Declaration of Judge Ferrari Bravo (translation)

Document Number
095-19960708-ADV-01-05-EN
Parent Document Number
095-19960708-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE FERRARI BRAVO

[Translation]

1have voted in favour of the present Advisory Opinion on the legality
of nuclear weapons because 1 think it is incumbent upon the Interna-
tional Court of Justice to spare no pains in answering, to the best of its
ability, the questions put to it by such principal organs of the United
Nations as are entitled to seise the Court, particularly when such an
answer may increase the likelihood of resolving a deadlock which, in the
present case, has been perpetuated for over 50 years, casting a sombre,
threatening shadow over the whole of mankind.
The Court, functioning as the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations (Article 92 of the Charter), was set up to do just that - among

other things - and does not have to ask itself whether its reply, givento
the best of its ability,an contribute to the development of the situation.
Neither does it have to justify itself if that reply is less than exhaustive.
1 accordingly subscribe fully to the reasons given in support of the
Court's decision to allow the question put by the General Assembly.
In that regard, it is however necessary to point out that the matter
appears in a quite different light when the Court is seised bya specialized
agency of the United Nations, whose competence to make application to
the Court is, for reasons of principle, clearly defined. 1 accordingly also
voted in favour of the Opinion, given this same day, whereby the Court
decided not to answer the question put to it by the World Health Organi-
zation (Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed

Conj?ict,1. C.J. Reports 1996, p. 87), and consider my conduct to have
been consistent. The Court is the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations, but it is not the judicial organ of other international bodies
whose right to seisethe Court needs to be carefully restricted if the inten-
tion is to maintain a correct division of powers - and hence of effective-
ness - among the international organizations, in a bid to prevent those
political functions that the logic of the system has entrusted only to the
United Nations from being usurped by other organizations which, to say
the least, have neither the power nor the structure to assume them.

Having said this, 1am however deeply dissatisfiedwith certain crucial
passages of the decision as, to tell the truth, it strikes me as not very
courageous and at times rather difficult to read.
More particularly, 1 regret that the Court should have arbitrarily
divided into two categories the long succession of General Assembly
resolutions which begins with resolution 1 (1) of 24 January 1946 andwhich, at least down to resolution 808 (IX), takes the form of a series of
unanimously adopted resolutions. In my view these resolutions are fun-
damental, particularly the first of them, whose wording had already been
determined in Moscow before the United Nations was created (for the
history of the resolution and for the steps taken in Moscow with a view
to entrusting the United Nations with the supervision of atomic energy to
which,.at that time, only the United States had the key see The United

Nations in World Affairs, 1945-1947, 1947,pp. 391 et seq.), and which
could, at a pinch, be placed on the same footing as the provisions of the
Charter. As a matter of fact that resolution establishes - and in my view
clearly establishes- the existence of an actual undertaking of a solemn
nature to eliminate al1atomic weapons whose presence in military arse-
nal~was considered illegal. The resolution was worded as follows:

"5. . . .In particular, the Commission [established by the resolu-
tion] shall make specificproposals :

(c) for the eliminationfrom national armaments of atomic weapons
and of al1other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction."
(Einphasis added.)

These ideaswererepeated on several occasions in other General Assem-
bly resolutions immediately after the founding of the United Nations (see
for example resolution 41 (1)or resolution 191(III)).
1am very well aware that the cold war which broke out shortly after-
wards (and it is not for me to say who was responsible, although 1would
stress that responsibility did not lie with just one side), prevented the
development of that concept of illegality (which was subsequently aban-
doned by the United States which had been its promoter), while giving

rise to a whole series of arguments focusing on the concept of nuclear
deterrence which (and this is important, as we shall see) has no legal
force.
However, in my view that illegality nevertheless already existed and
any production of nuclear weapons had, as a consequence, to bejustified
in the light of that stigma of illegality which could not be effaced. It is,
then, to be regretted that such a conclusion is not clear from the reason-
ing followed by the Court - a reasoning which, on the contrary, is often
difficult to read, tortuous and ultimately rather inadequate.
This apart, it remains to be said that a number of conclusions reached
by the Court arenot reflectedin the results set forth in the operative part.

These are serious lacunae, but can be explained by the difficulty of
obtaining consistent majorities with respect to certain components of the
Advisory Opinion.
It is however important to acknowledge that there is still para-
graph 104of the Advisory Opinion, which introduces the operative part
and whose importance is really crucial. It in fact suggests that the atten-tive reader should evaluate the whole ofthe reasoning given by the Court,
take account of those parts of the reasoning which are not reflected
in the various paragraphs of the operative part and, what is more,
take account of the inevitable gaps in that reasoning. May its readers -
andnot only academics - take heed of this advice while bearing in mind
that an advisory opinion, in spite of the procedural similarities, is not
a judgment of the Court. And this one above all.

To be sure, there is no precise and specificrule that prohibits nuclear
weapons and draws the fullest conclusions from that prohibition. The
theory of deterrence, to which the Advisory Opinion makes no more than
passing reference (para. 96), would have merited further consideration.
1have already said that, in my view,the idea of nuclear deterrence has no
legal validity and 1 would add that the theory of deterrence, while cre-
ating a practice of nuclear-weapon States and their allies, is not able to
create a legalpractice which could serveas the basis for the creation of an

international custom. One might even say that it is contrary to the law, if
one thinks of the effect it has had upon the Charter of the United
Nations.
1will not go so far myself, but feel bound to note that it is thanks to
the doctrine of deterrence that the revolutionary scope of Article 2, para-
graph 4, of the Charter has been reduced, while at the same time the
scope of Article 51, which was traditionally considered as its counter-
point, has been extended as a whole series of conventional constructions
have taken shape around that norm, as can be seenfrom the two systems
governing respectively the Atlantic Alliance on the one hand and on the
other the Warsaw Pact, while it was in existence. These are systems which

are doubtless governed by legal rules but which proceed from an idea
derived essentially from the political- and hence not legal - conclusion
that the Security Council cannot function in the face of a major conflict
as would probably be the type which is the subject of the present Advi-
sorv Opinion.
1t is;n this way that the gulf separating Article 2, paragraph 4, from
Article 51 has widened, as a result also of the great obstacle of deterrence
which has been cast into it. To overcome this gulf a bridge has therefore
had to be built over it, using the materials currently available to us to do
so, namely, Article VI of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

1very much doubt whether these arguments are really endorsed by the
Court, as the very condensed manner in which the Court has chosen to
deal with deterrence does not enable one clearly to understand whether
this is really its view.However, itdoes not allow the exclusionof that pos-
sibilityeither. In any case, the separate or dissentingopinions appended to
the Advisory Opinion (and 1 do not see any great difference between
them) willhelp to shed light upon this point (and upon others, of course). In any case, this is in my viewthe fundamental reason why the Opinion
of the Court is bound to include, in its final part, certainarguments based
upon a clause of a treaty which should not logically begiven a place there
as it is not of a universal character.These arguments are, however, fully
justified by the circumstances in which we now find ourselves, in which
the Non-Proliferation Treaty would seem to be the only means of arriv-

ing rapidly at a solution capable of averting catastrophic consequences.

In conclusion, 1take the viewthat there is as yet no precise and specific
rule prohibiting nuclear weapons and drawing the fullest consequences
from that prohibition.
It is obvious that no such rule could have come into existence in the
political situation that prevailed between 1945 and 1985. However,
1would point out that al1the rules produced over the last 50 years, par-
ticularly with regard to the humanitarian law of armed conflict, are irre-

concilable with the technological development of the construction of
nuclear weapons. Can one, for example, imagine that just as humanitar-
ian law, an essential and increasingly significant part of the international
law of warfare and (of late) of peace as well, is bringing into being a
whole series of principles for the protection of the civilian population or
the environment, that same international law should continue to accom-
modate the lawfulness of, for example, the use of the neutron bomb,
which leaves the environment intact, albeit with the "'sight" drawback
that the people living in it are wiped out! If that is the case, it matters
little whether a rule specificto the neutron bomb can be found, since it
becomes automatically unlawful as being quite out of keeping with the

majority of the rules of international law.
This phenomenon is not new, as at every period in its development,
since the beginning of the modern era, international law which is essen-
tially a customary law - and hence has come into beingspontaneously -
has encountered situations in which the force of certain rules prevented
contrary rules from being established or maintained.
Al1 these considerations are unfortunately obscured, in the Court's
Advisory Opinion, by its fear of engaging in a courageous analysis of the
development over time of the General Assembly resolutions which, only
from a certain period (around the 1960s), occasioned certain clear-cut
divisions between nuclear-weapon States (and their allies) and those
States that were threatened by the bomb.

1 would point out once again that the fact that a rule prohibiting
nuclear weapons began to take shape right at the beginning of the life of
the United Nations does not mean that the development of that tendency
and, as a consequence, the development of its propulsive force, were not
cut short at the time when the two principal Powers, both in possession
of nuclear weapons, embarked on the cold war and developed a wholebodv of instruments - even treaties and conventions - that were

focgsed upon the idea of deterrence. However, this only prevented the
implementation of the prohibition (that could only be achieved by means
of negotiations), whereas the prohibition as such - the "naked" prohibi-
tion, if1may expressmyselfthus - has remained the same and still oper-
ates, at least as regards the burden of proof, rendering it more difficult
for the nuclear-weapon States to justify themselves by references to vari-

ous applications of the theory of deterrence which, as 1said before, is not
a legal theory.
In other words, one must, by a legal instrument (the agreement) ward
off the danger of an entity - the atomic weapon - which as such has
nothing legal about it, without its being possible, in any given case, to
verify whether the proposed solutions hold good or not. Such a verifica-
tion would require the explosion of the bomb. But would that verification

still be meaningful, in that event?
This element of normative imbalance between the reasons advanced by
the nuclear-weapon States and those advanced by the non-nuclear-
weapon States should and could have been placed on record by the Court
carefullv. rather than in the sometimes contradictorv manner in which it
is percei4ed in the Advisory Opinion.

(Signed) L. FERRARB IRAVO.

Bilingual Content

DÉCLARATION DE M. FERRARI BRAVO

J'ai votéen faveur du présent avis consultatif sur la licéitédes armes
nucléaires parce queje pense qu'il estdu devoir de la Cour internationale
de Justice de n'épargner aucun effort pour répondre au mieux aux ques-
tions que lui posent les organes principaux des Nations Unies habilités à
la saisir, surtout lorsqu'une telle réponse peut augmenter les possibilités
de sortir d'une impasse qui, dans le cas actuel, perdure depuis plus de
cinquante ans en faisant peser une ombre triste et menaçante sur l'huma-
nitétout entière.
Dans sa fonction d'organe judiciaire principal des Nations Unies (ar-
ticle92 de la Charte), la Cour a été, entre autres,crééjeustement pour cela
et elle ne doit pas se demander si sa réponse,au mieux de ce qu'elle peut

faire, pourra contribuer à l'évolution de lasituation. Elle n'a pas non
plus à sejustifier si sa réponse n'estpas exhaustive. Je souscris par consé-
quent pleinement aux motifs qui étayentla décision prisepar la Cour de
faire droità la demande de l'Assembléegénérale.
A ce propos, il est toutefois nécessairede dire que la question se pré-
sente sous un angle tout à fait différent lorsque la saisineprovient d'une
institution spécialisdesNations Unies, dont la compétencepour s'adres-
ser à la Cour est, pour des raisons de principe, bien délimitée.J'ai, par-
tant, voté aussien faveur de l'avis, donné ce mêmejour, par lequel la
Cour décidede ne pas répondre à la demande de l'organisation mondiale
de la Santéet je trouve qu'il y a de la logique dans ce comportement
(Licéitéde l'utilisation des armes nucléairespar un Etat dans un conflit

armé, C.I.J. Recueil 1996, p. 87). La Cour, en effet, est l'organe judi-
ciaire principal des Nations Unies, mais elle ne l'est pas d'autres organi-
sations internationales dont le droit de la saisir demandeà êtresoigneu-
sementlimitési l'on veut conserver un partage correct de compétences -
et, donc, d'efficacit- entre organismes internationaux, en évitantque
des fonctions politiques, que la logique du systèmea confiées seulement
aux Nations Unies, soient usurpées par d'autres organisations qui, pour
ne rien dire d'autre, n'ont ni la compétence, ni la structure pour ce faire.

Cela dit, je reste toutefois fort insatisfait quantrtains passages cru-

ciaux de la décisioncar elle me semble, pour dire la vérité,peu coura-
geuse et parfois de lecture difficile.
Notamment, je regrette que la Cour ait arbitrairement réparti en deux
catégories la longue ligne des résolutions de l'Assembléegénéralequi
commence par la résolution 1 (1)du 24janvier 1946et qui, au moins jus- DECLARATION OF JUDGE FERRARI BRAVO

[Translation]

1have voted in favour of the present Advisory Opinion on the legality
of nuclear weapons because 1 think it is incumbent upon the Interna-
tional Court of Justice to spare no pains in answering, to the best of its
ability, the questions put to it by such principal organs of the United
Nations as are entitled to seise the Court, particularly when such an
answer may increase the likelihood of resolving a deadlock which, in the
present case, has been perpetuated for over 50 years, casting a sombre,
threatening shadow over the whole of mankind.
The Court, functioning as the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations (Article 92 of the Charter), was set up to do just that - among

other things - and does not have to ask itself whether its reply, givento
the best of its ability,an contribute to the development of the situation.
Neither does it have to justify itself if that reply is less than exhaustive.
1 accordingly subscribe fully to the reasons given in support of the
Court's decision to allow the question put by the General Assembly.
In that regard, it is however necessary to point out that the matter
appears in a quite different light when the Court is seised bya specialized
agency of the United Nations, whose competence to make application to
the Court is, for reasons of principle, clearly defined. 1 accordingly also
voted in favour of the Opinion, given this same day, whereby the Court
decided not to answer the question put to it by the World Health Organi-
zation (Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed

Conj?ict,1. C.J. Reports 1996, p. 87), and consider my conduct to have
been consistent. The Court is the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations, but it is not the judicial organ of other international bodies
whose right to seisethe Court needs to be carefully restricted if the inten-
tion is to maintain a correct division of powers - and hence of effective-
ness - among the international organizations, in a bid to prevent those
political functions that the logic of the system has entrusted only to the
United Nations from being usurped by other organizations which, to say
the least, have neither the power nor the structure to assume them.

Having said this, 1am however deeply dissatisfiedwith certain crucial
passages of the decision as, to tell the truth, it strikes me as not very
courageous and at times rather difficult to read.
More particularly, 1 regret that the Court should have arbitrarily
divided into two categories the long succession of General Assembly
resolutions which begins with resolution 1 (1) of 24 January 1946 andqu'à la résolution808 (IX), se présente sousla forme d'une sériede réso-
lutions adoptées à l'unanimité.Je pense que ces résolutions sont fonda-
mentales; tel est le cas surtout de la première,dont le libelléavait déjàété
arrêté à Moscou avant la créationdes Nations Unies (pour l'histoire de la
résolution ainsi que pour les démarches entreprises àMoscou en vue de
confier aux Nations Unies le contrôle de l'énergieatomique dont, à ce
moment là, seuls les Etats-Unis d'Amérique possédaienltes clés,voir The
UnitedNations in WorldAffairs, 1945-1947, 1947,p. 391 et suiv.), et qui

pourrait, à la rigueur, êtreassimiléeaux stipulations de la Charte. Elle
démontre en effet, et à mon avis clairement, l'existence d'un véritable
engagement solennel d'éliminertoute arme atomique dont la présence
dans les arsenaux militaires étaitjugée illicite.La résolution disait ceci:

((5. ...En particulier, la Commission [établiepar la résolution]
présentedes propositions déterminéesen vue:
.............................

c) d'éliminer, desarmements nationaux, les armes atomiques et
toutes autres armes importantes permettant des destructions
massives. » (Les italiques sont de moi.)

Ces idéesont été répétéesà plusieurs reprises dans d'autres résolutions
de l'Assemblée généraliemmédiatement après la création des Nations
Unies (voir par exemple la résolution41 (1)ou la résolution 191 (III)).
Je sais très bienquela guerre froide intervenue peu après (et dont il ne
m'appartient pas de désigner lesresponsables, tout en soulignant qu'ils
ne se trouvent pas dans un seul camp) a empêché ledéveloppementde
cette notion d'illicéi(abandonnéepar la suite par les Etats-Unis, qui en
avaient étéles promoteurs), en suscitant l'apparition de toute une série

d'argumentations tournant autour du concept de dissuasion nucléairequi
n'a (et c'est important, comme on le verra ci-après) aucune valeurjuri-
dique.
Mais, à mon avis, il reste que l'illicéité existt éjàet que toute pro-
duction d'armes nucléairesdevait, par conséquent, se justijïer au vu de
cette tache noire d'illicéique l'on ne pouvait pas effacer. On doit par
conséquent déplorerqu'une telle conclusion ne ressorte pas clairement du
raisonnement de la Cour auA ,au contraire. est souvent d'une lecturecom-
pliquée, sinueuse,et finalement peu efficace.
Cela mis à part, il resteà dire qu'un certain nombre de conclusions
auxquelles la Cour est arrivéene sont pas reflétéesdans les résultatsdont

il est fait état dans le dispositif. Ce sont des lacunes graves, mais elles
s'expliquent par la difficultéde former, sur certainescomposantes du pré-
sent avis consultatif, des majorités cohérentes.
Il est toutefois important de reconnaître qu'il reste le paragraphe 104
de l'avis, introductif au dispositif, dont l'importance est vraiment cru-
ciale.Il suggère en effetau lecteur attentif d'évaluerdans son ensemble lewhich, at least down to resolution 808 (IX), takes the form of a series of
unanimously adopted resolutions. In my view these resolutions are fun-
damental, particularly the first of them, whose wording had already been
determined in Moscow before the United Nations was created (for the
history of the resolution and for the steps taken in Moscow with a view
to entrusting the United Nations with the supervision of atomic energy to
which,.at that time, only the United States had the key see The United

Nations in World Affairs, 1945-1947, 1947,pp. 391 et seq.), and which
could, at a pinch, be placed on the same footing as the provisions of the
Charter. As a matter of fact that resolution establishes - and in my view
clearly establishes- the existence of an actual undertaking of a solemn
nature to eliminate al1atomic weapons whose presence in military arse-
nal~was considered illegal. The resolution was worded as follows:

"5. . . .In particular, the Commission [established by the resolu-
tion] shall make specificproposals :

(c) for the eliminationfrom national armaments of atomic weapons
and of al1other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction."
(Einphasis added.)

These ideaswererepeated on several occasions in other General Assem-
bly resolutions immediately after the founding of the United Nations (see
for example resolution 41 (1)or resolution 191(III)).
1am very well aware that the cold war which broke out shortly after-
wards (and it is not for me to say who was responsible, although 1would
stress that responsibility did not lie with just one side), prevented the
development of that concept of illegality (which was subsequently aban-
doned by the United States which had been its promoter), while giving

rise to a whole series of arguments focusing on the concept of nuclear
deterrence which (and this is important, as we shall see) has no legal
force.
However, in my view that illegality nevertheless already existed and
any production of nuclear weapons had, as a consequence, to bejustified
in the light of that stigma of illegality which could not be effaced. It is,
then, to be regretted that such a conclusion is not clear from the reason-
ing followed by the Court - a reasoning which, on the contrary, is often
difficult to read, tortuous and ultimately rather inadequate.
This apart, it remains to be said that a number of conclusions reached
by the Court arenot reflectedin the results set forth in the operative part.

These are serious lacunae, but can be explained by the difficulty of
obtaining consistent majorities with respect to certain components of the
Advisory Opinion.
It is however important to acknowledge that there is still para-
graph 104of the Advisory Opinion, which introduces the operative part
and whose importance is really crucial. It in fact suggests that the atten-284 MENACE OUEMPLOI D'ARMESNUCLÉAIRES (DÉCL ERRARI BRAVO)

raisonnement fait par la Cour, de tenir compte de ces parties du raison-
nement qui ne sont pas reflétéesdans des passages du dispositif et, qui
plus est, de se rendre compte des inévitableslacunes du raisonnement.
Que les lecteurs, et pas seulement les universitaires, en profitent en gar-
dant àl'esprit qu'un avis consultatif, malgré les similitudes procédurales,
n'est pas un arrêt.Et celui-ci surtout.

Certes, il n'existepas une règle précise et spécifieui interdise l'arme
atomique et qui tire toutes les conséquences de cette interdiction. La
théorie de la dissuasion, à laquelle l'avis consultatif ne réservequ'une
rapide mention (surtout au paragraphe 96), aurait mérité quelquesconsi-
dérationssupplémentaires. J'ai déjàdit qu'à mon avis l'idéede dissuasion
nucléairen'a aucune valeur juridique et j'ajoute que la théorie dela dis-
suasion, tout en créant unepratique des Etats nucléaires etde leurs alliés,
n'est pas en mesure de créerune pratique juridique sur laquelle fonder le
début de création d'une coutume internationale. On pourrait arriver à

dire que 1'011est en présenced'un anti-droit, si on pense aux effets qu'elle
a eus sur la Charte des Nations Unies.
Je ne vais pas jusque-là, mais je ne peux m'empêcherde constater que
c'est grâceà la doctrine de la dissuasion que la portée révolutionnaire de
l'article2, paragraphe 4, de la Charte s'est réduite,alors que parallèle-
ment la portée de l'article1,qui en étaitle contrepoint selon une logique
traditionnelle, s'est étendueavec la formation autour de cette norme de
toute une sériede constructions conventionnelles. comme le montrent les
deux systèmes régissant respectivement l'Allianceatlantique d'une part
et, pendant sa duréed'existence, le pacte de Varsovie. Ce sont des sys-
tèmesqui sans doute sont régispar des règlesjuridiques mais qui procè-

dent d'une idéequi relève essentiellementd'un constat politique, donc non
juridique, qui consisteà prendre acte du fait que le Conseil de sécurité ne
peut pas fonctionner face à un conflit majeur, comme le serait le cas
échéantcelui qui fait l'objet du présent avisconsultatif.
Voici comment la rivièrequi séparel'article 2, paragraphe 4, de l'ar-
ticle51 s'estélargie grâce aussà l'énorme caillou de la dissuasionqu'on a
jeté dedans. Et cela a entraîné la nécessitépour enjamber la rivière de
jeter un pont et, pour ce faire, d'utiliser les matériaux dont nous dispo-
sons maintenant, à savoir l'article VI du traité sur la non-prolifération
nucléaire.
J'ai de forts doutes sur le point de savoir si ces développements sont
réellementpartagéspar la Cour, car la manière trèsramassée quela Cour

a choisie pour traiter de la dissuasion ne permet pas de bien comprendre
si tel est réellement l'avis dela Cour. Mais ellene permet pas non plus de
l'exclure. En tout cas les opinions individuelles ou dissidentes jointesà
l'avis (je ne vois pas une grande différenceentre les unes et les autres)
contribueront à éclairerce point (ainsi que d'autres, bien entendu).tive reader should evaluate the whole ofthe reasoning given by the Court,
take account of those parts of the reasoning which are not reflected
in the various paragraphs of the operative part and, what is more,
take account of the inevitable gaps in that reasoning. May its readers -
andnot only academics - take heed of this advice while bearing in mind
that an advisory opinion, in spite of the procedural similarities, is not
a judgment of the Court. And this one above all.

To be sure, there is no precise and specificrule that prohibits nuclear
weapons and draws the fullest conclusions from that prohibition. The
theory of deterrence, to which the Advisory Opinion makes no more than
passing reference (para. 96), would have merited further consideration.
1have already said that, in my view,the idea of nuclear deterrence has no
legal validity and 1 would add that the theory of deterrence, while cre-
ating a practice of nuclear-weapon States and their allies, is not able to
create a legalpractice which could serveas the basis for the creation of an

international custom. One might even say that it is contrary to the law, if
one thinks of the effect it has had upon the Charter of the United
Nations.
1will not go so far myself, but feel bound to note that it is thanks to
the doctrine of deterrence that the revolutionary scope of Article 2, para-
graph 4, of the Charter has been reduced, while at the same time the
scope of Article 51, which was traditionally considered as its counter-
point, has been extended as a whole series of conventional constructions
have taken shape around that norm, as can be seenfrom the two systems
governing respectively the Atlantic Alliance on the one hand and on the
other the Warsaw Pact, while it was in existence. These are systems which

are doubtless governed by legal rules but which proceed from an idea
derived essentially from the political- and hence not legal - conclusion
that the Security Council cannot function in the face of a major conflict
as would probably be the type which is the subject of the present Advi-
sorv Opinion.
1t is;n this way that the gulf separating Article 2, paragraph 4, from
Article 51 has widened, as a result also of the great obstacle of deterrence
which has been cast into it. To overcome this gulf a bridge has therefore
had to be built over it, using the materials currently available to us to do
so, namely, Article VI of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

1very much doubt whether these arguments are really endorsed by the
Court, as the very condensed manner in which the Court has chosen to
deal with deterrence does not enable one clearly to understand whether
this is really its view.However, itdoes not allow the exclusionof that pos-
sibilityeither. In any case, the separate or dissentingopinions appended to
the Advisory Opinion (and 1 do not see any great difference between
them) willhelp to shed light upon this point (and upon others, of course).285 MENACE OU EMPLOI D'ARMES NUCLÉAIRES (DÉCL .ERRARI BRAVO)

De toute façon, telle est à mes yeux la raison fondamentale pour
laquelle l'avis de la Cour est obligé de contenir, dans sa partie finale, des
développements fondés surune clause d'un traitéqui, n'étantpas univer-
sel, ne devrait pas en bonne logique y figurer. Mais ces développements
sont tout àfait justifiéspar la situation dans laquelle nous nous trouvons,
où le traité sur la non-prolifération des armes nucléaires se présente
comme le seul moyen pour arriver rapidement à une solution qui puisse
prévenir des conséquencescatastrophiques.

En conclusion, je pense qu'une règle précise et spécifiquqeui interdise
l'arme atomique et qui tire toutes les conséquences de cette interdiction
n'existe pas encore.
Il est évidentque dans la situation politique des années qui vont de
1945 à 1985 une telle règle n'aurait pas pu se former. Mais, dirais-je,
l'ensemble de la production normative des dernières cinquante années,
surtout en matière du droit humanitaire de la guerre, est quand même
inconciliable avec le développement technologique de la construction

d'armes nucléaires.Peut-on, par exemple, s'imaginer qu'au moment où le
droit humanitaire, partie essentielle et toujours plus importante du droit
de la guerre et (depuis peu) aussi de la paix, engendre toute une sériede
principes pour la protection de la population civileou pour la sauvegarde
de l'environnement, ce mêmedroit international continue d'abriter en
son sein la licéipar exemple de l'usage de la bombe à neutrons qui laisse
intact l'environnement mais ..seulement avec la «petite» conséquence de
l'anéantissement dela population! Sitel est le cas, peu importe de trouver
une norme spécifiquesur la bombe àneutrons car elle devient automati-
quement illicite par contraste avec la majoritédes règlesdu droit interna-
tional.

Ce phénomène n'estpas nouveau, car à toute époque de son dévelop-
pement, dès ledébut del'ère moderne,le droit international qui est essen-
tiellement un droit coutumier, donc deformation spontanée,a connu des
situations où la force de certaines règlesempêchaitles règlescontraires de
s'établirou de se maintenir.
Tout cela a été malheureusement obscurcidans l'avisde la Cour par la
crainte d'analyser courageusement l'évolution dans le temps des réso-
lutions de l'Assembléegénérale qui, seulement à partir d'une certaine
époque (aux alentours des années soixante), ont provoqué l'apparition
de clivagesnets entre Etats nucléaires(et leurs alliés)et Etats menacéspar
la bombe.

Je répète:le fait qu'une règleinterdisant l'arme nucléaireait commencé
à se former au débutde la vie des Nations Unies n'empêchepas que le
développement de cette formation et, par conséquent, le développement
de sa force propulsive aient été arrêtéasu moment où les deux principales
puissances, toutes les deux dotées de l'arme nucléaire,sont entréesdans
la guerre froide et ont développétout un instrumentaire, même conven- In any case, this is in my viewthe fundamental reason why the Opinion
of the Court is bound to include, in its final part, certainarguments based
upon a clause of a treaty which should not logically begiven a place there
as it is not of a universal character.These arguments are, however, fully
justified by the circumstances in which we now find ourselves, in which
the Non-Proliferation Treaty would seem to be the only means of arriv-

ing rapidly at a solution capable of averting catastrophic consequences.

In conclusion, 1take the viewthat there is as yet no precise and specific
rule prohibiting nuclear weapons and drawing the fullest consequences
from that prohibition.
It is obvious that no such rule could have come into existence in the
political situation that prevailed between 1945 and 1985. However,
1would point out that al1the rules produced over the last 50 years, par-
ticularly with regard to the humanitarian law of armed conflict, are irre-

concilable with the technological development of the construction of
nuclear weapons. Can one, for example, imagine that just as humanitar-
ian law, an essential and increasingly significant part of the international
law of warfare and (of late) of peace as well, is bringing into being a
whole series of principles for the protection of the civilian population or
the environment, that same international law should continue to accom-
modate the lawfulness of, for example, the use of the neutron bomb,
which leaves the environment intact, albeit with the "'sight" drawback
that the people living in it are wiped out! If that is the case, it matters
little whether a rule specificto the neutron bomb can be found, since it
becomes automatically unlawful as being quite out of keeping with the

majority of the rules of international law.
This phenomenon is not new, as at every period in its development,
since the beginning of the modern era, international law which is essen-
tially a customary law - and hence has come into beingspontaneously -
has encountered situations in which the force of certain rules prevented
contrary rules from being established or maintained.
Al1 these considerations are unfortunately obscured, in the Court's
Advisory Opinion, by its fear of engaging in a courageous analysis of the
development over time of the General Assembly resolutions which, only
from a certain period (around the 1960s), occasioned certain clear-cut
divisions between nuclear-weapon States (and their allies) and those
States that were threatened by the bomb.

1 would point out once again that the fact that a rule prohibiting
nuclear weapons began to take shape right at the beginning of the life of
the United Nations does not mean that the development of that tendency
and, as a consequence, the development of its propulsive force, were not
cut short at the time when the two principal Powers, both in possession
of nuclear weapons, embarked on the cold war and developed a wholetionnel, centré autour de l'idéede la dissuasion. Mais cela a seulement
empêché la mise en ct.uvrede l'interdiction (qu'on est forcéd'obtenir par
voie de négociation) alors que l'interdiction en tant que telle, l'interdic-
tion ((toute nue», si je peux m'exprimer ainsi, est demeuréeen l'étatet
produit toujours ses effets, au moins au niveau du fardeau de la preuve,
en rendant plus difficile aux puissances nucléairesde se justifier dans le
cadre de maintes applications de la théorie de la dissuasion qui, je le
répète,n'estpas une théorie juridique.

En d'autres termes, on doit, par un instrument juridique (l'accord)
parer au danger d'une entité, l'armenucléaire,qui, en soi, n'a rien dejuri-
dique sans qu'il soit possible, dans un cas d'espèce,de vérifier siles solu-
tions esquisséestiennent ou ne tiennent pas. Une telle vérificationdeman-
derait l'explosion de la bombe. Mais, alors, la vérification aurait-elle
encore un sens?
Cet élémentde déséquilibrenormatif entre les raisons des Etats nu-

cléaires etcellesdes Etatsnon nucléairesdevait et pouvait êtresoigneuse-
ment enregistrépar la Cour et non pas de la façon parfois contradictoire
sous laquelle il est perçu dans l'avis consultatif.

(Signé) L. FERRARB I RAVO.bodv of instruments - even treaties and conventions - that were

focgsed upon the idea of deterrence. However, this only prevented the
implementation of the prohibition (that could only be achieved by means
of negotiations), whereas the prohibition as such - the "naked" prohibi-
tion, if1may expressmyselfthus - has remained the same and still oper-
ates, at least as regards the burden of proof, rendering it more difficult
for the nuclear-weapon States to justify themselves by references to vari-

ous applications of the theory of deterrence which, as 1said before, is not
a legal theory.
In other words, one must, by a legal instrument (the agreement) ward
off the danger of an entity - the atomic weapon - which as such has
nothing legal about it, without its being possible, in any given case, to
verify whether the proposed solutions hold good or not. Such a verifica-
tion would require the explosion of the bomb. But would that verification

still be meaningful, in that event?
This element of normative imbalance between the reasons advanced by
the nuclear-weapon States and those advanced by the non-nuclear-
weapon States should and could have been placed on record by the Court
carefullv. rather than in the sometimes contradictorv manner in which it
is percei4ed in the Advisory Opinion.

(Signed) L. FERRARB IRAVO.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Ferrari Bravo (translation)

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