Dissenting opinion of Judge Skotnikov

Document Number
141-20100722-ADV-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
141-20100722-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SKOTNIKOV

1. The Court, in my view, should have used its discretion to refrain

from exercising its advisory jurisdiction in the rather peculiar circum-
stances of the present case. Never before has the Court been confronted
with a question posed by one organ of the United Nations, to which an
answer is entirely dependent on the interpretation of a decision taken by
another United Nations organ. What makes this case even more anoma-
lous is the fact that the latter is the Security Council, acting under Chap-

ter VII of the United Nations Charter. Indeed, in order to give an answer
to the General Assembly, the Court has to make a determination as to
whether or not the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) is in
breach of the régime established for Kosovo by the Security Council in
its resolution 1244 (1999).

2. In the past, the Court has deemed it important to emphasize that it
was giving its legal advice in respect of decisions adopted by the request-
ing organ, in order that the latter could benefit from this advice. In the
Namibia Advisory Opinion the Court pointed out that:

“The request is put forward by a United Nations organ [the Secu-
rity Council] with reference to its own decisions and it seeks legal
advice from the Court on the consequences and implications of these

decisions. This objective is stressed by the preamble to the resolution
requesting the opinion, in which the Security Council has stated
‘that an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice
would be useful for the Security Council in its further consideration
of the question of Namibia and in furtherance of the objectives the
Council is seeking’.” (Legal Consequences for States of the Con-

tinued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa)
notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory
Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1971 , p. 24, para. 32; emphasis added.)

Clearly, the present case is starkly different.

3. In its Advisory Opinion on Legal Consequences of the Construction
of a Wall, the Court reaffirmed that “advisory opinions have the purpose
of furnishing to the requesting organs the elements of law necessary for

them in their action” (Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall
in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports
2004 (I), p. 162, para. 60). In the present case, the General Assembly is
not an organ which can usefully benefit from “the elements of law” to be
furnished by the Court. The Assembly, when it receives the present Advi-

116sory Opinion, will be precluded, by virtue of Article 12 of the United
Nations Charter, from making any recommendation with regard to the

subject-matter of the present request, unless the Security Council so
requests.
4. The Security Council itself has refrained from making a determina-
tion as to whether the UDI is in accordance with its resolution 1244,
although it could have done so by adopting a new resolution or by

authorizing a statement from the President of the Council. Nor has the
Council sought advice from the Court as to whether the issuance of
the UDI was compatible with the terms of its resolution 1244. That is the
position currently taken by the Council on the issue, which is the subject-

matter of the General Assembly’s request for an advisory opinion from
the Court.
5. The Members of the United Nations have conferred distinct respon-
sibilities upon the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Inter-
national Court of Justice and have put limits on the competence of each

of these principal organs. The Court — both as a principal organ of the
United Nations and as a judicial body — must exercise great care in
order not to disturb the balance between these three principal organs, as
has been established by the Charter and the Statute. By not adequately
addressing the issue of the propriety of giving an answer to the present

request, the Court has failed in this duty.

6. The majority, in an attempt to justify its position, refers to “an
increasing tendency over time for the General Assembly and the Security
Council to deal in parallel with the same matter concerning the mainte-

nance of international peace and security” (Advisory Opinion, para. 41), a
tendency which was noted by the Court in its Advisory Opinion on Legal
Consequences of the Construction of a Wall . However, the present case
simply does not form part of this tendency. It is true that the General
Assembly has also adopted resolutions relating to the situation in Kos-

ovo (ibid., para. 38). However, as is evident from the Advisory Opinion,
none of these resolutions is relevant either to the régime established by
resolution 1244 or to an answer to the question posed by the General
Assembly. The truth is that everything hinges on the interpretation of
Security Council resolution 1244.

The majority also cites the Namibia Advisory Opinion, as well as the
Advisory Opinions on Certain Expenses of the United Nations and Con-
ditions of Admission of a State to Membership in the United Nations (see
paragraphs 46 and 47 of the Advisory Opinion). None of these cases,
however, is remotely similar to the present one. In the Namibia case, the

requesting organ was the Security Council (see paragraph 2 above). In
the Certain Expenses Opinion, the Court merely quotes from a number
of Security Council resolutions, in order to note the clear existence of “a
record of reiterated consideration, confirmation, approval and ratifica-

tion by the Security Council and by the General Assembly of the actions
of the Secretary-General” (Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Arti-

117cle 17, paragraph 2, of the Charter), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports
1962, p. 176). In the Conditions of Admission Opinion, the Court does

not deal with any Security Council resolutions. In both the Certain
Expenses and Conditions of Admission cases, the Court’s task was to
interpret the United Nations Charter and in both cases the General
Assembly, the requesting organ, could have made use of “the elements of
law” furnished by the Court. The majority, in addition, refers to the con-

tentious cases of Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971
Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie . How-
ever, in these cases, the Court does not interpret any Security Council
resolutions. It only stated that Libya, the United States and the United

Kingdom, as Members of the United Nations, are obliged to accept and
carry out the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with Arti-
cle 25 of the United Nations Charter (see the case concerning Questions
of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention aris-
ing from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v.

United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 14 April 1992,
I.C.J. Reports 1992, p. 126, para. 42; and the case concerning Questions
of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention aris-
ing from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v.
United Kingdom), Provisional Measures, Order of 14 April 1992, I.C.J.

Reports 1992, p. 15, para. 39).

The majority’s inability to find jurisprudence of any relevance is quite
understandable since the present case, as explained in paragraph 1, is

unprecedented.
7. The Court’s failure to exercise its discretion to refrain from giving
an answer to the question posed by the General Assembly unfortunately
entails serious negative implications for the integrity of the Court’s judi-
cial function and its role as a principal organ of the United Nations.

8. In particular, any interpretation of Security Council resolution 1244
which the Court might have given would have been less than authorita-
tive under the circumstances of the present case.
Indeed, one may recall a dictum by the Permanent Court of Interna-

tional Justice to the effect that “it is an established principle that the right
to giving an authoritative interpretation of a legal rule belongs solely to
the person or body who has power to modify or suppress it” (Jaworzina,
Advisory Opinion, 1923, P.C.I.J., Series B, No. 8 , p. 37). This, of course,
leads to the conclusion that:

“Only the Security Council, or some body authorized to do so by
the Council, may give an authentic interpretation [of a Security
Council resolution] in the true sense.” (Michael C. Wood, “The

Interpretation of Security Council Resolutions”, Max Planck Year-
book of United Nations Law , Vol. 2, 1998, p. 82.)

118It is equally obvious that:

“The I.C.J. and other international tribunals (including those on
Yugoslavia and Rwanda) may have to interpret SCRs [Security
Council resolutions] for the purpose of giving effect to what the

Council has decided.” (Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations
Law, Vol. 2, 1998, p. 85.)
In the present case, however, the Court is not interpreting resolu-

tion 1244 for the purpose of giving effect to what the Council has
decided. The Council has not decided anything on the subject of the
UDI. The Council has not even acknowledged the issuance of the UDI.
The terms of resolution 1244 have remained unaltered since the UDI was
adopted (see paragraphs 91 and 92 of the Advisory Opinion).

9. It must be borne in mind that Security Council resolutions are
political decisions. Therefore, determining the accordance of a certain
development, such as the issuance of the UDI in the present case, with a
Security Council resolution is largely political. This means that even if a
determination made by the Court were correct in the purely legal sense

(which it is not in the present case), it may still not be the right determi-
nation from the political perspective of the Security Council. When the
Court makes a determination as to the compatibility of the UDI with
resolution 1244 — a determination central to the régime established for
Kosovo by the Security Council — without a request from the Council, it

substitutes itself for the Security Council.

10. In some ways, the situation faced by the Court in the present case
is similar to that which confronted it in respect of the Federal Republic of

Yugoslavia’s (FRY) membership in the United Nations, prior to its
admission in 2000. The Court, when considering, in 1993 and 1996, the
Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia case in incidental proceedings,
refrained from interpreting the relevant resolutions of the General Assem-
bly and the Security Council in order to make a determination as to

whether or not the FRY was a Member of the United Nations and
ipso facto party to the Statute of the Court. It confined itself to the obser-
vation that the solution adopted in the United Nations on the question of
the continuation of the membership of the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (SFRY) was “not free from legal difficulties” (Application of

the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Geno-
cide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Provisional Measures,
Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993 , p. 14, para. 18). The Court
did not address this question in its 1996 Judgment on the preliminary
objections (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish-

ment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II) ). The Court
was clearly not authorized to make a determination on the issue of the
membership of the FRY in the United Nations and it did not do so,
although this was a question of jus standi. Only after the Security Council

119and the General Assembly brought clarity to the situation by admitting
the FRY to the United Nations as a new Member did the Court, in the

Legality of Use of Force cases in 2004, come to the conclusion that the
FRY was not a Member of the United Nations or party to the Statute
prior to its admission to the United Nations in 2000. The Court observed
that

“the significance of this new development in 2000 is that it has clari-
fied the thus far amorphous legal situation concerning the status of

the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia vis-à-vis the United Nations. It
is in that sense that the situation that the Court now faces in relation
to Serbia and Montenegro is manifestly different from that which it
faced in 1999. If, at that time, the Court had had to determine defini-
tively the status of the Applicant vis-à-vis the United Nations, its

task of giving such a determination would have been complicated by
the legal situation, which was shrouded in uncertainties relating to
that status. However, from the vantage point from which the Court
now looks at the legal situation, and in light of the legal conse-
quences of the new development since 1 November 2000, the Court

is led to the conclusion that Serbia and Montenegro was not a Mem-
ber of the United Nations, and in that capacity a State party to the
Statute of the International Court of Justice, at the time of filing its
Application to institute the present proceedings before the Court on
29 April 1999.” (Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v.

Belgium), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I) ,
pp. 310-311, para. 79.)

11. Had the Court made this determination in 1993, 1996 or 1999,
when it considered the request for the indication of provisional measures
in the Legality of Use of Force cases, it would have both jeopardized the
integrity of its judicial function and compromised its role as a principal

organ of the United Nations.
This is precisely what is at stake in the present case. Therefore, the
Court’s decision to answer the question is as erroneous as it is regretta-
ble.
12. Now, however reluctantly, I will have to address the majority’s

attempt to interpret Security Council resolution 1244 with respect to the
UDI. Unfortunately, in the process of doing so, the majority has drawn
some conclusions, which simply cannot be right.

13. One of these is finding that resolution 1244, which had the over-
arching goal of bringing about “a political solution to the Kosovo crisis”
(resolution 1244, operative paragraph 1), did not establish binding obli-
gations for the Kosovo Albanian leadership (see Advisory Opinion, para-
graphs 117 and 118). The Security Council cannot be accused of such an

120omission, which would have rendered the entire process initiated by reso-
lution 1244 unworkable. The Permanent Representative of the United

Kingdom stated the obvious at the time of the adoption of resolu-
tion 1244:

“This resolution applies also in full to the Kosovo Albanians,
requiring them to play their full part in the restoration of normal life
to Kosovo and in the creation of democratic, self-governing institu-
tions. The Kosovo Albanian people and its leadership must rise to the
challenge of peace by accepting the obligations of the resolution ,ni

particular to demilitarize the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) and
other armed groups.” (Statement by the Permanent Representative
of the United Kingdom; United Nations doc. S/PV.4011, 10 June 1999,
p. 18; emphasis added.)

14. No less striking is the Court’s finding to the effect that “a political

process designed to determine Kosovo’s future status, taking into account
the Rambouillet accords” envisaged in resolution 1244 (resolution 1244,
operative paragraph 11 (e)), can be terminated by a unilateral action by
the Kosovo Albanian leadership (see Advisory Opinion, paragraphs 117
and 118). In other words, the Security Council, in the view of the major-

ity, has created a giant loophole in the régime it established under resolu-
tion 1244 by allowing for a unilateral “political settlement” of the final
status issue. Such an approach, had it indeed been taken by the Council,
would have rendered any negotiation on the final status meaningless.
Obviously, that was not what the Security Council intended when adopt-

ing and implementing resolution 1244. It is useful to recall that operative
paragraph 11 (e) of resolution 1244 refers to the Rambouillet accords
which provide that:

“Three years after the entry into force of this Agreement, an inter-
national meeting shall be convened to determine a mechanism for a
final settlement for Kosovo, on the basis of the will of the people,

opinions of relevant authorities, each Party’s [Belgrade and Prish-
tina] efforts regarding the implementation of this Agreement, and
the Helsinki Final Act . . .” (United Nations doc. S/1999/648,
7 June 1999, p. 85.)

By no stretch of the imagination can a “unilateral settlement” be read
into this clear policy statement endorsed by the Security Council in its
resolution 1244.

The subsequent practice of the Security Council in respect of resolu-
tion 1244 is equally clear. When the process for determining Kosovo’s
final status was initiated in 2005, the Members of the Security Council

attached to the letter from its President to the Secretary-General, “for
[his] reference”, the Guiding Principles for a Settlement of the Status of

121Kosovo agreed by the Contact Group (composed of France, Germany,
Italy, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States). The Guiding

Principles stated in no ambiguous terms that “[a]ny solution that is uni-
lateral or results from the use of force would be unacceptable” and that
“[t]he final decision of the status of Kosovo should be endorsed by the
Security Council” (Guiding Principles, annexed to the letter dated
10 November 2005 from the President of the Security Council addressed

to the Secretary-General, United Nations doc. S/2005/709; emphasis
added).
15. Finally, the authors of the UDI are being allowed by the majority
to circumvent the Constitutional Framework created pursuant to resolu-

tion 1244, simply on the basis of a claim that they acted outside this
Framework:

“the Court considers that the authors of that declaration did not act,
or intend to act, in the capacity of an institution created by and
empowered to act within that legal order [established for the interim
phase] but, rather, set out to adopt a measure [the UDI] the signifi-
cance and effects of which would lie outside that order” (Advisory

Opinion, para. 105).
The majority, unfortunately, does not explain the difference between act-

ing outside the legal order and violating it.
16. The majority’s version of resolution 1244 is untenable. Moreover,
the Court’s treatment of a Security Council decision adopted under
Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter shows that it has failed “its
own responsibilities in the maintenance of [international] peace and secu-

rity under the Charter and the Statute of the Court” (Legality of Use of
Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June
1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I) , p. 132, para. 18).

17. There is also a problem with the Court’s interpretation of gen-

eral international law. According to the Advisory Opinion, “general inter-
national law contains no applicable prohibition of declarations of
independence” (para. 84). This is a misleading statement which,
unfortunately, may have an inflammatory effect. General international law
simply does not address the issuance of declarations of independence,

because
“declarations of independence do not ‘create’ or constitute States

under international law. It is not the issuance of such declarations
that satisfies the factual requirements, under international law, for
statehood or recognition. Under international law, such declarations
do not constitute the legal basis for statehood or recognition.”

(CR 2009/31, p. 46 (Fife, Norway).)

Declarations of independence may become relevant in terms of general
international law only when considered together with the underlying

122claim for statehood and independence. However, the question posed by
the General Assembly “is narrow and specific” (Advisory Opinion,

para. 51). “In particular, it does not ask whether or not Kosovo has
achieved statehood.” (Ibid., para. 51.) Therefore, the question as to the
legality of the UDI simply cannot be answered from the point of view of
general international law. The only law applicable for the purpose of

answering the question posed by the General Assembly is the lex specialis
created by Security Council resolution 1244.

18. In conclusion, it should be said that the purport and scope of the

Advisory Opinion is as narrow and specific as the question it answers.
The Opinion does not deal with the legal consequences of the UDI. It
does not pronounce on the final status of Kosovo. The Court makes it
clear that it

“does not consider that it is necessary to address such issues as
whether or not the declaration has led to the creation of a State or

the status of the acts of recognition in order to answer the question
put by the General Assembly” (ibid., para. 51).

The Court also notes that

“[d]ebates regarding the extent of the right of self-determination and
the existence of any right of ‘remedial secession’ . . . concern the
right to separate from a State . . . and that issue is beyond the scope
of the question posed by the General Assembly” (ibid., para. 83).

In no way does the Advisory Opinion question the fact that resolu-
tion 1244 remains in force in its entirety (see paragraphs 91 and 92 of the

Advisory Opinion). This means that “a political process designed to
determine Kosovo’s future status” envisaged in this resolution
(para. 11 (e)) has not run its course and that a final status settlement is
yet to be endorsed by the Security Council.

(Signed) Leonid S KOTNIKOV .

123

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SKOTNIKOV

1. The Court, in my view, should have used its discretion to refrain

from exercising its advisory jurisdiction in the rather peculiar circum-
stances of the present case. Never before has the Court been confronted
with a question posed by one organ of the United Nations, to which an
answer is entirely dependent on the interpretation of a decision taken by
another United Nations organ. What makes this case even more anoma-
lous is the fact that the latter is the Security Council, acting under Chap-

ter VII of the United Nations Charter. Indeed, in order to give an answer
to the General Assembly, the Court has to make a determination as to
whether or not the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) is in
breach of the régime established for Kosovo by the Security Council in
its resolution 1244 (1999).

2. In the past, the Court has deemed it important to emphasize that it
was giving its legal advice in respect of decisions adopted by the request-
ing organ, in order that the latter could benefit from this advice. In the
Namibia Advisory Opinion the Court pointed out that:

“The request is put forward by a United Nations organ [the Secu-
rity Council] with reference to its own decisions and it seeks legal
advice from the Court on the consequences and implications of these

decisions. This objective is stressed by the preamble to the resolution
requesting the opinion, in which the Security Council has stated
‘that an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice
would be useful for the Security Council in its further consideration
of the question of Namibia and in furtherance of the objectives the
Council is seeking’.” (Legal Consequences for States of the Con-

tinued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa)
notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory
Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1971 , p. 24, para. 32; emphasis added.)

Clearly, the present case is starkly different.

3. In its Advisory Opinion on Legal Consequences of the Construction
of a Wall, the Court reaffirmed that “advisory opinions have the purpose
of furnishing to the requesting organs the elements of law necessary for

them in their action” (Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall
in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports
2004 (I), p. 162, para. 60). In the present case, the General Assembly is
not an organ which can usefully benefit from “the elements of law” to be
furnished by the Court. The Assembly, when it receives the present Advi-

116 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. LE JUGE SKOTNIKOV

[Traduction]

1. Selon moi, la Cour aurait dû, compte tenu des circonstances pour le

moins singulières de l’espèce, user de son pouvoir discrétionnaire pour
s’abstenir d’exercer sa compétence consultative. Jusqu’alors, elle n’avait
jamais eu à connaître d’une question qui, posée par un organe des
Nations Unies, appelât une réponse dépendant entièrement de l’interpré-
tation d’une décision prise par un autre organe des Nations Unies. Ce qui
distingue encore davantage la présente espèce, c’est le fait que l’organe en

question n’est autre que le Conseil de sécurité, agissant en vertu du cha-
pitre VII de la Charte des Nations Unies. Pour répondre à la question de
l’Assemblée générale, la Cour devait en effet déterminer si la déclaration
unilatérale d’indépendance constituait ou non une violation du régime
établi au Kosovo par le Conseil de sécurité au travers de sa résolution

1244 (1999).
2. La Cour a, par le passé, jugé important de souligner qu’elle donnait
son avis juridique sur des décisions adoptées par l’organe requérant pour
que celui-ci puisse en tirer profit. Dans l’avis consultatif sur la Namibie,
elle a ainsi précisé:

«[il] s’agit d’une requête présentée par un organe des Nations Unies
[le Conseil de sécurité], à propos de ses propres décisions, en vue
d’obtenir de la Cour un avis juridique sur les conséquences et les inci-

dences de ces décisions. C’est cet objectif que souligne le préambule
de la résolution sollicitant l’avis, où le Conseil de sécurité indique
«qu’un avis consultatif de la Cour internationale de Justice serait
utile au Conseil de sécurité pour continuer à examiner la question de
Namibie et pour la réalisation des objectifs recherchés par le
Conseil».» (Conséquences juridiques pour les Etats de la présence

continue de l’Afrique du Sud en Namibie (Sud-Ouest africain) nonob-
stant la résolution 276 (1970) du Conseil de sécurité, avis consultatif,
C.I.J. Recueil 1971, p. 24, par. 32; les italiques sont de moi.)

De toute évidence, la situation en la présente espèce est totalement dif-
férente.
3. Dans son avis sur les Conséquences juridiques de l’édification d’un
mur, la Cour a une nouvelle fois affirmé que «les avis consultatifs ser-
v[ai]ent à fournir aux organes qui les sollicitent les éléments de caractère

juridique qui leur sont nécessaires dans le cadre de leurs activités»
(Conséquences juridiques de l’édification d’un mur dans le territoire pales-
tinien occupé, avis consultatif , C.I.J. Recueil 2004 (I), p. 162, par. 60).
Or, en la présente espèce, l’Assemblée générale n’est pas un organe qui
puisse tirer utilement profit des «éléments de caractère juridique» que

116sory Opinion, will be precluded, by virtue of Article 12 of the United
Nations Charter, from making any recommendation with regard to the

subject-matter of the present request, unless the Security Council so
requests.
4. The Security Council itself has refrained from making a determina-
tion as to whether the UDI is in accordance with its resolution 1244,
although it could have done so by adopting a new resolution or by

authorizing a statement from the President of the Council. Nor has the
Council sought advice from the Court as to whether the issuance of
the UDI was compatible with the terms of its resolution 1244. That is the
position currently taken by the Council on the issue, which is the subject-

matter of the General Assembly’s request for an advisory opinion from
the Court.
5. The Members of the United Nations have conferred distinct respon-
sibilities upon the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Inter-
national Court of Justice and have put limits on the competence of each

of these principal organs. The Court — both as a principal organ of the
United Nations and as a judicial body — must exercise great care in
order not to disturb the balance between these three principal organs, as
has been established by the Charter and the Statute. By not adequately
addressing the issue of the propriety of giving an answer to the present

request, the Court has failed in this duty.

6. The majority, in an attempt to justify its position, refers to “an
increasing tendency over time for the General Assembly and the Security
Council to deal in parallel with the same matter concerning the mainte-

nance of international peace and security” (Advisory Opinion, para. 41), a
tendency which was noted by the Court in its Advisory Opinion on Legal
Consequences of the Construction of a Wall . However, the present case
simply does not form part of this tendency. It is true that the General
Assembly has also adopted resolutions relating to the situation in Kos-

ovo (ibid., para. 38). However, as is evident from the Advisory Opinion,
none of these resolutions is relevant either to the régime established by
resolution 1244 or to an answer to the question posed by the General
Assembly. The truth is that everything hinges on the interpretation of
Security Council resolution 1244.

The majority also cites the Namibia Advisory Opinion, as well as the
Advisory Opinions on Certain Expenses of the United Nations and Con-
ditions of Admission of a State to Membership in the United Nations (see
paragraphs 46 and 47 of the Advisory Opinion). None of these cases,
however, is remotely similar to the present one. In the Namibia case, the

requesting organ was the Security Council (see paragraph 2 above). In
the Certain Expenses Opinion, the Court merely quotes from a number
of Security Council resolutions, in order to note the clear existence of “a
record of reiterated consideration, confirmation, approval and ratifica-

tion by the Security Council and by the General Assembly of the actions
of the Secretary-General” (Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Arti-

117fournira la Cour. En effet, lorsque l’avis lui sera communiqué, elle sera,
en vertu de l’article 12 de la Charte des Nations Unies, dans l’impossi-

bilité de faire une quelconque recommandation concernant l’objet de la
présente demande, à moins d’y être invitée par le Conseil de sécurité.
4. Le Conseil de sécurité lui-même s’est abstenu de se prononcer sur la
conformité de la déclaration unilatérale d’indépendance à sa résolu-
tion 1244, bien qu’il eût pu le faire en adoptant une nouvelle résolution

ou en autorisant une déclaration de son président. Il n’a pas non plus
sollicité l’avis de la Cour sur le point de savoir si l’adoption de la déclara-
tion unilatérale d’indépendance était compatible avec les termes de sa
résolution 1244. Telle est la position actuelle du Conseil de sécurité sur

la question qui fait l’objet de la demande d’avis consultatif soumise à
la Cour par l’Assemblée générale.
5. Les Membres de l’Organisation des Nations Unies ont conféré à
l’Assemblée générale, au Conseil de sécurité et à la Cour internationale
de Justice des responsabilités distinctes, en fixant des limites à la compé-

tence de chacun de ces organes principaux. La Cour — à la fois en tant
qu’organe principal de l’Organisation des Nations Unies et en tant qu’ins-
tance judiciaire — doit veiller scrupuleusement à ne pas perturber l’équi-
libre entre ces trois organes principaux, tel qu’il a été établi par la Charte
et par son Statut. En n’apportant pas la réponse qui convenait à la ques-

tion de l’opportunité de donner suite à la demande objet de la présente
procédure, elle a manqué à cette obligation.
6. La majorité, pour tenter de justifier sa position, se réfère à «une ten-
dance croissante à voir l’Assemblée générale et le Conseil de sécurité exa-
miner parallèlement une même question relative au maintien de la paix et

de la sécurité internationales» (avis consultatif, par. 41), tendance qui
avait été relevée par la Cour dans son avis consultatif sur les Conséquen-
ces juridiques de l’édification d’un mur. Or, la présente espèce ne s’inscrit
tout simplement pas dans cette tendance. Certes, l’Assemblée générale a,
elle aussi, adopté des résolutions relatives à la situation au Kosovo (ibid.,

par. 38), mais, ainsi qu’il ressort clairement de l’avis consultatif, aucune
de ces résolutions ne se rapporte au régime établi par la résolution 1244
ou à la question sur laquelle l’Assemblée générale demandait un avis. En
réalité, tout repose sur l’interprétation de la résolution 1244 du Conseil
de sécurité.

La majorité cite également l’avis consultatif sur la Namibie, ainsi que
les avis consultatifs sur Certaines dépenses des Nations Unies et sur les
Conditions de l’admission d’un Etat comme Membre des Nations Unies
(voir paragraphes 46 et 47 de l’avis consultatif). Pourtant, aucune de ces
procédures ne s’apparente, de près ou de loin, à la présente espèce. S’agis-

sant de la Namibie, l’organe dont émanait la demande était le Conseil de
sécurité (voir paragraphe 2 ci-dessus). Dans l’avis sur Certaines dépenses,
la Cour ne cite un certain nombre de résolutions du Conseil de sécurité
que pour relever l’existence indéniable d’un «dossier contenant [nombre]

d’examens, de confirmations, d’approbations et de ratifications par le
Conseil de sécurité et l’Assemblée générale de l’action du Secrétaire géné-

117cle 17, paragraph 2, of the Charter), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports
1962, p. 176). In the Conditions of Admission Opinion, the Court does

not deal with any Security Council resolutions. In both the Certain
Expenses and Conditions of Admission cases, the Court’s task was to
interpret the United Nations Charter and in both cases the General
Assembly, the requesting organ, could have made use of “the elements of
law” furnished by the Court. The majority, in addition, refers to the con-

tentious cases of Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971
Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie . How-
ever, in these cases, the Court does not interpret any Security Council
resolutions. It only stated that Libya, the United States and the United

Kingdom, as Members of the United Nations, are obliged to accept and
carry out the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with Arti-
cle 25 of the United Nations Charter (see the case concerning Questions
of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention aris-
ing from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v.

United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 14 April 1992,
I.C.J. Reports 1992, p. 126, para. 42; and the case concerning Questions
of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention aris-
ing from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v.
United Kingdom), Provisional Measures, Order of 14 April 1992, I.C.J.

Reports 1992, p. 15, para. 39).

The majority’s inability to find jurisprudence of any relevance is quite
understandable since the present case, as explained in paragraph 1, is

unprecedented.
7. The Court’s failure to exercise its discretion to refrain from giving
an answer to the question posed by the General Assembly unfortunately
entails serious negative implications for the integrity of the Court’s judi-
cial function and its role as a principal organ of the United Nations.

8. In particular, any interpretation of Security Council resolution 1244
which the Court might have given would have been less than authorita-
tive under the circumstances of the present case.
Indeed, one may recall a dictum by the Permanent Court of Interna-

tional Justice to the effect that “it is an established principle that the right
to giving an authoritative interpretation of a legal rule belongs solely to
the person or body who has power to modify or suppress it” (Jaworzina,
Advisory Opinion, 1923, P.C.I.J., Series B, No. 8 , p. 37). This, of course,
leads to the conclusion that:

“Only the Security Council, or some body authorized to do so by
the Council, may give an authentic interpretation [of a Security
Council resolution] in the true sense.” (Michael C. Wood, “The

Interpretation of Security Council Resolutions”, Max Planck Year-
book of United Nations Law , Vol. 2, 1998, p. 82.)

118ral» (Certaines dépenses des Nations Unies (article 17, paragraphe 2, de
la Charte), avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1962 , p. 176) et, dans l’avis sur

les Conditions de l’admission , il n’est question d’aucune résolution du
Conseil de sécurité. Dans la procédure consultative sur Certaines dé-
penses comme dans celle sur les Conditions de l’admission , la Cour avait
pour tâche d’interpréter la Charte des Nations Unies et, dans les deux

cas, l’Assemblée générale, organe dont émanait la demande d’avis, allait
être en mesure d’utiliser les «éléments de caractère juridique» fournis par
la Cour. La majorité se réfère en outre aux affaires contentieuses relatives
à des Questions d’interprétation et d’application de la convention de Mont-
réal de 1971 résultant de l’incident aérien de Lockerbie . Dans ces af-

faires, toutefois, la Cour n’a interprété aucune résolution du Conseil
de sécurité. Elle a dit seulement que la Libye, les Etats-Unis d’Amérique
et le Royaume-Uni, en tant que Membres de l’Organisation des Nations
Unies, étaient tenus d’accepter et d’appliquer les décisions du Conseil de

sécurité conformément à l’article 25 de la Charte des Nations Unies (voir
l’affaire relative à des Questions d’interprétation et d’application de la
convention de Montréal de 1971 résultant de l’incident aérien de Locker-
bie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), mesures
conservatoires, ordonnance du 14 avril 1992, C.I.J. Recueil 1992 , p. 126,

par. 42; et l’affaire relative à des Questions d’interprétation et d’applica-
tion de la convention de Montréal de 1971 résultant de l’incident aérien de
Lockerbie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne c. Royaume-Uni), mesures conser-
vatoires, ordonnance du 14 avril 1992, C.I.J. Recueil 1992 , p. 15, par. 39).

L’incapacité de la majorité à trouver une jurisprudence tant soit peu
pertinente se comprend parfaitement puisque la présente espèce, comme
je l’ai indiqué au paragraphe 1, est sans précédent.
7. Le fait que la Cour n’ait pas exercé son pouvoir discrétionnaire
pour s’abstenir de répondre à la question posée par l’Assemblée générale

est malheureusement fort préjudiciable à l’intégrité de sa fonction judi-
ciaire et à son rôle en tant qu’organe principal de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies.
8. En particulier, et compte tenu des circonstances de l’espèce, toute

interprétation donnée par la Cour de la résolution 1244 ne pouvait être
rien moins qu’autorisée.
On se rappellera le prononcé de la Cour permanente de Justice inter-
nationale selon lequel, «suivant une doctrine constante, le droit d’inter-
préter authentiquement une règle juridique appartient à celui-là seul qui a

le pouvoir de la modifier ou do la supprimer» (Jaworzina, avis consulta-
tif, 1923, C.P.J.I. série B n 8, p. 37). Il s’ensuit bien évidemment que

«seul le Conseil de sécurité, ou un organe autorisé par lui à le faire,
peut donner une interprétation véritablement authentique [d’une
résolution du Conseil de sécurité].» (Michael C. Wood, «The Inter-
pretation of Security Council Resolutions», Max Planck Yearbook
of United Nations Law, vol. 2, 1998, p. 82.)

118It is equally obvious that:

“The I.C.J. and other international tribunals (including those on
Yugoslavia and Rwanda) may have to interpret SCRs [Security
Council resolutions] for the purpose of giving effect to what the

Council has decided.” (Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations
Law, Vol. 2, 1998, p. 85.)
In the present case, however, the Court is not interpreting resolu-

tion 1244 for the purpose of giving effect to what the Council has
decided. The Council has not decided anything on the subject of the
UDI. The Council has not even acknowledged the issuance of the UDI.
The terms of resolution 1244 have remained unaltered since the UDI was
adopted (see paragraphs 91 and 92 of the Advisory Opinion).

9. It must be borne in mind that Security Council resolutions are
political decisions. Therefore, determining the accordance of a certain
development, such as the issuance of the UDI in the present case, with a
Security Council resolution is largely political. This means that even if a
determination made by the Court were correct in the purely legal sense

(which it is not in the present case), it may still not be the right determi-
nation from the political perspective of the Security Council. When the
Court makes a determination as to the compatibility of the UDI with
resolution 1244 — a determination central to the régime established for
Kosovo by the Security Council — without a request from the Council, it

substitutes itself for the Security Council.

10. In some ways, the situation faced by the Court in the present case
is similar to that which confronted it in respect of the Federal Republic of

Yugoslavia’s (FRY) membership in the United Nations, prior to its
admission in 2000. The Court, when considering, in 1993 and 1996, the
Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia case in incidental proceedings,
refrained from interpreting the relevant resolutions of the General Assem-
bly and the Security Council in order to make a determination as to

whether or not the FRY was a Member of the United Nations and
ipso facto party to the Statute of the Court. It confined itself to the obser-
vation that the solution adopted in the United Nations on the question of
the continuation of the membership of the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (SFRY) was “not free from legal difficulties” (Application of

the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Geno-
cide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Provisional Measures,
Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993 , p. 14, para. 18). The Court
did not address this question in its 1996 Judgment on the preliminary
objections (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish-

ment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II) ). The Court
was clearly not authorized to make a determination on the issue of the
membership of the FRY in the United Nations and it did not do so,
although this was a question of jus standi. Only after the Security Council

119Il est non moins évident que

«[l]a CIJ et d’autres juridictions internationales (y compris celles
pour l’ex-Yougoslavie et le Rwanda) peuvent être amenées à inter-
préter des résolutions du Conseil de sécurité pour donner effet aux

décisions de cet organe» (Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations
Law, vol. 2, 1998, p. 85).
En la présente espèce, cependant, l’interprétation par la Cour de la

résolution 1244 ne vise pas à donner effet à une quelconque décision du
Conseil de sécurité. Celui-ci n’a pris aucune décision au sujet de la décla-
ration unilatérale d’indépendance. Il n’a pas même pris acte de l’adoption
de la déclaration. Les termes de la résolution 1244 sont demeurés inchan-
gés après cette adoption (voir paragraphes 91 et 92 de l’avis consultatif).

9. Il convient de garder à l’esprit que les résolutions du Conseil de
sécurité sont des décisions politiques. Par conséquent, apprécier la confor-
mité d’un fait donné — en l’espèce l’adoption de la déclaration unilaté-
rale d’indépendance — à une résolution du Conseil est essentiellement un
acte de nature politique. Cela signifie que, quand bien même une conclu-

sion formulée par la Cour à cet égard serait juste sur le strict plan du
droit (ce qui n’est pas le cas en l’espèce), elle pourrait néanmoins être
erronée du point de vue politique, qui est celui du Conseil de sécurité. En
se prononçant sur la compatibilité de la déclaration unilatérale d’indé-
pendance avec la résolution 1244 — décision déterminante pour le régime

établi au Kosovo par le Conseil de sécurité — sans que le Conseil le lui
ait demandé, la Cour se substitue à lui.
10. A certains égards, la situation devant laquelle la Cour s’est trouvée
dans la présente procédure rappelle celle à laquelle elle avait dû faire face

au sujet de la qualité de Membre de l’Organisation des Nations Unies de
la République fédérale de Yougoslavie (RFY) avant que cet Etat ne soit
admis à l’Organisation en 2000. Or, lorsqu’elle a, en 1993 et 1996, statué
en l’affaire Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie dans le cadre de procé-
dures incidentes, la Cour s’est abstenue d’interpréter les résolutions perti-

nentes de l’Assemblée générale et du Conseil de sécurité pour déterminer
si la RFY était ou non Membre de l’Organisation et, ipso facto, partie au
Statut de la Cour. Elle s’est contentée d’observer que la solution adoptée
au sein de l’Organisation sur la question de la continuité de la qualité de
Membre de la République fédérative socialiste de Yougoslavie (RFSY)

«ne laiss[ait] pas de susciter des difficultés juridiques» (affaire relative à
l’Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime
de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 8 avril 1993, C.I.J. Recueil 1993, p. 14, par. 18). Elle n’a
pas abordé cette question dans son arrêt de 1996 relatif aux exceptions

préliminaires (affaire relative à l’Application de la convention pour la pré-
vention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. You-
goslavie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II) ). De
toute évidence, elle n’était pas autorisée à se prononcer sur la question de
la qualité de Membre de l’Organisation des Nations Unies de la RFY, et

119and the General Assembly brought clarity to the situation by admitting
the FRY to the United Nations as a new Member did the Court, in the

Legality of Use of Force cases in 2004, come to the conclusion that the
FRY was not a Member of the United Nations or party to the Statute
prior to its admission to the United Nations in 2000. The Court observed
that

“the significance of this new development in 2000 is that it has clari-
fied the thus far amorphous legal situation concerning the status of

the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia vis-à-vis the United Nations. It
is in that sense that the situation that the Court now faces in relation
to Serbia and Montenegro is manifestly different from that which it
faced in 1999. If, at that time, the Court had had to determine defini-
tively the status of the Applicant vis-à-vis the United Nations, its

task of giving such a determination would have been complicated by
the legal situation, which was shrouded in uncertainties relating to
that status. However, from the vantage point from which the Court
now looks at the legal situation, and in light of the legal conse-
quences of the new development since 1 November 2000, the Court

is led to the conclusion that Serbia and Montenegro was not a Mem-
ber of the United Nations, and in that capacity a State party to the
Statute of the International Court of Justice, at the time of filing its
Application to institute the present proceedings before the Court on
29 April 1999.” (Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v.

Belgium), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I) ,
pp. 310-311, para. 79.)

11. Had the Court made this determination in 1993, 1996 or 1999,
when it considered the request for the indication of provisional measures
in the Legality of Use of Force cases, it would have both jeopardized the
integrity of its judicial function and compromised its role as a principal

organ of the United Nations.
This is precisely what is at stake in the present case. Therefore, the
Court’s decision to answer the question is as erroneous as it is regretta-
ble.
12. Now, however reluctantly, I will have to address the majority’s

attempt to interpret Security Council resolution 1244 with respect to the
UDI. Unfortunately, in the process of doing so, the majority has drawn
some conclusions, which simply cannot be right.

13. One of these is finding that resolution 1244, which had the over-
arching goal of bringing about “a political solution to the Kosovo crisis”
(resolution 1244, operative paragraph 1), did not establish binding obli-
gations for the Kosovo Albanian leadership (see Advisory Opinion, para-
graphs 117 and 118). The Security Council cannot be accused of such an

120elle ne l’a pas fait, alors même qu’il s’agissait d’une question de jus standi.
Ce n’est qu’après que le Conseil de sécurité et l’Assemblée générale eurent

clarifié la situation en admettant la RFY à l’Organisation en tant que
nouveau Membre que la Cour, en 2004, dans les affaires relatives à la
Licéité de l’emploi de la force , est parvenue à la conclusion que celle-ci
n’était pas membre de l’Organisation ni partie au Statut avant son admis-

sion en 2000. La Cour a précisé ce qui suit:
«l’importance de cette évolution survenue en 2000 tient au fait

qu’elle a clarifié la situation juridique, jusque-là indéterminée, quant
au statut de la République fédérale de Yougoslavie vis-à-vis de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies. C’est en ce sens que la situation
qui se présente aujourd’hui à la Cour concernant la Serbie-et-

Monténégro est manifestement différente de celle devant laquelle elle
se trouvait en 1999. Si la Cour avait alors eu à se prononcer défini-
tivement sur le statut du demandeur à l’égard de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies, cette tâche aurait été compliquée par les incertitudes
entourant la situation juridique, s’agissant de ce statut. Cependant,

la Cour se trouvant aujourd’hui à même d’apprécier l’ensemble de la
situation juridique, et compte tenu des conséquences juridiques du
nouvel état de fait existant depuis le 1er novembre 2000, la Cour est
amenée à conclure que la Serbie-et-Monténégro n’était pas membre

de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, ni en cette qualité partie au
Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice, au moment où elle
a déposé sa requête introduisant la présente instance devant la
Cour, le 29 avril 1999.» (Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Serbie-et-
Monténégro c. Belgique), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt , C.I.J.

Recueil 2004 (I), p. 310-311, par. 79.)
11. Si la Cour avait statué sur cette question en 1993, 1996 ou 1999,

lorsqu’elle a examiné la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires
dans les affaires relatives à la Licéité de l’emploi de la force , elle aurait à
la fois mis en péril l’intégrité de sa fonction judiciaire et compromis son
rôle en tant qu’organe principal de l’Organisation des Nations Unies.

Et c’est précisément ce qui est en jeu en la présente espèce. C’est pour-
quoi la décision de la Cour de répondre à la question qui lui était adres-
sée est aussi erronée que regrettable.
12. Bien qu’avec réticence, je vais maintenant devoir donner mon opi-
nion sur la tentative de la majorité d’interpréter la résolution 1244 du

Conseil de sécurité relativement à la déclaration unilatérale d’indépen-
dance. En formant cette interprétation, la majorité est malheureusement
parvenue à certaines conclusions qui, tout simplement, ne sauraient être
correctes.

13. L’une de ces conclusions est que la résolution 1244, dont l’objectif
primordial était de parvenir à une «solution politique de la crise au
Kosovo» (paragraphe 1 du dispositif de la résolution), n’a pas créé
d’obligations contraignantes pour les dirigeants albanais du Kosovo (voir
paragraphes 117 et 118 de l’avis consultatif). Or, le Conseil de sécurité ne

120omission, which would have rendered the entire process initiated by reso-
lution 1244 unworkable. The Permanent Representative of the United

Kingdom stated the obvious at the time of the adoption of resolu-
tion 1244:

“This resolution applies also in full to the Kosovo Albanians,
requiring them to play their full part in the restoration of normal life
to Kosovo and in the creation of democratic, self-governing institu-
tions. The Kosovo Albanian people and its leadership must rise to the
challenge of peace by accepting the obligations of the resolution ,ni

particular to demilitarize the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) and
other armed groups.” (Statement by the Permanent Representative
of the United Kingdom; United Nations doc. S/PV.4011, 10 June 1999,
p. 18; emphasis added.)

14. No less striking is the Court’s finding to the effect that “a political

process designed to determine Kosovo’s future status, taking into account
the Rambouillet accords” envisaged in resolution 1244 (resolution 1244,
operative paragraph 11 (e)), can be terminated by a unilateral action by
the Kosovo Albanian leadership (see Advisory Opinion, paragraphs 117
and 118). In other words, the Security Council, in the view of the major-

ity, has created a giant loophole in the régime it established under resolu-
tion 1244 by allowing for a unilateral “political settlement” of the final
status issue. Such an approach, had it indeed been taken by the Council,
would have rendered any negotiation on the final status meaningless.
Obviously, that was not what the Security Council intended when adopt-

ing and implementing resolution 1244. It is useful to recall that operative
paragraph 11 (e) of resolution 1244 refers to the Rambouillet accords
which provide that:

“Three years after the entry into force of this Agreement, an inter-
national meeting shall be convened to determine a mechanism for a
final settlement for Kosovo, on the basis of the will of the people,

opinions of relevant authorities, each Party’s [Belgrade and Prish-
tina] efforts regarding the implementation of this Agreement, and
the Helsinki Final Act . . .” (United Nations doc. S/1999/648,
7 June 1999, p. 85.)

By no stretch of the imagination can a “unilateral settlement” be read
into this clear policy statement endorsed by the Security Council in its
resolution 1244.

The subsequent practice of the Security Council in respect of resolu-
tion 1244 is equally clear. When the process for determining Kosovo’s
final status was initiated in 2005, the Members of the Security Council

attached to the letter from its President to the Secretary-General, “for
[his] reference”, the Guiding Principles for a Settlement of the Status of

121saurait être accusé d’une telle omission, qui aurait rendu inopérant tout le
processus engagé par la résolution 1244. Au moment de l’adoption de

cette dernière, le représentant permanent du Royaume-Uni a d’ailleurs
énoncé cette évidence:

«[c]ette résolution s’applique également et intégralement aux Alba-
nais du Kosovo et exige d’eux qu’ils jouent pleinement leur rôle pour
rétablir une vie normale au Kosovo et créer des institutions démo-
cratiques et autonomes. Le peuple albanais du Kosovo et ses diri-
geants doivent se montrer à la hauteur du défi de la paix en acceptant

les obligations de la résolution , notamment pour ce qui est de démi-
litariser l’Armée de libération du Kosovo (ALK) et les autres grou-
pes armés.» (Déclaration du représentant permanent du Royaume-
Uni; Nations Unies, doc. S/PV.4011, 10 juin 1999, p. 18; les italiques

sont de moi).
14. Non moins saisissante est la conclusion de la Cour selon laquelle il

pouvait être mis fin à «un processus politique visant à déterminer le sta-
tut futur du Kosovo, en tenant compte des accords de Rambouillet», tel
que celui que prévoit la résolution 1244 (paragraphe 11 e) du dispositif),
par un acte unilatéral des dirigeants albanais du Kosovo (voir paragra-
phes 117 et 118 de l’avis consultatif). Autrement dit, le Conseil de sécurité

aurait, selon la majorité, ouvert une immense brèche dans le régime qu’il
a établi par la résolution 1244 en admettant l’éventualité d’un «règlement
politique» unilatéral de la question du statut final. Cette approche, si elle
avait effectivement été suivie par le Conseil de sécurité, aurait privé de
sens toute négociation sur le statut final. Telle n’était bien évidemment

pas l’intention du Conseil lorsqu’il a adopté et mis en Œuvre la résolu-
tion 1244. A cet égard, il est utile de rappeler que le paragraphe 11 e) du
dispositif de la résolution 1244 fait référence aux accords de Rambouillet,
qui prévoient que,

«[t]rois ans après l’entrée en vigueur du présent accord, une réunion
internationale sera convoquée en vue de définir un mécanisme pour
un règlement définitif pour le Kosovo, sur la base de la volonté du

peuple, de l’avis des autorités compétentes, des efforts accomplis par
chacune des Parties [Belgrade et Pristina] dans la mise en Œuvre du
présent accord, et de l’acte final de Helsinki...» (Nations Unies,
doc. S/1999/648, 7 juin 1999, p. 85).

Même avec beaucoup d’imagination, cette déclaration de principe on ne
peut plus claire que le Conseil de sécurité a faite sienne dans sa résolu-
tion 1244 ne saurait être considérée comme prévoyant l’hypothèse d’un

«règlement unilatéral».
La pratique ultérieure du Conseil de sécurité à l’égard de la résolu-
tion 1244 n’est pas moins claire. Lorsque le processus visant à déterminer
le statut final du Kosovo a été ouvert en 2005, les membres du Conseil de

sécurité ont joint à la lettre adressée au Secrétaire général par le président
du Conseil, «à titre de référence», les principes directeurs devant régir le

121Kosovo agreed by the Contact Group (composed of France, Germany,
Italy, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States). The Guiding

Principles stated in no ambiguous terms that “[a]ny solution that is uni-
lateral or results from the use of force would be unacceptable” and that
“[t]he final decision of the status of Kosovo should be endorsed by the
Security Council” (Guiding Principles, annexed to the letter dated
10 November 2005 from the President of the Security Council addressed

to the Secretary-General, United Nations doc. S/2005/709; emphasis
added).
15. Finally, the authors of the UDI are being allowed by the majority
to circumvent the Constitutional Framework created pursuant to resolu-

tion 1244, simply on the basis of a claim that they acted outside this
Framework:

“the Court considers that the authors of that declaration did not act,
or intend to act, in the capacity of an institution created by and
empowered to act within that legal order [established for the interim
phase] but, rather, set out to adopt a measure [the UDI] the signifi-
cance and effects of which would lie outside that order” (Advisory

Opinion, para. 105).
The majority, unfortunately, does not explain the difference between act-

ing outside the legal order and violating it.
16. The majority’s version of resolution 1244 is untenable. Moreover,
the Court’s treatment of a Security Council decision adopted under
Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter shows that it has failed “its
own responsibilities in the maintenance of [international] peace and secu-

rity under the Charter and the Statute of the Court” (Legality of Use of
Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June
1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I) , p. 132, para. 18).

17. There is also a problem with the Court’s interpretation of gen-

eral international law. According to the Advisory Opinion, “general inter-
national law contains no applicable prohibition of declarations of
independence” (para. 84). This is a misleading statement which,
unfortunately, may have an inflammatory effect. General international law
simply does not address the issuance of declarations of independence,

because
“declarations of independence do not ‘create’ or constitute States

under international law. It is not the issuance of such declarations
that satisfies the factual requirements, under international law, for
statehood or recognition. Under international law, such declarations
do not constitute the legal basis for statehood or recognition.”

(CR 2009/31, p. 46 (Fife, Norway).)

Declarations of independence may become relevant in terms of general
international law only when considered together with the underlying

122statut futur du Kosovo établis par le groupe de contact (composé de
l’Allemagne, des Etats-Unis, de la France, de l’Italie, de la Russie et du

Royaume-Uni). Dans ces principes directeurs, il était indiqué sans équi-
voque que «[t]oute solution unilatérale [ou] résultant de l’emploi de la
force sera[it] inacceptable » et que «le Conseil de sécurité devra[it]
approuver la décision finale sur le statut du Kosovo» (principes direc-
teurs annexés à la lettre datée du 10 novembre 2005, adressée au Secré-

taire général par le président du Conseil de sécurité, Nations Unies,
doc. S/2005/709; les italiques sont de moi).
15. Enfin, la majorité reconnaît aux auteurs de la déclaration unilaté-
rale d’indépendance le droit d’avoir pu se soustraire au cadre constitu-

tionnel créé en vertu de la résolution 1244 simplement en prétendant agir
en dehors de ce cadre:

«la Cour considère que les auteurs de cette déclaration n’ont pas agi,
et n’ont pas entendu agir, en qualité d’institution née de cet ordre
juridique [instauré aux fins de la phase intérimaire] et habilitée à
exercer ses fonctions dans ce cadre, mais qu’ils ont décidé d’adopter
une mesure [la déclaration unilatérale d’indépendance] dont l’impor-

tance et les effets iraient au-delà» (avis consultatif, par. 105).
Malheureusement, la majorité ne précise pas en quoi consiste la diffé-

rence entre agir en dehors de l’ordre juridique et le violer.
16. La lecture de la résolution 1244 faite par la majorité ne tient pas.
De surcroît, par le sort qu’elle a fait à une décision du Conseil de sécurité
adoptée en vertu du chapitre VII de la Charte des Nations Unies, la Cour
a manqué aux «responsabilités qui lui incombent, en vertu de ladite

Charte et du Statut de la Cour, dans le maintien de la paix et de la sécu-
rité» internationales (Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Yougoslavie c. Bel-
gique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 2 juin 1999, C.I.J. Recueil
1999 (I), p. 132, par. 18).
17. La façon dont la Cour interprète le droit international général est

également problématique. Dans l’avis consultatif, il est indiqué que «le
droit international général ne comporte aucune interdiction applicable
des déclarations d’indépendance» (par. 84). Cette assertion est trompeuse
et risque d’avoir un effet séditieux. En réalité, le droit international géné-
ral ne traite tout simplement pas de l’adoption des déclarations d’indé-

pendance parce que
«les déclarations d’indépendance ne donnent pas lieu à la «créa-

tion» ou à la constitution d’Etats en droit international. Ce ne sont
pas de telles déclarations qui remplissent les conditions factuelles, en
droit international, de l’accès à la qualité d’Etat ou de la reconnais-
sance. En droit international, de telles déclarations ne sont pas le

fondement juridique de la qualité d’Etat ou de la reconnaissance.»
(CR 2009/31, p. 46 (Fife, Norvège).)

Les déclarations d’indépendance ne peuvent devenir pertinentes du
point de vue du droit international général que lorsqu’elles sont exami-

122claim for statehood and independence. However, the question posed by
the General Assembly “is narrow and specific” (Advisory Opinion,

para. 51). “In particular, it does not ask whether or not Kosovo has
achieved statehood.” (Ibid., para. 51.) Therefore, the question as to the
legality of the UDI simply cannot be answered from the point of view of
general international law. The only law applicable for the purpose of

answering the question posed by the General Assembly is the lex specialis
created by Security Council resolution 1244.

18. In conclusion, it should be said that the purport and scope of the

Advisory Opinion is as narrow and specific as the question it answers.
The Opinion does not deal with the legal consequences of the UDI. It
does not pronounce on the final status of Kosovo. The Court makes it
clear that it

“does not consider that it is necessary to address such issues as
whether or not the declaration has led to the creation of a State or

the status of the acts of recognition in order to answer the question
put by the General Assembly” (ibid., para. 51).

The Court also notes that

“[d]ebates regarding the extent of the right of self-determination and
the existence of any right of ‘remedial secession’ . . . concern the
right to separate from a State . . . and that issue is beyond the scope
of the question posed by the General Assembly” (ibid., para. 83).

In no way does the Advisory Opinion question the fact that resolu-
tion 1244 remains in force in its entirety (see paragraphs 91 and 92 of the

Advisory Opinion). This means that “a political process designed to
determine Kosovo’s future status” envisaged in this resolution
(para. 11 (e)) has not run its course and that a final status settlement is
yet to be endorsed by the Security Council.

(Signed) Leonid S KOTNIKOV .

123nées conjointement avec la prétention à la qualité d’Etat et à l’indépen-

dance qui les sous-tend. Or, la question posée par l’Assemblée générale
était «circonscrite et précise» (avis consultatif, par. 51). «En particulier,
la Cour n’[était] pas priée de dire si le Kosovo a ou non accédé à la qua-
lité d’Etat.» (Ibid., par. 51.) Par conséquent, il était tout simplement
impossible d’apporter une réponse à la question de la licéité de la déclara-

tion unilatérale d’indépendance du point de vue du droit international
général. Le seul droit applicable aux fins de répondre à la question de
l’Assemblée générale est la lex specialis créée par la résolution 1244 du
Conseil de sécurité.

18. En conclusion, il faut ajouter que l’objet et la portée de l’avis
consultatif sont tout aussi circonscrits et précis que la question à laquelle
celui-ci répond. L’avis ne traite pas des conséquences juridiques de la
déclaration unilatérale d’indépendance. La Cour ne s’y prononce pas sur

le statut final du Kosovo. Elle indique clairement qu’elle
«n’estime pas nécessaire, pour répondre à la question de l’Assemblée

générale, d’examiner le point de savoir si la déclaration d’indépen-
dance a ou non conduit à la création d’un Etat, ou de se prononcer
sur la valeur des actes de reconnaissance» (ibid., par. 51).

La Cour relève par ailleurs que

«les controverses relatives à la portée du droit à l’autodétermination
ou à l’existence d’un droit de «sécession-remède» se rapportent ... à
la question du droit de se séparer d’un Etat [et que] cette question

sort du cadre de celle qui a été posée par l’Assemblée générale»
(ibid., par. 83).

Dans son avis consultatif, la Cour ne conteste nullement que la résolu-
tion 1244 reste en vigueur dans son intégralité (voir paragraphes 91 et 92
de l’avis consultatif). Cela signifie que le «processus politique visant à
déterminer le statut futur du Kosovo» prévu dans cette résolution (par. 11

e)) n’a pas été mené à son terme et qu’un règlement final de ce statut
reste encore à approuver par le Conseil de sécurité.

(Signé) Leonid S KOTNIKOV .

123

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Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion of Judge Skotnikov

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