Declaration of Judge Vereshchetin

Document Number
095-19960708-ADV-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
095-19960708-ADV-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE VERESHCHETIN

The reply of the Court, in my view, adequately reflectsthe current legal
situation and gives some indication for the further development of the
international law applicable in armed conflict.
However, 1find myself obliged to explain the reasons which have led
me to vote in favour of paragraph 2E of the dispositif, which carries the
implication of the indecisiveness of the Court and indirectly admits the
existence of a "grey area" in the present regulation of the matter.
The proponents of the view that a court should be prohibited from
declaring non liquet regard this prohibition as a corollary of the concept
of the "completeness" of the legal system. Those among their number

who do not deny the existence of gaps in substantive international law
consider that it is the obligation of the Court in a concrete case to fillthe
gap and thus, by reference to a general legal principle or by way ofjudi-
cial law-creation, to provide for the "completeness" of the legal system.

On the other hand, there is a strong doctrinal view that the alleged
"prohibition" on a declaration of a non liquet "may not be fully sustained
by any evidence yet offered" (J. Stone, "Non Liquet and the Function of
Law in the International Community", The British Year Book of Inter-
national Law, 1959,p. 145).In his book devoted specificallyto the prob-
lems of lacunae in international law, L. Siorat comes to the conclusion
that in certain cases a court is obliged to declare a non liquet (Le
problème des lacunes en droit intevnational, 1958,p. 189).

In critically assessing the importance for Our case of the doctrinal
debate on the issue of non liquet, one cannot lose sight of the fact that the
debate has concerned predominantly, if not exclusively, the admissibility

or otherwise of non liquet in a contentious procedure in which the Court
is called upon to pronounce a binding, definite decision settling the dis-
pute between the parties. Even in those cases, the possibility of declaring
a non liquet was not excluded by certain authoritative publicists, although
this view could not be convincingly supported by arbitral and judicial
practice.
In the present case, however, the Court is engaged in advisory pro-
cedure. It is requested not to resolve an actual dispute between actual
parties, but to state the law as it finds it at the present stage of itsel-
opment. Nothing in the question put to the Court or in the written and
oral pleadings by the States before itcan be interpreted as a request to fill
the gaps, should any be found, in the present status of the law on the
matter. On the contrary, several States specifically stated that the Court"is not being asked to be a legislator, or to fashion a régimefor nuclear
disarmament" (Samoa, CR95131, p. 34) and that "[tlhe Court would be
neither speculating nor legislating, but elucidating the law as it exists and
is understood by it . .." (Egypt, CR95123, pp. 32-33; see also the oral
statement of Malaysia, CR95127, p. 52.)

Even had the Court been asked to fill the gaps, it would have had to
refuse to assume the burden of law-creation, which in general should not
be the function of the Court. In advisory procedure, where the Court
finds a lacuna in the law or finds the law to be imperfect, it ought merely
to state this without trying tofillthe lacuna or improve the law by way of
judicial legislation. The Court cannot be blamed for indecisiveness or
evasiveness where the law, upon which it is called to pronounce, is itself
inconclusive. Even less warranted would be any allegation of the Court's
indecisiveness or evasiveness in this particular Opinion, which gives an
unequivocal, albeit non-exhaustive, answer to the question put to the
Court.

In its reply the Court clearly holds that the threat or use of nuclear
weapons would fa11within the ambit of the prohibitions and severe
restrictions imposed by the United Nations Charter and a number of
other multilateral treaties and specificundertakings as well as by custom-
ary rules and principles of the law of armed conflict.Moreover, the Court
found that the threat or use of nuclear weapons "would generally be con-
trary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, and in
particular the principles and rules of humanitarian law" (Opinion,
para. 105(2) E). It is plausible that by inference, implication or analogy,
the Court (and this is what some States in their written and oral state-
ments had exhorted it to do) could have deduced from the aforesaid a
general rule comprehensively proscribing the threat or use of nuclear
weapons, without leaving room for any "grey area", even an exceptional
one.
The Court could not, however, ignore several important considera-
tions which debarred it from embarking upon this road. Apart from
those which have been expounded in the reasoning part of the Opinion,

1 would like to add the following. The very States that called on the
Court to display courage and perform its "historical mission7',insisted
that the Court should remain within itsjudicial function and should not
act as a legislator, requested that the Court state the law as itis and not
as it should be. Secondly, the Court could not but notice the fact that, in
the past, al1the existing prohibitions on the use of other weapons of mass
destruction (biological,chemical), as wellas specialrestrictions on nuclear
weapons, had been established by way of specificinternational treaties or
separate treaty provisions, which undoubtedly point to the course of
action chosen by the international community as most appropriate for
the total prohibition on the use and eventual elimination of weapons of
mass destruction. And thirdly, the Court must be concerned about theauthority and effectiveness of the "deduced" general rule with respect to
the matter on which the States are so fundamentally divided.

Significantly, even such a strong proponent of the "completeness" of
international law and the inadmissibility of non liquet as H. Lauterpacht

observes that, in certain circumstances, the
"apparent indecision [of the International Court of Justice], which
leaves room for discretion on the part of the organ which requested
the Opinion, may - both as a matter of development of the law and

as aguide to action - be preferable to a deceptive clarity which fails
to give an indication of the inherent complexities of the issue. In so
far as the decisions of the Court are an expression of existing inter-
national law - whether customary or conventional - they cannot
but reflect the occasional obscurity or inconclusiveness ofa defective
legal system." (The Development of International Law by the Inter-
national Court, reprinted ed., 1982,p. 152; emphasis added.)

In my view, the case in hand presents a good example of an instance
where the absolute clarity of the Opinion would be "deceptive" and
where, on the other hand, its partial "apparent indecision" may prove
useful "as a guide to action".
If1may be allowed the comparison, the construction of the solid edi-

fice for the total prohibition on the use of nuclear weapons is not yet
complete. This, however, is not because of the lack of building materials,
but rather because of the unwillingness and objections of a sizeable
number of the builders of this edifice.If this future edificeis to withstand
the test of time and the vagaries of the international climate, it is the
States themselves - rather than the Court with its limited building
resources - that must shoulder the burden of bringing the construction
process to completion. At the same time, the Court has clearly shown
that the edifice of the total prohibition on the threat or use of nuclear
weapons is being constructed and a great deal has already been achieved.

The Court has also shown that the most appropriate means for putting
an end to the existence of any "grey areas" in the legal status of nuclear
weapons would be "nuclear disarmament in al1its aspects under strict
and effective international control". Accordingly, the Court has found
that there exists an obligation of States to pursue in good faith and bring
to a conclusion negotiations leading to this supreme goal.

(Signedj Vladlen S. VERESHCHETIN.

Bilingual Content

DECLARATION OF JUDGE VERESHCHETIN

The reply of the Court, in my view, adequately reflectsthe current legal
situation and gives some indication for the further development of the
international law applicable in armed conflict.
However, 1find myself obliged to explain the reasons which have led
me to vote in favour of paragraph 2E of the dispositif, which carries the
implication of the indecisiveness of the Court and indirectly admits the
existence of a "grey area" in the present regulation of the matter.
The proponents of the view that a court should be prohibited from
declaring non liquet regard this prohibition as a corollary of the concept
of the "completeness" of the legal system. Those among their number

who do not deny the existence of gaps in substantive international law
consider that it is the obligation of the Court in a concrete case to fillthe
gap and thus, by reference to a general legal principle or by way ofjudi-
cial law-creation, to provide for the "completeness" of the legal system.

On the other hand, there is a strong doctrinal view that the alleged
"prohibition" on a declaration of a non liquet "may not be fully sustained
by any evidence yet offered" (J. Stone, "Non Liquet and the Function of
Law in the International Community", The British Year Book of Inter-
national Law, 1959,p. 145).In his book devoted specificallyto the prob-
lems of lacunae in international law, L. Siorat comes to the conclusion
that in certain cases a court is obliged to declare a non liquet (Le
problème des lacunes en droit intevnational, 1958,p. 189).

In critically assessing the importance for Our case of the doctrinal
debate on the issue of non liquet, one cannot lose sight of the fact that the
debate has concerned predominantly, if not exclusively, the admissibility

or otherwise of non liquet in a contentious procedure in which the Court
is called upon to pronounce a binding, definite decision settling the dis-
pute between the parties. Even in those cases, the possibility of declaring
a non liquet was not excluded by certain authoritative publicists, although
this view could not be convincingly supported by arbitral and judicial
practice.
In the present case, however, the Court is engaged in advisory pro-
cedure. It is requested not to resolve an actual dispute between actual
parties, but to state the law as it finds it at the present stage of itsel-
opment. Nothing in the question put to the Court or in the written and
oral pleadings by the States before itcan be interpreted as a request to fill
the gaps, should any be found, in the present status of the law on the
matter. On the contrary, several States specifically stated that the Court[ Traduction]

La réponse dela Cour traduit bien, à mon sens, la situation juridique
actuelle et donne une indication sur l'évolutiondu droit international
applicable dans les conflits armés.
Je me vois cependant dans l'obligation d'exposer lesraisons qui m'ont

amené à voter en faveur du paragraphe 2 E du dispositif, qui laisse sup-
poser l'indécisionde la Cour et reconnaît indirectement qu'il existeune
«zone grise» dans la manièredont elle s'estprononcéesur la question.
Ceux qui considèrent qu'il devrait être interdàtun tribunal de décla-
rer un non liquet tiennent cette interdiction pour un corollaire du concept
de ((complétude))de l'ordre juridique. Ceux qui, parmi eux, ne nient pas
l'existencede lacunes dans le droit international positif considèrentque la
Cour doit, dans une affaire déterminée, comblerles lacunes et assurer
ainsi la «complétude» de l'ordre juridique, soit en se référant un prin-
cipe généralde droit soit en procédant à une création judiciaire du
droit.
En revanche, une grande partie de la doctrine soutient que la préten-
due ((interdiction)) de prononcer un non liquet «n'est peut-être pasplei-
nement étayéepar les élémentsde preuve apportésjusqu'ici)) (J. Stone,

«Non liquet and the Function of Law in the International Community »,
The British YearBook of International Law, 1959,p. 145).Dans l'ouvrage
qu'il a spécialementconsacréaux problèmes que posent les lacunes en
droit international, L. Siorat parvient la conclusion que, dans certains
cas, lejuge est obligéde prononcer un non liquet (Le problème des lacu-
nes en droit international, 1958,p. 189).
Pour évaluer de façon critique l'importance que présenteen l'espècele
débat doctrinal sur la question dunon liquet il ne faut pas perdre de vue
que ce débata porté avant tout, mais pas exclusivement d'ailleurs, sur le
point de savoir si unnon liquet est admissible dans une procédure conten-
tieuse où la Cour est invitéeàprendre une décisionobligatoire et défini-
tive pour réglerun différendentre les parties. Mêmedans ces cas-là, la
possibilitéde déclarerun non liquet n'est pas exclue par certains auteurs

faisant autorité,bien que l'on n'ait pu invoquer de façon convaincante la
pratique arbitrale et judiciaire l'appui de cette opinion.
En l'espèce,cependant,la Cour est engagéedans une procédureconsul-
tative. On ne lui demande pas de résoudreun véritabledifférendentre de
véritablesparties mais de dire le droit tel qu'elle leperçoit au stade actuel
de son développement. Riendans la question posée à la Cour ni dans les
exposés écritset oraux que les Etats ont présentésdevant elle ne saurait
être interprété comme und eemande tendant à ce qu'elle comble les la-
cunes éventuelles qu'ilpourrait y avoir dans le droit actuel régissantla"is not being asked to be a legislator, or to fashion a régimefor nuclear
disarmament" (Samoa, CR95131, p. 34) and that "[tlhe Court would be
neither speculating nor legislating, but elucidating the law as it exists and
is understood by it . .." (Egypt, CR95123, pp. 32-33; see also the oral
statement of Malaysia, CR95127, p. 52.)

Even had the Court been asked to fill the gaps, it would have had to
refuse to assume the burden of law-creation, which in general should not
be the function of the Court. In advisory procedure, where the Court
finds a lacuna in the law or finds the law to be imperfect, it ought merely
to state this without trying tofillthe lacuna or improve the law by way of
judicial legislation. The Court cannot be blamed for indecisiveness or
evasiveness where the law, upon which it is called to pronounce, is itself
inconclusive. Even less warranted would be any allegation of the Court's
indecisiveness or evasiveness in this particular Opinion, which gives an
unequivocal, albeit non-exhaustive, answer to the question put to the
Court.

In its reply the Court clearly holds that the threat or use of nuclear
weapons would fa11within the ambit of the prohibitions and severe
restrictions imposed by the United Nations Charter and a number of
other multilateral treaties and specificundertakings as well as by custom-
ary rules and principles of the law of armed conflict.Moreover, the Court
found that the threat or use of nuclear weapons "would generally be con-
trary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, and in
particular the principles and rules of humanitarian law" (Opinion,
para. 105(2) E). It is plausible that by inference, implication or analogy,
the Court (and this is what some States in their written and oral state-
ments had exhorted it to do) could have deduced from the aforesaid a
general rule comprehensively proscribing the threat or use of nuclear
weapons, without leaving room for any "grey area", even an exceptional
one.
The Court could not, however, ignore several important considera-
tions which debarred it from embarking upon this road. Apart from
those which have been expounded in the reasoning part of the Opinion,

1 would like to add the following. The very States that called on the
Court to display courage and perform its "historical mission7',insisted
that the Court should remain within itsjudicial function and should not
act as a legislator, requested that the Court state the law as itis and not
as it should be. Secondly, the Court could not but notice the fact that, in
the past, al1the existing prohibitions on the use of other weapons of mass
destruction (biological,chemical), as wellas specialrestrictions on nuclear
weapons, had been established by way of specificinternational treaties or
separate treaty provisions, which undoubtedly point to the course of
action chosen by the international community as most appropriate for
the total prohibition on the use and eventual elimination of weapons of
mass destruction. And thirdly, the Court must be concerned about thematière.Au contraire, plusieurs Etats ont spécifiquementdit que la Cour
«n'est pas priéede faire Œuvre de législateur ni d'élaborer un régime
applicable au désarmement nucléaire» (Samoa, CR95131, p. 34) et que
«la Cour devait non pas théoriser ou légiférermais dégagerle droit tel
qu'il existe et tel qu'ellele comprend...)) (Egypte,R95123, p. 32; voir
également l'exposéoral de la Malaisie, CR95127, p. 52).
Mêmesi la Cour avait été priéd ee combler les lacunes, elle aurait dû
refuser d'assumer cette tâche de création du droit qui d'une manière
générale nedevrait pas faire partie de ses fonctions. En matière consul-
tative, si la Cour constate que le droit présenteune lacune ou qu'il est

imparfait, elledoit se borneràle dire sans essayer de remédieràla lacune
ou d'améliorerle droit en exerçant par la voie judiciaire une fonction
législative.On ne saurait reprocherà la Cour de faire preuve d'indécision
ou d'imprécisionlorsque le droit sur lequel il lui est demandéde se pro-
noncer est lui-mêmeincertain. Il serait encore moins justifié d'alléguer
que la Cour s'est montrée indéciseou imprécisedans le présent avis
consultatif car celui-cidonne une réponse sans équivoque,bien qu'incom-
plète,à la question posée à la Cour.
La Cour dit clairement dans sa réponse que la menace ou l'emploi
d'armes nucléairesentre dans le cadre des interdictions et des graves res-
trictions qu'imposent aussi bien la Charte des Nations Unies, un certain
nombre de traités multilatérauxet des engagements spécifiquesque les
règles et principes coutumiers du droit des conflits armés. En outre la
Cour dit que la menace ou l'emploi d'armes nucléaires ((serait générale-

ment contraire aux règles du droit international applicable dans les
conflits armés,et spécialementaux principes et règlesdu droit humani-
taire)) (avis consultatif, par. 105, al. 2 11est vraisemblable que, par
inférence,déduction ou analogie, la Cour aurait pu tirer de ce qui pré-
cède (comme certains Etats l'ont exhortée à le faire dans leurs exposés
écritset oraux) une règle généraleprohibant complètement la menace
d'armes nucléaires,sans laisser place à une «zone grise)), même à titre
exceptionnel.
La Cour n'a pu cependant négliger plusieurs considérations impor-
tantes qui l'ont empêchée de s'orienter dans cette voie. A celles qui sont
déjàexposéesdans les motifs de l'avis, je voudrais ajouter les suivantes.
Mêmeles Etats qui ont invité laCour àfaire preuve de courage età assu-
mer sa «mission historique» ont insistépour qu'elle reste dans le cadre
de sa fonction judiciaire et ne fassepas Œuvre de Iégislateuret ilsl'ont priée

de dire le droit tel qu'il est etnon tel qu'il devrait être.En second lieu, la
Cour ne pouvait pas ne pas constater que, dans le passé,toutes les inter-
dictions visant l'emploi d'autres armes de destruction massive (biolo-
giques, chimiques) de mêmeque les restrictions spécialesapplicables aux
armes nucléairesont été consacréed sans des traitésinternationaux spé-
cifiques ou des dispositions conventionnelles distinctes, ce qui montre
sans aucun doute que la communauté internationale ajugécette manière
de procéder commela plus appropriée s'agissant de la prohibition totale
de l'emploi d'armes de destruction massive et de leur élimination défini-authority and effectiveness of the "deduced" general rule with respect to
the matter on which the States are so fundamentally divided.

Significantly, even such a strong proponent of the "completeness" of
international law and the inadmissibility of non liquet as H. Lauterpacht

observes that, in certain circumstances, the
"apparent indecision [of the International Court of Justice], which
leaves room for discretion on the part of the organ which requested
the Opinion, may - both as a matter of development of the law and

as aguide to action - be preferable to a deceptive clarity which fails
to give an indication of the inherent complexities of the issue. In so
far as the decisions of the Court are an expression of existing inter-
national law - whether customary or conventional - they cannot
but reflect the occasional obscurity or inconclusiveness ofa defective
legal system." (The Development of International Law by the Inter-
national Court, reprinted ed., 1982,p. 152; emphasis added.)

In my view, the case in hand presents a good example of an instance
where the absolute clarity of the Opinion would be "deceptive" and
where, on the other hand, its partial "apparent indecision" may prove
useful "as a guide to action".
If1may be allowed the comparison, the construction of the solid edi-

fice for the total prohibition on the use of nuclear weapons is not yet
complete. This, however, is not because of the lack of building materials,
but rather because of the unwillingness and objections of a sizeable
number of the builders of this edifice.If this future edificeis to withstand
the test of time and the vagaries of the international climate, it is the
States themselves - rather than the Court with its limited building
resources - that must shoulder the burden of bringing the construction
process to completion. At the same time, the Court has clearly shown
that the edifice of the total prohibition on the threat or use of nuclear
weapons is being constructed and a great deal has already been achieved.

The Court has also shown that the most appropriate means for putting
an end to the existence of any "grey areas" in the legal status of nuclear
weapons would be "nuclear disarmament in al1its aspects under strict
and effective international control". Accordingly, the Court has found
that there exists an obligation of States to pursue in good faith and bring
to a conclusion negotiations leading to this supreme goal.

(Signedj Vladlen S. VERESHCHETIN.tive. En troisième lieu,la Cour doit se préoccuper dela valeur et de l'effi-
cacitéd'une règle généralreésultant d'une((déduction »dans un domaine
où les Etats sont si fondamentalement divisés.

Il est significatifque mêmeun ferme partisan de la ((complétude))du
droit international et du rejet du non liquet comme H. Lauterpacht fasse
observer que, dans certaines conditions :
((l'indécisionapparente [de la Cour internationale de Justice] qui

laisse une marge d'appréciation à l'organe ayant demandé l'avis -
tant dupoint de vue dudéveloppementdu droit que comme ligne de
conduite - peut être préférabl àeune clarté trompeusequi ne donne
pas d'indication sur les complexitésinhérentes dela question. Dans
la mesure où les décisionsde la Cour expriment ledroit international
existant - qu'il soit coutumier ou conventionnel - ellesne peuvent
que refléterl'obscuritéou l'incertitude occasionnelle d'un ordre juri-
dique déficient.)) (The Development of International Law by the

International Court, réimpression,1982,p. 152; les italiques sont de
moi.)
Selon moi, l'affaire encause est un bon exemple d'un cas où, d'une
part, la clarté absoluede l'avis serait ((trompeuse)) et où, d'autre part,

((l'indécisionapparente)) partielle de la Cour pourrait se révéler utile
comme ((lignede conduite».
S'ilm'estpermis de faire une comparaison, je dirais que la construction
d'un édificesolide voué à l'interdiction totale de l'emploi d'armes nu-
cléaires n'estpas encore terminée. Ce n'estpas que lesmatériauxde cons-
truction fassent défaut,cela résulteplutôt de la réticenceet des objections
manifestéespar de nombreux participants à cette construction. Pour que
ce futur édificerésiste à l'épreuvedu temps et aux variations du climat

international. il faut aue les Etats eux-mêmes - et non la Cour dont les
matériauxde construction sont limités - assument la tâche de mener à
bien l'entreprise. Au reste, la Cour a nettement montré que l'édifice
consacrant, l'interdiction totale de la menace ou de l'emploi d'armes
nucléaires est en voiede construction et qu'une bonne partie en est déjà
réalisée.
La Cour a égalementmontré que la meilleure façon d'en finir avec les
((zones grises)) du régimejuridique des armes nucléairesconsisterait en

un ((désarmementnucléairesous tous ses aspects, sous un contrôle inter-
national strict et efficace)).Elle a conclu en conséquenceque les Etatsont
l'obligation de poursuivre de bonne foi et de mener à terme des négocia-
tions conduisant à ce but suprême.

(Signé) Vladen S. VERESHCHETIN.

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Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Vereshchetin

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