Dissenting Opinion of Judge Koroma

Document Number
100-19990429-ADV-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
100-19990429-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE KOROMA

Reasons for dissenting opinion - Unable tojustify Advisory Opinionon the
face of the Convention, general principles ofjustice andpeculiar circumstances
of this case - Dispute not about human rights of Special Rapporteur or
whether Government of Malay.sia is in breach of its obligations under Human
Rights Conilentions to which it isa party - Dispute isabout ~vhetherSpecial
Rapporteur is immunefrom legal process for ivords spoken in performance of
his mandate and Malaysia's obligations - Circumstances of the case - Inter-

view given to International Commercial Litigation - Defamation laivsuits -
Finding by Secretary-General that Speciul Rapporteur immuneJrom legalpro-
cess- Differences betiveen Organization and Government of Malaysia - Mat-
ter referred to Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) by Secretary-General
- ECOSOC's formulatio~rof questiorr - ECOSOC entitled toformulate ques-
tion but real question must be answered by Court - Court should havee.uer-
cised discretion and clrclinedto anspverquestion because of its role as ajudiciul
organ - For Court to determine applicability of' Convention nece'ssary to
enquire into the merits - Insuf$cient for Court to rely onjînding of another
organ - Court's statement thut United Nations experts must take cure not to

exceed scope of their mandate not ulithoutparticular import and signijîcance in
this case- Obligation of M'alaysia one ofresult and not of means - Conven-
tiondoes not stipulate particular method of implementation - Even inexercis-
ing advisoryfunction, Court should not depurt from essential rules guiding its
activity as ajudicial organ.

1. Much as 1would have liked to vote in favour of the Advisory Opin-

ion, as it might assist in settling the differences which had arisen between
the United Nations and the Government of Malaysia with regard to the
interpretation and application of the General Convention on the Privi-
leges and Immunities of the United Nations (hereinafter "the Conven-
tion"), however, in view of the fàct that the Opinion is to be regarded as

an authoritative legal pronouncement by the Court on the Convention,
and is to be accepted as decisive by the Parties, and in view of the pecu-
liar circumstances surrounding the dispute, 1 find myself unable to sup-
port and justify the Opinion, by reason of the terms of the Convention,

the general principles of justice, the peculiarities of the dispute and my
own legal conscience. 1 have therefore been constrained to vote largely
against the Opinion and my viewsfor doing so are set out in this opinion.

2. At the outset it should be noted that this dispute is not about the112 IMMUNITY FROM LEGAL PROCESS (DISS .P.KOROMA)

human rights of Mr. Cumaraswamy, Special Rapporteur of the Human
Rights Commission, as such. Nor is it about whether Malaysia is in
breach of its obligationsunder the Human Rights Conventions to which
itis a party. The dispute is about whether Article VI, Section 22, of the

Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations is
applicable to Mr. Cumaraswamy - that is to say, whether words spoken
or written by him were done so in hiscapacity as Special Rapporteur and
in the course of the performance of /lis mission - and about the legal
obligations of Malaysia.
3. The circumstances of this case are unusual. According to the
material presented to theCourt, Mr. Cumaraswamy, in an interview pub-
lished in the 5 November 1995 issueof the magazine Inrernational Com-
mercial Litigation, and in which he was referred to as Special Rapporteur
on the independence of judges and lawyers, was reported to have said
with reference to a specificcase (the Ayer Malek case), that it looked like
"a very obvious, perhaps even glaring example of judge-choosing", while

stressing that he had not finished his investigation. Mr. Cumaraswamy
was also quoted as having said: "Complaints are rife that certain highly
placed personalities in the business and corporate sectors are able to
manipulate the Malaysian system of justice." He added: "But 1 do not
want any of the people involved to think 1 have made up my mind." He
was further reported to have said: "It would be unfair to name any
names, but there is some concern about this among foreign businessmen
based in Malaysia, particularly those who have litigation pending."

4. As a result of that interview a number of lawsuits were filed against

Mr. Cumaraswamy by companies and individuals asserting that the pub-
lished article contained defamatory words that had "brought them into
public scandal, odium and contempt", and sued for damages including
exemplary damages for slander.

5. The Legal Counsel of the United Nations acting on behalf of the
Secretary-General of the United Nations, and later the Secretary-General
himself, having considered the circumstances of the interview and the
controverted passages of the interview, determined that Mr. Cumara-
swamy was interviewed in his officialcapacity as Special Rapporteur and
requested the Malaysian authorities to promptly advise the Malaysian
courts of the Special Rapporteur's immunity from legal process with

respect to the lawsuits.
6. On 12 March 1997 the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Malaysia
filed a certificate with the trial court in which that court was invited to
determine at its own discretion whether immunity applied, the certificate
having stated that this was the case "only in respect of words spoken or
written and acts done by him in the course of the performance of his mis-
sion".
7. On 28 June 1997the Judge of the Malaysian High Court concluded113 IMMUNITY FROM LEGAL PROCESS (DISSO. P.KOROMA)

that she was "unable to hold that the Defendant is absolutely protected
by the immunity he claims", in part because she considered that the Sec-

retary-General's note was merely "an opinion" with scant probative
value and no binding force upon the court and that the Minister for For-
eign Affairs' certificate "would appear to be no more than a bland state-
ment as to a state of fact pertaining to the Defendant's status and man-
date as a Special Rapporteur and appears to have room for interpreta-
tion". The Malaysian court ordered that the Special Rapporteur's motion
be dismissed with costs; that the costs be taxed and paid forthwith by
him and that he file and serve his defence within 14days. On 8 July the
Court of Appeal of Malaysia dismissed Mr. Cumaraswamy's motion for
a stay of execution.
8. After efforts to resolve the dispute did not materialize in aegoti-
ated settlement, the Secretary-General's Special Envoy advised that the
matter should be referred to the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
to request an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice.
The Government of Malaysia acknowledged the Organization's right to
refer thematter to the Council to request an advisory opinion in accord-

ance with Section 30 of the Convention, advised the Secretary-General's
Special Envoy that the United Nations should proceed to do so, and indi-
cated that, while it would make its own presentation to the International
Court of Justice, it did not oppose the submission of the matter to the
Court through the Council.
9. The note by the Secretary-General (E/1998/94),referring the matter
to the Council, concluded with a paragraph 21 containing a proposal for
two questions to be submitted to the Court for an advisory opinion:

'Considering the difference that has arisen between the United
Nations and the Government of Malaysia with respect to the
immunity from legal process of Mr. Dato' Param Cumaraswamy,
the United Nations Special Rapporteur of the Commission on
Human Rights on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, in
respect of certain words spoken by him:

1. Subject only to Section 30 of the Convention on the Privi-
leges and Immunities of the United Nations, does the Secretary-
General of the United Nations have the exclusive authority to
determine whether words were spoken in the course of the per-
formance of a mission for the United Nations within the meaning
of Section 22 (6) of the Convention?
2. In accordance with Section 34 of the Convention, once the
Secretarv-General has determined that such words were svoken in
the couise of the performance of a mission and has decided to
maintain, or not to waive, the immunity from legal process, does
the Government of a Member State party to the Convention have
an obligation to give effect to that immunity inits national courts and, if failing to do so, to assume responsibility for, and any costs,
expenses and damages arising from, any legalproceedings brought
in respect of such words?

10. Section 30 of the Convention provides:
"Section 30: All differences arising out of the interpretation or
application of the present convention shall be referred to the Inter-
national Court of Justice, unless in any case it is agreed by the
parties to have recourse to another mode of settlement. If a differ-
ence arises between the United Nations on the one hand and a Mem-
ber on the other hand, a request shall be made for an advisory
opinion on any legalquestion involved in accordance with Article 96
of the Charter and Article 65 of the Statute of the Court. The

opinion given by the Court shall be accepted as decisive by the
parties."
11. After considering the note by the Secretary-General, ECOSOC,
without any explanation, changed the question, as it was entitled to do,
and requested the Court to render an advisory opinion

"on the legal question of the applicability of Article VI, Section22,
of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United
Nations in the case of Dato' Param Cumaraswamy as Special Rap-
porteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the independence
of judges and lawyers, taking into account the circumstances set out
in paragraphs 1 to 15 of the note by the Secretary-General, and on
the legal obligations of Malaysia in this case".

Article VI, Section 22, of the Convention on the Privileges and Immuni-
ties of the United Nations provides that
"Section 22. Experts (other than officialscoming within the scope
of Article V) performing missions for the United Nations shall be
accorded such privileges and inzmunities us are necessary for the
independent exercisr of theirjunctions during the period of their mis-
sions, including the time spent on journeys in connection with their

missions. In particular they shall be accorded:

(b) in respect of words spoken or written and acfs done by them in
the course of the performance of tlleir mission, immunity from
legal process of every kind. This immunity from legal process
shall continue to be accorded notwithstanding that the persons
concerned are no longer employed on missions for the United
Nations." (Emphasis added.)

In other words, the Convention would be applicable to an expert in
respect of words spoken or written and acts done by him in the course of
the performance of his mission. 12. The Court in its Advisory Opinion reached the conclusion that

Article VI, Section 22, of the Convention is applicable in the case of
Mr. Cumaraswamy as Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human
Rights on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, and that Mr. Cuma-
raswamy is entitled to immunity from legal process of any kind for the
words spoken by him during an interview as published in an article in
the November 1995issue of International Commercial Litigation.

13. In my respectful opinion, for the Court to conclude that the Con-
vention is applicable to Mr. Cumaraswamy in this casethat question is
intrinsically and inextricably related to a finding whether the contro-
verted words were spoken in the course of the performance of his mis-
sion. Furthermore, it would be inappropriate to reach such a conclusion
by applying only the first part of the provision. It would also be injudi-
cious as well as insufficient for the Court in making such a determination
to rely on the findings of some other organ or institution to reach its con-
clusion, as the Court would appear to have done in this case. The refer-
ences (see paragraphs 50 and 51 of the Opinion) to the authority and

responsibility of the Secretary-General as chief administrative officer of
the Organization and protector of the mission with which an expert is
entrusted are, while incontestable, irrelevant to the question posed by
ECOSOC. Indeed, the Court itself has stated that it is the Council's ques-
tion as formulated which is to be answered by the Court. It cannot there-
fore be both ways. Nor, in my view, is it necessarily conclusive that

"In the present case, the Secretary-General, or the Legal Counsel
of the United Nations on his behalf, has on numerous occasions
informed theGovernment of Malaysia of his finding that Mr. Cuma-
raswamy had spoken the words quoted in the article in International
Commercial Litigation in his capacity as Special Rapporteur of the
Commission and that he consequently was entitled to immunity
from 'everykind' of legal process."
While such information is to be given due weight and respect, the Con-

vention does not stipulate that it is conclusive, let alone binding. Nor
should it be considered adequate in order for the Convention to be appli-
cable, or for the judicialpurposes of this case, that it has become stand-
ard practice for Special Rapporteurs of the Commission to have contact
with the media. It is one thing to have contact with the media to enable
a Special Rapporteur to carry out his mandate, but, as the Court implied
in paragraph 66 of the Advisory Opinion, special rapporteurs, like al1
agents of the United Nations, must take care not to exceed the scope of
their functions, and must express themselves with requisite prudence so
as to remain within their mandate. 14. The question whether the Convention isapplicable to Mr. Cumara-

swamy is one of mixed law and fact, and would have required the Court
not only to undertake an interpretation of the Convention but an enquiry
into the facts before arriving at its conclusion. It therefore does not seem
sufficientfor thiscase for the Court to conclude that the Convention is
applicable to Mr. Cumaraswamy based on the formality of his appoint-
ment as Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Commission, or on the
fact that he may have been entrusted not only to do research but also
with the task of monitoring human rights violations and reporting on
them. With respect, notwithstanding his appointment or the fact that he
has been entrusted with a mission by the United Nations, this does not of
itselfallow a special rapporteur to operate outside his mandate, and

whether or not the Special Rapporteur was acting within the scope of his
mandate, given the facts and circumstances of this case, ought to have
been enquired into for the Court to be in a position to conclude that the
Convention is applicable to him. It is also my considered view that this
requirement is not vitiated or become superfluous by the fact that it has
become standard practice for special rapporteurs of the Human Rights
Commission to have contact with the media. Having contact with the
media cannot be regarded as a licence for a special rapporteur to operate
outside his mandate; whether or not the Special Rapporteur did so or not
in this particular case and for the purposes of the Convention is a matter
to be determined by the Court before it can conclude that the Convention

is applicable.

15. It is also my considered opinion that this request for an advisory
opinion, because of the peculiar circumstances ' of the dispute, the issues
it involves, and its implication for the judicial character and function of
the Court, ought not to have been submitted to the Court. The dispute
between the Organization and the Government of Malaysia should rather
have been resolved on the basis of Article VI11 - Settlement of Disputes
- (Section 29) of the Convention which provides as follows

"Section 29. The United Nations shall make provisions for appro-
priate modes of settlement of:

(a) disputes arising out of contracts or other disputes of a private
law character to which the United Nations is a party."
On the other hand, once the request had been submitted, the Court

should have exercised its judicial discretion and declined to answer the
question put to it. Nor do 1find the argument persuasive that, because no
party had argued against giving the advisory opinion, the Court should
therefore have rendered an opinion. For the Court itself has emphasized

(Article4of the Churt<,r),Adoisury Opinion. 19I.C.J. Report1947-1948, p.61.ions

58that it is the guardian of its role as a judicial organ and has made it clear

that, although it considers the rendering of an advisory opinion as a duty,
at the same time, as a judicial organ, it has certain limits to its duty to
reply to a request for an opinion2. The Court should not have felt con-
strained to exercise its discretion of not answering the question as formu-
lated because of the Advisory Opinion it had earlier rendered in the
Mazilu case3. In my view, not only is the instant case not identical with
Mazilu, but the circumstances are entirely different. Had due account
been taken of those differences as well as of the peculiar circumstances, a
different conclusion might have been reached.

16. Furthermore, and as noted earlier, the note of the Secretary-Gen-
eral referring this matter to ECOSOC concluded with a paragraph 21 in
which he proposed two questions to be submitted to the Court for an
advisory opinion.
17. The Council, after considering the note at the forty-seventh and
forty-eighth meetings of its substantive session held on 31 July 1998and
pursuant to Article 96, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations
and in accordance with General Assembly resolution 89 (1) authorizing

the Council to request an advisory opinion from the Court, adopted deci-
sion 19981297,in which it requested the Court to give an opinion, on a
priority basis, on

"the legal question of the applicability of Article VI, Section 22, of
the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United
Nations in the case of Dato' Param Cumaraswamy as Special Rap-
porteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the independence
of judges and lawyers, taking into account the circumstances set out
in paragraphs 1 to 15of the note by the Secretary-General, and on
the legal obligations of Malaysia in this case".

18. As indicated in paragraph 33 of the Advisory Opinion, following
submission of the request to the Court, the Legal Counsel of the United
Nations presented a written statement on behalf of the Secretary-Gen-
eral, in which he requested the Court:

"to establish that, subject to Article VIII, Sections 29 and 30 of the
Convention, the Secretary-General has exclusive authority to deter-
mine whether or not words or acts are spoken, written or done in the
course of the performance of a mission for the United Nations and

whether such words or acts fall within the scope of the mandate
entrusted to a United Nations expert on mission".

Inter~retution of Peuce Treuties ivith Buleuruu.2Hun~urv und Romuniu. Firsr Phase.
I.C.A~~licubilitv of Article VI, Section 22. of the Convention on the Privileaes und Immu-
niiies'if the ~n;'tedNutions, Adizisory opinion, 1.C.J. Reports 1989. p. 177. 19. Similarly, States participating in the proceedings expressed varying
views as to whether the General Convention requires dispositive legal
effect to be given to the Secretary-General's determination. According to
the United States, "the viewsof the Secretury-General in a given caseare
highly relevant" (emphasis added); the United Kingdom takes the posi-
tion that it is"essential thut al1due weight is given to (the vieivsof the
Secretury-General] by the tzationalcourts" (emphasis added). Italy had
expressed the following viewpoint on the issue:

"once ...a decision has been adopted,both the government and the
judicial authoritiesof the State where the issue of immunity has been
raised are nonetheless obliged to give immediate and careful consid-
eration to the delicate problems of immunity, and they must take
due account of the weight to be accorded to the determination made
in this regard by the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

It ivouldbe going toofur to suy thut this imposes a legal duty on
the courts of the State ivherethe issueof immunity hus been raisedto
stay ull proceedings until the issue of immunity ha$ been sertled at
the internationalleilel.But, at the very least, it is to be expected that
those courts would display caution by avoiding hasty decisions
which might entail responsibility on the part of that State." (Empha-
sis added.)

20. Malaysia, for its part, as stated in the Advisory Opinion, con-
tended that the advisory opinion of the Court should be restricted to the
existing difference between the United Nations and Malaysia, which in
its view consists of the question, as formulated by the Secretary-General
himself, whether the Secretary-General of the United Nations has the
exclusive authority to determine whether words or acts of an expert on
mission are spoken, written or done in the course of the performance of
his or her mission and if, in consequence, the expert is entitled toimmu-

nity from legal process pursuant to Section 22 (b) of the General Con-
vention. In its written statement Malaysia maintains that it
"considers that the Secretary-General of the United Nations has not
been vestedwith the exclusiveauthority to determine whether words
were spoken in the course of the performance of a mission for the
United Nations within the meaning of Section 22 (b) of the Conven-
tion".

In its oral pleadings, Malaysia maintained that
"in implementing Section 30, ECOSOC is merely a vehicle for
placing a difference between the Secretary-General and Malaysia
before the Court. ECOSOC does not have an independentpositiotz
to assert as it might have had ivere it seekirzgan opinion on some
legal questionother tlzanin flzecontexi in the operationof Section30.

ECOSOC . ..is no more than an instrument of reference, it cannot change the nature of the difference or alter the content of the ques-
tion." (Emphasis added.)

21. In the light of the foregoing, it is to be observed that the question
asked by ECOSOC corresponds neither with the questions proposed by
the Secretary-General in his note to ECOSOC nor with those same issues
as were raised and discussed by the participating States in their written
statements or at the oral proceedings. A difference exists between the
legal question posed by ECOSOC relating to the applicability of Ar-

ticleVI, Section 22, of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities
of the United Nations, and the one recommended by the Secretary-Gen-
eral and understood and addressed by Malaysia and a number of partici-
pating States, which concerns the issue of whether the Secretary-General
of the United Nations is vested with exclusive authority to determine
whether words were spoken in the course of the performance of a mission
for the United Nations and whether such words fall within the meaning
of Section 22 (6) of the Convention.
22. Where a request to the Court for an advisory opinion involving the
interpretation and application of the Convention is in conformity with
Article 65, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, that is to Sayit con-

tains an exact statement of the question upon which an opinion is
required, and is also in conformity with Article 96 of the Charter, then it
would appear, as in this case, formally to meet al1the required criteria for
the Court to perform its advisory function. However, notwithstanding
the fulfilment of such procedural criteria, the Court has in the past taken
the position that, while it is in principle under a duty to give an answer to
a request, it need not give the opinion requested. In other words, the
Court will answer the real question as it sees it, even though it is bound
by the request4. Accordingly, the Court has stated that, in answering a
auestion. it must have full libertv to consider al1the relevant data and
circumstances available to enable it to form an opinion on the question
submitted to it for an advisory opinion.

23. As pointed out above, in this instant matter not only is the ques-
tion posed by ECOSOC not identical with that which had been proposed
to it by the Secretary-General of the United Nations for submission to
the Court, and which had constituted the difference between the Secre-
tary-General and Malaysia and was also the question which the majority
of the States that participated in the proceedings had addressed, but there
is in fact no dispute between Malaysia and the United Nations whether

Article IV), Adr~i.~Opinion, 1928, P.C.I.J., Series B. No. 16; Interpretation of Peace
Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungury and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J.
Reports 1950, p. 65, and ihid., Second Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950,
p.221.120 IMMUNITY FROM LEGAL PROCESS (DISSO. P.KOROMA)

the Convention applies to the Special Rapporteur as such, which as we
have seen is not the real question.

24. Accordingly, either the dispute should have been properly pre-

sented to the Court or the Court's judicial character should have been
observed. While it is for ECOSOC to formulate the question to be sub-
mitted to the Court for an advisory opinion, the Court is, however, not
obliged to answer such a question, if it would have a negative implication
for itsjudicial character and function. The Court is enjoined by its Stat-
ute to observe the principles of judicial integrity, even in exercising its
advisory jurisdiction, and not to lose sight of its judicial character. Its
role as a judicial organ would come under a cloud, not to Say be
impaired, where a question submitted to it was formulated in such a way
as to appear tendentious or ambiguous or have as its underlying purpose
to support or promote a particular point of view, or merely to obtain a

judicial affirmation of that viewpoint. If a question submitted to the
Court were to appear to suffer from any of these defects, 1consider it the
Court's duty and an exercise of the judicial function as well as in the
interest ofjustice that it should decline to answer the question as submit-
ted and not give ajudgment which cannot be obtained by the proper pro-
cedure. In other words, where it would appear that the object of a request
to the Court is simply to obtain a formal endorsement of the requesting
party's position, the Court, as a judicial body, should decline to answer
the question. The Court cannot dissociate itself from the effect to which
itsdecision is going to be put. This is al1the more so in the instant case,
whose specific facts and circumstances are so very different from the

Mrrzilucase, where the Court had held that

"Section 22 of the General Convention is applicable to persons
(other than United Nations officiais) to whom a mission has been
entrusted by the Organization and who are therefore entitled to
enjoy the privilegesand immunities provided for in this Section with
a view to the independent exercise of'theivf~nc/ions."~ (Emphasis
added.)

25. It is also worth recalling that,nder Section 30 of the Convention,
the advisory opinion given in this case is to be regarded as decisive and
binding and would have effect for the State concerned. Indeed, in para-
graph 39 of the Advisory Opinion the Court stated that the request of the
Council does not only pertain to the threshold question but also to the
consequences of the answer thereto. In my view, for a judicial determina-
tion of the consequences to be reached, the Court would have to enter

Applicahility of'Article VI, Section 22. of'tl~cConvention on the Pririleges und Immu-
nitics of the Unitrd Nations, Adi~isorj.OpinJ.Reports 1989,pp.195-196.into the merits of the dispute, as the question whether words spoken were
done in performance of a mission is one of mixed law and fact. The
Court, in determining whether words spoken by the Special Rapporteur
were spoken in the performance of his mission and whether he is there-

fore entitled to immunity, must do so in the light of al1the circumstances
of the case.
26. The question whether, in this case, the Convention is applicable to
Mr. Cumaraswamy and the obligations of Malaysia thereunder is not an
abstract one. Nor did the question require clarification as in the Peace
Treaties case. Viewed from this perspective, the Convention would be
applicable to Mr. Cumaraswamy as Special Rapporteur of the Human
Rights Commission and therefore an expert under the Convention, if the
words spoken were done in the performance of his mandate. Malaysia, as
a party to the Convention, would be under obligation to afford Mr.
Cumaraswamy such immunities. The request asked to take into account
the circumstances set out in paragraphs 1to 15of the note by the Secre-
tary-General. What the Court had to determine was whether the Conven-
tion should be applicable to the Special Rapporteur and whether he

should therefore be immune from legal process of every kind, in respect
of words spoken in the performance of his mission, a matter, which in my
view, is one for assessment by the Court.
27. The Court's statement in paragraph 56 of the Advisory Opinion
that itis not called upon in the present case to pass upon, to adjudge, the
aptness of the terms used by a Special Rapporteur, or his assessment of
the situation, but that in any event, and in viewofl1the circumstances of
this case,it is of the opinion that the Secretary-General correctly found
that Mr. Cumaraswamy, in speaking the words quoted in the article,
was acting in the course of the performance of his mission as Special
Rapporteur of the Commission is not without import and significancein
terms of this case. The Court also found it necessary to warn that

"It need hardly be said that al1agents of the United Nations, in
whatever officia1capacity they act, must take care not to exceed the
scope of their functions, and should so comport themselves as to
avoid claims against the United Nations".

1 fully concur with these statements of the Court.
28. 1have voted against operative paragraph 2, as 1consider it is not
the proper response to the question posed to the Court. 1 also voted
against that paragraph because Malaysia's obligation under the Conven-
tion is one of result and not one of method of implementation of the obli-
gation. In this regard the Court stated in paragraph 60 of the Advisory
Opinion that the Secretary-General has the authority to request (empha-
sis added) the Government of a member State to bring his finding to the
knowledge of the local courts if acts of an agent have given rise to court
proceedings. In my view, whereas the Secretary-General is authorized tomake such request, how a party implements its obligations under the
Convention is a matter for that State. The Court was not asked to pass
on the means or methods of implementation. Once the Court has
responded that the Convention is applicable to the matter, Malaysia
would assume its obligations, including making Mr. Cumaraswamy finan-
cially harmless for any taxed costs imposed upon him. To have included
this as an operative paragraph was unnecessary. Nor does the Conven-
tion stipulate any particular method of implementation, or for that mat-
ter a uniform method of implementation. Therefore, to hold a State in
breach of its obligation for not adopting a particular method or means of

implementing or achieving the object appears to find no justification on
the face of the Convention.

29. Finally, 1 share the Court's position as reflected in its jurispru-
dence that its response to a request for an advisory opinion should be
seen as participation in the work of the Organization with a view to the
achievement of its aims and objectives, and that only compelling reasons

should restrain the Court from answering a request. 1,however, consider
it more important that this Court, as a judicial organ, cannot and should
not, even in giving an advisory opinion, depart from the essential rules
guiding its activity as a court6.

(Signed) Abdul G. KOROMA.

Stutus of'Eusfern Curelia. Advisory Opinion, 1923. P.C.I.JB.No.r5,p. 27.

64

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE KOROMA

Reasons for dissenting opinion - Unable tojustify Advisory Opinionon the
face of the Convention, general principles ofjustice andpeculiar circumstances
of this case - Dispute not about human rights of Special Rapporteur or
whether Government of Malay.sia is in breach of its obligations under Human
Rights Conilentions to which it isa party - Dispute isabout ~vhetherSpecial
Rapporteur is immunefrom legal process for ivords spoken in performance of
his mandate and Malaysia's obligations - Circumstances of the case - Inter-

view given to International Commercial Litigation - Defamation laivsuits -
Finding by Secretary-General that Speciul Rapporteur immuneJrom legalpro-
cess- Differences betiveen Organization and Government of Malaysia - Mat-
ter referred to Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) by Secretary-General
- ECOSOC's formulatio~rof questiorr - ECOSOC entitled toformulate ques-
tion but real question must be answered by Court - Court should havee.uer-
cised discretion and clrclinedto anspverquestion because of its role as ajudiciul
organ - For Court to determine applicability of' Convention nece'ssary to
enquire into the merits - Insuf$cient for Court to rely onjînding of another
organ - Court's statement thut United Nations experts must take cure not to

exceed scope of their mandate not ulithoutparticular import and signijîcance in
this case- Obligation of M'alaysia one ofresult and not of means - Conven-
tiondoes not stipulate particular method of implementation - Even inexercis-
ing advisoryfunction, Court should not depurt from essential rules guiding its
activity as ajudicial organ.

1. Much as 1would have liked to vote in favour of the Advisory Opin-

ion, as it might assist in settling the differences which had arisen between
the United Nations and the Government of Malaysia with regard to the
interpretation and application of the General Convention on the Privi-
leges and Immunities of the United Nations (hereinafter "the Conven-
tion"), however, in view of the fàct that the Opinion is to be regarded as

an authoritative legal pronouncement by the Court on the Convention,
and is to be accepted as decisive by the Parties, and in view of the pecu-
liar circumstances surrounding the dispute, 1 find myself unable to sup-
port and justify the Opinion, by reason of the terms of the Convention,

the general principles of justice, the peculiarities of the dispute and my
own legal conscience. 1 have therefore been constrained to vote largely
against the Opinion and my viewsfor doing so are set out in this opinion.

2. At the outset it should be noted that this dispute is not about the OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. KOROMA

[Traduction]

Motifs de l'opinion dissidente - Impossibilitédejustifier I'avisconsultatif au
regard dela convention, desprincipesgénérauxde lajustice et des circonstances
particulièresde l'espèce - Diffërend ne concernantpas les droits de I'hommedu

rapporteur spécialou le point de savoir si le Gouvernement de la Malaisie a
violéses obligations au titre des conventions relativesaux droits de I'homme
auxquelles il est partie - Différend portantsur laquestion de savoir si le rap-
porteur spécialjouit d'une immunitédejuridiction pour les paroles prononcées
dans le cadre de son mandat et sur les obligations de la Malaisie - Circons-
tances propres au cas d'espèce - Interview donnée à la revue International

Commercial Litigation - Procèsen diffamation - Conclusion du Secrétaire
généras lelon laquelle le rapporteurspécial jouit del'immunité dejuridiction -
Diffërend entre l'organisation et le Gouvernenlentde la Malaisie - Renvoi de
la question au Conseil économique et social (ECOSOC) par le Secrétairegéné-
ral - Formulation de la questionpar I'ECOSOC - L'ECOSOC est habilité à
formuler la question mais la Cour doit répondre à la véritablequestion qui se

pose - La Cour aurait dû user de son pouiloir discrétionnaireet refuser de
répondre à la question enraison de sonstatut d'organejudiciaire - Pour déter-
miner I'applicabilité de la convention la Cour aurait dû examiner I'aJfaireau
fond - Il ne suffit pas que la Cour se fonde sur les conclusions d'un autre
organe - La déclarationde la Courselonlaquelle lesexperts des Nations Unies
doivent veiller à ne pas excéderles lirnites de leursfonctions n'est pus sans

importance ni conséquences particulières enI'espèce - L'obligation de la
Malaisie est une obligationde résultatet non de moyen - La convention ne
prescrit aucune méthodeparticulière demise en Œuvre - Mémedans l'exercice
de ses fonctions consultatives, la Cour ne devrait pas se départir desrègles
es.sentiellesqui dirigent sonactivité d'organe judiciaire.

1. J'aurais beaucoup souhaité voter en faveur de l'avisconsultatif, car
il pourrait aider a réglerle différendqui a surgi entre l'organisation des
Nations Unies et le Gouvernement de la Malaisie concernant I'interpréta-
tion et l'application de la convention généralesur les privilègeset immu-

nités desNations Unies (ci-aprèsdénommée ((laconvention D); toutefois,
eu égard au fait que cet avis sera considéré comme uneinterprétation
juridique de la convention par la Cour faisant autoritéet sera acceptépar

les parties comme décisifet eu égardaux circonstances particulières qui
entourent ce différend,je me trouve dans l'impossibilitéd'appuyer et de
justifier cet avis au regard des termes de la convention, des principes
générauxde la justice, des circonstances particulières du différend etde

ma propre conscience de juriste. J'ai donc étédans l'obligation de voter
très largement contre cet avis et les motifs qui m'y ont amené sont
exposésdans la présenteopinion.

2. Il aurait dû êtrerelevédèsledépart que ce différendne concernepas112 IMMUNITY FROM LEGAL PROCESS (DISS .P.KOROMA)

human rights of Mr. Cumaraswamy, Special Rapporteur of the Human
Rights Commission, as such. Nor is it about whether Malaysia is in
breach of its obligationsunder the Human Rights Conventions to which
itis a party. The dispute is about whether Article VI, Section 22, of the

Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations is
applicable to Mr. Cumaraswamy - that is to say, whether words spoken
or written by him were done so in hiscapacity as Special Rapporteur and
in the course of the performance of /lis mission - and about the legal
obligations of Malaysia.
3. The circumstances of this case are unusual. According to the
material presented to theCourt, Mr. Cumaraswamy, in an interview pub-
lished in the 5 November 1995 issueof the magazine Inrernational Com-
mercial Litigation, and in which he was referred to as Special Rapporteur
on the independence of judges and lawyers, was reported to have said
with reference to a specificcase (the Ayer Malek case), that it looked like
"a very obvious, perhaps even glaring example of judge-choosing", while

stressing that he had not finished his investigation. Mr. Cumaraswamy
was also quoted as having said: "Complaints are rife that certain highly
placed personalities in the business and corporate sectors are able to
manipulate the Malaysian system of justice." He added: "But 1 do not
want any of the people involved to think 1 have made up my mind." He
was further reported to have said: "It would be unfair to name any
names, but there is some concern about this among foreign businessmen
based in Malaysia, particularly those who have litigation pending."

4. As a result of that interview a number of lawsuits were filed against

Mr. Cumaraswamy by companies and individuals asserting that the pub-
lished article contained defamatory words that had "brought them into
public scandal, odium and contempt", and sued for damages including
exemplary damages for slander.

5. The Legal Counsel of the United Nations acting on behalf of the
Secretary-General of the United Nations, and later the Secretary-General
himself, having considered the circumstances of the interview and the
controverted passages of the interview, determined that Mr. Cumara-
swamy was interviewed in his officialcapacity as Special Rapporteur and
requested the Malaysian authorities to promptly advise the Malaysian
courts of the Special Rapporteur's immunity from legal process with

respect to the lawsuits.
6. On 12 March 1997 the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Malaysia
filed a certificate with the trial court in which that court was invited to
determine at its own discretion whether immunity applied, the certificate
having stated that this was the case "only in respect of words spoken or
written and acts done by him in the course of the performance of his mis-
sion".
7. On 28 June 1997the Judge of the Malaysian High Court concluded IMMUNITÉ DE JURIDICTION (OP. DISS. KOROMA) 112

les droits de l'homme de M. Cumaraswamy, rapporteur spécial de la

Commission des droits de l'homme, en tant que tels. Il ne porte pas non
plus sur le point de savoir si la Malaisie a violé sesobligations au titre des
conventions relatives aux droits de l'homme auxquelles elle est partie. Le
différend porte sur le point de savoir si la section 22 de l'articVI de la
convention sur les privilèges et immunités des Nations Unies est appli-

cable a M. Cumaraswamy - c'est-à-dire si les paroles prononcées ou
écritespar lui l'ont étéen sa qualité de rapporteur spécialet au cours de
sa niission- et sur les obligations juridiques de la Malaisie.
3. Les circonstances de l'espèce sont inhabituelles. Selon les pièces
fournies à la Cour, M. Cumaraswamy, dans une interview publiéedans le
numéro du 5 novembre 1995 de la revue Iiltrrnational Commercial Liti-

gatiotz, interview dans laquelle il étaitdésignécomme rapporteur spécial
chargé de la question de l'indépendance desjuges et des avocats, aurait
déclaréà propos d'une affaire déterminée (l'affaire Ayrr Molek) que
celle-ci apparaissait comme ((un exemple très clair, voire éclatant, de
choix du juge)), en insistant toutefois sur le fait qu'il n'avait pas achevé

son enquête.M. Cumaraswamy aurait également affirméque: ((L'on ne
compte plus les plaintes selon lesquelles des personnalités haut placées
dans le monde de l'industrie ou du commerce sont en mesure de mani-
puler le système judiciaire malaisien.))Il aurait ajouté: ((Mais je ne veux
qu'aucune des personnes en cause pense que je me suis déjà fait une
opinion à ce sujet.» Il aurait en outre indiquéqu'«il ne serait pas juste de

désigner nommément telle ou telle personne, mais les hommes d'affaires
étrangers basés en Malaisie s'inquiètent quelque peu, surtout ceux qui
sont parties à des litiges en cours)).
4. A la suite de cette interview, des poursuites judiciaires ont été enga-
géescontre M. Cumaraswamy par plusieurs entreprises et particuliers qui

affirmaient que l'article publiécontenait des termes diffamatoires qui les
avaient ((exposés au scandale, à la haine et au mépris du public)) et qui
réclamaient des dommages-intérêts, y compris des dommages-intérêts
punitifs pour diffamation.
5. Le conseiller juridique de l'organisation des Nations Unies agissant
au nom du Secrétairegénéralde l'organisation, puis le Secrétairegénéral

lui-même,ayant examiné les circonstances de l'interview et les passages
controversés de l'article. ont déterminé aue M. Cumaraswamv avait
donné cette interview en sa qualité officielle de rapporteur spécialet ont
~riéles autorités malaisiennes d'aviser sans délailes tribunaux malaisiens
que le rapporteur spécialbénéficiaitde l'immunitéde juridiction.

6. Le 12mars 1997, le ministre des affaires étrangères de la Malaisie a
déposéauprès du tribunal un certificat dans lequel le tribunal étaitinvité
à déterminer d'office sil'immunités'appliquait ou non dans le cas du rap-
porteur spécial, ledit certificat précisant qu'elle s'appliquait ((seulement
en ce qui concernait ses paroles et ses écritsdans le cadre de sa mission)).

7. Le 28 juin 1997, le juge de la High Court malaisienne a conclu113 IMMUNITY FROM LEGAL PROCESS (DISSO. P.KOROMA)

that she was "unable to hold that the Defendant is absolutely protected
by the immunity he claims", in part because she considered that the Sec-

retary-General's note was merely "an opinion" with scant probative
value and no binding force upon the court and that the Minister for For-
eign Affairs' certificate "would appear to be no more than a bland state-
ment as to a state of fact pertaining to the Defendant's status and man-
date as a Special Rapporteur and appears to have room for interpreta-
tion". The Malaysian court ordered that the Special Rapporteur's motion
be dismissed with costs; that the costs be taxed and paid forthwith by
him and that he file and serve his defence within 14days. On 8 July the
Court of Appeal of Malaysia dismissed Mr. Cumaraswamy's motion for
a stay of execution.
8. After efforts to resolve the dispute did not materialize in aegoti-
ated settlement, the Secretary-General's Special Envoy advised that the
matter should be referred to the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
to request an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice.
The Government of Malaysia acknowledged the Organization's right to
refer thematter to the Council to request an advisory opinion in accord-

ance with Section 30 of the Convention, advised the Secretary-General's
Special Envoy that the United Nations should proceed to do so, and indi-
cated that, while it would make its own presentation to the International
Court of Justice, it did not oppose the submission of the matter to the
Court through the Council.
9. The note by the Secretary-General (E/1998/94),referring the matter
to the Council, concluded with a paragraph 21 containing a proposal for
two questions to be submitted to the Court for an advisory opinion:

'Considering the difference that has arisen between the United
Nations and the Government of Malaysia with respect to the
immunity from legal process of Mr. Dato' Param Cumaraswamy,
the United Nations Special Rapporteur of the Commission on
Human Rights on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, in
respect of certain words spoken by him:

1. Subject only to Section 30 of the Convention on the Privi-
leges and Immunities of the United Nations, does the Secretary-
General of the United Nations have the exclusive authority to
determine whether words were spoken in the course of the per-
formance of a mission for the United Nations within the meaning
of Section 22 (6) of the Convention?
2. In accordance with Section 34 of the Convention, once the
Secretarv-General has determined that such words were svoken in
the couise of the performance of a mission and has decided to
maintain, or not to waive, the immunity from legal process, does
the Government of a Member State party to the Convention have
an obligation to give effect to that immunity inits national courtsqu'elleétait((incapablede soutenir que l'accuséétait absolument protégé
par l'immunité qu'ilrevendiquait »,en partie parce qu'elleconsidérait que
la note du Secrétairegénéralétaitune simple «opinion» pouvant diffici-
lement servir de preuve et n'ayant aucune force contraignante, et que le
certificat déposépar le ministre des affaires étrangèresemblerait n'être
qu'une insipide déclarationcontenant un étatde fait relevant du statut et
du mandat de l'accusé en saqualité derapporteur spécial etétait contro-
versable)). La High Court a ordonnéle rejet de la demande du rapporteur
spécialet le réglement des frais engagés, etordonné aussi que le rappor-
teur spécial compenseles dépenset présenteson dossier de défensedans
un délai dequatorze jours. Le 8 juillet, la cour d'appel de la Malaisie a
rejeté lademande de sursis a exécution présentép ear M. Cumaraswamy.

8. Les efforts pour parvenir à un règlement négociédu différend
n'ayant pas abouti, l'envoyé spéciad lu Secrétairegénérala conseilléde
porter l'affaire devant le Conseil économique et social (ECOSOC) afin
que celui-ci sollicite un avis consultatif de la Cour internationale de Jus-
tice. Le Gouvernement malaisien a reconnu le droit de l'organisation de
porter l'affaire devant le Conseil pour demander un avis consultatif
conformément ë la section 30de la convention, fait savoàrl'envoyé spé-
cial du Secrétairegénéralque l'organisation devrait faire le nécessaireà
cet effet et indiquer qu'il présenterait son propre exposéde I'affaiàela
Cour, mais ne s'opposait pas à ce que celle-ci en soit saisie par I'intermé-
diaire du Conseil.
9. La note du Secrétairegénéral(E/1998/94), soumettant la question
au Conseil, s'achevait par un paragraphe 21 contenant le texte de deux
questions qu'il était proposé de soumettre à la Cour pour avis consul-

tatif:
((21. ...
((Considérantledifférendqui opposel'organisation des Nations

Unies et le Gouvernement malaisien au sujet de l'immunité de
juridiction deM. Dato' Param Cumaraswamy, rapporteur spécial
chargé dela question de l'indépendance des juges et des avocats,
en ce qui concerne certaines paroles prononcéespar l'intéressé:

1. A la seule réservede la section 30 de la convention sur les
privilèges etimmunitésdes Nations Unies, le Secrétairegénéralde
l'organisation des Nations Unies a-t-il exclusivementautoritépour
déterminer si lesdites paroles ont été prononcéesau cours d'une
mission pour l'organisation, au sens de la section 22 6) de la

convention ?
2. Conformément àla section 34 de la convention, dèslors que
le Secrétaire générala déterminéque les paroles ont étépro-
noncées au cours d'une mission et décidéde maintenir, ou de
ne pas lever, l'immunité dejuridiction, le gouvernement d'un Etat
Membre partie à la convention est-il tenu d'une obligation de
donner effet à cette immunité auprésdes tribunaux nationaux et, and, if failing to do so, to assume responsibility for, and any costs,
expenses and damages arising from, any legalproceedings brought
in respect of such words?

10. Section 30 of the Convention provides:
"Section 30: All differences arising out of the interpretation or
application of the present convention shall be referred to the Inter-
national Court of Justice, unless in any case it is agreed by the
parties to have recourse to another mode of settlement. If a differ-
ence arises between the United Nations on the one hand and a Mem-
ber on the other hand, a request shall be made for an advisory
opinion on any legalquestion involved in accordance with Article 96
of the Charter and Article 65 of the Statute of the Court. The

opinion given by the Court shall be accepted as decisive by the
parties."
11. After considering the note by the Secretary-General, ECOSOC,
without any explanation, changed the question, as it was entitled to do,
and requested the Court to render an advisory opinion

"on the legal question of the applicability of Article VI, Section22,
of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United
Nations in the case of Dato' Param Cumaraswamy as Special Rap-
porteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the independence
of judges and lawyers, taking into account the circumstances set out
in paragraphs 1 to 15 of the note by the Secretary-General, and on
the legal obligations of Malaysia in this case".

Article VI, Section 22, of the Convention on the Privileges and Immuni-
ties of the United Nations provides that
"Section 22. Experts (other than officialscoming within the scope
of Article V) performing missions for the United Nations shall be
accorded such privileges and inzmunities us are necessary for the
independent exercisr of theirjunctions during the period of their mis-
sions, including the time spent on journeys in connection with their

missions. In particular they shall be accorded:

(b) in respect of words spoken or written and acfs done by them in
the course of the performance of tlleir mission, immunity from
legal process of every kind. This immunity from legal process
shall continue to be accorded notwithstanding that the persons
concerned are no longer employed on missions for the United
Nations." (Emphasis added.)

In other words, the Convention would be applicable to an expert in
respect of words spoken or written and acts done by him in the course of
the performance of his mission. IMMUNITÉ DE JURIDICTION (OP.DISS.KOROMA) 114

s'il ne le fait pas, d'assumer la responsabilitéde toutes poursuites
judiciaires qui viseraient ces paroles, ainsi que les frais et dépens
et les dommages-intérêts quipourraient en découler?

10. La section 30 de la convention dispose ce qui suit:

((Section 30. Toute contestation portant sur l'interprétation ou
l'application de la présenteconvention sera portée devant la Cour
internationale de Justice, moins que, dans un casdonné, les parties
ne conviennent d'avoir recours à un autre mode de règlement. Si un
différend surgitentre l'organisation des Nations Unies, d'une part, et
un Membre, d'autre part, un avis consultatif sur tout point de droit
soulevé serademandéen conformité del'article 96 de la Charte et de
l'article5 du Statut de la Cour. L'avis de la Cour sera acceptépar
les parties comme décisif.))

11. Après avoir examiné lanote du Secrétairegénéral,le Conseil éco-
nomique et social, sans aucune explication, a modifiéla question, comme
il étaiten droit de le faire, et a prié laCour de donner un avis consultatif

«sur le point de droit concernant l'applicabilitéde la section 22 de
l'articleVI de la convention sur les privilèges et immunités des
Nations Unies au cas de Dato' Param Cumaraswamy, en tant que
rapporteur spécialde la Commission des droits de l'homme chargé
de la question de l'indépendance des juges et des avocats, en tenant
compte des paragraphes 1a 15 de la note du Secrétaire générale ,t
sur les obligations juridiques de la Malaisie enl'espèce».

La section 22 de l'article VI de la convention sur les privilèges etimmu-
nités desNations Unies dispose ce qui suit:
«Section 22. Les experts (autres que les fonctionnaires visés à

l'article V) lorsqu'ils accomplissent des missionspour l'organisation
des Nations Unies jouissent,pendant la durée de cette mission, y
compris le temps du voyage, des privilèges ct immurzitésnécessaires
pour exercer leurs fonctions en toute indkpendunce. Ils jouissent en
particulier des privilègeset immunitéssuivantes:
.............................

b) immunité detoute juridiction en ce qui concerne les uctes uccom-
plis pur eux au cours de leurs missions (y compris leurs paroleset
écrits).Cette immunité continuera à leur être accordéemême
après que ces personnes auront cesséde remplir des missions
pour l'organisation des Nations Unies.» (Les italiques sont de
moi.)

Autrement dit, la convention serait applicable à un expert en ce qui
concerne les actes accomplis par lui (ycompris ses paroles et sesécrits)au
cours de sa mission. 12. The Court in its Advisory Opinion reached the conclusion that

Article VI, Section 22, of the Convention is applicable in the case of
Mr. Cumaraswamy as Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human
Rights on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, and that Mr. Cuma-
raswamy is entitled to immunity from legal process of any kind for the
words spoken by him during an interview as published in an article in
the November 1995issue of International Commercial Litigation.

13. In my respectful opinion, for the Court to conclude that the Con-
vention is applicable to Mr. Cumaraswamy in this casethat question is
intrinsically and inextricably related to a finding whether the contro-
verted words were spoken in the course of the performance of his mis-
sion. Furthermore, it would be inappropriate to reach such a conclusion
by applying only the first part of the provision. It would also be injudi-
cious as well as insufficient for the Court in making such a determination
to rely on the findings of some other organ or institution to reach its con-
clusion, as the Court would appear to have done in this case. The refer-
ences (see paragraphs 50 and 51 of the Opinion) to the authority and

responsibility of the Secretary-General as chief administrative officer of
the Organization and protector of the mission with which an expert is
entrusted are, while incontestable, irrelevant to the question posed by
ECOSOC. Indeed, the Court itself has stated that it is the Council's ques-
tion as formulated which is to be answered by the Court. It cannot there-
fore be both ways. Nor, in my view, is it necessarily conclusive that

"In the present case, the Secretary-General, or the Legal Counsel
of the United Nations on his behalf, has on numerous occasions
informed theGovernment of Malaysia of his finding that Mr. Cuma-
raswamy had spoken the words quoted in the article in International
Commercial Litigation in his capacity as Special Rapporteur of the
Commission and that he consequently was entitled to immunity
from 'everykind' of legal process."
While such information is to be given due weight and respect, the Con-

vention does not stipulate that it is conclusive, let alone binding. Nor
should it be considered adequate in order for the Convention to be appli-
cable, or for the judicialpurposes of this case, that it has become stand-
ard practice for Special Rapporteurs of the Commission to have contact
with the media. It is one thing to have contact with the media to enable
a Special Rapporteur to carry out his mandate, but, as the Court implied
in paragraph 66 of the Advisory Opinion, special rapporteurs, like al1
agents of the United Nations, must take care not to exceed the scope of
their functions, and must express themselves with requisite prudence so
as to remain within their mandate. 12. La Cour, dans son avis consultatif, est parvenue à la conclusion
que la section 22 de l'article VI de la convention est applicable au cas de
M. Cumaraswamy, en tant que rapporteur spécialde la Commission des

droits de l'homme sur la question de l'indépendancedesjuges et des avo-
cats, et que M. Cumaraswamy jouit de l'immunité detoute juridiction
pour les paroles qu'il a prononcées au cours d'une interview, telles
qu'elles ont été publiéedsans un article du numéro de novembre 1995de
la revue International Commercial Litigution.
13. A mon humble avis, pour conclure que la convention est appli-
cable a M. Cumaraswamy en l'espice,la Cour doit répondre aune question
intimement et indissociablement liée àla première,qui est de savoir si les
paroles litigieuses ont été prononcéesau cours de sa mission. En outre, il
serait inapproprié de parvenir à une telle conclusion en appliquant seu-
lement la première partie de la disposition concernée. Il serait aussi peu
judicieux et insuffisant que la Cour, pour prendre une décision ence sens,

se fonde sur les conclusions de quelque autre organe ou institution pour
parvenir Bsa propre conclusion, comme elle semblerait l'avoir fait dans
la présente espèce.Les références(voir les paragraphes 50 et 51 de l'avis)
au pouvoir et à la responsabilité du Secrétairegénéral en saqualité de
plus haut fonctionnaire de l'Organisation et de protecteur de la mission
confiée à un expert, quoique incontestables, ne sont pas pertinentes au
regard de la question poséepar leConseil économiqueet social. D'ailleurs,
la Cour elle-mêmea dit qu'elle doit répondre à la question telle que for-
muléepar le Conseil, par conséquent, les questions du Conseil excluent
les autres.A mon avis, n'est pas non plus nécessairementdécisifle fait
que :

«En l'espèce,le Secrétaire généralo ,u le conseiller juridique de
l'organisation des Nations Unies en son nom, a informé à de nom-
breuses reprises le Gouvernement malaisien de sa conclusion suivant
laquelle M. Cumaraswamy avait prononcé les paroles citéesdans
l'article de la revuenternationul Commercial Litigution en sa qua-
litéde rapporteur spécialde la Commission et bénéficiait en consé-
quence de l'immunitéde <toute)) juridiction. »

Bien qu'il faille accorder a de telles informations toute l'importance et
tout le respect voulus, la convention ne stipule pas qu'elles ont un carac-
tère décisif, etencore moins contraignant. 11ne faudrait pas non plus
considérer comme suffisant, pour que la convention soit applicable, ou
aux fins de la présenteespèce,du point de vue judiciaire, de dire que les
contacts avec les médias sont devenus une pratique habituelle pour les
rapporteurs spéciaux de la Commission. Une chose est d'avoir des
contacts avec les médias pour permettre à un rapporteur spécial de

s'acquitter de son mandat, mais, comme la Cour le dit implicitement au
paragraphe 66 de l'avisconsultatif, les rapporteurs spéciaux,comme tous
les agents de l'organisation des Nations Unies, doivent veiller à ne pas
excéderles limites de leurs fonctions et doivent s'exprimer avec la pru-
dence voulue, de façon Brester dans le champ de leur mandat. 14. The question whether the Convention isapplicable to Mr. Cumara-

swamy is one of mixed law and fact, and would have required the Court
not only to undertake an interpretation of the Convention but an enquiry
into the facts before arriving at its conclusion. It therefore does not seem
sufficientfor thiscase for the Court to conclude that the Convention is
applicable to Mr. Cumaraswamy based on the formality of his appoint-
ment as Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Commission, or on the
fact that he may have been entrusted not only to do research but also
with the task of monitoring human rights violations and reporting on
them. With respect, notwithstanding his appointment or the fact that he
has been entrusted with a mission by the United Nations, this does not of
itselfallow a special rapporteur to operate outside his mandate, and

whether or not the Special Rapporteur was acting within the scope of his
mandate, given the facts and circumstances of this case, ought to have
been enquired into for the Court to be in a position to conclude that the
Convention is applicable to him. It is also my considered view that this
requirement is not vitiated or become superfluous by the fact that it has
become standard practice for special rapporteurs of the Human Rights
Commission to have contact with the media. Having contact with the
media cannot be regarded as a licence for a special rapporteur to operate
outside his mandate; whether or not the Special Rapporteur did so or not
in this particular case and for the purposes of the Convention is a matter
to be determined by the Court before it can conclude that the Convention

is applicable.

15. It is also my considered opinion that this request for an advisory
opinion, because of the peculiar circumstances ' of the dispute, the issues
it involves, and its implication for the judicial character and function of
the Court, ought not to have been submitted to the Court. The dispute
between the Organization and the Government of Malaysia should rather
have been resolved on the basis of Article VI11 - Settlement of Disputes
- (Section 29) of the Convention which provides as follows

"Section 29. The United Nations shall make provisions for appro-
priate modes of settlement of:

(a) disputes arising out of contracts or other disputes of a private
law character to which the United Nations is a party."
On the other hand, once the request had been submitted, the Court

should have exercised its judicial discretion and declined to answer the
question put to it. Nor do 1find the argument persuasive that, because no
party had argued against giving the advisory opinion, the Court should
therefore have rendered an opinion. For the Court itself has emphasized

(Article4of the Churt<,r),Adoisury Opinion. 19I.C.J. Report1947-1948, p.61.ions

58 IMMUNITE DE JURIDICTION (OP. DISS. KOROMA) 116

14. La question de savoir si la convention est applicable au cas de
M. Cumaraswamy est une question mélangée de fait et de droit, qui aurait
exigéque la Cour entreprenne non seulementde donner une interprétation
de la convention mais qu'elle procède a une enquêteconcernant les faits
avant de parvenir a sa conclusion. Par conséquent,il ne semblepasjustifié,
uux,fins de la présrnte espkce, que la Cour conclue que la convention est
applicable a M. Cumaraswamy en sefondant sur le caractèreofficielde sa
nomination en qualitéde rapporteur spécialde la Commissiondesdroits de
I'hoinme,ni sur le fait qu'ilpeut avoir étchargé nonseulement d'effectuer

des travaux de recherches, mais aussi s'êtrveu confier latâche de s'enquérir
de violations des droits de l'hommeet de faire rapport a leur sujet. Je me
permets de faire observer que, nonobstant sa nomination, le fait qu'une
mission ait étéconfiéepar l'organisation des Nations Unies à un rappor-
teur spécialne lui permet pas en soi d'agir hors du champ de son mandat,
et la question de savoir si le rapporteur spéciala agi dans leslimitesde son
mandat, étantdonnélescirconstances de la présenteespèce,aurait dû don-
ner lieu à enquêtepour permettre à la Cour d'êtreen mesure de conclure
que la convention lui était applicable. Monavismûrement réfléchi esatussi
que cette condition n'estni dénaturéeet ni rendue superfétatoirepar le fait

que les contacts avec les médiassont devenus une pratique habituelle pour
les rapporteurs spéciauxde la Commission des droits de l'homme. Avoir
des contacts avec les médiasne Deutêtreconsidéré commeautorisant un
rapporteur spécial à agir hors du champ de son mandat; le point de savoir
si lerapporteur spécial l'a fait ou non dans lescirconstances de la présente
espèceet aux fins de la convention est une question que la Cour doit tran-
cher avant de pouvoir conclure que la convention est applicable.
15. Mon avis mûrement réfléchiest aussi que cette demande d'avis
consultatif, du fait des circonstances particulièresdu différend, des ques-

tions au'ellesoulèveet de sesconséauencesDourlecaractèreet lesfonctions
judiciaires de la Cour, n'aurait pas dû êtresoumise à la Cour. Le différend
entre l'organisation des Nations Unies et le Gouvernement de la Malaisie
aurait plutôt dû êtrerésolusur la base de l'article VIII - règlementdes
différends - (sect. 29) de la convention, lequel dispose ce qui suit:

«Scc*tion29. L'Organisation des Nations Unies devra prévoir des
modes de règlementappropriés pour:
u) lesdifférendsen matièrede contrats ou autres différendsde droit
privédans lesquels l'organisation serait partie)).

En revanche, une fois saisie de la requête,la Cour aurait dû exercer son
pouvoir d'appréciationjudiciaire et refuser de répondre a la question qui
lui était posée.Je n'estime pas non plus convaincant l'argument selon

lequel la Cour devrait donner un avis parce qu'aucune partie ne s'y est
opposée,car la Cour elle-même atenu a souligner qu'elle était la gar-

de'1czil~urte),avis consulr1948,C.I.J. Recue1947-1948.p. 61.s Nutions Unies (urticle 4

58that it is the guardian of its role as a judicial organ and has made it clear

that, although it considers the rendering of an advisory opinion as a duty,
at the same time, as a judicial organ, it has certain limits to its duty to
reply to a request for an opinion2. The Court should not have felt con-
strained to exercise its discretion of not answering the question as formu-
lated because of the Advisory Opinion it had earlier rendered in the
Mazilu case3. In my view, not only is the instant case not identical with
Mazilu, but the circumstances are entirely different. Had due account
been taken of those differences as well as of the peculiar circumstances, a
different conclusion might have been reached.

16. Furthermore, and as noted earlier, the note of the Secretary-Gen-
eral referring this matter to ECOSOC concluded with a paragraph 21 in
which he proposed two questions to be submitted to the Court for an
advisory opinion.
17. The Council, after considering the note at the forty-seventh and
forty-eighth meetings of its substantive session held on 31 July 1998and
pursuant to Article 96, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations
and in accordance with General Assembly resolution 89 (1) authorizing

the Council to request an advisory opinion from the Court, adopted deci-
sion 19981297,in which it requested the Court to give an opinion, on a
priority basis, on

"the legal question of the applicability of Article VI, Section 22, of
the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United
Nations in the case of Dato' Param Cumaraswamy as Special Rap-
porteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the independence
of judges and lawyers, taking into account the circumstances set out
in paragraphs 1 to 15of the note by the Secretary-General, and on
the legal obligations of Malaysia in this case".

18. As indicated in paragraph 33 of the Advisory Opinion, following
submission of the request to the Court, the Legal Counsel of the United
Nations presented a written statement on behalf of the Secretary-Gen-
eral, in which he requested the Court:

"to establish that, subject to Article VIII, Sections 29 and 30 of the
Convention, the Secretary-General has exclusive authority to deter-
mine whether or not words or acts are spoken, written or done in the
course of the performance of a mission for the United Nations and

whether such words or acts fall within the scope of the mandate
entrusted to a United Nations expert on mission".

Inter~retution of Peuce Treuties ivith Buleuruu.2Hun~urv und Romuniu. Firsr Phase.
I.C.A~~licubilitv of Article VI, Section 22. of the Convention on the Privileaes und Immu-
niiies'if the ~n;'tedNutions, Adizisory opinion, 1.C.J. Reports 1989. p. 177. IMMUNITÉ DE JURIDICTION (OP.DISS.KOROMA) 117

dienne de son rôle en tant qu'organe judiciaire. La Cour a indiquéclai-
rement que mêmesi elle s'estime tenue de donner un avis consultatif, en
mêmetemps l'obligation qu'elle a de répondre à la requêtepour avis
consultatif en tant qu'organe judiciaire s'assortit de certaines limites2.La

Cour n'aurait pas dû non plus se sentir empêchée d'exercesron pouvoir
discrétionnairede ne pas répondre à la question ainsi formuléà cause de
l'avisconsultatif qu'elle avait donnédans l'affaireMazilu3. A mon avis,
non seulement la présente affaire n'est pas identique à l'affaire Mazilu,
mais les circonstances sont tout à fait différentes.S'il avait ététenu dû-
ment compte de ces différences, ainsique des circonstances particulières
de l'espèce, laCour serait peut être parvenue à une autre conclusion.
16. En outre, et comme je l'ai relevé plushaut, la note par laquelle le
Secrétairegénéralsoumet cette question au Conseil économiqueet social

seconclut par un paragraphe 21 dans lequel il propose de soumettre deux
questions à la Cour pour avis consultatif.
17. Le Conseil, aprèsavoir examiné lanote à la quarante-septième et a
la quarante-huitième séancesde sa session de fond, tenues le 31 juillet
1998,et en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l'article 96 de la Charte des Nations
Unies et conformément à la résolution89 (1)de l'Assemblée généralqeui
autorise le Conseilà demander à la Cour un avis consultatif, a adoptéla
décision 19981297dans laquelle il prie la Cour de donner à titre priori-
taire, un avis consultatif sur

«le point de droit concernant I'applicabilitéde la section 22 de I'ar-
ticle VI de la convention sur les privilèges etimmunitésdes Nations
Unies au cas de Dato' Param Cumaraswamy, en tant que rapporteur

spécialde la Commission des droits de l'homme chargéde la ques-
tion del'indépendancedesjuges et des avocats, en tenant compte des
paragraphes 1 à 15 de la note du Secrétaire généraelt sur les obli-
gations juridiques de la Malaisie enl'espèce)).

18. Comme il est indiquéau paragraphe 33 de l'avis consultatif, à la
suite du dépôtde la requêtepour avis consultatif a la Cour, le conseiller
juridique de l'organisation des Nations Unies, dans l'exposé écrit qu'ial
présentéau nom du Secrétairegénéral,a priéla Cour

«[d']établirque, sous réserve desdispositions des sections 29 et 30de
l'article VI11de la convention, le Secrétaire généraa l seul qualité
pour déterminer si des actes, y compris des paroles ou des écrits,
s'inscrivent dans le cours de l'accomplissement d'une mission pour
l'organisation des Nations Unies et si lesdits actes entrent dans le
champ du mandat confié à un expert en mission de l'organisation
des Nations Unies)).

Interprétation des truitésde p0i.x avec la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie, pre-
mière phase, C.I.J. Rec1950,p. 71.
Applicubilitéde la section 22 lie l'article6 de lu convention sur lesprivilègeset immu-
nitésdes Nations Unies. C.I.J. Recueil 1989. p. 177. 19. Similarly, States participating in the proceedings expressed varying
views as to whether the General Convention requires dispositive legal
effect to be given to the Secretary-General's determination. According to
the United States, "the viewsof the Secretury-General in a given caseare
highly relevant" (emphasis added); the United Kingdom takes the posi-
tion that it is"essential thut al1due weight is given to (the vieivsof the
Secretury-General] by the tzationalcourts" (emphasis added). Italy had
expressed the following viewpoint on the issue:

"once ...a decision has been adopted,both the government and the
judicial authoritiesof the State where the issue of immunity has been
raised are nonetheless obliged to give immediate and careful consid-
eration to the delicate problems of immunity, and they must take
due account of the weight to be accorded to the determination made
in this regard by the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

It ivouldbe going toofur to suy thut this imposes a legal duty on
the courts of the State ivherethe issueof immunity hus been raisedto
stay ull proceedings until the issue of immunity ha$ been sertled at
the internationalleilel.But, at the very least, it is to be expected that
those courts would display caution by avoiding hasty decisions
which might entail responsibility on the part of that State." (Empha-
sis added.)

20. Malaysia, for its part, as stated in the Advisory Opinion, con-
tended that the advisory opinion of the Court should be restricted to the
existing difference between the United Nations and Malaysia, which in
its view consists of the question, as formulated by the Secretary-General
himself, whether the Secretary-General of the United Nations has the
exclusive authority to determine whether words or acts of an expert on
mission are spoken, written or done in the course of the performance of
his or her mission and if, in consequence, the expert is entitled toimmu-

nity from legal process pursuant to Section 22 (b) of the General Con-
vention. In its written statement Malaysia maintains that it
"considers that the Secretary-General of the United Nations has not
been vestedwith the exclusiveauthority to determine whether words
were spoken in the course of the performance of a mission for the
United Nations within the meaning of Section 22 (b) of the Conven-
tion".

In its oral pleadings, Malaysia maintained that
"in implementing Section 30, ECOSOC is merely a vehicle for
placing a difference between the Secretary-General and Malaysia
before the Court. ECOSOC does not have an independentpositiotz
to assert as it might have had ivere it seekirzgan opinion on some
legal questionother tlzanin flzecontexi in the operationof Section30.

ECOSOC . ..is no more than an instrument of reference, it cannot 19. Les Etats participant à la procédure ont eux aussi exprimé une
diversitéde points de vue sur la question de savoir si la convention géné-
rale exige d'attribuer un effet juridique impératif la décisiondu Secré-
taire général.Selon les Etats-Unis, ((les vues du Secrétairegénéral dans
un cus donni sont de la plus haute importance))(lesitaliques sont de moi);

pour le Royaume-Uni, ((ilest essentiel que les tribunuu'i-nationaux accor-
dent toute /'importance qui sied [aux vues du Secrétaire généra l» (les
italiques sont de moi). L'Italie a adopté la position suivante:
((lorsqu'un acte de ce genre est émané,les autorités tant gouverne-
mentales que judiciaires de 1'Etat où la question de l'immunitéest
soulevée sont quand même tenues d'accorder uneconsidération

immédiate etattentive aux délicats problèmesrelatifs A l'immunité,
et elles doivent tenir dûment compte de l'influente décisionpro-
noncée à ce sujet par le Secrétaire généralde l'organisation des
Nations Unies.
On ne pourrait pas ~Ifjrmer que la situation décriteimposeuux tri-
bunaux de I'Etat où la question de l'immunitéa étésoulevée une obli-
gation juridique de suspendre les procédures en cours, atterzduntyue
leproblhe de l'existence ou pas de I'hypotl~éd'immunitésoit cons-
tat&sur le plan international. Mais au moins on devrait s'attendre
àceque cestribunaux fassent preuve de prudence en évitantde déter-
miner, par des décisions hâtives,des situations de responsabilité la

charge de cet Etat.)) (Les italiques sont de moi.)
20. Pour sa part, la Malaisie, ainsi que le précise l'avisconsultatif, a
soutenu que l'avis consultatif de la Cour devrait se limiter au différend
qui oppose l'organisation des Nations Unies à la Malaisie, différend qui
à son avis concerne la question formulée par le Secrétaire généralde
l'organisation des Nations Unies lui-même,de savoir si ce dernier est

dotédu pouvoir exclusif de déterminersi les actes d'un expert en mission
(y compris ses paroles et écrits)ont été accomplisau cours de sa mission
et si, partant, l'expert a le droit de bénéfire l'immunitédejuridiction
conformément à l'alinéab) de la section 22 de la convention générale.
Dans son exposéécrit,la Malaisie fait valoir qu'elle
((considéreque le Secrétaire générad le l'organisation des Nations
Unies n'est pas investi du pouvoir exclusif de déterminersi des pa-

roles ont été prononcéesau cours d'une mission pour les Nations
Unies au sens de l'alinéab) de la section 22 de la convention)).

A l'audience, la Malaisie s'est expriméecomme suit:

«En appliquant la section 30, le Conseil économique et social
n'exerce qu'une fonction d'intermédiaire dans la soumission a la
Cour d'un différend entre le Secrétaire généralet la Malaisie. Le
Conseil économiqueet social ne défendpas une position qui lui serait
propre, comme cela uuruit pu êtrele cas s'il recherchait un ailis sur
une question juridique dans un autre cudre que celui de la sec- change the nature of the difference or alter the content of the ques-
tion." (Emphasis added.)

21. In the light of the foregoing, it is to be observed that the question
asked by ECOSOC corresponds neither with the questions proposed by
the Secretary-General in his note to ECOSOC nor with those same issues
as were raised and discussed by the participating States in their written
statements or at the oral proceedings. A difference exists between the
legal question posed by ECOSOC relating to the applicability of Ar-

ticleVI, Section 22, of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities
of the United Nations, and the one recommended by the Secretary-Gen-
eral and understood and addressed by Malaysia and a number of partici-
pating States, which concerns the issue of whether the Secretary-General
of the United Nations is vested with exclusive authority to determine
whether words were spoken in the course of the performance of a mission
for the United Nations and whether such words fall within the meaning
of Section 22 (6) of the Convention.
22. Where a request to the Court for an advisory opinion involving the
interpretation and application of the Convention is in conformity with
Article 65, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, that is to Sayit con-

tains an exact statement of the question upon which an opinion is
required, and is also in conformity with Article 96 of the Charter, then it
would appear, as in this case, formally to meet al1the required criteria for
the Court to perform its advisory function. However, notwithstanding
the fulfilment of such procedural criteria, the Court has in the past taken
the position that, while it is in principle under a duty to give an answer to
a request, it need not give the opinion requested. In other words, the
Court will answer the real question as it sees it, even though it is bound
by the request4. Accordingly, the Court has stated that, in answering a
auestion. it must have full libertv to consider al1the relevant data and
circumstances available to enable it to form an opinion on the question
submitted to it for an advisory opinion.

23. As pointed out above, in this instant matter not only is the ques-
tion posed by ECOSOC not identical with that which had been proposed
to it by the Secretary-General of the United Nations for submission to
the Court, and which had constituted the difference between the Secre-
tary-General and Malaysia and was also the question which the majority
of the States that participated in the proceedings had addressed, but there
is in fact no dispute between Malaysia and the United Nations whether

Article IV), Adr~i.~Opinion, 1928, P.C.I.J., Series B. No. 16; Interpretation of Peace
Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungury and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J.
Reports 1950, p. 65, and ihid., Second Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950,
p.221. IMMUNITÉ DE JURIDICTION (OP. DISS. KOROMA) 119

tion30 ...[L]eConseil économiqueet social ne fait que transmettre le

différend,il ne saurait en changer la nature ou modifier le contenu
de la question.)) (Les italiques sont de moi.)

21. Compte tenu de ce qui précède,il convient d'observer que la ques-
tion poséepar le Conseil économiqueet social ne correspond ni aux ques-
tions suggéréespar le Secrétairegénéraldans la note que ce dernier a
adresséeau Conseil, ni aux mêmes problèmesque les Etats participants
ont soulevésdans leurs exposés écritsou oraux. La question juridique
poséepar le Conseil, qui concerne I'applicabilitéde la section 22 de I'ar-
ticle VI de la convention sur lesprivilègeset immunités desNations Unies,
diffèrede celle recommandéepar le Secrétaire général tellq eue la Malai-
sie et un certain nombre d'Etats participants l'ont comprise et examinée,

et qui, elle, porte sur le point de savoir si le Secrétaire généradle l'Orga-
nisation des Nations Unies est investi du pouvoir exclusif de déterminer
si les propos ont ététenus au cours d'une mission accomplie pour l'Or-
ganisation des Nations Unies et s'ilsentrent dans les prévisionsde I'ali-
néab) de la section 22 de la convention.
22. Lorsqu'une demande d'avis consultatif portant sur l'interprétation
et l'application de la convention générale estconforme aux conditions
énoncéesau paragraphe 2 de l'article 65 du Statut de la Cour, c'est-à-dire

qu'elleformule, en termes précis,la question sur laquelle l'avisde la Cour
est demandé,et qu'elle est égalementconforme à l'article 96 de la Charte,
elle semblerait alors, comme c'est le cas en l'espèce, satisfairethéorique-
ment à toutes les conditions requises pour que la Cour s'acquitte de sa
fonction consultative. Or, mêmesi ces conditions de procédure et de
forme sont réunies, laCour a dans le passé décidé que, mêmesi elle était
tenue en principe de répondre à une demande d'avis, elle n'était pas
obligéede rendre l'avisdemandé.En d'autres termes, la Cour répondra à

la véritablequestion comme elle la perçoit, bien qu'elle soittenue par les
termes de la demande4. Aussi la Cour a-t-elle déclaréque, pour répondre
à une question, elle doit avoir la pleine libertéd'examiner tous les élé-
ments pertinents dont elledispose pour se faire une opinion sur une ques-
tion qui lui est posée envue d'un avis consultatif.
23. Comme ila déjà été signalé plu haut, en l'espèce,non seulement la
question poséepar le Conseil économiqueet social n'est pas identique à
celle que le Secrétairegénéralde l'Organisation des Nations Unies lui
avait suggéré de soumettre à la Cour - qui constituait le différendoppo-

sant le Secrétaire généralà la Malaisie et qui étaitégalementla question
qu'avait traitéela majorité des Etats ayant participé à la procédure -,
mais il n'y a en fait aucun différendopposant la Malaisie à l'Organisation

Interprétation de l'accord gréco-turc1"udécembre 1926 (protocole $nul, ar-
ticle IV), avis consultaf(f 1928, C.P.J.I. sirie B nu 16; Interpriration des traitésde paix
conclus aveclu BulgariIciHongrie et la Roumanie. prrmière phuse, avis con.sultutif;
C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 65, ibid., deuxième phase. uvis consultatif; C.I.J. Recueil 1950,
p.221.120 IMMUNITY FROM LEGAL PROCESS (DISSO. P.KOROMA)

the Convention applies to the Special Rapporteur as such, which as we
have seen is not the real question.

24. Accordingly, either the dispute should have been properly pre-

sented to the Court or the Court's judicial character should have been
observed. While it is for ECOSOC to formulate the question to be sub-
mitted to the Court for an advisory opinion, the Court is, however, not
obliged to answer such a question, if it would have a negative implication
for itsjudicial character and function. The Court is enjoined by its Stat-
ute to observe the principles of judicial integrity, even in exercising its
advisory jurisdiction, and not to lose sight of its judicial character. Its
role as a judicial organ would come under a cloud, not to Say be
impaired, where a question submitted to it was formulated in such a way
as to appear tendentious or ambiguous or have as its underlying purpose
to support or promote a particular point of view, or merely to obtain a

judicial affirmation of that viewpoint. If a question submitted to the
Court were to appear to suffer from any of these defects, 1consider it the
Court's duty and an exercise of the judicial function as well as in the
interest ofjustice that it should decline to answer the question as submit-
ted and not give ajudgment which cannot be obtained by the proper pro-
cedure. In other words, where it would appear that the object of a request
to the Court is simply to obtain a formal endorsement of the requesting
party's position, the Court, as a judicial body, should decline to answer
the question. The Court cannot dissociate itself from the effect to which
itsdecision is going to be put. This is al1the more so in the instant case,
whose specific facts and circumstances are so very different from the

Mrrzilucase, where the Court had held that

"Section 22 of the General Convention is applicable to persons
(other than United Nations officiais) to whom a mission has been
entrusted by the Organization and who are therefore entitled to
enjoy the privilegesand immunities provided for in this Section with
a view to the independent exercise of'theivf~nc/ions."~ (Emphasis
added.)

25. It is also worth recalling that,nder Section 30 of the Convention,
the advisory opinion given in this case is to be regarded as decisive and
binding and would have effect for the State concerned. Indeed, in para-
graph 39 of the Advisory Opinion the Court stated that the request of the
Council does not only pertain to the threshold question but also to the
consequences of the answer thereto. In my view, for a judicial determina-
tion of the consequences to be reached, the Court would have to enter

Applicahility of'Article VI, Section 22. of'tl~cConvention on the Pririleges und Immu-
nitics of the Unitrd Nations, Adi~isorj.OpinJ.Reports 1989,pp.195-196.des Nations Unies sur le point de savoir si la convention s'applique au
rapporteur spécial entant que tel, ce qui, comme nous l'avons vu, n'est
pas la véritablequestion.

24. En conséquence,ou bien le différendaurait dû êtrerégulièrement
soumis à la Cour, ou bien le caractèrejudiciaire de celle-ciaurait dû être
respecté. S'ilappartient au Conseil économiqueet social de formuler la
question à soumettre à la Cour en vue d'un avis consultatif, la Cour n'est
toutefois pas tenue d'y répondre si la réponseest susceptible d'avoir des
répercutions négatives sur le caractère et la fonction judiciaires de la
Cour. Le Statut fait obligation a la Cour de respecter les principes de
l'intégrité judiciairemême lorsqu'elle exerce sacompétence consultative
et de ne pas perdre de vue son caractèrejudiciaire. Le rôle de la Cour en
tant qu'organe judiciaire risquerait d'êtrecritiquépour ne pas dire com-
promis, si la question soumise étaitformuléede telle sorte qu'elle semble
tendancieuse ou ambiguë ou encore avoir comme objectif sous-jacent
d'appuyer ou de promouvoir un point de vue donnéou, simplement, de
faire entériner ce point de vue par la Cour. S'ilapparaissait qu'une ques-

tion soumise à la Cour était entachée de l'un quelconque de ces vices,
j'estime qu'il serait de son devoir et qu'il relèveraitde l'exercice de sa
fonction judiciaire, et qu'il serait aussi dans l'intérêla justice, qu'elle
refuse de répondre a la question telle que poséeet s'abstienne de rendre
une décisionqui ne pourrait êtreobtenue par les voies régulières. En
d'autres termes, lorsqu'il semble qu'une demande adressée à la Cour a
simplement pour objet de faire entérinerla position de la partie deman-
deresse, la Cour, en tant quejuridiction, devrait refuser de répondrea la
question posée.La Cour ne peut se désintéresser des effetsauxquels sa
décisiondoit donner lieu. Cela se justifie plus particulièrement dans la
présente affaire qui, par les faits et les circonstances qui lui sont propres,
est trèsdifférentede l'affaire Mazilu ou la Cour a jugéque:

«La section 22 de la convention générale estapplicable aux per-
sonnes (autres que les fonctionnaires de l'organisation des Nations
Unies) auxquelles une mission a été confiép ear l'organisation et qui
sont de ce fait en droit de bénéficier des privilèges et immunités
prévus par ce texte pour exercer leursfonctions en toute indépen-

dance. n5 (Les italiques sont de moi.)
25. Il y a lieu de rappeler aussi qu'aux termes de la section 30 de la

convention l'avisconsultatif donnéen l'espècedoit être considéré comme
décisifet obligatoire et qu'il aura des effets l'égardde 1'Etatconcerné.
D'ailleurs, au paragraphe 39 de l'avisconsultatif, la Cour indique que la
demande du Conseil ne se rapporte pas uniquement à la question limi-
naire, mais aussi aux conséquencesde la réponse à cette question. A mon
avis, pour pouvoir juger des conséquencesqui en découleraient,la Cour

Applicubilitéde lasection 22 de l'urticle VI de la conventionsur les privilègeset immu-
niits des Nations Unies, avis cor~sultafiJ;C.I.J. Recueil 1989, p. 195-196.

62into the merits of the dispute, as the question whether words spoken were
done in performance of a mission is one of mixed law and fact. The
Court, in determining whether words spoken by the Special Rapporteur
were spoken in the performance of his mission and whether he is there-

fore entitled to immunity, must do so in the light of al1the circumstances
of the case.
26. The question whether, in this case, the Convention is applicable to
Mr. Cumaraswamy and the obligations of Malaysia thereunder is not an
abstract one. Nor did the question require clarification as in the Peace
Treaties case. Viewed from this perspective, the Convention would be
applicable to Mr. Cumaraswamy as Special Rapporteur of the Human
Rights Commission and therefore an expert under the Convention, if the
words spoken were done in the performance of his mandate. Malaysia, as
a party to the Convention, would be under obligation to afford Mr.
Cumaraswamy such immunities. The request asked to take into account
the circumstances set out in paragraphs 1to 15of the note by the Secre-
tary-General. What the Court had to determine was whether the Conven-
tion should be applicable to the Special Rapporteur and whether he

should therefore be immune from legal process of every kind, in respect
of words spoken in the performance of his mission, a matter, which in my
view, is one for assessment by the Court.
27. The Court's statement in paragraph 56 of the Advisory Opinion
that itis not called upon in the present case to pass upon, to adjudge, the
aptness of the terms used by a Special Rapporteur, or his assessment of
the situation, but that in any event, and in viewofl1the circumstances of
this case,it is of the opinion that the Secretary-General correctly found
that Mr. Cumaraswamy, in speaking the words quoted in the article,
was acting in the course of the performance of his mission as Special
Rapporteur of the Commission is not without import and significancein
terms of this case. The Court also found it necessary to warn that

"It need hardly be said that al1agents of the United Nations, in
whatever officia1capacity they act, must take care not to exceed the
scope of their functions, and should so comport themselves as to
avoid claims against the United Nations".

1 fully concur with these statements of the Court.
28. 1have voted against operative paragraph 2, as 1consider it is not
the proper response to the question posed to the Court. 1 also voted
against that paragraph because Malaysia's obligation under the Conven-
tion is one of result and not one of method of implementation of the obli-
gation. In this regard the Court stated in paragraph 60 of the Advisory
Opinion that the Secretary-General has the authority to request (empha-
sis added) the Government of a member State to bring his finding to the
knowledge of the local courts if acts of an agent have given rise to court
proceedings. In my view, whereas the Secretary-General is authorized toaurait à examiner le fond du différend,car la question de savoir si les
paroles prononcées I'ont étéau cours d'une mission est une question
mélangéede fait et de droit. La Cour, aux finsde déterminersiles paroles

prononcéespar le rapporteur spécial I'ont étau coursd'une mission et si
par conséquentil jouit de l'immunité,doit le faireàla lumièrede toutes
les circonstances de l'espèce.
26. La question de savoir si, en l'espèce, laconvention est applicabàe
M. Cumaraswamy et quelles sont à cet égardles obligations de la Malai-
sie n'est pas abstraite. Cette question n'exigeait du reste pas de clarifica-
tion comme en l'affaire desTruitésdepaix. Les choses étantvues sous cet
angle, la convention est applicable M. Cumaraswamy en tant que rap-
porteur spécialde la Commission des droits de l'homme, et donc en tant
qu'expert au sens de la convention si les propos tenus par lui l'ont été
cours de su mission. La Malaisie, en tant que partieà la convention est
alors tenue d'accorderà M. Cumaraswamy les immunitésprévues.Dans
la requête,il était demandéde tenir compte des circonstances décritesaux

paragraphes 1 à 15 de la note du Secrétaire général.Ce que la Cour
devait déterminer, c'étaitsi la convention était applicable au rapporteur
spécial etsi celui-ci devait donc bénéficde l'immunité detoute juridic-
tion pour les paroles prononcées au cours de sa mission, question qui,à
mon avis, relèvede l'appréciation de la Cour.
27. La déclaration dela Cour au paragraphe 56de son avis consultatif
selon laquelle, dans la présenteespèce,elle n'est pas appeléese pronon-
cer sur le caractère approprié ou non des propos tenus par le rapporteur
spécial etsur son évaluation de la situation mais que, en tout état de
cause, et eu égard aux circonstances de l'espèce,elle est d'avis que le
Secrétairegénérala conclu à bon droit que M. Cumaraswamy, en pro-
nonçant les paroles citéesdans l'article, agissaitau cours de sa mission de
rapporteur spécialde la Commission n'est pas sans importance et sans
conséquences en l'espèce. LaCour a également jugé utilede formuler la

mise en garde suivante:
<Il està peine besoin d'ajouter que tous les agents de I'Organisa-
tion des Nations Unies, quelle que soit la qualitéofficielleen laquelle
ils agissent, doivent veillere pas excéder les limitesde leurs fonc-
tions et doivent se comporter de manièrea éviterque des demandes
soient dirigéescontre l'organisation. »

Je souscris pleinement àces déclarationsde la Cour.
28. J'ai votécontre le paragraphe 2 du dispositif car je considèrequ'il
n'apporte pas une réponseappropriée à la question poséeà la Cour. J'ai
aussi voté contre ce paragraphe car l'obligation qui est imposée à la
Malaisie par la convention est une obligation de résultatet non de moyen
par lequel ladite obligation est mise en Œuvre. A cet égard, la Cour a
déclaréau paragraphe 60 de son avis consultatif que le Secrétairegénéral

a le pouvoirde prier (lesitaliques sont de moi) legouvernement d'un Etat
Membre de porter sa conclusion à la connaissance des tribunaux internes
si les actes d'un agent ont donnéou pourraient donner lieuà des actionsmake such request, how a party implements its obligations under the
Convention is a matter for that State. The Court was not asked to pass
on the means or methods of implementation. Once the Court has
responded that the Convention is applicable to the matter, Malaysia
would assume its obligations, including making Mr. Cumaraswamy finan-
cially harmless for any taxed costs imposed upon him. To have included
this as an operative paragraph was unnecessary. Nor does the Conven-
tion stipulate any particular method of implementation, or for that mat-
ter a uniform method of implementation. Therefore, to hold a State in
breach of its obligation for not adopting a particular method or means of

implementing or achieving the object appears to find no justification on
the face of the Convention.

29. Finally, 1 share the Court's position as reflected in its jurispru-
dence that its response to a request for an advisory opinion should be
seen as participation in the work of the Organization with a view to the
achievement of its aims and objectives, and that only compelling reasons

should restrain the Court from answering a request. 1,however, consider
it more important that this Court, as a judicial organ, cannot and should
not, even in giving an advisory opinion, depart from the essential rules
guiding its activity as a court6.

(Signed) Abdul G. KOROMA.

Stutus of'Eusfern Curelia. Advisory Opinion, 1923. P.C.I.JB.No.r5,p. 27.

64en justice. A mon avis, si le Secrétaire général esatutoriséà formuler

pareille requête,la manière dont un Etat partie s'acquitte de ses obliga-
tions au titre de la convention est laissée la discrétion de cet Etat. Il
n'était pas demandé à la Cour de se prononcer sur les moyens ou les
méthodes demise en Œuvre. Une fois que la Cour avait répondu que la
convention étaitapplicable en l'espèce, c'étaitla Malaisie d'assumer ses
obligations, y compris en dégageant M. Cumaraswamy des obligations
financières misesà sa charge, notamment au titre des dépens.Il n'était
pas nécessairede le mentionner dans un paragraphe du dispositif. La
convention ne prévoitaucune méthode particulièrede mise en Œuvre, ni,

en l'occurrence, une méthode de mise en Œuvre uniforme. En consé-
quence, le fait de considérerqu'un Etat ne s'est pas acquittéde ses obli-
gations parce qu'il n'a pas adopté une méthode ou des moyens parti-
culiers pour mettre en Œuvre une obligation ou en atteindre l'objectif
me semble n'avoir aucune justification au regard de la convention.
29. Enfin, je partage la position de la Cour reflétéedans sa jurispru-
dence selon laauelle sa ré~onseàune demande d'avisconsultatif doit être
considéréecomme une participation à l'action de l'organisation en vue
de la réalisationdes buts et objectifs de celle-ci,et que seules des raisons
décisivespeuventamener la Cour à opposer un refu;à une telle demande.

Je considère toutefois qu'il est plus important que la Cour, en tant
qu'organe judiciaire, ne puisse se départir et ne s'écarte pas, même
lorsqu'elle donne un avis consultatif, des règlesessentielles qui dirigent
son activitéde tribunal6.

(Signé) Abdul G. KOROMA.

cStutul de la Carélie orientale,avis consultutif 1923, C.P.J.I. sérieB no 5, p. 29.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Koroma

Links