IN'rl::RNATfONA.L COURT OF JVSTiCE
(:A.SE f~ONf'ERNJNG
JURl5IHCTHJNAL t:\·11\lU.NI'D.E SF THE ST)d'E
T'O
:[,s~~l\r~ ~.J~n'-".r~(i-)~JJs:it·l·s··~'
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OF 3 AlJGCfST 2fHJ
:::ALGUST201 1 Deuxièn1eConférence {ntcmationa.kde .l.aJ\ri,.aH:tyr!5 Juin--18
Oct.uhre 1907, Acte:;et Doçument:;, Tome Hl, LDHaye lQ07,247
Anno; 2 Tlw Proct~ed oit<::s::tguePen-.:eConferences, T(\)nî'! o:f~ren>X'
1907. Acisand Doc:umcnt:;,Volume IlL.Nt~ Ywotk 19:21.139
Fcdc~ Cmolrt Riode Jan<.:iJudgt~m or:9;u!i:2008,. rdin::H'Y
c~/Uen;uln)·
Di~tr Ciout1Tel !\vivYaùl, Lkcision of 3!Decern(Jt2T009.Ca~(·
2143--07,Orirh Zemoch et al v. Fi'cieralRejnd;~~(Gennany
Pohsb Sup:r< (ou~r,l.cisi(m of29 October ?0 lO.File ref. est::,_
,l_(:,\ '~/(09,'t( ·',•f·JÎP,J.•ü!h'~'.(··'o'-"'··,··">l:
1-J·-~~ ~.. .~• .__,a...,\ <...1.1,.--,..•>~tt. ... rl;/that tdocmnt· cntaincd th~a~nexes arc çop[o :;~!urH~gidn<~mlnents
and thtilt<ns!utitin:an:v üi:tieiill or!h:ourtpnwi(kd b}
th<:(:iuv<::rnFe:~kfr{~lpublfCh:nnmryatac.~urat--::.
Bt~rl2i nugus20lJ Annex ]
DeuxièrrCotrfàc nncn~ticmak cb Paix, LHnytl~Juin··18Ocwbn::1907.
:'\ct;;;s ct L>o·rom.HL~La Haye !907. 247 i \_ •, .:;. T) '
-·-
)...-·
·ï;)
Y·:·,·;·:~, /\nnex2
TIKPmu~edin of;:H aue j)e<Cnn~crençe·1h i~nk:rencc of 1907,
Act:'aI)oemm~n Voh1, elTLNe"v)'o!9:t;~W')1. ·'-
:::.·~:·'_.Federal Court Rio ck J;rneiro, Judgcrw::n1 of9 July 2008,
Ordinary Pnlc\.:edings Numlwr :.?006.5l0l0l69·:l4" l.
Barreto v. Federal Republic (?fGennanyTr;m::.hliion
·rr i:~-K~(eroald.:s
;:~dt.:.il0 .JtK}r lc·sta~~:-::t
Ordinar~·l'ioc,~e.-~-:. 0?!, 5lOJOl694't-·l
Phin1llf: A.nH·iFhrt::!o
Dài:udant:Fe;:.k!l1~~:pH oGhçcnany
Jud~!n.wnt
Cl\rH :)
'Htc:,_.~;î,-~o'nc;nmnt:ton broughi. by :\raci Barrdo agaiust tF::d~ ·fpu3lc. of
Cli:'f inl'<imhin br[; ~·[\•Ya~~:::ç ckmpt::;tin f(,!os a~:d;;,mag'caw;<:dhyÜt(:
ckkndanl.
Th~ plainlil:it:ilcs sl!,Was t.hd;J.ngbt< .nd sste--vl·nwof î'\\ru<.:m obf•h~r.:;
Clï~ ofWth>::fîshing vessd 0-L\NGRf ..Li\ \.\·hichw::s tütptJulo:~9'3 by a Gè.Tnl<UI
:-;uhmarÎ!h\'Nhilstin i·kvil1,m krriional wa.J(:r:;.
l- n',1~''·Vlt~.._(1--XY...,_,•-'•••_.~·.;.Jf_~'_~•''~-~-,~·.~i_,r_,..,,,...:,_·.,.;
rub! --Ülrny opinwn com:c!ly .,folkl'l\':·;:
Ordinary apptl<tlNo. 66 -c:wog.·oo,nn:>"J'l
R;~ppc. ::itiiuor-tîil!lGonçaivcs
/\.ppdbm: ,\ntôniü Apùlin ..:'1guia(r\mtinho <mdo!hcn:
Coun:~ h;i::R]ierio L·:::S\aiH):mdnnot!Jçr:otlt~::r;;
Rcspou;__knt:r:d, R~<Talllicof Genn.aJty .~.l
"ft·.Ju.-Flra:tGfi
Th<:::·<::(:::io:.irt';
imnmnü~-
1. Imnu.mityfi·jmi~dic datn.gl.opubli<H:t[(:ijureimp~· 1:.abt;olland does
nol~dio of :·::;;,:pP.reo.~~ i·tbkn,ha~;eof-le:nup:tc•rCourt of Justice and !he
[Fdc:ral Snprçrm:·C.Suprem-.:,J,wwt F'i::âemf.
?..l.\tfàtnnatlheN ar;::Jtli:.(>fbrin tg:Fn,~~deR~apubl olcJern1<mbd'orth~:.·
tmt[onaC<)U1i:sionh:ihJ r·;~:; tpanndninn ::>,:d;,:ùm!k:(iMtl(()makrial and
imnmtc:riallos:dama~ :1.!n~su oilpubtiaçt bythacountry., ç(msis'-"> sntig::~
,)<ïf)shiu;·ç·;;üfth;,~_:üoa ~>bo Frio ···Rio (k .hnei~N ~rô'-:Ubrnarn 1943
during!.h: ççond Wodd \\'ar.
3. OrdiuHryappei:c.X: :~druotndmi:dd
Con:::cqt t1iaenonlÜ;,whicidamag~ :m~:bdng :sougis n publit and it 1Jwrdilre
ba:-t:o ~tcc>; taltlcddd~:ndi .:Imtjmmyl:;y }hmljnri;;dic:ti<m.
()jCOUïS<t!Jç d:::kndam couJd in(!;;;·:.0 ,:d]oW pr.:::('J't(;<t18pn..)C <.~~:d
>'-'<Ù\'iitttsgptcrogaiivc;; as StnlvHO\\.Vd·,w'bnvc no lmorvlc:dgçtlmt düs ha:;
('V<occurr..::d,ihHn \.\\<rnmt condtH:k th::ttf;:.demRqmhlic of G<.~rm h'nsy
NF.VER rh:.rnJiHü:Brar.ibaC•)Urto hcam1ydaim !brn~p;J;' f:r<it('ftar_
Fo{ <:'\arnin,additi<ùJthç ,::::d~~r !o'edtheabo1 Su\~unary\-V>VüDlda(sodt,;.
Cn:: ·:~:o:06.:,11.01.:~()..[ :md \Jo. 2J.(.0003)0..in\Yhkh.. ith<:-;::way.
Hw d<.\Ü:·nçtho~nùtW: snhmit lü ljurisdkiion oftiK Brazîlinn court: >'l'J!J;.·;,:]aîm
çornp,msnüonwasilkdin;:onw.xtîwith thsinkinof th0-L\;\Gi-<!J.J..A..:\~~i procc:ssL -::ruincntpurpo~ i:rwtnre-C'ow.~~qt k'ATlylih,ngoints !o !hhct
that an :3pplü:ationo;<:,;l!carly dot:s ::H\:1he shg!Jh':j1üssihility ·,a_: cs·ic·he ~:~:>,.
cas,; l.Hlc;:GHrtÎHi!Lltt:ishonld not be a<.huitkti.
Atkr consid,;.ri·wh,cspt)Înb .and h:•r,+cat the Dbvim....l •.:onsHkrthat ii is wucasonabk
i.o~nlbm lihtplaini.ii.nth ~·moti oud flÜ::n-::losts of pt'•)CŒdingswlndtwill':imply
n;,~ inh di::.appointingdc,:ii;ion_'"WT:'aln::ad[()n::s rom <Ühl:;hrh[~lh(.:vol
On ilwba~; oÜ ;-wahoYc, [ hcr;;·bylcrmiml!c1htc:1 pt~C·;u:uÜ) Artick ).f;(JV) t)til<::
lC.~"-. ---J..-{-...\..~(•l .:~:·.-·-..__...-.'..~..J-'...'·"'·-~..•. ,;
As iht:i.i lmit J~1the .:c.ubmi:1:of pkas has dap:;,;.d v.:it!ïontany pka:; bciug suhmiited
1·il!bisJI no\V -;::l'>:':acan;:r~mi i;;pn}('fedings.
And Œ\kr ihis D~::ci losiKonul}hsJwd.plac:ttdoth ~>;.:ordund notiii,;;d.
Hudson TargiiJCiurg;:·l
l:kptrtf(:d· Jurg::'!
in :nyo..~ilpaci1y
agf(dHi o.;..:o.2JudietaiDi.strid 7
(. ....~... ···-·..._.···• _........ . .. \.',r......... "'.~... , J(;_,."··,,•:l',·Tr::m;-;ialion
ProhMe c~~~ 2U~·nn Orith z{~lm~ dds~t
y. Ff:dt•r:;IlHl!fl.lfGt·rn'l>m~~i
rm· th.:·:itAHonNy--Ge::n<:'n::\!d,\:ï)ÇélB~:n--EU ~emd,dVcrak Tit11EJùtpbn .tt·ont
th::::\Iini,:try of J\ùair~
ln vinv otiNi'ad tlmth~J."çtkr::l .G çnJapu hlnoc;:or~: :;ovn:rçîgntyinnnunity, it
wiî1 <wibe possîbh: tc- cons.idc:r the d•.mib trl'ol mtlr~ ::s an ordinnry o:r 11
iq-Hï;:st:nl:>i.Î\·,::1dÎon.
Tho;;:rdorc,the plaintif[*'shallJwcr;s.tm~aamyr•t1drc)pthe dmm and!.ln::r:-p.ilc:atiotno
conJînn t!a:J(ll:':}rpr,:s:;ntataçi.io~mdHwJ'ccsha!l b:::râWlii.oth"mti:a;~,;ordmK<:
'i''Üh n:g·n!!Jtio:l:.i.
Th::\2·i ml~l:c;<gc:ha:; lx::::;:1it,:.m.:x:mi.n(b·o5., i..Hythat tirrth;pbintiJTs
sha!l ,:nbmitt~lppE>pa rpinlki<~diou>.hs1wd and an.tHHHH'Nihl!d,~) 14,T~vd· 5770,.~H/ll/!O lWJth·pn~scue oethost~
at·kndlng,Polh:b Supt<:-me ComL Lkcision of29 Ocloher 2010,
Fit r(~ .~LC SK 465/09,
•\-.<.,..•\•••:--·•••...._.ï-"-·,..,..)-ernl'·..VTranslatiou
File nà. JV CSK 465/09
UFC!S!ON
:.?Cktolx:20 l0
The ~~nprc Co:rtcot:pt>s>.df;
Th~ P~n~si( oftJt Supî\'\!1.'ourradt:USZErvdùski (Chain
Supn:: CourtJustict.:VIinda\>\Vysock::t
1
'·~t ..•-..·' .>._...-,._ !.'..J •\, ..f.·'.t-.•l•)•7
Ht:conkr: Tzabda Czapovvsk<3
in the dalm focotnp,~n: b;ta\IiU~y~Vvt'ini c'jiJ.W;zi<:\v:;ki
again:>theFederal Rq:mbiicof'{-::i<~n n<tJhFn~yral Ch::icdk1r(Berlin).
after }warinth Elaintif!'\ appeal !'orrassatiun
of the Gdaù:ù .:\ppeal Coun s decision of\-'l2008,
nie-rer. noT AC1..595/08.
i.tht (~vil Cllamber on :Oc:to b~!1r Grmmcl:;
In his kg;Jl action of 29 ()çtober 2007th<F~ck:ml Republic GcrnnnyiOO.!ct}
. "[· :j. l 'l '"! \' .. . .-~; . 1 ' t "[ !j' ! {'t
ol !h~te\era.L.-!ance.:o,,:Jl11CJ.,Llü.lnH~ ouSnl pa~ymt::rytlE~(c:c:nanto !ne
su1nofl .000.000 z..!ocump:;.~i i<:s\my ;utYeredinth-c:u:;c otb~pD:iJ!çatiunnf
S;r:czt.:.vvilü n:te(r\)'iiÎ!of Lublin. th ~inmm a.î.Tit'oreesdu.rimxthe S(:cond
~· '•' .~. . .. .'
World \Vnrln !l:c\ntrse of the sapacilic:ati,..,·!tonkplaee OH ·:F~~:~b 1r44ary
pcopk \Vere dcpon<.:d;:xe;;:uii\.WJ arr~d out. tH.tildi\.Verbumçd and propçn;-·
tDOlCG,,evemi. _·mnür<xol::l!agt: s mla lltant:> os.i.!Y;ecc~c mg !o::nrerms m'
tht h~~a cdst and n.rrns nsre~; of :.=ush.:'rp hytte:ante~dt~J!\ wite:ai;t1!
conseqU{ 'rnl Vtbc~.besu:tier$lhis day.
By ded:';tOor g November 200'?ÜK' R~gion Cour!dism[~; theeaci.io'withOllt
servingiton the defendanton thegrcn:mh thattlic rnatdid not corne \Vithin national
JurisdictioRecogni:ling Council Rt:gntmi(FC} No 44/2001 of T2 Dccemb(T :2000t.m
iurisdiçtion and tlw Œcogn:l.tioncnforn~r ofejdgrucn1.·::in civil and t:ClnmKrdül
rnatü:rs (OJ !).·:~l0p. i .ht~rein a'thgl~ton>-Jo44/0 l"Œ;th~b~asi ~r jttdging
nationajurisdictioinÜh~1natt n:~:iby;tt~plaintifandacc:cping,withn~f(:ï \(the~:,~
judgment (t'thCourt ofJustice of tEuropean Union of 15 Februnry 2007Li'{/!(lflril ou
N ul.-~ ·detal f?epuhli(G·eti.IW(Eun\pcan CourR:;.~ p00r,ps(..{)l:;lh~~rdnall.~r
'''judgnwntiLe::·holl!'etal. "deiiv· =u~rsed~tmthe Conv{;ntion o.h.u:i~ ;ddiction
th>:E.nJr'ir of(J~idncrnt~intCÏ\'tnnd (.\Jmmc-rcirvla! iene~~at Brussds on
27 S(.:ptembc968 (cou:;olidakdV<~rsi OJ C.27, 1998, p. l ... hcl'e[nafter '"tbt:Brusscb
C.\mvention"butcon:1i vittc:rrntkgishtîonas ~~mhod iu~R·:~gn! ]-J4o/n1,thaL
the rn;1tter in hand, lthematter on vvhicb ihe aiàr(·mcntioned Coujudgrm~ \ns
dd)q~re Id.Vl(t:Scivil 1natter witb~nre:ming of Artick l.l Rt~guL: noio40JJ.
tb(:R(~gio Cnaul involŒd th<· absence oF any kgal provisiogl\ïnga Poli:;h court
coinpctem:to tkai tvith m:rt!<~r.
Th>.J-<.~:g iouralttemptcd toservt ,;~-ci5!nn ofl~Novcn1bcr::~0 an7 tlw
ptaînl ipffa~>gaimtthat cküii<Dilthè defendanintlKrnanner prcscribC!yCouocll
Rq(tdation (EC) No ~HS/20 00 29 \lay 2000 on thservi in~tl:i\·kuJber Staks of
judk:iaand e:;trujudidocwnents in civil com!n<~ mrctes (OJ L 160.20CH p.~7 ··
bt~n~in i'l.?.!birnNo 1348/00"). 1-Io>.va,ften<Jtinthai: attempü:dsen·içtbad ..}•-
bt~d iindJt.: h(;lCo~r~,uhandon ny:xJu:thcr action aiJn;lt:,;:. ~wrrdnnügt
doc:wnent:-;un llw c:kfendaut.
!.'h:.l:ainti.ff$ appcal against tiK:Rq)onal Conrt's decision of'8 Novr:rnber 200? was
dismiss(:d bÜK' Appea! Courtb::dcd:;Î(Iil of 1:1\tay ?OOH.The !\pCNlr! sharcdtbt:
vinv l.mdedying th\: contcstcd ckt:i:;ioitsopinion,. thai: vk:w 'vns suppottcd hy the
t!lk:rpretntconta1r'!1t'!'.lU(gment r.;ecJwurttouw.'
The .'\ppeal Court atkmptcd s;;~ ÜJ·d(,~ci ~:LJo\lay20\J ald~the p!aîutiJT\
ap]x:ul foC~\S!' .fttatdccni:)Îonin the manner prescribcdth<.('onvc-.ntion the
Sen:icc Ahmad ot' .Tudidal and [.<:iTaJndkial f)üçunwnt:> in CC~ommr:r \1itel.
signed al ·nw liagLK':onJj Novt:mb 19r5 (Journal ol' LŒ.,vsNo 87/200CL iü.:Jn968).
1-Jmq~ vhtn thi èt~rnpti~1. bcl'ud:1heantiwritie,1il1deü~nda:n~na tc:ümcdthar
the nwtter!ay outside t1w scope naione ;noteriae thesaid Cnu\'(·:ntas dei1nc':in
Artide !.llhet\ !.e Appcal Cmn attcmpt<x!lo :-;;;.-:doeunh~- inlqt:x~sî oiote
ckkn.dm!! st<·1:hrough the diplonwtic cbannd, i.e. il tnmsmittcd them to th<::l\-·1inistryof
For6gn A.Œlirsof ih.: h:deral RepuMlGennany hrough the intcrmediary of Li:wEmbassy
oftlle kepubbc oFPoland in Berlin. Th(:}'vi,(n.l.'e-r:,-(urnedthe correspondt:ncc with
a v;;·rJ}alnote th<JLnot\Yiih:.;üxndcorr(~c ofetb;~:p.eal Court's decis(o~arch
serv1ce)rea.ctJ!:te.JUnsmcttonunmnnrty o ·Lle·•t.:c!x.':}YtcM ·.xenmmy .:;meett1e
rnattcr fd! withi.n t!w spik:n:;of acta hwe ilnperii, i.e. acts of'siate soverc!gnty.
[n hi:;Dppeaf~cassation ot'tbe Appl \)urt's decision o~,:~l2ay0tReplnintiff
put Hnv,';:trdtt[)lJO\\'grounck breach of'/\nickl iuc:oJ~ju' n"çt iotnC:"5.:3 of
Regulation T\io44/(J:thb<~ling tha1n~üt i0Yosed.in a .k:ga1action brought by a natural
p~.~r sgam:;t a· orc1gu stor c:o:mpf.C·nslnc.:JmagerestUmg rom ~letrsrpelrateu ùY
the anncdtî:l of·bœ~sak:are not eivnlatt <vithnhe;meaning of the saül H.egulation;
breuc.h of ,:\nic·k 1096 of the Polish Codt of C!vll Pr(hen:inaih:"C('}Y')b)' 1he
ru!ing, that the pmvision:->of tbe CCP didapply·to the ç;:tse in ha~md;brc~< of:ch
Anick :iR5 incm~jun. Cv!hAitile ll03 pt 3 CCP by th~tn(:orrt:inteq::: rht :.~tation
n;ltîonal jurisclic:tionex(;;in the rnaî.terand the const:.mjn:: ditm::;lkft(·
pbintiff's appeal aga::.ustthe Regional Court's zkcNov~~m ofb?007.In the pl;Üirdtr's
opinion.1h~exis!cuŒ of m1tiond jurisdictiin the rnatt i~~hrrwn spècificaily by the
SuprcnK·Court':; ckci:;ion of 7 l\ovember 20Cfl. TCO 29/07 (unpoblisbed). 'Tbat (kc[:;ion
de::.ignatt}dthe coun comp(·:kbt:aran arw.l:)gocas ag~in;;t thFtxleraTü;public of
G<:.:nnapurstwnt to Article 45 CCP, and a <:ont<x!he applic<Hionof Anick'CCP i~
thecxist( of nçtonaljuri~;(hclion.
Ddiver!ng an opinion on thec.:1st::[R!rtnaA.ti:i398;) § 1 CCP, the Altorney
Gencnü (~xpn: ls see-t!nt the appeaJ for cassHtion:;hoili:~missed. ...4 ·-
R..:·spc;ndingto Supren Cohr":;ckeision of 2l)tzYrnhe2009 illil\\·tittcn
cŒrunonk!Hioni.l26 Ft:hnmry 2010, the l\-linistry pnn--i:tdk1~nwtion, pursuanl
w Arii 116.~CP..ç.cmcern~...nternation·~ ln?a! a~mKtk>.()!': ~udateccas·;~
lav,orlm;;tnation,:Nlrt$ \Va vlt''""to cktennining ihe norms of c;u:;;tonmrytutc·:rnation;Ü
l:rw).....~..stk i:rn~ni,..
·rheSupn?IYCourtddiberalcda~;'olürw~;:
ln cxamining th(;':lppeal ii:l!·caSupr"~n,Co-r.:ais of1sdO\Vnmoiiontb<~
13
quc:slÏ\.lBof Jî\·aiic!ity of th<:prw:(/\rtic398 Q·l CCP). ()ne rensofi)the
inv(didity of proct:edings .isthat a pnny ha:; beeUK~fKlS;>ibioftdet~~n ibing
ri~~( hü\;rt37~,(::CCP.L Surh c!r~pri v.atn-snh, inkr aHa, from negligence m
rcgatd ithe ::.erofjudi.r:îal or proced<mildocuments.
1-lavingregard to th;;·()bligatiobyiArtkk 39&1.S1 CCP tu raise of ow11
!notiothtqu~~st ofioen!nvalidi~rte rmx.eedingsihe fiissut\Vhichthe Court bad to
con~id icrhisC<l$(Vi:'Xhdht_;,rthi; dekndant b·x~ckprived oC the: !)l)8:übility of
(k~lt:n idirni~~ lrat~r't. ~fsuelt<:k of prope~;c~r ofijdic;: or procedural
docunJi :~enp.t:stithaineeck t~dK'am;\v:.:;red,above aivvhet ervie on the
dd~:nd ofnÜH:Appenl Coutt\; decision dismissinpp~~e adL.f the::plnintiù ..s appeal
fàrcassation of !hat ckd.lhrou~ th:diAlomatic çhannecon-::t dit~utdÎ~~\·~~n·ke.
1.1eocugatto!l sc~rvtec nt::ClSJOri. nlsm~mgppea C:i?.rrH"Cln:.:-,r,olc:~t-.1)
1
v.=hereastbr?.obligat~;e treapp:a:fr çassatickri Ü\l i\icc~ySg:-'C"CP.
Polaodü:not apm:JytothiE.~urop (::ve:~Gm on Stn:c Immunity sigmalBasd
on 16~la y9?:2.(!\rmex lbtb~Minil)' oJustic çoJ~nunicatioof26 febnmry 20lu
h<·reinaf"Base Cotv<:nüon"). \Vhich pnt',.·tbtservicx of :;pccidocunJçntin
proceediugs agaîu:;t a f~;!e:hough the.:diplommie c.ha\Vith tresult !.hat:scrviz:e
1)such doçuntentide;;.rncdto tmve bdfi:~ çtthcirec;eipt by the m!ni:;try of foreign
ai'fhirsof the defendant stak (Art!de !6.) and 163)l)nithNtto:~ donven!ion of
2 De::.: 20:4rnnJuriricriorwlmrmmJt oÎSt~ts ~rn'dheir Propcrty (Annc:x:ih~~o
I\.·-IinisJustic om':~nication of 26 FebrD::t!y2010 ···lwreinaü\ionvcnüon.'),
\Yhîcheontain:;:>î.mipn:lvi ~Axiceo22.l.and 22.2), haJwt yeentct\Xinto t'ore(·:.
The CCP, on the ol.her hand, c:ornains non"·hnkver1.::onçeHwrnanncr DfS(:n:icG
oJ judicial a.nd procedocwnent:on a fon:: sak.~Antti:phe3tmttirne§28.Jof tb~~
l'Ainistry,h.IS!Jregulation ·: ~mumry 2002 on court action in !nkrnationnl civil and
crimina.l procecdingsink!T\aJtonal rcbtions .. in th:;fbr~s~xdnc23eDecc:mber
2009 (Jonrnalf Lt:t<>o P .. i!çrn 164amt~ndd 1;uuldçonstitulhelegal bn:;is J{n·
:>i}!Yofsuch adocument bya Pol:lc:ourthrougtlwdiplomatie ç.hanneL but neitiwr thaiprovision noany(lthcpruvi :ftiesaitregulation spedJithl~.::(l!l~ ofi~f.tauçrHx·~
1>yt.Kmm;stry o 0!\~1a.atrsota tle~üant :;tataccçpltn;;;<.:rcHx·urnent.
fhç servir;;;:<dekndant pÏ th: pcaJ Court'ckd~; dh:mnsingtf appea:lilnd
tbç piaintiJC's app,}al f()r cassation of ümt dt:CJsiondipkmurgh ctince~must
tK:v~:~ brd<l::cteoh(l;e~:.;eil:n:ive upcm nxcipttbL<mnsmittcddoc1.unetby:s
th<::tvlini:->Fon~i AŒn~irofstheF:.:~ H~kpnabloiCcnnany. Tu ülk t{~oppc1sitc~
v:i.n\'\holmak: <:nünuaticmnfttKjudic:iaprücei~ depnnent un u ck:~: :fî·h;;~ion
deténdnni~;ia ad\that îunaçc~.~ hpe~a~aatth;pei·c- tsm<~lnt:s arac:con te:~d
protection immunity J:!-1he uri:~d kt:ir1nncou:rls-·disc:u i:~..::~·lni---
not m itr.:ascsont ynm a :::pec;tcah~go rJ·cas.c~D<:transnJl~' ;ta:(n~ttert K:
defendantstak: them~mne driscus :lyefdlfi[s the a(!the ittstiwt:iothf>~rvicc
ofdocume nt:...~rivcieed i nde.it~rational publlaw as~;;te's minister of üw;;·ign
nfl'aiha~fil pm:veï:on.:prc'·scnt:::titiht~'_tnwlrelations (.:'\nick7.2of the
Vienna Convention ou!J:Lg...o·rt\:aties sigon 23\'lal969 (Journnt ot'La\:\'s l<NO,
No i'-4,ite:r~9 Th.i:r~nn~;mi o<:sictnh1 the rninistry of foreign aU:ii.:.-rcbn:.
çu:;urcs ttht tfendant~;t eceees knowh::dgeofproce~: unikr \sy<mdIs abk to
iak acto~ to detend itsri!; ·1nhut b;i..:.'ln tpahths h:v,c~dof judicial <md
procedurai docuruents odd(~nd ~a;ftarD<g)ihe diplomatchamH i~\lÜk1ya<:u-:pted
in inten1i3i:Ïpracticeas continncd. nol onby the international agrec::onn~;wte
irrnnunü:y·reü·oto above(Ba:;tCcm''"~ adt ionC!.m\\:nthm) but also by national
legislati(c.g. Scc·tion orBri1ain':;Si.::m:munAyct1972- ·AnncxL:t~tht.'Vhnistry
of Jusi:iccomrnnnic:alioof'~-Fe6ruary 2010, Sedion 24 oAustral Fiari~nStHles
lrnrnun /ctH1:~5---Anncx 1-:-the \1inisof Jw;tice~:ornn:lL t):k~6tbnwry
201D..:mdSeclto13.JofSouth Afi;ica's Foreign SImmunit Ace1981 ---pointII oi'th(·
Tvrinistryof Justice'·;;cornnn.m:u1f-'dxuar~~010).
The nextissutohe :;~~ ntcnneclionv.itbthcourt\obligatiotu rai:fits1nvn
motion the questiontheinvaiic!ityof t!Jc procc;.~~x~mliinthnanppc ~wde-a:;:mtioil
!.,.•.·.•..•···"....1._..t ,_.·"\...~1(.,•._,,{. .tv..-.c:~,_..' ,.-k~·,,.~__._(il'(}
ü'i';ovemoer _,,1.snu:;stw ac:twnanc.tnepam!J.1 s app<::tgawwat.cecTS1Prl.
Tbt}vi•~ c<pre·;;:in the!iteraturthat a statc:e::ntitknlto jurisdietioual
immunity doe:>not prcclucsc~rv ok (~copy of the kg<d ;:tc:honon tbnt stüte s.hould be
accept<:'d(preci.;;dy in the light of int;;·rnv.-n the:matler, as foHo,vs from the
argument sd out beln:.>\1or>:~ aopton~ro,the oppo:;i\·iew -as happen<:d ln tht:
presentCH:>---tha kgal actiohroughtunckr Arück 1099 CCPcan be disrnis:1vithout
being::>t. on~nb·dei.m~dantdinot rdea: tl,R~gionalCourt !î:oilsobligation und<::-r
,:\.ni357 §) CCP to :;erve a cofthe \kcisiodisJJIÏ:>Lh~a~tion oboth parti{SC(~ -6~
Suprer Com~i.iud~~ c1nK;~dtatcl55. I CO l:-i.OSNCiK 195\ No 4, item 66). The
obligaüonto:;t~ treplainiifCappt~ naanst the ckcisi(H1the ckkndanderi\ fnn~;
:\nick:~9 ~î'CCP.
·rhe aitempl :'}( thrJcison or 8 Novemb<.:r200di:~mi: tt:a'onin:1dthe
plainü!Ts ::tp}x:alagiün:;î.tlut decision on thpursuanto Eeguhtion >SlJ4g/OO
wns incorrec11t :;idn.:~~~ appleioonly in àvil and commercruatr (.rirl:;.! ),
legal m:tiort brobyhnamralpcrsons in an EU [\/kmbr;;rSi.ak Hn<1LbeEU \kmb>:r
Swte :tc:ompen8::ùÎ(lnin resoflo~or;sam.ag~;nÜ( as:rn:dultoactsperpd:rateby
category.
Thus th e~g[onul Coml faiid'ft:ctivto serve on the dr:;fi;:ndantnot ouly the kgnl
<ll~ tdfobut also the ded:sion disnJÜ;singthe nçtion and the pl:üntiffc-sappeal <:gains!thal
decision, and thAD~..alC:ourlacce.),dthis. There are nevcrthdeno .....ltfor
main1aining ththtd~fendantv,\ eprved uf the possibilitck:ft~n idrihts <.\·)thin
ttKrw~ani ongctide 379 {5) (:CP. A judgment as to whelher ·as iwcch:privcof
the possibil0r de!èuding righ18 !XHbe based on t:; pii.(:cnmstances. Thcre can
bt o~qw~sti ofohe itrvnlühtyproce~xl oinbtsgn.mndtlllleth(:re b~x) ;bn::èich
of proçedural la:>lJas to subst:Jntiaily th(p~o:~sib ofilctty ot'a :pany iJH~
proi:'ecdings in th'' spcircun1~: ofatt:ta:s.This rule:; ouÎll\'Hliof the
proeeedings on th(: ground rdèrred to th<:partyconn:rucdf~1îtbJti..eu~;of~an
availabk possibilitycldî~nd itiight:(sce,fc1rexampk, Suprerne Court judgmcnts of
23 June 2004, \' CK 6\))'/()l, LEX No l9,·JJ03. <lnd8 .\UlCKN 461/99, u:npub
l!shed). Tndmor the dekndant\behaviour in the instant çcannolbe maintained tbat
the~;bortcoc.....nintQ:..Hi:3~n:iccof documents \Vbkh htrve bc·cndiscu:;sÜK':ere
renl caus.;.:odeü~ndan t:i"seto act in !he procŒdingn1l!o\vuncquivocally fro.m
the abovcmentinn<Vi~r uotlof the Mii1istryof .Foreign ; f t!JcFederal Rrpub!i(: of
Gr;~nm thyi in suc(tn:> as~se pre:; ih·~mut servkt.: judkia1and ptonxlnntl
documents on the ckféndaut stak h consid-ercciFt::ce ReprblJcof Gc·rm;::as a
breachor:~U jur.dktionalimmurtity, The:conkof the said note pennit::: the assmnption,
vvithnprohability bordering on ccrtainty, fHl(R(q::ionCourthad crtixü·:;crv:ice
tbrougbthe diplomat(:hanndtbe docnmcnts tromsmitli:d\VOuldb'~ee\turncand the~
ckft:.ndant\.Ynot have taken part in the pmcc:(::dil)g;;.
Sincctber \r:no basis fàr declm:ing îhc proc1.:txJitms!he ground thal the
dd~:nd ad been deprivcdorthe possibilitydd~:nd tn ights,thtSnp!ÇH)(Court
wcm on to examine the grounds for cassation put :t{mvardby the plaintiff. -'1
! -
Pursuant to Ar1kle 9J.<llttH Const!iui.ioR(·gu!at!nn No ·-1-4/l0 invokcd in !he
app<:al f'oC<!SSi'tttak(:prccedf: ovtncn<to~al lavv:;_N;rtnra.lly,pri~ced etnc<·
Rq;:ulaiicHt Io4-4/0! over nati.onal lm,;s c:omcs itno consideration only wb<mthe rnatler in
hand :üllb~sith thns.o~t: oft!h sid Regulation, Tts %:ope rntionc mat:ci.:::cktimxl
posilivdy by thefhsts:;::nknofAnkk L J, \>..·hpnrvidesthattb~ R~-:gu!ati:~b apply
in ci-;;il:t:omrnerdalmattersThi ·r~visimtrditnrtcs tlw fi:;.im t'A.ni:·: m~of::
the Bru:~: C oeventionand iothus•lik mo~;i-Cthe 1,ovîsionof R<·~-:m l}a440•lnan
c:<pr<.:Ssnf contirruity vvilhthe p!uvü;ions ~-;~('lndc::nti(sn re~i1ah:5and 19 of
the-prearn abdkArtic:k 68 of tbC"I<".(:guF.or that r;;;!hencas,l~n ovth('Court of
Justice of thç Europçan UnionCOIIC<~ A.tiDl:.g or ÜlCBru'3·3d:;Conventioremain:;
f'u,..-1-[iç;:.i\(i'VO ,..,...ttnornousdefinition otl1ll)hms''~iv:;tnd;;ornnrt~rc·iaJ
nw.ner:-;'i'n<kpendt.:ntum<:--~ ;triutedsloii in individu),:let Sate, trt.:C'nurt
of Justi ocrÜ~l(European Lhüon holds that the ([U(~S vvhtthcr a matter:it:vil or
çon:nnercial is (k:cidedthe natun;: of th:::kgal relotionship which bas givcn rise to th.:
d!spus t~txjudgrŒ ~fn2l April[993 in f/(;lkerSonntog v I:hmHiàidmmm, Flisobeth
!faidmann ond S'tejàn n·aidtlunm, EuropeCouTlJ:kport:; 1993, p. HJ1963 and the ruling:;
invok(·dbyP. Cirz~~:~ ~.R:ysklundcIykW,eiv in•·[)J7s;:orz:::~~ .::1r.npiectsvvi-a:~go
Tribuualu Sprav,·ù·:d ;!zkn:·,neur~jj:.kgo prav\aproœsovv q '\inego (200:t.
2008)" ~--R.( -fl'e1/DÏ<(<1\(- h' Europcau Couri of Justice in the fordEuropean
civil procedm-:11!:r..,;·lvomihPrawa Prywamego (PriY Lalw(~uartcrly):;~( ~)0o9,,
p. 755. Startithm1 !hat pre!nÎS<.\the judgnh:nin Lechouritoel al. to which reier(:nc<.:
J"'"~~ll' ·)-'''tllV ;1n·-pJ il t'~l'l't·ivt,.l'llF"'i·l·.,)rt1'tl·(!ro',"·l)fil·~li:Jfr
.,<~•.,.,J"·._.Jt••-{."'-{_.•. '.1.l.·~. <01.c -"''•.·'-"',.·t.),.\-. ..,·-r·•-.. ·
court rdating to a Ckrn:\V<JrtinJ<lSS :dK:trll;.eof Kalavri1a'-t.\>.:hcChrctions
tlx c:.orutx v<nhc:at:ib•n,.:htlwnatural1;ersous twainsaddcndant :>taas be!ns:.
...... . J . '-· ....
lL1hk·uuder civllv!'ürr nets ur ornis;;ions of its armcd f!:m:c:;fÜtcs<:operationc
lnatçria( the Hru:;:;eCoJ:tV~ ~vnürohose acts oonüssiüu:; occ:urn}dduring n military
occupationM1Jh ~lninrd'Estalof domicik' folli)v,'inga \.varof aggrcssioparlof the
defénJanL at\manif(~ Cill·v 10the h::c1fwar and rnav aiso :onsidcr\:d tbtcrirne:;
v'. . •. .' . /
againsl hurnanüy. Thus t!KEl.trojK:Court of Justic".:-did uot C'onsider;;.uehaction::: for
...ornpcnsation to l>c civil matter:; \'•:ithin the meaning of Artof tbt.: Brussel:;
(\nwcntion, norby t!J :a~;;:t:o};.:en\,viim,:aningof :\rtide !.of Rf:soluti"~4 .(J
i.e. amnttt .d~rgspreviously \Vitlr!ntlK scopt.:rat:ione mmenaBmssd:;eConvçntinB
and no\:<' ithin 1hat oRc~gu!a 4'iOJnTn tb: yi(~ of ü1ç Courl oC JHsti:.,nilitary
operations cünducted hGt~rmn dnying lhe Second \Voi'!d\Var vveemanati ofnw:~c;
SIW>:n::Jgnnmsmucn <b LWY -..,.eeci(Œu upon m a WHcrt<.:anu CJlrHJtmanner oy t 1c
competent pubiiç authotiüc:; Wi:~ !nked to th::;ürl(oreign polie;:: given >vording - g ..
Gf th (ovision iqtK'$tion. tk:.wfn1ntoruni<nvfùltK:ssof su.ctü>!msno b~~;n oing
this inteqm.:tadon. The Conrt of !ünher.grmtodcd its judgnwnt on otk;, ~ds in
tiKHcid cdf.Urt)p c:vl pn(>Ux!.uthm:. narnel:v Regulat)(1Jl \E80:\:')00ofÜK~
Europeün Par!Luw ndnof th~CounciJ of 21 April 20cn:ang ;1r::uropcau Etr({)rç(:mcnt
Order i~ )rconte:;;tcdclairn:; (OJ J4.3,p. 1) and Regula(LC) No 18(.16!2.6f the
Europc Palinmenl nnd of the·Ccmnci.lofDtc~:m 2006i'J"eatlnga Europcaordtf(·~rr
p;1ymcntprucedure (OJ -:!006L p.1\ both ofwhic.h (in the::s;;_:nttoef /\.rilçle 1.!
and th(:·sc.:se;.îl o<A:tilX)J n.:spedively) cxplicitly exli~lh of1hcstme ürr
ai.:ls ano:missionin the excrcise o;)tak autfwri(dclo
\Vh>::tsuc.h~K:ül'o.i;:;;;îonIavdl.d.
Tht :ppeal Court ':vastlri~ to·t)lO\tinth~foobtc·ps of tR(~gin Cnar1and
hol.dihailw intnpn:.g ~tvai~ihe_iudgr n<L.:frmrtnu etal.n.:maincapplicable ··
al.soon the basis ()id~t1.Jof Rq;:ulalion No ,_p/(}1..cîrcum~;t aftcçi;;tnt
c::~ Tue;eoJttS of the Munber Stas:houlapply Europc:m Unionlnwin conthnnity ·'-'vith
1--"--..... •.' ••.•...- ''·~',.1.-._·'••..J_,.n......l>._.-\_,\.·,)-""'J'~-~·o..
breach !(nc~d Jin conjtmction with Article :R~~~nla Noi4tOl by n:ling that tht;:
matterinvok bydthe plaint\Vasnota L>ivl atte~.vi thhrine~m inbgt l.<.eguhlliunis
theref uofn"t~dt:d.ln this n.:spect, the a('m;~;focait1osnno argmnçnts \·Vlratcvt:r
that mighincline tSuprerrw CourtG requestheCourt oJu~;t prcuanl tArtü. 27lof~
ttm Treaty on thh.Hlctiun:iof thtEDropcan Union (hc.:rçi.n<likTF[ll"''to givx.'a
ru!î.ng.on a furth(:r questionint(~rpr efthetemo."civil and eonmlt::matter:~··
used in th:îrsetttnç(::of Arti!!. of R,_.lation No 44./0l..
From ils corrr;i;ul_.rhh~(ü....tion Nn 44/0\V<Iin::t{1}:J1iolthe rnirtin
hanc!..1he i\ppConrl,li.ke th(:'Regi;:malCdt\'Wibe \:-,•C<)ndüsion. to wit th~t
said rnling it~;(:]fpr a(yj:rsJit.lnloedoli:collriinÜ1<nw~tter. Sinkq~ubtiun
No 44101 wa:; inapp1kab.klO this mattt.:c the :>upüfrnationül juti::;clic:lion f()r the
internationagn~emc wéantlso irn::h:qmt, and nmuined tolx:cunsidercwas vv!n;tilcr
nationnl jurisdiccxis it h; tnatter hy viof national kgislation. The ba.;;î:;ürr a ruling
on thi:pointruustnc'n~s: be 1ieC)od~l;f.:vil Procedurc.:in V\::rsprcŒding tbt::
La\\'of S Dcc:cn12008 on Rcvisi(>[)tihCo(lç of CivjProœdo and OtherLegislal(on
(Journal nLa\VSNo ::u-t(i:;:ml57l~vhi< chnte ino :f(m;conJ July 2009. Pur:;nant to
Artiek~Ll of that Law, pro\'Î;)Japply to Pl'OCe<.xsstitutan,d hr dHk of ic:Irtry
into HJrçc,\\.'!Jhe procedings iÜi:i.s:.t~a:;w1~ in-ttuted befon:: l July 2009.
According totb~ Cock of Civil ProŒdure in th<JÜ)cemcnt iion~r.nidonal,
jurisd.ici\va:composi itnaure, \Vbiclnotthe caseinÜH.pr~c:.v;ri~nrnftexisJ(~mx:lhen dc~pcn frsld on t~stab1 i~soninn,g~\Vilitk'Po!.îshh:g,al<:reavi.omli.::cüng
fildorwith rwticma! jurisdictio(}XtSÎli\condition) and se;..:ondon the :::.b: ~);f~;.:ncc
juri:;dictional i:rnmu(!lq~< c!nditvn).TlK·provisiom; of i\rti>:ks lll 5-lll ()CCP dealt
<,vithimmunity._as indicated th~Ü lltl)tt1r:.section romprising tlwrn: "e:-;em.ptionfrom
nationai_jnctsdic!ion·'.!\from d1phmlatiimruuuity(i\rlick1Jl \::tlçonsukr ÎUllYPJUity
· \· r JrJ'' })l 1 l · t • ·• ·· 1 · - · !'j' · · ' ..1 ·{
V rt!Cü~\ .:.\_o_mx: so <H.:cc ~!;_l!Sü!CtlOO<JnmJutllty •.on.~1:lacs,trans!ëlu:JY
1-l"::<;'l'·i·{Jr'Y '"Yttt'"!•--·lr·•·rt'.}L1l'[·rt·\'.[<"!-•·tl''-ttT':'tYC<~v i_ ikd
-"·....{J.I1....""~·~-·.·,:..,.~,'l(-•1••• ,).---~~.,._,._lJ~----1•}'.~·-.t'.·"-
Polisjuri.spr uwdkenit in!luenceorlhe litera:ure is ümt~H;ÇO!' \1·-.chde 9
of 1J:ieCom;.titurion,~;our ofçeuch inmmnity is gc:n'-:rallyat:(x:pü:dinkmatpfactk:e
cSupremc Coun ck;.::ision of !3 !\·larc·h2008, lll CS:!( OSNC~ZD, 2009, No B.
JtenJYi).This vtc's is eorH.:.lt iththe ruling:sthe co1.1rsf'many st~l lt~e.griürin,
Ital S~iterh, .!, Cir(·cend Cknnany) and ofth: F.,u~rop (ourtof lTwnan Righ :;t::e.
tor <:·xanlp.c, Vie~;·:m .c,:n:-icn·emtK/OUt Hl .t-.csmu-·v. t1e Untwc,K'mguom ··
Armex 63 \0the(V{inistof .h.ts- tkO:icn~'usnkofat6FGohruary 20 l0). Tht: bori!he
juri:::dictiona.limurunity of lstateis thpdncip olhe.?qualilyors_u: (rarel:parent
non haheJ imperiwnl,Th(· purpose oi'thi:; ptin;·,,·hi:;~(·<pressionof respt.:ct~il:'l.k
snvereignty·isfo maintain fi-iendlyŒ!miobGh-VC>:ün<:s.
nati~ .gishüon, it'k<ttherek>t\' ncce:;:;~;trk :t~py,:a 10iGons.it:nol only ttw
·'·1visionof the CCP c:one.~ .'-•J'mn.\n,,r.ct.: with national .....!at.otL but tl~t~
ruks of customa1y public intenmtion:ü lal.vconcenüng <>tateimmunity ;Js a <::(mditionfc;r
~.:x;;; lmHntnaionaljmi~>dictiotL
Tntht: iight of Artide 1103 pt J CCP invoked iapp:e or assation. thenç~wbç
no doubt as tthe t:;xisteoftlw posiüvt:·conditifM natio nr~sil:tion in tc:1s<Th;;:
pbintiff is S(!ddng t.mlbrcenhmt of an obligari~ i!omngn unlawful act comn1ititd in
Pohnd. Tbcr ac~ofdinglyt.~x Üi:c:ousecting i'actorvvir.hnatir>nHllegis~;tipu n ated
ümt p:·,wi::.ion.in the Ù)n:.::lainol.1bgationin Pol::tnd.
Th( ~1nlissueof rnajopr::u;ti:;iprificann!herefore. is \\·hdlwdc!C~mi aa nL
shü<;t.~r uoixsictional immunity, i's!Janc•:xlsth.r~c~.ol j,ttedinc<:1inpambnJor\~
dinJçullqut:nion ···mpktcly p:_:tssO\.-erby tiov,·ccourts !nvo!vein tl!case .or 1he
t'ulft!rnentnon-fülfihnentof the negative condition :t()rnajud:;diGtioin tbç hmi! of
the abs·~~ on u(idictional !nJn1lH!ity (e:<;.->rfrom national jurl<;c!iction. not as
rtlent1c)nein Artkk:3 1111 and JI! 7. CCP but as <lflS i1[o;~gcnçralty ac:ccpted
internatiunapractice).
The content of the cuo::ton1aryruk of public in1ecnaüona1!Hw c:onçerning the
jurisdictional imrnunity of statesb:u~letenn aicnc!indi\tb:;;crikria v;,-p,ursu:mt 1o i\nick: JS.l.b tb<:Statut:;,:of the InternatCotrn of Ju:::tie('(.louof Law:>!947.,
-, ·T' . •('J . t 1' l • ' , ' ' " 1 - . t'
No.-.). tte~.. as amene,;.:;~t ü<~'C:: lostve~~.::-oste)tcustomary :1w as a source o·
public in1ernionniLn\''fhose criteria angenernlptntliccand a ldt legal oblig;:Llo ücl
in the spccifü:rnnnner.Tlw d-=.~ mta iralÜlr dt:ternüningsuch cm1knt.çonsists ofihc
prQvision:; of tb<.:Ba(\;J1\'l;;ntand the UN Cotrvcntion, the c:a..Ja,·foint:;,~nmtio:nal
c:matsthe decision:; nationaJ c·.ourthetc·xtof foreign legam:tsand rd:;.:\<ttaternents
intb<liera lure.
Jn vievv ofth( erher em.phasison theconnediorl b:;;i>'>tb~Ui~st<mtcase nnd th;~
judgm(;n:in Leclwuriloticial., imust be: sixesst:d !hat r,:krcto tbat _judgmcnt cannot
tcplac:mwly~b ;ai~:;on:t:;abov(·mentÏI)llimaterin1 ·rhejudgruentin Ln:ht~ie rtaü.ou
contain:;an intçrpŒt<Iiionn::kvantto th(' :;IJb:;Lnitiv":sçopt.: of appliof Regulation
No ·~4! 0niclo(·snottouch upon sute jurisdictionimmnnîty. 'The Coun of Jusli•of the
E.uropem1 Union ddib~;ru ltd h(:qu~.~: o>tsidon[mmunity ocns:.dethe:~co üf:i;
ckliberarions.Unck:r Anicl<.267 TFE.l.) (ex :\rticle 2of the TreHiy establîshing the
European Community). ih:: Court of Justiceh<~ j:rsdiction tcgive prehminary tuHng~;
eoncerning thE iterpretatioof th< Teatks and the validity andint(~l'j ofJaettaftteon
institutionbodie:,of:i:icesag~:~m ofti.eEu;opean Union. ltÎ~ierd('ll'enot eorupe!cn1 to
interpret rulcs ogen~~ ircmlaliomü (:nstornar;la\.(see point'78of tJg:Gpin[nn ot Lbe
;\"-._:\t,':·11_:ntrLlecl-t!T- '.('(-~J·-"'"'~..(-.•(~ ,;,1•·'- •- .o... \~. -'--•-,.:•:··
that tht: ad:üm brouglngain:na state in thîs c1:;.noa civilmaHer y,.)thithe nh,;;aoior
the fîr::».:·nt<:'f Artick l. 1 of Hcgulntion 44/01 donol pc:nnii lbç~mdusi towt the
matkr i:c~vered. b:)tat_jurisdic1iomüimmunity.
·n''j 1 , } "~, • , ' , , . j' 1 ,. ,, 1:
y>He t,Kextsknù ~s sucJ ottOf<.::stmes· tnmîumty m procce(Jnw; )èTGt mnwnai
coung is beyond dnuht,the p~obkm. isth· pn:~, scnpt of thatirnmunity.This problern,
\-vbjchis a sübjecni'grea! :i.nterin tlw litcratuisc!osely int~:~r i.itd.e:i6;uedf
access totl-c~>u and the ckJi:ncorothçr bask buman rights.
Until W\>unctlhe !950:; st:rnrnunit\Vasgenendly recognîzcd asahsc>lutcH çxisted
ccmcept of absc1lut:stateürununity fi:Hine:-;pr( as~1ae a.o2.6Scplc~m h990~rin a
Resoluticn of the S<:ven Judgcs oftheSuprt.:rne Cour(T!IPZP 9/90 ,OS\iC 199! No:l·-·3,
ü:.:.J7j.At thtj)t'tsetinh\as H re:mll ogradua!rk:patture Ï!'t>m!hat conc:ept. in Pa:_;,
in otlwr ~;tat itCî'$on:üdered a general1yacc<~p ptid ple thd: a t~:>r seaig·n~T~jc,ys
j misdk:lional immunitonly innJiüte:r:; rdarwrtw1c;:~-:, of :cttam h=r-y" i.e. acwÙ-ilY!
unperii, but ntJi mattt r~ltig to pan:lcipmion iordinary civil and conJnJÇJTiai affairs,
t.<a.era hll'e gestionis (see Supreme Cowt}udgmeof 11 ?vfarcb )(lOg, LUCSK 293/07). - l! -
()n th~t>:;.um !ep-f:rltha!t(,pli:ri nctitue'ae~. i~lCt.:o vàdhanKce
Ykvvç;;:q)r:;::JLhincl~meBt i.nLc·choun!Uïiet u!, lo acof thedct':;::na.l.lî\:Vith
tlt ~t;p~hcon:actu Jure jmperii1h0 d~;;ndant would tlmknlbtedly enjoy jurü;dinional
in:.mu~ii.Y.F.r sorne t'nJc. ho>vcvcr..!hcre havstïo.~-l:n~.icndeto>Vilrdün:!ht.:r
.._..··~".L·t..i.-3~_..•t~•___~-...,_.•...~:. ..,.-,.l•-.,.t~...·f-o.-:'-~·~•)·.J·_·\.'i)'(;.~
th>:>.t:endt:nrnu~ nho.be çonsidc't\:cL
Thz:main puint at i::i:the c-;dnsion !;l<:innnunitin proceedings rdnlin:;: to
red!\ fr ijury or dmnagcsntli ~saere~. oulnbwful act:;comn:Iitted--aÜiipresent
t.< <Snt;ef:rum stak, i.e. stateoftheconrtgi'ving,~u (tn -n~~n.\.C Tb;eepation).
deq) t::~Jeo grou:ds:t:ideoylngmate irnmunityin tllar"~ Tal:strongco1m(~~ o~tion
the (!J::ttkr\th-lgai ordeor !httbrum siate isargmù( ~in:tourof such deniai. The
on~m· o~asstate ittK k~~uit or\:hich :::um~h artcomrnitledmust bv vinue .of its
'-· .. -..' - - . ' "' .
juri:·;dictionover the.geogr<rphicaqui:~sin h\n(the possibili1y ofjudgfh~kgnlil)'
oJ thosac t.~
Wiih one ï.:':\Ce(Pakistan':; Sttrnrmtnity Ordinanee 198! ), in all\Vhichs
bave }Xls: b;v-:uvd.:rningth:}inununity of to:;i;n hos~ msvsr::xc inumucüy of a
dd'cndantJ:on~ :ag nn cases rebting to \;r::ommitkd in the t>.:-y:i:the !hstat<:~
~§ !60S(a)(i) oCthe United StnF~.m} iognrcignlmm.w:titiAct of'i9Î6 ·--Anne:<l1 tu
the I\'Hnisof ,lusÜc\t;UirllrH.micaof :.Ft~bnm :r[fl S\;ctionof thBeitish Act of
" .. ... ' ,
1978. Section ofLh Si~gaporeStat Tom:.nil:V Aof 1979r. ··HlkX D to the i"vlinistryoC
.ius:tice's conunnnication of 26 Fehruary 2010, Fa5(lfth<Canadi:J.Stnt lm :nunîty
Act of 1982 ..:\n B{1~ to th\tinistrof Ju:;ticccommw1katiun of 26 Fdmm:ry 2010,
Stxtioo 13 of!he ~ustrahan Ad of :l9R5, Sectit)u6 Ü!ç South African Act of !981,
Article }{eof!he Uti\· of !995 ontheJ.rsdlctiona{ [n:uxHJnityof Foreign Stbc:fcn·\:~
Argen!inian Courts Arme~ l6.w the TvfinistryJustic</~~ommunica oti2{FH1~bnm:r.y
2010, Article 6?/E. pm<l l(th(: Hungarian L1\.v-Dccof 1979 on Priva:e Intem;Hjonal
La\v ·-·\vcb:;itc of tüu~;mnti onm~missionon Civil Swtus: hHp:/!de:.org/, and
Article 10 o!·ibe Act on the (Ï\'il Jurîsdiction of Japan .(J'verForeign Statt.::s--·ac:cording to
iirf(mrwtion;;'tV<nknüŒ !nternd ..tJil\V ~:nti;tn;'dm:.;; 1/'>:.l010).
Sin!ilar!y, !\nidJ or the Basel Conv;;.~ pnehak:u H de!'i;;nda~;ta f·om
dliming juri>::dktional:imnum.i!)'in provrdntingto reclres:;Îl~\ or iumrge ifthe
acts YviJillcea:;ioncd the i(ldamage occurred in the tc·:n:it!K'stat.t:.of the..'orum
and t"tîwauthor of the injury or cbm\V<pt!\~s icthat krr!lory thttcm~<.vhentbosc:
acts oc..T~ ~.\rtic:k:12 th< UN Convt.~ nnkeonan analogons prz_,vi as~joio~n,
Anick 3F of the DrafiCom"t~n tnithn.Jmî::.dictioImtnlmi tfStt~stan:.T~hsir
Protx~ adottyd by thehrtcrna:tionLaw Association a:r·vJc in!!82 .(nernationalLrwal \bterials !98:;, voL XXJT, pp. 28.:s.q.). <;,vhikin the rewlution adoptb~ 'w/
[nstitdC'Droit lnternati(ma(n:·;Ü ifInt~rnational L.mvatitsc:.ont( ~rBcad cen
!991 Uns!ftuterf !nternatiorwl la1v 1992, vol. 64·pp,267 <::~:t~ iJ.BY or d1n:nagc
resu!ting hom. a crir C:~lmmitkd in the l'oruru state m<::titionamoug: the c:rikria
indicating that i:h(:cDurihalsuneh<ùt~juri~; ditpt::oCnae..
The vie>xth<Ia ck:kndant stak doe:>not enjoy ünmnnity in procecding:; tdatklg
redŒss !<xirUur-,·r damag(: sntTeasda result of !Jnl;::.wihl;lc:hcc)rHh~ifi:H·usült<::
i:;aho :mpportcby jndici<llpn.wtin:. Tvt~ V\lvtakcn, fof'exampkby the L'S(:ourt of
Appe;d::;ili:decision o~~I 9kn~mb. !;89 in llden Uu}~Nepub!ù:t!l.C'hi;w!Annex ) to
the iv{inistr:;of .fwaiee's c:omtnunk:mion oi'26 February 20 lDCin:S ~uekn~: Courl
ln ils decision o\day :~00 i0Pn:/{'('i(~.O'! iFeoteaa Repuhlic(iC)ermany.;known
as the Di.to1nocas .•,nex 19 to the .'vti...trvof Justic·om.i'nunicatn. :~ 6ehrua~·
20l0), :md by theIratiaCour!. ofCa~;sa !niisdecision oïi1 ~:!a rUd04in Férriniv.
Federa! Republh· of Germany (Annex 3Jb to thel\'linistof Justicc'communication of
26 F<~bru 201ry).
.J.;.;•••.t_.-~·.'\.~-'·•.•.~1..·'-·~f)fS'
The matcrial011Î111ernaliolegal acts ::~tat practke adduce.d abov(:a5\vella~
tht.:pinions of sdw.brs,ves gnn.mdsto Dssethaiai th-:pŒs<.ttimt"h~c~dree.nott:~ mjsr
obhgatîun underinlc:·rnatioualJa·wto gram a fo:Œ[gnimrnunityin proce;:~ ratinggo s
nxlr<:ssfo.r injury or damage re:::u!tingh:Dmtmiavd\difcth(a~ts whichocca~:i tened
irtjury dnm~1 gct.U~lTitt.~ldrritory of the :stak of tiw f(mtheaauthor oth(injury
or damage vv;bpn;~s ienbt territoty at the \vb; t:osnacts oct;.umxl.
Tha.ta:<.sertioho\vever, chx:s not çondnck the matter. ln c:on~;id cering
<"Î)TH'1'S '.',~'!J,i'''~~{>l1.;'\c')l'li.T'}lfJl">t (1'l'lh'Jjl··· h·l'i'~r'tl'l·',.!;çJ
...,.~•·._...-..,tl~o,J·.'!.( ~·}.ll~·_(....., t-·.·.') .·-·..< .\..J.•.;t,\... ~. ·'-·
)s \\:bdher the norrn of cu:::tomary public inkrnationai lavi/in tl)rce at the pn:scm lime: iJuu
jwü.clktional immuniti:n;.c!uded in proccçdixtf?SHgaist;a :d~tne loredrcs-f(H· ir~jïE)'
Of d~~m~ stuf<t::~:a;n::udt oan unla\.vfulact committ::d in the forum state is Hp:plicnbk
whcre th(un~hnv-fulat(lCCUJTüds~;c myca~s ago ... when thnt nor\Vasnot yetin {\)rc:e.
The accep!(:cprinciplof pnblic internatiolavvthatih<:legal signiflcancc aas:>CS'3T!Jcnt
of c~v-~ ck.psendo~ he ruk~ is force at thti.hof~Ü!<~.oTl.HT<::ncould ~iven~aso tn
COriCCt :b~<dJ)i:Sç(t:('VentSlB tl:sphen; of public interna\i{1J1U]!mWhcrCWi St;Jti:~
immun:ity,although ainstitutioof publi<:intanalîcmal b-.v,is of a ckarly proeedura! nature:
itallix:ts the possihility of passing judgclnthe :;nbslançc ntb~c~se, ln the field of
proc~xtma .ho\'evvr. the inlcrtemporal prinçi:ditlerent: proc:eedings institutcd under
a new·Ja,,arecon(htctdaceording to that l(principlof the immediate applicatwn of ne>.v .. !3 ..
t1w grou.uds br the Supremc: Cotd::cî~• (J2-+Jun~ 1~99, 1CKN 269/99, (>SNC::.:ooo.
-~;.-,• •"1 •• • ! 1" • • .' t ., 1"~ . l".·, ., j' ]f..,
,-,o ;., H.:9auntorth~rZesoluoonothiCSt:w~ .uog;~oi:tï:SupŒm<::t..<.Jmto.1an1mry
200 1 on a Legal Priuctplm CZF ,l9/00, OSNC 2l)i No 4, itt·mJ),'v!Jt. um.s:cblc>
drcum~;t ~buinslinite'pn::senca:; F:;tk. ent to smte im.mtmity musttK~td (C'e
(:>:aminedl\!htlight of t!lOll!ortiltC:'mationail11f(WC(Hlthetirn \]~n th:CU;.rt~
d~t:î onktH.::dmi:>:>ibilityof the proceedings. and not the noratithe tim<.:i'·/hen
th ~n1mvfül au tJ-wtis th(: subjcct ol"!he pddtonîw;;com.tni Aisitni~rpohkm
arising în rr;.g:mdto the app!ication Dt'th(: LS r:(;m:ignSovercign\\'üsettkd inct
thalmanntr by th<tS Supn:mc Court j''gnent of 7 JuBe 2004 in Ahman·1Rcpublic o/
Au.~t (rùüpl lJ.9b of thrvlini o~.lllylstcimc<un·ction of 26 February 2010 and
.Anni 57:.hr;.); n the opinion of that Cmut therc is no impcclimeut to applicntioo of the
exemption from irnrnunity provided ün· in the Ac:: in pïClCt:edingstboccurr<.~nces
1NhicltookJ"lhKbet<;rits en~·v iii)\ i'du(iu~...-nts that occutduri ....{Sec(ïDd
World Wur. A t'urt ahrg~urn n Sn.pml of the podti<:>nadopted is provitkd by the UN
Convt::nii.on.\Vhik i\rticstipul !:attsh(C~rrvemion s.hani."apply in procc-eding:;
im;tüu:tcclpr·o itt::ntÜlt1forçt.:;no prc.•nonT:>poncl:ingAxtick35.3 oït}wBm;el
(•)J_'•_•ot1<·..-... ~-.n-l--·:...._·.t:·..•, {..Jo._"-!-_o,!<-_~v..-'·~~·.;< "· lj.l_lrl":':
instiH.ttedatit(~nt irtyforce but rtla:tt:to prim ev<::nts.
-. • . . • '. 1 • ..., .••1'l' !' l ! . ..
(:r1vena posmve~U:!SV l}tn<que-::t!nt1ne app.l!caoJioytw ru.~llGustomary
publk: imernationa!nw in Ù)î"c(:at t:r;:senrime:the m::xtqnes!i(m th!h~< t:dbe;
mlswered in corme-ction \'ex;;Tnptio11-oms.tate jmisdic:tiona! i.mmn procteding:;
relating to redress for injury or damage a~a>resuit ounb~.- as cornrnitted in thC'
ibnun swte îs -v,-lFsruciJ exemption aJ::tpp i!peroc~xdi cnon:c~;rn(in\g't;h;:;·~.tts
oc:cnr in i.imes of anned contlict, and Spt}Cifically:mcvcnisas the pacification of
/\:rikk 31 of the Basd Convention, in stipulatiug tlwt notbing in t1K:~h:.=dlntion
affi ;:y~drnnH.r oriJtiir:i~njo;cd:by a Contrac:tSratcinre~;p of<m ybing dont:
or omiHcc!to be donc: by. or in rebtiit ~r,;d fl:m Y.:'<m~:t>ltcnitory of unolhcr
Corurm~ Stit.gruk~ o;télpplicationof te-:-;;, :~'mn:;tljoHis:itionnimnnmity
provükd Ü)rin Article i1 in proceedings rc1atingto redress üwd:n:mry:.:f:g<~dt~;
result or unl:rac:1ctninitk'd in the fùn~:; n ~t:iitu miingooUsof arrmxl Gonn!ct
(se i(~hiCŒ}ŒX:tionp!)int ll6 of t:~xpia mnaoroortl1Cor~·cntion ---Ann:2to the
\-linistryf htstice'scomrnunicationof :26Febrvary 20 l0). The lnternntionaiTA:t\V
Cornmis:;ion'corm:nŒHs on Article L?.of theu;..rConvention.1dri.ch correspondto ..l4 .,
..:\r!i<:kJ! of HilS(:CO!JI,'(TÙl(pp.·44-·46.. Anne:'to ÜJ<t\JinistrorJustic(:'s
comrmmicaüoo of 26 Febn.wry 2Ul0)like\v eilc:ss~.bvicv~thathis phwis!on doe:; not
apply in~dluut arsinsout of arrncd con.!!ict and it \Va.:;that vie'v whieh prc.vailed in the
negotiations on the Convention.A s!rnilar pnsitinboibeld hy th:utl:ors (HuFo:-;
and David P.Steward)\:VJ :,Hhet~ntsarequokd in Ann<:K<::and 7 toÜK'\fini:·>'t)o
Justic(:'s cornn1nnkmio26oFcbnwry 20 1O.
At the .samei:ln iiis~h\rd to Jlnd at''CH<lpof a rnling bya national coun
rc~cogni wzkyq ;.U:v;;nsis cd:t·h(ex~~cpi teoam,isslbllily of actions kH·redŒss
a'--· afiùl.__ta~:i~r:l<îÜo.oev<. ~no. ...;;se•'\Vari .ondud.~d in!be terr~·Ol'\'
!rthe fonn:n si:ai(:.
In vië>v of !he :;pc·citle nmilitury~xmfli stLee!ritkro<::mto jtuüdi("tiona!
inmmuity a;Jpem·:;mosJustif pnt:~dciiserayion m mattcrs cnconrpass;by:\var[w~;,
I\nm~ cnflict.. and large-s CciltSu;ahGncnn~us,estntclion and sufkring [nvo!v,;d,
cannot be ïeducixl to rtJation:; b::state (the nuthor ofÎl\iuror damage) :md~rn
injured imhvidual: \1/m:ake:; piacprinmrilyb,~tv, sttesnFor tharn::asonmat(~rial
d:dm:; rebting to anned connic::t ü'tc!itiom1Ht.:gul;:\ted h>,.peace !.n::atlt:s:wn\::-dat
re::;o o..,.i;n:n•~3C'C oithe nçii~tSin iheir ent.;etboü1 tlinlcrna!:lomd and the
individ lev!.:!tate jurisdictional ürununit:· in such matter::.is ~~nsurstiatg
matt:rial claims resultingwar!':::rrd~at \vith by an internatla\NprocedureTiK
purpose n!'exduding judicial sC'ttledispuf tbo.ts~ch chdrns i:>to prevent a si1uaüon
in whi(·hthnorm~!li sf1luuolrelations hetw(::<::sntheend of a\Yarihampcrcd
by mmh~rou csurt('<FidcnJing \Vith n:wit-r(alcrt..~~ fom lhaln\var. Such cm;e:;
couldconstitut:-füctsu~;ta .olltanconflicts and ünotnc:.~-. kad}tssdernily
scttkrnent otb( cairns in question. Tafon;m~~nt itonuliJJH! law proccdtu\: tor
settin~ laims 1\'Sulting fro>..vmJ ornnied. vv~i :hh::ignstat0s(~ntitkm We:nt
iudsdict immnuiv.li.of<:nniv,:rsnl natTbi'~nctbocl dt.~; \Jthcnar.stntim;
.. ... - -.~· '··
of n::Iations betwPolandand Cîenn:1ny, i.e. :hep<::r:· ofptt~.:,iav<;~ndw.n·d
J-.1t.u;to.._• ...t\t.~....,..·"',:::...•
.. ' . . 1 } •. ' t . l ' . . ..}
o anotnt::.rstaw t1up t1e essencOt :;tate :mvcre1gnty am: mv~;cnsii l~>esuesJ1
implic:athtm: for diplomatie relations and national(sccuegrnent (Ythe Eqrop,~an
C'ourtofHurn<m .Rights of 21'-~c~v :2mh)ir.-fcElhirme_yire!wui, .LEXNo 758~0,
cünŒrning anin~:: iid\\'ithBritish soldopen<xlfino~ lTisKTritory).
Nev(~tthe aksou,h --u:alrend:m,entioncci ... it ls hard k1 fînd anoraample
rulin:by a national r:ourt rtc(lgnizing, soteh.- on the bth(:tort exception, theadmissihdity or actions redœ~ a~ain..atùrdgn statc: t'~.b toe\··ntscncompas:::<:d
by w:;u· co\ci;c-.cnlthe krritorof !lw1hru:m:;la ttee~do (:xist coudccisi andm~
swtt~m nntU;lîteralure that admit hlaü:ns on othn1oreg.enl:raLgrounds. 1hn<x~d
to ex;;-tmth~~ othcr !;":i\His(~>:.c<~ ~mptrintinJrewci!umslançc::; of the instant
çasc beca.u:;e a .st<tleof <JJTairsin \vhich individual injury tort Œmains outsid;;·the !imit:; ol'
:>tate inm::vnity can raÜ;c-t:\rndünwntalo:·<Hlmüo!ogiculm:tur m~d rnas:tl~tnnc-~;
ln ils jndgment in Distomo çu~ kh\Gret:kSupH.::me(\luexprcs thcv~dt hat,
<iltboughd;:rmag.:esu.l üumiu~~:n:çdc:onHkt should in pr!nciple 3ettleby \Vil)of
internai:lonal. agr~~cc:ncltd~datkr the end of the '<a, statC'lil!be prokc! b-.-~d
imrnunityin cases w!Je<~;pt.a {î Vl:nùt c:ommitted aga:iih~civiJiapopuia:tim; a
\vholebut was dinx:teata su•;;ç·i: dividuannt direulnr ·iodirect!Yinvc,]vtxlin armed
J -· . .- - --.- ..-.- . .. - - .
uctivities. Tbat vie\v'~xpres inJXlrluJar,inregard!o actcon:;t[tut<.:ri aaiut
lmmanity and abus:::of po\ver- contrary to gtmeraliy ac:cepinJ(~tnati of nntellH\V.
af(m:nK'nti.onedjudgmcnc~ar ! ingr of US c:uurts\VtiJTI/Ol-ln t!w:;ruhn~ h~:d-~
on theUnitedSf;JWSForeignSovcï('Îfü:nn:ll .\toft19~6··wteraliainthejudgrnentof
15 (ktob~ 1r85 inVon Darde! v. U11ion(~/Sov i/cia!i:Rqn.thlics (1\nntJlto the
Jvlinistryof justiconmwnicm10n of26 Februm:y20 l0)<Hldthejudgrnen!in Helen Liu v.
Repnblic 1:/Chin--!lwcourthdd Üt<:a (kfend ~teiJns.tatdi)(notsenjoy î.mmunit.yin
matt- rzlatrgto obvious brcaches og<~rwr aclepee! rules oint<~rna hnivlnat.:
Dh.:tunwcasetht Gr~ek Suprem Court ;Üsoi:~Xpr he vie<~fwvta S!Bt\VhidJpennits
it:;e<1bn~a cfa peremptory(ius t'Oge!Inonn or public internationnJt[K:r 1:;ctby
1.vai ivt~~m~;nit_y.
·rhis kndencyisalso ru:Jnikst in judg:mentof the ltalian Court of Cw;smion in
f·iTrinr.FederalR\?fi1ihlic o/Crennin \Vbici\\:as hdd thth1obligatio.n to n::th<.~_:
1mmumty ch a CteJ::r H.t~noes not cx1sw!~CFL~m~causatt ac~t!1< t~:teO<lS i.rt::.c:
crime uner inkr:nationa! hnvSeriousbl'eac ofepc;emptory principksgm<:rning the:
protection of hmnan rightscrirne:linder intcrnation::tllaw. Those prindples btb~~ to
essc·nc(:of the intcrnationai. kg<:lorder and talŒpr(·ccdc:nceover ali oiher principks of public
intçrn.ationa1trew:y and customary [mv, indutho:c ;~n~cr:~m sah:gnnmunity.1>.-r~ry
stak !:obüged to punhh brt:ac:hof tho.se principk:s,passin:? judgrnethe Cou.rt of
Cass:xüonaho reJcr to·te~!Kt that it hw; bcen possibkiùr a long tînw to invol\(: the
fùnctionnJ.iimnonity SÜJ(oft1cia.lsin orderprev; ;e,.uhntt nf inknwtioual crime::;
from being broughtto justictSinctthe immunity to l.'l·hichsofllcialaŒ cntitkdis
essc:ntin.l!suh-t:<H;.::of :::tai!mm.mÏ!:(it JH;Jqx~ bing tn prevcnlparties frorn . 16.
cirGu!nv<:~n a s1aç·nimrm.mity by brin::;îactions agaio:;ito~!ice bokkrs),tl1 sh~orl~~
aLo be no grounds f(x maininining:-: rnm<u~iy<i.proceedings rdrting to n.:drci;:ir~iut:v
or cbrn;w:csuff(:r<xlÜiç rc·std!of ;nt international c:nme. The Do:;itionütthe]w:h-~nH.~nl
- ... -- . ..' -. .. ~ ._
in Ferrini v. Federal.Repu.hhc o/Uerm<.mYvvassuppori:cdhy tatejudgm; ;Ct~enCoun of
Cassation.inter alfathe:j udgm-.:niof'21 Cktobcr 2008 in crim[npron~;; .nv.tichths
St!Œcssoïs of lhe vidims of tlJt: pacif!çnti'm of the tornCivitdla sougbt ccwnpen:;ation
fl'ornthe Feckral HepubJic oG~:.:n (x!ne•-36yto the tvhnisü)' Justiç con~n·unication
of :.?Febnmry 201(l).
As \Vdl as 1lŒabovcmention<:.lulings,thel\ar ·i~senting opinionof'jud i~e~nes(~·:;
sünilar totboscdi.scu:;:;ed ;ÜH)\T who loodifferenpo:.>itionanrccogni s:al;i!munity
in the matter. Spedrica.l!y, in ,\larw'ilos v. Fnkrr.û R(qlGermany, in which thG<n~.~ek
Spçôal Suprcmc: Court) pa:;singjudgJw:.:on 17 Scpt<::-rnb2002 (Ann; {9xto theivlinistry
of Ju~: 1tonmc:u:iminn of 26 Fdmmry 20! 0), dcpa:rtedv,:itpro~pec emi~vcef.:omthe
position takcnin tlljuctgr mr~nbtG r('t:Supren r\<n:.i~thç Distomo cas~ wlük tht:
\udg n t:1>:minoriteX!)fit ~hs(sinXi!tion 1hat:\rtk:;l of tb: Basd Con\:(:ntiodcl(:~s
.. .....- . -· ·~ . - - .
not çnvi ~.v:crimes, th(· prohibitioofwhich lw:;.ÜF~smtus of a ins cogens noun and Ü;
fhen.:H_;eierarthically supcrioto any othenorm of inkrnntionalla'\N,Itheiropinion, war
çtimt:scannot be considered an dernent in an;::xnHxconHic:tjusù(vingan exception to the~
1
~·j4.- :'.1',~',,.tJ~·lAi'\.q~-·..)". U-.. _,1.._·,. \.<•Jo\.••• \,1. ,.'-.~-~.t ~Ï., •·•J''lv~
judgrnent of the Eutopean Cnurt of Ifnm;:l.Rigbts in .U-Adsani v. U1ûted Kingdom,. the
r('asoni.....tht:minorit~.·-d··- i(X~ln<·:·- ::nreGio...nii:lonth;timmunitv,.of a :;tate
(Kuwait) in proœedin ign~s:tin iu~ 1ta{nrelating !o an act {iortun::) committeKu'8HÎi:
(Hnd thus ün this occasion in a stat tat;w.~s not the ~;la otteh< ft'Um) c~;nt on eH1:
imponançc and JK~r<:.~ stau:;oorthe p:.\){Jibit{IlltortnŒ in int<:::r laa.tihc:vmul
stJ\c.i;s.i, ivi:; o. t\ Vtarustil ptohibition on torture taJ.:;x:e(knce ov~ nm' othc·r
nonn. 1n :\..fd::ïhi1.1Jrelmul theminority.fudgesof theEuropean Court of Tiuman Rights
maintai.n<xlthnt, by ac.::cqrthat the British Scei-c·taryStat f)~Northetn lrdand had
i.m.munityin rdationi()the incident in \<;hkh :Ori.tisotidcr opend f!Πin Trishterritory
1,Anm~ 37 rs~n 3d to theMînîstry of JustiŒ.!i co!rununicatioof 2h h.:bruaty.20U} t!N
lrish courts imposea disproporiionak rù>trktlo011the !'ighlojudkial acccss in thlighi crf
i-\rtic6.1. ofth(: European ('onvention fthi}Protection otJ-Im:nRi1;: aldrtu~ndaltK~nta!
Freedoros Uoumal of Laws 1993, t'·lo61, item 284. asarm~nd - ht::rei.nnn··Eun)pt.~an
Co1rvention"),
In~h iteratm<.\someauthor::abo argue that:>talimnn.mit;:iiwuldbt:cknied incase~-:
involving ::>(: bn.:ocuesof hwnan rights. f\.sin the court rulings, ·variou:;gronncare
t.:t) ...__ (v(,..·;...._;,{J'.-·~"--",·•.t.-~~~\-'.•'1·-(·'·••~-~_.:~-·••.-<t-·-........ }'.\... '"17.
inmmnîty as a result or actiby the stai:c'!h)~m;an:if i(ntrsrttoyiuternaüonal law.
<\nalogiesan;. drmvn\>.:Üthe pros~~c uf~o:nto!JftnJs f(;bn.:w~ oh}un:>an r[gbls
commitü i:t~dcourse of their c!utusu;tl!u~cornpm Üy{=z:c:iim!hat anad ccmtrary
to pc.~rem nonnsodoc·:;not lwve th~>ta oflulS;ov·~ artdgjnw;·evcr,advocates of th\.:
<:Xtlusionor$t<llin::n:mnitylil çase:; invo:;nionsbrca~h o(h~umnn right:; <ippeto
attach nwst weight tilh ~~onc ofpte hiclïlrchical 1itlperi,)ritcOk'e!Inorm:; inth(~
k·ga1 sy.skrn. ln thre:::pe:>om.eadvoe< of the~c:~;du l]l;itt mmunity in (:a:;e:;
invoh·.ing swiou:breacl of ~!H<r:n rightsatlach panicubr importm t1ç te. ~onn
guaranteeingacce::tothe courts (A nick 6. J oEurt)p ('nwantion).
·;f;>. ,,çs'1'.!."'.}P't l'"'ld,-l·~·:·<jdnll!·'·>0<~JT)'"ni'·ÏH(EUBWnt:i J'(x
~..\..- ....•)..} ·-.. 1 .:t:~~' •\.,1. .'-~...••.., ..,. 1•,....._,.'
hurnan righh, induding tho:::carising in the c:ourse of annc:d c.l'tc)sea:qp.1mcntsare
also re_iectedü:::ignifkant portüfthe Iiteranm~.
While ilwre is no douht ~hltate can waive the jurisdietionat imnV.\vhich it !s
cntitledth::rgumï;:-Jt() ÜK' d=ït~act cando so tacitlin i:::ases cons:i.d<lavx~':en
rig_btlycalkintoqu-:sticlSuch taci\V~ti iviz;nrg,utaisdscither frortb~<a~at açin:
!na rn<mD> :oxllrntiopcrcmptory rwnns orÜ\)!Xitadh~:: o annnternalional ag,r;;x:ment
on theproti; ofçhtm;onrights. 'T.lKf'irst çnncqri: rests on a totallypren~tm·d!t~~
i1Jilstlakeaccountd' tbeÜtctLhata st;rte\; \\'aiver of immn1ust.likc evcr;;~xpr<.~s>-;:ion
of \vil!, d:fi~ i~ çtu(fck::nLlyr.::rann- -~~\r\htie:>ccondi:hard 1oreconcile v•ith
therequiœme ofntcat: ün:vçonccrni.nadlH.:rentn an internationag.ree tcsounlt
be noted thai ·evein the jndgrnent in FE:rnnr }~'ede Rtpublic:ofGern1m t~v:court
distmKed itsdf flum the argr:rm:nti.hm(}l~ü~ snaeahndtncitly\Vaived its irnnmnity. A
sîmdar positio'S<1Staken by the US Conrt ofAppeals in its e.kcisioJui)'!994 inHugo
flrinc:::: v. FeReptrb/ic t?l(jermo.a casearisînout ofthzTioloc:aus(/\mwx S3a to the
?vlini of~;uttc}·s cmnml.micntion o:~ February 20 l0). Thaposit >~.asupportcd by
LiS court dcci:;ionl)fg i\pri!997 in Ifirsd1~'Srote ()/ Israel ond Sra;!f(jermml):
(Annex '56 to tbr;::l'v1inîstry of Jnstiet::'s cornrnunicatio.n of 26 February 20ofü) aud
... _, \\_l. -i';;1.•.l"..! [1.~)_. -"..•·~l,}..., .•:- '-....._,,..~t::•...>~-••"·cq··(,j.-~
:ürdisa~ (a:\rtm54 to the:f\:finoftJnsi : icn;u;nkahon of 26 Fcbru, 201r0.
Conskk:rabk doub tr:;lso raîsed bÜF ;oncq:n -ck>~e nlayd to tiK·;:::onsltfc:o
nbm<.:ofpov..-e:r...of'·'f()I of:~·tti:k~~nit··a'a n::sult of acbyothe süM thatÏ'::
~ J.·.·-) ....'-?-•J..t ........<.· • ·'····l-·•t···,+..)...'--"'',.."'.~-....J.. ~-rt'"n+ .. !8 -·
intenwtiooa1!il\V;;ndgt~ne prrainçi p!lmv c~n lx ~nvobxl a~a;sour çf~:t·ruDtion:ü
Jav,·only ith~ ç_:tof a g<~ pntbe n~>n m;ürtenmtional treal)' or int::.:r1l:;tmm:ry
bw. Furthennon:. applic;aliontheÇf_)rJceinquesti(H1\muid Ü:<Htitl-1:-~xclu ofisan:
imrmmity·OIIgrouHds of'ÜtÎrB '_a:n,cU]~fi?dÜchthe COlT<~Spo tn:lrdncÎSÎOn\\'{fU(d
rc.semtJe t.:liDJlD~:_ omon::prtsas, amJt 1sug 1ylc QU)tm•\\-rF~: ttJe;:;t,po rw~al
d•..•.'·1 •• •'.·_:),;L·-J'·-).,..~-.·....L;.,.'(J _.t-.t• _.. .....-~vv'ifthHtw~~r(:
aet~ep liecbad io imagine havin rgard to the cu·curn:;lauces of instant c;3:·nda
çonsickrhw the nmtkr rntionallythat aPolishcourt \'-'ü'Uld irnn.:;i:-aon the Feçk~nil
R~~pub oC Cce:nany f()tevents thaoccurred O\·\:six:tyGnn; ago. ln this ço!mection, ü
shou!d lK ~on;<;in rni:rtdthal Polantuo hwok~: ~;s{;iHmi~nityin proc:;.::edingsbrought
again.stl iu foreign courts in çomwctiwith its pt)sHva.r nationalisation:}Xpl\)priatit)n
Jq.p.slatiou. ~~xm: onplkis ilÎ :S<!b.~ 'ül b:~:~r: I'~ cork comj in whk:b Theo
C-arband otih:plain.Ci:is;on:çompcnsat ion frorn Pand fiJille cktrvation of property
in the course of a '·pJanne::aoÜs~:è iÜCti(çs~~ptLL91of the· (\'linisoCJustice's
7
"'.L ..r··.tL.t. .\..!;:~~%.,._.......
{ni\idr.r..fdio!·hierol lhpubhcoj·Germany, th<::re,S ~pk~~c Supgl:::mc·oun.
departing\-Vithprospcetive:ffccfrom th.positionüÜ;<:ny the CrreekSuprenK·Cowt (nils
~u.~:~ .nth0nOfswnw Cit).reasoned thatmnii c~id·!üe;; in tcontextof a \varHl.kt~
varions f(mns, inch.Jding ciisproportiomHtl:rUda<i..f~Œtaliaüon bythe an:ncd i<xce:;of
th~ a;·rcssor. 'Tbat be!ng :;o.Gl\~ euprt·rne Coun\ distinc:üobt~tv, tccoperntion
carrî 1UtindDi:::tm:noand tbt concc•patm(:dcon!lic\Va:mtiikia! and dinol c:orrc:spond
t\.realîtyDespite thc!i·~propon ano na1elytoythal operation, it \ncveetbdc:;an
dermmt inan armed coni1ict. /-\lthough Artic·k :{of th(: Cmî:n~specon thiLnagw~a;d
Cw>toms of \Var on Lund :;ignc·atThe Hague on l8 Cktober 1907 (Juurnal of Law:>!927,.
No 21, itt.ml6l)providesthat a belligerent which violatesprovision:of theConvention
shull bç. llablt.: to pay c:ompell:>i~does not rt)Stricrhc pursuit of daims i<.trsucb
~:ornp~.m Ü lüotghthç courts. 'That i-:is covercd by public int<:::rn.ulw,oundcr
\Yhkb thej urisdküonof courtsin the m:Jtter is re:;!bycthe prirwipk of staimrnunity.
ln the upinion ofihe G-reck SpecSupt\~ Comcrt. at the present sWgtht:ckve1Ppn ofi~nt
publiç inü.:rnat:i.onalla\v tht:r\.gend·al!yaccepkd princip](a1io\\a Î~nn ~:x.eption
to :'>taiti:mnnmity, the pursuit it.~oe ufnlairn:; rch:ting to unlawfnl nets cornrnitted --·
\\'betht.:rin peacetitnî:Urneof \var--·by a fiweign ..::talein the terr:iwry c:f the forum statc
with the participatiof the anned i~_m : :teedeüm.dant stateanc! inkrnationaJ prw:ticc
cuntainsno ckar evidence(\Î. texi:;t ofnsc{han exc:eption.
Tn!ts decisio!.J14 June:~00 i6Jones era!. v. .S'oudiAralda, Gun(:erredrcss
ün torturç committed by :3Ü1t:ffkial:in t}w !{'ITitoryoSaudi ,·\:rab\Ann;:;xAJ to the . Jt) .
1'lini<:-·.fJu-tic - cemn-:.i..l(-.. .f26-F--r.a.v... .l..'i:JeHous tf~u_,rds rec.~_.izedth;;;
dd(mcLmt' s immun ii)and, invok: titnc·a:n<ldiaCourt of Appenl's (k:çi<;1(of 30.h.me /004
· n · !.1 ·· l' ·" "l ·· ' ' 1 " l' · ;'1· • ' · · , ' .
u1 I.Hi/Jzun''·s mn tc .epuhl 1c ol ran (Anw:. ::\,o t1c :,um;try Ot .usw.::t .~;.m~·t:t-:c:tmon
of 26 Fz:bruary 20 l0), bd.d thal alt!wugh th-: prohibüion on tot·t \;lurdo.b~cdty ::t
t' ... -.~-} .!\.11•·1f• . ...J._._.._ \.!,..-~~.:>'lt..l.-. i..·-..{.} -.....~'::;.~... -"~-y-e~·~;
tortur.:;does not a!'hx:tthe prohibition itse!f but only resti:ds!uhü;d:i.cliononntio ourts<!
in :<uthJnarters. State imrnunity\Voutd tlçin i.;ontradiçlion\-vithth<·pwhibiJioD on torture only
if it con1pri as(c~rp!ementar)' procedura1 rule nbliging national (:OUrt:,to adnnt rt~;
application in :~uc ca.:h>b,y~way of <~xcep o itü nprindp(e of the inmnrnity of foreign
staks. Thal, how<:' vs~nol he C'<.J:;e_is flOt th~.:r fbr:::natiooare court to ··\kvelop''
!ntemutiunal lmv·hy UllÎ}HkrallyaHdbnting lo it;1c.ontt.:ntwhicli, \vbik coccesponding to tbc
\'aluesC"llShrüwd in peremptory nonns of internntionalla\·Vand desirable, is not accepkd by
other :~La tltst.ugh suc:h activisnJin the tid.dof national la\v i::with(n th(: lirnits of the
' l' . J ' ' . • . . '}! . , ..11 f..., ' • 1 J .! . l .J l
JW Jeu~ tunct!OO. J.lS unw:(·:;::pte)Jn !ne h~~J oc wkr:t1ai!(lî1a::tV\w.11c: J~t).S\:.on:rLw
.-. -·· }.~~::...·-·· ..•· ~'-"~-.....~". .c~J-l(."-"'<. . ·~\''l'1_.l•l..~l--Jt}-•f~ .._..·-\•....J'····'
stmcs <Jc<::::at~~;m~~\c1. :opte prinçipk of imn:mnity, th. ::u.r~i~~ dfimcriomoün<:ourts
in actions brongirt against E:n\:ig~':t J'!brc·nc> of fus cogens nonns of international law.
HK~ prindpk offbceign states' t:ntitkmenttoinmmuity sbould apply,
The:·ruling of the International Court nf'.lwaic:eof 14Fdwuary 200: m.~ ongo v.
Bdg:ium may also be i\:ad as ancxpn~ss oif1n:v!i\v~that brcach of i11cogens norm:; does
1...;::.··~,.......\_'.,o...-..._'1J..~--.tl...._.'1. -·'""!:.t\..•.1,1. .(.,"'-j~t}''·.t-........'J]t
hcirà ~-m ~ase:conŒrnim2-.....-cac. o. tbo.. nonns. .n t!mt rul:~--:h~lntc'mtiuna] Court of
Justice con:firn:Œd.on the ba~: ofi:ustumary la>v,the immunity of p~~n; hooldi~g high :;rate
office and d:idnof considcr thï p:r.-~:.s~gseeondte\·elop oCriucr!nwn!regarding exçcp!ion
from 1hesaid i:nnmmi!y (!\tm 52~oXthe i\tinistry ofJu:;t[cc's con:ununicatùwt of26 Febnmry
·;:oD.)
Thus pmt of the Iegal doctrîne,\vhich is divkkd on tbe poin1 at i:~~ strç:H;.::h,!!
therc can be no qu<~st oifo<ncontradk:tion bt~hvc ;.erncipks of :;tn imt~ :nit~ and ius
cogens norm.:; simx t~ey <Jreof i\vo c.iifkre·nkinds: the ïonncT proc(;:dural andÜK~ latter
::;ubstantivelttdlo\YS that an inqx:raii vto lift stuinnnunity in ca~; con c;:.Tlrlgedrcss für
tort umr:<o~t [)dc:duc fr<m~dnorms prohibiting lorturc, ju:;as no!mS permitting theuse of
torüm::C"<!nno Œt ason<tb1yix: dt'!'ivedfl:omprinr::ipk:3of immuni1)TlK ~lçt tbat substnntive
nonn of pubiic intecrn;::tklnl:lwcontains no guarnn tmttxi·can be sanctio ina·fbdeign
~ yt_'t::t• <J.\1.~-~.~t_•.i_~..._,._... \t""l..~-·(.,.,__o.\--{.... Jt:·l....·.1.1. .~~ · \• •c.[··'t
rn~~ kuchs~;ançt üinpnos~l iJbckdistinc.tiohel\veen substantive pl:xmnkes in the field
of humm1 rights, on (he one hand, ~md thl:prtKedu oblgalton !o a<:(:ord prote<::tionîn ,.20 ..
relation t1hos igh~s,on ÜJ< <J~this~p:\ounded111premisc:ofpublic inüTn;üiomtlmv
f(·::;p t~e~coti<n"gI<~oiinniiduaJ stat eüh.mgh it rest:>upon tb~prevention of'
cxaruination oth-k.atityof astatesaction byfim;igc:our ~:~:i,rhnnity doi.:snruk
out resolution of a contlicl, \Vilhtht::partiÜ!çs~lk(l.mt.: by apro~ra,e public
:utcmationalla1.vmcthods.
lu A!'.·Adsartiv. (h?l..:.ingd?K Europ~ ~:ur.of Humwi Right::;chx:litDd
ruleth<!lBritiscDurtshad violakd Artk!e 6.oftiK:LuW}X' C<~n.nntion byrd'using, ou
the ground of KUY'ias<.~nütk nwinnHmity., tm'.'<ilompensation thnn Lhast:Hti<)r
tbc·torture Al--i\d:;<mi commütcin its terf.itorybstmt~f1kînlsIn the opinion othe
Court of Human Rig}ns,th: rght oC uccess to juc!idal prokctii:;not abso!uteStalt~
imtnunil;·H:an ÏI!srttwion of public international !rn;:rightfupurpos;;;; namtht:
mainteuance offi:iC'nr>;~la bi(:i~otw~rercgntlmte:;\Jcnsureconsi:;J(·\Vitg1:~neral
prindp ki~sublicinternational::n:v, based on tiw;titutioof immunity. cannotin
prüwiple be judgec!dispn)p()! tttdcü'nton~te rigboCjuclici;accessJn the opinion
of tbe (\mn Dfliuman Righh, then;aN.':nruks of internationL~\ juViial IÜ'Ti.:;orm;
otbt.'mat·;~ tritçou!d>inclineitlOth<:;vit:\v that a :;tate doer\]Oy juri:ithui.onal
inununityîn e.ivprotx~~rd datngg~t;redr;;!\iact oftortul'e.lAicl:Jhinn1'!ndond.
to(\ iJ: uropcim Court of Hmmm Rights .hesta im~tu:ity to be :xnmlmisslbk res1.ric:tion
un the rigbt of judiciai accSimihdy. inKa!ogenymulou er al v. Creece andCit:rnhu~v
(Anncx 69 to th1\-Jini:>ofJu:;1:.nco:rnmunicati.onoi'26 February 2010), rt;iüt:e:tiu[;·
, j j . .. J • • • l 1 . {• , J ... .,. • j l L 1 (' k
t.:ClllC.Us!\~saccm H$ üCGJ~lO In...-k:Aasmn v. ./miN: K.mga1!ru e(ltlat·w ._rrec:.-
administrative autborltkr(~f uoauthlrisc: the seizorrGennan property in c:·reeceto
<.:nüwcpayment of the dan1Htawarded ag<Ün:-termany by decision othtGrcek Suprernc
Court in theDisromo ease could nobe çonsickr<.':dan uniustre:;tric!ion ofridltof
~ - . .. . ~·
judidaJacccss.Inrepl to~he argutnc:nt tthe prohibitio\)crirnes agaînsi humanity is a
i..-cogensnorm \"<hich supersedc:; ngo-vcrninsta rcmunity,iilw!dÜI<1the Vk\Vtlwt
a statc cmmut dairn stnte itnmt.~·c:fore t~~oo r tsnother ::.ta.ein c...e~.~d....~
relatinto red:rcss.for crimes agahumanily d(!(:;sn<.~x su:fycicnacç(·ptam:among
~;t< m!thepresenttim~~-
In itckcisi ioAnda;\ani 1·Unifi.:'dfOngdnnd Kalogcropou!mret a[1·Gren<:
and Ccm;m;_,.·thel:~uro peut±of Human Rights alsorcjr:ctr:d tarwlogy wilhthe
priJ:;ecuti(Jsnüe ().tfic·thr hreaehcof!n.Hnanrighlsçmnrnitted ithec:our ofslH:;:
duti <·~nsargum{ nsuarllaz:companiedby the:dain1 lhat nn a<~ont orJyX~remptory
nonns doe;:not bav' t~h~sa:m'of a so·v(: acc~'ilgtpü3it.ion accor"''tttlJ ve;.~
expressed in the dt'cisiot!wJ-Jouseof Lorcb ·inJon1dal. vSauâï Arabio and\Vitthe
ruling of thCourtof Justice of the E:uropean UnioJ; in its judgment in l.eetal rtou ..21 ..
Fi·cleïl <:,uublhuf Getmi.mythe /\ttomey Cicnera! argued în poihi :pinion in
th<btt~ case, tvit'\thal the ac(t!1(]crman anned fi:n-cesdicon:~t octuiurc
1m,ner~;.v l'u-ud<ii.ultic-sidentif),who:!:liabkbet~; il\Nlldbç(p~:;:;ibk:\(
~tttr lîb~u:bcillioty<::crsons \'..:hoacmaily e<m.:sc·1.:ather than tosta~<::
iu\:Vhith- beoyg.
h mustab) be bonw in mindthatthe ab~;or !<ut:cj~o: sattimmnunitym
.._.(.).,."-.....-..t-•l..•~\..,...,.·~·:.:,J~-.•_,<.i.-·-...·•-·;:.__ ~'•<'of
hnrnan rigim; ShOuldlogkaliy be Ç()\'·iÎth cJGntel~of> ;<:CnlHnity otJ K~J(:
in suchc:ls w-:~:F~nt .a'pt\~S tiwm he inŒmati.onal conJJnl:niity,kcickdly docs not
an::çpderogatioJ:l-o\.:XC(v~irnrnunity. idlingcxmup lf<.i, i:additionto the
abovementionedn~:! :l\rlsOrld\ adrninîstrataut!Jo riittior~tthe sei:.>uïtof
Cknnmt prop< 1!Ünt< s.o~o ças>is the su:;peu:;ion hy the PresidUnitof~tt(sl
oCa J)fovisionpçnnitting scizurepror:heo:diporatiymissions::mdconsubpo:.>of
staks v,.·hichsupport tt:JTovvarc~onsid erta~plication of thal provision \Vüukl
hT·Kh ·tt:·:,.:ll'··''·.·(bj;'Î''['''.,J[.'1l·tt·{~·l~);:n'"'1-'trt·J
~.).. ..._..._~.J,, -'-U-).··::'.t.•-J'I._._-.._..._t''\.·J(d. \.\--.·.,._,
Compn:·:.œ;i vo~;ideratîon of the xwt.liisc:usscd a.tJove, a:;:;ernbkd for the
purpnse of Œc:onstrm:Ü!i(ùntent.:; of the of cuslomm·public intcrmrtiona! l;rw in
Ü)rc:Hlthepre:;entin unthe !ic:of :;t autti~sdi; i_m1tnil,tccb lo:i!lppon tb<::
condu:;ion tht!K ~reinsofficic;;~ro llnŒcsg:ni.:-an exception to stme immLmity
in c:3sc·sc:oncemiredrc:;kH· I:H·c·acf::;hum:tn rigbts occasionunhnvfulacr:s
comnrttl:ed tb~territory of th(: f::; .whi.ht.c~ovdhin tlhc~tc:gory of nrn:Fxl
ac:ti,:itit'truc!hat acen;ünportion oHtH:::mrtî;;ri:.3lspeeth~decision olht:~
Grcek SuprernCourt in tDistonmcase,Li;ecisioof Ül ·.~rtuf CassationFen·ili. 1·.
Federal Rtpubiic ofGemwnand süit(:mcnintb i~ralure supportthe position tain::n
!hosc deu.siDWi--·may indica:tc fhc beginninî;~m·~ tb~frale m-\'lie<~xcJuiic'S
stakimrm.mi~vin all cac:oncen ...riis >mm~n r....violatio.butlur'r.......t~Ird
<moth <m~rrtant portion t:hm~aeri;::,~srn~ chi(lkcyi~;(ifhn Greek Special
Supreme Comt in AicHF,elV.Federai Repub!ic of ((ennm?J'ck~~: ifte Hmou:3or
Lords i.Inneeral.r.Smuli .4rahthe decision of the .European (T-JumaRightsin
Al~.Ad .('ürenKingdom and thstatemcnl:sin litcratusupport î:ios~in:tnken
in tliose ck:cisioî:canunt bGac>xpi'c'ctlhat such n norma!rt::emergee!.'Thu~;
a!tbougb <:ucha norm may be dc:;iruhk on an axiologY'rhunian rights. it cb·~t
maintained that il i:>already in Any doubtsin them.mtn will be xe:sühby the
fntt.:rnational (\Justkoïbe~li :mih the Federal RcpublorUc:·nnanybas institukd
proc:(;edinag~ri thstItalia:r-:.c ~npuobletion \Vitthe ck:cisio:inFerrini v.
FederulRepublfcof' Gx?nncmand similar case::, ÜJr alkgçcl bofcan international oblig;rtion throu.gh di:;reCi<~nwm cyih·m~;t tojudsdicticmal irnmunîty (i\nne:-;6l
to tlw?\i:risofy.ru~~t CDTc:Il;llc<!lor26 Fcbtuary2010)
Furthennorc .. ·.snotlckn.....he ..~i iH.ron:.H!of the J:>resentçonç::tf.:)o
human righu.,thesignific:::mceot simmunity mustabo be; bornenmind. Ba~. ~.t~ed
of uational couronthe legal situation of foreign spn~vc, ilc sc-curn:·n·fknsion
betwecu süi!(bv en:>ttring n::f\)~;overei lngsnd1Jng,lw\v~: s1teri,nmnüy (kK·s
no1 nde out thre-solutiofc.:cmnictsbapprop:date publintt:nwtionallaw rm::tlwd:s./.\.:.:
knm:vJ.m.ateriadainlsresuli·~··om:ee~ts of'war artradition..:;dtlein int<.~nlationa1
treat airv~lat comprchensivG :;l:ttlementhefcon:~eqtK of~nîlem·y cNJ:i:lict Thh
manner of settlinsud1 daims i:even tk n1ostappropriak having regardtotb~ stx:if!c
natun:of~;u chnilic:t,
Thus althOlJgÜK~padtlcationofSzc:z.ecynbOcnnan ann,;d fiwcewu:;a flagrant
violationf thelaw of \Varand ohurnanitatialaviJnd...thmlap:t>:.~s ptn~rlqx· .:ti·vc
ckarly brçw_:heab~;olu bidiny norms on theprotection of'hum.an rights, proceeding.s
institute~~gai tneFtderal Rtpublic of (1ennareL~. toinigs arisinoutof thm event
call!l()t,in the ligilt c>fthe custornary nonn of public:ll\in Ü))'i..:aet ihe pre:;,-::rll
tinw,b,: ctmsiderexempt horn theprincip!:::;tatejuri.sdîclirnmunityln acc:ordancc~
with the decision otlKEuropean Court t:dHumau Rights, lbJKÔlion does tHJbread1
Artic 6I.o~th•:-En·'-<..a.Co-vent.!.~··HH ....ri,,_::.1.lïOl( b...i iouts•and
that (k;cisi(1ll muabo lx: con"iidercd pertinent on !he basîs Df /\ttic!t ·45,l of ih.:'
Constitrniunsinethe~t~_provisi\)arerss(~nt concurrnt
ln uny t~Ye ttt,j urisdictional immunity cantwi be consid(·red an inadrnissibk
(<.~st ofitetriohnofjudicial acct.wll<:plaintifhave rea:;on atenkÜV(: means
avai.iahk !prot< t;çi~rgbts dlecliwly(seejudgment of theEut{ipcan C'ourtof Human
Righg <lflRT·ebruary 1999 in ff(dte onKcnne(.!;F.(,'erm(my,LE}( No 77226). fbc
ess~:m .C~rlltf1adng so is lo fil(;:a daî mcourthtfÜh ~tntc in \V!Jthebrt<lt:bnf
l,•~··.-••Uo:::,.l.~,.... , F.l'-iJ
E.ecogniiion of ihe ck:t{:nd:mtinHnunitdenote<!lOl··u:tril in1hisnae of
th-l:K'1~ üonJiin (:i;d()'<Vt ihe Cod;~)Cfivil Procedure:·in:ersionp::<~ct cd~ing
Ll\Vof 5 Decnnber 2008 onReYi1~ oithn C\xk of CiviPrch;c dndO ter Lq;·:islmion;
narndy !.i:::sence or juïi:-;d(r::inmluniiy.Thu:> despittütnlruenor th< po~ition
condition..e. te:->i: ~fk:onne~.:ngÙtctor \Vinational jurisdiclion, /ll{})pt3
CCJ? cmmot apply itheinsi::mlc:lst:.court compeknt to hear an anaiogous c;l$<:ursuant to Article 45 CCP, t.:anbet~cçt;p1ccL
'11K 'i< thVttl:Hc]{~s1g of;alociUyncornpdent cour! bytb( ~)npre Crm.tt pur:;ur:.n1!u
i'\Iüc G,·C ..>sll0uklOE~preccc:cù üy exm:nt.nnlnot•t!le cp.Œmwno:nnttorulJuns(!t-::twn,
·~.l.f.--~-...~.."...~.,..J'\•."'~.....'•·.o~._1~-·"'~-,..._L..t'-~:\·""'Ü'tt~-~-..l--~
Snptt;mç Court ckci~i oor3::Aw:{ttst !965. IV CO :20/6lJ-::xNo 5859 and 14 Fdmmry
. . . .... . . .
1985, D CO lJ/85, OSNC 198\ No 12., it; 196), is incorrect andnut uph,~ inprinc:ipk
in pr(:Sfntjurisprucknc:.e.Th(: basi::: rganisatiot)the j udici~.ysk imt;e division of
1
h<~l. ..'".,.,...·t-·)··'\t.·'--•.-·-.,'•. ..._..••_:;·.. - ..-"-.....t.1..-i-~_..i~••~
;;ubicc:i---lhe (:·:-.of rmtiotnljurisdiction in a given cw:e shou1d not b(: tlw wbjee't of a
ckc[~; biaonmdom court but should be d<~dd bydthe courtcDtn{K~ iü :t:niten c-as>:o.
Funhennore, cv~: i.Ü:1:Supreme Court \Vereoblig:;xtoe\:~mh te ~(jl..H o.n:t~:t;i!luoanl
jurisdi<:tion bt::'lôn'(h:sigm<tingthe competent emin~suthof tlmt cxaminaüon çouldnol
be bindi •••n~t~hco:ut des'....cc!ascomm.'1. :inc.thz l~tter bas a d:_to e.~im üline
<tbsoluteprocc:dumco:nditk1nsindependc:ntiy.
Iliollo1.vfrom the presentexmnination UJ C<lssntiutlmt,dc~;p ;iiincorrect
~taü~t on:r;e;:~ntote c;n1eskd (k:t.:i::correspond:·;ith; l;w_~nd that !hep!a:i.ntiiT's
appeal in cns:;ation sbobtid.snh:st:pur:~ tuAnrnce :~y ('CP.::
Annexes