Separate opinion of Judge Keith

Document Number
141-20100722-ADV-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
141-20100722-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KEITH

1. The Court, in my view, should have exercised its discretion to refuse

to answer the question which the General Assembly submitted to it on
8 October 2008 in resolution 63/3. In this opinion I give my reasons for
that conclusion.
2. While the terms of the French text of Article 14 of the Covenant of
the League of Nations may have been read as denying the Permanent
Court of International Justice a discretion to refuse (the Court “donnera

aussi des avis consultatifs” on matters submitted to it by the Council or
Assembly) and the English text may have been read as an enabling rather
than a discretionary provision (“The Court may also give an advisory
opinion . . .”), the Court made it clear, very early in its life, that it had a
discretion to refuse a request. In 1923, in the Status of Eastern Carelia,

Advisory Opinion, 1923, P.C.I.J., Series B, No. 5 , the Court, having
decided that it was “impossible” for it to give the opinion on the dispute
before it, continued “that there are other cogent reasons which render it
very inexpedient that [it] should attempt to deal with the present ques-
tion” (p. 28). Those reasons related to the availability of evidence about
a factual issue at the heart of the dispute. It was very doubtful, said the

Court, that there would be available to the Court materials sufficient to
enable it to arrive at any judicial conclusion upon the question of fact:
what did the parties agree to? While that particular reason for refusing to
give an opinion does not arise in this case, what is significant, in addition
to the Court’s recognition that it had a discretion to refuse a request, is
its broader statement of principle: “The Court, being a Court of Justice,

cannot, even in giving advisory opinions, depart from the essential rules
guiding [its] activity as a Court.” (Ibid., p. 29.)

3. At that early stage the Court was taking care to underline that, in its
advisory jurisdiction, it was not simply an adviser to the political organs
of the League of Nations and, as such, obliged to respond at their beck
and call. It was a court and had to maintain its judicial integrity in the
exercise of that jurisdiction just as in its contentious jurisdiction. It con-
tinued to underline that essential character in its practice and rules relat-

ing to its advisory jurisdiction. Those rules were moved in 1936 to the
Statute of the Permanent Court and were in turn included in the Statute
of this Court. Notable among them is Article 68: “In the exercise of its
advisory functions the Court shall further be guided by the provisions of
the present Statute which apply in contentious cases to the extent to

83which it recognizes them to be applicable.” Article 65 (1), in the only
addition to the Chapter on Advisory Opinions included in the Statute of

this Court, expressly recognizes that the Court has discretion whether to
reply to a request: “The Court may give an advisory opinion on any legal
question . . .”.

4. That discretion exists for good reason. The Court, in exercising it,
considers both its character as a principal organ of the United Nations
and its character as a judicial body. In terms of the former, the Court
early declared that its exercise of its advisory jurisdiction represents its

participation in the activities of the Organization and, in principle, should
not be refused (Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary
and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950 , pp. 71-
72). That indication of a strong inclination to reply is also reflected in the
Court’s later statement that “compelling reasons” would be required to

justify a refusal (Judgments of the Administrative Tribunal of the ILO
upon Complaints Made against Unesco, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports
1956, p. 86). While maintaining its integrity as a judicial body has so far
been the reason for refusal which the Court has emphasized, it has not
ever identified it as the only factor which might lead it to refuse. So too

may other considerations, including the interest of the requesting organ
and the relative interests of other United Nations organs, discussed later.

5. That discussion of the law highlights the link between the interest of

the requesting organ and the strong inclination or the duty, as it is some-
times put, of the Court to reply. Accordingly, I consider in some detail
the facts relating to this particular request and the relative interests of the
General Assembly and Security Council. The exercise of the discretion,
recognized by Article 65 (1) of the Statute, should not, in a case such as

this, be unduly hampered by a label such as “compelling reasons”.

6. The issue which for me is decisive is whether the request in this case
should have come from the Security Council rather than from the Gen-
eral Assembly and whether for that reason the Court should refuse to

answer the question. That statement of the issue raises the question
whether the Court may properly raise such a contention in terms of its
participation as a principal organ of the United Nations within the wider
United Nations system or for the purpose of protecting the integrity of its
judicial function. To make my position clear, I add that I would have

been able to see no possible reason for the Court refusing to answer the
question in this case had it been put by the Security Council. My concern
relates only to the propriety of the Court replying to the General Assem-
bly in the circumstances of this case. I consider that the Court should

address that issue of the appropriateness of an organ requesting an
opinion if the request is essentially concerned with the actual exercise of

84special powers by another organ under the Charter, in relation to the
matter which is the subject of the request. As will appear, this exact issue

has not arisen in respect of any earlier request for an advisory opinion.

**

7. While my focus is primarily on Security Council resolution 1244
adopted on 10 June 1999 and on the actions taken after that date by the
Security Council and the General Assembly, some earlier actions are also

relevant to an assessment of their relative roles since that date and in par-
ticular in late 2008 when the Assembly made its request to the Court. In
the 1990s, both bodies had substantial roles in respect of the developing
crises and armed conflicts in the territory of the Socialist Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia and the new States formed from it. The Security Coun-

cil’s concern was primarily with the issues of international peace and
security arising there and, in that context, with the introduction of sanc-
tions, the establishment and functioning of peacekeeping forces, and the
setting up of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugo-
slavia. Between 31 March 1998 and 14 May 1999 the Council also

adopted four resolutions relating specifically to Kosovo. All were adopted
under Chapter VII of the Charter and, as the “crisis” developed into a
“humanitarian catastrophe”, made various calls and demands on the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Kosovo Albanian leadership and
others. (See also resolution 1367 (2001) ending the prohibition on the sale

and supply of arms imposed in the first of those resolutions.)

8. The General Assembly’s involvement in that earlier period was

principally with the situation of human rights, at first in the territory of
the former Yugoslavia in general (e.g., General Assembly resolution 48/
153 (1993), para. 17, which is concerned with Kosovo), and, from 1995,
in Kosovo specifically. The last resolution in that annual series (General
Assembly resolution 54/183) was adopted on 17 December 1999. In it, the

Assembly gives major place to resolution 1244 and the role of the newly
established United Nations Mission in Kosovo (operative paragraphs 1,
2, 3 and 5). While between 2000 and 2006 the Assembly adopted resolu-
tions relating to the “Maintenance of international security — good
neighbourliness, stability and development in South-Eastern Europe”, its

references to Kosovo were essentially limited to resolution 1244 and the
processes under it (e.g., General Assembly resolution 61/53). Since 1999,
the only resolutions adopted by the Assembly relating particularly to
Kosovo have been those, adopted under Article 17 (1) of the Charter,

approving the budget of UNMIK for the following year, and, of course,
the resolution requesting the opinion in this case, a request which,

85uniquely in the practice of the Assembly and the Council, did not arise
from a more general agenda item.

9. Two features of those budget resolutions are significant. The first is
that the sums approved year by year for the Mission until 2008 were
between US$200 and US$400 million, with between 5,000 and 10,000

personnel; but for the years since they have been substantially reduced to
about US$50 million, with 500 personnel. That reduction reflects the
major role exercised since December 2008 by EULEX, with a budget of
over US$300 million and over 2000 staff, with a target of 3000. The

second feature of the resolutions is that the Assembly’s consideration
of them does not involve it or its Fifth Committee in any substantive
consideration of the situation in Kosovo, including political developments
there; rather, the Secretary-General and the ACABQ submit relevant
reports and proposals to the Fifth Committee and the resulting resolu-

tions focus on the financing of the Mission, including the obligations of
States to pay their assessed contributions and those which are outstand-
ing. To the extent that the resolutions go beyond the funding of the Mis-
sion, they are concerned with the financing of peacekeeping operations
elsewhere in the world and with the safety and security of the members of

the Mission (e.g., paragraphs 4-7 and 24 of General Assembly resolu-
tion 63/295). The limited role of the Assembly in respect of this budget
matter is not unusual. For one thing, some parts of the budget adopted
by the General Assembly are included to meet existing financial obliga-
tions of the United Nations, which cannot be denied, as the Court made

clear in its Opinion relating to the Effect of Awards of Compensation
Made by the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, Advisory Opinion,
I.C.J. Reports 1954, pp. 47 ff.

10. The introduction of EULEX along with the related scaling down
of the role of UNMIK and the reduction of its budget were the subject of
discussions in the Security Council in November 2008 and in the Fifth

Committee and the General Assembly in June 2009. The first resulted in
a Presidential Statement which welcomed the intentions of Belgrade and
Pristina to co-operate with the international community (see paragraph 13
below). When on 3 June 2009 the much reduced UNMIK budget for the
following year was being considered in the Fifth Committee, the Serbian

representative expressed concern and stated that the reduction contra-
vened resolution 1244 as it went beyond what had been welcomed by the
Security Council and was unacceptably based on the unilateral declara-
tion of independence, “thereby contradicting the status-neutral position

of UNMIK” (A/C.5/63/SR 51, para. 16). The Serbian proposal for the
creation of three professional posts in the Office of the Special Repre-

86sentative for co-ordination and co-operation between UNMIK and
EULEX was included in the budget, with the Serbian representative in

the plenary expressing his country’s satisfaction at that development “as
part of the status-neutral framework of the Council’s resolution 1244
(1999)” (A/63/PV.93, p. 6).

11. Against that background of a very limited General Assembly

involvement with the situation in Kosovo since 1999, I turn to the
sharply contrasting role of the Security Council and UNMIK established
under resolution 1244. The Council, in that resolution, “acting for [the
purposes set out in the preamble] under Chapter VII of the Charter of the

United Nations”, authorizes certain actions, makes a number of deci-
sions and associated requests, and makes certain demands. The Council
authorizes both an international security presence and an international
civil presence. In respect of the first, it authorizes Member States and rel-
evant international organizations to establish the international security

presence in Kosovo with all necessary means to fulfil its responsibilities
which are set out in some detail in a non-exhaustive list which includes in
paragraph 9:

“(c) Establishing a secure environment in which refugees and dis-
placed persons can return home in safety, the international
civil presence can operate, a transitional administration can be
established, and humanitarian aid can be delivered;

(d) Ensuring public safety and order until the international civil
presence can take responsibility for this task;

...........................
(f) Supporting, as appropriate, and co-ordinating closely with the
work of the international civil presence”.

In the second, the Council authorizes the Secretary-General,

“with the assistance of relevant international organizations, to estab-
lish an international civil presence in Kosovo in order to provide an
interim administration for Kosovo under which the people of Kos-
ovo can enjoy substantial autonomy within the Federal Republic of

Yugoslavia, and which will provide transitional administration while
establishing and overseeing the development of provisional demo-
cratic self-governing institutions to ensure conditions for a peaceful
and normal life for all inhabitants of Kosovo”.

Among the main responsibilities of the international civil presence, stated

in paragraph 11, are:
“(a) Promotingtheestablishment,pendingafinalsettlement,ofsub-

stantial autonomy and self-government in Kosovo . . .;

87 (b) Performing basic civilian administrative functions where and
as long as required;

(c) Organizing and overseeing the development of provisional
institutions for democratic and autonomous self-government
pending a political settlement, including the holding of elec-
tions;
(d) Transferring, as these institutions are established, its adminis-

trative responsibilities while overseeing and supporting the
consolidation of Kosovo’s local provisional institutions and
other peace-building activities;

...........................
(i) Maintaining civil law and order, including establishing local

police forces and meanwhile through the deployment of inter-
national police personnel to serve in Kosovo;
(j) Protecting and promoting human rights;
(k) Assuring the safe and unimpeded return of all refugees and
displaced persons to their homes in Kosovo”.

Those two international presences (one civil, one security) were estab-
lished for an initial period of 12 months and were to continue thereafter

unless the Security Council should decide otherwise. The Council
requested the Secretary-General, in consultation with it, to appoint a
Special Representative to control the implementation of the international
civil presence and to ensure that both international presences operated
towards the same goals and in a mutually supportive manner.

12. While the Council “[r]eaffirm[ed] the commitment of all Member
States to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia”, the effect of the resolution, as long as it remained in
effect, was to displace the administrative and related functions of the

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which it would otherwise have exercised
through its institutions as the sovereign over the territory of Kosovo. The
plenary character of the authority of UNMIK and of the Special Repre-
sentative over the territory of Kosovo was manifested at the outset in the
first UNMIK regulation adopted by the Special Representative. Under it

“[a]ll legislative and executive authority with respect to Kosovo, includ-
ing the administration of the judiciary, is vested in UNMIK and is exer-
cised by the Special Representative”.
13. Resolution 1244 requested the Secretary-General to report to the
Council at regular intervals on the implementation of the resolution

including reports from the leaderships of both presences. Those reports,
submitted on average every three months, are the subject of debate in
which the members of the Council and other participants address devel-
opments as they see them. Because of the political divisions within the

Council (which explain its lack of comment on the Assembly request in
this case) it has only once been able, since it adopted the resolution, to

88formulate an agreed position relating to the situation in Kosovo. It did
that in the Presidential Statement of 26 November 2008 (S/PRST/2008/

44) in which it welcomed the intentions of Belgrade and Pristina to
co-operate with the international community and continued as follows:

“The Security Council welcomes the co-operation between the
UN and other international actors, within the framework of Security
Council Resolution 1244 (1999), and also welcomes the continuing

efforts of the European Union to advance the European perspective
of the whole of the Western Balkans, thereby making a decisive con-
tribution to regional stability and prosperity.”

It follows, as indeed is generally accepted including by the authorities in
Kosovo, that the resolution continues to be in effect along with the pres-
ences established under it.

14. What is to be concluded from the above account, in terms of the
relative and absolute interests of the General Assembly and the Security
Council in the matter submitted to the Court by the Assembly? Resolu-
tion 1244 adopted by the Security Council, the Council’s role under it
and the role of its subsidiary organ, UNMIK, are the very subject of the

inquiry into the conformity of the declaration of independence with the
lex specialis in this case — the resolution and the actions taken under it.
The resolution, adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter and having
binding force, established an interim international territorial administra-
tion with full internal powers which superseded for the time being the

authority of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which remained sover-
eign. By contrast, the Assembly’s only dispositive role since June 1999
and the introduction of that régime has been to approve the budget of the
Mission.

**

15. I return to the case law of the Court and in particular to the critical
reason for its recognition that, as a principal organ of the United Nations,

it should in principle respond to requests for opinions. The Court regu-
larly couples that recognition with an indication of the interest which the
requesting organ has in seeking an opinion from the Court: Inter-
pretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, First
Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950 , pp. 65, 70-72; Reserva-

tions to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1951 , pp. 15, 19-20;
Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Article 17, paragraph 2, of the
Charter), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1962 , pp. 151, 155, 156;

Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South
Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council

89Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1971 ,p .6,
para. 32; Western Sahara, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1975 ,p.20,

paras. 20 and pp. 36-37, para. 72; Legality of the Threat or Use of
Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I) , p. 226,
paras. 11, 12; and Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in
the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports
2004 (I), p. 145, paras. 16-17 and pp. 162-163, para. 60. Further, in the

case of every one of the other requests made by the General Assembly or
the Security Council, their interest has been manifest and did not need to
be expressly stated in the request or discussed by participants in the pro-
ceedings or by the Court. In the Wall Opinion, referring to several of the

cases mentioned above, the Court stated this proposition:

“As is clear from the Court’s jurisprudence, advisory opinions
have the purpose of furnishing to the requesting organ the elements
of law necessary for them in their action .” (Para. 60; emphasis
added.)

While the Court has made it clear that it will not evaluate the motives of
the requesting organ (Conditions of Admission of a State to Membership
in the United Nations (Article 4 of the Charter), Advisory Opinion, 1948,

I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948 , p. 61; and the Wall Opinion, para. 62), it does
in practice determine, if the issue arises, whether the requesting organ has
or claims to have a sufficient interest in the subject-matter of the request.

16. In the absence of such an interest, the purpose of furnishing to the

requesting organ the elements of law necessary for it in its action is not
present. Consequently, the reason for the Court to co-operate does not
exist and what is sometimes referred to as its duty to answer disappears.

17. In this case the Court, in my opinion, has no basis on which to

reach the conclusion that the General Assembly, which has not itself
made such a claim, has the necessary interest. Also very significant for me
is the almost exclusive role of the Security Council on this matter. Given
the centrality of that role for the substantive question asked (as appears
from Part IV B of the Court’s Opinion) and the apparent lack of an

Assembly interest, I conclude that the Court should exercise its discretion
and refuse to answer the question put to it by the General Assembly.

18. I add that I do not see the Admissions, Certain Expenses, Namibia
and Wall Opinions, on which the Court relies in this context, as affecting

this conclusion. In all of those cases, both the General Assembly and the
Security Council had a real interest. In the one case in which a Security
Council resolution was expressly at the centre of the request, Namibia,it
was the Council that made the request. In the Admissions case, in which

the General Assembly in its request had referred to the exchange of views
which had taken place in meetings of the Security Council, the Court

90determined that the abstract form in which the question was stated pre-

cluded the interpretation that it should say whether the views referred to
were well founded or not (I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948 , p. 61). While, in the
Certain Expenses case, the Court, in replying to a request from the Gen-
eral Assembly, did consider a sequence of Security Council resolutions,

one building on the other, it did not face issues of interpretation of those
resolutions of the kind involved in this case (I.C.J. Reports 1962, pp. 175-
177). Further, none of those cases involved anything comparable to the
régime of international territorial administration introduced by Security

Council resolution 1244.

19. As is indicated by my vote, I agree with the substantive ruling

made by the Court, essentially for the reasons it gives.

(Signed) Kenneth K EITH.

91

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KEITH

1. The Court, in my view, should have exercised its discretion to refuse

to answer the question which the General Assembly submitted to it on
8 October 2008 in resolution 63/3. In this opinion I give my reasons for
that conclusion.
2. While the terms of the French text of Article 14 of the Covenant of
the League of Nations may have been read as denying the Permanent
Court of International Justice a discretion to refuse (the Court “donnera

aussi des avis consultatifs” on matters submitted to it by the Council or
Assembly) and the English text may have been read as an enabling rather
than a discretionary provision (“The Court may also give an advisory
opinion . . .”), the Court made it clear, very early in its life, that it had a
discretion to refuse a request. In 1923, in the Status of Eastern Carelia,

Advisory Opinion, 1923, P.C.I.J., Series B, No. 5 , the Court, having
decided that it was “impossible” for it to give the opinion on the dispute
before it, continued “that there are other cogent reasons which render it
very inexpedient that [it] should attempt to deal with the present ques-
tion” (p. 28). Those reasons related to the availability of evidence about
a factual issue at the heart of the dispute. It was very doubtful, said the

Court, that there would be available to the Court materials sufficient to
enable it to arrive at any judicial conclusion upon the question of fact:
what did the parties agree to? While that particular reason for refusing to
give an opinion does not arise in this case, what is significant, in addition
to the Court’s recognition that it had a discretion to refuse a request, is
its broader statement of principle: “The Court, being a Court of Justice,

cannot, even in giving advisory opinions, depart from the essential rules
guiding [its] activity as a Court.” (Ibid., p. 29.)

3. At that early stage the Court was taking care to underline that, in its
advisory jurisdiction, it was not simply an adviser to the political organs
of the League of Nations and, as such, obliged to respond at their beck
and call. It was a court and had to maintain its judicial integrity in the
exercise of that jurisdiction just as in its contentious jurisdiction. It con-
tinued to underline that essential character in its practice and rules relat-

ing to its advisory jurisdiction. Those rules were moved in 1936 to the
Statute of the Permanent Court and were in turn included in the Statute
of this Court. Notable among them is Article 68: “In the exercise of its
advisory functions the Court shall further be guided by the provisions of
the present Statute which apply in contentious cases to the extent to

83 OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. LE JUGE KEITH

[Traduction]

1. Mon sentiment est que la Cour aurait dû exercer son pouvoir dis-
crétionnaire et refuser de répondre à la question que l’Assemblée générale
lui a posée le 8 octobre 2008 dans sa résolution 63/3. Je vais ici en exposer
les raisons.
2. Alors que le texte français de l’article 14 du Pacte de la Société des

Nations pouvait se lire comme déniant à la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale tout pouvoir discrétionnaire de refuser (la Cour «donnera
aussi des avis consultatifs» sur toute question dont la saisira le Conseil
ou l’Assemblée) et le texte anglais comme lui conférant une autorisation
et non un pouvoir discrétionnaire («The Court may also give an advisory
opinion...»), celle-ci indiqua clairement, très rapidement après sa créa-

tion, qu’elle avait le pouvoir discrétionnaire de refuser de donner un avis.
En 1923, dans la procédure relative au Statut de la Carélie orientale, avis
consultatif, 1923, C.P.J.I. série B no5, la Cour, ayant conclu qu’elle était
«dans l’impossibilité» d’exprimer un avis sur le différend dont elle était
saisie, estima «qu’il y a[vait] encore d’autres raisons péremptoires pour

lesquelles tout effort de [sa part] de traiter la question ... serait inop-
portun» (p. 28). Ces raisons tenaient à l’absence d’éléments de preuve
concernant une question de fait qui se trouvait au cŒur du différend. Il
paraissait à la Cour très douteux qu’elle pût obtenir les renseignements
matériels nécessaires pour lui permettre d’aboutir à une conclusion judi-

ciaire sur la question de fait en cause: de quoi les Parties étaient-elles
convenues? Si cette raison particulière de refuser de rendre un avis
n’existe pas en l’espèce, ce qui importe, outre le fait que la Cour perma-
nente se soit reconnu le pouvoir discrétionnaire de rejeter une demande,
est la déclaration de principe plus générale qu’elle fit: «La Cour, étant

une cour de justice, ne peut pas se départir des règles essentielles qui diri-
gent son activité de tribunal, même lorsqu’elle donne des avis consulta-
tifs.» (Ibid., p. 29.)
3. Ainsi la Cour avait-elle pris soin, à cette époque déjà, de souligner
que, dans l’exercice de sa compétence consultative, elle n’était pas sim-
plement la conseillère des organes politiques de la Société des Nations et,

en tant que telle, obligée d’être constamment à leur disposition. Elle était
aussi une cour de justice et devait préserver son intégrité judiciaire dans
l’exercice de cette compétence consultative tout comme dans celui de sa
compétence contentieuse. Elle continua par la suite de souligner ce carac-
tère essentiel dans sa pratique et ses règles relatives à sa compétence

consultative. Ces règles furent incorporées en 1936 dans son Statut puis
dans celui de l’actuelle Cour. Parmi elles, l’article 68 mérite d’être noté:
«Dans l’exercice de ses attributions consultatives, la Cour s’inspirera en

83which it recognizes them to be applicable.” Article 65 (1), in the only
addition to the Chapter on Advisory Opinions included in the Statute of

this Court, expressly recognizes that the Court has discretion whether to
reply to a request: “The Court may give an advisory opinion on any legal
question . . .”.

4. That discretion exists for good reason. The Court, in exercising it,
considers both its character as a principal organ of the United Nations
and its character as a judicial body. In terms of the former, the Court
early declared that its exercise of its advisory jurisdiction represents its

participation in the activities of the Organization and, in principle, should
not be refused (Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary
and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950 , pp. 71-
72). That indication of a strong inclination to reply is also reflected in the
Court’s later statement that “compelling reasons” would be required to

justify a refusal (Judgments of the Administrative Tribunal of the ILO
upon Complaints Made against Unesco, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports
1956, p. 86). While maintaining its integrity as a judicial body has so far
been the reason for refusal which the Court has emphasized, it has not
ever identified it as the only factor which might lead it to refuse. So too

may other considerations, including the interest of the requesting organ
and the relative interests of other United Nations organs, discussed later.

5. That discussion of the law highlights the link between the interest of

the requesting organ and the strong inclination or the duty, as it is some-
times put, of the Court to reply. Accordingly, I consider in some detail
the facts relating to this particular request and the relative interests of the
General Assembly and Security Council. The exercise of the discretion,
recognized by Article 65 (1) of the Statute, should not, in a case such as

this, be unduly hampered by a label such as “compelling reasons”.

6. The issue which for me is decisive is whether the request in this case
should have come from the Security Council rather than from the Gen-
eral Assembly and whether for that reason the Court should refuse to

answer the question. That statement of the issue raises the question
whether the Court may properly raise such a contention in terms of its
participation as a principal organ of the United Nations within the wider
United Nations system or for the purpose of protecting the integrity of its
judicial function. To make my position clear, I add that I would have

been able to see no possible reason for the Court refusing to answer the
question in this case had it been put by the Security Council. My concern
relates only to the propriety of the Court replying to the General Assem-
bly in the circumstances of this case. I consider that the Court should

address that issue of the appropriateness of an organ requesting an
opinion if the request is essentially concerned with the actual exercise of

84outre des dispositions du présent Statut qui s’appliquent en matière
contentieuse, dans la mesure où elle les reconnaîtra applicables.» Le

paragraphe 1 de l’article 65, seul ajout au chapitre relatif aux avis consul-
tatifs figurant dans le Statut de l’actuelle Cour, indique expressément que
la Cour jouit du pouvoir discrétionnaire de répondre ou non à une
demande d’avis consultatif: «La Cour peut donner un avis consultatif sur
toute question juridique...»

4. Ce pouvoir discrétionnaire existe pour une bonne raison. La Cour,
lorsqu’elle l’exerce, considère qu’elle est à la fois un organe principal de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies et un organe judiciaire. Du premier
point de vue, elle a déclaré très tôt que l’exercice de sa compétence

consultative constituait sa participation à l’action de l’Organisation et, en
principe, ne devait pas être refusé (Interprétation des traités de paix
conclus avec la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie, première phase, avis
consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1950 , p. 71-72). Elle devait par la suite confir-
mer cette forte propension à répondre en déclarant qu’il faudrait «des

raisons décisives» pour justifier un refus (Jugements du Tribunal admi-
nistratif de l’OIT sur requêtes contre l’Unesco, avis consultatif, C.I.J.
Recueil 1956, p. 86). Si le souci de préserver l’intégrité de sa fonction
judiciaire a jusqu’ici été la principale raison invoquée par la Cour pour
refuser de donner un avis, celle-ci n’a jamais indiqué qu’il s’agissait là

de la seule raison possible. D’autres considérations peuvent aussi l’y
amener, notamment l’intérêt de l’organe dont émane la demande d’avis et
les intérêts relatifs d’autres organes de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
comme nous le verrons plus loin.
5. Cet examen du droit met en lumière le lien entre l’intérêt de l’organe

demandant l’avis et la forte propension de la Cour à répondre ou, comme
cela a parfois été dit, son devoir de le faire. C’est pourquoi j’examinerai
en détail les faits se rapportant à la présente demande et les intérêts rela-
tifs de l’Assemblée générale et du Conseil de sécurité. L’exercice du pou-
voir discrétionnaire reconnu par le paragraphe 1 de l’article 65 du Statut

ne devrait pas, dans une espèce comme la présente, être indûment entravé
par une formule telle que «raisons décisives».
6. La question qui pour moi est déterminante est celle de savoir si, en
l’espèce, la demande n’aurait pas dû émaner du Conseil de sécurité plutôt
que de l’Assemblée générale et si, pour cette raison, la Cour aurait dû

refuser de répondre à la question qui lui était adressée. Cette manière de
poser le problème soulève la question de savoir si la Cour peut légitime-
ment faire valoir un tel argument du point de vue de sa participation, en
sa qualité d’organe principal de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, à l’ac-
tion du système des Nations Unies au sens large, ou pour protéger l’inté-

grité de sa fonction judiciaire. Pour que ma position soit bien claire,
j’ajoute que je n’aurais vu en l’occurrence aucune raison pour la Cour de
refuser de répondre à la question si celle-ci avait émané du Conseil de
sécurité. Je me demande seulement si, au vu des circonstances de l’espèce,

il était approprié que la Cour réponde à l’Assemblée générale. Je consi-
dère que la Cour aurait dû se demander s’il est approprié qu’un organe

84special powers by another organ under the Charter, in relation to the
matter which is the subject of the request. As will appear, this exact issue

has not arisen in respect of any earlier request for an advisory opinion.

**

7. While my focus is primarily on Security Council resolution 1244
adopted on 10 June 1999 and on the actions taken after that date by the
Security Council and the General Assembly, some earlier actions are also

relevant to an assessment of their relative roles since that date and in par-
ticular in late 2008 when the Assembly made its request to the Court. In
the 1990s, both bodies had substantial roles in respect of the developing
crises and armed conflicts in the territory of the Socialist Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia and the new States formed from it. The Security Coun-

cil’s concern was primarily with the issues of international peace and
security arising there and, in that context, with the introduction of sanc-
tions, the establishment and functioning of peacekeeping forces, and the
setting up of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugo-
slavia. Between 31 March 1998 and 14 May 1999 the Council also

adopted four resolutions relating specifically to Kosovo. All were adopted
under Chapter VII of the Charter and, as the “crisis” developed into a
“humanitarian catastrophe”, made various calls and demands on the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Kosovo Albanian leadership and
others. (See also resolution 1367 (2001) ending the prohibition on the sale

and supply of arms imposed in the first of those resolutions.)

8. The General Assembly’s involvement in that earlier period was

principally with the situation of human rights, at first in the territory of
the former Yugoslavia in general (e.g., General Assembly resolution 48/
153 (1993), para. 17, which is concerned with Kosovo), and, from 1995,
in Kosovo specifically. The last resolution in that annual series (General
Assembly resolution 54/183) was adopted on 17 December 1999. In it, the

Assembly gives major place to resolution 1244 and the role of the newly
established United Nations Mission in Kosovo (operative paragraphs 1,
2, 3 and 5). While between 2000 and 2006 the Assembly adopted resolu-
tions relating to the “Maintenance of international security — good
neighbourliness, stability and development in South-Eastern Europe”, its

references to Kosovo were essentially limited to resolution 1244 and the
processes under it (e.g., General Assembly resolution 61/53). Since 1999,
the only resolutions adopted by the Assembly relating particularly to
Kosovo have been those, adopted under Article 17 (1) of the Charter,

approving the budget of UNMIK for the following year, and, of course,
the resolution requesting the opinion in this case, a request which,

85sollicite un avis si celui-ci doit essentiellement porter sur l’exercice effectif
par un autre organe des pouvoirs particuliers que la Charte lui confère

en relation avec l’objet de la demande. Comme on le verra, cette ques-
tion précise ne s’est encore jamais posée au sujet d’une demande d’avis
consultatif.

**

7. Bien que j’entende mettre avant tout l’accent sur la résolution 1244
adoptée par le Conseil de sécurité le 10 juin 1999 et sur les mesures prises
après cette date par le Conseil et l’Assemblée générale, certaines mesures

prises avant cette date sont également pertinentes aux fins d’évaluer les
rôles relatifs joués depuis par ces deux organes et, en particulier, à la fin
de 2008, lorsque l’Assemblée a demandé un avis à la Cour. Dans les
années quatre-vingt-dix, les deux organes ont joué un rôle substantiel en
ce qui concerne les crises et les conflits armés qui faisaient rage sur le ter-

ritoire de la République fédérative socialiste de Yougoslavie et sur celui
des nouveaux Etats issus de celle-ci. Le Conseil de sécurité s’occupait en
premier lieu des questions de paix et de sécurité internationales se posant
dans la région et, dans ce contexte, de l’imposition de sanctions, de l’éta-
blissement et du fonctionnement des forces de maintien de la paix et de la

création du Tribunal pénal international pour l’ex-Yougoslavie. Entre le
31 mars 1998 et le 14 mai 1999, le Conseil a également adopté quatre
résolutions ayant précisément trait au Kosovo. Toutes l’ont été en vertu
du chapitre VII de la Charte et, comme la «crise» se transformait en une
«catastrophe humanitaire», le Conseil a formulé divers appels et exigen-

ces à l’intention, notamment, de la République fédérale de Yougoslavie et
des dirigeants albanais du Kosovo. (Voir également la résolution 1367
(2001), mettant fin à l’interdiction de la vente et de la fourniture d’armes
imposée dans la première de ces résolutions.)
8. Durant cette première période, l’Assemblée générale s’est principa-

lement intéressée à la situation des droits de l’homme, d’abord sur le ter-
ritoire de l’ex-Yougoslavie en général (voir, par exemple, la résolution 48/
153 (1993) de l’Assemblée générale, dont le paragraphe 17 concerne le
Kosovo), puis, à partir de 1995, sur celui du Kosovo spécifiquement. La
dernière de cette série de résolutions annuelles (la résolution 54/183 de

l’Assemblée générale) a été adoptée le 17 décembre 1999. L’Assemblée
générale y accorde une place majeure à la résolution 1244 et au rôle de la
Mission intérimaire des Nations Unies au Kosovo nouvellement établie
(par. 1, 2, 3 et 5). Si, entre 2000 et 2006, l’Assemblée a adopté des réso-
lutions relatives au «maintien de la sécurité internationale — bon voisi-

nage, stabilité et développement dans le sud-est de l’Europe», les référen-
ces au Kosovo y étaient essentiellement limitées à la résolution 1244 et
aux processus relevant de celle-ci (par exemple, résolution 61/53 de
l’Assemblée générale). Après 1999, les seules résolutions adoptées par

l’Assemblée ayant trait au Kosovo en particulier ont été celles, adoptées
en vertu du paragraphe 1 de l’article 17 de la Charte, approuvant le bud-

85uniquely in the practice of the Assembly and the Council, did not arise
from a more general agenda item.

9. Two features of those budget resolutions are significant. The first is
that the sums approved year by year for the Mission until 2008 were
between US$200 and US$400 million, with between 5,000 and 10,000

personnel; but for the years since they have been substantially reduced to
about US$50 million, with 500 personnel. That reduction reflects the
major role exercised since December 2008 by EULEX, with a budget of
over US$300 million and over 2000 staff, with a target of 3000. The

second feature of the resolutions is that the Assembly’s consideration
of them does not involve it or its Fifth Committee in any substantive
consideration of the situation in Kosovo, including political developments
there; rather, the Secretary-General and the ACABQ submit relevant
reports and proposals to the Fifth Committee and the resulting resolu-

tions focus on the financing of the Mission, including the obligations of
States to pay their assessed contributions and those which are outstand-
ing. To the extent that the resolutions go beyond the funding of the Mis-
sion, they are concerned with the financing of peacekeeping operations
elsewhere in the world and with the safety and security of the members of

the Mission (e.g., paragraphs 4-7 and 24 of General Assembly resolu-
tion 63/295). The limited role of the Assembly in respect of this budget
matter is not unusual. For one thing, some parts of the budget adopted
by the General Assembly are included to meet existing financial obliga-
tions of the United Nations, which cannot be denied, as the Court made

clear in its Opinion relating to the Effect of Awards of Compensation
Made by the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, Advisory Opinion,
I.C.J. Reports 1954, pp. 47 ff.

10. The introduction of EULEX along with the related scaling down
of the role of UNMIK and the reduction of its budget were the subject of
discussions in the Security Council in November 2008 and in the Fifth

Committee and the General Assembly in June 2009. The first resulted in
a Presidential Statement which welcomed the intentions of Belgrade and
Pristina to co-operate with the international community (see paragraph 13
below). When on 3 June 2009 the much reduced UNMIK budget for the
following year was being considered in the Fifth Committee, the Serbian

representative expressed concern and stated that the reduction contra-
vened resolution 1244 as it went beyond what had been welcomed by the
Security Council and was unacceptably based on the unilateral declara-
tion of independence, “thereby contradicting the status-neutral position

of UNMIK” (A/C.5/63/SR 51, para. 16). The Serbian proposal for the
creation of three professional posts in the Office of the Special Repre-

86get de la MINUK pour l’exercice suivant et, bien sûr, la résolution à
l’origine de la présente procédure consultative sous forme d’une demande

qui, cela est unique dans la pratique de l’Assemblée et du Conseil, ne
relève pas d’un point plus général de l’ordre du jour.
9. Deux caractéristiques de ces résolutions budgétaires méritent d’être
notées. La première est que les crédits approuvés année après année au
titre de la mission se situaient jusqu’en 2008 dans une fourchette allant de

200 à 400 millions de dollars des Etats-Unis, pour des effectifs compris
entre 5000 et 10 000 agents, mais que ces crédits ont ensuite été substan-
tiellement réduits pour s’établir à environ 50 millions de dollars des Etats-
Unis, pour un effectif de 500 agents. Cette réduction reflète le rôle majeur

joué par la mission «Etat de droit» de l’Union européenne au Kosovo
(EULEX) depuis décembre 2008, avec un budget de plus de 300 millions
de dollars et des effectifs de plus de 2000 agents, qui doivent être portés
à 3000. La seconde caractéristique de ces résolutions est que leur examen
par l’Assemblée ou sa Cinquième Commission ne porte pas sur la situa-

tion au Kosovo quant au fond, notamment sur l’évolution politique; le
Secrétaire général et le Comité consultatif pour les questions administra-
tives et budgétaires (CCQAB) présentent des rapports et des propositions
sur le sujet à la Cinquième Commission et les résolutions qui en résultent
sont axées sur le financement de la mission, y compris l’obligation faite

aux Etats de verser leur quote-part et les contributions qui restent dues.
Pour autant que ces résolutions ne traitent pas seulement du financement
de la mission, elles ont trait au financement d’autres opérations de main-
tien de la paix et à la sécurité et à la sûreté des membres de la mission (par
exemple, paragraphes 4 à 7 et 24 de la résolution 63/295 de l’Assemblée

générale). Le rôle limité de l’Assemblée en ce qui concerne ces questions
budgétaires n’est pas inhabituel. Pour ne mentionner qu’une raison, cer-
taines sections du budget adopté par l’Assemblée générale figurent dans
celui-ci pour satisfaire à des obligations financières auxquelles l’ONU ne
peut se soustraire, comme la Cour l’a indiqué clairement dans son avis

relatif à l’Effet de jugements du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies
accordant indemnité (avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1954, p. 47 et suiv.).
10. La création d’EULEX et la réduction correspondante du rôle et du
budget de la MINUK ont fait l’objet de débats au sein du Conseil de
sécurité en novembre 2008, et à la Cinquième Commission et à l’Assem-

blée générale en juin 2009. Ces débats ont donné lieu, au Conseil, à une
déclaration du président, qui s’est félicité des intentions de Belgrade et de
Pristina de coopérer avec la communauté internationale (voir para-
graphe 13 ci-après). Lorsque, le 3 juin 2009, le budget considérablement
réduit de la MINUK pour l’exercice suivant a été soumis à l’examen de la

Cinquième Commission, le représentant de la Serbie a exprimé la préoc-
cupation de son pays et estimé que la réduction était contraire à la résolu-
tion 1244 parce qu’elle allait bien au-delà de ce qu’avait approuvé le
Conseil de sécurité et était fondée sur la déclaration unilatérale d’indé-

pendance, ce qui était inacceptable «car cela [était] contraire à la neutra-
lité dont la MINUK [devait] faire preuve» (A/C.5/63/SR 51, par. 16). La

86sentative for co-ordination and co-operation between UNMIK and
EULEX was included in the budget, with the Serbian representative in

the plenary expressing his country’s satisfaction at that development “as
part of the status-neutral framework of the Council’s resolution 1244
(1999)” (A/63/PV.93, p. 6).

11. Against that background of a very limited General Assembly

involvement with the situation in Kosovo since 1999, I turn to the
sharply contrasting role of the Security Council and UNMIK established
under resolution 1244. The Council, in that resolution, “acting for [the
purposes set out in the preamble] under Chapter VII of the Charter of the

United Nations”, authorizes certain actions, makes a number of deci-
sions and associated requests, and makes certain demands. The Council
authorizes both an international security presence and an international
civil presence. In respect of the first, it authorizes Member States and rel-
evant international organizations to establish the international security

presence in Kosovo with all necessary means to fulfil its responsibilities
which are set out in some detail in a non-exhaustive list which includes in
paragraph 9:

“(c) Establishing a secure environment in which refugees and dis-
placed persons can return home in safety, the international
civil presence can operate, a transitional administration can be
established, and humanitarian aid can be delivered;

(d) Ensuring public safety and order until the international civil
presence can take responsibility for this task;

...........................
(f) Supporting, as appropriate, and co-ordinating closely with the
work of the international civil presence”.

In the second, the Council authorizes the Secretary-General,

“with the assistance of relevant international organizations, to estab-
lish an international civil presence in Kosovo in order to provide an
interim administration for Kosovo under which the people of Kos-
ovo can enjoy substantial autonomy within the Federal Republic of

Yugoslavia, and which will provide transitional administration while
establishing and overseeing the development of provisional demo-
cratic self-governing institutions to ensure conditions for a peaceful
and normal life for all inhabitants of Kosovo”.

Among the main responsibilities of the international civil presence, stated

in paragraph 11, are:
“(a) Promotingtheestablishment,pendingafinalsettlement,ofsub-

stantial autonomy and self-government in Kosovo . . .;

87proposition serbe de créer trois postes d’administrateur au bureau du
représentant spécial pour assurer la coordination et la coopération entre

la MINUK et EULEX a été reprise dans le budget, le représentant de la
Serbie faisant part en plénière de la satisfaction de son pays face à cette
mesure prise «dans le cadre défini par la position de neutralité énoncée
dans la résolution 1244 (1999) du Conseil» (A/63/PV.93, p. 6).
11. Au regard de cette activité très limitée de l’Assemblée générale en ce

qui concerne la situation au Kosovo depuis 1999, le contraste est frappant
si l’on examine le rôle du Conseil de sécurité et de la MINUK, créée par la
résolution 1244. Le Conseil, dans cette résolution, «agissant [aux fins
énoncées dans le préambule] en vertu du chapitre VII de la Charte des

Nations Unies», autorise certaines mesures, formule certaines décisions et
des demandes connexes, et exprime certaines exigences. Le Conseil autorise
une présence internationale de sécurité ainsi qu’une présence internationale
civile. Pour ce qui est de la première, il autorise les Etats Membres et les
organisations internationales compétentes à établir la présence internatio-

nale de sécurité au Kosovo en la dotant de tous les moyens nécessaires
pour s’acquitter des responsabilités qui sont définies en détail dans une liste
non exhaustive qui comprend, au paragraphe 9, les éléments suivants:

«c) établir un environnement sûr pour que les réfugiés et les per-
sonnes déplacées puissent rentrer chez eux, que la présence
internationale civile puisse opérer, qu’une administration inté-
rimaire puisse être établie, et que l’aide humanitaire puisse être

acheminée;
d) assurer le maintien de l’ordre et la sécurité publics jusqu’à ce
que la présence internationale civile puisse s’en charger;

...........................
f) appuyer le travail de la présence internationale civile selon qu’il
conviendra et assurer une coordination étroite avec ce travail».

Pour ce qui est de la seconde, le Conseil autorise le Secrétaire général,

«agissant avec le concours des organisations internationales compé-
tentes, à établir une présence internationale civile au Kosovo afin d’y
assurer une administration intérimaire dans le cadre de laquelle la
population du Kosovo pourra jouir d’une autonomie substantielle

au sein de la République fédérale de Yougoslavie, et qui assurera
une administration transitoire de même que la mise en place et la
supervision des institutions d’auto-administration démocratiques
provisoires nécessaires pour que tous les habitants du Kosovo puis-
sent vivre en paix et dans des conditions normales».

Les principales responsabilités de la présence internationale civile, défi-

nies au paragraphe 11, sont notamment les suivantes:
«a) faciliter, en attendant un règlement définitif, l’instauration au

Kosovo d’une autonomie et d’une auto-administration substan-
tielles...;

87 (b) Performing basic civilian administrative functions where and
as long as required;

(c) Organizing and overseeing the development of provisional
institutions for democratic and autonomous self-government
pending a political settlement, including the holding of elec-
tions;
(d) Transferring, as these institutions are established, its adminis-

trative responsibilities while overseeing and supporting the
consolidation of Kosovo’s local provisional institutions and
other peace-building activities;

...........................
(i) Maintaining civil law and order, including establishing local

police forces and meanwhile through the deployment of inter-
national police personnel to serve in Kosovo;
(j) Protecting and promoting human rights;
(k) Assuring the safe and unimpeded return of all refugees and
displaced persons to their homes in Kosovo”.

Those two international presences (one civil, one security) were estab-
lished for an initial period of 12 months and were to continue thereafter

unless the Security Council should decide otherwise. The Council
requested the Secretary-General, in consultation with it, to appoint a
Special Representative to control the implementation of the international
civil presence and to ensure that both international presences operated
towards the same goals and in a mutually supportive manner.

12. While the Council “[r]eaffirm[ed] the commitment of all Member
States to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia”, the effect of the resolution, as long as it remained in
effect, was to displace the administrative and related functions of the

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which it would otherwise have exercised
through its institutions as the sovereign over the territory of Kosovo. The
plenary character of the authority of UNMIK and of the Special Repre-
sentative over the territory of Kosovo was manifested at the outset in the
first UNMIK regulation adopted by the Special Representative. Under it

“[a]ll legislative and executive authority with respect to Kosovo, includ-
ing the administration of the judiciary, is vested in UNMIK and is exer-
cised by the Special Representative”.
13. Resolution 1244 requested the Secretary-General to report to the
Council at regular intervals on the implementation of the resolution

including reports from the leaderships of both presences. Those reports,
submitted on average every three months, are the subject of debate in
which the members of the Council and other participants address devel-
opments as they see them. Because of the political divisions within the

Council (which explain its lack of comment on the Assembly request in
this case) it has only once been able, since it adopted the resolution, to

88 b) exercer les fonctions d’administration civile de base là où cela
sera nécessaire et tant qu’il y aura lieu de le faire;

c) organiser et superviser la mise en place d’institutions provi-
soires pour une auto-administration autonome et démocrati-
que en attendant un règlement politique, notamment la tenue
d’élections;
d) transférer ses responsabilités administratives aux institutions

susvisées, à mesure qu’elles auront été mises en place, tout en
supervisant et en facilitant le renforcement des institutions
locales provisoires du Kosovo, de même que les autres activités
de consolidation de la paix;

...........................
i) maintenir l’ordre public, notamment en mettant en place des

forces de police locales et, entre-temps, en déployant du per-
sonnel international de police servant au Kosovo;
j) défendre et promouvoir les droits de l’homme;
k) veiller à ce que tous les réfugiés et personnes déplacées puissent
rentrer chez eux en toute sécurité et sans entrave au Kosovo».

Ces deux présences internationales (l’une de sécurité, l’autre civile) étaient
établies pour une période initiale de douze mois, à l’expiration de laquelle

elles seraient maintenues tant que le Conseil de sécurité n’en déciderait
pas autrement. Le Conseil priait le Secrétaire général de nommer, en
consultation avec lui, un représentant spécial chargé de diriger la mise en
place de la présence internationale civile et de veiller à ce que les deux
présences internationales poursuivent les mêmes buts et s’apportent un

soutien mutuel.
12. Si le Conseil «[r]éaffirma[it] l’attachement de tous les Etats Mem-
bres à la souveraineté et à l’intégrité territoriale de la République fédérale
de Yougoslavie», la résolution avait pour effet, aussi longtemps qu’elle
demeurerait en vigueur, de suspendre les fonctions d’administration et les

fonctions connexes que la République fédérale de Yougoslavie aurait, en
tant que souverain sur le territoire du Kosovo, exercées par le truchement
de ses institutions. La plénitude des pouvoirs de la MINUK et du repré-
sentant spécial sur le territoire du Kosovo fut d’emblée attestée dans le
premier règlement de la MINUK adopté par le représentant spécial. Aux

termes de ce texte, «[t]ous les pouvoirs législatifs et exécutifs afférents au
Kosovo, y compris l’administration de l’ordre judiciaire, sont conférés à
la MINUK et exercés par le représentant spécial du Secrétaire général».
13. Dans sa résolution 1244, le Conseil priait le Secrétaire général de
lui rendre compte à intervalles réguliers de l’application de la résolution,

y compris en lui faisant tenir les rapports des responsables des deux pré-
sences. Ces rapports, soumis en moyenne chaque trimestre, ont fait
l’objet de débats lors desquels les membres du Conseil et d’autres parti-
cipants ont donné leur avis sur l’évolution de la situation. En raison des

divisions politiques au sein du Conseil (qui expliquent que celui-ci n’ait
fait aucun commentaire sur la demande adressée par l’Assemblée géné-

88formulate an agreed position relating to the situation in Kosovo. It did
that in the Presidential Statement of 26 November 2008 (S/PRST/2008/

44) in which it welcomed the intentions of Belgrade and Pristina to
co-operate with the international community and continued as follows:

“The Security Council welcomes the co-operation between the
UN and other international actors, within the framework of Security
Council Resolution 1244 (1999), and also welcomes the continuing

efforts of the European Union to advance the European perspective
of the whole of the Western Balkans, thereby making a decisive con-
tribution to regional stability and prosperity.”

It follows, as indeed is generally accepted including by the authorities in
Kosovo, that the resolution continues to be in effect along with the pres-
ences established under it.

14. What is to be concluded from the above account, in terms of the
relative and absolute interests of the General Assembly and the Security
Council in the matter submitted to the Court by the Assembly? Resolu-
tion 1244 adopted by the Security Council, the Council’s role under it
and the role of its subsidiary organ, UNMIK, are the very subject of the

inquiry into the conformity of the declaration of independence with the
lex specialis in this case — the resolution and the actions taken under it.
The resolution, adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter and having
binding force, established an interim international territorial administra-
tion with full internal powers which superseded for the time being the

authority of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which remained sover-
eign. By contrast, the Assembly’s only dispositive role since June 1999
and the introduction of that régime has been to approve the budget of the
Mission.

**

15. I return to the case law of the Court and in particular to the critical
reason for its recognition that, as a principal organ of the United Nations,

it should in principle respond to requests for opinions. The Court regu-
larly couples that recognition with an indication of the interest which the
requesting organ has in seeking an opinion from the Court: Inter-
pretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, First
Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950 , pp. 65, 70-72; Reserva-

tions to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1951 , pp. 15, 19-20;
Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Article 17, paragraph 2, of the
Charter), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1962 , pp. 151, 155, 156;

Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South
Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council

89rale à la Cour en l’espèce), celui-ci n’a été qu’une seule fois en mesure,
depuis qu’il a adopté la résolution, de formuler une position commune

sur la situation au Kosovo, à savoir dans la déclaration de son président
en date du 26 novembre 2008 (S/PRST/2008/44), dans laquelle il s’est féli-
cité des intentions de Belgrade et de Pristina de coopérer avec la commu-
nauté internationale, déclarant en outre:

«Le Conseil se félicite de la coopération qui existe, dans le cadre
de sa résolution 1244 (1999), entre l’ONU et les autres intervenants
internationaux, ainsi que des efforts de l’Union européenne pour

faire progresser la perspective européenne de l’ensemble des Balkans
occidentaux, contribuant ainsi de manière décisive à la stabilité et à
la prospérité de la région.»

Il en découle — et cela est en effet généralement admis, y compris par les
autorités du Kosovo — que la résolution demeure en vigueur avec les
présences qu’elle a établies.

14. Que faut-il conclure de ce qui précède, du point de vue des intérêts
absolus et relatifs de l’Assemblée générale et du Conseil de sécurité à
l’égard de la question soumise à la Cour par l’Assemblée générale? La
résolution 1244 adoptée par le Conseil de sécurité, le rôle de celui-ci en
vertu de cette résolution et le rôle de son organe subsidiaire, la MINUK,

sont au centre même de la question de la conformité de la déclaration
d’indépendance à la lex specialis en l’espèce — la résolution et les me-
sures adoptées en vertu de celle-ci. Cette résolution, adoptée en vertu du
chapitre VII de la Charte et ayant force obligatoire, a établi une admi-
nistration internationale territoriale intérimaire dotée de la plénitude des

pouvoirs internes qui, à ce stade, se sont substitués aux pouvoirs de la
République fédérale de Yougoslavie, laquelle demeurait le souverain. En
revanche, le seul rôle de nature exécutive joué par l’Assemblée générale
depuis juin 1999 et l’instauration de ce régime a été d’approuver le budget
de la Mission.

**

15. Je reviens à la jurisprudence de la Cour et en particulier à la raison
fondamentale pour laquelle celle-ci a reconnu que, en sa qualité d’organe

principal de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, elle devait en principe
répondre aux demandes d’avis consultatif. La Cour associe cette recon-
naissance à une indication de l’intérêt qu’a l’organe qui sollicite son avis
à le demander: Interprétation des traités de paix conclus avec la Bulgarie,
la Hongrie et la Roumanie, première phase, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil

1950, p. 65 et 70-72; Réserves à la convention pour la prévention et la
répression du crime de génocide, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1951 ,
p. 15, 19 et 20; Certaines dépenses des Nations Unies (article 17, para-
graphe 2, de la Charte), avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1962 , p. 151, 155

et 156; Conséquences juridiques pour les Etats de la présence continue de
l’Afrique du Sud en Namibie (Sud-Ouest africain) nonobstant la résolu-

89Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1971 ,p .6,
para. 32; Western Sahara, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1975 ,p.20,

paras. 20 and pp. 36-37, para. 72; Legality of the Threat or Use of
Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I) , p. 226,
paras. 11, 12; and Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in
the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports
2004 (I), p. 145, paras. 16-17 and pp. 162-163, para. 60. Further, in the

case of every one of the other requests made by the General Assembly or
the Security Council, their interest has been manifest and did not need to
be expressly stated in the request or discussed by participants in the pro-
ceedings or by the Court. In the Wall Opinion, referring to several of the

cases mentioned above, the Court stated this proposition:

“As is clear from the Court’s jurisprudence, advisory opinions
have the purpose of furnishing to the requesting organ the elements
of law necessary for them in their action .” (Para. 60; emphasis
added.)

While the Court has made it clear that it will not evaluate the motives of
the requesting organ (Conditions of Admission of a State to Membership
in the United Nations (Article 4 of the Charter), Advisory Opinion, 1948,

I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948 , p. 61; and the Wall Opinion, para. 62), it does
in practice determine, if the issue arises, whether the requesting organ has
or claims to have a sufficient interest in the subject-matter of the request.

16. In the absence of such an interest, the purpose of furnishing to the

requesting organ the elements of law necessary for it in its action is not
present. Consequently, the reason for the Court to co-operate does not
exist and what is sometimes referred to as its duty to answer disappears.

17. In this case the Court, in my opinion, has no basis on which to

reach the conclusion that the General Assembly, which has not itself
made such a claim, has the necessary interest. Also very significant for me
is the almost exclusive role of the Security Council on this matter. Given
the centrality of that role for the substantive question asked (as appears
from Part IV B of the Court’s Opinion) and the apparent lack of an

Assembly interest, I conclude that the Court should exercise its discretion
and refuse to answer the question put to it by the General Assembly.

18. I add that I do not see the Admissions, Certain Expenses, Namibia
and Wall Opinions, on which the Court relies in this context, as affecting

this conclusion. In all of those cases, both the General Assembly and the
Security Council had a real interest. In the one case in which a Security
Council resolution was expressly at the centre of the request, Namibia,it
was the Council that made the request. In the Admissions case, in which

the General Assembly in its request had referred to the exchange of views
which had taken place in meetings of the Security Council, the Court

90tion 276 (1970) du Conseil de sécurité, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil
1971, p. 16, par. 32; Sahara occidental, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil

1975, p. 20, par. 20, et p. 36-37, par. 72; Licéité de la menace ou de
l’emploi d’armes nucléaires, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (I) ,
p. 226, par. 11 et 12; et Conséquences juridiques de l’édification d’un mur
dans le territoire palestinien occupé, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 2004
(I), p. 145, par. 16-17, et p. 162-163, par. 60. De plus, dans le cas de

chacun des avis sollicités jusqu’à présent par l’Assemblée générale ou le
Conseil de sécurité, l’intérêt de l’un ou l’autre de ces organes était mani-
feste et n’avait pas besoin d’être expressément exposé dans la demande ni
débattu par les participants à la procédure ou par la Cour. Dans l’avis

relatif à l’Edification d’un mur, se référant à plusieurs des affaires susmen-
tionnées, la Cour a déclaré:

«Comme il ressort de la jurisprudence de la Cour, les avis consul-
tatifs servent à fournir aux organes qui les sollicitent les éléments de
caractère juridique qui leur sont nécessaires dans le cadre de leurs
activités.» (Par. 60; les italiques sont de moi.)

Si la Cour a clairement indiqué qu’il ne lui appartenait pas d’apprécier les
mobiles de l’organe demandant l’avis (Conditions de l’admission d’un
Etat comme Membre des Nations Unies (article 4 de la Charte), avis

consultatif, 1948, C.I.J. Recueil 1947-1948 ,p .1te Edification d’un
mur, par. 62), en pratique elle décide, lorsque la question se pose, si
l’organe qui soumet la demande a ou prétend avoir un intérêt suffisant
relativement à l’objet de celle-ci.
16. En l’absence d’un tel intérêt, l’avis — dont le but doit être de

fournir à l’organe qui le sollicite les éléments de caractère juridique
nécessaires à l’exercice de ses activités — n’a pas de raison d’être. En
conséquence, il n’y a pas de raison pour que la Cour coopère, et ce
qu’on appelle parfois son devoir de répondre disparaît.
17. Dans la présente procédure, la Cour, à mon avis, n’était pas fon-

dée à conclure que l’Assemblée générale, qui ne l’avait pas elle-même pré-
tendu, avait un intérêt suffisant. Le rôle quasiment exclusif du Conseil de
sécurité en la matière est aussi très important pour moi à cet égard. Etant
donné le caractère central de ce rôle au regard de la question de fond
posée (comme il ressort du point IV B de l’avis de la Cour) et l’absence

apparente d’intérêt de l’Assemblée générale, je conclus que la Cour devait
exercer son pouvoir discrétionnaire et refuser de répondre à la question
que lui posait l’Assemblée.
18. J’ajoute que je ne pense pas que les avis relatifs aux Conditions de
l’admission,àCertaines dépenses ,àl Namibie e tà’l Edification d’un

mur, sur lesquels la Cour fait fond dans ce contexte, altèrent cette conclu-
sion. Dans toutes ces affaires, tant l’Assemblée générale que le Conseil de
sécurité avaient un intérêt réel. La seule fois où une résolution du Conseil
de sécurité a été expressément au cŒur de la demande — dans l’affaire de

la Namibie —, c’est du Conseil même qu’émanait celle-ci. Dans l’affaire
relative aux Conditions de l’admission , où l’Assemblée générale avait,

90determined that the abstract form in which the question was stated pre-

cluded the interpretation that it should say whether the views referred to
were well founded or not (I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948 , p. 61). While, in the
Certain Expenses case, the Court, in replying to a request from the Gen-
eral Assembly, did consider a sequence of Security Council resolutions,

one building on the other, it did not face issues of interpretation of those
resolutions of the kind involved in this case (I.C.J. Reports 1962, pp. 175-
177). Further, none of those cases involved anything comparable to the
régime of international territorial administration introduced by Security

Council resolution 1244.

19. As is indicated by my vote, I agree with the substantive ruling

made by the Court, essentially for the reasons it gives.

(Signed) Kenneth K EITH.

91dans sa demande, évoqué l’échange de vues qui s’était déroulé lors des

réunions du Conseil de sécurité, la Cour avait jugé que les termes abs-
traits dans lesquels la demande était libellée l’empêchaient de considérer
qu’elle devait se prononcer sur le bien-fondé des vues rappelées dans la
demande (C.I.J. Recueil 1947-1948 , p. 61). Si, dans l’avis relatif à Cer-

taines dépenses, la Cour, répondant à une demande de l’Assemblée géné-
rale, a bien examiné une série de résolutions successives sur le même sujet
du Conseil de sécurité, elle n’a pas eu, comme dans la présente affaire, à
interpréter ces résolutions (C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 175-177). De plus,

aucune de ces affaires ne concernait rien qui fût comparable au régime
d’administration territoriale international instauré par la résolution 1244
du Conseil de sécurité.
19. Comme je l’ai indiqué par mon vote, je souscris à la décision

de fond prise par la Cour, essentiellement pour les raisons données par
celle-ci.

(Signé) Kenneth K EITH.

91

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Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge Keith

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