Declaration of Judge Simma

Document Number
141-20100722-ADV-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
141-20100722-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE SIMMA

The Court’s interpretation of the General Assembly’s request is unnecessarily
limited and potentially misguiding — The Court’s approach reflects an outdated
view of international law — The request deserves a more comprehensive answer,

assessing both permissive and prohibitive rules of international law — Yet, the
Court’s embrace of “Lotus” entails that everything which is not expressly pro-
hibited carries with it the same colour of legality — The Court could have
explored whether international law can be deliberately neutral or silent on a cer-
tain issue, and whether it allows for the concept of toleration — By so limiting
itself, the Court has reduced the advisory quality of the Opinion.

1. Although I concur with the Court on the great majority of its rea-
soning and on the ultimate reply it has given to the General Assembly, I

have concerns about its unnecessarily limited — and potentially misguid-
ing — analysis. Specifically, in paragraph 56, the Advisory Opinion inter-
prets the General Assembly’s request to ask only for an assessment of
whether the Kosovar declaration of independence was adopted in viola-
tion of international law, and it does so in a way that I find highly prob-
lematic as to the methodology used. In my view, this interpretation not

only goes against the plain wording of the request itself, the neutral draft-
ing of which asks whether the declaration of independence was “in
accordance with international law” (see Advisory Opinion, paragraph 1);
it also excludes from the Court’s analysis any consideration of the impor-
tant question whether international law may specifically permit or even
foresee an entitlement to declare independence when certain conditions

are met.
2. I find this approach disquieting in the light of the Court’s general
conclusion, in paragraph 3 of the operative clause (ibid., para. 123), that
the declaration of independence “did not violate international law”. The
underlying rationale of the Court’s approach reflects an old, tired view of

international law, which takes the adage, famously expressed in the
“Lotus” Judgment, according to which restrictions on the independence
of States cannot be presumed because of the consensual nature of the
international legal order (“Lotus”, Judgment No. 9, 1927, P.C.I.J.,
Series A, No. 10, p. 18). As the Permanent Court did in that case (ibid.,
pp. 19-21), the Court has concluded in the present Opinion that, in rela-

tion to a specific act, it is not necessary to demonstrate a permissive rule
so long as there is no prohibition.

3. In this respect, in a contemporary international legal order which is
strongly influenced by ideas of public law, the Court’s reasoning on this

79point is obsolete. By way of explanation, I wish to address two points in
the present declaration. First, by unduly limiting the scope of its analysis,

the Court has not answered the question put before it in a satisfactory
manner. To do so would require a fuller treatment of both prohibitive
and permissive rules of international law as regards declarations of inde-
pendence and attempted acts of secession than what was essayed in the
Court’s Opinion. Secondly, by upholding the Lotus principle, the Court

fails to seize a chance to move beyond this anachronistic, extremely con-
sensualist vision of international law. The Court could have considered
the scope of the question from an approach which does not, in a formal-
istic fashion, equate the absence of a prohibition with the existence of a
permissive rule; it could also have considered the possibility that inter-

national law can be neutral or deliberately silent on the international law-
fulness of certain acts.
4. With regard to my first point, I wish to recall the wording of the
General Assembly’s request, which asked whether Kosovo’s declaration
of independence was “in accordance with international law” (Advisory
Opinion, para. 1). The Opinion considers that in order to answer this

request, all the Court needs to do is to assess whether there exists, under
international law, a prohibitive rule, thus satisfied that the lack of a viola-
tion of international law entails being in accordance therewith (ibid.,
para. 56). This interpretation, however, does not sit easily with the actual
wording of the request, which deliberately does not ask for the existence

of either a prohibitive or permissive rule under international law. Had the
General Assembly wished to limit its request in such a manner, it could
easily have chosen a clear formulation to that effect. The term “in
accordance with” is broad by definition.
5. It is true that the request is not phrased in the same way as the ques-

tion posed to the Supreme Court of Canada (asking for a “right to effect
secession”: see ibid., paragraph 55). However, this difference does not
justify the Court’s determination that the term “in accordance with” is to
be understood as asking exclusively whether there is a prohibitive rule;
according to the Court, if there is none, the declaration of independence

is ipso facto in accordance with international law.
6. In addition, many of the participants, including the authors of the
declaration of independence, invoked arguments relating the right to self-
determination and the issue of “remedial secession” in their pleadings
(see ibid., paragraph 82). The Court could have addressed these argu-
ments on their merits; instead, its restrictive understanding of the scope

of the question forecloses consideration of these arguments altogether.
The relevance of self-determination and/or remedial secession remains an
important question in terms of resolving the broader dispute in Kosovo
and in comprehensively addressing all aspects of the accordance with
international law of the declaration of independence. None other than

the authors of the declaration of independence make reference to the
“will of [their] people” in operative paragraph 1 thereof, which is a fairly
clear reference to their purported exercise of self-determination (see

80paragraph 75 of the Opinion, where the declaration of independence
is quoted in full). Moreover, consideration of these points would very

well have been within the scope of the question as understood by the
Kosovars themselves, amongst several participants, who make reference
to a right of external self-determination grounded in self-determination
and “remedial secession” as a people. The treatment — or rather, non-
treatment — of these submissions by the Court, in my opinion, does not

seem to be judicially sound, given the fact that the Court has not refused
to give the opinion requested from it to the General Assembly.
7. In this light, I believe that the General Assembly’s request deserves
a more comprehensive answer, assessing both permissive and prohibitive

rules of international law. This would have included a deeper analysis of
whether the principle of self-determination or any other rule (perhaps
expressly mentioning remedial secession) permit or even warrant inde-
pendence (via secession) of certain peoples/territories. Having said this, I
do not consider it an appropriate exercise of my judicial role to examine

these arguments in extenso ; therefore, on this point, I shall content
myself simply with declaring that the Court could have delivered a more
intellectually satisfying Opinion, and one with greater relevance as regards
the international legal order as it has evolved into its present form, had it
not interpreted the scope of the question so restrictively. To treat these

questions more extensively would have demonstrated the Court’s aware-
ness of the present architecture of international law.

8. Secondly, apart from these concerns as regards the specific question
before the Court, there is also a wider conceptual problem with the

Court’s approach. The Court’s reading of the General Assembly’s ques-
tion and its reasoning, leaping as it does straight from the lack of a pro-
hibition to permissibility, is a straightforward application of the so-called
Lotus principle. By reverting to it, the Court answers the question in a
manner redolent of nineteenth-century positivism, with its excessively

deferential approach to State consent. Under this approach, everything
which is not expressly prohibited carries with it the same colour of legality;
it ignores the possible degrees of non-prohibition, ranging from “toler-
ated” to “permissible” to “desirable”. Under these circumstances, even a
clearly recognized positive entitlement to declare independence, if it

existed, would not have changed the Court’s answer in the slightest.

9. By reading the General Assembly’s question as it did, the Court
denied itself the possibility to enquire into the precise status under inter-

national law of a declaration of independence. By contrast, by moving
away from “Lotus”, the Court could have explored whether international
law can be deliberately neutral or silent on a certain issue, and whether it
allows for the concept of toleration, something which breaks from the

binary understanding of permission/prohibition and which allows for a
range of non-prohibited options. That an act might be “tolerated” would

81not necessarily mean that it is “legal”, but rather that it is “not illegal”. In
this sense, I am concerned that the narrowness of the Court’s approach

might constitute a weakness, going forward, in its ability to deal with the
great shades of nuance that permeate international law. Furthermore,
that the international legal order might be consciously silent or neutral
on a specific fact or act has nothing to do with non liquet, which concerns

a judicial institution being unable to pronounce itself on a point of law
because it concludes that the law is not clear. The neutrality of interna-
tional law on a certain point simply suggests that there are areas where
international law has not yet come to regulate, or indeed, will never come
to regulate. There would be no wider conceptual problem relating to the

coherence of the international legal order.

10. For these reasons, the Court should have considered the question
from a slightly broader perspective, and not limited itself merely to an

exercise in mechanical jurisprudence. As posed by the General Assembly,
the question already confines the Court to a relatively narrow aspect of
the wider dispute as regards the final status of Kosovo. For the Court
consciously to have chosen further to narrow the scope of the question
has brought with it a method of judicial reasoning which has ignored

some of the most important questions relating to the final status of Kos-
ovo. To not even enquire into whether a declaration of independence
might be “tolerated” or even expressly permitted under international law
does not do justice to the General Assembly’s request and, in my eyes,

significantly reduces the advisory quality of this Opinion.

(Signed) Bruno S IMMA .

82

Bilingual Content

DECLARATION OF JUDGE SIMMA

The Court’s interpretation of the General Assembly’s request is unnecessarily
limited and potentially misguiding — The Court’s approach reflects an outdated
view of international law — The request deserves a more comprehensive answer,

assessing both permissive and prohibitive rules of international law — Yet, the
Court’s embrace of “Lotus” entails that everything which is not expressly pro-
hibited carries with it the same colour of legality — The Court could have
explored whether international law can be deliberately neutral or silent on a cer-
tain issue, and whether it allows for the concept of toleration — By so limiting
itself, the Court has reduced the advisory quality of the Opinion.

1. Although I concur with the Court on the great majority of its rea-
soning and on the ultimate reply it has given to the General Assembly, I

have concerns about its unnecessarily limited — and potentially misguid-
ing — analysis. Specifically, in paragraph 56, the Advisory Opinion inter-
prets the General Assembly’s request to ask only for an assessment of
whether the Kosovar declaration of independence was adopted in viola-
tion of international law, and it does so in a way that I find highly prob-
lematic as to the methodology used. In my view, this interpretation not

only goes against the plain wording of the request itself, the neutral draft-
ing of which asks whether the declaration of independence was “in
accordance with international law” (see Advisory Opinion, paragraph 1);
it also excludes from the Court’s analysis any consideration of the impor-
tant question whether international law may specifically permit or even
foresee an entitlement to declare independence when certain conditions

are met.
2. I find this approach disquieting in the light of the Court’s general
conclusion, in paragraph 3 of the operative clause (ibid., para. 123), that
the declaration of independence “did not violate international law”. The
underlying rationale of the Court’s approach reflects an old, tired view of

international law, which takes the adage, famously expressed in the
“Lotus” Judgment, according to which restrictions on the independence
of States cannot be presumed because of the consensual nature of the
international legal order (“Lotus”, Judgment No. 9, 1927, P.C.I.J.,
Series A, No. 10, p. 18). As the Permanent Court did in that case (ibid.,
pp. 19-21), the Court has concluded in the present Opinion that, in rela-

tion to a specific act, it is not necessary to demonstrate a permissive rule
so long as there is no prohibition.

3. In this respect, in a contemporary international legal order which is
strongly influenced by ideas of public law, the Court’s reasoning on this

79 DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE SIMMA

[Traduction]

L’interprétation que fait la Cour de la demande de l’Assemblée générale est

par trop restrictive et susceptible d’induire en erreur — L’approche de la Cour
dénote une conception dépassée du droit international — La demande aurait
mérité une réponse plus complète, passant par l’analyse de règles tant permis-
sives que prohibitives du droit international — Selon le principe du Lotus, sur
lequel s’est fondée la Cour, tout ce qui n’est pas expressément interdit est uni-
formément licite — La Cour aurait pu se demander si le droit international peut
être neutre ou délibérément muet sur certaines questions et s’il peut faire une
place à la notion de «tolérance» — En adoptant ainsi une approche limitative,
la Cour a réduit la qualité consultative de son avis.

1. Bien que je souscrive à la plupart des motifs avancés par la Cour

ainsi qu’à la réponse qu’elle a donnée à l’Assemblée générale, je crains
que son analyse n’ait été par trop restrictive et qu’elle ne soit susceptible
d’induire en erreur. En particulier, au paragraphe 56 de l’avis consultatif,
la demande de l’Assemblée générale est interprétée comme visant simple-
ment à obtenir un avis sur la question de savoir si la déclaration d’indé-

pendance du Kosovo a été adoptée en violation ou non du droit interna-
tional, et ce, d’une manière que je considère comme très discutable sur le
plan méthodologique. A mon sens, cette interprétation non seulement va
à l’encontre du libellé même de la demande, qui pose en termes neutres
la question de la «conformité au droit international» de la déclaration

d’indépendance (voir avis consultatif, par. 1), mais encore elle soustrait à
l’examen de la Cour la question de savoir si le droit international peut
permettre expressément ou même prévoir un droit à l’indépendance lors-
que certaines conditions sont remplies.
2. Je trouve cette approche troublante compte tenu de la conclusion

générale de la Cour figurant au paragraphe 3 du dispositif (ibid., par. 123),
selon laquelle la déclaration d’indépendance «n’a pas violé le droit inter-
national». La logique qui sous-tend l’approche suivie par la Cour dénote
une conception ancienne et vieillie du droit international, fondée qu’elle
est sur le fameux adage figurant dans l’arrêt rendu en l’affaire du Lotus,
selon lequel les limitations posées à l’indépendance d’un Etat ne se pré-

sument pas, l’orore juridique international étant par nature consensuel
(Lotus, arrêt n 9, 1927, C.P.J.I. série A n° 10, p. 18). Comme la Cour
permanente dans l’affaire du Lotus (ibid., p. 19-21), la Cour a conclu
dans le présent avis que, en ce qui concerne un acte spécifique, il n’est pas
nécessaire de démontrer l’existence d’une règle permissive dès lors qu’il

n’existe pas d’interdiction.
3. Sur ce point, dans le contexte actuel d’un ordre juridique interna-
tional fortement influencé par des idées venues du droit public, le raison-

79point is obsolete. By way of explanation, I wish to address two points in
the present declaration. First, by unduly limiting the scope of its analysis,

the Court has not answered the question put before it in a satisfactory
manner. To do so would require a fuller treatment of both prohibitive
and permissive rules of international law as regards declarations of inde-
pendence and attempted acts of secession than what was essayed in the
Court’s Opinion. Secondly, by upholding the Lotus principle, the Court

fails to seize a chance to move beyond this anachronistic, extremely con-
sensualist vision of international law. The Court could have considered
the scope of the question from an approach which does not, in a formal-
istic fashion, equate the absence of a prohibition with the existence of a
permissive rule; it could also have considered the possibility that inter-

national law can be neutral or deliberately silent on the international law-
fulness of certain acts.
4. With regard to my first point, I wish to recall the wording of the
General Assembly’s request, which asked whether Kosovo’s declaration
of independence was “in accordance with international law” (Advisory
Opinion, para. 1). The Opinion considers that in order to answer this

request, all the Court needs to do is to assess whether there exists, under
international law, a prohibitive rule, thus satisfied that the lack of a viola-
tion of international law entails being in accordance therewith (ibid.,
para. 56). This interpretation, however, does not sit easily with the actual
wording of the request, which deliberately does not ask for the existence

of either a prohibitive or permissive rule under international law. Had the
General Assembly wished to limit its request in such a manner, it could
easily have chosen a clear formulation to that effect. The term “in
accordance with” is broad by definition.
5. It is true that the request is not phrased in the same way as the ques-

tion posed to the Supreme Court of Canada (asking for a “right to effect
secession”: see ibid., paragraph 55). However, this difference does not
justify the Court’s determination that the term “in accordance with” is to
be understood as asking exclusively whether there is a prohibitive rule;
according to the Court, if there is none, the declaration of independence

is ipso facto in accordance with international law.
6. In addition, many of the participants, including the authors of the
declaration of independence, invoked arguments relating the right to self-
determination and the issue of “remedial secession” in their pleadings
(see ibid., paragraph 82). The Court could have addressed these argu-
ments on their merits; instead, its restrictive understanding of the scope

of the question forecloses consideration of these arguments altogether.
The relevance of self-determination and/or remedial secession remains an
important question in terms of resolving the broader dispute in Kosovo
and in comprehensively addressing all aspects of the accordance with
international law of the declaration of independence. None other than

the authors of the declaration of independence make reference to the
“will of [their] people” in operative paragraph 1 thereof, which is a fairly
clear reference to their purported exercise of self-determination (see

80nement de la Cour est dépassé. A titre d’explication, je ferai ici deux
observations. Premièrement, en limitant indûment la portée de son ana-

lyse, la Cour n’a pas répondu de manière satisfaisante à la question qui
lui était posée. Pour ce faire, elle aurait dû examiner de façon plus pous-
sée les règles tant prohibitives que permissives du droit international
concernant les déclarations d’indépendance et les tentatives de sécession.
Deuxièmement, en se fondant sur le principe du Lotus, la Cour n’a pas su

saisir l’occasion de dépasser cette vision anachronique extrêmement
«consensualiste» du droit international. Elle aurait pu envisager la ques-
tion dans une autre perspective, et ne pas se contenter d’assimiler de
manière formaliste absence d’interdiction et existence d’une règle permis-

sive; elle aurait pu aussi examiner la possibilité que le droit international
soit neutre ou délibérément muet quant à la licéité de certains actes.

4. En ce qui concerne mon premier argument, je voudrais rappeler le
libellé de la demande de l’Assemblée générale, qui voulait savoir si la

déclaration d’indépendance du Kosovo était «conforme au droit interna-
tional» (avis consultatif, par. 1). Dans son avis, la Cour considère que,
pour répondre à cette question, il lui suffit de vérifier s’il existe, en droit
international, une règle prohibitive en la matière, considérant donc que,
en l’absence de violation du droit international, il y a conformité avec

celui-ci (ibid., par. 56). Cette interprétation, cependant, cadre mal avec les
termes mêmes de la demande, qui ne pose délibérément pas la question de
l’existence d’une règle prohibitive ou permissive en droit international. Si
l’Assemblée générale avait voulu limiter ainsi la portée de sa question,
elle aurait aisément pu choisir un autre libellé qui l’aurait indiqué claire-

ment, l’expression «conforme au» revêtant par nature un sens plus large.
5. Certes, la demande n’est pas rédigée de la même manière que la
question posée à la Cour suprême du Canada (qui portait sur un «droit
de procéder ... à la sécession» — voir ibid., p. 55), mais cette différence ne
justifie pas la conclusion de la Cour selon laquelle l’expression «confor-

mité au» doit être interprétée comme renvoyant exclusivement à la ques-
tion de l’existence d’une règle prohibitive, la déclaration d’indépendance
étant, en l’absence d’une telle règle, conforme au droit international.
6. En outre, de nombreux participants à la procédure, y compris les
auteurs de la déclaration d’indépendance, ont fait valoir des arguments

liés au droit des peuples à disposer d’eux-mêmes et à la question de la
«sécession-remède» (voir ibid., par. 82). La Cour aurait pu examiner le
fond même de ces arguments, mais son interprétation restrictive du
champ de la question l’en a empêchée. Or, la question de la pertinence
des notions d’autodétermination et de «sécession-remède» est importante

pour la solution du différend du Kosovo dans son ensemble et l’examen
exhaustif de tous les aspects de la conformité de la déclaration au droit
international. Les auteurs mêmes de la déclaration d’indépendance se
réfèrent, au paragraphe 1 de son dispositif, à la «volonté du peuple», ce

qui est une façon assez claire de revendiquer l’exercice de l’autodétermi-
nation (voir paragraphe 75 de l’avis, où le texte de la déclaration d’indé-

80paragraph 75 of the Opinion, where the declaration of independence
is quoted in full). Moreover, consideration of these points would very

well have been within the scope of the question as understood by the
Kosovars themselves, amongst several participants, who make reference
to a right of external self-determination grounded in self-determination
and “remedial secession” as a people. The treatment — or rather, non-
treatment — of these submissions by the Court, in my opinion, does not

seem to be judicially sound, given the fact that the Court has not refused
to give the opinion requested from it to the General Assembly.
7. In this light, I believe that the General Assembly’s request deserves
a more comprehensive answer, assessing both permissive and prohibitive

rules of international law. This would have included a deeper analysis of
whether the principle of self-determination or any other rule (perhaps
expressly mentioning remedial secession) permit or even warrant inde-
pendence (via secession) of certain peoples/territories. Having said this, I
do not consider it an appropriate exercise of my judicial role to examine

these arguments in extenso ; therefore, on this point, I shall content
myself simply with declaring that the Court could have delivered a more
intellectually satisfying Opinion, and one with greater relevance as regards
the international legal order as it has evolved into its present form, had it
not interpreted the scope of the question so restrictively. To treat these

questions more extensively would have demonstrated the Court’s aware-
ness of the present architecture of international law.

8. Secondly, apart from these concerns as regards the specific question
before the Court, there is also a wider conceptual problem with the

Court’s approach. The Court’s reading of the General Assembly’s ques-
tion and its reasoning, leaping as it does straight from the lack of a pro-
hibition to permissibility, is a straightforward application of the so-called
Lotus principle. By reverting to it, the Court answers the question in a
manner redolent of nineteenth-century positivism, with its excessively

deferential approach to State consent. Under this approach, everything
which is not expressly prohibited carries with it the same colour of legality;
it ignores the possible degrees of non-prohibition, ranging from “toler-
ated” to “permissible” to “desirable”. Under these circumstances, even a
clearly recognized positive entitlement to declare independence, if it

existed, would not have changed the Court’s answer in the slightest.

9. By reading the General Assembly’s question as it did, the Court
denied itself the possibility to enquire into the precise status under inter-

national law of a declaration of independence. By contrast, by moving
away from “Lotus”, the Court could have explored whether international
law can be deliberately neutral or silent on a certain issue, and whether it
allows for the concept of toleration, something which breaks from the

binary understanding of permission/prohibition and which allows for a
range of non-prohibited options. That an act might be “tolerated” would

81pendance est cité in extenso). De plus, l’examen de ces points serait entré
précisément dans le champ de la question telle qu’interprétée par les

Kosovars eux-mêmes — et par plusieurs autres participants à la procé-
dure —, qui se réfèrent à un droit à l’autodétermination externe fondé sur
le droit à l’autodétermination et à la «sécession-remède» dont ils peuvent
se prévaloir en tant que peuple. La manière dont la Cour a traité — ou
plutôt n’a pas traité — ces arguments n’est, à mon sens, pas satisfaisante

sur le plan judiciaire, puisque la Cour n’a pas refusé de donner l’avis que
lui avait demandé l’Assemblée générale.
7. A la lumière de ce qui précède, j’estime que la demande de l’Assem-
blée générale aurait mérité une réponse plus complète, portant sur les

règles tant permissives que prohibitives du droit international, et compre-
nant une analyse approfondie de la question de savoir si le principe de
l’autodétermination ou une quelconque autre règle (faisant peut-être
expressément référence à la «sécession-remède») autorise, voire justifie,
l’indépendance (par voie de sécession) de certains peuples ou territoires.

Cela étant, je ne considère pas qu’il relève de mon rôle judiciaire d’exa-
miner ces arguments in extenso ; c’est pourquoi, sur ce point, je dirai seu-
lement que la Cour aurait pu donner un avis plus satisfaisant intellectuel-
lement et plus pertinent au regard de l’ordre juridique international dans
sa forme actuelle si elle n’avait fait une interprétation aussi restrictive de

la portée de la question. En traitant ces questions de manière plus com-
plète, la Cour aurait démontré qu’elle était au fait de l’architecture
actuelle du droit international.
8. Deuxièmement, outre ces préoccupations concernant la question
spécifique à laquelle la Cour devait répondre, l’approche adoptée soulève

également un problème conceptuel plus large. Dans la lecture qu’elle a
faite de la question de l’Assemblée générale et dans le raisonnement
qu’elle a suivi, la Cour a directement conclu que l’absence d’interdiction
valait autorisation, appliquant ainsi purement et simplement le principe
du Lotus. En reprenant ce principe, la Cour répond à la question d’une
e
manière qui rappelle le positivisme du XIX siècle et sa déférence exces-
sive à l’égard du consentement de l’Etat. Selon cette conception, tout ce
qui n’est pas expressément interdit est uniformément licite; il n’est fait
aucun cas des nuances possibles de la non-interdiction, qui va de ce qui
est «toléré» à ce qui est «souhaitable» en passant par ce qui est «accep-

table». Dans ces conditions, même s’il existait un droit positif clairement
reconnu de déclarer l’indépendance, cela n’aurait en rien changé la réponse
donnée par la Cour.
9. En interprétant comme elle l’a fait la question de l’Assemblée géné-
rale, la Cour s’est privée de la possibilité de s’interroger sur le statut

précis, en droit international, d’une déclaration d’indépendance. Si au
contraire elle s’était écartée du principe du Lotus, elle aurait pu se deman-
der si le droit peut être neutre ou délibérément muet sur certaines ques-
tions, en d’autres termes s’il peut faire une place à la notion de tolérance

et rompre ainsi avec l’opposition binaire entre permission et interdiction,
laissant le champ libre à tout un éventail d’activités non interdites. Qu’un

81not necessarily mean that it is “legal”, but rather that it is “not illegal”. In
this sense, I am concerned that the narrowness of the Court’s approach

might constitute a weakness, going forward, in its ability to deal with the
great shades of nuance that permeate international law. Furthermore,
that the international legal order might be consciously silent or neutral
on a specific fact or act has nothing to do with non liquet, which concerns

a judicial institution being unable to pronounce itself on a point of law
because it concludes that the law is not clear. The neutrality of interna-
tional law on a certain point simply suggests that there are areas where
international law has not yet come to regulate, or indeed, will never come
to regulate. There would be no wider conceptual problem relating to the

coherence of the international legal order.

10. For these reasons, the Court should have considered the question
from a slightly broader perspective, and not limited itself merely to an

exercise in mechanical jurisprudence. As posed by the General Assembly,
the question already confines the Court to a relatively narrow aspect of
the wider dispute as regards the final status of Kosovo. For the Court
consciously to have chosen further to narrow the scope of the question
has brought with it a method of judicial reasoning which has ignored

some of the most important questions relating to the final status of Kos-
ovo. To not even enquire into whether a declaration of independence
might be “tolerated” or even expressly permitted under international law
does not do justice to the General Assembly’s request and, in my eyes,

significantly reduces the advisory quality of this Opinion.

(Signed) Bruno S IMMA .

82acte puisse être «toléré» ne signifierait pas nécessairement qu’il est
«licite», mais plutôt qu’il n’est «pas illicite». En ce sens, je suis préoc-

cupé de ce que l’étroitesse de l’approche de la Cour risque, à l’avenir, de
limiter sa capacité à tenir compte des importantes nuances qui colorent
tout le droit international. Par ailleurs, que l’ordre juridique international
puisse être délibérément muet ou neutre quant à certains faits ou actes

n’a rien à voir avec la situation du non liquet, qui se produit lorsqu’une
institution judiciaire n’est pas en mesure de se prononcer sur un point de
droit parce qu’elle conclut que le droit n’est pas clair. La neutralité du
droit international sur certains points indique simplement qu’il existe des
domaines qui n’ont pas encore été réglementés par lui et qui peut-être ne

le seront jamais. La cohérence de l’ordre juridique international ne sau-
rait se trouver confrontée à un problème conceptuel plus vaste.
10. Pour ces raisons, la Cour aurait dû examiner la question dans une
perspective un peu plus large, et ne pas se borner à l’application méca-

nique de principes juridiques. Telle que posée par l’Assemblée générale,
la question circonscrivait déjà étroitement l’aspect sur lequel devait se
prononcer la Cour dans le différend portant sur le statut final du Kosovo.
Que la Cour ait sciemment choisi de limiter encore la portée de la ques-
tion l’a conduite à suivre un raisonnement judiciaire dans lequel elle a

laissé de côté certains des points les plus importants concernant ce statut
final. En ne se demandant même pas si une déclaration d’indépendance
pouvait être «tolérée», voire était expressément autorisée par le droit
international, la Cour n’a pas pleinement répondu à la demande de

l’Assemblée générale et, à mon sens, la qualité consultative de son avis
s’en trouve sensiblement réduite.

(Signé) Bruno S IMMA .

82

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Simma

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