Declaration of Vice-President Yusuf

Document Number
159-20161005-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
159-20161005-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF V ICE-PRESIDENT YUSUF

Existence of a dispute  Matter for objective determination  Positively opposed juridical
views required  Subjective criterion of “awareness” not a condition  “Awareness” has no
basis in jurisprudence of Court  It also undermines sound administration of justice  Court

could have reached same conclusions without using “awareness” criterion  Incipient dispute
must exist prior to application to the Court  Dispute can crystallize during proceedings  At
issue is Pakistan’s compliance with obligation to negotiate nuclear disarmament  Both Parties
supported negotiations on disarmament  Both voted in favour of relevant United Nations
resolutions  No evidence of positively opposed views.

1. I agree with the conclusions of the Court on the inexistence of a dispute between the
Republic of the Marshall Islands and Pakistan on the subject-matter of the Application of the
former. I disagree, however, with some aspects of the reasoning in the Judgment. I disagree, in
particular, with the introduction of the subjective criterion of “awareness” in the assessment by the
Court of the existence of a dispute. This is a clear departure from the consistent jurisprudence of

the Court on this matter. I am also in disagreement with the one-size-fits-all approach to the three
distinct cases argued before the Court by the Parties (Marshall Islands v. India, Marshall Islands v.
Pakistan, and Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom).

2. It is correctly stated in the Judgment that: “[w]hether a dispute exists is a matter for
objective determination by the Court which must turn on an examination of the facts”, and, for that

purpose, “the Court takes into account in particular any statements or documents exchanged
between the parties, as well as any exchanges made in multilateral settings” (paragraph 36).
However, as has been shown in my dissenting opinion on Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom, and
as will be demonstrated in this declaration, the policy approaches of the respondent States to the
negotiation and conclusion of an international instrument on nuclear disarmament are quite
different from each other and the positions they have taken in multilateral forums on the

subject-matter of the dispute are far from being identical. The existence of a dispute between each
one of them and the applicant State has therefore to be determined in light of those distinctive facts.

3. The jurisdiction of the Court is to be exercised in contentious cases only in respect of
legal disputes submitted to it by States. This case was submitted to the Court on the basis of
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute. This provision does not define what is meant by a “legal
dispute”; it therefore falls to the Court not only to define it, but also to determine its existence or

inexistence in a case such as this one before proceeding to the merits.

4. The jurisprudence of the Court is replete with such definitions. The first one, which is still
frequently cited by the Court, was in the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions case, in which the
Court stated that: “A dispute is a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or
of interests between two persons.” (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924,

P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 11.) It has since then, however, been further elaborated and enriched by
subsequent jurisprudence.

5. The Court has clearly established in its jurisprudence that: “[w]hether there exists an
international dispute is a matter for objective determination” (Interpretation of Peace Treaties with
Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74). It has also

observed, in elaborating further on the definition given by the PCIJ in the Mavrommatis case, that: - 2 -

“A mere assertion is not sufficient to prove the existence of a dispute any more
than a mere denial of the existence of the dispute proves its non-existence. Nor is it

adequate to show that the interests of the two parties to such a case are in conflict. It
must be shown that the claim of one party is positively opposed by the other.”
(South West Africa cases (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328.)

More recently, the Court stated in Georgia v. Russian Federation that: “The Court’s determination
must turn on an examination of the facts. The matter is one of substance, not of form.”

(Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30.)

6. Notwithstanding this jurisprudence of the Court, it is stated in paragraph 38 of the
Judgment that: “a dispute exists when it is demonstrated, on the basis of the evidence, that the
respondent was aware, or could not have been unaware, that its views were ‘positively opposed’ by

the applicant”. The Judgment claims that this requirement is reflected “in previous decisions of the
Court in which the existence of a dispute was under consideration”, and invokes as authority for
this statement two judgments, namely the Judgments on preliminary objections in the cases of
Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v.
Colombia), and the Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation) (ibid.).

7. Neither of the two referenced Judgments provides support to a subjective requirement of
“awareness” by the Respondent in the determination of the existence of a dispute. In the Alleged
Violations Judgment on preliminary objections, the Court determined that a dispute existed on the
basis of statements made by the “highest representatives of the Parties” (Alleged Violations of
Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 17 March 2016, para. 73). It simply stated as a matter of fact
that Colombia was aware that its actions were positively opposed by Nicaragua. “Awareness” was

not identified as a criterion for the existence of a dispute, nor was it treated as such by the Court.

8. Similarly, in the Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), the Court merely noted that
Russia was or was not aware of the position taken by Georgia in certain documents or statements.
It did not identify “awareness” as a requirement for the existence of a dispute at any point in the
Judgment nor was this implicit in the Court’s reasoning (Application of the International

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v.
Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 117-120,
paras. 106-113).

9. It is indeed the first time that such a subjective condition is introduced into the assessment
by the Court of the existence of a dispute. As pointed out above, the Court’s jurisprudence has
always viewed the existence of a dispute as an objective matter. The Court has underlined on many

occasions that the determination of the existence of a dispute is a “matter . . . of substance, not of
form” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30). - 3 -

10. The function of the Court is to determine objectively the existence of a conflict of legal
views on the basis of evidence placed before it and not to delve into the consciousness, perception

and other mental processes of States (provided they do possess such cerebral qualities) in order to
find out about their state of awareness.

11. The introduction of an “awareness” test into the determination of the existence of a
dispute does not only go against the consistent jurisprudence of the Court; it also undermines
judicial economy and the sound administration of justice by inviting submissions of second
applications on the same dispute. If a subjective element or a formalistic requirement such as

“awareness” is to be demanded as a condition for the existence of a dispute, the applicant State may
be able to fulfil such a condition at any time by instituting fresh proceedings before the Court. The
respondent State would, of course, be aware of the existence of the dispute in the context of these
new proceedings. It is to avoid exactly this kind of situation that the Permanent Court of
International Justice observed in the Polish Upper Silesia case that: “the Court cannot allow itself
to be hampered by a mere defect of form, the removal of which depends solely on the Party
concerned” (Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia, Jurisdiction, Judgment No. 6, 1925,

P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 6, p. 14).

12. More recently, in the Military and Paramilitary Activities case (Nicaragua v.
United States of America), the Court stated that: “It would make no sense to require Nicaragua
now to institute fresh proceedings based on the Treaty, which it would be fully entitled to do.”
(Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of
America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 428-429, para. 83.)

13. Thus, in those circumstances where an applicant State may be entitled to bring fresh
proceedings to fulfil an initially unmet formal condition, it is not in the interests of the sound
administration of justice to compel it to do so (see Application of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 442, para. 87). The introduction of a test of “awareness” constitutes an
open invitation to the applicant State to institute such proceedings before the Court, having made

the respondent State aware of its opposing views.

14. The existence of a dispute has to stand objectively by itself. What matters is that there is
a positive opposition of juridical viewpoints, a disagreement on a point of law or fact. It is not for
both Parties to define or to circumscribe the dispute before it comes to the Court, except when
drawing up a compromis. In all other instances it is the task of the Court to do so. Nor is it a legal

requirement for the existence of a dispute that the applicant State provide prior notice or raise the
awareness of the Respondent before coming to the Court.

15. The Court could have come to the same conclusions reached in the present Judgment by
applying the criteria traditionally used by it in the determination of the existence of a dispute. On
the basis of the evidence placed before it in this case, the Court could have concluded that the
Parties did not hold positively opposed views prior to the submission of the Application by the

Marshall Islands. There was no need to introduce a new criterion of “awareness” in order to justify
those conclusions. Indeed, as indicated in paragraph 52 of the Judgment: “the question whether
there is a dispute in a particular contentious case turns on the evidence of opposition of views”.
Nothing more, nothing less, as stated by the Court on so many occasions in the past. - 4 -

16. Thus, the conclusions of the Judgment on the absence of a dispute between the Republic
of the Marshall Islands and Pakistan should have been based on an analysis of the facts in the case

file regarding the positions of the Parties on the subject-matter of the alleged dispute. In particular,
account should have been taken of the articulation of those positions in multilateral settings (see
paragraph 36), since there were no bilateral exchanges between the Republic of the Marshall
Islands and Pakistan prior to the filing of the Application by the former. As the Court had done in
Georgia v. Russian Federation, it should have reviewed the documents and statements relied upon
by the Parties, including statements in multilateral settings and voting record in the United Nations
General Assembly, to demonstrate the existence or non-existence of a dispute between them (see

Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 100-120, paras. 63-113).

17. However, before turning to the examination of those documents and statements, a few
observations need to be made on the subject-matter of the dispute and the date at which the dispute
must have existed, both of which are important factors in the objective determination of the

existence or absence of a dispute between the Parties.

18. It is for the Court itself to determine on an objective basis the subject-matter of the
dispute between the Parties, that is, to “isolate the real issue in the case and to identify the object of
the claim” (Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 262, para. 29;
Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 466, para. 30).
However, in doing so, the Court examines the positions of both Parties, while giving particular

attention to the manner in which the subject-matter of the dispute is framed by the applicant State
(Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), Jurisdiction of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1998, p. 448, para. 30; see also Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v.
Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 848, para. 38).

19. In its Memorial, the Republic of the Marshall Islands describes its dispute with Pakistan
as concerning “Pakistan’s compliance or non-compliance with its obligation under customary

international law to pursue in good faith, and bring to a conclusion, negotiations leading to nuclear
disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control” (Memorial of the
Marshall Islands (MMI), para. 42). This framing of the subject-matter of the dispute was reiterated
by the Republic of the Marshall Islands in oral proceedings (CR 2016/2, pp. 25-26, paras. 4-5
(Condorelli)).

20. Although the Republic of the Marshall Islands argued at various points in its pleadings
that the quantitative build-up and qualitative improvement of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal was
“contrary to the objective of nuclear disarmament” (MMI, para. 48), the Republic of the
Marshall Islands relies mainly on the statement made by its Foreign Minister at the Second
Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons held in Nayarit, Mexico, as evidence
of the existence of a dispute with Pakistan. In that statement, the Republic of the Marshall Islands,
after accusing the States possessing nuclear weapons of failing to fulfil their legal obligations on
pursuing nuclear disarmament through multilateral negotiations, declared that “the immediate

commencement and conclusion of such negotiations is required by legal obligation of nuclear
disarmament resting upon each and every State under Article VI of the Non-Proliferation Treaty
and customary international law”.

21. The subject-matter of the dispute may therefore be considered to relate in this case to the
alleged non-compliance of Pakistan with a customary law obligation to pursue in good faith and to - 5 -

bring to a conclusion negotiations on nuclear disarmament. While the issue of non-compliance
with such an obligation, assuming of course that it exists, belongs to the merits of the case, what is

at issue at this point is the existence of positively opposed viewpoints on the pursuit in good faith
of negotiations on nuclear disarmament. In other words, for the purpose of determining the
existence of a dispute between Republic of the Marshall Islands and Pakistan, the Court has to
ascertain on the basis of the facts placed before it whether there is a disagreement between the
Parties on the immediate commencement and conclusion of multilateral negotiations on nuclear
disarmament.

22. As the Court has pointed out on several occasions, such disagreement must, in principle,
have existed at the time of the institution of proceedings before the Court (Alleged Violations of
Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 17 March 2016, para. 52; Questions relating to the
Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II),
p. 442, para. 46; Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,

I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30). The seisin of the Court cannot by itself bring into being a
dispute between the Parties. There must be as a minimum the start or the onset of a dispute prior to
the filing of an application, the continuation or crystallization of which may become more evident
in the course of the proceedings.

23. As explained in the following paragraphs, and in contrast to the Marshall Islands v.
United Kingdom case, it does not appear that there was an incipient dispute between the Republic

of the Marshall Islands and Pakistan in the present case prior to the filing of the Application. As
discussed in my dissenting opinion in Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom, the Nayarit statement
by the Republic of the Marshall Islands may be considered as a protest meant to contest the attitude
of all the nuclear-weapons States towards the immediate commencement of negotiations on a
comprehensive convention for the elimination of nuclear weapons. However, for there to exist at
least the beginning of a dispute between the Republic of the Marshall Islands and Pakistan, it must
be shown that Pakistan had a course of conduct which was positively opposed to the

commencement and conclusion of such negotiations prior to the institution of proceedings. A
review of the voting record and statements mentioned above shows that Pakistan has systematically
supported the immediate commencement and conclusion of multilateral negotiations aimed at the
elimination of nuclear weapons both before and after the submission of the Application by the
Republic of the Marshall Islands.

24. Pakistan has consistently voted in favour of United Nations General Assembly

resolutions that call upon States immediately to commence multilateral negotiations leading to an
early conclusion of a comprehensive nuclear weapons convention providing for disarmament. It
has done so both in the context of the string of resolutions that follow up on the Advisory Opinion
of the Court on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons as well as those that follow
up on the 2013 United Nations General Assembly High-Level meeting on Nuclear Disarmament.

25. Pakistan has also voted in favour of the United Nations General Assembly resolutions

entitled “Convention on the Prohibition of the Use of Nuclear Weapons”, which calls upon States
to negotiate a comprehensive treaty on nuclear disarmament, and has participated in the meetings
of the Open Ended Working Group (OEWG) established by the United Nations General Assembly
with the aim of taking forward proposals for multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations. - 6 -

26. In addition to voting in favour of resolutions urging the immediate commencement of
negotiations, representatives of Pakistan have also made statements at multilateral forums calling

upon States holding nuclear arsenals to commence disarmament negotiations. The Representative
of Pakistan, for example, stated in the First Committee Thematic Debate on Nuclear Weapons on
18 October 2013 that the “the international community should immediately start negotiations on a
Convention for the elimination of nuclear weapons within a specified time frame” (Statement by
Ambassador Zamir Akram, Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations, Geneva,
at the First Thematic Debate on Nuclear Weapons (68th Session of the UNGA), New York,
18 October 2013).

27. Moreover, Pakistan, as a member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), has
consistently subscribed to statements made by this group of States that express willingness to
engage in multilateral negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament. Thus, in August 2012, at the
16th Summit conference of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Heads of State or Government,

“reiterated deep concern over the slow pace of progress towards nuclear disarmament

and the lack of progress by the Nuclear-Weapons States (NWS) to accomplish the
total elimination of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with their relevant multilateral
legal obligations . . . and emphasized, in this regard, the urgent need to commence
negotiations on comprehensive and complete nuclear disarmament without delay”
(16th Summit of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement,
August 2012, para. 151).

Similarly, at the XVIth Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement:

“The Ministers . . . reiterated deep concern over the slow pace of progress
towards nuclear disarmament and the lack of progress by the Nuclear-Weapons States
(NWS) to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with
their relevant multilateral legal obligations . . . and emphasized, in this regard, the
urgent need to commence negotiations on comprehensive and complete nuclear
disarmament without delay.” (XVI Ministerial Conference and Commemorative

Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement, Final Document, May 2011, para. 136.)

28. In a statement to the United Nations Conference on Disarmament, the Representative of
Pakistan declared on 22 May 2012 that:

“In terms of importance, no other issue can claim primacy over
Nuclear Disarmament, Pakistan, along with the 118 members of the Non-Aligned

Movement, believes that the CD must get on with its obligation of negotiating a
convention on nuclear disarmament, without further delay, if it has to justify the
purpose of its creation.” (Statement by Ambassador Zamir Akram, Permanent
Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations and other international organizations
on nuclear disarmament at the conference of disarmament, Geneva, 22 May 2012.)

29. Thus, the positions taken by Pakistan in multilateral forums, its voting record on

United Nations General Assembly resolutions, and the statements of its representatives do not
indicate a course of conduct or an attitude in positive opposition to that of the Republic of the
Marshall Islands, but rather a convergence of views on the commencement and conclusion of
multilateral negotiations aimed at nuclear disarmament. - 7 -

30. Based on the evidence in the record, it is therefore my view that positively opposed

views were not held by Pakistan and the Republic of the Marshall Islands with respect to the
obligation to pursue and conclude negotiations on nuclear disarmament, assuming that such an
obligation exists in customary international law, prior to the submission of the application by the
Republic of the Marshall Islands.

(Signed) Abdulqawi A. Y USUF .

___________

Bilingual Content

578
30
DECLARATION OF VICE-PRESIDENT
YUSUF
Existence of a dispute — Matter for objective determination — Positively
opposed juridical views required — Subjective criterion of “awareness” not a
condition — “Awareness” has no basis in jurisprudence of Court — It also
undermines sound administration of justice — Court could have reached same
conclusions without using “awareness” criterion — Incipient dispute must exist
prior to application to the Court — Dispute can crystallize during proceedings —
At issue is Pakistan’s compliance with obligation to negotiate nuclear
disarmament — Both Parties supported negotiations on disarmament — Both
voted in favour of relevant United Nations resolutions — No evidence of positively
opposed views.
1. I agree with the conclusions of the Court on the inexistence of a dispute
between the Republic of the Marshall Islands and Pakistan on
the subject-matter
of the Application of the former. I disagree, however,
with some aspects of the reasoning in the Judgment. I disagree, in
particular,
with the introduction of the subjective criterion of “awareness”
in the assessment by the Court of the existence of a dispute. This is a clear
departure from the consistent jurisprudence of the Court on this matter. I
am also in disagreement with the one-size-fits-all approach to the three
distinct cases argued before the Court by the Parties (Marshall Islands v.
India, Marshall Islands v. Pakistan, Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom).
2. It is correctly stated in the Judgment that: “[w]hether a dispute exists
is a matter for objective determination by the Court which must turn on
an examination of the facts”, and, for that purpose, “the Court takes into
account in particular any statements or documents exchanged between
the parties, as well as any exchanges made in multilateral settings”
(para. 36). However, as has been shown in my dissenting opinion on Marshall
Islands v. United Kingdom, and as will be demonstrated in this
declaration, the policy approaches of the respondent States to the negotiation
and conclusion of an international instrument on nuclear disarmament
are quite different from each other and the positions they have
taken in multilateral forums on the subject‑matter of the dispute are far
from being identical. The existence of a dispute between each one of them
and the applicant State has therefore to be determined in light of those
distinctive facts.
3. The jurisdiction of the Court is to be exercised in contentious cases
only in respect of legal disputes submitted to it by States. This case was
submitted to the Court on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute. This provision does not define what is meant by a “legal dis-
578
30
DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE YUSUF, VICE‑PRÉSIDENT
[Traduction]
Existence d’un différend — Question devant être tranchée objectivement —
Nécessité de thèses juridiques manifestement opposées — Critère subjectif de la
« connaissance » du différend n’étant pas une condition — Critère sans fondement
dans la jurisprudence de la Cour — Critère par ailleurs préjudiciable à une bonne
administration de la justice — Possibilité pour la Cour de parvenir aux mêmes
conclusions sans recourir au critère de la « connaissance » — Début de différend
devant exister avant le dépôt d’une requête — Différend pouvant se cristalliser en
cours d’instance — Mise en cause, en l’espèce, du respect par le Pakistan de son
obligation de négocier en vue de parvenir au désarmement nucléaire — Parties
ayant toutes deux soutenu les négociations sur le désarmement — Parties ayant
toutes deux voté en faveur des résolutions de l’Organisation des Nations Unies en
la matière — Absence de preuve de l’existence de thèses manifestement opposées.
1. Bien que souscrivant aux conclusions auxquelles la Cour est parvenue
quant à l’inexistence d’un différend entre le Pakistan et la République des
Iles Marshall sur l’objet de la requête déposée par cette dernière, je suis en
désaccord avec certains aspects du raisonnement tenu dans l’arrêt. Je n’approuve
notamment pas l’introduction par la Cour du critère subjectif de la
« connaissance » dans son appréciation de l’existence d’un différend. En
cela, elle s’est nettement écartée de sa jurisprudence constante en la matière.
Je n’approuve pas non plus le fait qu’elle ait suivi la même approche dans
les trois affaires distinctes qui lui ont été soumises (Iles Marshall c. Inde,
Iles Marshall c. Pakistan et Iles Marshall c. Royaume‑Uni).
2. L’arrêt rappelle à juste titre que « [l]’existence d’un différend doit
être établie objectivement par la Cour sur la base d’un examen des faits »
et que, à cette fin, celle‑ci « tient notamment compte de l’ensemble des
déclarations ou documents échangés entre les parties … ainsi que des
échanges qui ont eu lieu dans des enceintes multilatérales » (par. 36). Or,
comme je l’ai montré dans mon opinion dissidente en l’affaire Iles Marshall
c. Royaume‑Uni, et comme je le montrerai dans la présente déclaration,
les Etats défendeurs ont des politiques très différentes en ce qui concerne
la négociation et la conclusion d’un instrument international sur le désarmement
nucléaire, et les positions qu’ils ont soutenues sur l’objet du différend
en cause dans diverses enceintes internationales sont loin d’être
identiques. C’est donc en tenant compte de ces différences qu’il fallait
apprécier la question de l’existence d’un différend entre chacun d’eux et
l’Etat demandeur.
3. Dans les affaires contentieuses, la Cour ne peut exercer sa compétence
qu’à l’égard de différends d’ordre juridique que lui soumettent les
Etats. La présente instance a été introduite devant la Cour sur le fondement
du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut. Or cette disposition ne défi-
579 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. yusuf)
31
pute”; it therefore falls to the Court not only to define it, but also to
determine its existence or inexistence in a case such as this one before
proceeding to the merits.
4. The jurisprudence of the Court is replete with such definitions. The
first one, which is still frequently cited by the Court, was in the Mavrommatis
Palestine Concessions case, in which the Court stated that: “A dispute
is a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views
or of interests between two persons.” (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions,
Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 11.) It has since
then, however, been further elaborated and enriched by subsequent jurisprudence.
5. The Court has clearly established in its jurisprudence that: “[w]hether
there exists an international dispute is a matter for objective determination”
(Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania,
First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74). It has also
observed, in elaborating further on the definition given by the PCIJ in the
Mavrommatis case, that:
“A mere assertion is not sufficient to prove the existence of a dispute
any more than a mere denial of the existence of the dispute proves its
non‑existence. Nor is it adequate to show that the interests of the two
parties to such a case are in conflict. It must be shown that the claim
of one party is positively opposed by the other.” (South West Africa
cases (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328.)
More recently, the Court stated in Georgia v. Russian Federation that:
“The Court’s determination must turn on an examination of the facts.
The matter is one of substance, not of form” (Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30).
6. Notwithstanding this jurisprudence of the Court, it is stated in paragraph
38 of the Judgment that: “a dispute exists when it is demonstrated,
on the basis of the evidence, that the respondent was aware, or could not
have been unaware, that its views were ‘positively opposed’ by the applicant”.
The Judgment claims that this requirement is reflected “in previous
decisions of the Court in which the existence of a dispute was under consideration”,
and invokes as authority for this statement two judgments,
namely the Judgments on preliminary objections in the cases of
Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean
Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia) and the Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Georgia v. Russian Federation) (ibid.).
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. yusuf) 579
31
nit pas ce qu’il faut entendre par « différend d’ordre juridique » ; il revenait
par conséquent à la Cour non seulement de définir cette notion, mais également
d’établir l’éventuelle existence de pareil différend dans une affaire
telle que la présente espèce, avant de procéder à l’examen au fond.
4. La jurisprudence de la Cour abonde en définitions de la notion de
différend. La première, encore souvent citée par la Cour, a été donnée
dans l’affaire des Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine, dans laquelle la
Cour permanente de Justice internationale a déclaré qu’« [u]n différend
[était] un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait, une contradiction,
une opposition de thèses juridiques ou d’intérêts entre deux personnes »
(Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine, arrêt no 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A
no 2, p. 11). Cette définition a toutefois été développée depuis, et enrichie
par la jurisprudence ultérieure.
5. La Cour a par ailleurs clairement indiqué que « [l]’existence d’un différend
international demand[ait] à être établie objectivement » (Interprétation
des traités de paix conclus avec la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie,
première phase, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 74). Revenant sur
la définition donnée par la Cour permanente dans l’affaire Mavrommatis,
elle a en outre fait observer ceci :
« La simple affirmation ne suffit pas pour prouver l’existence d’un
différend, tout comme le simple fait que l’existence d’un différend est
contestée ne prouve pas que ce différend n’existe pas. Il n’est pas
suffisant non plus de démontrer que les intérêts des deux parties à
une telle affaire sont en conflit. Il faut démontrer que la réclamation
de l’une des parties se heurte à l’opposition manifeste de l’autre. »
(Sud‑Ouest africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud ; Libéria c. Afrique du
Sud), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 328.)
Plus récemment, dans l’affaire Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie, la Cour a
précisé que, « pour se prononcer, [elle devait] s’attacher aux faits [et qu’i]l
s’agi[ssait] d’une question de fond, et non de forme » (Application de la
convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 84, par. 30).
6. Nonobstant cette jurisprudence, au paragraphe 38 du présent arrêt,
la Cour déclare qu’« un différend existe lorsqu’il est démontré, sur la base
des éléments de preuve, que le défendeur avait connaissance, ou ne pouvait
pas ne pas avoir connaissance, de ce que ses vues se heurtaient à
l’« opposition manifeste » du demandeur ». Selon l’arrêt, cette condition
« ressort de décisions antérieures de la Cour dans lesquelles la question de
l’existence d’un différend était à l’examen ». A l’appui de cette assertion,
la Cour invoque comme précédents les deux arrêts qu’elle a rendus sur les
exceptions préliminaires soulevées dans les affaires relatives à des Violations
alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes dans la mer des
Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie) et à l’Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie) (ibid.).
580 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. yusuf)
32
7. Neither of the two referenced Judgments provides support to a subjective
requirement of “awareness” by the Respondent in the determination
of the existence of a dispute. In the Alleged Violations Judgment on
preliminary objections, the Court determined that a dispute existed on the
basis of statements made by the “highest representatives of the Parties”
(Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean
Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), pp. 32‑33, para. 73). It simply stated as a matter
of fact that Colombia was aware that its actions were positively opposed
by Nicaragua. “Awareness” was not identified as a criterion for the existence
of a dispute, nor was it treated as such by the Court.
8. Similarly, in the Application of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation),
the Court merely noted that Russia was or was not aware of the
position taken by Georgia in certain documents or statements. It did not
identify “awareness” as a requirement for the existence of a dispute at any
point in the Judgment nor was this implicit in the Court’s reasoning (Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 117‑120,
paras. 106‑113).
9. It is indeed the first time that such a subjective condition is introduced
into the assessment by the Court of the existence of a dispute. As
pointed out above, the Court’s jurisprudence has always viewed the existence
of a dispute as an objective matter. The Court has underlined on
many occasions that the determination of the existence of a dispute is a
“matter . . . of substance, not of form” (ibid., p. 84, para. 30).
10. The function of the Court is to determine objectively the existence
of a conflict of legal views on the basis of evidence placed before it and
not to delve into the consciousness, perception and other mental processes
of States (provided they do possess such cerebral qualities) in order
to find out about their state of awareness.
11. The introduction of an “awareness” test into the determination of
the existence of a dispute does not only go against the consistent jurisprudence
of the Court; it also undermines judicial economy and the sound
administration of justice by inviting submissions of second applications
on the same dispute. If a formalistic requirement such as “awareness” is
to be demanded as a condition for the existence of a dispute, the applicant
State may be able to fulfil such a condition at any time by instituting
fresh proceedings before the Court. The respondent State would,
of course, be aware of the existence of the dispute in the context
of these new proceedings. It is to avoid exactly this kind of situation
that the Permanent Court of International Justice observed in the
Polish
Upper Silesia case that: “the Court cannot allow itself to be
hampered
by a mere defect of form, the removal of which depends solely
on the Party concerned” (Jurisdiction, Judgment No. 6, 1925, P.C.I.J.,
Series A, No. 6, p. 14).
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. yusuf) 580
32
7. Or aucun de ces deux arrêts n’étaye la thèse d’une condition subjective
de l’existence d’un différend qui serait la « connaissance », par le
défendeur, de l’opposition manifeste du demandeur. Dans l’arrêt qu’elle a
rendu sur les exceptions préliminaires en l’affaire relative à des Violations
alléguées, la Cour a conclu à l’existence d’un différend sur la base de
déclarations « faites par les plus hauts représentants des Parties » (Violations
alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes dans la mer
des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 33, par. 73). Elle a simplement déclaré que la
Colombie avait, de fait, connaissance de l’opposition manifeste du Nicaragua
à l’égard de ses actes, sans présenter ni traiter cette « connaissance »
comme un critère régissant l’existence d’un différend.
8. De même, dans l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention
internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), la Cour a simplement relevé que la
Russie avait ou n’avait pas « connaissance » de la position adoptée par la
Géorgie dans tels ou tels documents et déclarations. Le fait que la
« connaissance » puisse être une condition de l’existence d’un différend
n’est mentionné nulle part dans l’arrêt et n’est pas non plus implicite
dans le raisonnement de la Cour (exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 117‑120, par. 106‑113).
9. C’est, de fait, la première fois qu’une condition subjective de cette
nature est introduite dans l’appréciation par la Cour de l’existence d’un
différend. Comme je l’ai dit plus haut, la Cour a toujours considéré que la
détermination de l’existence d’un différend était une question objective.
Elle a souligné à plusieurs reprises qu’il s’agissait là d’« une question de
fond, et non de forme » (ibid., p. 84, par. 30).
10. La fonction de la Cour est d’établir objectivement l’existence d’une
opposition de thèses juridiques sur la base des éléments de preuve qui lui
sont soumis, et non de sonder la conscience, la perception et les autres
processus mentaux des Etats (pour autant que ceux‑ci possèdent pareilles
qualités cérébrales) pour savoir ce dont ils ont connaissance.
11. L’introduction d’un critère de la « connaissance » pour établir
l’existence d’un différend va non seulement à l’encontre de la jurisprudence
établie de la Cour, mais elle nuit également à l’économie judiciaire
et à la bonne administration de la justice, puisqu’elle incite à soumettre
une nouvelle requête portant sur le même différend. Si l’existence d’un
différend est soumise à un élément subjectif ou une condition de forme
telle que la « connaissance », l’Etat demandeur pourra remplir cette condition
à tout moment en engageant une nouvelle procédure devant la Cour.
L’Etat défendeur aura alors bien évidemment connaissance de l’existence
du différend dans le cadre de cette nouvelle procédure. C’est précisément
pour éviter ce type de situations que, dans l’affaire relative à Certains
intérêts allemands en Haute‑Silésie polonaise, la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale a fait observer qu’elle « ne pou[vait] s’arrêter à un
défaut de forme qu’il dépendrait de la seule Partie intéressée de faire disparaître
» (compétence, arrêt no 6, 1925, C.P.J.I. série A no 6, p. 14).
581 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. yusuf)
33
12. More recently, in the Military and Paramilitary Activities case
(Nicaragua v. United States of America), the Court stated that: “It would
make no sense to require Nicaragua now to institute fresh proceedings
based on the Treaty, which it would be fully entitled to do.” (Jurisdiction
and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 428‑429, para. 83.)
13. Thus, in those circumstances where an applicant State may be entitled
to bring fresh proceedings to fulfil an initially unmet formal condition,
it is not in the interests of the sound administration of justice to
compel it to do so (see Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 442, para. 87). The introduction
of a test of “awareness” constitutes an open invitation to the
applicant State to institute such proceedings before the Court, having
made the respondent State aware of its opposing views.
14. The existence of a dispute has to stand objectively by itself. What
matters is that there is a positive opposition of juridical viewpoints, a
disagreement on a point of law or fact. It is not for both parties to define
or to circumscribe the dispute before it comes to the Court, except when
drawing up a compromis. In all other instances it is the task of the Court
to do so. Nor is it a legal requirement for the existence of a dispute that
the applicant State provide prior notice or raise the awareness of the
respondent before coming to the Court.
15. The Court could have come to the same conclusions reached in the
present Judgment by applying the criteria traditionally used by it in the
determination of the existence of a dispute. On the basis of the evidence
placed before it in this case, the Court could have concluded that the Parties
did not hold positively opposed views prior to the submission of the
Application by the Marshall Islands. There was no need to introduce a
new criterion of “awareness” in order to justify those conclusions. Indeed,
as indicated in paragraph 52 of the Judgment: “the question whether
there is a dispute in a particular contentious case turns on the evidence of
opposition of views”. Nothing more, nothing less, as stated by the Court
on so many occasions in the past.
16. Thus, the conclusions of the Judgment on the absence of a dispute
between the Republic of the Marshall Islands and Pakistan should have
been based on an analysis of the facts in the case file regarding the positions
of the Parties on the subject‑matter of the alleged dispute. In particular,
account should have been taken of the articulation of those
positions in multilateral settings (see para. 36), since there were no bilateral
exchanges between the Marshall Islands and Pakistan prior to the
filing of the Application by the former. As the Court had done in
Georgia
v. Russian Federation, it should have reviewed the documents and
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. yusuf) 581
33
12. Plus récemment, dans l’affaire des Activités militaires et paramilitaires
au Nicaragua et contre celui‑ci (Nicaragua c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique),
la Cour a fait observer qu’« [i]l n’y aurait aucun sens à obliger
maintenant le Nicaragua à entamer une nouvelle procédure sur la base
du traité — ce qu’il aurait pleinement le droit de faire » (compétence et
recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 428‑429, par. 83).
13. Ainsi, dans les cas où un Etat demandeur aurait le droit d’introduire
une nouvelle instance pour satisfaire à une condition de forme qu’il
avait manqué de remplir dans un premier temps, il n’est pas dans l’intérêt
d’une bonne administration de la justice de le contraindre à procéder de
cette manière (voir l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention pour la
prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Croatie c. Serbie), exceptions
préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 442, par. 87). L’introduction
du critère de la « connaissance » constitue une invitation à
l’Etat demandeur, dont les points de vue nettement opposés seront déjà
connus de l’Etat défendeur, à engager une nouvelle instance devant la
Cour.
14. La question de l’existence d’un différend doit être examinée de
manière autonome et objective. L’important est qu’il y ait une opposition
manifeste de thèses juridiques, un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait.
Il n’appartient pas aux parties de définir ou de circonscrire le différend avant
que celui-
ci ne soit soumis à la Cour, sauf lorsqu’il l’est par compromis.
Dans tous les autres cas, c’est à la Cour qu’il revient de le faire. Le fait que
l’Etat demandeur ait préalablement notifié un différend au défendeur ou l’ait
porté d’une autre façon à sa connaissance avant de saisir la Cour ne constitue
pas non plus une condition juridique de l’existence de ce différend.
15. La Cour aurait pu parvenir aux mêmes conclusions que celles
qu’elle a formulées dans le présent arrêt en appliquant les critères qu’elle
utilise habituellement pour établir l’existence d’un différend. Sur la base
des éléments de preuve qui lui ont été soumis en l’espèce, elle aurait ainsi
pu conclure que les points de vue des Parties n’étaient pas manifestement
opposés avant le dépôt de la requête par la République des Iles Marshall.
Point n’était donc besoin d’introduire un nouveau critère de la « connaissance
» pour justifier ces conclusions. De fait, comme cela est rappelé au
paragraphe 52 de l’arrêt, « la question de l’existence d’un différend dans
une affaire contentieuse dépend des éléments de preuve relatifs à une
divergence de vues ». Rien de plus et rien de moins, comme l’a si souvent
dit la Cour par le passé.
16. La Cour aurait donc dû fonder les conclusions qu’elle a énoncées
dans l’arrêt concernant l’absence de différend entre la République des
Iles Marshall et le Pakistan sur une analyse factuelle des positions des
Parties sur l’objet du différend allégué telles qu’elles ressortaient du dossier
de l’affaire. Etant donné qu’il n’y avait pas eu d’échanges bilatéraux
entre le Pakistan et la République des Iles Marshall avant le dépôt par
celle‑ci de la requête introductive d’instance, elle aurait dû tenir compte
en particulier de l’exposé de ces positions dans des enceintes multilatérales
(arrêt, par. 36). Comme dans l’affaire Géorgie c. Fédération de Rus‑
582 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. yusuf)
34
statements relied upon by the Parties, including statements in multilateral
settings and voting record in the United Nations General Assembly,
to demonstrate the existence or non-existence
of a dispute between them
(see Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 100‑120,
paras. 63‑113).
17. However, before turning to the examination of those documents
and statements, a few observations need to be made on the subject‑matter
of the dispute and the date at which the dispute must have existed, both
of which are important factors in the objective determination of the existence
or absence of a dispute between the Parties.
18. It is for the Court itself to determine on an objective basis the
subject‑matter
of the dispute between the Parties, that is, to “isolate the
real issue in the case and to identify the object of the claim” (Nuclear Tests
(Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 262, para. 29;
Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974,
p. 466, para. 30). However, in doing so, the Court examines the positions
of both Parties, while giving particular attention to the manner in which
the subject‑matter of the dispute is framed by the applicant State (Fisheries
Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), Jurisdiction of the Court, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 448, para. 30; see also Territorial and Maritime
Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 848, para. 38).
19. In its Memorial, the Republic of the Marshall Islands describes its
dispute with Pakistan as concerning “Pakistan’s compliance or non‑compliance
with its obligation under customary international law to pursue
in good faith, and bring to a conclusion, negotiations leading to nuclear
disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control”
(Memorial of the Marshall Islands (MMI), para. 42). This framing
of the subject-matter
of the dispute was reiterated by the Republic of the
Marshall Islands in oral proceedings (CR 2016/2, pp. 25‑26, paras. 4‑5
(Condorelli)).
20. Although the Republic of the Marshall Islands argued at various
points in its pleadings that the quantitative build-up and qualitative
improvement of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal was “contrary to the objective
of nuclear disarmament” (MMI, para. 48), the Republic of the Marshall
Islands relies mainly on the statement made by its Foreign Minister
at the Second Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons
held in Nayarit, Mexico, as evidence of the existence of a dispute with
Pakistan. In that statement, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, after
accusing the States possessing nuclear weapons of failing to fulfil their
legal obligations on pursuing nuclear disarmament through multilateral
negotiations, declared that “the immediate commencement and conclusion
of such negotiations is required by legal obligation of nuclear disarmament
resting upon each and every State under Article VI of the
Non‑Proliferation Treaty and customary international law”.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. yusuf) 582
34
sie, la Cour, pour démontrer l’existence d’un différend éventuel entre les
Parties, aurait dû examiner les documents et déclarations que celles‑ci
avaient invoqués à l’appui de leurs thèses, y compris les déclarations faites
dans des enceintes multilatérales (Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 100‑120, par. 63‑113).
17. Avant de passer à l’examen de ces documents et déclarations, je
dois toutefois faire quelques observations sur l’objet du différend et la
date à laquelle celui‑ci doit avoir existé, ces deux points étant des facteurs
importants pour une détermination objective de l’existence ou de l’absence
d’un différend.
18. Il appartenait à la Cour de déterminer, sur une base objective, l’objet
du différend entre les Parties, c’est-à-dire « de circonscrire le véritable
problème en cause et de préciser l’objet de la demande » (Essais nucléaires
(Australie c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 262, par. 29 ; Essais
nucléaires (Nouvelle‑Zélande c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 466,
par. 30). Pour procéder à cette détermination, la Cour devait examiner les
positions des deux Parties, tout en accordant une attention particulière à
la manière dont le demandeur avait formulé l’objet du différend (Compétence
en matière de pêcheries (Espagne c. Canada), compétence de la Cour,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 448, par. 30 ; voir également l’affaire du Différend
territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II), p. 848, par. 38).
19. Dans son mémoire, la République des Iles Marshall dit de son différend
avec le Pakistan qu’il concerne « la question de savoir si le Pakistan
respecte ou non l’obligation que lui impose le droit international
coutumier de poursuivre de bonne foi et de mener à terme des négociations
conduisant au désarmement nucléaire dans tous ses aspects, sous un
contrôle international strict et efficace » (mémoire des Iles Marshall
(MIM), par. 42). La République des Iles Marshall a répété cette présentation
de l’objet du différend au cours de la procédure orale (CR 2016/2,
p. 25‑26, par. 4-5 (Condorelli)).
20. Même si la République des Iles Marshall a soutenu à plusieurs
reprises dans ses écritures que l’accroissement et l’amélioration des forces
nucléaires du Pakistan étaient « contraire[s] à l’objectif du désarmement
nucléaire » (MIM, par. 48), elle s’est principalement appuyée sur la déclaration
de son ministre des affaires étrangères à la deuxième conférence sur
l’impact humanitaire des armes nucléaires tenue à Nayarit, au Mexique,
pour démontrer l’existence d’un différend avec le Pakistan. Dans cette
déclaration, la République des Iles Marshall, après avoir accusé les Etats
possédant un arsenal nucléaire de ne pas respecter leur obligation juridique
de poursuivre le désarmement nucléaire par des négociations multilatérales,
a déclaré que « [l]’obligation d’oeuvrer au désarmement
nucléaire … incomb[ant] à chaque Etat en vertu de l’article VI du traité de
non-prolifération
nucléaire et du droit international coutumier impos[ait]
l’ouverture immédiate et l’aboutissement de telles négociations ».
583 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. yusuf)
35
21. The subject‑matter of the dispute may therefore be considered to
relate in this case to the alleged non‑compliance of Pakistan with a customary
law obligation to pursue in good faith and to bring to a conclusion
negotiations on nuclear disarmament. While the issue of
non‑compliance with such an obligation, assuming of course that it exists,
belongs to the merits of the case, what is at issue at this point is the existence
of positively opposed viewpoints on the pursuit in good faith of
negotiations on nuclear disarmament. In other words, for the purpose of
determining the existence of a dispute between the Marshall Islands and
Pakistan, the Court has to ascertain on the basis of the facts placed before
it whether there is a disagreement between the Parties on the immediate
commencement and conclusion of multilateral negotiations on nuclear
disarmament.
22. As the Court has pointed out on several occasions, such disagreement
must, in principle, have existed at the time of the institution of proceedings
before the Court (Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and
Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 27, para. 52; Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 442, para. 46; Application
of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30). The seisin of the
Court cannot by itself bring into being a dispute between the Parties.
There must be as a minimum the start or the onset of a dispute prior to
the filing of an application, the continuation or crystallization of which
may become more evident in the course of the proceedings.
23. As explained in the following paragraphs, and in contrast to the
Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom case, it does not appear that there was
an incipient dispute between the Republic of the Marshall Islands and
Pakistan in the present case prior to the filing of the Application. As discussed
in my dissenting opinion in Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom, the
Nayarit statement by the Republic of the Marshall Islands may be considered
as a protest meant to contest the attitude of all the nuclear‑weapons
States towards the immediate commencement of negotiations on a comprehensive
convention for the elimination of nuclear weapons. However,
for there to exist at least the beginning of a dispute between the Republic
of the Marshall Islands and Pakistan, it must be shown that Pakistan had
a course of conduct which was positively opposed to the commencement
and conclusion of such negotiations prior to the institution of proceedings.
A review of the voting record and statements mentioned above shows that
Pakistan has systematically supported the immediate commencement and
conclusion of multilateral negotiations aimed at the elimination of nuclear
weapons both before and after the submission of the Application by the
Republic of the Marshall Islands.
24. Pakistan has consistently voted in favour of United Nations General
Assembly resolutions that call upon States immediately to commence
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. yusuf) 583
35
21. En la présente espèce, l’objet du différend pouvait par conséquent
être considéré comme se rapportant au manquement allégué du Pakistan
à une obligation de droit coutumier lui imposant de poursuivre de bonne
foi et de mener à terme des négociations sur le désarmement nucléaire.
Même si la question du manquement à une telle obligation, à supposer
bien sûr que cette dernière existe, relevait du fond de l’affaire, ce qui était
en cause à ce stade était l’existence de thèses manifestement opposées sur
la poursuite de bonne foi de négociations sur le désarmement nucléaire.
Autrement dit, pour établir l’existence d’un différend entre la République
des Iles Marshall et le Pakistan, la Cour devait vérifier, sur la base des
faits qui lui avaient été soumis, s’il existait un désaccord entre les Parties
sur l’ouverture immédiate et la conclusion de négociations multilatérales
sur le désarmement nucléaire.
22. Comme la Cour l’a fait observer à plusieurs reprises, pareil désaccord
doit, en principe, avoir existé au moment de l’introduction de l’instance
devant elle (Violations alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces
maritimes dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions
préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 27, par. 52 ; Questions
concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 442, par. 46 ; Application de la convention
internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 84, par. 30). La saisine de la Cour ne saurait
en elle‑même faire naître un différend entre les Parties. Il faut à tout le
moins qu’il y ait, avant le dépôt d’une requête, le début d’un différend
qui, s’il se poursuit ou se cristallise au cours de la procédure, deviendra
plus manifeste.
23. Ainsi que je le montrerai aux paragraphes suivants, et contrairement
à l’affaire Iles Marshall c. Royaume‑Uni, il ne semble pas qu’il y ait
eu, en l’espèce, un début de différend entre la République des Iles Marshall
et le Pakistan avant le dépôt de la requête. Comme je l’ai expliqué
dans l’exposé de mon opinion dissidente en l’affaire Iles Marshall
c. Royaume‑Uni, la déclaration de la République des Iles Marshall à la
conférence de Nayarit peut être considérée comme une protestation
contre l’attitude des puissances nucléaires à l’égard de l’ouverture immédiate
de négociations sur une convention générale tendant à l’élimination
des armes nucléaires. Toutefois, pour que le début d’un différend existe à
tout le moins entre la République des Iles Marshall et le Pakistan, il fallait
démontrer que, avant l’introduction de l’instance, ce dernier avait une
ligne de conduite qui était manifestement opposée à l’ouverture et à la
conclusion de telles négociations. Or un examen des votes et déclarations
évoqués ci‑dessus montre que le Pakistan a invariablement soutenu l’ouverture
immédiate et la conclusion de négociations multilatérales visant à
éliminer les armes nucléaires, et ce, tant avant qu’après le dépôt de la
requête par la République des Iles Marshall.
24. Le Pakistan a toujours voté en faveur des résolutions de l’Assemblée
générale des Nations Unies qui exhortent les Etats à engager immé-
584 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. yusuf)
36
multilateral negotiations leading to an early conclusion of a comprehensive
nuclear weapons convention providing for disarmament. It has done
so both in the context of the string of resolutions that follow up on the
Advisory Opinion of the Court on the Legality of the Threat or Use of
Nuclear Weapons as well as those that follow up on the 2013 United
Nations General Assembly High-Level Meeting on Nuclear Disarmament.
25. Pakistan has also voted in favour of the United Nations General
Assembly resolutions entitled “Convention on the Prohibition of the Use
of Nuclear Weapons”, which calls upon States to negotiate a comprehensive
treaty on nuclear disarmament, and has participated in the meetings
of the Open Ended Working Group (OEWG) established by the United
Nations General Assembly with the aim of taking forward proposals for
multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations.
26. In addition to voting in favour of resolutions urging the immediate
commencement of negotiations, representatives of Pakistan have also
made statements at multilateral forums calling upon States holding
nuclear arsenals to commence disarmament negotiations. The Representative
of Pakistan, for example, stated in the First Committee Thematic
Debate on Nuclear Weapons on 18 October 2013 that “the
international community should immediately start negotiations on a
Convention for the elimination of nuclear weapons within a specified time
frame” (Statement by Ambassador Zamir Akram, Permanent Representative
of Pakistan to the United Nations, Geneva, at the First Thematic
Debate on Nuclear Weapons (Sixty-Eighth Session of the UNGA),
New York, 18 October 2013).
27. Moreover, Pakistan, as a member of the Non-Aligned
Movement
(NAM), has consistently subscribed to statements made by this group of
States that express willingness to engage in multilateral negotiations leading
to nuclear disarmament. Thus, in August 2012, at the Sixteenth Summit
Conference of the Non-Aligned
Movement, the Heads of State or
Government,
“reiterated deep concern over the slow pace of progress towards
nuclear disarmament and the lack of progress by the Nuclear-Weapons
States (NWS) to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear
arsenals in accordance with their relevant multilateral legal obligations
. . . and emphasized, in this regard, the urgent need to commence
negotiations on comprehensive and complete nuclear disarmament
without delay” (Sixteenth Summit of Heads of State or Government
of the Non-Aligned
Movement, August 2012, para. 151).
Similarly, at the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned
Movement:
“The Ministers . . . reiterated deep concern over the slow pace of
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. yusuf) 584
36
diatement des négociations multilatérales conduisant à la conclusion
rapide d’une convention générale sur les armes nucléaires qui prévoirait le
désarmement. Il a notamment voté en faveur des résolutions sur la suite
donnée à l’avis consultatif de la Cour internationale de Justice sur la
Licéité de la menace ou de l’emploi d’armes nucléaires et des résolutions
sur le suivi de la réunion de haut niveau de l’Assemblée générale des
Nations Unies sur le désarmement nucléaire de 2013.
25. Le Pakistan a également voté en faveur des résolutions de l’Assemblée
générale des Nations Unies intitulées « Convention sur l’interdiction
de l’utilisation des armes nucléaires » qui exhortent les Etats à négocier un
traité général sur le désarmement nucléaire, et a pris part à des réunions
du groupe de travail à composition non limitée créé par l’Assemblée générale
dans le but de faire avancer des propositions visant la tenue de négociations
multilatérales sur le désarmement nucléaire.
26. Non content de voter en faveur de résolutions lançant un appel
pressant à ouvrir immédiatement des négociations, les représentants du
Pakistan ont fait, dans des enceintes multilatérales, des déclarations dans
lesquelles ils exhortaient les Etats possédant un arsenal nucléaire à engager
des négociations sur le désarmement. A titre d’exemple, le 18 octobre
2013, au premier débat thématique consacré aux armes nucléaires, le
représentant du Pakistan a déclaré que « la communauté internationale
dev[ait] immédiatement entamer des négociations sur une convention
visant l’élimination des armes nucléaires dans un délai précis » (déclaration
du représentant permanent du Pakistan auprès de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies à Genève, l’ambassadeur Zamir Akram, au premier débat
thématique sur les armes nucléaires (soixante-huitième session de l’Assemblée
générale des Nations Unies), New York, 18 octobre 2013).
27. Par ailleurs, le Pakistan, qui est membre du Mouvement des pays
non alignés (MPNA), a toujours souscrit aux déclarations de ce groupe
d’Etats qui exprimaient leur volonté de participer à des négociations
multilatérales
conduisant au désarmement nucléaire. Ainsi, en août 2012,
au XVIe sommet du Mouvement des pays non alignés, les chefs d’Etat ou
de gouvernement
« ont également exprimé leur profonde préoccupation devant la lenteur
des progrès faits vers le désarmement nucléaire et l’absence de
progrès de la part des Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires vers l’élimination
de leurs arsenaux nucléaires pour respecter leurs obligations
légales multilatérales … [et] ont souligné …, dans [l’]optique [de l’élimination
complète et globale des armes nucléaires], qu’il fallait de
toute urgence engager des négociations sans attendre » (XVIe sommet
des chefs d’Etat ou de gouvernement du Mouvement des pays
non alignés, août 2012, document final, par. 151).
De même, à la XVIe conférence ministérielle du Mouvement des pays non
alignés, les ministres
« ont également exprimé leur profonde préoccupation devant la len-
585 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. yusuf)
37
progress towards nuclear disarmament and the lack of progress by
the Nuclear-Weapons
States (NWS) to accomplish the total elimination
of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with their relevant multilateral
legal obligations . . . and emphasized, in this regard, the urgent
need to commence negotiations on comprehensive and complete
nuclear disarmament without delay.” (Sixteenth Ministerial Conference
and Commemorative Meeting of the Non-Aligned
Movement,
Final Document, May 2011, para. 136.)
28. In a statement to the United Nations Conference on Disarmament,
the Representative of Pakistan declared on 22 May 2012 that:
“In terms of importance, no other issue can claim primacy over
Nuclear Disarmament, Pakistan, along with the 118 members of the
Non‑Aligned Movement, believes that the CD must get on with its
obligation of negotiating a convention on nuclear disarmament, without
further delay, if it has to justify the purpose of its creation.”
(Statement by Ambassador Zamir Akram, Permanent Representative
of Pakistan to the United Nations and other international organizations
on nuclear disarmament at the conference of disarmament,
Geneva, 22 May 2012.)
29. Thus, the positions taken by Pakistan in multilateral forums, its
voting record on United Nations General Assembly resolutions, and the
statements of its representatives do not indicate a course of conduct or an
attitude in positive opposition to that of the Republic of the Marshall
Islands, but rather a convergence of views on the commencement
and conclusion of multilateral negotiations aimed at nuclear disarmament.
30. Based on the evidence in the record, it is therefore my view that
positively opposed views were not held by Pakistan and the Republic of
the Marshall Islands with respect to the obligation to pursue and conclude
negotiations on nuclear disarmament, assuming that such an obligation
exists in customary international law, prior to the submission of
the application by the Republic of the Marshall Islands.
(Signed) Abdulqawi A. Yusuf.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. yusuf) 585
37
teur des progrès faits vers le désarmement nucléaire et l’absence de
progrès de la part des Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires vers l’élimination
de leurs arsenaux nucléaires pour respecter leurs obligations
légales multilatérales … [et] ont souligné …, dans [l’]optique [de l’élimination
complète et globale des armes nucléaires], qu’il fallait de
toute urgence engager des négociations sans attendre » (XVIe conférence
ministérielle et réunion commémorative du Mouvement des
pays non alignés, document final, mai 2011, par. 136).
28. Le 22 mai 2012, devant la conférence du désarmement des
Nations Unies, le représentant du Pakistan a tenu les propos suivants :
« Aucune autre question ne revêt davantage d’importance que celle
du désarmement nucléaire ; le Pakistan, de même que 118 membres
du Mouvement des pays non alignés, estime que la conférence du
désarmement doit, ainsi qu’elle en a l’obligation, oeuvrer, sans autre
retard, à la négociation d’une convention sur le désarmement
nucléaire, si elle veut justifier sa création. » (Déclaration sur le désarmement
nucléaire du représentant permanent du Pakistan auprès de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies et autres organisations internationales,
l’ambassadeur Zamir Akram, faite à la conférence du désarmement,
Genève, 22 mai 2012.)
29. Ainsi, les positions adoptées par le Pakistan dans des enceintes
multilatérales, ses votes sur les résolutions de l’Assemblée générale des
Nations Unies et les déclarations de ses représentants révèlent non pas
une ligne de conduite ou une attitude en opposition manifeste à celles de
la République des Iles Marshall, mais plutôt une convergence de vues sur
l’ouverture et la conclusion de négociations multilatérales en vue du
désarmement nucléaire.
30. Sur la base des éléments de preuve soumis à la Cour, je suis par
conséquent d’avis que le Pakistan et la République des Iles Marshall
n’avaient pas, avant le dépôt de la requête de cette dernière, des points de
vue manifestement opposés sur l’obligation de poursuivre et de mener à
terme des négociations sur le désarmement nucléaire, à supposer qu’une
telle obligation existe en droit international coutumier.
(Signé) Abdulqawi A. Yusuf.

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Declaration of Vice-President Yusuf

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