responsible under international law for
the destruction of Israel aircraft 4X-AKC, on 27 July 1955,
and for the loss of life and property and all other damage
that resulted therefrom.
II. On the second petition of the Application instituting Pro-
ceedings :
(a) Whereas the Govemment of Israel has established that
the financial loss incurred by the persons whose cause is being
adopted by it amounts to the sum of U.S. Dollars 2,559,688.65;
May it please the Court
To give judgrnent in favour of the claim of the Government
of Israel and fix the amount of compensation due from Bulgaria
to Israel at U.S. Dollars 2,559,688.65;
(b) Whereas the Govemment of Israel has stated that a
declaration by the Court regarding the intemational respon-
sibility of Bulgaria, as contained in Submission No. 1,would
be sufficient satisfaction and that it was waiving any further
claim to reparation;
And whereas, nevertheless, the Government of Israel has
asked the Court to take note of the failure of the Government son engagement de rechercher et de punir les coupables;
Plaise à la Cour
Prendre acte de ce qui précède.
III. Sur la troisième conclusion de la requête introductive d'ins-
tance :
Plaise à la Cour
a) Dire et juger
Que les frais encourus par le Gouvernement d'Israël dans
la préparation de la réclamation et estimés à 25 ooo livres
israéliennes seront supportés par le Gouvernement bulgare.
b) Décider
Que les frais de procédure du Gouvernement d'Israël seront
supportés par le Gouvernement bulgare.
IV. Et dire et juger, en outre, que la somme accordée au titre de
la conclusion II aJ, ainsi que les intérêtsau taux de 6% l'an
à partir du 27 juillet 1955 jusqu'à la date du paiement et les
frais et dépens encourus dans l'affaire seront versés par le
Gouvernement bulgare au Gouvemement d'Israël en Israël. ))
Au nom du Gouvemement de la République populaire de Bul-
garie, dans les exceptionspréliminaires(communications du 4 et du
8 décembre 1958) :
Plaise à la Cour,
Attendu quel'article 36, paragraphe 5, du Statut de la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice est inapplicable à l'égard de la République
populaire de Bulgarie,
Attendu que la Cour internationale de Justice n'est pas compétente
pour connaître de la requête du Gouvernement d'Israël, celui-ci
soumettant à la Cour un différendqui porte sur des situations et des
faits dont l'origine est antérieure à la prétendue acceptation de la
juridiction obligatoire dela Cour internationale de Justice par la
République populaire de Bulgarie,
Pour ces motifs et tous autres qui pourraient êtreprésentésou que
la Cour jugerait à propos d'y ajouter ou substituer,
Dire et juger
Que la Cour est incompétente en l'affairerelative à l'incident aérien
du 27 juillet 1955, respectivement,
Que la requêteprésentéele 16 octobre 1957 par le Gouvernement
d'Israël contre le Gouvernement de la République populaire de
Bulgarie est irrecevable;
A titre subsidiaire,
Plaise à la Cour,
Attendu que l'État d'Israël ne peut prendre la défenseque de ses
seuls nationaux et que le préjudice dont il demande la réparation est
8 of Bulgaria to implement its undertaking to identify and
punish the culpable persons;
May it please the Court
To place the foregoing on record.
III. On the third petition of thc.Application institutingproceedings:
May it please the Court
(a) To judge and declare
that the expenses incurred by the Government of Israel in
preparing this claim, assessed at 1 £ 25,000, be borne by the
Government of Bulgaria.
(b) To decide
that the costs of the Government of Israel in this case shall
be borne by the Government of Bulgaria.
IV. And further to judge and declare that the sum awarded under
Submission No. II (a), with interest at six per cent per annum
from 27 July 1955 until the date of payrnent, together with
the expenses and costs incurred in this case, shall be paid by
the Government of Bulgaria to the Government of Israel in
Israel."
On behalf of the People's Republic ofBulgaria in the Preliminary
Objections (communications of December 4th and 8th, 1958 :)
"May it plesse the Court,
Whereas Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute of the Inter-
national Court of Justice is inapplicable in regard to the People's
Republic of Bulgaria,
Whereas the International Court of Justice is without juris-
diction to adjudicate on the Application of the Government of
Israel since the lattersubmits to the Court a dispute which relates
to situations and facts that arose prior to the alleged acceptance
of the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice
by the People's Republic of Bulgaria,
For these reasons and all others which may be presented or
which the Court should consider it appropriate to add thereto or
to substitute therefor,
To adjudge and declare
That the Court is witlzout jurisdiction in the case concerning the
aerial incident of July 27th, 1955, and also
That the Applicàtion fded on October 16th, 1957, by the Govern-
ment of Israel against the Government of the People's Republic
of Bulgaria is inadmissible ;
In the alternative,
May it please the Court,
Whereas the State of Israelcan act in defence of its nationals
only and whereas the damage in respect of which it seeks reparation
8 supporté, pour la plus grande partie, par des compagnies d'assuran-
ces non israéliennes,
Attendu que le litige déféràla Cour in ernationale de Justice par
le Gouvernement israélien est soumis à 14compétence exclusive de
la République populaire de Bulgarie; qu'au surplus, il relève en
tout état de cause essentiellement de la compétence interne de la
Bulgarie,
Attendu que le Gouvernement israélien n'a pas épuiséles recours
juridictionnels offerts par les tribunaux bulgares avant de s'adresser
àla Cour, /
Pour ces motifs et tous autres qui pourraient êtreprésentés ou
que la Cour jugeraità propos d'y ajouter ou substituer,
Dire et juger que la requête présentéele 16 octobre 1957 par le
Gouvernement d'Israël contre le Gouvernement de la République
populaire de Bulgarie est irrecevable))
Au nom du Gouvernement d'Israël, dans ses observations écrites
sur les exceptions préliminaires :
«Plaise à la Cour,
Rejetant toutes conclusions contraires,
Rejeter les exceptionspréliminaires et
Reprendre la procéduresur le fond. ))
Au nom du Gouvernement dela Républiquepopulaire de Bulgarie,
conclusions déposéesau Greffe.le 20 mars 1959, après la première
plaidoirie:
«Plaise à la Cour,
Swr la première exception préliminaire,
le Royaume de Bulgarie avait acceptéla juridiction obligatoire dele
la Cour permanente de Justice internationale et qui faisait partie
du Protocole de signature concernant le Statut de ladite Cour, a
cesséd'êtreen vigueur au moment de la dissolution de la Cour per-
manente, prononcée par l'Assembléede la Société desNations le
18avril 1946;
Attendu que cette déclaration n'était donc plus en vigueur à la
date à laquelle la République populaire de Bulgarie est devenue
partie au Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice; qu'elle ne
saurait dèslors êtreconsidéréecomme comportant acceptation de la
juridiction obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice, par
application de l'articl36, paragraphe 5,du Statut de ladite Cour,
Par ces motifs,
Dire et juger que la Cour est incompétente pour statuer sur la
requêtedu Gouvernement d'Israël relative à l'incident aérien du
27 juillet1955.
9 was for the most part suffered by non-Israel insurance companies,
Whereas the dispute referred to the International Court of
Justice by the Israel Government is subject to the exclusive
jurisdiction of the People's Republic of Bulgaria; and whereas
moreover it falls in any event essentially within the domestic
jurisdiction of Bulgaria,
Whereas the Government of Israelhas not exhausted the remedies
available in the Bulgarian courts before applying to the Court,
For these reasons and al1 others which may be presented or
which the Court should consider it appropriate to add thereto
or to substitute therefor,
To adjudge and declare that the Application filed on October
16th, 1957, by the Government of Israel against the Government
of the People's Republic of Bulgaria is inadmissible."
On behalf of the Govemment of Israel, in its Written Observa-
tions on the Preliminary Objections :
"May it please the Court,
Rejecting al1 Submissions to the contrary,
To dismiss the Preliminary Objections, and
To resume the proceedings on the merits."
On behalf of the Govemment of the People's Republic of Bul-
garia, Submissions deposited inthe Registry on March zoth, 1959,
after the first oral presentationof that Govemment's case:
"May it please the Court,
On the First Preliminary Objection,
Whereas the Declaration of August ~ath, 1921, by which the
Kingdom of Bulgaria had accepted the compulsor jurisdiction of
the Permanent Court of International Justice an3 which formed
part of the Protocol of Signature of the Statute of that Court,
ceased to be in force on the dissolution of the Permanent Court,
pronounced by the Assembly of the League of Nations on April
18th, 1946;
Whereas that Declaration was therefore no longer in force on
the date on which the People's Republic of Bulgaria became a
party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice; and
whereas it cannot accordingly be regarded as constituting an
Court of Justice, by virtue of Article 36, paragraph 5, of the
Statute of that Court,
For these reasons,
To adjudge and declare that the Court is without jurisdiction
to adjudicate upon the Application of the Government of Israel
relating to the aerial incident of July 27th, 1955.Sur la deuxième exception préliminaire,
Attendu que le différend soumis à la Cour porte sur des situations
ou des faits antérieurs à la prétendue acceptation de la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice qui résulterait de
l'adhésion de la République populaire de Bulgarie au Statut de
ladite Cour, le 14 décembre 1955;
Attendu que le Gouvernement d'Israël, en acceptant la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice, a exclu les diffé-
rends antérieurs à la date de sa soumission à cette juridiction obli-
gatoire ;
Attendu que, par voie de réciprocité, le Gouvernement de la
République populaire de Bulgarie ne saurait, en tout état de cause,
être considérécomme ayant accepté la juridiction obligatoire de
la Cour internationale de Justice pour des faits antérieurs au
14 décembre 1955,
Par ces motifs,
Dire et juger que la Cour est incompétente pour statuer sur la
requête du Gouvernement d'Israël relative à l'incident aérien du
27 juillet 1955.
Sur la troisième exce9tion $réliminaire,
Attendu que le Gouvernement d'Israël ne peut prendre la défense
que de ses seuls nationaux; qu'il ne conteste pas que tout ou
partie du préjudice dont il demande réparation était couvert par
des assurances; qu'il ne justifie pas de la nationalité israélienne
des assureurs,
Par ces motifs,
Dire et juger que le Gouvernement d'Israël n'a pas qualité pour
présenter à la Cour des réclamations sur un droit à indemnité
ayant fait l'objet d'une cession ou d'une subrogation au profit
de compagnies d'assurances non israéliennes.
Sur la quatrième exception préliminaire,
Attendu qu'il résulte du mémoire déposéau nom du Gouver-
nement d'Israël que la requête, dont est saisie la Cour, est fondée
sur l'action entreprise par les forces armées bulgares de défense
antiaérienne, dans l'espace aérien bulgare; que le différend, né
d'une telle action, ne rentre dans aucune des catégories viséespar
l'article36, paragraphe 2, du Statut de la Cour internationale de.
Justice, mais relève, au contraire, de la compétence exclusive de
la République populaire de Bulgarie;
Attendu qu'au surplus, ce différend est ((relatif à des affqires
qui relèvent essentiellement de la compétence interne de 1'Etat
bulgare 1);que, par application de la réserve «b » inséréepar le
Gouvernement d'Israël dans sa déclaration d'acceptation de la
juridiction obligatoire de la Cour - réserve dont le Gouvernement
bulgare revendique l'application à son profit, par voie de réciprocité
-,le différend échappe à la compétence de la Cour internationale
de Justice,On the Second Preliminary Objection,
Whereas the dispute referred to the Court relates to situations
or facts prior to the alleged acceptance of the compulsory juris-
diction of the International Court of Justice which is said to
result from the accession of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
to the Statute of that Court on December 14th, 1955;
Whereas the Government of Tsrael, in accepting the compulsory
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, excluded dispures
prior to the date of its submission to that compulsory jurisdiction;
Whereas, on the basis of reciprocity, the Government of the
People's Republic of Bulgaria cannot, in any event, be regarded
as having accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Inter-
national Court of Justice in respect of facts prior to December 14th,
19551
For these reasons,
To adjudge and declare that the Court is without jurisdiction
to adjudicate upon the Application of the Government of Israel
relating to the aerial incident of July 27th, 1955.
On the Third Preliminary Objection,
Whereas the Government of Israel can act in defence of its
nationals only; whereas it does not dispute that al1 or part of
the damage in respect of which it seeks compensation was covered
by insurance; whereas it provides no evidence of the Israel
nationality of the insurers,
For these reasons,
To adjudge and declare that the Government of Israel has no
capacity to submit to the Court claims to a right to be indemnified
which has been the subject of assignment or subrogation in favour
of insurance companies not of Israel nationality.
On the Fourth Preliminary Objection,
Whereas it appears from the Memorial filed on behalf of the
Government of Israel that the Application, of which the Court
is seised, is based upon action undertaken by the Bulgarian anti-
aircraft defence armed forces, in the Bulgarian airspace; whereas
the dispute, which has arisen as a result of such action, does not
fall within any of the categories referred to in Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice,
but, on the contrary, falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of
the People's Republic of Bulgaria;
Whereas, moreover, this dispute is one 'relating to matters
which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of the Bul-
garian State'; whereas in virtue of reservation '(b)' included by
the Government of Israel in its Declaration of Acceptance of the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court-which reservation the
Bulgarian Government claims to be entitled to apply in its favour,
on the basis of reciprocity-the dispute falls outside the juris-
diction of the International Court of Justice, Par ces motifs,
Dire et juger que la Cour est incompétente pour statuer sur la
requête duGouvernement d'Israël relative à l'incident aérien du
27 juillet 1955.
Sur la cinquième exception préliminaire,
Attendu que les ressortissants israéliensdont le Gouvernement
d'Israël, présente les réclamations n'ont pas épuisé lesrecours
juridictionnels qui leur sont ouverts devant les tribunaux bulgares
avant de s'adresser à la Cour internationale de Justice,
Par ces motifs,
Dire et juger que la demande du Gouvernement israélien ne
saurait, en l'état actuel, êtresoumiseà la Cour. »
Au nom du Gouvernement d'Israël, conclusions déposées à
l'audience du 26 mars 1959 :
(Plaise à la Cour,
Rejetant toutes conclusions contraires,
Rejeter les exceptions préliminaires et
Reprendre la procédure sur le fond. »
Au nom du. Gouvernement de la République populaire de Bulga-
rie, conclusions déposêesau Greffe le 2 avril 1959 ,près la réplique
orale:
« Sur la cinquième exception?réliminaire,
Attendu que les ressortissants israéliensdont le Gouvernement
juridictionnels qui leur sont ouverts devant les tribunaux bulgares
avant que ce Gouvernement s'adresse à la Cour internationale de
Justice,
Par ces motifs,
Dire et juger que la demande du Gouvernement israélien ne
saurait, en l'état actuel, êtresoumiseà la Cour. »
A l'audience du 3 avril1959 , la fin de sa duplique orale, l'agent
du Gouvernement d'Israël a confirmé les conclusions formelles
énoncéesdans les observations écrites présentées au nom de son
Gouvernement.
Ila étéexposéà la Cour que, dans la matinée du 27 juillet 1955,
l'avion civil du type Constellation, no 4X-AKC, portant les couleurs
israéliennes et appartenant à la Compagnie israélienne El Al Israel
Airlines Ltd., effectuant un vol commercial régulier entre Vienne,
Autriche, et Lod (Lydda)en Israël, ayant pénétré sansautorisation
préalable au-dessus du territoire de la Bulgarie, a étéabattu par
des avions de la défenseantiaérienne bulgare. Après avoir pris feu,
l'avion israélien est tombé en flammes près de la ville de Petritch, For these reasons,
To adjudge and declare that the Court is without jurisdiction
to adjudicate upon the Application of the Government of Israel
relating to the aerial incident of July 27th, 1955.
On the Fifth Preliminary Objection,
Whereas the nationals of Israel whose claims are presented by
the Government of Israel have not exhausted the remedies available
to them in the Bulgarian courts before applying to the Inter-
national Court of Justice,
For these reasons,
To adjudge and declare that the claim of the Government of
Israel cannot, at the present stage, be submitted to the Court."
On behalf of the Government of Israel, Submissions filed at the
heanng of March 26th, 1959:
"May it please the Court,
Rejecting al1 Submissions to the contrary,
To dismiss the Preliminary Objections, and
To resume the proceedings on the merits."
On behalf of the Govemment of the People's Republic of Bul-
garia, Submissions tîled in the Registry on Apnl znd, 1959, after
the oral reply :
"On the Fifth Preliminary Objection,
Whereas the nationals of Israel whose claims are presented by
the Government of Israel had not exhausted the remedies available
to them in the Bulgarian courts before the reference by that
Government to the International C,ourt of Justice,
For these reasons,
To adjudge and declare that the claim of the Government of
Israel cannot, at the present stage, be submitted to the Court."
Atthe hearing of April3rd, 1959 ,t the end of his oral rejoinder,
the Agent for the Government of Israel confirmed the formal Sub-
missions set forth inthe Written Observations submitted on behalf
of his Government.
Itwas stated to the Court that on the morning of July 27th, 195.5,
the civil Constellation aircraft No. 4X-AKC, wearing the Israel
colours and belonging to the Israel Company El Al Israel Airlines
Ltd., making a scheduled commercial flight between Vienna,
Austria, and Lod (Lydda) in Israel, having, without previous
authorization, penetrated over Bulgarian temtory, was shot down
by aircraft of the Bulgarian anti-aircraft defence forces. After
catching fire, the Israel aircraft crashed in flames near the town ofBulgarie, et tout l'équipage, composéde sept membres, et cinquante
et un passagers de différentes nationalités ont péri.
Ces faits ont donné lieu à des négociations et à une correspon-
dance diplomatique entre les deux Gouvernements qui ont essayé
d'arriver ainsià un règlement amiable. Ces démarches diplomatiques
n'ayant pas abouti à un résultat satisfaisant pour les Parties en
cause, le Gouvernement d'Israël a soumis le différend àla Cour par
une requête introductive d'instance le 16 octobre 1957. A cette
requête le Gouvernement de la République populaire de Bulgarie a
opposé cinq exceptions préliminaires.
La Cour examinera tout d'abord la première de ces exceptions.
Le Gouvernement d'Israël a prétendu établir la compétence de
la Cour en la présente affaire en invoquant dans sa requêteque (la
Bulgarie a accepté la juridiction obligatoire ...le 29 juillet1921,
à l'occasion du dépôt ...de son instrument de ratification du Pro-
tocole de signature concernant le Statut de la Cour permanente de
Justice internationale 1)Le mémoire de ce Gouvernement reproduit
la déclaration ainsi viséeen la datant du 12 août 1921, qui est ladate
de sa ratification par le Gouvernement du Royaume de Bulgarie et
ainsi la date de son entrée en vigueur. Le mémoire ajoute: ((La
Bulgarie est devenue Membre des Nations Unies le 14 décembre
1955 ...date à laquelle la déclaration de ce pays est devenue appli-
cable à la juridiction de la Cour internationale de Justice. ))Sans
l'énoncer dès ce moment, mais cela a étéainsi compris par le
Gouvernement bulgare et expliqué dans la suite de la procédure,
le Gouvernement d'Israël a appuyé cette référence à la déclaration
de 1921 sur l'article 36, paragraphe 5, du Statut de la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice.
Ainsi, le Gouvernement d'Israël invoque deux dispositions. La
première est la déclaration signéele 29 juillet1921, en mêmetemps
que le Protocole de signature du Statut de la Cour permanente de
Justice internationale, et ratifiée le12 août 1921. Cette déclaration
énonce :
(Au nom du Gouvernement du Royaume de Bulgarie, je déclare
reconnaître comme obligatoire, de plein droit et sans convention
spécialevis-à-vis de tout autre Membre ou État acceptant la même
obligation, la juridiction de la Cour permanente de Justice inter-
nationale, purement et simplement. »
La seconde disposition est l'article 36, paragraphe 5, du Statut de
la Cour internationale de Justice, qui est ainsi conçu:
((Les déclarations faites en application de l'article 36 du Statut
de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale pour une durée qui
12 Petritch, Bulgana, and al1the crew, consisting of seven members,
and also the fifty-one passengers ofvanous nationalities were killed.
These facts gave rise to negotiations and diplomatic correspon-
dence between the two Governments which attempted in that
way to amveat a friendly solution. As these diplomatic approaches
did not lead to a result which was satisfactory to the Parties
to the case, the Government of Israel submitted the dispute to
the Court by means of an Application instituting proceedings
on October 16th, 1957. Against this Application the Government
of the People's Republic of Bulgaria advanced five Preliminary
Objections.
The Court willproceed to consider the First Preliminary Objection.
The Government of Israel claims to find a basis for the juris-
diction ofthe Court inthe present case by invoking in its Application
the fact that "Bulgaria's acceptance of the cornpulsory jurisdiction
was made on 29th July, 1921, on the occasion of the deposit of the
instrument ofthat country's ratification of the Protocol of Signature
of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice".
In its Memorial, it reproduced the declaration thus invoked under
the date of August ~eth, 1921, which is the date of its ratification
by the Government of the Kingdom of Bulgaria and therefore the
date of its entry into force. The Memorial adds: "Bulgana became
a Member of the United Nations on 14 December, 1955 ..when
that country's Declaration became applicable to the jurisdiction
of the International Court of Justice." While not so stating at the
time, though it was thus understood by the Bulganan Government
and explained in the subsequent proceedings, the Government of
Israel rested this reference to the 1921 Declaration on Article 36,
paragraph 5, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
Thus, the Govemment of Israel relies on two provisions. The first
is the Declaration signed on July 29th, 1921, at the same time as
the Protocol of Signature of the Statute of the Permanent Court
of International Justice, and ratified on August rzth, 1921. This
Declaration is in the following terms:
[Translation]
"On behalf of the Government of the Kingdom of Bulgaria, 1
recognize, inrelation to any other Member or State which accepts
the same obligation, the jurisdictionof the Court as compulsory,.
ipso factoand without any special convention, unconditionally."
The second provision is Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute of
the International Court of Justice, which reads as follows:
"Declarations made under Article 36 of the Statute of the Per-
manent Court ofInternational Justice and which are still in force
12 n'est pasencore expiréeseront considéréesd ,ans les rapports entre
juridiction obligatoirede la Cour internationale de Justice pour la
duréerestant à courir d'aprèsces déclarations etconformément à
leurs termes.))
Pour justifier l'application de cette dernière disposition à la
déclaration bulgare de 1921, le Gouvernement d'Israël invoque enfin
que la Bulgarie est devenue partie au Statut de la Cour internatio-
nale de Justice par l'effet de son admission aux Nations Unies
prononcéele 14 décembre 1955 par la résolution995(X) de 1'Assem-
bléegénérale.
Le Gouvernementdela République populaire de Bulgarie conteste
que l'article 36, paragraphe 5, du Statut ait transférél'effet de la
déclaration bulgare de 1921 àla juridiction de la Cour internationale
de Justice. En conséquence, sa première exception préliminaire
tend à ce qu'il «Plaise à la Cour ...dire et juger que la Cour est
incompétente pour statuer sur la requêtedu Gouvernement d'Israël
relative à l'incident aérien du 27 juillet1955. 1)
La Cour doit rechercher si l'article 36, paragraphe 5, du Statut
est applicable à la déclaration bulgare de 1921.
L'article 36, paragraphe 5,a pour objet d'introduire une modi-
fication dans les déclarations qu'il vise en substituant la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice àla Cour permanente de Justice internationale,
seule mentionnée dans ces déclarations, et en transportant ainsi
l'effet juridique de ces déclarations d'une Cour à l'autre. Que
l'article 36, paragraphe 5, le fasse pour les déclarations émanant
d'États représentés à la Conférencede San Francisco et signataires
de la Charte et du Statut, cela se comprend aisément et correspond
au but mêmede cette disposition. Mais celle;ci entend-elle viser
également des déclarations émanant d'autres Etats parmi lesquels
la Bulgarie? Le texte ne l'énoncepas expressément.
Au moment de l'adoption du Statut, une différence de fond
existait entre la position des États signataires et celle des autres
États qui pourraient êtreultérieurement admis aux Nations Unies.
Cette différencen'est pas exprimée dans le texte de l'article 36,
paragraphe 5, mais elle dérivede la situation que ce texte a entendu
régler, à savoir le transfert à la Cour internationale de Justice de
déclarations concernant la Cour permanente de Justice interna-
tionale, laquelle était sur le point de disparaître lorsqu'on élaborait
le Statut. Les États représentésà San Francisco savaient quelle
était leur situation d'aprèsles déclarations qu'ils avaient souscrites.
Ils agissaient en connaissance de cause en convenant de transférer
l'effet de celles-cila juridiction obligatoire de la nouvelle Cour, et
ils en avaient le pouvoir. Ces États n'étaient pas dans la même
situation à l'égard des déclarations souscrites par d'autres États.
Pour certaines d'entre elles pouvait se poser la question de l'effet shall be deemed, as between the parties to the present Statute, to
CourtcoftJustice for the period which they still have to run and in
accordance with their terms."
To justify the application of thelatter provision to the Bulgarian
Declaration of 1921, the Government of Israel relies finally on the
fact that Bulgaria became a party to the Statute of the International
Court of Justice as a result of its admission to the United Nations,
pursuant tc Resolution 995 (X) adopted by the General Assembly
on December ~qth, 1955.
The Government of the People's Republic of Bulgaria denies
that Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute transferred the effect
of the Bulgarian Declaration of 1921 to the jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice. Consequently, its First Preliminary
Objection asks that it "may please the Court ...to adjudge and
declare that the Court is without jurisdiction to adjudicate upon
the Application of the Govemment of Israel relating to the aerial
incident of July 27th, 1955"
The Court has to determine whether Article 36, paragraph 5, of
the Statute is applicable to the Bulgarian Declaration of 1921.
The object of Article 36, paragraph 5, is to introduce a modifi-
cation in the declarations to which it refers by substituting the
International Court of Justice for the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice, the latter alone being mentioned in those declara-
tions, andby thus transferring the legal effect of those declarations
from one Court to the other. That Article 36, paragraph 5, should
do this in respect of declarations made by States which were
represented at the San Francisco Conference and were signatories
of the Charter and of the Statute, can easily be understood. This
corresponds indeed to the very object of this provision. But is this
provision meant also to cover declarations made by other States,
including Bulgaria? The text does not Say so explicitly.
At the time of the adoption of the Statute a fundamental
difference existed between the position of the signatory States and
of the other States which might subsequently be admitted to the
United Nations. This difference is not expressed in the text of
Article 36, paragraph 5,but it derives from the situation which that
text was meant to regulate, namely, the transfer to the International
Court of Justice of declarations relating to the Permanent Court of
International Justice which was on the point of disappearing when
the Statute was drawn up. The States represented at San Francisco
knew what their own position was under the declarations they had
made. They were acting with a full knowledge of the facts when
they agreed to transfer the effect of those declarations to the com-
pulsory jurisdiction of the new Court and they had the power
to do so. These States were not in the same position with
regard to the declarations signed by other States. In the case of
13de la guerre, question dont il n'apparaît pas ,qu'elle ait étéalors
abordée. D'une manière plus générale, les Etats signataires ne
pouvaient tenir pour plus ou moins prochaine l'admission aux
Nations Unies de tel ou tel des autres États, admission que pouvait
précéderla caducifé de la déclaration de tel ou tel d'entre eux; la
question que les Etats signataires réglaient facilement entre eux
dans le présent se poserait tout autrement dans l'avenir à l'égard
des autres Etats. La constatation de ces différencesfait obstacle à
une interprétation qui étendrait l'effet de l'article 36, paragraph5,
aux déclarations faites par des Etats ultérieurement admis aux
Nations Unies pour le simple motif que ces déclarations étaient en
vigueur au moment de la signature de la Charte ou de l'entrée en
vigueur de celle-ci.
L'article36, paragraphe 5, considérédans son application aux
États signataires du Statut, effectue une opération simple: il
transforme leur acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour
permanente en une acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la
Cour internationale de Justice. Cela est fait en considération de
la dissolution de l'ancienne Cour et de l'institution d'une Cour
nouvelle, événements dpnt la coïncidence, sans êtreabsolue, était
suffisanteà l'égard desEtats signataires de la Charte et du Statut.
La transformation édictéea étépour eux contemporaine de ce
double événement. Il en était tout autrement pour les déclarations
émanant d'Etats non signataires, réserve faite du cas, qui ne s'est
d'ailleurs pas présenté, d'un État non sig-iataire devenant partie
au Statut avant la dissolution de la Cour permanente. Sous cette
réserve, l'opération de transfert d'une Cour à l'aptre des accep-
tations de la juridiction obligatoire émanant d'Etats non signa-
taires ne pouvait constituer une opération simple, susceptible
d'être régléeimmédiatement et complètement par l'article 36,
paragraphe 5. Ce transfert devait nécessairement comporter deux
opérations distinctes et qui pouvaient êtretrès éloignéesl'une de
l'autre dans le temps. Il fallait, d'une part, maintenir avec effet
immédiat, contemporain de l'entrée en vigueur du Statut, les
déclarations anciennes, d'autre part, transférer ces déclarations
à la juridiction de la Cour internationale de Justice, et ce transfert
ne pouvait se faire que par l'acceptation du nouveau Statut par
l'État intéressé, enpratique par l'admission de celui-ci aux Nations
Unies. Le maintien immédiat de la déclaration était nécessaire
pour préserver celle-ci de la caducité dont elie était menacée par
la dissolution prochaine et alors prévue de la Cour permanente.
Si ce maintien n'était pas assuré, un transfert ultérieur de la
déclaration à la juridiction de la nouvelle Cour ne pouvait être
effectué. Ainsi, le problème du transfert d'une Cour à l'autre des
acceptations antérieures se posait tout autrement pour les accep-
tations émanant d'États non signataires que pour celles émanant
d'États signataires de la Charte et du Statut.
14some of these, there might arise the question of the effect of the
war, a question which does not appear then to have been corisidered.
In a more general way, the signatory States could not regard as
more or less imminent the admission to the United Nations of any
of the other States, their admission being possibly preceded bythe
lapsing of the declarations of some of them; the question which
the signatory States were easily able to resolve as between them-
selves at that time would arise in a quite different form in the
future as regards the other States.The existence of these differences
militates against a construction extending the effect of Article 36,
paragraph 5, to declarations made by States subsequently admitted
to the United Nations, on the mere ground that those declarations
were in force at the time of the signing of the Charter or of its
entry into force.
Article 36, paragraph 5, considered in its application to States
signatories of the Statute, effects a simple operation: it transforms
their acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent
Court into an acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice. This was done in contemplation
of the dissolution of the old Court and the institution of a new
Court, two events which, while not absolutely coincident, were
sufficiently close so far as States signatones of the Charter and
of the Statute were concerned. The transformation enacted was
in their case contemporaneous with this double event. The position
was quite different in respect of declarations by non-signatory
States, apart from the possibility, which did not in fact materialize,
of a non-signatory State's becoming a party to the Statute before the
dissolution of the Permanent Court. Subject to this, the operation
of transferring from one Court to the other acceptances of the
compulsory jurisdiction by non-signatory States could not con-
stitute a simple operation, capable of being dealt with immediately
and completely by Article 36, paragraph 5. Such a transfer must
necessarily involve two distinctoperations which might be separated
by a considerable interval of time. On the one hand, old declarations
would have had to have been preserved with immediate effect as
from the entry into force of the Statute, and, on the other hand,
they would have had to be transferred to the jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice, a transfer which could only have
been operated by the acceptance by the State concerned of the
new Statute, in practice, by its admission to the United Nations.
Immediate preservation of the declaration was necessary in order
to Save it from the lapsing by which it was threatened by the
imminent dissolution of the Permanent Court which was then in
contemplation. If it were not thus maintainedin being, a subsequent
transfer of the declaration to the jurisdiction of the new Court
could not be effected. Thus, the problem of the transfer of former
declarations from one Court to the other, which arose in the case
of the acceptances of non-signatory States, was quite different
14 A cette différencefondamentale quant aux donnéesdu problème
s'ajoutaient des difficultés particulières le résoudre à l'égard
d'acceptations émanant d'États non signataires. Ces difficultésen
rendaient mêmela solution impossible par l'application de l'ar-
ticle 36, paragraphe 5,tel qu'il a étérédigéet ado té. Cette dispo-
sition n'étant à l'origine souscrite que par les k t'ts signataires
n'avait alors aucune force de droit pour les États non signataires:
elle ne pouvait préserver les déclarations émises par ceux-ci de
la caducité dont les menaçait la proche dissolution de la Cour
permanente. Ne pouvant les maintenir, l'article 36, paragraphe 5,
ne pouvait davantage en transférer l'effet à la juridiction de la
nouvelle Cour pour le jour où l'État auteur de la déclaration serait
devenu partie au Statut. A défaut du maintien de ces déclarations,
il aurait fallu à ce moment remettre en vigueur les déclarations
devenues caduques, puis en transporter l'objet à la juridiction de
la Cour internationale de Justice: l'article 36, paragraphe 5,
n'énonce rien de tel. Ainsi, la voie à suivre, lors de l'adoption du
Statut, pour arriver à transférer les déclarations d'États non
signataires à la juridiction de la nouvelle Cour, aurait dû être
tout à fait différente de celle qui a étésuivie pour arriver à ce
résultat à l'égard des déclarations dJEtats signataires. Pour les
États signataires, l'article 36, paragraphe 5, a, par un accord
entre eux ayant plein effet de droit, régléle transfert d'une Cour
à l'autre de déclarations encore existantes; ce faisant, il a main-
tenu une obligation existante en en modifiant l'objet. A l'égard
des États non signataires, il s'agissait de tout autre chose: le
Statut ne pouvait, en l'absence de leur consentement, ni maintenir
ni transformer leur obligation primitive. Peu après l'entrée en
vigueur du Statut la dissolution de la Cour permanente les a
libérés decette obligation. Dès lors, la question d'une transfor-
mation d'une obligation existante ne pouvait plus se poser pour
eux: seule pouvait être envisagée la création d'une obligation
nouvelle à leur charge. Étendre à ces États l'article 36, para-
graphe 5, serait admettre que celui-ci a fait pour eux tout autre
chose que ce qu'il a fait pour les États signataires.
La question du transfert d'une Cour à l'autre des acceptations
anciennes de lajuridiction obligatoireest sidifférente suivant qu'elle
se pose à propos d'États signataires du Statut ou à propos d'États
non signataires que la date de ce transfert, facileà déterminer à
propos d'États signataires malgré le silence à cet égard de l'arti-
cle36, paragraphe 5,ne peut guèrel'être d'une manièresatisfaisante
pour les déclarations émanant d'États non signataires. Si l'onfrom that in the case of acceptances by States signatories of the
Charter and of the Statute.
In addition to this fundamental difference in respect of the
factors of the problem, there wete special difficulties in resolving
it in respect of acceptances by non-signatory States. These difiî-
culties, indeed, rendered impossible the solution of the problem
by the application of Article 36, paragraph 5, as drafted and
adopted. Since this provision was originally subscribed to only by
the signatory States, it was without legal force so far as non-
signatory States were concerned: it could not preserve their
declarations from the lapsing with which they were threatened
by the irnpending dissolution of the Permanent Court. Since it
could not maintain them in being, Article 36, paragraph 5,could
not transfer their effect to the jurisdiction of the new Court as
of the date when a State havicg made a declaration became a
party to the Statute. Since these declarations had not been
maintained in being, it would then have been necessary to reinstate
lapsed declarations, then to transport their subject-matter to the
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice: nothing of this
kind is provided for by Article 36, paragraph 5. Thus, the course
it would have been necessary to follow at the time of the adoption
of the Statute, in order to secure a transfer of the declarations
of non-signatory States to the junsdiction of the new Court, would
have had to be entirely different from the course which was
followed to achieve this result in respect of the declarations of
signatory States. In the case of signatory States, by an agreement
between them having full legal effect, Article 36, paragraph 5,
governed the transfer from one Court to the other of still-existing
declarations; in so doing, it maintained an existing obligation
while modifying its subject-matter. So far as non-signatory States
were concerned, something entirely different was involved: the
Statute, in the absence of their consent, could neither maintain
nor transform their original obligation. Shortly after the entry
into force of the Statute, the dissolution of the Permanent Court
freed them from that obligation. Accordingly, the question of a
transformation of an existing obligation could no longer anse so
far as they were concerned: al1 that could be envisaged in their
case was the creation of a new obligation binding upon them. To
extend Article 36, paragraph 5,to those States would be to allow
that provision to do in their case something quite different from
what it did in the case of signatory States.
The question of the transfer from one Court to the other of
former acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction is so different,
according to whether it arises in respect of States signatones of
the Statute or in respect of non-signatory States, that the date
of the transfer, which it is a simple matter to determine in the
case of signâtory States, in spite of the silence on the point of
Article 36, paragraph 5, can scarcely be determined in any satis-s'attache à la date à laquelle l'État non signataire devient partie
au Statut par son admission aux Nations Unies ou conformément
à l'article 93, paragraphe 2, de la Charte, on est amené à placer ce
transfert à une date qui pourra être très éloignéede l'entrée en
vigueur du Statut, ce qui ne serait guère en harmonie avec l'esprit
d'une disposition dont le but a étéde ménager la transition entre
l'ancienne et la nouvelle Cour en maintenant quelque chose du
régimeancien.
Les États représentés à San Francisco auraient pu, sur le point
ici considéré, énoncer une offre adressée aux autres États, par
exemple l'offre de considérer leur acceptation de la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour permanente comme une acceptation de la
juridiction de la Cour internationale de Justice. Maisencore aurait-il
fallu que cette offre eût étéformuléeet que la forme de son accep-
tation et les conditions de temps pour l'énoncereussent étédéter-
minées. Rien de tel n'apparaît dans l'article 36, paragraphe 5.
Quand celui-ci décide de considérerentre parties au présent Statut
certaines déclarations comme comportant acceptation de la juri-
diction obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice, cela s'entend
aisément en ce sens que cette disposition sera applicable aux décla-
rations émanant des États qui l'ont formulée. Cette manière de
s'exprimer n'est guère appropriée pour énoncerune offre adressée
à d'autres États.
Limiter comme il vient d'êtredit aux États signataires du Statut
l'application de l'article6, paragraphe 5,c'est tenir compte du but
en vue duquel cette disposition a étéadoptée. Le Statut dans lequel
elle figure n'établit pas la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour. Au
moment où il a étéadopté, on envisageait la dissolution prochaine
de la Cour permanente et, par suite, la caducité des acceptations de
la juridiction obligatoire de cette Cour.A s'en tenirlà,on se serait
trouvé en présenced'un recul dans ce qui avait étéacquis jusque-là
en matière de juridiction internationale. Plutôt que d'attendre des
États signataires du nouveau Statut qu'ils déposent une nouvelle
déclaration d'acceptation, on a voulu pourvoir à cette situation
transitoire par une disposition transitoire et tel est l'objet de
l'article 36, paragraphe 5. Par sa nature et par son but, cette
disposition transitoire n'est applicable qu'à la situation transitoire
qu'on a entendu régleret qui comportait la coïncidencede l'institu-
tion d'une Cour nouvelle avec la dissolution de l'ancienne Cour.
Tout autre est la situation lorsque, l'ancienne Cour et l'acceptation
de sa juridiction obligatoire ayant disparu depuis longtemps, un
État devient partie auStatut de la nouvelle Cour: il n'y a pas alors
de situation transitoire à régler par application de l'article 36,
paragraphe 5.factory way in the case of declarations of non-signatory States.
If regard be had to the date upon which a non-signatory State
became a party to the Statute by its admission to the United
Nations or in accordance with Article 93, paragraph 2, of the
Charter, the transfer is then regarded as occurring at a date which
might be very distant from the entry into force of the Statute,
and this would hardly be in harmony with the spirit of a provision
designed to provide for the transition from the old to the new
Court by rnaintaining something of the former regime.
On the point now under consideration, the States represented
at San Francisco could have made an offer addressed to other
States, for instance, an offer to consider their acceptance of the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court as an acceptance
of the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. But, in
that case, such an offer would have had to be formulated, and
the form of its acceptance and the conditions regarding the period
within which it must be accepted would have had to be determined.
There is nothing of this kind in Article 36, paragraph 5. When
this Article decides that, as between parties to the present Statute,
certain declarations are to be deemed to be acceptances of the
compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice,
this can be easily understood as meaning that the Article applies
to the declarations made by the States which drew it up. Such
a form of expression is scarcely appropriate for the making of
an offer addressed to other States.
Thus to restrict the application of Article 36, paragraph 5, to
the States signatories of the Statute is to take into account the
purpose for which this provision was adopted. The Statute in
which it appears does not establish the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Court. At the time of its adoption, the impending disso-
lution of the Permanent Court and, in consequence thereof, the
lapsing of acceptances of its compulsory jurisdiction, were in
contemplation. If nothing had been done there would have been
a backward step in relation to what had been achieved in the
way of international jurisdiction. Rather than expecting that the
States signatories of the new Statute would deposit new declara-
tions of acceptance, it was sought to provide for this transitory
situation by a transitional provision and that is the purpose of
Article 36, paragraph 5. By its nature and by its purpose, that
transitional provision is applicable only to the transitorysituation
it was intended to deal with, which involved the institution of
a new Court just when the old Court was being dissolved. The
situation is entirely different when, the old Court andthe acceptance
of its compulsory jurisdiction having long since disappeared, a
State becomes a partyto the Statute of the new Court: there is then
no transitory situation to be dealt with by Article 36, paragraph 5. Dans la mesure où les procès-verbaux de la Conférence de San
Franciscofournissentquelquesindications surla portée d'application
de l'article36, paragraphe 5, celles-ciconfirmentque l'on a entendu
statuer par ce paragraphe sur les déclarations émanant d'États
signataires. Celles émanant d'Etats non signataires pour lesquelles
une disposition spéciale aurait été nécessaire n'ont pas étéen-
visagées.
Ce point n'avait pas ététraité par lecomitéde juristes de Wash-
ington. Un sous-comité,siégeant le 13 avril1945, avait seulement
attiré l'attention sur le fait que plusieurs nations avaient jusqu'ici
accepté la clause de compétence obligatoire, en ajoutant ((que la
Conférencede San Francisco devrait prévoir un accordspécialpour
maintenir ces acceptations en vigueur, aux fins du présent Statut ».
Cette référenceà un accord spécial indiquait clairement que, pour
le maintien de ces acceptations sous un régimenouveau, il faudrait
le consentement des États ayant fait de telles déclarations: prévoir
un tel accord indiquait que la Conférence ne pourrait substituer
sa décisionà celle des États qui n'y auraient pas étéreprésentés.
A la Conférencede San Francisco, la disposition qui est devenue
le paragraphe 5 de l'article 36 a étéproposéepar le sous-comité D,
discutée et adoptée par le comité IV/I le ~erjuin 1945. AUsein de
celui-ci, on entendit surtout des déclarations marquant les préfé-
rences de nombreuses délégations pour la juridiction obligatoire de
la Cour et leur regret qu'il ne parût pas possible de l'adopter. Quant
au sens à attribuer à ce quiallait devenir le paragraphe 5 de l'arti-
cle36, le représentant du Canada déclara :(D'après lenouveau para-
graphe ...aussitôt que les États signent la Charte, la grande majo-
rité d'entre eux tombent automatiquement sous la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour du fait des déclarations encore en vigueur ».
Le représentant du Royaume-Uni ayant, deson côté,déclaréestimer
K que, de ce fait, quarante États deviendraient' automatiquement
soumis à la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour »,cette appréciation
optimiste fut rectifiéepar le représentant australien dans les termes
que relate ainsi le compte rendu: (Il attire l'attention sur le fait
que non pas quarante, mais vingt États environ seront automa-
tiquement liéspar suite du compromis. A cet égard,sur les cinquante
et un États qui ont adhéréà la clause facultative, trois ont cessé
d'êtredes États indépendants, dix-sept ne sont pas représentés à
la Conférence et les déclarations d'une dizaine des États restant
sont venues à expiration. ))Les représentants du Royaume-Uni et
de l'Australie, s'attachant au sens qu'ils attribuaient à ce qui allait
devenir le paragraphe 5, indiquaient le nombre d'États à qui, à
leur avis, cette disposition serait applicable. Le représentant austra-
lien dont l'exposéa suivi celui du représentant du Royaume-Uni
17 To the extent that the records of the San Francisco Conference
provide any indication as to the scope of the application of
Article 36,paragraph 5, they confirm the fact that this paragraph
was intended to deal with the declarations of signatory States.
Those of non-signatory States, in respect of which specialprovisions
would have been necessary, were not envisaged.
This point had not been dealt with by the Washington Com-
mittee of Jurists. A Sub-Committee, Sitting on April 13th, 1945,
had merely drawn attention to the fact that many nations had
previously accepted compulsory jurisdiction under the Optional
'Clause and added "that provision should be made at the San
Francisco Conference for a special agreement for continuing these
acceptances in force for the purpose of this Statute". This reference
to a special agreement clearly indicated that in order to preserve
these acceptances under a new system, the consent of States
having made such declaration would be necessary: the contem-
plating of such an agreement indicated that the Conference could
not substitute its decision for that of the States not there
~epresented.
At the San Francisco Conference, the provision which became
paragraph 5 of Article36 was proposed by Sub-Cômmittee D and
discussed and adopted by Committee IV/I, on June ~st, 1945.
In this Committee, the statements made mainly indicated the
preference of many delegations for the Court's compulsory juris-
diction and their regret that it did not appear to be possible to
adopt it. As to the meaning to be attributed to the provision
which was to become paragraph 5 of Article 36, the Canadian
representative said: "In view of the new paragraph ...as soon
.as States sign the Charter, the great majority of them would be
automatically under the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court
because of the existing declarations." The representative of the
United Kingdom having for his part said that he thought "that
some forty States would thereby become automatically subject
to the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court", this optimistic
estimate was corrected by the Australian representative in the
terms thus recorded in the minutes: "He desired to call attention
to the fact that not forty but about twenty States would be
automatically bound as a result of the compromise. In this con-
nection he pointed out that of the fifty-one States that have
adhered to the optional clause, three had ceased to be independent
States, seventeen were not represented at the Conference and
about ten of the declarations of other States had expired." The
representatives of the United Kingdom and of Australia, refemng
to the meaning which they attached to the paragraph which sub-
sequently became paragraph 5, were indicating the number of
17a entrepris de corriger l'évaluation faite par ce dernier du nombre
de déclarations qui seraient ainsi affectées et, ce faisant, il a écarté
celles des dix-sept États qui n'étaient pas «représentésà la Confé-
rence ». Cet exposémontre clairement qu'aux yeux du représentant
australien, le paragraphe 5 n'était pas destiné à s'appliquer aux
déclarations faites par les États non représentésà la Conférence.
Cet exposé,bien que se rapportant à un point d'importance capitale
du paragraphe, n'a pas étécontesté par le représentant du Royau-
me-Uni ni par aucun autre membre du comité.La concl~sion à en
tirer est que, dans l'esprit des membres du comité, les Etats non
représentésàla Conférencerestaient en dehors de ce qu'on entendait
réglerpar leparagraphe 5 et que celui-ci étaitdestinéàlier seulement
ceux des États qui, représentésà la Conférence,signeraient et rati-
fieraient la Charte et accepteraient ainsi directementet sans retard
probable le Statut.
CIest ce que confirme le rapport du comité IV/I approuvé par
celui-ci lII juin 1945. Cerapport, après avoir énoncéque le comité
propose des solutions pour certains des problèmes soulevéspar la
création de la nouvelle Cour, expose sous litt.a) ce qui est stipulé
dans l'article 37, sous litt.6) ce qui est stipulé à l'alinéa 4 (qui
deviendra 5) de l'article 36, puis ajoute« c) on devrait également
régler de quelque manière les cas où compétence a été attribuée
à l'ancienne Cour pour connaître des différendss'élevant soit entre
des États qui seront arties au nouveau Statut et d'autres États,
soit entre ces autresd tats. 11semble désirable que des négociations
soient entreprises afin d'obtenir que ces acceptations de compétence
s'appliquent à la nouvelle Cour. Cette question ne saurait être
régléeni par la Charte ni par le Statut. Mais l'Assembléegénérale
pourrait ultérieurement se trouver en mesure de faciliter des
» C'était là distinguer très nettement ce qui
négociations utiles.
serait réglépar l'article 36, paragraphe 5, et ce qui ne pouvait
l'êtrequ'autrement, à savoir par accord, distinct de ce qui serait
dit dans le Statut, avec les États absents de la négociation de San
Francisco. Cela visait sinon exclusivement, du moins certainement
et principalement les déclarations émanant de ces États: l'emploi
du terme « acceptations »le confirme si besoin est et ce terme, qui
ne figure qu'une fois dans le texte français, figure deux fois dans le
texte anglais et se trouve mêmeen têtede celui-ci.
Ainsi se trouve confirméela constatation que l'article 36, para-
graphe 5, n'a entendu réglerle transfert qui fait l'objet de cette
disposition qu'entre les signataires du Statut, non à l'égard d'un
État dans la situation de la Bulgarie.States to which, in their opinion, this provision would be applicable.
The Australian representative, whose statement followed that of
the representative of the United Kingdom, set out to correct the
latter's estimate of the number of declarations which would thus
be affected and, for this purpose, he rejected those of the seventeen
States which were not "represented at the Conference". This
statement clearly shows that in the view of the Australian rep-
resentative, paragraph 5 was not intended to be applicable to the
declarations of States not represented at the Conference. This
statement, though it related to a point in the paragraph of cardinal
importance, was not disputed by the representative of the United
Kingdom orby any other member of the Committee. The conclusion
to be drawn is that, in the view of the members of the Committee,
the States not represented at the Conference remained outside the
scope of the matter being dealt with by paragraph 5 and that that
paragraph was intended to be binding only upon those States
which, having been represented at the Conference, would sign and
ratify the Charter and thus accept the Statute directly and without
any probable delay.
This is confirmed by the report of Committee IV/I, approved by
the Committee on June th, 1945. The report, having stated that
the Committee proposed solutions for certain problems to which
the creation of the new Court would give rise, sets out under (a)
what is provided in Article 37, under (b) what is provided in
paragraph 4 (which was to become paragraph 5)of Article 36, and
adds: "(c) Acceptances of the jurisdiction of the old Court over
disputes arising between parties to the new Statute and other
States, or between other States, should also be covered in some
way and it seems desirable that negotiations should be initiated
with a view to agreement that such acceptances will apply to the
jurisdiction of the new Court. This matter cannot be dealt with in
the Charter or the Statute, but it may later be possible for the
General Assembly to facilitate such negotiations." Thus a clear
distinction was drawn between what could be dealt with by Arti-
cle36, paragraph 5,and what could only be dealt with otherwise,
that is, by agreement, outside the provisions of the Statute, with
the States absent from the San Francisco negotiations. If that did
not refer exclusively to the declarations of such States, at least
there is no doubt thatit did refer to them and that theywereprinci-
pally referred to: the use of the word "acceptances" confirms this,
if confirmation is necessary, and this word, which appears once only
in the French text, appears twice in the English text of which
indeed it is the first word.
This confirms the view that Article 36, paragraph 5,was designed
to govern the transfer dealt with in that provision only as between
the signatories of the Statute, not in the case of a State in the
position of Bulgaria. Enfin, si quelque doute subsistait, la Cour, pour interpréter
l'article 36, paragraphe5, devrait replacer celui-ci dans son contexte
et, pour cela, s'inspirer du système généralde la Charte et du
Statut qui fonde la juridiction de la Cour sur le consentement des
Etats. Elle devrait, ainsi qu'elle l'a dit dans l'affaire de l'Or moné-
taire firisà Rome en 1943, se garder d'ccagir à l'encontre d'un
principe de droit international bien établi et incorporé dans le
Statut, à savoir que la Cour ne peut exercer sa juridiction à l'égard
d'un État si ce n'est avec le consentement de ce dernier ».(C. 1.J.
Recueil 1954, p. 32.)
Le consentement au transfert à la Cour internationale de Justice
d'une déclaration acceptant la juridiction de la Cour per-manente
peut êtreconsidérécomme effectivement donné par un Etat qui,
représenté à la Conférencede San Francisco, a signéet ratifié la
Charte et a ainsi accepté,le Statut où figure l'article 36, para-
graphe 5. Mais, lorsqu'un Etat, comme c'est le cas en l'espèce, est
resté pendant plusieurs années étranger au Statut, prétendre que
cet État a consenti àce transfert, par le fait de son admission aux
Nations Unies, c'est faire de sa demande d'admission l'équivalent
de ce que serait pour cet État une déclaration expresse prévue par
l'article 36, paragraphe 2,du Statut. Ce serait méconnaître tant
cette dernière disposition que le principe qui subordonne la juridic-
tion de la Cour au consentement du défendeur et tenir pour suffi-
sant un consentement simplement présumé.
Mêmesi l'on admet que l'article 36, paragraphe 5, ne se limite
pas aux déclarations émanant d'États signataires, les termes de
cette disposition ne permettent pas de l'appliquer à la déclaration
bulgare de 1921. Le Gouvernement d'Israël, pour fonder la compé-
tence de la Cour sur la combinaison de la déclaration bulgare de
1921 et de l'article 36, paragraphe 5, du Statut, a interprété cet
article comme englobant dans ses prévisions une déclaration faite
par un État qui n'a pas participé à la Conférencede San Francisco,
n'est pas signataire du Statut et n'y est devenu partie que beau-
coup plus tard. La Cour se placera aussi sur ce terrain et recher-
chera, en conséquence,si les conditions mises par l'article 36, para-
graphe 5, au transfert de la Cour permanente de Justice inter-
nationale à la Cour internationale de Justice d'une acceptation de
juridiction obligatoire ne visant que la première sont remplies en
l'espèce et si, par suite, la déclaration de la Bulgarie doit être
ccconsidérée ..comme comportant acceptation de la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice ».
Les déclarations,auxquelles se réfèrel'article 36, paragraphe 5,
créaient pour les Etats qui les avaient souscrites l'obligation de Finally, if any doubt remained, the Court, in order to interpret
Article 36, paragraph 5, should consider it in its context and
bearing in mind the general scheme of the Charter and the Statute
which founds the jurisdiction of the Court on the consent of States.
It should, as it said in the case of the Monetary gold removedfrom
Rome in 1943 , e careful not to "run counter to a well-established
principle of international law embodied in the Court's Statute,
namely, that the Court can only exercise jurisdiction over a State
with its consent". (I.C.J. Reports1954, p. 32.)
Consent to the transfer to the International Court of Justice of
a declaration accepting the jurisdiction of the Permanent Court
may be regarded as effectively given by a State which, having
been represented at the San Francisco Conference, signed and
ratified the Charter and thereby accepted the Statute in which
Article 36, paragraph 5, appears. But when, as in the present
case, a State has for many years remained a stranger to the Statute,
to hold that that State has consented to the transfer, by the fact
of its admission to the United Nations, would be to regard its
request for admission as equivalent to an express declaration by
that State as provided for by Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute. It would be to disregard both that latter provision and
the principle according to which the jurisdiction of the Court is
conditional upon the consent of the respondent, and to regard as
sufficient a consent which is merely presumed.
Even if it should be assumed that Article 36, paragraph
5, is not
limited to the declarations of signatory States, the terms of that
provision make it impossible to apply it to the Bulgarian Declaration
of 1921. The Government of Israel, in order to base the jurisdiction
of the Court upon the combined effect of the Bulgarian Declaration
of 1921 and Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute, has construed
that provision as covering a declaration made by a State, which
had not participated in the San Francisco Conference, which is not
a signatory of the Statute and only became a party thereto much
later. The Court will also consider the matter from this angle and
accordinglyenquire whether the conditions,required by Article 36,
paragraph 5,for a transfer from the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice to the International Court of Justice of acceptances
of compulsory jurisdiction relating only to the former, are satisfied
in the present case and whether the Bulgarian Declaration must
therefore "be deemed ...to be an acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice".
The declarations to which Article 36, paragraph 5, refers created
for the States which had made them the obligation to recognize the reconnaître la juridiction de la Cour permanente de Justice inter-
nationale. Au moment de l'élaboration du nouveau Statut, on a
envisagé comme prochaine - et l'événement l'a confirmé - la
disparition de la Cour permanente et, par suite, la caducité de ces
engagements. On a cherché à pourvoir à cette situation, à éviter
dans la mesure du possible ce résultat, en substituant à la juridic-
tion obligatoire de la Cour permanente qui allait disparaître la
juridiction obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice. Tel est
1:objet de l'article 36, paragraphe 5. Celui-ci effectue entre les
Etats auxquels il est applicable le transfertà la nouvelle Cour de la
juridiction obligatoire de l'ancienne.Ce faisant, il met à la charge
des Etats auxquels il s'applique une obligation, l'obligation de
reconnaître de plein droit et sans convention spécialela juridiction
de la nouvelle Cour. C'estlà une obligation nouvelle qui,sansdoute,
n'est pas plus lourde que l'obligation qui va disparaître, mais c'est
néanmoins une obligation nouvelle.
A l'égard d'un Etat signataire de la Charte et du Statut, la date
à laquelle cette nouvelle obligation prend naissance, la date à
laquelle ce transfert de la juridiction d'une Courà celle d'une autre
Cour est effectué, n'est pas directement déterminée. Elle ne pour-
rait êtrerattachée à la signature de la Charte que par une inter-
prétation qui s'éloignerait des dispositions de l'article IIO de la
Charte qui, pour l'entrée en vigueur de celle-ci et, par suite, du
Statut, s'attachent aux dates de dépôt des ratifications. Aucune de
ces dates ne peut êtreretenue pour fixer la naissance de l'obliga-
tion ici considérée chez un Etat non signataire de la Charte mais
admis ultérieurement aux Xations L-nies. Jusqu'à son admission,
il est resté étrangerà la Charte et au Statut. Ce qui a étéconvenu
entre les signataires de ceux-ci n'a pu créer à Sa charge une obliga-
tion, spécialement l'obligation de reconnaître la juridiction de la
Cour.
Telle a étéla situation de la Bulgarie. L'article36, paragraphe 5,
n'a pu en aucun cas produire effet vis-à-vis d'elle qu'à partir de
son admission aux Nations Unies, soit le 14 décembre 1955.
Or, à cette date, la déclaration bulgare de 1921 n'était plus en
vigueur par l'effet de la dissolution de la Cour permanente de
Justice internationale en 1946. L'acceptation que cette déclaration
énonçait de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour permanente de
Justice internationale était désormais sans objet puisque cette Cour
n'esistait plus. Le support juridique que cette acceptation trouvait
dans l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut de la Cour permanente de
Justice internationale avait cesséd'exister par suite de la dispari-
tion de ce Statut. Ainsi, la déclaration bulgare était devenue
caduque et n'était plus en vigueur.
Le Statut de la présente Cour ne pouvant entraîner d'obligation
pour la Bulgarie qu'A partir de l'admission de celle-ci aux Nations
1-nies, et la déclaration bulgare de 1921 étant devenue caduque
2O AERIAL INCIDEST 01:27 YI1 jj (JUDGMENT OF 26 V 59) 143
jurisdiction of the Permaneilt Court of International Justice. At
the time when the new Statiite was drawn up, it was anticipated
-and events confirmed this-that the Permanent Court would
shortly disappear and these undertakings consequently lapse. It was
sought to provide for thissituation, to avoid, asfar as it was possible,
sucli a result by substituting for the compulssry jurisdiction of the
Permanent Court, which was to come to an end, the compulsory
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. This was the
purpose of Article 36, paragraph 5. This provision effected, as
between the States to which it applied, the transfer to the new
Court of the compulsory jurisdiction of the old. It thereby laid
upon the States to which it applied an obligation, the obligation
to recognize, ipso facto and without special agreement, the juris-
diction of the new Court. This constituted a new obligation which
was, doubtless, no more onerous than the obligation which was to
disappear but it was nevertheless a new obligation.
In the case of a State signatory of the Charter and of the Statute,
the date at which this new obligation arises, the date at which this
transfer from the jurisdiction of one Court tc that of another Court
is effected, is not directly determined. It could only be linked to
the signing of the Charter by an interpretation somewhat out .of
keeping with the provisions of Article IIO of the Charter which,
for thedate of theentry into force of the Charter and, consequently,
of the Statute, have regard to the dates of the deposit of ratifications.
Neither of these dates can be taken as fixing the birth of the obli-
gation here under consideration in.the case of a State not a signatory
of the Charter but subsequently admitted to the United Xations.
Cntil its admission, it was a stranger to the Charter and to the
Statute. What has been agreed upon between the signatories of
these instruments cannot have created any obligation binding upon
it, in particular an obligation to recognize the jurisdiction of the
Court.
This was the position of Bulgaria. Article 36, paragraph 5, could
not in any event be operative as regards that State until the date of
its admission to the Cnited Xations, ïïznely, December 14th, 1955.
.4t that date, however, the Bulgarian Declaration of 1921 was
no longer in force in consequence of the dissolution of the Permanent
Court of International Justice in 1946. The acceptance set out in
that Declaration of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent
Court of InternationaI Justice was thereafter devoid of object since
that Court u7as no longer in existence. The legal basis for that
acceptance in Article 36, paragraph 2,of the Statute of the Per-
manent Court of International Justice, ceased to exist with the
disappearance of that Statute. Thus, the Bulgarian Declaration
had lapsed and was no longer in force.
Though the Statute of the present Court could not lay any
obligation upon Bulgaria before its admission tothe United Nations,
and though the Bulgarian Declaration of 1921 had lapsed before
20avant cette date, l'article 36, paragraphe 5, aura-t-il eu néanmoins
pour effet que ladite déclaration doive être considéréedans les
rapports entre la Bulgarie et Israël comme comportant acceptation
de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice?
Cela dépend dela date à laquelle se réfèrel'article 36, paragraphe 5,
quand il parle de déclarations (pour une duréequi n'est pas encore
ex~irée ».de déclarations (which are still in force».En s'exS~rimant
ainsi, l'article 36, paragraphe 5, n'énonce et n'implique aucune
référenceà une date fixe qui serait la date de la signature de la
Charte et du Statut ou celle de leur entrée en vigueur initiale. Ce
sont là des événementsétrangers à la Bulgarie, qui n'est devenue
partie au Statut que par son admission aux Nations Unies en 1955 ;
on ne pourrait se référerà leurs dates pour l'application de l'arti-
cle36,paragraphe 5, que sicelui-cienavaitfait mention ouimpliquait
nécessairement renvoi à ces dates; rien de semblable n'est énoncé
dans le texte ni im~lI Ié DarIlui.
Rien ne fait apparaître dans l'article 36, paragraphe 5, l'intention
de maintenir toutes les déclarations existant au moment de la
signature de la Charte ou de son entrée en vigueur, indépendamment
du moment où 1'Etat auteur d'une déclaration devient partie au
Statut. Ce procédéconsisterait à mettre en suspens une obligation
juridique pour la remettre eq vigueur ultérieurement: il n'est guère
concevable à l'égard d'un Etat resté étranger à l'élaboration de
l'article 36, paragraphe 5. Rien dans ce texte ne fait apparaître
l'intention de consacrer un procédéaussi exceptionnel. Si on avait
entendu l'adopter, on aurait dû énoncer une clause immédiate de
maintien suivie d'une prévisionde remise ultérieure en vigueur au
moment de l'admission aux Nations Unies: rien de tel n'est exprimé
dans le Statut.
L'article 36, paragraphe 5, s'exprime en une phrase unique dont
l'objet est de dire que les anciennes déclarations dont la durée n'est
pas encore expirée seront considérées, dans les rapports entre
parties au présent Statut, comme comportant acceptation de la
juridiction obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice. Cetexte
détermine la naissance pour 1'Etat auquel il s'applique de la juri-
diction obligatoire de la nouvelle Cour. Il y met expressément deux
conditions: IO que l'État de qui émaneja déclaration soit partie au
Statut; 2" que la déclaration de cet Etat soit encore en vigueur.
Étant donné que la déclaration de la Bulgarie était devenue
caduque avant l'admission de la Bulgarie aux Nations Unies, on
ne peut pas dire qu'à ce moment-là cette déclaration était encore
en vigueur. La seconde condition énoncéepar l'article 36, para-
graphe 5, n'est donc pas remplie en l'espèce. En conséquence,
même en se plaçant sur le terrain sur lequel le Gouvernement
d'Israël fonde sa demande, la Cour estime que l'article 36, paragra-
phe 5, n'est pas applicable à la déclaration bulgare de 1921.that date, can Article 36, paragraph 5, nevertheless have had the
effect that that Declaration must be deemed as between Bulgaria
and Israel to be an acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of
the International Court of Justice? That depends upon the date to
which Article 36, paragraph 5, refers when it speaks of declarations
"which are still in force", "pour une duréequi n'est pas encore
expirée".In expressing itself thus, Article 36, paragraph 5, neither
states nor implies any reference to a fixed date, that of the signature
of the Charter and of the Statute, or that of their original entry
into force. These were events to which Bulgaria, which became a
party to the Statute only as a result of its admission to the United
Nations in 1955, was not privy; it would be permissible to have
reference to those dates in respect of the application of Article 36,
paragraph 5,only if that provision had referred thereto expressly
or by necessary implication; nothing of the kind is stated or implied
in the text.
There is nothingin Article 36, paragraph 5, to reveal any intention
of preserving al1 the declarations which were in existence at the
time of the signature or entry into force of the Charter, regardless
of the moment when a State having made a declaration became a
party to the Statute. Such a course would have involved the
suspending of a legal obligation, to be revived subsequently: it is
scarcely conceivable in respect of a State which was a stranger to
the drafting of Article 36, paragraph 5. There is nothing in this
provision to show any intention of adopting such an exceptional
procedure. If there had been such an intention, it should have been
expressed by a direct clause providing for the preservation of the
declaration, followed by a provision for its subsequent re-entry into
force as from the moment of admission to the United Nations:
nothing of the kind is expressed in the Statute.
Article 36, paragraph 5, is expressed in a single sentence the
purpose of which is to state that old declarations which are still
in force shall be deemed as between the parties to the present
Statute to be acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice. The provision determines, in respect
of a State to which it applies, the birth of the compulsory juris-
diction of the new Court. It makes that subject to two conditions:
(1) that the State having made the declaration should be a party
to the Statute, (2) that the declaration of that State should still be
in force.
Çince the Bulgarian Declaration had lapsed before Bulgaria was
admitted to the United Nations, it cannot be said that, at that time,
that declaration was still in force. The second condition statedin
*Article36, paragraph 5, is therefore not satisfied in the present case.
Thus, even placing itself on the ground upon which the Government
of Israel bases its claim, the Court finds that Article 36, para-
graph 5, is not applicable to the Bulgarian Declaration of 1921. 145 INCIDENT AÉRIEK DC 27 VI1jj (ARRÊT DU 26 V jg)
Cette façon de voir est confirmée par les co~lsidérationsci-après:
D'une part, l'intention bien certaine qui a inspiré l'article 36,
paragraphe j, a étéde continuer ce qui existait, de maintenir les
acceptations existantes, d'éviter que la création d'une Cour nou-
velle ne rendît caduc un progrès accompli; à cette intention de
maintien, de continuité, on ne peut substituer celle de redonner
force de droit à des engagements expirés: autre chose est maintenir
un engagement existant en en modifiant l'objet, autre chose faire
revivre un engagement déjà éteint.
D'autre part, l'article 36, contrairement au désir de nombreuses
délégations à San Francisco, ne fait pas de la juridiction obligatoire
une conséquenceimmédiate et directe ciela participationau Statut.
Si la Bulgarie, qui, au moment de son admission aux Nations
Unies, n'était tenue d'aucune obligation de ce genre par suite de la
caducité de la déclaration de 1921, était considéréecomme soumise
à la juridiction obligatoire par I'efiet de son admission aux Nations
Unies, le Statut de la Cour aurait pour la Bulgarie une conséquence
de droit, à savoir la juridiction obligatoire,que ce Statut n'a pas
pour les autres Etats. Il est difficile d'admettre une interprétation
consacrant, à la charge de la Bulgarie, une telle dérogation au
système du Statut.
En demandant et obtenant son admission aux Kations Lnies, la
Bulgarie a accepté toutes les dispositions du Statut et notamment
l'article 36. Elle a accepté de considérercom,me soumis à la juridic-
tion obligatoire de la Cour d'une part les Etats parties au Statut
qui auraient fait ou feraient la déclaration prévue par le para-
graphe 2, d'autre part, et conformément au paragraphe j, les
Etats qui, lors de leur acceptation du Statut, étaient liér par leur
acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour permanente.
,4u moment où la Bulgarie a demandé et obtenu son admission aux
Nations Vnies, son acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la
Cour permanente était caduque depuis longtemps. Il ne se trouve
rien dans l'article 36, paragraphe j,qui énonce l'intention de faire
renaître un engagement qui n'est plus en vigueur. Cette disposition
ne vise pas la situation de la Bulgarie au moment de son entrée
aux Nations Unies; l'acceptation que la Bulgarie a faite de cette
disposition ne constitue pas un consentement donné à la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice; ce consentement
ne peut être donné valablement par elle que conformément à
l'article 36, paragraphe 2.
L'article 36, paragraphe j, ne peut donc conduire la Cour à
admettre que, par l'effet de celui-ci, la déclaration bulgare de 1921
fonde sa compétence pour connaître de l'affaire dont elle a été
saisie par la requête présentée par le Gou~~ernement d'Israël le
16 octobre 1957. This view is confirmed by the following considerations:
On the one hand, the clear intention which inspired Article 36,
paragraph 5, was to continue in being something which was in
existence, to preserve existing acceptances, to avoid that the crea-
tion of a new Court should frustrate progress already achieved;
it is not permissible to substitute for this intention to preserve, to
secure continuity, an intention to restore legal force to undertakings
which have expired: it is one thing to preserve an existing under-
taking by changing its subject-matter;it is quite another to revive
an undertaking which has already been extinguished.
On the other hand, Article 36, contrary to the desire of a number
of delegations at San Francisco, does not make compulsory juris-
diction an immediate and direct consequence of being a party to
the Statute. If Biilgaria, which at the time of its admission to the
United Nations was under no obligation of that kind in consequence
of the lapse of its Declaration of 1921, were to be regarded as subject
to the compulsory jurisdiction as a result of its admission to the
United Nations, the Statute of the Court would, in the case of
Bulgaria, have a legal consequence, namely, compulsory juris-
diction, which that Statute does not impose upon other States. It
is difficult to accept an interpretation which would constitute in the
case of Bulgaria such a derogation from the system of the Statute.
In seeking and obtaining admission to the Vnited Nations,
Bulgaria accepted al1 the provisions of the Statute, including
Article 36. It agreed to regard as subject to the compulsory juris-
diction of the Court, on the one hand, those States parties to the
Statute which had made or would make the declaration provided
for by paragraph 2 and, on the other hand, in accordance with
paragraph 5,those States which, at the time of their acceptance
of the Statute, were bound by their acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Permanent Court. At the time when Bulgaria
sought and obtained admission tothe United Nations, its acceptance
of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court had long
since lapsed. There is nothing in Article 36, paragraph 5, to indicate
any intention to revive an undertaking which is no longer in force.
That provision does not relate to the position of Bulgaria at the
time of its entry into the United Nations; Bulgaria's acceptance
of the provision does not constitute consent to the compulsory
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice;such consent can
validly be given by Bulgaria only in accordance with Article 36,
paragraph 2.
Article 36, paragraph 5, cannot therefore lead the Court to find
that , by the operation of this provision, the Bulgarian Declaration
of 1921 provides a basis for its jurisdiction to deal with the case
submitted to it by the Application filed by the Government of
Israel on October 16th, 1957. Dans ces conditions, il n'y a pas lieu pour la Cour de passer à
l'examen des autres exceptions préliminaires opposéesà la requête
par le Gouvernement de la République populaire de Bulgarie.
Par ces motifs,
par douze voix contre quatre,
dit qu'elle n'est pas compétente pour statuer sur le différendporté
devant elle le 16 octobre 1957 par requête du Gouvernement
d'Israël.
Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au
Palais de la Paix, à La Haye, le vingt-six mai mil neuf cent cin-
quante neuf, en trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux
archives de la Cour et dont les autres seront transmis respective-
ment au Gouvernement d'Israël et au Gouvernement de la Répu-
blique populaire de Bulgarie.
Le Président,
!Signé) Helge KLAESTAD.
Le Greffier adjoint,
(Signé) GARNIER-COIGNET.
M. ZAFRULLAKHAN,Vice-Président, se déclare d'accord avec
l'arrêtde la Cour. Le paragraphe 5 de l'article 36 du Statut de la
Cour exige que 1'Etat ayant fait une déclaration en vertu de la-
quelle il accepte la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour permanente,
soit partie au Statut de la Cour internationale et que la déclaration
soit encore en vigueur. Le paragraphe n'est pas, selon ses termes,
limitédans son application aux États qui sont devenus signataires
de la Charte des Nations Unies, bien qu'en fait le paragraphe ne
soit pas devenu applicable à un autre État quelconque, aucun
autre État ayant fait une déclaration encore en vigueur n'étant
devenu partie au Statut de la Cour internationale avant que la
dissolution de la Cour permanente ait mis fin à toutes les déclara-
tions par lesquelles était acceptée la juridiction de celle-ci. Si la
Bulgarie, ou tout autre État dont la déclaration d'acceptation
de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour permanente était encore
en vigueur, était devenue partie au Statut de la Cour internationale
avant la dissolution de la Cour permanente, le paragraphe 5 de
l'article36 du Statut de la Cour internationale serait devenu
applicable.
23 AERIAL INCIDENT OF 27 VI1 55 (JUDGMENT OF 26 V 59) 146
In the circumstances, it is unnecessary for the Court to proceed
to a consideration of the other Preliminary Objections to the Appli-
cationraisedby the Government of the People'sRepublic of Bulgana.
For these reasons,
by twelve votes to four,
finds that it is withouturisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute
brought before it on October 16th, 1957, by the Application of the
Government of Israel.
Done in French and English, the French text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-sixth day of May, one
thousand nine hundred and fifty-nine, in three copies, one of which
willbe placed inthe archives of the Court and the others transmitted
to the Government of Israel and the Government of the People's
Republic of Bulgaria, respectively.
(Signed) Helge KLAESTAD,
President.
(Signed) GARNIER-COIGNET,
Deputy-Registrar.
Vice-President ZAFRULLA KHAN States that he agrees with the
Judgment of the Court. Paragraph 5 of Article 36 of the Statute
of the Court requires that the State having made a declaration of
acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court
should be a party to the Statute of the International Court and
that the declaration should still be in force. The paragraph is not,
by its language, limited in its application to States who became
signatories of the Charter of the United Nations, though in actual
fact the paragraph did not become applicable to any other State, as
no other State, having a declaration stillin force, became a party
to the Statute of the International Court before the dissolution of
the Permanent Court put an end to al1 declarations accepting its
jurisdiction. If Bulgaria, or any other State whose declaration
accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court was
still in force, had become a party to the Statute of the International
Court beforethe dissolution of the Permanent Court, paragraph 5
of Article 36 of the Statute of the International Court would have
become applicable. MM. BADAWe It ARMAND-UGOjN u,ges, se prévalant du droit que
leur confèrel'article du Statut, joignenà l'arrêtles exposésde
leur opinion individuelle.
Sir Hersch LAUTERPACHT, M. WELLINGTOK NOO et Sir Percy
SPENDERj,uges, se prévalant du droit que leur confère l'article 57
du Statut, joignentà l'arrêt l'exposé de leur opinion dissidente
collective.
M. GOITEIS,juge ad hoc, se prévalant du droit que lui confère
l'article 57 du Statut, joànl'arrêtl'exposéde son opinion dis-
sidente.
(Paraphé) H. K.
(Paraphé) G.-C,. Judges BADAWIand ARMAND-UGON av,ailing themselves of the
right conferred upon them by Article57 of the Statute, append to
the Judgment of the Court statements of theirSeparate Opinions.
Judges Sir Hersch LAUTERPACHT, WELLIXGTON KOO and Sir
Percy SPENDER,availing themselves of the right conferred upon
them by Article 57 of the Statute, append to the Judgment of the
Court a statement of their Joint Dissenting Opinion.
Mr. GOITEINJ ,udge ad hoc, availing himself of the right conferred
upon him by Article 57 of the Statlite, appends to the Judgment
of the Court a statement of his Dissenting Opinion.
(InitialledH. K.
(InitialledG.-C.
Preliminary Objections (including the text of the declaration of Judge Zafrulla Khan)
Judgment of 26 May 1959