Dissenting Opinion of Judge Schwebel

Document Number
066-19820720-ADV-01-08-EN
Parent Document Number
066-19820720-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SCHWEBEL

In viewof the provisions of the Statute of the Court and the Statute of
the Administrative Tribunal, the Court is competent to answer the ques-
tion on which its Advisory Opinion is requested (Chap. 1). To do so
adequately, it must pass upon the merits of thejudgement of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal in the case ofMortished v.the Secretary-General of the
United Nations. Judging its merits would be consistent with the Court's
Statute, the terms ofArticle 11of the Tribunal's Statute(paras. 8-10of this
dissenting opinion) and with the travaux préparatoires of Article 11(pa-
ras. 11-30).Those terms and travauxpréparatoires indicate that, when an
objection to ajudgement of the Tribunal has been lodged on theground of
error on a question of law relating to Charter provisions, the Court is to
act as an appellate jurisdiction, passing upon the merits of the Tribunal's
judgement. Such error need only "relate to" Charter provisions and need
not directly contravene them. In view of the tenor of the travauxprépa-

ratoires,there even is ground for concluding that the Court is entitled to
consider whether the Tribunal's judgement contains error in the interpre-
tation of the Staff Regulations which derive from a Charter provision,
Article 101 (1)(paras. 11-30).The Court's interpretation of the Statutes of
the IL0 and United Nations Administrative Tribunals in the Unesco
Officiais and Fasla cases is consonant with these conclusions (paras. 31-
38).

In order to appraise the merits of theTribunal'sjudgement, the origins
and development of the repatriation grant must be reviewed. They
demonstrate that the grant was never meant by the organs that proposed or
approved or maintained it to be given to staff members who remain in the
country of their last duty station (Chap. II). This is shown both by the
terms of the Staff Regulations and the relevant discussions inthe General
Assembly and other bodies over the years (paras. 40 ff). While in practice
the United Nations appears to have paid repatriation grants to non-

relocating staff from an early if uncertain date,theGeneral Assembly may
not have been informed of this departure of practice from principle before
1976.It was informed of other variations in the administration of the grant
and made consequential changes in the governing texts, a process which
suggests that the General Assembly did not mean to permit payment to
non-relocating staff (paras.47-48,5 1).When the practice was first aired in
the General Assembly in 1976, it was criticized (para. 52). When the
practice was thereafter re-examined by the International Civil Service 455 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

Commission, it wasfound tobe contrary tothe stated purpose of thegrant
and unjustifiable (paras. 54-55). In 1978,the General Assembly accord-
ingly adopted resolution 33/ 119, which decided that payment of the
repatriation grant shall be made conditional upon the presentation of
evidenceof actual relocation, subject to the Commission'sestablishing the
terms of presentation of that evidence (paras. 58-59). Instead, the Com-

mission recommended exempting staff members from the reach of reso-
lution 33/ 119in so far as they had accrued credit towards the repatriation
grant before 1July 1979(paras. 60-61).The Commission in sodoing relied
on an opinion of the United Nations Officeof LegalAffairs (paras. 62-64).
Thereupon the Secretary-General issued a transitional rule which did so
exempt serving staff members from the application of resolution 33/ 119
(para. 67). The General Assembly reacted adversely to the Commission's
recommendation and the Secretary-General's action, and, in so doing,
demonstrated an em~hatic intent to overrule the Secretarv-General's tran-
sitional rule by itsLadoption of resolution 34/165, ai exercise of its
authority under Article 101(1) of the Charter to regulate staff relations
(paras. 68-89). The Secretary-General thereupon deleted the transitional
rule, and thereafter declined to pay the repatriation grant to Mortished, a
non-relocating staff member, who appealed to the Administrative Tribu-
nal.

The Administrative Tribunal held that the Secretary-General's refusa1
to pay the grant to Mortished injured him in disregard of his acquired
rights. It ordered that Mortished be paid compensation for that injury in
anamount equalling the repatriation grant. The Tribunal soconcluded on
the following grounds, none of which, it is submitted, are well-founded
(Chap. III).
First, the United Nations had assumed special, contractual obligations
towards Mortished in respect of the grant (para. 92). But the United
Nations demonstrably assumed no contractual obligations whatsoever
towards Mortished that bear on the question of whether he is entitled to
receive the grant regardless of relocation, so this ground of the Tribunal's
judgement is baseless (paras. 93-98).That conclusion is reinforced by an

examination of the relevantjurisprudence of the Tribunal(paras. 99-105).
Thatjurisprudence alsoshows that theUnited Nations isfreeto amend the
regulatory régimegoverning thestatus of staff members as long as it does
soin "statutory" terms ofgeneral application whichdo not trench upon the
vital contractual, and hence acquired, rights of staff members. Second, the Tribunal raised a question about whether the Secretary-
General's deletion of the transitional rule retroactively effaced an entitle-
ment of Mortished. It appears to assume an answer to this question rather
than to present reasons justifying that assumption (para. 111). It also
raised the question about whether nearly 30years of practice "could gen-
erate an acquired right within the meaning of Staff Regulation 12.1"but
found that "it is not required to adjudicate that question in abstracto"
(para. 106).

Third, the Tribunal held that the repatriation grant was "earned" over
theyears and thus constitutes an entitlement ofwhich Mortishedcouldnot
be deprived without impairing his acquired rights (para. 113).That con-
clusionisbased largelyon thefact that the amount oftherepatriation grant
is calculated according to length of service.However, the drafting history
of the repatriation grant shows that it was not meant to be a salary
supplement progressively earned, but an end-of-service payment no more
earned than is a termination indemnity. The years of continuous service
which area basis for calculatingthe amount of, but not entitlement to, the
grant are subject to reduction or elimination, and the staff member may
lose the whole of the repatriation grant on other grounds. It is thus clear
that the grant is not "earned" and that entitlement is dependent upon
compliance with eligibilityrulesat thetime of separation from service.The
length of a staff member's service is simply a convenient formula for
calculating the amount of the grant. (Paras. 114-117.)

Fourth, the Tribunal held that the transitional rule of itself isthe source
of Mortished's acquired rights (para. 118).While this approach is argu-
able, it is not persuasive.Under the Statute of the Tribunal and its juris-

prudence, an entitlement such as the repatriation grant may be exercised
only in accordance with the conditions governing it as of the time its
exerciseissought.Mortished sought to rely on the transitional rule when it
was no longer in force. Moreover, he couldbe deprived of any entitlement
under that transitional rule by "statutory amendment", which was pre-
cisely what resolution 34/ 165required. (Paras. 119-124.)

The judgement of the Administrative Tribunal actually failed to give
immediate effect to resolution 34/165 (para. 135).The justifications for
the Tribunal's treatment of resolution 34/ 165do not withstand analysis
(paras. 132-134, 136-141).The Tribunal's judgement exceeded its juris-
diction by depriving resolution 34/165 of its regulatory effect under
Article 101(l), contrary to the resolution's terms and the demonstrated
intent of the General Assembly (paras. 142-147), an intent which the
Tribunal misconstrues (paras. 69-90, 109).The failure of the Tribunal to
give immediate effect to resolution 34/165 also constituted, on several
counts, error on questions of law relating to provisions of the United
Nations Charter, most notably Article 101(1) (paras. 147-152).The Tri-
bunal's unfounded findings about Mortished's acquired rights did not 457 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

give it an authority it otherwise lacks to set aside resolution 34/165
(paras. 153-155).

1. 1 regret that 1 am unable to concur in the Opinion of the Court,
essentially on twogrounds.First, 1takea broader viewthan does the Court
of its competence to review the merits of a judgement of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal. Second, 1 find the judgement of that
Tribunal in the case of Mortished v. the Secretaty-General of the United
Nations profoundly unpersuasive. In my view, that judgement did de-
termine - in substance, though not in terms - that General Assembly

resolution 34/ 165could not be given immediate effect in requiring, for the
payment of repatriation grants, evidence of relocation to a country other
than the country of the staff member's last dutystation. Inso determining,
the Administrative Tribunal erred on questions of law relating to provi-
sions of the Charter of the United Nations, and exceeded its jurisdic-
tion.

1.THECOMPETENC EF THE COURT
2. The competence of the International Court of Justice to review a
judgement of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal is founded on
the relevant provisions of the Statute of the Court and the Statute of the

Administrative Tribunal. The construction which the Court has given in
earlier cases to the pertinent provisions of both Statutes, and to theana-
logous but distinct Statute of the Administrative Tribunal of the Interna-
tional Labour Organisation, has particular significance for the interpre-
tation of the extent of the Court's authority in this case. The Court's
construction of the Statute of theUnited Nations Administrative Tribunal
took account of the travaux préparatoires,for they shed light on what the
General Assembly intended when it amended the Statute of the Tribunal
to invest the Court with its review authority. Just as the Court,in the first
case which applied the amended Statute in a review of ajudgement of the

United Nations Administrative Tribunal, looked to the legislativehistory
of the governing amendment, so in this case as well the Court should look
to that legislativehistory (a point which the Court,in paragraph 63 of its
Opinion, implicitly concedes, in referring to the "compromise" underlying
the amended Statute of the Tribunal). It should scrutinize it in sufficient
depth so as to afford the Court the full extent of thejurisdiction which,
consonant with the Court's Statute, the General Assembly intended the
Court to have.

1. The Provisions of the Statute of the Court and the Court's
Judicial Character

3. The Court succinctly summarized the broad considerations which
govern a case of this kind, and applied the most pertinent provision of itsStatute, in the Applicationfor Review of Judgement No. 158 of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal, Advisory Opinion,I.C.J. Reports 1973,
pages 171 -172(hereafter referred to as the "Fasla case") where it held :

"14. As to theCourt's competence to givetheopinion, doubts have
been voiced regarding the legality of the use of the advisory jurisdic-
tion for the reviewofjudgements of the Administrative Tribunal.The
contentiousjurisdiction of the Court, it has been urged, is limited by
Article 34 of its Statute to disputes between States ;and it has been
questioned whether the advisory jurisdiction may be used for the
judicial review of contentious proceedings which have taken place
before othertribunals and towhichindividuals wereparties. However,
the existence,in the background, of adispute the parties towhichmay
be affected as a consequence of the Court's opinion, does not change

the advisory nature of the Court's task, which is to answer the ques-
tions put to it with regard to ajudgment. Thus, in its Opinion con-
cerning Judgments of the Administrative Tribunal of the IL0 upon
Complaints Made against Unesco(I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 77), the
Court upheld its competence to entertain a request for an advisory
opinion for the purpose of reviewingjudicial proceedings involving
individuals. Moreover, inthe earlier advisoryproceedings concerning
the Effect of Awards of Compensation Made by the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal(I.C.J. Reports 1954,p. 47) the Court replied
to theGeneral Assembly'srequest for an opinionnotwithstanding the
fact that the questions submitted to it closelyconcerned the rights of
individuals. The Court sees no reason to depart from the position
which it adopted in these cases. If a request for advisory opinion
emanatesfroma body duly authorized in accordance with the Charter
to make it, the Court is competent under Article 65 of its Statute to
give such opinion on any legalquestion arisingwithin the scope of the
activities of that body. The mere fact that it is not the rights of States

which are in issue in the proceedings cannot suffice to deprive the
Court of a competence expressly conferred on it by its Statute."

4. It will be observed that the Court saw no problem in its advisory
jurisdiction being used for the reviewof contentious proceedings to which

individuals were parties which had taken place before another tribunal.
The fact that the Court's opinion would affect such parties to a dispute
does not change the advisory nature of the Court's task, wkich theCourt
described in straightforward terms : "to answerthe questions put toit with
regard to a judgment". The Court so held while also holding that "the
opinion given by the Court is to have conclusiveeffect with respect to the
matters in litigation in that case" (ibid.,at p. 182),i.e.,in the case on which
the Administrative Tribunal had rendered judgment. The Court con-
tinued : "Such an effect, it is true, goes beyond the scope attributed by the
Charter and by the Statute of the Court to an advisory opinion. It
results, however, not from the advisory opinion itself but from a
provision of an autonomousinstrument having the force oflawfor the

staff members and the Secretary-General. Under Article XII of the
Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal the Court's Opinion is
expressly made binding. In alluding to this consequence theCourt,in
the Unescocase, observed:
'It in no wise affects the way in which theCourt functions ; that
continues to be determined by its Statute and its Rules. Nor does it

affect the reasoning by which the Court forms its Opinion or the
content of the Opinionitself.Accordingly, thefact that theOpinion
of the Court is accepted as binding provides no reason why the
Request for an Opinion should not be complied with.' (I.C.J.
Reports 1956, p. 84.)

Similarly, the special effect to be attributed to the Court's opinion
by Article 11 of the Statute of the United Nations Administrative
Tribunal furnishes no reason for refusing to comply with the request
for an opinion in the present instance." (1.C.J. Reports1973,pp. 182-
183.)

5. Equally, in the instant case, the Court should "answer the questions
put to it with regard to ajudgement" of the Administrative Tribunal. It
should not be deterred by the fact that its answers bind the Secretary-
General and the Administrative Tribunal pursuant to the terms of Arti-
cle 11of the Tribunal's Statute, which purposefully, repeatedly and con-
clusivelyprescribe that the Secretary-General or theTribunal shall act "in
conformity with the opinion of the Court". (That binding effect is infer-
entially confirmed by Article10 (2) of the Tribunal's Statute : "Subjectto

theprovisionsofArticles II and12,thejudgements of theTribunal shallbe
final and without appeal." (Emphasis supplied.)) It should not bedeterred
by differences about whether, when it reconsiders a judgement of the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal, it acts as a court of appeal, of
cassation or of more limited reviewauthority. It should not be deterred by
the claim that its lack of "appellate" powers prevents it from exarnining
and disposing of the merits of the Tribunal's judgement - in so far as
answering the questions put to the Court requires such examination and
disposition. Nor should itbe deterred by the claimthat theCourt islimited
to passing upon "constitutional" questions, a limitation expressedneither
in its Statute nor that of the Tribunal.

6. There isnothing in theCharter oftheUnited Nations or inthe Statute
of the Court - or in the standing, station or dignity of the Court - that

138prevents it from dealing with the merits of a judgement of the United
Nations AdministrativeTribunal. There is nothinginherent in thejudicial
processes of the Court that so prevents it. If, as in the instant case, those
processes ensure equality between the United Nations and Mortished in
the proceedingsbefore the Court, that suffices. "The Court may give an

advisory opinion on any legal question at the request of whatever body
may be authorized by or in accordance with the Charter of the United
Nations to rnake such arequest" (Statute of the Court,Art. 65(1)).If,as is
the case in respect of Mortished v. the Secretary-General, the Court's
advisoryopinion is sought ona "legal question", by abody whichhas been
authorized in accordance with the Charter to make such a request, the
Court should, as in the Faslacase, simply "reply to the questions put to it
regarding the objections which have been raised to the Judgement of the
AdministrativeTribunal" (I.C.J. Reports 1973,p. 182).It should not find
reasons why not to reply which are neither required by its Statute nor
justified by theStatute of theAdministrativeTribunal. It is to be regretted
that, in the instant case, that isexactlywhat the Opinion of the Court does
(see paras. 57-65).
7. Of course,the particular extent of the Court's cornpetence to review
judgements of the administrative tribunals is determined by the terms of
the statutes of those tribunals. It is accordingly necessary in the instant

case to consider closely the pertinent provisions of the Statute of the
United Nations AdministrativeTribunal. At the same time, that Statute
and the Court's authority under its Statute should be interpreted in the
light of the acceptedjurisprudence of the Court, in which it

"has repeatedlystated that areply toa request for an advisoryopinion
should not, in principle, be refused and that only cornpelling reasons
wouldjustify such a refusa1(see,e.g.,Judgments of theAdministrative
Tribunal of the IL0 upon ComplaintsMade against Unesco,Advisory
Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1956,p. 86 ;Legal Consequencesfor States of
the Continued PresenceofSouthAfrica inNamibia (SouthWest Africa)
notwithstandingSecurityCouncilResolution 276(1970),AdvisoryOpin-
ion, I.C.J. Reports 1971,p. 27)". (1C ..J. Reports 1973,p. 183.)

It is submitted that the meaning for present purposes of this axiomatic
holding is that the Court should answer the question or questions asked of
it- not, obviously,necessarily providingthe answerswhichtherequesting
body may be thought to seek, but providing substantive answers to the
questionsposed. It does not comport with the Court'sjurisprudence for it
to acknowledge that only compelling reasons would justify the Court's
refusal to reply to a request for an advisory opinion and then to offer a
reply which finds questionablereasons for not answering the substance of
the questions put to it. Among such questionablereasons,it is submitted,
are holdings that the Court lacks "appellate" authority and that it is
confined to disposing of "constitutional" objections to ajudgement of theUnited Nations AdministrativeTribunal (see,in this regard, paras. 57-65
of the Court's Opinionin this case).It is tnie that, in its Advisory Opinion

in the Namibia case, the Court recorded and held that :

"It was argued that the Court shouldnot assumepowers ofjudicial
reviewof the action taken by the other principal organs of the United
Nations without specific request to that effect,nor act as a court of
appeal from their decisions.
89. Undoubtedly, the Court does not possess powers of judicial
review or appeal in respect of the decisions taken by the United

Nations organs concerned." (Legal Consequencesfor States of the
Continued Presenceof South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa)
notwithstandingSecurity CouncilResolution 276 (1970),Advisory Opin-
ion,I.C.J. Reports 1971,p. 45.)
But that is by no means to Say that, where the Court is entrusted with
specific review authority not in respect of a principal organ of the United
Nations but of its Administrative Tribunal, it lacks powers of "judicial
reviewor appeal". On the contrary, as that passage of the Court's opinion

imports, where, as in the instant case, the Court is specifically entrusted
withpowers ofjudicial reviewor appeal in respect of decisions taken by the
United Nations AdministrativeTribunal, it should exercisethose powers.
For the reason stated in thisparagraph, it should exercise those powers to
the full.

2. The Provisionsof the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal

A. The terms of thoseprovisions
8. What are the powers ofjudicial reviewof the Court asthey are setout
in the Statute of the United Nations AdministrativeTribunal ? Article 11
(1) of the Statute provides :

"If a Member State, the Secretary-General or the person in res-
pect of whom a judgement has been rendered by the Tribunal.. .
objects to thejudgement onthegroundthat theTribunalhas exceeded
itsjurisdiction or competence or that the Tribunal has failed to exer-
cisejurisdiction vested in it, or has erred on a question of law relating
to the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, or has com-
mitted a fundamental error in procedure which has occasioned a
failure of justice, such Member State, the Secretary-General or the
person concerned may, within thirty daysfrom the date of thejudge-
ment, make a written application to the Committee established by

paragraph 4 of this article asking the Committee to request an advi-
sory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the matter."
Thus the Statute specifiesfourgroundson whichobjectionto ajudgement
of theAdministrativeTribunal may befounded. Two of those grounds arepertinent to the case before the Court, since those are the grounds on
which, as the transcript of its proceedings makes clear, the Cornmittee on
Applications for Reviewof Administrative Tribunal Judgements relied in
requesting an advisory opinion of the Court : excess of jurisdiction or

competence, and errorona question oflawrelating to theprovisions of the
Charter of the United Nations. The principal focus of the Committee's
concern waserror oflaw ;in deciding that "there is asubstantial basis" for
the application to the Committee not only on that ground but also on the
ground that the Administrative Tribunal had exceeded its jurisdiction or
competence, the Committee nevertheless gave primary emphasis to the
submission that theTribunal had erred on a question of lawrelating to the
provisions of theCharter. That emphasis willbe followedin this dissenting
opinion as it is in the Court's Opinion, for thejudgment of the Adminis-
trative Tribunal at bar particularly poses that issue. At the same time, in
this case the two grounds of error of law and excess of jurisdiction are
inextricably linked. The terms of the two grounds of objection as they
appear in Article 11(1)willinitially be the subject of comment ; then they
will be analysed in the light of their travauxpréparatoires.
9. On its face,thegroundthat theTribunal "exceeded itsjurisdiction or
competence" requires only brief comment. Thejurisdiction or competence

of the Tribunal is set forth in its Statute, largely in Article 2, which in
pertinent part States :

"1. The Tribunal shall be competent to hear and pass judgement
upon applications alleging non-observance of contracts of employ-
ment of staff members of the Secretariat of the United Nations or of
the terms of appointment of such staff members. The words 'con-
tracts' and 'terms of appointment' include al1pertinent regulations
and rules in force at the time of allegednon-observance, including the

staff pension regulations.

3. In the event of a dispute as to whether the Tribunal has com-
petence, the matter shall be settled by the decision of the Tribu-
nal."

Provided that the Tribunal passesjudgment upon an application alleging
non-observance of a contract of employment or terms of appointment of a
staff member, it acts, prima facie, within its competence. However, that
broad statement is subject to two qualifications of vital import for this
case. First, "the words 'contracts' and 'terms of appointment' include al1
pertinent regulations and rules in force ut the time of allegednon-observ-
ance .. .".Second, there is nothing in the Statute of the Administrative
Tribunal to suggestthat its competence extends so far as to authorize it to
determine that a resolution of the General Assembly regulating the con-
ditions of service of the Secretariat shall not be given immediate effect if
the General Assembly intends it to have that effect. 10. The meaning of the clause respecting error on a question of law
relating to the provisions of the Charter also calls for comment. It should
be observed that this ground specifies"error on a question of law", which

suggeststhat it excludeserror on a question of fact.Furthermore, error on
a question of lawis qualified by the phrase, "relating to" provisions of the
Charter. That is to Say,an error of the Tribunal need not squarely and
directly engage a provision of the Charter. It is sufficient if an error is "in
relationship to" the Charter, "has reference to" the Charter or "is con-
nected with" the Charter. (See the definitions found in Webster's Third
NewInternationalDictionary,Unabridged, 1976,p. 1916.)Thephrase "the
provisions" of the Charter clearly cannot mean al1the provisions of the
Charter, because no error of the Administrative Tribunal could possibly
relate toal1the provisions of theCharter ;that phrase must mean, "one or
more provisions" of the Charter. But an error, if it is to furnishground for
objection to ajudgment of theTribunal, must have a relationship to or be
connected with at least one provision of the Charter.

B. The travaux préparatoires of thoseprovisions
(i) Justificationfor recoursetopreparatory work

11. The true meaning of the terms of Article 11(1) of the Statute of the
Administrative Tribunal (and thus a proper appreciation of the scope of
the review authority accorded the Court by that Article) can be best
understood in the light of their travauxpréparatoires.Thus in this case the
Court should do exactly as it has done in prior casesin which the meaning
of a treaty or legislativetext has been at issue :examine the preparatory
work whichgaverisetoit. If itbe objected that resort tothis supplementary
means of interpretation isjustified only where the text is not clear, it is
submitted that the text's lack of clarity is sufficiently shown by the dif-
ferences about its interpretation which are demonstrated as between the
Court's Opinion and dissenling opinions in this case. More than ths, it is
instructive to recall that in the case of the Court closest to the case at bar,
the Faslacase, theCourt at three points recounts the need for resort to the
travaux préparatoiresto elucidate the meaning of Article 11 (1) of the

Statute of the Administrative Tribunal. It points out that, "Although the
records show that Article 11 was not introduced into the Statute of the
Administrative Tribunal exclusively,or evenprimarily, to providejudicial
protection for officiais .. .(I.C.J. Reports1973,p. 183).It concludes that,
"both the text of Article 11 and its legislativehistory make it clear that
challenges to Administrative Tribunal Judgements under its provisions
were intended to be confined to the specific grounds of objection men-
tioned in the Article" (ibid.,p. 188).And it goes back to the recommen-
dations of the Comrnittee whichprepared the draft ofArticle 11and to thedeliberations over that draft in the Fifth Committee of the General
Assembly to state the following :

"50. Article XII of the Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal
speaks only of achallenge to 'adecision of the Tribunal confirming its
jurisdiction', and does not make any mention of a failure of the
Tribunal to exerciseitsjurisdiction. Similarly,in thedraft ofArticle 1 1
of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal's Statute recom-
mended to the General Assembly by the Special Comrnittee on
Review of Administrative Tribunal Judgements, a challenge on this
ground was contemplated only if the Tribunal had 'exceeded its
jurisdiction or competence'. Thewords 'orthat the Tribunalhas failed
to exercisejurisdiction vestedin it' wereadded at the 499th meeting of
the Fifth Committee on the proposa1 of the Indian delegation, ...
. ..It further appears that in accepting failure to exercisejurisdic-
tion as an additional ground of challenge the General Assembly
regarded it as euisdem generiswith cases where the Tribunal had
exceeded its jurisdiction or competence ; and the Fifth Comrnittee
thus seems to have viewed both excess and failure in the exercise of
jurisdiction as essentially concerned with matters of jurisdiction or
competence in their strict sense. In a more general way, the compar-
atively narrow scope intended to be given to failure to exercisejuris-

diction asaground of challengeis confirmed by the legislativehistory
of Article 11,which showsthat the grounds of challengementioned in
the Article were envisaged as covering only 'exceptional' cases."
(IC.J. Reports 1973, p. 189.)

In the light of the Court's repeated and detailed resort in the Faslacase to
the travauxpréparatoiresof the very article at issue in the instant case,
scrutiny of that samebody ofpreparatory workisespeciallyappropriate in
this case.

(ii) The Courtsuggestsjudicial reviewofAdministrative TribunalJudge-
ments
12. The amendments to the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal
which are found in Article 11 appear to have been stimulated by the
Court's AdvisoryOpinion on the Effect ofAwards of CompensationMade
by the United NationsAdministrative Tribunal,I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 56,
where the Court, in addressing the possibility of review ofjudgements of
the Administrative Tribunal, declared :

"In order that thejudgments pronounced by suchajudicialtribunal
couldbe subjected to reviewby anybodyother than the tribunal itself,
it would be necessary, in the opinion of the Court, that the statute of
that tribunal or some other legal instrument governing it should con- tain an expressprovision to that effect.TheGeneral Assemblyhas the
power to amend the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal by virtue
of Article II of that Statute and to provide for means of redress by
another organ. But as no such provisions are inserted in the present
Statute, there is no legal ground upon which the General Assembly
could proceed to reviewjudgments already pronounced by that Tri-
bunal. Should the General Assembly contemplate, for dealing with
future disputes, the making of some provision for the review of the
awards of the Tribunal, the Court is of opinion that the General
Assemblyitself,in viewofits composition and functions, could hardly
act as a judicial organ - considering the arguments of the parties,

appraising the evidenceproduced by them, establishing thefacts and
declaring the law applicable to them - al1the more soas one party to
the disputes is the United Nations organization itself."
It willbe observed that theCourt spoke in 1954of "review" ofjudgements
and awards of theAdministrative Tribunal and of the provision of "means
ofredress". It spoke of thefunctions of areviewingjudicial organ (which it
rightly said the General Assembly is not) in broad terms : considering the

arguments, appraising the evidence, establishing the facts and declaring
the law.

(iii) The GeneralAssembly takes up the Court's suggestion

13. That very year, the General Assembly took up the Court's sugges-
tion, resolving that it:"Accepts in principlejudicial reviewofjudgements

of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal." (Res. 888(IX).)The text
of the resolution in question initially spoke of the establishment of a
procedure for "appeals against" instead of "review of" the Tribunal's
judgements. In introducing an amendment (which was accepted) to sub-
stitute the term "review of", the delegate of Canada, speaking in plenary
session on behalf of the CO-sponsors,stated :
"Members are aware that 'review'is a broader term which would
include appeals and other judicial procedures.

12. The object of this change, therefore, .. . is not to limit the
special committee to the consideration of only one specific form of
judicial review." (United Nations, GeneralAssembly OfficialRecords,
Ninth Session, 515th Plenary Meeting,p. 542, paras. 11 -12.)

Resolution 888(IX) requested member States to communicate their views

"on the establishment ofprocedure to provide for reviewofjudgements of
the Administrative Tribunal" and established a Special Committee on
Review of Administrative Tribunal Judgements (hereafter referred to as
"the Special Comrnittee") to study the question of the establishment of
such a procedure in al1its aspects. (iv) The reportof the Secretary-General on reviewprocedures

14. The Secretary-General assisted the Committee by submitting to it a
set of memoranda and working papers. (See United Nations, General
Assembly Official Records, Tenth Session, Annexes, Agenda Item 49 :
Report of the Special Committee on Review of Administrative Tribunal
Judgements, Annex II,pp. 17ff.) Herecalled the hstory of theadoption of
the then existing and stillcurrent provision of Article XII of the Statute of
the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, whch the International Labour Office
described as a means for "appeal" to the International Court of Justice
(p. 19).The Secretary-General noted that, in supporting adoption of this
provision by the ILO, the Director General of the International Labour
Office "explained that the article did not propose that the International
Court of Justice should re-try a case, but merely that it could be asked to
define the jurisdiction of the Tribunal" (ibid., p. 19).

15. On the scope of the review and powers of the reviewing body of
the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, the Secretary-General saw
essentially three possibilities:

"'(a) the review of al1aspects of the case,
(b) the review of the law only, and
(c) the reviewof certain legalissues, such foi-example as the question

of lack ofjurisdiction or fundamental defect in procedure" (ibid.,
p. 22).
As to (a),the Secretary-General subrnitted that a review of al1aspects of
the case

"would without doubt lead to agreat number ofunwarranted appeals,
and thus would needlessly increase the burden of litigation. There
would seem to be no good reason why the findings of fact by the
Administrative Tribunal should not be conclusive." (Ibid.)

As to (b) the Secretary-General stated
"A review of the law would include the interpretation of the Staff
Regulations and the Staff Rules as well as other provisions of the
contract and general principles of law which rnight be involved. It

would include the interpretation of relevant provisions of the United
Nations Charter." (Ibid.)
As to (c), the Secretary-General noted :

"Finally, there is the possibility of providing only for the reviewof
certain important legal issues. Article XII of the Statute of the IL0
Administrative Tribunal is an example of this alternative. Under this467 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. SCHWEBEL)

article the International Court ofJusticemay be asked for an advisory
opinion withrespect to twotypes of questions :(a)lack ofjurisdiction

of theTribunal, and (b)fundamentalfault in theprocedure followed."
(Ibid.)
16. Turning to the possibility of review by the International Court of
Justice, the Secretary-General submitted that advisory proceedings might
be suitable for the review of certain legal questions in determining the
validity of ajudgement as is provided by the Statute of the IL0 Admin-

istrative Tribunal. However,he believed that if a "broader scope of review
were desired", it might be difficult to fit into advisory proceedings :

"A re-examination of the merits of the case might involve matters
which are not strictly legalquestions within the meaning of Article 65
of the Statute of the Court, and might also require more active par-

ticipation of the parties in the proceedings than would be considered
permissible by the Court. Advisory proceedings would probably not
be appropriate for such re-examination which might even be consid-
ered incompatible with the Statute of the Court." (Ibid., p. 24.)
Byhis reference to Article 65of the Statute, the Secretary-General seemed

to suggest that, while it is appropriate to put "any legal question" to the
Court in advisory proceedings, it would not be appropriate to put to the
Court questions of fact, i.e., matters which "are not strictly legal ques-
tions". He concluded :

"There is probably no absolute line between a review for which
advisoryproceedingswould be possible and one for which they would
not. Individual proposals which may be made would have to be
examined in the light of the Statute of the Court and the nature of
advisory proceedings." (Ibid.)
17. The Secretary-General transmitted the viewsof theUnitedNations
Staff Council, which maintained that "only important questions of law

which touch upon matters of principle should constitute ground for
review" (ibid.,p. 32).The Staff Council submitted that :"The scope of the
review should not include questions of fact ;the findings of fact by the
Administrative Tribunal should be conclusive." (Ibid.)

(v) The meetings and report of the Special Committee

18. The Report of the SpecialCommittee on Reviewof Administrative
Tribunal Judgements is revealing, anticipating as it does questions which
havebeen debated in thecurrent case.Thus asto the meaning of "judicial
review", it declares : "11. With respect to the meaning of 'judicial review' as used in
General Assembly resolution 888 (IX), two possible interpretations
were mentioned. On the one hand, it might be considered that the
phrase referred purely to an appealsprocedure in whch theparties to
the original action could seekreconsideration of the case or certain of
its aspects before an appellate body. On the other hand, 'judicial
review' could also be taken to refer to a procedure other than an
appealsprocedure in the technical senseof the term. It waspointed out
that the draft text of resolution888(IX) .. had been amended in the
General Assembly ... by replacing the words 'appeals against' by the

words 'review of'. The intention of the amendment's sponsors had
been to use a broader term which embraced appeals and otherjudicial
procedures. It was the view of the majority of the members that the
Committee could consider asjudicial review either an appeals proce-
dure in the narrow sense of the term or some other kind of review
procedure which satisfiedjudicial requirements such as, for example,
reviewof legal questions through the advisory procedure of the Inter-
national Court of Justice." (Report of the Special Committee, loc.cit.,
pp. 3-4.)

19. The Special Committee based its general discussion on the Secre-
tary-General's working paper. On the scope of the power of review to be
accorded the organ of review, the Committee's report records :

"The members of the Committee were in general agreement that
review should be limited to exceptional cases, and further, that there
should be no complete review of al1aspects of the case, in particular
that there should not be a review of questions of fact as such. There
was considerable variation of opinion, however, among the members
of the Committee as to the exact grounds for which a reviewshould be
provided. One body of opinion held that review should be on al1
questions of law, whereas another maintained that it should be con-
fined to the two grounds specifiedin Article XII of the IL0 Statute of
theAdministrative Tribunal, namely, questions ofjurisdiction and of
fundamental defect in procedure. Positions in between these two

views were also taken." (Ibid.)

The report adds that the US representative, when arguing that member
States should be empowered to request activation of the reviewprocedure,

stated :
"On important questions involvingthe interpretation or application
of the Charter or the staffregulations, the views of Members should

receive a full hearing and consideration." (Ibid., p. 7 ; emphasis sup-
plied.) 20. In its analysis of the specificproposals advanced on the scope of the
review power, the report contains the following :

"The proposa1 of France ... and the suggestions of the Secretary-
General ...would limit the grounds for review to those stipulated in
article XII of thetatute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal. ..there
should be no retrial of the facts, nor of points of law generally.
The proposa1 of China, Iraq and the United States of America ...
defined the scope of review as 'important legal questions raised by
the judgement' and provided for a committee to decide whether
the questions were of such importance as to warrant judicial re-
view ...

Thefundamental difference among these proposals with respect to
the scope of review was, on the one hand, that the review should be
strictly limited to the two grounds specified in theStatute of the IL0
Tribunaland,on the other that itshould coveral1important questions
of law." (Ibid., p. 8.)

21. In an effort to bridge the foregoing differences, ajoint compromise
proposa1was made by China, Iraq, Pakistan,the United Kingdom and the
United States. In "clarification of the text" of the proposal, the British
representative, Sir Vincent Evans (then the legal adviser of the British
Mission to the United Nations, later the LegalAdviser of the Foreign and
Commonwealth Office) explained, on behalf of the CO-sponsors,the fol-
lowing. (Since this explanation is so important it is quoted not from the

condensed report of the Committee but from the fuller summary record of
its discussions.) The International Court of Justice, he specified, would
have a scope of review authority limited "to three precise grounds" :

"The first and third were substantially the same as those in Arti-
cle XII of the Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, on which
there appeared to be general agreement in the Committee. The second

ground, while attempting to meet half-way those representatives who
favoured the inclusion of any substantial question of law as a ground
for review,provided a safeguard against the danger that review might
become a matter of course in al1cases. It attempted to define with
maximum precision what questions of law could be grounds for
review. The words'relating totheprovisionsof the Charter'coverednot
oniy interpretationsof theprovisionsof the Charter butalso the inter-
pretation orapplicationofstaff regulationsderivingfromChapterXV of
the Charter." (A/AC.78/SR.10, p. 3 ; emphasis added.) 22. The representative of the United States followed, stating :
"(2) The adequacy of thejoint draft withrespect to the scopeof the
screening committee's authority to cal1for an advisory opinion had
been a matter of serious doubt to his delegation, which still felt that
there was great merit in the arguments in favour of the possibility of

reviewof legalquestions generallyand of excessiveawards, regardless
ofparticular grounds or merits. (3)However,asa conciliatory gesture,
his Government had decided to support the joint proposal. (4) His
Government understood the second ground mentioned in para-
graph 1 to include (a) a question under Article 101 of the Charter
whether the Secretary-General's judgment should be upheld with
regard to the conduct of a staff member under United Nations stan-
dards of efficiency, competence and integrity ; (b) a question under
Article 97whether the Secretary-General's action in givingdirections
to or taking disciplinary action against a staff member should be
sustained ;(c)aquestion under Article 100involvingastaff member's
duty to refrain fromany action which might reflect on hisposition as
an international civil servant responsible only to the Organization."
(Ibid., pp. 5-6; emphasis supplied.)

23. Reception of the compromise proposa1was mixed. It was acknow-
ledgedon al1sidesthat, under thejoint compromise proposal,the advisory
opinion of the Court wouldbe binding on theparties to theAdministrative
Tribunal proceedings (an understanding later repeated in the Fifth Com-
mittee). But a substantial minority of the Cornmittee questioned the pro-
priety of the Court so settling a dispute between the United Nations and a

staff member ; it opposed a member State being empowered to seek such
judicial review ; and it maintained that the proposed screeningcommittee
would not be properly composed to carry out its functions. On the imme-
diate question of theextent of the reviewauthority to begiven to the Court,
relatively little wassaid. The Australian representative, who believed that
the review body should be a judicial body other than the International
Court of Justice, found, "The grounds for reviewprovided for in thejoint
draft were too restrictive" (A/AC.78/SR.ll, p. 6). The Pakistani co-
sponsorsubmitted that the proposa1should "be construed strictly, in away
consistent so far as possible with the spirit of Article XII of theStatute of
theAdministrative Tribunal of the ILO" (ibid.,p. 6).The representative of
China associated himselfwith the opinions expressedby the representative
of theUnited Kingdom. He supported inclusion of the proviso on an error
of law relating to provisions of the Charter, "for an earlier decision of the
Administrative Tribunal had been open to criticism on that score. The
Chinese delegation attached a great deal of importance to Article 101,

paragraph 3, of the Charter." (Ibid., p. 7.)The Chairman, speaking as therepresentative of Cuba, said his delegation would vote for the joint draft
because it favoured both the limitations of the scope of review and the
grant of the right to intervene to member States (ibid.).The delegate of
Israel had no objection to the scope of the review as provided for in the

joint proposa1(A/AC.78/SR.12, p. 3). The delegate of Iraq explained that
he voted for the joint proposa1 even though his delegation would have
preferred a broader scope of review (ibid.,p. 7).

24. No other delegate to the Special Committee commented on the
question of the scope of review to be accorded to the Court. It will be
observed that no one directly differed with the meaning attached by Sir
Vincent Evans to the phrase, "relating to the provisions of the Charter" ;
his interpretation apparently was left intact. However, the report of the
Special Committee does not exactly reproduce his words. While, in Corn-
mittee, Sir Vincent specified that theintention of the CO-sponsorsin using
this phrase was to cover "not only interpretations of the provisions of the
Charter but also the interpretation or application of staff regulations

deriving fromChapter XVof theCharter", thereport of the Committee on
this key point reads as follows :
"The CO-sponsorsintended by the phrase : 'aquestion of law relat-
ing to the provisions of the Charter' to provide for a case not only
where theAdministrative Tribunal might be considered to have misin-
terpreted the Charter, but also where the Tribunal might have inter-
preted and applied the Staff Regulationsin a manner considered to be
inconsistent with the provisions of Chapter XV of the Charter." (Re-

port of the Special Committee, loc. cit.p. 10.)

(vi) Considerution by the Fifth Committee
25. Consideration by the Fifth Committee of the Report of the Special
Cornmittee confirmed what the Report of the Special Committee made
clear : that error "on a question of law relating to the provisions of the
Charter of the United Nations" was not confined only to error relating to
the Charter itself but also embraced error in interpretation or application

of the Staff Regulations. Nevertheless, the Fifth Committee's debate and
its resultant report does not wholly settle the scope of this ground of
objection to ajudgement of the Administrative Tribunal.

26. In speaking at the outset of the debate, the representative of the
United Kingdom stated :
"With regard to the scope of review, it had been generally agreed
that there should be no review on questions of fact and that, as the

Secretary-General himself had suggested, review should be excep- tionalonlyand should not be applied to al1casesasa matter of course.
Opinion had been divided, however, on whether the scope of review
should be confined to the two grounds set forth in ArticleXII of the
Statute of the IL0 Tribunal. The recommendationin the report was a
compromise ; it adopted the two grounds in the IL0 Tribunal's Sta-
tute and added a third - allegederror on a question of law relating to
theprovisions of theCharter. It had been feltthat the third ground was
adequate to cover cases where the Tribunal, in interpreting and

applying some of the Staff Regulations, did so in a manner which
might be consideredinconsistent with the provisions of the Charter,
especially of Chapter XV." (United Nations, GeneralAssembly Offi-
cial Records, Tenth Session, Fifh Committee, 493rd Meeting, p. 36.)

He was followed by the representative of Norway, who opposed the Spe-
cial Committee's recommendations dealing with the grounds for review,

because "the broad scope of the reviewproposed" was seemingly at vari-
ancewith the objective of limiting reviewto exceptional cases(ibid.,p. 39).
However,therepresentatives of Cuba and Pakistan maintained that inclu-
sion of the ground of error of law "had been considered necessary in order
to provide for cases in which the Tribunal's interpretation of the Charter
might be challenged or in which it might be alleged to have interpreted
the Staff Regulations in a manner inconsistent with Chapter XV of the
Charter" (ibid., pp. 39, 48). The representative of the Netherlands
disagreed :

"there would in practice be no limit set to the cornpetence of the
reviewingorgan, because ajudgement of theAdministrativeTribunal
could be challenged on the ground of an error of law relating to the
provisions of the Charter, which was an instrument very wide in its
scope" (loc.cit., 494th Meeting, p. 48).
The representative of Yugoslavia, also opposing the recommendations of
the Special Committee, maintained that "the procedure proposed would

tend to convert the International Court ofJustice into acourt of appeal for
international administrative tribunals ..." (ibid., p. 49). Others, such as
the representative of Argentina, replied that the procedure would be
invoked

"only in exceptional cases where a Tribunal Judgement was chal-
lenged on clearly specified grounds. The system proposed would

safeguard both staff members and the General Assembly against
future discussion of Tribunal judgements." (Ibid., p. 50.)

The representative of the Philippines maintained that :

"Provision had properly been made in the proposed new article 12 for applications relating to questions of fact to be referred back to the
Administrative Tribunal itself, whereas under article 11applications
based on questions oflawwould bereferred tothe International Court
of Justice, the highest international judicial organ, thus promoting the
development of a consistent international jurisprudence . . .(Ibid.,
p. 51.)

The representative ofNew Zealanddidnot object to the proposed scope of
review procedure,

"which would clearly be confined to questions of law. In caseswhere
the Tribunal's judgements were challenged, the International Court
would be the sole interpreter of the law andin those circumstances it
wascertainthat no canons ofjustice would be violated. It also seemed
reasonable that cases coming within the category of an 'error on a
question of law relating to the provisions of the Charter' should be
open to review,if any reviewprocedure were established." (Loc. cit.,
496th Meeting, p. 53.)

However, the representative of Sweden did object :

"Turning to the SpecialCommittee's recommendation that areview
of an Administrative Tribunal judgement might be sought if that
judgement erred on a question of law relating to the provision of the
Charter, he pointed out that . .. such a recommendation would
embrace al1 the cases enumerated in paragraph 82 of the Special

Committee'sreport (A/2909) and would thus coveral1the activitiesof
a member of the United Nations Secretariat." (Ibid., p. 57.)

The representative of Mexicoalsopreferred limiting thegrounds of review
to questions of jurisdiction or procedural error. (Ibid., p. 59.)

27. The delegation of India, which earlier had moved to add a fourth
ground of objection to the three proposed by the Special Committee,
namely, failure to exercisejurisdiction, at this stage of the Fifth Commit-
tee's debate proposed far-reaching amendments to the Special Commit-
tee'sproposals which would have substituted a chamber of the Adminis-
trative Tribunal for the screening committee and the full Administrative
Tribunal for the International Court of Justice. These amendments were
opposed by the CO-sponsorsof the joint compromise proposa1which the
report of the Special Committee embodied. In opposing them, and in
supporting adoption of the compromiseproposal, the representative of the
United Statesmaintained that :"itwasfitting thattheInternationalCourtof
Justiceshouldbethefinal authorityoninterpretationofthe Charterorofstaff
regulationsbasedthereonwhich mightbeinvolvedinthe Tribunal'sdecisions"
(foc.cit.,498thMeeting,p. 66 ;emphasisadded). The amendments of India
were not adopted. 28. The Report of the Fifth Committee itself to the General Assembly
shedslittle further light on the scope of the reviewauthority to be afforded
to the Court. It confines itself to the following statements :

"15. The CO-sponsorsof the revisedjoint draft resolution explained
that the new draft Article 11was intended to limit review to excep-
tional cases.Two of thegrounds for reviewwerethose provided in the
statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, i.e., questions of compe-
tence and of fundamental error in procedure. One additional ground
was provided, i.e., errors on 'a question of law relating to the provi-
sions of the Charter'. The CO-sponsorsof the revisedjoint draft reso-
lution referred to the statements which they had made concerning the
interpretation ofthis phrase whichwere contained inthe report of the
SpecialCornmittee (A/2909). The opinion wasexpressedin thedebate
that the grounds provided for review were of a fundamental nature
and that as such they could not be ignored, if and when they arose, in
the interest of justice.
16. Under the proposed new Article 11 application for review
might be made by the Secretary-General, the staff member concerned
or a Member State. The supporters of therevisedjoint draft resolution

considered that a Member State had a legitimate interest in ensuring
the proper application of the Charter and the Staff Regulations, as
wellas a financial interest in the matter ;and it was not reasonable to
assume that a Member State, in interceding in a case, would do so
solely for political reasons .. .

18. Under the proposed new Article 11,the reviewof substantive
legalissueswastobe madeby theInternationalCourt ofJustice which
had been selected because it was an independent, impartial judicial
body of the highest standing. Supporters of the revised joint draft

resolution further considered that the Court was the appropriate
organ to be the finaljudicial arbiter on questions of Charter law and
that no organ would be more competent to settleother issues arising
from the grounds specified for review. Since only exceptional cases
would come to the Court, it would not be over-burdened with trivial
questions. It was further argued that it wouldbe neither necessary nor
economicallyjustifiable to set up new appellate machinery. Whilethe
contentious proceedings of the International Court of Justice were
limited to disputes between States, advisory opinions upon legal
questions might be requested under Article 96 of the Charter by
authorized organs of the United Nations." (Report of the Fifth
Committee, doc. A/3016, reprinted in United Nations, General
Assembly Official Records, Tenth Session, Agenda item 49,Annexes,
p. 40.) C. ConclusionsonthescopeoftheCourt'sreviewauthority inrespectoferror

of law

29. In the light of the foregoinganalysis of the terms and exposition of
thetravauxpréparatoiresof the Statute of theAdministrativeTribunal, it is
believed that the following conclusions may fairly be drawn about the
scope of the Court's review authority, particularly in respect of error on a
question of law relating to the provisions of the Charter :

- In preparing and adopting what is now Article 11 of the Statute of

the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, the General Assembly
contemplated the submission of requests to the Court for advisory
opinions which would entai1 the Court's passing upon points of law
raised by a judgement of the Tribunal, but not re-trying questions of
fact. The Court may consider the merits of a judgement of the Tribunal
on questions of law in so far as its doing so is consonant with the Court's
Statute.
- However, the Court would not be requested to reconsider the merits
on al1points of law.It israther restricted to the four "exceptional" grounds

of objection to a judgment specified in Article 11 (1) of the Tribunal's
Statute.
- Three of those four grounds are essentially procedural : excess of
jurisdiction or competence, failure to exercisejurisdiction, and fundamen-
ta1error in procedure which has occasioned a failure of justice.

- The fourth ground is substantive and its substance is error on a
question of law relating to provisions of the Charter. Such error need not
be in the interpretation or application of a provision or provisions of
the Charter; it need merely"relate to" - i.e., be connected with - such

provision or provisions. That is the paramount point. The proceedings of
the Special Committee and the Fifth Committee, moreover, make it clear
that the scope of the Court's review authority is consistent with the
extensive import of thephrase "relating ton. In the most exigent interpre-
tation found in the Report of the Special Committee and in statements in
the Fifth Committee, it includes "not only where the AdministrativeTri-
bunal might be considered to have misinterpreted the Charter, but also
where the Tribunal might have interpreted and applied the Staff Regula-
tions in a manner considered to be inconsistent with the provisions of

Chapter XV of the Charter". In its broader interpretation, the Court's
authority covers "not only interpretations of the provisions of the Charter
but alsotheinterpretation or application of staff regulationsderivingfrom
Chapter XV of the Charter". That is the interpretation placed on the
error-of-law proviso by its British CO-sponsor,on behalf of the co-spon-
sors, when it was introduced in the Special Committee. Or it covers "in-
terpretation of the Charter or of staff regulations based thereon which
might be involved in the Tribunal's decisions". That is the interpretation
placed on the error-of-law proviso by its United States CO-sponsorat theend of a detailed debate in the Fifth Committee,shortly before its adop-
tion.

30. These narrower and broader interpretations obviously differ. Yet
they can be read together in a consistent fashion ;and in support of so
doing,it may be noted that the British and United Statesrepresentatives,
whoplayedtheleading rolein theproposa1ofArticle 11,seemto haveused
them interchangeably. If they are soread, it may be argued that the terms
used by these principalCO-sponsors inform themeaning of the text used in
theReport of the Cornmittee, especiallysincetheUnited StatesCO-sponsor
re-stated the broader interpretation after the Report was introduced but
before the text was adopted by the Fifth Committee.Or it can be argued
that the apparently narrower scope of the rendering in the Report of the
SpecialCommittee showsthat thebroad interpretation of the CO-sponsors
should not govern - which is a conclusion that derives distinct support
from the fact that the ~reoccu~ations of the United States at the time it
took soprominent a part in seeking a review procedure was with what it

saw as judgements of the Tribunal which conflicted with provisions of
Chapter XV.If thebroader interpretation isaccepted,as it may reasonably
be, then it is plain that the Court in the instant caseis entitled to consider
whether thejudgement of the AdministrativeTribunal in Mortishedv. the
Secretary-Generalcorrectly interprets the Staff Regulations. But if the
narrowerinterpretation isaccepted, then theCourtin theleast isentitled to
consider whether thatjudgement correctlyinterprets the Staff Regulations
in so far as the Tribunal might have interpreted and applied them in a
manner inconsistent with the provisions of Chapter XV of the Charter.
And in any event, such an inconsistency need merely "relate to" such
provisions.

3. The Court's Interpretationof the Statutes of the Administrative
Tribunalsin the Unesco Officials and Fasla Cases

A. The Unesco Officials case
31. In sofar as it may be relevant tothe scopeof the Court's authority in
thiscase, theCourt's Advisory Opinion onJudgments oftheAdministrative
Tribunalof theIL0 uponComplaintsMade against Unesco,Advisory Opin-
ion,I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 77 (hereinreferred to as the "Unesco Officials
case"), may be best understood for present purposes if it is consideredin
the context of the travauxpréparatoiresset forth above, together with the

Court's interpretation of thedistinguishable Statute of theUnited Nations
Administrative Tribunal which was construed in the Fasla case.

32. In the UnescoOfficials case, the Court exclusively considered the
provisions of ArticleXII of the Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribu-nal. It found that the challenge raised against the Tribunal's judgements
"refer to thejurisdiction of the Administrative Tribunal and to the validity
of the Judgments" (p. 83). It saw its advisory procedure "as serving, in a
way, the object of an appeal" against the Tribunal'sjudgments (at p. 84).
TheCourt held that it wasnot necessaryfor itto express an opiniononthe
legalmerits of Article XII of the Statute (p. 85).It then turned to thefirst
question put to it, which was whether the Administrative Tribunal was
competent under its Statute to hear certain complaints. In considering the
decision of the Tribunal which confirmed its jurisdiction, the Court
held :

"The Court is not confined to an examination of the grounds of
decision expresslyinvoked by theTribunal ;it must reach its decision
on grounds which it considers decisivewith regard to the jurisdiction
of the Tribunal." (I.C.J. Reports 1956,p. 87.)

The Court continued :
"The words 'competent to hear' usedin the Request for an Opinion

mean that the question is one of determining whether the Adminis-
trative Tribunal was legallyqualified to examine thecomplaints sub-
rnitted to it and to adjudicate on the merits of the claims set out
therein. The circumstance that the Tribunal may have rightly or
wrongly adjudicated on the merits or that it may have rightly or
wrongly interpreted and applied the law for the purposes of deter-
mining the merits, in no way affects itsjurisdiction. Thelatter is to be
judged in the light of the answerto the question whether the complaint
was one the merits of whch fell to be determined by the Adminis-
trative Tribunalin accordance with the provisions governing itsjuris-
diction. That distinction betweenjurisdiction and merits is of great
importance in the legal régimeof the Administrative Tribunal. Any
mistakes whichit may makewithregard toitsjurisdiction are capable
ofbeing corrected by the Court ona Request foran Advisory Opinion
emanating from the Executive Board. Errors of fact or of law on the
part of the Administrative Tribunal in its Judgments on the merits
cannot giverise to that procedure. The only provision which refers to
its decisions on the merits is Article VI of thetatute of the Tribunal
which provides that itsjudgments shallbe 'finaland without appeal'."
(Ibid.)

33. It is plain that, in reaching the foregoing holding, the Court
addressed itself to the particular "legal régimeof the Administrative Tri-
bunal" of the ILO. The distinction betweenjurisdiction and the merits is
"of great importance" in that régime, because "Errors of fact or law ...on
the merits" by the Tribunal cannot give rise to review by the Court. The
situation is demonstrably othenvise in the régimeof the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal, which had been freshly adopted when theCourt478 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

took up the UnescoOfficialscase. Thus, in the instant case, it would be
wrong simplyto carry overthe holding of theCourt in the UnescoOfficials
case that :
"The Request for an Advisory Opinion under Article XII is not in
the nature of an appealonthe merits of thejudgment. It is limited to a
challenge of the decision of theTribunal confirming itsjurisdiction or
to casesoffundamentalfault ofprocedure. Apart from this,thereis no

remedy against the decisions of the Administrative Tribunal. A chal-
lenge of a decision confirmingjurisdiction cannot properly be trans-
formed into a procedure against the manner in whichjurisdiction has
been exercised or against the substance of the decision." (I.C.J.
Reports 1956, p. 98.)
This is because the Court, when reviewing judgements of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal, acts, in so far as error of law relating to
Charter provisions is alleged,under a reviewauthority whichisdesignedly

and decisively wider than that which applies under Article XII of the
Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal.

B. The Fasla case

34. The Fasla case is pertinent to the question under discussion, and
instructive in anumber of other respects in regard tothe case at bar. In the
Fasla case, the request of the Committee on Applications was for an
advisoryopinion regarding alleged failure by theAdministrative Tribunal
to exercisejurisdiction vested in it and fundamental errors in procedure
which it was alleged to have committed. "These are," the Court said,
"questions which by their very nature are legal questions . ..within the
meaning ofArticle 96of the Charter" (Applicationfor ReviewofJudgement
No. 158of the UnitedNationsAdministrative Tribunal,I.C.J.Reports1973,
pp. 166, 175).The Court resorted to "the legislativehistory of Article 11"
to show that recourse to the Court was to be had "only in exceptional
cases" (p. 177).In a passage of particular interest, the Court further held
that,

"the proceedings before the Court are still advisory proceedings, in
which the task of the Court is not to re-try the casebut to reply to the
questions put toit regarding the objections whichhavebeen raised to
the Judgement of the Administrative Tribunal" (p. 182).

In the light of the legislativehistory of Article 11,it is submitted that, by
this, the Court meant that it would not examine thefacts of the case.It did
not and could not have meant that it was barred from considering the
merits, if the questions put to it required considering the merits. The Court
noted that the Committee on Applications "is authorized to request, and
the Court to give,an advisory opinion only on legal questions which may
properlybe considered as fallingwithin the terms of one or more of thosefour 'grounds'" (p. 184).It held,in traditional terms, that, "The Court may
interpret the terms of the request and determinethe scopeof the questions
set out in it" (ibid.).It further held that :"The Court may also take into
account any matters germane to the questions submitted to it whch may
be necessary to enable it to form its opinion." (Ibid.) Thus the records of

the Committee on Applications in the current case may be taken into
account in order to interpret the terms of the request, despite thefact that
theCourt is,inprinciple, "bound by the terms of the questions formulated
in the request" (ibid.).The Court found "no reason to adopt a restrictive
interpretation of the questions framed in the request" (at p. 187).It then
declared :

"Under Article 11 of the Statute of the Tribunal, as already indi-
cated,.the task of the Court is not to retry the case but to give its
opinion on the questions submitted to it concerning the objections
lodged against the Judgement. The Court is not therefore entitled to
substituteits own opinion for that of theTribunal on the merits of the
case adjudicated by the Tribunal. Its roleis todetermine ifthecircum-
stancesof thecase,whether they relateto meritsorprocedure, showthat
any objectionmadetotheJudgementononeof thegrounds mentionedin
Article II is wellfounded. In so doing, the Court is not limited to the
contents of the challenged award itself, but takes under its consider-
ation al1relevant aspects of the proceedings before the Tribunal as
well as al1relevant matters submitted to the Court itself by the staff

member and by the Secretary-General with regard to the objections
raised against that judgement. Theseobjectionsthe Courtexamines on
their merits in the light of the information before it." (I.C.J. Reports
1973, pp. 187-188 ;emphasis added.)
Oncemore, it isplain that what theCourt meant is that it willnot retry the
casein the senseoffindingthe facts, orgenerally substituteits viewsonthe

merits for those of the Tribunal. But its role is to determine if the circum-
stances of the case,"whether theyrelate tomerits or procedure", show that
any objection made to thejudgement on one of the grounds specified in
Article 11is well-founded. That is precisely the task of the Court in the
instant case. Moreover, in performing that task, the Court, if it is tofollow
its holdings in the Fasla case, shall not limit itself to the contents of the
challenged award in Mortishedv. theSecretaty-General,but shall take into
account al1relevant matters submitted to the Court with regard to the
objections raised against that judgement. Among such matters are the
terms and intent of General Assembly resolution 34/165. The Court
accordingly should, in examining the objections to the Mortishedjudge-
ment of the Administrative Tribunal, decide upon those objections - as
the Courtin the Faslacase specifies - "on their merits" in the light of the

informationbefore it - information which embraces not only the terms of
the General Assembly's resolutions but the debate which led to their
adoption. 35. In the Fasla case, the Court further held :

"Furthermore, as the Court pointed out in its Advisory Opinion in
the Unescocase,achallengeto an administrative tribunaljudgment on
the ground of unauthorized assumption of jurisdiction cannot serve

simply as a means of attacking the tribunal's decisions on the
.............................

So too, under Article 11 of the Statute of the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal a challengeto adecision for allegedfailure to
exercisejurisdiction of [sic. - this should read : 'or']fundamental
error in procedure cannot properly be transformed into aproceeding
against the substance of the decision. This does not mean that in an
appropriatecase, wherethejudgementhasbeenchallengedontheground
of an erroron a questionof lawrelatingto theprovisionsof the Charter,
the Courtmay not be calledupon to reviewthe actual substanceof the
decision.Butboththe text of Article 11andits legislativehistory make
it clear that challenges to Administrative Tribunal judgements under

its provisions wereintended to be confined to the specificgrounds of
objection mentioned in the Article." (I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 188 ;
emphasis supplied.)

It alsoheld that, "in appreciating whether or not theTribunalhas failed to
exerciserelevantjurisdictional powers, the Court must have regard to the
substance of the matter and not merely to the form" (pp. 189-190).Later it
observed that the Court's abstention from carrying out a factual inquiry
"does not mean that, in review proceedings, the Court regards itself as
precluded from examining in full liberty the facts of the case or from
checking the Tribunal's appreciation of the facts" (p. 207).
36. The most essentialteachingof the Faslacase for present purposes is
that, in an appropriate case which is precisely that of Mortished, i.e.,
"where thejudgement has been challenged on theground of an error on a
question of law relating to the provisions of the Charter" the Court is
"called upon to reviewthe actualsubstance of the decision". There isonly
one qualification to that charge : challenges are "confined to the specific

grounds of objection" mentioned in Article 11of the Administrative Tri-
bunal's Statute. Ashas been demonstrated above, the ground of error ona
question of law "relating ton the provisions of the Charter is a ground
which,in undeniable measure,embraces interpretation by theCourt of the
Staff Regulations. The Cqrt's cornpetence does not extend to every such
case, for the scope of the Court's review authority was meant to be "ex-
ceptional" and construction of the Staff Regulations by the Tribunal is
routine. But certainly it would extend to a case such as Mortished's, in
which the authorized Comrnittee of the General Assembly requests an
advisory opinion on so exceptional a question as whether the Adminis-
trative Tribunal was warranted in not giving immediate effect to a reso-
lution of the General Assembly. Indeed, as will be shown below, thatexceptional question, and error of lawin respect of it,unquestionably and
in any event "relates to7'Charter provisions.
37. The Faslacase is instructive in still another respect as well. In that
case, the Administrative Tribunalfound itself inthe situation of having to
translate the injury sustained by the applicant into monetary terms. The
Court found that, under the Tribunal's Statute, the discretion afforded the
Tribunal in that regard is wide. It added :

"If theCourt wereacting in thiscaseasacourt of appeal, it might be
entitled to reach its own conclusions as to the amount of the damages
tobe awarded, but thisisnot thecase.In viewofthegroundsofobjection
uponwhichthepresentproceedings arebase4 ...theCourt must con-
fine itself to concluding that there is no such unreasonableness in the
award as to make it fa11outside the limits of theTribunal's discretion.
This being so, the Tribunal cannot be considered as having failed to
exerciseitsjurisdiction in this respect." (I.C.J. Reports 1973, p.;197
emphasis supplied.)

This passage plainly imports that, if the Court in another review of a
judgement of the Administrative Tribunal were not proceeding on the
procedural grounds ofobjection whichwereinplay in theFaslacasebut on
the substantive ground of objection which is at issue in Mortished, the
Court would indeed act "as a court of appeal".
38. This is precisely the conclusion reached as long ago as 1958by a
distinguished commentator on the subject, Professor Leo Gross. In

appraisingthe amended version of Article 11of the Statute of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal, Professor Gross wrote that an objection
on the ground that theTribunal haserred on a question of lawrelating to a
provision of the Charter "relates not to the validity of theJudgment but to
the merits of the Judgment". This ground, he concluded, affords the
International Court of Justice "a true appellate jurisdiction". He observes
that, "The inclusion of the review of substantive legal issues by the
Court. ..was considered an essential feature of the compromise among
the different proponents of the review procedure. . .(L. Gross, "Parti-
cipation of Individuals in Advisory Proceedings before the International
Court of Justice: Question of Equality between the Parties", 52American
Journal of International Law, 16, 36 (1958)).

II. THEORIGINS AND DEVELOPMEN OF THE REPATRIATIO GNRANT

39. Thejudgment of the Administrative Tribunal in the case of Mor-

tishedv. the Secretary-Generalcan be evaluated only in the context of the
character of the repatriation grant and the grant's surrounding debateand
development in the General Assembly. It is accordingly necessary to set
out the origins and evolution of therepatriationgrant, andits treatment by
the General Assembly in resolutions 33/ 119and 34/ 165,and to do so in
adequate detail.482 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. SCHWEBEL)

1. The Initiation andIntent of the Repatriation
Grant 1949-1950

40. In 1949, the United Nations Committee of Experts on Salary,
Allowance and Leave Systemsproposed that a then existing expatriation
allowance be abolished. Its report recommended, however, that a repa-
triationgrant bepaid to repatriating members of the staff, in the following
terms :

"It was recognized ...that upon leavingthe Organizationand being
repatriated to his home country, a staff member is faced with certain
extraordinary expenses, and that such expenses would fully justify
payment of a special lump-sum grant at that time. Such expenses

would arise for example, as a result of (a) the loss, during United
Nations service,of professional and business contacts with the home
country ... (b) the necessity of giving up residence and liquidating
obligations in a foreign country ; and (c) the expenses which a staff
member willnormally have to meet in re-establishing himself and his
home on return to his own country. The Committee was, therefore, of
the opinion that in place of the present expatriation allowance there
should besubstitutedarepatriation grant designed to assistin meeting
such extraordinary expenditures. The substitution of such a grant
would not only be in the interest of economy and of administrative
simplicity, but equally in the interest of the staff member who would
receive the payment at the time when it was really needed.

Itis proposed that thegrant should be payable to al1staff members
with respect to whom the Organization is obliged to undertake repa-
triation to the home country. Staff members who are terminated by
summary dismissal should not be eligible. The amount of the grant
should Varywith the length of service with the United Nations pro-
vided that payment of thegrant wouldbeginwith staff whohad served
a minimum of two years." (A/C.5/33 1,p. 2.)

41. This proposa1 for a repatriation grant - and the reasons for and
purpose of the grant - were (with modifications in its scale) accepted by
the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions
(ACABQ), which described the grant as payable to staff members "re-
turning to their home countries"(A/ 1313,para. 69).The Secretary-General
supported the proposa1of the Committee of Experts, which he too saw as

designed to cope with "the expense [of retiring staff] incurred in settling
down anew in their own countries" (A/ 1378,p. 82).The Fifth Committee
likewiseaccepted the repatriation grant "in the form of alump-sum which
would be paid to staff members on their being repatriated to their home
countries . .." (A/C.5/400, p. 104).Thus the General Assembly in 1950
adopted a resolution amending the then provisional staff regulations to
provide : "The Secretary-General shallestablish a schemefor the payment of
repatriation grants in accordance with the maximum rates and con-
ditions specifiedin annex II 'to the present regulations." (Resolution
470 (V).)

Annex II to the new Staff Regulation specified :
"In principle, the repatriation grant shall be payable to staff mem-
bers whom the Organization is obligated to repatriate, except those
terminated by summary dismissal. Detailed conditions and defini-
tions relating to eligibility shall be determined by the Secretary-

General. The amount of thegrant shallVarywith the length of service
with the United Nations. .." (Ibid.)

The Secretary-General accordingly put out an Information Circular
which noted :

"The principleof a repatriation grant has been established,the grant
to be payable to staff members returned at United Nations expense to
their home countries.The grant will not be payable to staff members
who are servingat an officia1duty station in their home country when
they are separated from the service.A staff memberwho is summarily
dismissed will not be entitled to the grant." (ST/AFS/SER.A/72,
P 7.)

2. Departure from the GeneralAssembly's Intent by the CCAQ

in 1951-1952
42. Despite the clarity of the language and intent of al1concerned, as
early as 1951the view appeared within the administrations of the United

Nations and the SpecializedAgencies that, notwithstanding the principle
that the repatriation grant may be paid only to those who repatriate, as a
matter of practice it also should be paid to those who do not. Thus a
working paper of the United Nations Secretariat prepared for the Con-
sultative Committee on Administrative Questions (CCAQ) of the Ad-
ministrative Committee on Co-ordination (ACC) contains the following
passage :
"Question1 :TheGeneral Assemblyhasstated that therepatriation
grant is to be paid in those caseswhere the organization is 'obligedto

repatriate'. Giventhis basicprinciple, should the repatriation grant be
paid in cases where the staff member is not actually repatriated, i.e.,
(a)he remains in the country of the officia1duty station, (b)he travels
to a country other than his home country?

Answer :In general, the United Nations would take the view that

'In later versions, what was initially entitled AnnexII became AnIV.

162484 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP.SCHWEBEL)

the General Assembly language requires payment of the grant under
either circumstance, particularly since it would be impossible to con-
trol the final place of residence." (CO-ORDINATION/CC/A. 12/

13.)
The foregoing document, which isdated 20 March 1952and denorninated,
"Restricted", isconsonant with an opinion voiced the previous year at the
Eleventh Session of CCAQ. The Provisional Summary Record of the
Twelfth Meeting of that session contains this passage :

"Question 1 :Should repatriation grantsbe paid even although the
staff member was not actually repatriated ?
MR.MCDIARMID (United Nations) said that the United Nations
took the viewthat if the staff member wasentitled to berepatriated he
was equally entitled to the repatriation grant irrespective of whether

he returned home or not. After all, it would be impossible to control
his ultimate place of residence.
MR.CALDWELL (International Labour Organisation) agreed with
that principle and mentioned political considerations asanother argu-
ment for adopting it.

At the suggestion of MR. REYMON(D International Labour Organ-
isation)it wasagreed to record theviewthat whilesucharuling wasnot
entirely in harmony with the purposes of the grant, from an adrnin-
istrative point of view no other procedure was possible." (CC/A.I 1/
SR.12 of 5 May 1951,p. 12.)

43. The Twelfth Sessionof the CCAQ, which met inMay 1952,adopted
a report, also denominated "Restricted", which contains the following
passages of particular interest:

"Repatriation grants
This subject isconsidered ofsufficient policy importancetowarrant

a full report to ACC, which is asked to concur in the principles here
enumerated.
Of the agencies which have accepted the common salary and
allowances scheme, only ICA0 has failed to include the repatriation
grant among its allowances. To provide a basis for uniformity in ad-
ministration where the grant is paid, the following principles are
proposed :

(a) The United Nations regulation provides that the grant is pay-
able where the Organization is 'obligatedto repatriate'.This language
has been followed by FA0 and Unesco. The IL0 and WHO have
adopted the criterion, 'serving at a duty stationutside of the home
country'. It is felt that the ILO-WHOformulation is more descriptive
of theintent.Without proposing changesinregulations,itisproposed that other organizations undertake to reflect this concept in their

rules.

(b) In the light of (a), it is believed that the grant should be paid
after two years' serviceabroad, regardless of the conditions of sepa-
ration (including resignation but excluding suminary dismissal) and
regardless also of whether the staff member is actually repatriated.

(c) However,theorganization isnot considered obligated wherethe
staff member voluntarily assumes the nationality of the country of
duty station.
.............................

(g) In the case of a staff member serving away from his home
country who isthen transferred to duty within that country, eligibility
for the grant should continue subject to a reduction factor as fol-
lows :
(i) no change in the amount of the entitlement if the separation
occurs within the first three months of service in the home coun-

try ;

(ii) each month of service beyond three months would, for pur-
poses of calculation of the grant, cancel oneyear of qualifying service
away from the home country.
Hence the actual amount of the grant (ifany entitlement remained)
would depend upon how long after the transfer the separation took
place." (CO-ORDINATION/R.124, pp. 6-8.)

44. It will beobserved that, in the viewof the CCAQ, "the intent" of the
repatriation grant was that it should be paid to those serving at a duty
station outside of the home country, apparently regardless of whether the

staff member relocated from the country of the duty station or not. On
what it based this finding of intent is not revealed. It certainly does not
correspond to the intent of the Committee of Experts which proposed the
grant, or of the ACABQ, the Secretary-General or the Fifth Committee in
accepting such a proposa1 (see paras. 40-41, supra).
45. Two further points in respect of this report of the CCAQ shouldbe
made. First, it acknowledges that the whole of entitlement to the repa-
triation grant might vanish upon transfer of a staff member to duty within
hishome country (seesubpara. (g)in the above quotationfrom thereport)
- an acknowledgement which is not easily reconciled with treating such
entitlement as an acquired right.
46. Second, while the report asks the ACC "to concur in the principles
here enumerated", no evidencehas been submitted to the Court indicating
that it did. It may be presumed that, if the Administrative Committee onCo-ordination actually had concurred in these principles, and evidence so
demonstrating exists,Mortished's able counsel would have presented that
evidence. Moreover, a search of United Nations documentation indicates
that (a) the above-cited documents of the CCAQ, two of whch were
marked as restricted, werenot submitted to the General Assemblyorto the
Economic and SocialCouncil and (b)the reports of the ACC in the years
1951-1953giveno indication whatsoever that the ACC concurred in the
principles enumerated in respect of the repatriation grant ; indeed, those

reports make no referenceat al1to the repatriation grant (cf.,docs. E/ 1865,
E/ 1991,E/2161, E/2203, E/2340 and E/2446).

3. The GeneralAssemblyapparent&Is notInformed thatPractice Departed
from Principle

47. While apparently in practice the United Nations paid repatriation
grants to those who remained at their last dutystation, beginning at a time
whichisnot clear in the record beforethe Court, it is equally unclear when
before 1976the General Assembly was informed that the practice had so
far departed from the principle which it had prescribed. Thus as late as
1963,a Report of the Secretary-General on personnel questionssubmitted
to the Eighteenth Session of the General Assembly States:

"The repatriation grant was introduced with effect from 1Jan-
uary 1951under the terms of General Assembly resolution 470 (V).
Unlike the earlier expatriation allowance, which it replaced, the re-
patriation grant was established as a terminal payment designed to
provide compensation for the extraordinary expendituresincurredby
staff members at the time of their separation from the service and
re-establishment in their home country after a prolonged absence."
(A/C.5/979, pp. 18-19,para. 13.)

Bythat same report, the Secretary-General proposed revisionsof the Staff
Regulation and its annex governing the repatriation allowance which are
not relevant for present purposes, except in so far as they maintained the
proviso :"In principle, the repatriation grant shall be payable to staff
members whom the Organization isobliged to repatriate ..." (ibid.,p. 20).
The conjunction of these passages would surely suggest to any concerned
delegate in the Fifth Committee that the principle of payment of the
repatriation grant to those who are repatriated was routinely respected.
Thus, for example,in discussingthe Secretary-General's proposed amend-
ments to the Staff Regulation in respect of the repatriation grant, the
representative of Czechoslovakia said :

"It should not be forgotten that the repatriation grant had been
conceived asa 'terminal' benefit designedto compensate staff for the
extraordinary expenditure they incurred when they left the Organi- zation and settled in their own countries again after a prolonged
absence." (United Nations, General Assembly Official Records,

Eighteenth Session, Fifth Cornmittee,1043rdMeeting, p. 202.)

In reply, Sir Alexander MacFarquhar, the Director of Personnel, in
explaining the Secretary-General's proposal, spoke of "expatriate staff
whoreturned home .. ."(ibid.,p. 203).There wasno hint ofpayment of the

repatriationgrant to those who didnotreturn home. None of theproposed
amendments to Annex IV of the Staff Regulations concerning the repa-
triation allowance related to any practice of paying thegrant to those who
remained at their duty station or gave any indication to the General
Assembly that this was the practice, if indeed at the time it was (see
A/5646, p. 46). If it were the conclusion of the Secretary-General that the
practice rightly did not conform to the principle and that the principle
should be revised, it is difficult to understand why he did not take an
opportunity such as this to propose to amend the Staff Regulations, or to
amend the Staff Rules, or, at least, to air the question in the General
Assembly.

4. The General Assembly Is Informed that Relocation to a Third Country

Suffices
48. However,whileit isfar from clearwhen - at any rate, before 1976 -
the General Assembly was informed of the practice of paying a repatria-
tion allowance to thosewhoremained at their last duty station,theGeneral

Assembly was informed as early as 1953 that the term "obligation to
repatriate" was interpreted and defined as meaning the obligation to
return a staff member to aplace outside thecountry ofhisduty station. The
contrast isinstructive. From 1953,Staff Rule 109.5,"Repatriation Grant",
in paragraph (a) provided :
" 'Obligation to repatriate', as used in para. 4 of Annex IV to the
Staff Regulations, shall mean obligation to return of a staff member

and his dependants, upon separation, at the expense of the United
Nations, to a place outside the country of his or her duty station."
This definition of the "obligation to repatriate" informed the General
Assembly that the Secretary-General liberally interpreted the pertinent
Staff Regulation to permit removal to a place outside the country of the

staff member'sdutystation in additionto the home country. But equally, it
may be said to have imported that a staff member who remained in the
country of his or her last duty station was not eligible for a repatriation
allowance : expressio unius est exclusio alterius.Viewed in this light, the
stress which the Administrative Tribunal places in Mortished v. the Sec-
retary-General (para. VII) on the 1953 break of the link between the
repatriation grant and return to the home country appears misplaced. 5. The CCAQ's Rationalefor the Practice

49. In 1974,the Consultative Comrnittee on Administrative Questions
undertook a reviewof the repatriation grant. Its Secretariat in a working
paper noted that the grant was designed to deal with the "practical and
financial difficulties of [the expatriate staff member] re-establishng
hirnself in the home country as were foreseen in 1951" (CCAQ/SEC/
325(PER), p. 3). It observed that :"Its object certainly was never that of
facilitating establishment in retirement and certainly notin a place other
than in the home country." (Ibid., p. 4.) It continued :

"The wholepurpose of thegrant isto assist the staffmember and his
fa~nilyto re-establish in the home country and clearly there is no
logical justification for paying the grant to a staff member who
remains in the country of his last duty station. Applying the logic is,
however,fraught withpractical difficulties. The organizations have no
way of knowing where a staff member actually resides after he leaves
serviceandin fact there area number of casesin whichstaff have two
or more residences. The secretariat of the Pension Fund has records of
the addresses to which pensions are paid but these arenot necessarily

theresidencesofthe pensioners. One could make payment of thegrant
dependent upon actualrepatriation travel but this would only ensure
that the organization incurred thecost of such travel - the valueof the
grant is sufficient to induce staff to accept repatriation and pay their
own fares back to the duty station or to any other place in which they
intend to reside. In many cases staff at the time of leaving service do
not really know where they will reside and to tie the grant to actual
repatriation would lead to requests for keeping theentitlement on the
books pending persona1decisions of the staff member. For al1these
reasons, CCAQ Secretariat doubts the feasibility of attempting to
make payment of the grant dependent on evidence of repatria-
tion."

50. The foregoing rationale for what the CCAQ Secretariat here impli-
citly indicates is the practice of paying the repatriation grant to those
who remainin the countryof theirlast duty stationis of high interest.What
is most striking about the rationale is its unpersuasiveness.It appears to
proceed inpart on the assumption that staff members of theinternational
secretariats cannot be trusted to tell the truth about their domicile, even
though they are routinely entrusted with telling the truth about more
important matters and even though sworn statements as to residence or
domicile are a regular incident of the modern life of the taxpayer, spouse
and litigant. It should have been obvious that the least the organizations

could have done was to have made payment of a repatriation grant con-ditional upon the staff member's signingan undertaking of removal from
the country of last duty station within a given period. Indeed the Inter-
national Civil Service Commission belatedly reached this conclusion.
Moreover, the difficulties of monitoring performance of a pledge of
removal appear to have been exaggerated, as the straightforward rule
ultimately promulgated by the Secretary-General in 1979indicates.

6. Amendments totheStaff Regulations Do notInform theGeneralAssembly
of the Practice

51. The seven United Nations agencies which replied to a question
posed by the foregoing working paper on whether payment of the repa-
triation grant should be conditional on actual repatriation unanimously
said that it should not be (CCAQ/SEC/325(PER) Add.1,para. 2).What is
of interest for present purposes is that, apparently as a result of questions
discussed by the CCAQ Secretariat and then moved through the system,
amendments were made in 1974to the Staff Regulations and Staff Rules
and that those amendments in fact included revision of Staff Regulation
9.4 on the repatriation grant (res. 3353(XXIX)). But again no effort was
made to amend or clarifythe Regulationorconsequential Rulesor annexes
tojustify apractice of paying therepatriation grant to those who remain in
the country of their last duty station. Nor waslight on thepractice shed by
the Report of the International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) to the
General Assembly of 1976,which, in so far as the record presented to the

Court indicates, nowhere states that repatriation grants are paid to those
who do not leave the country of their last duty station.

7. The PracticeIs First Aired in the GeneralAssembly in 1976

52. It was at the General Assemblyin 1976that thepractice of payment
of the repatriation grant to those who remain in the country of their last
dutv station was first aired. The re~resentative of Austria in the Fifth
Committee, in commenting on the Report of the International Civil Ser-
viceCommission, questioned whether it was appropriate to pay the grant
to a staff member who "remained in the country of the duty station after
retirement" (A/C.5/3 1/SR.32, p. 9). The representative of Australia
shared her concerns (A/C.5/31/SR.34). Consequently, the Report of the
Fifth Committee noted that :

"The viewwas also expressed that the Commission should consider whether staff memberswho didnot return to their country of origin on
retirement should be entitled to the grant." (A/31/449, p. 4.)

The resolution adopted by the General Assembly contains the following
provision :

"Requests the Commission to re-examine, in the light of the views
expressed in the Fifth Committee at the current session :
(a) the conditions for the provision of terminal payments (for exam-
ple, repatriation grant, termination indemnities), in particular on
retirement and the possibility of establishing a ceiling for the
maximum aggregate of entitlements to these payments ;

(b) the possible introduction of an 'end-of-service' grant with par-

ticular attention to the conditions in whichsuchpayment might be
justified" (ibid., p. 6).
It should be noted that this resolution belies any contention that, in
practice, the repatriation grant had evolvedinto a severance grant, sinceit
speaks of no more than the "possible introduction" of an end-of-service
grant.

8. The CCAQ Does not Mention the Practice

53. In response to the General Assembly's request that the Interna-
tional Civil ServiceCommissionre-examine theconditionsforpayment of
the repatriation grant, studies were undertaken. In a paper submitted to
the Commission by the Consultative Committee on Administrative Ques-
tions dated 6 February 1978, under "Conditions of Entitlement", the
following description of the repatriation grant is found :

"Grants designed to assist the staff member and his dependents, to
re-establish themselves in the home country upon completion of his
servicewith the organization (repatriation grant and grant on death)
(CO-ORDINATION/R. 1263/Add.3, p. 3).

The paper continues as follows :
"(b) Repatriation Grant

13. Unlike the termination indemnity, the conditions of entitle-
ment for which have been extensively reviewed and most recently
revised, those governing the repatriation grant have remained essen-
tially unchanged since they were first laid down with effect from
1January 1951.. .
14. The grant ispayable to staff members whom the organization is
obligated to repatriate at the end of their service, except in cases of
summary dismissal and abandonment of post. The obligation to repatriate isinterpreted tomean the obligation which the organization
assumeswhen it recruits a staff memberwho is anational of a country
other than that of the duty station to return him or her at the expense
of the organization to the home country recognized for purposes of
home leave, the place from which he or she was recruited or, excep-
tionally, such other country as the executivehead may determine in
the lightof thecircumstancesaffectingthestaff member's status at the
time of separation. The purpose of the grant, ... is to assist the staff
member in meeting theextraordinary expenseshe or sheisfaced with
on leaving the organization and returning to the home country. ..

15. In oneparticular respect [notrelevant to theissueofrelocation],
thepurpose of thegranthasundergone somemodification sinceitwas
first defined.. .
16. Entitlement to the grant is further determined by the staff
member's persona1status ... In the case of the single staff member,
thegrant ishalf the amount payable to themarried staff member. The
rationale behind this sharp distinction,. ..is the assumption that the
expenses of re-establishing a family after an extended absence from
the home country are substantially higher than those of a single
person.

17. The organizations believe that the concept of the grant, as
evolved over the years and as currently applied in the varying circum-
stances under which thegrant ispaid adequately responds to employ-
ment policies laid down by their respective governing organs." (CO-
ORDINATION/R.1263/Add pp3.4-6.)

This is an extraordinary statement. It is longer and more detailed than the
foregoing quotations indicate. It accurately sets out the original and con-
tinuing rationale for payment of the repatriation grant. It summarizes the
changes that have been made in eligibilityfor the grant. It purports to set
out, presumably exhaustively, the terms of entitlement to thegrant. It says
that only in "one particular respect" has the purpose of the grant under-
gone some modification since it was first defined. Yet scrutiny of this
statement demonstrates that it contains no indication that in fact United
Nations officials were being paid the grant even if outside the terms it
describes as those of "entitlement".

9. The Revealing Reportof the ICSC of 1978

54. The International Civil Service Commission, in its Report to the
General Assembly in 1978,recites the facts which are summarized in the
foregoing quotation (United Nations, GeneralAssernblyOfficialRecords,
Thirty-ThirdSession, Supplement No. 30 (A/33/30), pp. 59-60),and then
continues : "181. The Commission's examination in 1978centredon twoques-
tions :

(a) the justification for the progressive scale of amounts of the
grant ;
(6) the appropriateness of paying the grant to a staff member who,
upon separation, does not return to his home country.
182. If the purpose of the grant was to meet exceptional expenses
incurred in resettling oneself in one's own country, it could be ques-

tioned why the amount should increase with the number of years of
service(up to a fixedmaximum). It could be argued that the expenses
in question were no greater after 20years'expatriation than after one
year's ;indeed, they might be less if the separation and repatriation
had been foreseen and planned for some time than if they occurred
unexpectedly as might be the case in thefirst fewyears of service.By
its progressive character, the grant undoubtedly had some of the
characteristics of an earned service benefit, as well as of an ad hoc
subsidy. The Commission recognized this duality, due, no doubt, to
the fact that the grant was introduced to replace a previously existing
expatriation allowance and also to the influence of the progressive
pattern of many other such indemnities (e.g., the termination indem-
nity or the severancepay of the United States civilservice ;the same
pattern was found in the repatriation or resettlement grants of a
number of national foreign services) ... The Commission believed
there would be logic in standardizing the repatriation grant as a flat

amount or as the equivalent of a number of days' daily subsistence
allowance at the rate applicable to the place to which theformer staff
member moved (so as to reflect differences in cost of living) ;at the
same time, it doubted the wisdom of eliminating entirely from the
salary system al1 trace of a separation benefit reflecting length of
service ..."

This quotation is significant, for it places in appropnately modest context
any contention that the staff member "earns" the repatriation allowance
which thus isan accrued and vested right. As to theimmediate issueof the
case, the Commission made the following extremely important state-
ment :
"183. Having regard toremarks made in the discussion in the Fifth
Committee at the thirty-first session of the General Assembly, the

Commission considered the question of whether it was appropriate
that arepatriation grantbepaid to astaff member whodidnot, in fact,
return to his or her home country upon separation from the organi-
zation. Strictly speaking, it was clear that to do so would be incon-
sistent with the stated purpose of the grant. The staff member whoremained in the country of the last duty station incurred none of the
expenses of dislocation and reinstallation which the grant was
intended to meet (or none more than would be incurred by a non-
expatriate staff member, whowould not beentitled to thegrant in any
case). The staff member who removed to a country other than the
home country, either to work there or to retire there, did incur
expenses of relocation and installation, but the strict purpose of the
grant was not compliedwith. To Saythat the staff member had earned
the entitlement to the grantthrough havingbeen expatriate during his
serviceand should receiveit upon separation wherever he went, then,
would be tochange the nature of the entitlement and to make it akind
of deferred expatriation allowance, so raising the question of possible
duplication with that part of the margin included in base salary which
is defined as compensation for expatriation.

184. The representatives of the organizations, whle recognizingthe
problem, pointed out to the Commission the practical difficulties they

would have in keeping track of the movements of a former staff
member after he had left the service. The fact that he had used his
entitlement to repatriation travel would not be conclusive, since he
might travel to hishome country but return immediately aftenvards to
settle in his last duty station country or go to some third country.
(Somemembers, however,believedthat ifamore rigorous control was
exercised over repatriation travel than appeared to be the case at
present, it couldprovide considerable indications as to where former
staff members had gone on separation.)

185. The Commission acknowledged these practical difficulties
and had no desire to see an international information network set up
to keep track of the movements of former staff members. It did
believe, however, that to pay repatriation grant to a person who
remained permanently in the country of his last duty station was
incompatible with the purpose of the grant and could also be seen as
discriminatory by non-expatriate staff members. The expatriate staff
member's choicetoremain in the duty stationcountry certainly meant
that he had, for some time, intended to make that country his home
and so had, to some extent, ceased to be truly expatriate.

186. The Commission considered the possibility that the grant be
paid only to a staff member who supplied evidence that hehad settled
in his recognized home country. It rejected that solution because it
would penalize those staff memberswho, during service,had acquired
family or other ties with a country other than that from which they
wereoriginallyrecruited, those whoonleavingUnitedNations service
were obliged to go to a third country in order to find work and those494 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

who,for political or other reasons were unable to return to their home
country. It considerednevertheless that thegrant should not bepaid to
a staff member who, on separation, remained permanently in the
country ofhislast dutystation and soincurred none of the expensesof
dislocation and relocation which the grant was intended to meet. The
Commission recognized the difficulties of exercising administrative
control over the movements of former staff members after they had
left the organizations. Considering that the proportion of staff mem-
bers who did not return to their home country on separation was in

any case very small, the Commission was of the opinion that the
setting up ofcumbersomewatertight controlswould notbe warranted.
It believed that the staff member's good faith should be sufficient
guarantee ofhisintentions. It recommends,therefore, that payment of
the repatriation grant should be made conditional upon signature by
the staff member of a declaration that he does not intend to remain
permanently in the country of his last duty station. That requirement
should comeinto effectfrom 1January 1979for newstaffmembers. If
the organizations consider that some period of grace should be

allowed to servingstaff members who may already have planned the
place where they will reside after their separation on the assumption
that they will receive the grant, CCAQ should agree on a common
transitional measure." (Ibid.)

This statement is notable in several respects, especially in that :

- it affirms, in 1978,that payment to non-repatriating staff is, strictly
speaking, "inconsistent with the stated purpose of the grant" ;

- it recognizes that, in 1978, there is a case, in terms of the grant's

purposes, for payment to a staff member who relocates to a third country,
but no suchcasefor thestaffmemberwhoremains in thecountry ofthelast
duty station ;
- it recognizes that to make payment to staff whoremain in thecountry
of the last duty station "would be to change the nature of theentitlement",
which would raise question of duplicating payments already made ;
- it notes the practical difficulties of monitoring the movement of
retiring staff and suggeststhat reliance be placed on the good faith of the
staff member in undertaking to move as a condition of payment ;

- it suggests that if the organizations consider that "some period of
grace" should be allowed to serving staff members who have made their
retirement plans, a common transitional measure should be agreed
upon.

It will be observed that the Commission's exposition and analysis made495 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

little room for the contention that serving staff members have an acquired
right topayment of therepatriation grant ;it spoke, in tentative terms, of a
"period of grace".
55. In introducingthe Commission'sreport to theFifth Committee, the
Chairman of the International Civil Service Commission stated that :

"The Commission had madea careful study of the entitlement .. .it
believed that therepatriation grant should not be paid when the staff
member, atthe end of his service,remained in the place ofhislastduty
station and accordingly did not incur the removal and reinstallation
expenses which the grant was intended to meet." (A/C.5/33/SR.32,
p. 11.)

IO. Fifth Committee Response to the ICSC Report

56. In the discussion that ensued in the Fifth Committee, the following
viewswereexpressed. The representative of Italy uniquely opposed requir-
ing the retiring staff member to sign adeclarationthat he did not intend to
remain permanently in the country of his last duty station "because it
would infringe the right of an individual to move freely from one place to
another" (A/C.5/33/SR.37, p. 17). The representative of Japan, while
approving the Commission's proposal, considered that signature of such a
declaration was not a "sufficientguarantee against its abuse" (ibid., p. 22).
The re~resentative of Austria maintained that the grant was designed to
assista staff member in re-establishing himself or herself in the co;ntry of
origin long before reaching retirement age ;payment to a retiring officia1
who remained at the last duty station was "wasteful", the more so since
Pension Fund arrangements permitted drawing one-third of the capital

value of a pension in a lump-sum to cover costs of relocation. Her Gov-
ernment would accept the Commission's recommendation for a declara-
tion on a provisional basis "to avoid continuing the current practice.. ."
(A/C.5/33/SR.38, p. 6). The representative of Belgium maintained that
the repatriation grant, "which had been $5,000in 1963,had grown out of
al1proportion ...The grant should be strictly limited to staff members
whoresettled in their home countries and, despite the arguments in ... the
Commission's report, administrative control of their movements was war-
ranted." (A/C.5/33/SR.40, p. 5.) The representative of the United States
accepted "without question" thecondition which the ICSC recommended
be imposed with respect to the repatriation grant. The condition was
"completely in accord with the spirit and letter of the Staff Regulations,
which represented the final authority for interpreting conditions of ser-
vice" (A/C.5/33/SR.40, p. 8).The representative of France declared that
his delegation was, on the whole, against al1special grants paid at the end
of service and believed that the existing repatriation grant should be
"strictly limited" (ibid., p.).The representative of Trinidad and Tobago
found that a declaration of intent was not sufficient to ensure payment ofthe repatriation grant in the circumstances for which it was intended
(A/C.5/33/SR.41, p. 9). The representative of Canada agreed with the
Commission that the grant should not be paid to a staff member who
remained in thecountry ofhislast duty station ; adeclarationdid not seem
a sufficient guarantee against abuse (ibid., p. 13).

57. In reply to these remarks, the Chairman of the Commission stated

that its proposed reliance on the good faith and word of honour of inter-
national civil servants should be sufficient "as a first step in introducing
administrative control". In its study, the Commission hadfound that "in a
fewcases7'grants had been paid to non-relocating staff and the Commis-
sion'sproposa1 "was intended to eliminate what was considered to be an
unjustifiable and anomalous payment in such cases" (A/C.5/33/SR.42,
p. 17).

Il. The GeneralAssembiy Bars Payment to Non-Relocating Staff by
Resolution 33/119

58. Thereafter, a resolution on the Report of the International Civil
ServiceCommission wasintroduced - the resolution whichwasto become
resolution 33/ 119.In introducingthe resolution on behalf of the sponsors,
the representative of Japan declared :

"On the question of the repatriation grant, paragraph 4 made it
clear that evidenceof actual relocation would be required, in addition
to a signed declaration by the staff member. It would be the Com-
mission's task to establish the exact terms." (A/C.5/33/SR.56,
p. 10.)

This statement is important, for it indicates that al1the Commission and
the Secretary-General were to do in implementing resolution 33/ 119was
to establish the exact terms of provision of evidence of relocation. It thus
inferentially indicates that what the Commission and the Secretary-Gen-
eralactually did - topromulgate the transitional provision at issuein Staff
Rule 109.5 (fl - conflicted with the clear intent of General Assembly
resolution 33/ 119.
59. In the debate on the resolution, Mr. Davidson, Under-Secretary-
General for Administration and Management, stated :

"32. Where payment of the repatriation grant was concerned, he
took it that the Commission would show some flexibility in imple- menting the practice proposed in section IV, operative paragraph 4.
Since acquired rights wereinvolved, it might prove necessary to refer
the matter to the Administrative Tribunal, and that could create
problems unless the Commission could find some means of resolving
the difficulty."(A/C.5/33/SR.56, p. 10.)
Moments later, the representative of Barbados stated that his delegation
"would havepreferred the deletion of thephrase 'subjectto the terms to be
established by the Commission' " in Section IV,paragraph 4, of the draft

resolution ; "unless repatriation was established, he saw no occasion for
payment of the repatriation grant" (ibid., p. 11). The representative of
Belgium followed with this statement :
"As for section IV,paragraph 4,he agreedwith therepresentative of
Barbados that the essential phrase was that referring to the need for
presentation by the staff member of evidence of actual relocation,
rather than the mention of terms to be established by the Commis-
sion." (Ibid., p. 14.)

This exchange then took place :

"MR. AKASHI (Japan) explained that the final phrase of para-
graph 4 was considered necessary because certain ambiguous circum-
stances could arise in which more specific guidelines would prove
necessary. For example, would a staff member who presented evi-
dence of relocation years after his repatriation still be entitled to a
grant ?Or, should a staff member who needed the grant to pay for
tickets to return to his country be required to submit evidence of
relocation ?Many such situations could arise, but he trusted that the
Commission would be able to draw up appropriate conditions and
terms. However, he assured the representative of Belgium that the
phrase in question in no way diluted the thrust of the decision in
paragraph 4 but merely provided for its administrative implementa-
tion. Moreover, the Commissionwould informtheFifthCommittee of

the terms and procedures it established.

52. MR.PIRSON (Belgium)said that, if that was the case, he would
not object to the wording of the paragraph." (Ibid., p. 14.)

Apart from the foregoing inferential rejection of the Under-Secretary-
General'sassumption that the Commissionwould "show someflexibility"
inimplementing the resolution, nothing wassaid ofhisclaim that acquired
rights were involved. Thereupon resolution 331119was adopted by which
the General Assembly :

"4. Decidesthat payment of the repatriation grant to entitled staff members shall bemadeconditionalupon thepresentation by the staff
member of evidence of actual relocation, subject to the terms to be
established by the Commission."

12. The Frustration of Resolution 33/119

A. The Secretary-General'scircular
60. After the adjournment of the Thirty-third Session of the General
Assembly, the Secretary-General issued an Information Circular of 22
January 1979 to members of the staff on the Assembly's action on per-
sonnel questions. On the repatriation grant, the Circular declared :

"20. The General Assembly decided that payment of the repatria-
tiongrant to entitled staff members should bemade conditionalupon
thepresentation by the staff member of evidenceof actual relocation,
subject to the terms to be established by the Commission. It will,
therefore, remain for the International Civil Service Commission to
determine the specific terms in implementation of that decision,
including their applicability to staff members in serviceas of the end

of 1978." (ST/IC/79/5, pp. 6-7.)

On what basis the Secretary-General ventured to transmute the clear
charge of the relevant paragraph of resolution 33/ 119, as explained on
behalf of its CO-sponsorsf,romthat of ensuring no payment to retiring staff
who do not relocate to making an exception from that rule in favour of
"staff members in serviceas of theend of 1978"is not apparent. He could
rely solely on the statement of his Under-Secretary, which no delegation

had supported and which three delegations had pointedly not sup-
ported.

B. The ICSC recornrnendsa transitionalrule

61. Thereafter, the International Civil ServiceCommission took up its
charge under resolution 33/ 119to establish terms to make payment of the
repatriation grant "to entitled staff rnembers" conditional upon the pre-
sentation by the staff member of evidenceof actual relocation. It describes
its performance of that task in these terms :

"23. Finally, the Commission recalled that in its proposa1 to the
General Assembly it had foreseen the possibility that some special
provision would be needed regarding staff members who had an
expectation of receivingthe grant under the existingrule but would no longer be entitled to it under the new rule. The Commission was
informed tliat the legal advisers of several organizations had studied
the question and come to the conclusion that any entitlement already
earned by a staff member could not be affected retroactively by the
changing of the rule ;but the exerciseof further entitlements accruing
after the date of the change would be subject to compliance with the
new condition. That view was supported by thejurisprudence of the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal as quoted by the Tribunal in

paragraph XVI of its judgement AT/DEC/237.

24. Somemembersquestioned whether any acquired right could be
said to exist to payment of the repatriation grant to a staff member
whodidnot repatriate or relocatehimself. In their view,such acquired
rights as might be deerned to existcould only be in respect of persons
who had retired and could not accrue to the benefit of existing
employees whose rights must rest on a true interpretation of the
existing staff regulations rather than an administrative practice con-
trary to the regulation which expressly related repatriation grant to
those employees whom the organizations had an obligation to repa-
triate. The Commission sought an opinion from the Office of Legal
Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, which indicated that, in so
far asthe United Nations Organization itselfwasconcerned, there was
no expressor impliedprovision that only those who actually made use

of the travel entitlement should receive the grant ;the relevant Staff
Ruleshad been reported toand noted by theGeneral Assembly,which
must accordinglyhavedeemed therule tobe consistent with the intent
and purpose of the Regulations which it had itself approved. On the
basis of the advicereceived the Commissiondecided that the require-
ment of relocation should apply only to that part of a staff member's
entitlement which was earned after the date on which the rule was
changed." (Report of the International Civil Service Commission,
A/34/30.)

C. The opinion of the Officeof LegulAffairs

62. It may be useful to consider the cited legal opinion of the United
Nations Officeof LegalAffairs in conjunction with the foregoingpassages
of the Commission'sReport and appraise them together, sincethe latter so
heavily relies upon the former. The whole of the legal opinion, which is
undated but apparently was givento the ICSC in thefirstquarter of 1979,
reads as follows :

"Advice has been requested on the question whether United Nations Staff Rules and the practice within the common system under
which repatriation grants are paid to certain staff members, even if
they remain in the country of their last duty station after separation,
has been consistent with staff regulation 9.4and annex IV. Ithas been
suggested that if such payment had not been within the then appli-
cable Regulations, then a new regulation discontinuing such grants
would simply constitute a discontinuance of an erroneous practice
which by its nature could not have given rise to any legallycognizable
expectancy.

The history of the repatriation grant as well as the wording and
schedule contained in annex IV of the Regulations suggest that the
number of years of expatriate service was consideredby the General
Assembly to be the most significant element of the entitlements.
Although the General Assembly definedthe recipients of thegrant by
reference to thedefinition ofthose entitled to repatriation travel, there
is no express or implied provision to the effect that only those who
actually made use of the travel entitlement should receive the
. grant.

In annex IV of the Regulations, the General Assembly specifically
left it to the Secretary-Generalto establish theconditions for payment
of the repatriation grant, and the Secretary-Generaldid this by pro-
mulgating staff rule 109.5and also by establishing a practice in an
agreement within the Consultative Committee on Administrative
Questions. Staff rule 109.5 0, which even provided for discretion to
pay the grant to persons whose final service is within their home
countryand who could not therefore beentitled to repatriation travel,
was - like al1Staff Rules - reported to and noted by the General
Assembly, which must accordingly have deemed the rule to be con-
sistent with the intent and purpose of the Regulation.

It is therefore clear from the legal viewpoint (and indeed un-
questionable under recent United Nations Administrative Tribunal
Judgemen ts) that the Staff Rules and payrnent practices hitherto
governing entitlement to the repatriation grant were within the Sec-
retary-General's authority ; and, although subject to change to the
same extent asother conditions of appointment of staff,they gaverise
to valid and enforceable entitlements and obligations." (A/C.5/34/
CRP.8.)D. The texts of Staff Regulation 9.4,Annex IV and Staff Rule 109.5

63. In order to analyse the opinion of the Officeof LegalAffairs and the
reliance of the ICSC upon it, it is necessary to set out the texts of the
pertinent Staff Regulation and Rule as they then were. They read :

"Regulation9.4 :The Secretary-Generalshall establisha schemefor
thepayment ofrepatriationgrantswithinthe maximum ratesand under
the conditionsspecifiedin annex IV to thepresent regulations."

'Annex IV

REPATRIATION GRANT
In principle, the repatriation grant shall beayable tostaff members
whomthe Organizationisobligatedtorepatriate.Therepatriationgrunt
shallnot,however,bepaid toastaff memberwhoissummarilydismissed.

Detailed conditionsand definitions relatingto eligibility shallbe deter-
mined by the Secretary-General. The amount of the grant shall be
proportional to the length of service with the United Nations, as fol-
lows :

Staff memberwith
Yeursof continuous a spouseordependent
service awuyfrom child at etime . . .
homecountry ofseparution

(Weeksofpensionableremunerutionlessstaff
assessment,whereapplicable)

12or more

"Rule 109.5

REPATRIATION GRANT

Payment of repatriation grants under regulation 9.4 and annex IV
to the Staff Regulations shall be subject to the following conditions
and definitions :

(a) 'Obligation to repatriate', ... shall mean the obligation to
return a staff member and his or her spouse and dependent children,
upon separation, at the expense of the United Nations, to a place
outside the country of his or her duty station. (b) 'Home country', ... shall mean the country of home-leave

entitlement ...
.............................
(d) Payment of the repatriation grant shall be calculated on the
basis of the staff member's pensionable remuneration. ..
(e) Payment shall be at the rates specified in annex IV to the Staff
Regulations.
(f)No payments shallbemade to localrecruits under rule 104.6,to
a staff member who abandons his or her post orto any staff member
who is residing at the time of separation in his or her home country
while performing official duties, provided that a staff member who,
after service at a duty station outside his or her home country, is
transferred to a duty station within that country may be paid on
separation a full or partial repatriation grant at the discretion of the

Secretary-General.

(g) A dependent child, for the purpose of repatriation grant, shall
mean a child recognized as dependent.. . at the time of the staff
member's separation from service. The repatriation grant shall be
paid at therate fora staff member with aspouse or dependent child to
eligible staff members regardless of the place of residence of the
spouse or dependent child.

(i) Loss of entitlement to payment of return travel expenses under
rule 107.4shall not affect a staff member's eligibilityfor payment of
the repatriation grant.
0) In the eventofthe death ofan eligiblestaff member, nopayment

shall be made unless there is a surviving spouse or one or more
dependent children whom the United Nations isobligated to return to
their home country. .."

E. Analysis of the opinionof the Office of Legal Affairs

64. The opinion of the Office of Legal Affairs makes, in its fourth and
last paragraph, an important point which, to the extent that thejudgement
oftheAdministrative Tribunalin Mortishedv.theSecretary-Generalcan be
sustained, is vital to thatjudgement : "the Staff Rules and payment prac-
tices hitherto governing entitlement to the repatriation grant were within
the Secretary-General's authority". But much of the remainder of the
opinion does not withstand analysis, for these reasons :

- The opinion assumes, and repeats the assumption, that the pertinent
UnitedNations Staff Rules and "the practice within thecommon system"
were consistent, and, after so assuming, asks whether those rules and thatpractice have been consistent with Staff Regulation 9.4 and its Annex IV.
The opinion, by so assuming, takes a large step towards the conclusion
which the opinion reaches. But the assumption is unjustified. The practice
within the common system was not (and is not) consistent with the Staff
Rules of the United Nations. To the extent that the specialized agencies
had different staff rulesfrom those of theUnited Nations, ascertainly they
did,thepractice may havebeen consistent with the rules of those agencies.
But to treat the United Nations situation as the same as that of the
specializedagencies isinaccurate, because of their differing rules. The Staff

Rules of the United Nations were indeed consistent with its Staff Regu-
lations, as the opinion of the Office of Legal Affairs correctly concludes.
By the terms of Rule 109.5 (a),the "obligation to repatriate", as used in
Annex IV of the Staff Regulations, shall mean the obligation to return a
staff member to a place outside the country of his or her duty station. This
rule is consistent with Regulation 9.4 and its Annex IV, in so far as it
excludes payment of repatriation grants to non-relocating staff. But the
practice has been to the contrary.

- The opinion, in its second paragraph, Statesthat the most significant
element of the entitlement to the repatriation grant was considered by the
General Assembly to be the number of years of expatriate service.In view
of the history of the grant (see, in particular, paras. 54 and 116),that is a
questionable conclusion. (The ICSC re-stated the questionable character
of that conclusion at another point in its 1978report in addition to that
quoted in para. 54 : see A/33/30, para. 191.) The number of years of
service appears to have been taken primarily as a convenient formula for
calculating the amount of, rather than entitlement to, the grant.

- The opinion, in its second paragraph, declares that there is no express
or implied provision to the effect that only those who actually made use of
the travel entitlement should receive the grant. The inference seems to be
that those who receive the grant need not travel. Any such inference is
unwarranted. First, the definition of "obligation to repatriate" of Rule
109.5 (a)clearly imports returning to aplace outside the country of the last
dutystation. Second,theprovision of Rule 109.5(g) - towhichthe opinion
does not refer - that the repatriation grant shall be paid to eligible staff

members "regardless of the place of residence of the spouse or dependent
child" infers that it shalnot be paid to the staff member regardless of the
place of his or her residence. Third, if there is no express or implied
provision to the effect that only those who actually made use of the travel
entitlement should receive the repatriation grant, it does not follow that
those receiving the grant need not travel.Any such implication is disposedof by the terms of Staff Rule 107.4(b), whch provides, "Entitlement to
return travel expenses shall cease if travel has not commenced within six
months after the date of separation", when those terms are read together
with the practice of treating a staff member as eligible for payment of the
repatriation grant for a longer period. (That practice was codified in
August 1979,with the issuance of Staff Rule 109.5(e) : "Entitlement to
repatriation grant shallcease if no claimfor payment of the granthas been

submitted within two years after the effective date of separation.")

- The second sentence of the third paragraph of the legalopinion relies
on the Staff Rule 109.5 fl (as it then was) "which even provides for
discretion to pay the grant to persons whose final service is within their
home country and who could not therefore be entitled to repatriation
travel ...".This rule, the opinion notes, was "reported to and noted by the
General Assembly, which must accordingly have deemed the rule to be
consistent with the intent and purpose of the Regulation". This is a
remarkable reading of what was Rule 109.5 0. That paragraph then
provided that,

"No payments shall be made to . . any staff member who is resid-
ing at the time of separation in his or her home country while per-
forming officia1duties, provided that a staff member who, after ser-
vice at a duty station outside his or her home country, is transferred
to a duty station within that country may be paid on separation a
full or partial repatriation grant at the discretion of the Secretary-
General."

That is to Say,a staff member who has already been repatriated may be
paid, at the discretion of the Secretary-General, either a full or partial
repatriation grant. To infer from this that the Secretary-General is free -
still less obliged - to make repatriation payments to those who never
repatriate but who remain indefinitely abroad at their last duty station is
extraordinary. Any implication that this discretionary authority of the
Secretary-General gave non-repatriating staff members "valid and en-
forceable entitlements" would seem unsustainable. The fact that Rule

109.5(fl was communicated to the General Assembly which must have
viewed it as consistent with Regulation 9.4 proves nothing for the issue
which the legal opinion addresses, and for the opinion to suggest that it
does is profoundly questionable.
- The last sentence of the opinion conjoins a correct statement about
the scope of the Secretary-General's authority with a conclusion about
"valid and enforceable entitlements and obligations" which is not wholly
correct or complete. Once again the Staff Rules and the practice areassumed to be consistent. The opinion acknowledges that what it viewsas
valid and enforceable entitlements are "subject to change to the same
extent as other conditions of appointment of staff", which of itself is no
affirmation ofany acquired right. The opinion does not expressly state that
any such entitlements are valid and enforceableonly whilein force,though
this may be taken for granted. But where it enters upon questionable
ground isin its inference that the Staff Rules and practice gaverise to valid
and enforceable entitlements and obligations in respect of payment of the
repatriationgrant without provision of evidence of relocation. Ashasbeen
shown, the arguments it advances to support that conclusion do not
support it, certainly not sufficiently. Arguments which have been else-
where advanced to support the more far-reaching - and even less sus-

tainable - conclusion that such entitlementsconstitute an acquired right
will be addressed in their place.

13. The Failure to Apply Staff Rule 104.7

65. It isnoteworthythat Staff Rule 104.7does not figure in theopinion
of the Office of Legal Affairs, in the practice of the Secretary-General in
respect of the repatriation grant in so far as the Court has been informed
of it, or in the judgement of the Administrative Tribunalin Mortished v.
the Secretary-General. That rule in pertinent part provides :

"Rule 104.7

INTERNATIONAL RECRUITMENT
(a) Staff members other than those regarded under rule 104.6 as
having been locally recruited shall be consiaered as having been
internationally recruited. The allowances and benefits in general
available to internationally recruited staff membersinclude :payment
of travel expenses upon initial appointment and on separation for
themselves and their spouses and dependent children, removal of

household effects, non-resident's allowance, home leave, education
grant and repatriation grant.

(c)A staff member who has changed his or her residential status in
such awaythat he or shemay,in the opinion of the Secretary-General,
be deemed to be a permanent resident of any country other than that
of his or her nationality may lose entitlement to non-resident's allow-
ance, home leave, educationgrant, repatriation grant and payment of
travel expenses. ..if the Secretary-General considers that the con-
tinuation of such entitlement would be contrary to the purposes

for which the allowance or benefit was created .. ." 66. The rule is relevant in more than one respect. In paragraph (a), it
lists the repatriation grant as an "allowance and benefit" which is "in
general available". That is not language suggestive of an acquired right.
Paragraph (c)does speak of an "entitlement" to therepatriation grant,but
provides that that entitlement may belost - again,not aproviso suggestive
of an acquired right. The entitlement may be lost if, in the opinion of the
Secretary-General, a staff memberis "deemed tobe apermanent resident"
of a country other than his or her nationality. That is to Say,such a staff
member need not have been granted permanent residence as a matter of
the law of thecountry of the duty station ;if the Secretary-General deems
the staff member to have become a permanent resident, that suffices.The
Secretary-General could reasonably conclude that a staff member who
declines to provide evidence of relocation from the country of last duty
station, and who indeed affirms an intention to live indefinitely in the
country of the last duty station, is to be deemed a permanent resident of
that country and that, inthat circumstance, continuation of entitlement to
payment of the repatriation grant "would be contrary to the purposes for
which the allowance or benefit was created". As the 1978Report of the

International Civil Service Commission puts it,

"to pay repatriation grant to a person who remained permanently in
thecountry of hislast duty station was incompatible with the purpose
of thegrant ... Theexpatriate staff member's choiceto remain in the
duty-station country certainly meant that he had, for some time,
ceased to be truly expatriate." (A/33/30, p. 62.)

And in view of the fact that the Secretary-General possesses such express
discretionary authority in respect of the repatriation grant, it is the more
difficult to regard entitlement to the grant as an acquired right.

14. The Secretary-General Issues TransitionalRule 109.5 (f)

67. The Secretary-General issued a Bulletin of 22August 1979which,
"with effect from 1January 1979", amended the Staff Rules "as a conse-
quence of the changes to ... the repatriation grant . ..adopted by the
General Assembly in its resolution 33/ 119 of 19 December 1978". It

specifiedthat Rule 109.5on therepatriation grant "is amended to make the
payment of the grant conditionalupon presentation of actual evidence of
relocation with respect to periods of eligibility arising after 1July 1979"
(ST/SGB/Staff Rules/ l/Rev.5). Rule 109.5as amended in pertinent part
provided : 507 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. SCHWEBEL)

"(d) Payment of the repatriation grant shall be subject to the pro-
visionby theformer staffmember of evidenceof relocation away from
the country of the last duty station. Evidence of relocation shall be
constituted by documentary evidence that the former staff member
has established residence in a country other than that of thelast duty
station.

(e) Entitlement to repatriation grant shall cease if no claim for
payment of the grant has been submitted within two years after the
effective date of separation.
(flNotwithstanding paragraph (d)above, staff members already in

servicebefore 1July 1979shall retain the entitlement to repatriation
grant proportionate to the years and months of servicequalifying for
the grant which they already had accrued at that date without the
necessity of production of evidenceof relocation with respect to such
qualifying service."

15. Reaction in the GeneralAssembiy Against the Interpretation of
Resolution 33/119 by the ICSC and the Secretary-General :
the Adoption of Resolution 34/165

68. Reaction in the General Assembly in 1979to the interpretation of
resolution 33/119 by the ICSC and the Secretary-General was critical.
That reaction willbe set forth in extenso,because theconstruction of it by
the AdministrativeTribunal is important to itsjudgement in Mortished v.
the Secretary-General and because the question of whether or not the
judgement of theAdministrative Tribunal gaveeffect to or derogatedfrom
General Assembly resolution 34/ 165is central to the question before the
Court.

69. The representative ofAustralia, referring tothe pertinentparagraph
of the ICSC report, expressed interest in theopinion of the Officeof Legal
Affairs which, "surprising asit might seem .. .made therepatriation grant
appear to be an acquired right" (A/C.5/34/SR.38, p. 16).The represen-
tative of the United States then declared :

"65. In establishng the conditions for entitlement to repatriation
grants, ... ICSC had stipulated that staff members already in service
before 1 July 1979should retain the entitlement to repatnation grant
proportionate to the years and months of service qualifying for the
grant whichthey had already accrued at the date without the necessity
of production of evidence of relocation . ..The United States Go-
vernment strongly believed that that decision distorted the General

Assembly'soriginal intent at the time when therepatriation granthad
been instituted. Nor was it in accordance with the provisions of
resolution 33/ 119 . . 66. Because the United Nations administration had failed to pro-
vide adequate internalcontrols to ensure that thegrant was paid only
to individuals who actually left their last country of assignment, the
General Assembly had decided to include in resolution 33 /119 the
requirement that payment of the repatriation grant should be 'condi-
tional upon thepresentation by the staff member ofevidenceof actual
relocation, subject to the terms to be established by the Commis-
sion' ... As a sponsor of that resolution, the United States believed
that al1member States had understood that thephrase 'subject to the
terms to be established by the Commission'meant solelyestablishing
thedocumentation whichaformer staff membermust submit in order
to qualify for a repatriation grant. The United States was unable to
accept the reasoning that the absence of United Nations internal
controls entitled an expatriate employeeto receivearepatriation grant

for serviceprior to the institution of such controls, even though they
were not in fact repatriated outside the country of last service."
(A/C.5/34/SR.46, pp. 13-14.)

70. The representative of Italy followed. He advocated that without
precluding staff's freedom of movement, "a system should be evolved for
determining fulfilment of the conditions for entitlement to the relocation
grant". His delegation had misgivings about the terms of entitlement
promulgated which "required the approval of the General Assembly"
(ibid., p. 15).

71. The representative of Japan stated :
"His delegation was prepared to support the decision of ICSC
appearing in paragraph 25 of its report concerning the repatriation
grant in the case of present staff members. The repatriation grant
should be paid in accordance with the rules in force at the time of
repatriation. His delegation regretted, therefore, that the Commission
had approved different treatmentfor servicesperformed before 1 July
1979." (Ibid., p. 19.)

72. The representative of Australia then declared :

"3. ...his delegation supported the proposa1 ... wherebyin future
the repatriation grant would be paid only to staff members who were
indeedrepatriated. That proposal, if adopted, wouldoverride thelegal
opinion referred to in paragraph 24 of the report of ICSC.

4. Asindicated in thenote by the Secretariat ... staffrule 109.5had
been reported to and noted by the General Assembly, which must
accordingly have deemed the rule to be consistent with the intent and
purpose of the staff regulation. His delegation noted, however, that nowhere in thedocument was it stated that therepatriation grant was
payable whether or not the staff member was repatriated. Staff rule
109.5 (flindeed gave the opposite impression, in that it gave the
Secretary-General discretion to pay a grant to a staff member who at
the time of separation resided in his home country. In effect, the rule
appeared to permit the payment of travel costs of, for example, a
United States staff member whose home was in Honolulu and who,
after long servicein Tokyo, had been transferred and servedfor a few
years in New York prior to retirement. That in no way implied
endorsement of theidea ofpayinga repatriation grant to aperson who
was not repatriated.

5. The legalopinion, in fact,appeared to assume that the repatria-
tiongrant wasequivalent to somethinglikethe payment of travelcosts
on retirement ...however . ..It wasimpossible tointerpret the rule as
meaning that therepatriationgrant wouldbepaid to any staffmember
who was entitled to be repatriated, irrespective of whether or not he

wasrepatriated. For reasons oflanguage,common senseand evenlaw,
the opinion given by the Office of Legal Affairs was wrong." (A/
C.5/34/SR.47, pp. 3-4.)
73. He wasfollowedby the representaiive of the SyrianArab Republic,
who stated :

"15. His delegation supported the viewof a number of delegations
that the repatriation grant should be paid only to staff members who
returned to their country of origin." (Ibid p.5.)

74. The representative of the Federal Republic of Germany con-
cluded :

"With regard to the repatriation grant, the major question in that
connection appeared to be acquired rights, because in order to protect
acquired rights to the repatriation grant the interpretation that had
been used in the past would have to be maintained. However, in the
event that an unduly liberal interpretation had prevailed, to continue
to use thesame criterion would be tantamount to carrying the prin-
ciple of the protection of acquired rights too far ; his delegation
therefore supportedthe viewof the representative of the United States
that the repatriation grant should be given only to those who really
were repatriated." (Ibid p.,7.)

75. The representative of the United Kingdom held that :

"34. With regard to the repatriation grant, his delegation ... did
not agreewith the opinion of the Officeof LegalAffairs.Although the
wording of the Staff Regulation was somewhat ambiguous, it should be recognized that the grant in question wasarepatriation grant,not a
resettlement grant or an extra lump-sum received on retirement. It
could not be claimed that therepatnation grant should be paid in al1
cases, irrespective of whether or not the staff member in question
returned to his country of origin. The grant should be given only to
those who actually made use of their travel entitlement in order to
return to their own country. His delegation would support the draft
resolution to be submitted by the United States delegation, since it
believedthat thedraft resolution reflected thecorrect interpretation of
the Staff Rules and Regulations and that no acquired rights could be
deemed to exist." (Ibid p. ,.)

76. He was followed by the representative of Spain, who stated
"38. .. .In addition to measures in conformity with the mandate
given in General Assembly resolution 33/119, that document also
provided that 'staff members already in service before 1July 1979
shaU retain the entitlement to repatriation grant ...'.In connection
with that strikingexception to the provisionsof the rest of the docu-
ment, his delegation wished to make it quite clear that the relevant
Spanish word 'repatria'was defined by the Dictionary of the Spanish
Academy as 'toreturn one to his homeland'. Therefore his delegation
shared the view of the ICSC members who, ... had 'questioned
whether any acquired right could be said to exist to payment of the
repatriation grant to a staff member who did not repatriate orrelocate
himself'. His delegation did not understand the motivation for what
was stated ...concerning the conditions fixed by ICSC for the repa-
triation grant, regarding it as apartial distortion of the clear mandate

contained in General Assembly resolution 33/ 119, .. .and believing
that in the face of that unequivocal requirement there could be no
distinction of retroactivity..." (A/C.5/34/SR.47, p. 9.)

77. The representative of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
declared :

"9. The Soviet delegation was also concerned about the way in
which the provisions relating to the repatriation grant were applied.
Under a General Assemblydecision, the grant was to be paid only to
persons who returned to their own countries. Non-adherence to the
principle had resulted in unjustified expenditure and showed the
inadequacies of the interna1 control system." (A/C.5/34/SR.55,
P 9.)
78. The Chairman of the International Civil Service Commission
defended the action of the ICSC in these terms :

"39. In its report to the General Assembly at its thirty-thrd ses-
sion. ..ICSC had stated that it had formed the view that the repa-triation grant should not bepaid to staff members who,on separation
remained in the country of their last duty station and so incurred no
expenses of relocation. The Fifth Cornmittee had endorsed the Com-
mission's view and had included in General Assembly resolution
33/ 119 a paragraph. .. which read : 'Decides that payment of the
repatriation grant to entitled staff members shall bemadeconditional
upon the presentation by the staff member of evidence of actual
relocation, subject to the terms tobe established by the Commission.'
That paragraph calledfor twocomments. Firstly, theGeneral Assem-
blyhad clearlymandated the Commission to establish the terms under
which the grant would be paid. Secondly, the resolution, like the
Commission's own report, referred to 'relocation'. The reasons why
the Commission had concluded that thegrant should bepaid only to a
staff member returning to hisownhome country wereexplained in . ..

the 1978report.

40. The Commission . ..considered the extent to which the restric-
tion now placed on the enjoyment of the grant could be made app-
licable toservingstaff members ... the relevant provisionsof the Staff
Rules and Regulations referred explicitly not to staff members who
returned to their home country but to 'staff members whom the
Organization is obligated to repatriate'. It was on that basis that the
practice of paying the grant to staff members who did not leavetheir
duty station had been established. The majority of members of the
Commission had felt that that practice was in conformity with the
provisions of the Staff Rules and Regulations. Consequently, the
Commission had ruled that the staff members concerned had in fact
earned an entitlement, sincetherepatriation grant wascalculated ona
progressive scale .. .
41. The Commission had taken heed of thelegaladvicegivenit, not
onlyby the LegalCounsel of the United Nations but also by the legal
advisers of a number of other organizations ;it had also taken into
account a judgment by the Administrative Tribunal of IL0 which
stated categorically that 'benefits and advantages accruing to a staff
member for servicerendered before the entry into force of an amend-
ment cannot be prejudiced'. The Commission,which did not claim to

be alegalcommittee, had taken apragmatic decisionin theinterests of
economy, judging that it would be unreasonable to impose upon
organizations a measure which would certainly be appealed by staff
members and which, given its jurisprudence, at least one of the
administrative tribunals would reject as being contrary to the funda-
mental principles oflabour law.The General Assemblywas,ofcourse,
free to overrule the Commission, but it should be noted that the
governing bodies of the majority of the other organizations in the
common system had, since July 1979,approved the incorporation of
the measures announced by the Commission into their organizations'
staff regulations." (Ibid.,pp. 9-10.) 79. The Under-Secretary-General for Administration, Finance and
Management followed. He stated :

"59. .. .he considered it his duty to stress that the decisions taken
by ICSC under its mandate in General Assembly resolution 33/ 119
were already being implemented by al1the agenciesbelonging to the
common system with effect from 1 July 1979, which was the date
stipulated by ICSC in its decision. Moreover, it should be mentioned
that, in a number of agencies,theICSC decision had been considered
and accepted by the respective legislative organs when they had
adopted the revisionsto their respective staff rules and regulations. In
theUnited Nations, the ICSC decisionhad already been incorporated
into the Staff Rules. The provisions contained in part II of draft
resolution A/C.5/34/L.23 would have the effect of revoking a deci-
sion which was in process of implementation by the agencies of the
common system.

60. Thus, the most important consideration to be borne in mind
was that the proposed decision would raise serious doubts as to
whether ICSC would be able to discharge authoritatively the highly
important task entrusted toit, namely to regulate and CO-ordinatethe
conditions of serviceapplied by the United Nations and the special-
ized agencies ... Such a decision would also inevitably be viewed by
the United Nations staff as discriminatory treatment and would
undoubtedly lead to appeals to the Administrative Tribunal with al1
the potential consequences that such action might entail.

61. Finally, it should be noted that it had been the long-standing
practice in the Organization to implement policy change in the least
disruptive manner, either in order to respect acquired rights or simply
to ensure a smooth transition from one set of arrangements to
another . ..It wasin the samespirit that the Secretary-General and his
colleagues in ACC believed that the Fifth Committee should accept
the transitional arrangments reflected in the ICSC decision regarding
the requirement for evidence of relocation as aconditionforpayment
of the repatriation grant." (A/C.5/34/SR.60, pp. 11-12.)

80. When the representative of Sierre Leoneasked for a clarification of
the draft resolution before the Fifth Committee, the Under-Secretary-
General made the following important statement about the intent and
effect of what came to be General Assembly resolution 34/ 165 : "draft resolution A/C.5/34/L.23 derogated from the ICSC decision
in stipulating that, with effect from 1January 1980, staff members
would not be entitled to any repatriation grant unless they provided
evidenceofrelocation awayfromthecountry oftheir last duty station.

In effect, that meant that no period of serviceby staff members prior
to 1 January 1980 would be taken into account unless they also
fulfilled the conditions required to establish their entitlement to the
repatriation grant. Hence, the ICSC decision not to apply the new
provisions to any period of serviceprior to 1July 1979would simply
be revoked." (Ibid., p. 23.)

81. An exchange then ensued among the representatives of Syria, Mo-
rocco and the Federal Republic of Germany, in which the former two

representatives advocated restricting payment of the repatriation grant to
those who return to their home country while the latter supported the
provision of the draft resolution before the Committee which provided
that the repatriation grant should be paid to any staff member who
relocated away from the country of the last duty station, no matter what
the country. The Under-Secretary-General then spokefor a third time,de-
claring that :

"he did not agree with the statement by the representative of the
Federal Republic of Germany that resolution 33/ 119made no pro-
vision for transitional measures similar to those submitted in the
ICSC report. In fact, resolution 33/ 119stated that 'payment of the
repatriation grant to entitled staff membersshall bemadeconditional
upon the presentation by the staff member of evidence of actual
relocation' and it went on toSay'subjectto the terms tobe established
by the Commission'.ICSChad taken adecisionon the matter and had
set 1July 1979as the date after which those concerned should pro-
vide evidence of their relocation." (Ibid., p. 14.)

82. The representative of the Federal Republic of Germany re-
plied :

"74. ... that the intention of the sponsors of the draft resolution
was not to change the terms of payment of the repatriation grant but
simply to specify that staff members should provide evidence of re-
location away from the country of the last duty station and to set a
date for the implementation of that provision" (A/C.5/34/SR.60,
p. 15).
83. The representative of Morocco then asked what documentary
evidence of relocation should be produced (ibid.). The representative of
Algeria cautioned that more study was needed beforea decision was takenonthe repatriation grant (ibid.).Butthe Chairman indicated that hedid not
agree with the Algerian representative (ibid.).
84. The Under-Secretary-General then intervened on the issue for the
fourth time, in a statement which once again is significantly revealing of
the intent of the draft resolution then before the Fifth Committee :
"78. MR.DEBATIN (Under-Secretary-General for Administration,

Finance and Management) recalled that at the previous session, the
General Assembly had decided that the repatriation grant should be
made conditional upon the presentation by the staff members of
evidenceof actual relocation, subject to the terms tobe established by
ICSC. ICSC had subsequently decided that, with effect from 1July
1979,payment of the repatriation grant would be subject to the pro-
visionby the former staff member of evidenceofrelocation away from
the country of thelast duty station. As for the evidenceof relocation,
ICSC had decided that it would be constituted by documentary evi-
dence furnished by certain authorities of the country, by the senior
United Nations officia1in the country, or by the former staff mem-
ber's new employer. The effect of the draft resolution would be that
staff members who, by virtue of the ICSC decision, would be entitled
to part of the repatriation grant for periods of serviceprior to 1July
1979 without providing evidence of relocation would be unable to
receive that part of the repatriation grant." (Ibid., pp. 15-16.)

85. The representative of the United States made this immediate
reply :

"79. ... when the General Assembly had adopted resolution 33/
119,it had wanted to make sure that the repatriation grant would be
paid only to staff members relocating away from the country of the
last duty station, and it had asked ICSC to specifywhat documentary
evidence of relocation that staff members should provide, but not to
set dates on which the new provisions would come into effect" (ibid.,
p. 16).

86. The representative of Sierre Leone then proposed deletion from the
draft resolution before the Comrnittee of the passage concerning the
repatriation grant (whichwas the verypassage adopted in what came to be
resolution 34/165 and which is at issue in the Mortished proceedings)
(ibid.).His proposa1was opposed by the representative of Tunisia (ibid.).
The representative of the USSR supported an amendment which would
make clear that those receiving a repatriation grant must return to their
countries of origin (ibid). That, the representative of Morocco observed
was what the Arabic version of the document said (ibid).
87. At the next meeting, the representative of the Federal Republic of
Germany made the following statement : "after holding consultations on draft resolution A/C.5/34/L.23 the
sponsors still believed that paragraph 2 of part II was valid in sub-
stance, but recognized that newfactshad emerged. The principal fact
was that several agencies had already adopted the ICSC recommen-

dations, so that adoption of theparagraph might lead to divergencies
in the system. As the sponsors considered that the matter was a
relatively minor one, they had decided to delete paragraph 2 of
part II and to renumberparagraph 3accordingly." (A/C.5/34/SR.62,
P 2.)

88. An untidy exchange then ensued. The United States reintroduced

what the sponsors had just withdrawn, proposing to add to the draft
resolution the provision :
"Decides that effective 1January 1980 no staff member shall be
entitled to any part of the repatriation grant unless evidence of relo-
cation away from the country of last duty station is provided."
(Ibid.)

In substance, the position of the United States was opposed by the rep-
resentatives of Sierre Leone, Nigeria and Peru and supported by the
representatives of Canada, the SyrianArab Republic,the USSR, Morocco,
apparently India, Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Yugoslavia, Uruguay
and Spain. Someof these representativesalsosupported a subamendment
tothe USamendmentintroduced by therepresentative of the SyrianArab
Republic which would have confined payment of the repatriation grant
to those returning to their country of origin. That subamendment was
defeated by a vote of 45 to 18,with 26 abstentions (ibid.,p. 5).TheUnited
States amendment was thereupon adopted by 59 votes to 5, with 24

abstentions. Thereafter, the whole draft section was adopted by a vote of
87 to none, with 3 abstentions, and later, the resolution as a whole was
adopted with no negative votes in Committee and in plenary session.

16. The Intent of the GeneralAssembly in adopting

Resolution 34/165

89. The debate in the Fifth Committee has been so fully reproduced
because it is critical to an understanding of what the General Assembly
intended in adopting resolution 34/ 165. It is believed that that record
demonstrates the following :

- the large majority of the General Assembly was of the view that
payment of the repatriation grant to staff members who remain in the
country of their last duty station was not consistent with the Staff Regu-
lations and Rules as they existed before the promulgation of the transi-516 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP.SCHWEBEL)

tional Staff Rule 109.5 (fland as they would be with the repeal of that
transitional rule (see paras. 52, 56, 59, 69-77, 82-83, 85-88,supra;

- the large majority of the General Assembly was of the view that, in
issuing the transitional rule, the ICSC and the Secretary-Generalacted in
derogation of the terms and intent of resolution 33/ 119(seeparas. 68-77,
81-88,supra) ;
- the responsible United Nations Under-Secretary-General recognized
and affirmed that, if resolution 34/ 165were tobe adopted (in the terms in
whichit was adopted), it would manifest the intent of the General Assem-

bly to deny al1staff members anypart of therepatriation grant unless they
provided evidence of relocation away from the country of their last duty
station, and would have that effect ; that no period of service prior to
1January 1980would be taken into account unlessstaff members fulfilled
this evidentiary condition of entitlement; and that the ICSC recommen-
dation and the transitional rule implementing it would "simply be
revoked". "The effect of the draft resolution would be that staff members
who, by virtue of the ICSC decision, would be entitled to part of the
repatriation grant for periods of service prior to 1 July 1979 without
providing evidenceofrelocation wouldbeunable to receivethatpart of the

repatriation grant" (see paras. 80, 84, supra;

- the General Assembly heard, understood and accepted these conclu-
sionsof the Under-Secretary-General and adopted resolution 34/ 165with
a view to assuring that these conclusions would be given effect as of
1January 1980.

90. Despite the clarity and vigour of this record, the Administrative
Tribunal took another view of it which will be shortly examined.

III. THEADMINISTRATIT VREIBUNALJ'U SDGEMENT IN MORTISHED

v. THE SECRETA Y-GENERAL

91. In itsjudgement in Mortishedv. the Secretary-Generalofthe United
Nations the Administrative Tribunal concluded that,

"By making payment of the Applicant's repatriation grant condi-
tional on the production of evidence of relocation, the Respondent
failed to recognize the Applicant's acquired right, which he held by
virtue of the transitional system in force from 1July to 31 December
1979and set forth in Staff Rule 109.5 (f)."(Para. XVI.)In so deciding, the Tribunal reached certain anterior conclusions, which
will be addressed in the turn in which the Tribunal proffered them. Then

the Tribunal's main conclusion will be analysed.

1. Were Special, Contractual Obligationsof RelevanceAssumed Towards
Mortished ?
92. In paragraph VI of itsjudgement, the Tribunal held :

"The Tribunal must now consider whether the Applicant has rights
on which he may rely as regards the repatriation grant.
TheTribunal notes that at the timeofhisappointment to theUnited
Nations on 30 July 1958,the Applicant, who had started work with
ICA0 on 14February 1949,received from the Office of Personnel a
personnel action form which expressly stated :'Servicerecognized as
continuous from 14February 1949'and 'Credit towards repatriation
grant commences on 14 February 1949.'

Although these statements do not appear in the letter of appoint-
ment itself, they nevertheless unquestionably constitute the explicit

recognition by the United Nations of entitlement to the repatriation
grant, and validation for thaturpose of more than nine years' service
already completed with ICAO.
In the Applicant's case, a forma1 reference was thus made at the
time of appointment to the repatriation grant and to the principle of
the relationship between the amount of that grant and length of
service. As a result, the Applicant is in the position noted by the
Tribunal in Judgements Nos. 95 and 142 cited above, namely, that
special obligations towards him were assumed by the United Na-
tions."
It is submitted that the conclusions which the Administrative Tribunal

draws from its analysis of the personnel action form are unfounded for
several reasons.
93. The "Letter of Appointment" of Mortished to which the Tribu-
nal makes reference in general terms in paragraph II of its judgement
begins :
"You are hereby offered apermanent appointmentin the Secretar-
iat of the United Nations, in accordance with the terms and conditions
specified below and subject to the provisions of the Staff Regulations
and Staff Rules together with such amendments as may from time to
time be made to such Staff Regulations and such Staff Rules. .."518 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

The letter dated 5 August 1958describes Mortished's initial assignment
and salary but says nothing of the various allowances to which Morti-
shed is entitled except that the salary specified does not include such
allowances. Mortished accepted appointment on 15 August 1958 in
these terms :

"1 hereby accept the appointment described in this letter, subject to
the conditions therein specified and to those laid down in the Staff
Regulations and the Staff Rules. 1have been made acquainted with
these Regulations and Rules, a copy of whichhas been transmitted to
me with this letter of appointment." (Mortished v. the Secretary-
Generalof the United Nations, Respondent's Answer, Annex 14.)

A letter to Mortished of 21 March 1958(negotiations about Mortished's
proposed transfer took some time) attaches an Annex which sets out his
various allowances. Specification is extensive :the Annex covers travel
expenses, movement of household goods, excessbaggage, costs of instal-

lation,dependency allowances,education grant, non-resident's allowance,
pension fund rights, and home leave entitlements. Nothing whatsoever is
said of a repatriation grant. (Ibid., Ann. 15.)

94. When Mortished was about to enter upon duty at the United
Nations, he receivedfrom the Officeof Personnel a personnel action form
which contained footnoted notations to his designation of a "Permanent
Appointment", among which were the following :

"Service recognized as continuous from 14 February 1949.
Entitled to Installation Grant and DependencyRate. Credittoward

repatriation grant commences on 14February 1949.
. Entitled to transportation of household effects. Next home leave
entitlement in 1960."
(Emphasis supplied.) (As quoted in I.C.J. Pleadings,Applicationfor
Review of Judgement No. 273 of the United Nations Administrative
Tribunal, Written Statement of the United States of America, II, A.)

It is understood that, in United Nations contractual usage, a personnel
action form such as this is not regarded as part of the contract between a
staff member and the United Nations. However,evenif it istreated as part
of thecontract - and theTribunal infers that it is,for thisisthe wholebasis

of its concluding that "special obligations" were assumed by the United
Nations towards Mortished in respect of the repatriation grant - the
notation does not sustain the conclusion which the Tribunal reaches. On
the contrary, the notation belies the Tribunal's conclusion, for two rea-
sons : /'

- The personnel action form itself specifiesthat Mortished is "entitled
to an installation grant and dependency rate, "entitled" to transportation
of household effects, that he enjoys home leave "entitlement", but only
that, "Credit toward repatriation grant commences on 14February 1949".TheAdministrative Tribunal disregardsthisdistinction by concluding that
the notation constitutes "the explicit recognition" by the United Nations
of "entitlement" to the repatriation grant. Yet the distinction between an
entitlement and a credit is considerable. One has a rightful claim to an
entitlement but a "credit toward" something is or may be merely compu-
tative.
- But, if one overlooks the distinction made in the personnel action
form on which the Tribunal relies between "entitlements" to various
benefits and "credit" toward therepatriationgrant, what does thenotation
about the repatriation grant Say? From the weight which the Tribunal
assignsto this notation - that by reason ofit "special obligationstowards"
Mortished "were assumed by the United Nations" - one would suppose
that special relevant obligations were so assumed. In fact, this is not the
case. The notation simply speaks of "repatriation grant". It says nothing
whatsoever about theconditions of that grant.It sheds no light whatsoever

on whether, as a condition of entitlement to the grant, Mortished would or
would not have to leave the country of his last duty station, or furnish
evidence in that regard. Thus, in regard to the question at issue, at issue
before the Administrative Tribunal and now before this Court, the nota-
tion on which the Tribunal relied to show thattheUnitedNations assumed
special obligations towards Mortished shows no such thing.

95. The Tribunal's reliance on the notation on the personnel action
form is the lesspersuasive since the Tribunal does not cite and cannot cite
any evidence to sustain the claim that Mortished in 1958understood that
notation to mean that he would be entitled to a repatriation grant regard-
less of whether he left the country of his last duty station. That is under-
standable, for any such claim would be inherently implausible, and for
more than one reason. First, the question of a repatriation grant was not

brought to Mortished's attention in the annex to the letter of 21 March
1958which listed his various allowances and said nothing of it. Second, if
Mortished's reading ofthe Staff Regulations and Rules brought thesubject
to his mind, nothing in them would have given any suggestion that he
would beentitled to the repatriationgrant werehe to remain at hislast duty
station. Third, it would be hard to believe that, in 1958, Mortished, in
Montreal, contemplated retiring some 20 years later in New York or
Geneva in which he was yet to work and that this contemplation was a
material consideration in his agreement to his contract with the United
Nations. Fourth, there is no evidence that the terms and conditionsto be
met in order to receivethe repatriationgrant were the subject of discussion
or correspondence with Mortished at the time he transferred to theUnited
Nations ; if there were any such evidence, it can be assumed that his
counsel would have produced it.

96. The Administrative Tribunal States that Mortished "is in the posi-tion noted by the Tribunal in Judgements Nos. 95and 102. ..namely, that
specialobligations towards him wereassumed by the United Nations". But
this isjust the position in which Mortished was not, for no special obli-
gations towards Mortished wereassumed by the United Nations in respect
of the issueat bar, i.e.,entitlement to arepatriation allowanceregardlessof
relocation.The contrast with the cases relied upon by the Tribunal is
instructive. In Judgement No. 95 Sikand v.the Secretary-Generalof the
United Nations, the Tribunal, while rejecting the Applicant's claim, held
that its

"jurisprudence has established that the terms and conditions of
employment of a staff member with the United Nations may be
expressed or implied and may be gathered from correspondence and
surrounding facts and circumstances" (para. III)
and it held that,in that case,there wascorrespondence whichupheld oneof
the Applicant's claims.But in this case,no correspondence, conversation,

paper or surrounding fact can be cited, apart from the notation on the
personnel action form which, for the reasons set forth above, hardly
provides supportfor the conclusion that the United Nations assumed any
specialobligations towardsMortished on thematter atissue.In Judgement
No. 142,Bhattacharyyav. the Secretary-Generalof the UnitedNations,the
Tribunal relied on the quoted passage from the Sikand case and held that
conversations and correspondence with the Applicant at the time he was
engaged aboutthe prospects of renewal of afixed-term contract created in
the Applicant's mind "a legitimateexpectancyof continued employment
with UNICEF ..." (para. IV). But in this case, relevant conversations,
correspondence, memoranda, etc., running between the United Nations
and Mortished are lacking. Nor are the surrounding circumstances at the
time of the transfer of Mortished in 1958probative. There wasno evidence
before theTribunal that, asearlyas 1958,it actually wasthe practice of the
United Nations to pay repatriation grants to those who remained at their
last duty station. If it be presumed that that wasthe practice,whichmay be
a reasonable presumption, there is no evidence that Mortished knew or
cared about any suchpractice. There wasno reduction of any suchpractice
to a Staff Regulation, Rule, Information Circular or other administrative
paper of general distribution of which Mortished would have had the
benefit whether or not he knew of it. Thus the cases cited by the Ad-
ministrative Tribunal appear to derogate from rather than support

Mortished's claim.

97. Does the ~ribunal hold in paragraph VI of its judgement that
Mortished had a contractual right to a repatriation grant and one which
obtains regardless ofhisremaining athislast duty station ?A passagefrom
paragraph XV of the judgement so infers :

199 "The Tribunal has been required to consider on a number of occa-
sions whether a modification in the pertinent rules could affect an
acquired right. It has held that respect for acquired rights carries with
it the obligation to respect the rights of the staff member expressly
stipulated in the contract. The Tribunal pointed out, in paragraph VI
above, that entitlement to the repatriation grant has been explicitly

recognized at the time of the Applicant's appointment, together with
the relationship between the amount of the grant and the length of
service.TheTribunal alsopointed out in paragraph VI1above that at
the time ofthe Applicant's entryonduty,payment ofthe grant did not
require evidence of relocation to a country other than that of the last
duty station."

98. For the reasons set out above, it is submitted that any claim that
Mortished has a special, contractual right to payment of a repatriation
grant regardless ofhisfailure topresent evidence of hisrelocation from the
country of hislast duty stationcannotbe sustained. Not only cannot it not
be sustained under the facts of this case ; it appears difficult to sustain
under the jurisprudence of the Administrative Tribunal.

2. Case-Law of the Administrative Tribunal's Cuts Against Mortished's
Claim

99. Anumber ofcasesarein point. ln Judgement No. 19,Kaplanagainst
the Secretary-Generalof the United Nations, the Tribunal held that :

"In determining the legal position of staff members a distinction

should be made between contractual elements and statutory ele-
ments :
Al1matters being contractual which affect the persona1 status of
each member - e.g., nature of his contract, salary, grade.

Al1matters being statutory which affect in general the organization
of theinternational civil service,and the need for itsproper function-
ing - e.g., general rules that have no persona1 reference.

While the contractual elements cannot be changed without the
agreement of the twoparties, thestatutory elements on the otherhand
may alwaysbe changed at any time through regulations established by
the General Assembly, and these changes are binding on staff mem-
bers.
.............................
With regard to the case under consideration the Tribunal decides
that astatutory elementisinvolved and that in fact the question of the

termination of temporaryappointments isone ofageneral rule subject
to amendment by the General Assembly and against which acquired
rights cannot be invoked." (Para. 3.)522 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP. SCHWEBEL)

If the terms of termination of temporary appointments are subject to
"statutory" amendment by theGeneral Assembly,terms which though of
general application have the most immediate effect on particular indivi-
duals, is the General Assembly less free to legislate on evidence of eligi-
bility for a repatriation gran?Conditions for entitlement to the repatria-
tion grant apply to al1staff members equally and therefore would seem to
be "statutory" as that term is used in the Kaplan case. Moreover, as the
Administrative Tribunal points out in its Judgement in Mortished v. the
Secretary-Generalof the UnitedNations,

"The summaryprovisions contained in theletter of appointment are
supplemented by documents of general application which are much
more detailed. The letter of appointment refers to these in stipulating
that the appointment is offered 'subject to the provisions of the Staff
Regulations and Staff Rules, together with such amendments as may
from time to time be made to such Staff Regulations and such Staff
Rules'.Thus, by virtue of that provision, documents of general appli-
cation are made an integral part of the contract and the staff member
accepts in advance any amendments which may be made to them."

(Para. II.)
100. In Judgement No. 202, Quéguinerv. the Secretary-Generalof the
Inter-GovernmentalMaritime ConsultativeOrganization, the issue at bar
was dealt with by the United Nations Administrative Tribunal in the
following way :

"The question posed by the present case is thus to determine
whether the Applicant has an acquired right to the education grant
system as established when he entered upon his duties, an acquired
right which cannot be prejudiced unless compensation is paid.

At the time when the Staff Rules were amended,theApplicant was
bound by acontract whoseterms,set out in aletter from the Secretary-
General dated 2 April 1971,were accepted by the Applicant on 30
April1971. This letter, whichextended a previous contract, contains a
number of provisions concerning the Applicant personally : post,
duration of contract, administrative status, salary, obligation to sub-
scribe to IMCO accident insurance. It also refers to the conditions of

employment and fundamental rights, and the duties and obligations,
laid down in the Staff Regulations and Staff Rules of the Organiza-
tion, 'due account being taken of any subsequent amendments to
those texts'.
This latter provision expressly records an essential element in the
Applicant's contractual situation. He agreed in advance that amend-
ments to the Staff Regulations and Staff Rules would be applicable to
him. Thus, the competent authorities of the Organization may in principle amend unilaterally the conditions of employment and fun-
damental rights and the rights and obligations laid down in the Staff
Regulations and Staff Rules.

The limitation of the right of amendment set out in Staff Regula-
tion 12.1obviously concerns the rights of the staff member expressly
stipulated in thecontract. In Judgement No. 19(Kaplan),theTribunal
stated thatal1matters were contractual which affected 'the personal
status of each member - e.g.,nature of his contract, salary,grade'. In

the present case, no benefit accruing to the Applicant, apart from his
salary, was mentioned in his contract.

Respect for acquired rights also means that the benefits and advan-
tagesaccruing to astaff member for servicesrendered before theentry
into force of an amendment cannot be prejudiced. An amendment
cannot have an adverseretroactive effect in relation to a staff member,
but nothing prevents an amendment to the Staff Rules where the
effects ofsuch amendment apply only to benefits and advantages
accruing through service after the adoption of such amendment
(Judgement No. 82, Puvrez).
The Applicant contends that the education grant, although it con-
stitutes additional remuneration, is of a persona1 nature, and hence
contractual, and that it constitutes a deterrnining consideration in
acceptance of the contract which binds a staff member to the Orga-
nization.

The legality of comparable measuresconcerning the non-resident's
allowance (Judgment No. 51,Poulain d'Andecy, IL0 Tribunal) and
the allowances payable under the definition of dependency (Judge-
mentsNo. 82,Puvrez and No. 110,Mankiewicz) has been recognized,
and theTribunal seesno valid reason for treating the education grant
differently." (Paras. IV-VI.)

If IMCO is free to alter the conditions of payrnent of an education allow-
ance, why is not the United Nations free to alter the conditions of pay-
ment of a repatriation grant ? Why is it not the more free since in the
Mortished case the rights of the staff member were not "expressly stipu-

lated in thecontract" ?(Thereis the distinct argument, noted in Quéguiner,
that benefits and advantages accruing to a staff member for services
rendered before the entry into force of the amendment cannot be preju-
diced ; that is an argument which will be addressed in the Mortished
context below.)
101. Further light on the contractual bounds of acquired rights of
international civil servants is shed by the recent decision of the IL0
Administrative Tribunal in In re de los Cobos and Wegner, Judgment
No. 391, where it was held : APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

"6. A right is acquired when he who has it may require that it be
respected notwithstanding any amendments to the rules. A right is
acquired,for example, in one or other of the followingcircumstances.
First,a right should be considered to be acquired when it islaid down
in aprovision of the Staff Regulations or Staff Rules and isof decisive
importance to a candidate for appointment. To impair that right

without the official'sconsent is to impair terms of appointment which
he expects to be maintained.

Alternatively, a right will be acquired if it arises under an express
provision of an officiai's contract of appointment and both parties
intend that it should be inviolate. Thus not al1rights arising under a
contract of appointment are acquired rights, even if they relate to
remuneration : it is of the essence that the contract should make
expressor impliedprovision that the rights willnot be impaired. Thus
there may be an acquired right to application of the principle that an
allowance will be paid, but not necessarily to the method of calcula-

tion - in other words, to the actual amount - of that allowance." (At
pp. 7-8.)

Can it be maintained in the Mortished case that Mortished's right to a
repatriation allowanceregardless of remaining at his last duty station was
laid down in a provision of the Staff Regulations or Rules and was of
"decisive importance" - or any importance - to that candidate for
appointment? Can it be maintained that that right arises "under an
expressprovision" of Mortished's contract which both partiesintended to
be "inviolate" ? If there is an acquired right to an allowance, but not
necessarilyto themethod of its calculation, can itnot be said that, at most,

Mortished has an acquired right to a repatriation grant but not to the
conditions of eligibility for its payment ?
102. Sirnilar reasoning was advanced by the IL0 Administrative Tri-
bunal in In reElsen and Elsen-Drouot,Judgment No. 368, p. 7, where it
held :

"7. It is quite clear that expatriation, education and leave expense
allowances are matters of importance to someone whojoins the staff
of an international organization. The question therefore arises
whether the outright abolition of such allowances would in principle
violate an acquired right. There is, however, no acquired right to the

amount andthe conditions ofpayment of such allowances.Indeed the
staff member should expect amendments to be prompted by changes
in circumstances if, for example, the cost of livingrises or falls, or the
organization reforms its structure, or even finds itself in financial
difficulty. Hence the reduction in the expatriation allowance paid to
the complainants does not infringe any right which was of decisive
importance to them in accepting appointment and which may be
regarded as acquired. Moreover, there is no clause in their contract which even tacitly guaranteed them any such right. The plea that
acquired rights were infringed therefore fails."

103. Another case of special relevance is that of Ho v. the Secretary-
Generalofthe UnitedNations,Judgement 125.In that case,Ho complained
that hehad been wrongfullydeprived of his entitlement to home leave.He
had previously enjoyed home leave when he held the status of interna-
tionallyrecruited official.However,he opted to changehis status to that of
a permanent resident of the United States. The Secretary-General, exer-
cising his authority under Rule 104.7(quoted supra in para. 65), decided
that Ho had lost his entitlements to al1international benefits, including
home leave,because he had acquired permanent US residence status.The
Administrative Tribunal reliedon Rule 104.7,and held that, in accordance
with it, Ho, "by acquiring permanent resident status, lost his home leave
entitlement" from the dateon which the United States Immigration and

Naturalization Servicemade effectivehis permanent residence (at p. 122).
It held that.

"The decision taken ... on behalf of the Secretary-General . . .
constitutes a legally unassailable application of Staff Rule 104.7,
which authorizes a decision that the 'continuation of such entitle-
ment ...wouldbecontrary to thepurposes for whichthe allowanceor

benefit was created'.TheTribunal considers that, generallyspeaking,
to authorize a staff member to benefit from home leave when as a
permanent resident he is considered as having been recruited locally
would bean anomaly contrary to the spirit - that is, the meaning and
purpose - of home leave as established and regulated by the Staff
Regulations and Rules." (Ibid.)

The Tribunal continued :

"In order to determine whether al1the conditions laid down in the
Staff Rules (Rules 104.7and 105.3)are fulfilled and whether home
leave entitlement exists,it is necessary to consider the staff member's
legal status at the time when that entitlement should have been exer-
cised.
Hence there cannot be a question of home leave entitlement
acquired previously nor of a possible restoration of that entitlement :
even assuming that a staff member has fulfilled al1the other condi-
tions required for the possible existence of that entitlement, the en-
titlement can only exist in law if the staff member, at the time when
he is to begin exercisingthat entitlement,meets al1the requirements
laid down in the Staff Rules, particularlythe rule which providesthat
he must have been recruited internationally." (Pp. 122-123.)526 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

104. The applicability of the Ho case to Mortished'sis striking. In both
cases, the "entitlements" of home leave and the repatriation grant are
referredto,together,inthe samewayandon the sameplane, in Rule 104.7.
In both cases, the matter of residential status is paramount, and,in both
cases,Messrs.Hoand Mortishedopted to changetheirresidential status so
as to take up permanent residence in the country of their duty station, in
HO'Scase, dejure, in Mortished's case, apparently defacto. Consequently,

by the terms of Rule 104.7,in both casesthe Secretary-General was and is
free toconsider that Mortished aswellas Ho became apermanent resident
of a country other than that of his nationality. (If hecouldnot reasonably
reach that opinion, the point of Mortished's claim is questionable :he
cannot at once argue that he wishes to buy a house in and live on in
Switzerland indefinitely and wishes neither to return to Ireland nor go to
a third country and yet maintain that he cannot be "deemed" to have
changed,infact if not in law,theresidentialstatus he originally enjoyed as
an internationally recruited officia1; see para. 66, supra.) In any event,
even if Mortished, unlike Ho, is not deemed to have changed his perma-
nent residence, in both cases whether the "entitlement exists" must be
decided "at the time when the entitlement should have been exercised" -
"the entitlement can only exist in law" if the staff member, "at the time

whenhe isto beginexercisingthat entitlement", meets al1therequirements
laid down by the Staff Rules. Thus Mortished, like Ho, having chosen to
exercisean entitlement when the entitlement on which he relies no longer
exists,as a matter of law must fail. And finally,to deny Ho his home leave
while granting Mortished the repatriation grant "would be an anomaly
contrary to the spirit - that is, the meaning and purpose" of the repa-
triation grant as established and regulated by the Staff Regulations and
Rules.
105. However,it may be argued that, if paying Mortished iscontrary to
"the spirit - that is, the meaning and purpose" of Staff Rule 109.5as it
existedbefore 1979and is contrary toit as it existstoday,it is not contrary
to the spirit or terms of Staff Rule 109.5(flas that transitional rule existed
in 1979.That isquite true. However,adifficultywith that argument isthat,

infact, Mortished exercisedhis claimed entitlement toa repatriation grant
when that entitlement no longer existed, that is to Say,he relied upon the
transitional rule when thetransitional rule had transited and wasno longer
in force.

3. The Tribunal'sSummary of the Evolution of Practice concerning
the Repatriation Grant

106. The Tribunal turns after its conclusionabout "the special obliga-
tions" assumed towardsMortishedto a description of the evolution of the
repatriation grant. It notes in paragraph VI1 that the link between the
repatriation grant and return to the home country wasbroken in the Staff
Rules as early as 1953."The literal meaning of the term 'repatriation' was

abandoned." It citesin paragraph VI11therecommendationssubrnittedin1952by the Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions to the
Administrative Committee on Co-ordination, and concludes :

"However, the Tribunal observes that the document produced in
1974[by the CCAQ]proves that the systemproposed by the Consul-
tative Committee on Administrative Questions asearly as 1952wasin
effectfollowedto the benefit of staff members, eventhough it wasnot
explicitly embodied in any United Nations regulation. The Parties
considered the question whether a practice followed consistently for
nearly 30yearscouldgenerate an acquired right within the meaning of
Staff Regulation 12.1.In viewof the particular situation of the Appli-
cant, the Tribunal finds that it is not required to adjudicate that
question in abstracto."

Thus theTribunal doesnot passin itsjudgement on whether thepractice of
paying repatriation grants to those remaining in their last duty station
"could generate an acquired right".

107. The Tribunal proceeds to describe the respective spheres of com-
petence of the General Assembly and the Secretary-General in respect of
the repatriation grant (paras. IX and X). It concludes that the Staff
Regulations "expressly acknowledge that the repatriation grant scheme
falls within the scope of the rule-making authority of the Secretary-
General ..." (para. IX).
108. The Tribunal then turns to the pertinent ICSC reports and to the
discussions of the General Assembly,particularly in adopting resolution
33/ 119. In describing the adoption of resolution 33/ 119, the Tribunal
acknowledges that, when Japan proposed that "payment of the repatria-
tion grant to entitled staff members shall be made conditional upon the
presentation by the staff member of evidenceof actual relocation, subject
to the terms to be established by the Commission", the terms theJapanese
representative had in mind related to the provision of evidence. But it
then quotes from the intervention of the Under-Secretary-General(see
para. 59,supra) in which "some flexibility" was suggested since "acquired
rights were involved", and States : "The Tribunal notes that these argu-
ments [ofthe Under-Secretary-General] werenot challenged and that at no
point in the discussion was the nature of the terms to be established by

ICSC specified." (Para. XI.)

109. It is submitted that, in concluding the arguments of the Under-
Secretary-General were not challenged, theTribunal did not construe the
record accurately. As ispointed out above in paragraph 59,right after the
Under-Secretary-General spoke, three representatives replied in terms
which demonstrate that they wished no "flexibility" to be shown. No one
expresslyreferred to the Under-Secretary-General's reference to acquired
rights, but the tenor of the remarks of the three representatives gives no
trace of acquiescencein that argument. Moreover, the Tribunal is impre-cisein stating that at no point inthe discussionwas thenature of the terms
to be established by the ICSC specified, for therepresentative of Japan, as

sponsor, spoke explicitly to that point (he is quoted in para. 59, supra).
These are points of importance, because they bear on whether, in issuing
the transitional Rule 109.5(f tle,ICSC and the Secretary-General acted
within the scope of theauthority afforded them by resolution 33/ 119.The
Tribunal maintains (in para. XIV) that the transitional rule was adopted
by the Secretary-General "in accordance with a procedure laid down by
the General Assembly in its resolution 33/ 119 ...". But in tmth the Sec-
retary-General acted in derogation of the terms of resolution 33/ 119and
the intent of the General Assembly in adopting those terms.

110. TheTribunal then proceeds to recall theaction of theICSC in 1979
in promulgating the transitional rule, noting that it relied on the advice
received from the Office of Legal Affairs of the United Nations. The
Tribunal itself does not dissect the legal opinion whch contained that
advice. It notes that the Secretary-General, "exercising the authority
vested in him by Staff Regulation 9.4 and Annex IV to the Staff Regula-
tions", inserted into Staff Rule 109.5, subparagraphs (d) and (fl, which
provided for evidence of relocation and for the transitional provision
waiving that requirement for staff members in servicebefore 1July 1979
(para. XII). The Tribunal observed that this was "the first time that a
provision of the Staff Rules acknowledged that entitlement to the repa-
triation grantrnight exist without evidence of relocation being provided"

(para. XIII).

4. The Question of Retroactive Effacement of Mortished's Entitlement

111. The Tribunal next poses the question of retroactive effacement in
these terms :
"XIV. The question therefore arises whether the entitlement as
described in the provision quoted above, which came into force on
1July 1979,having been adopted by the Secretary-General in accor-
dance with a procedure laid down by the General Assembly in its
resolution 33/ 119,can have been effaced retroactivelv bv the Secre-
< *
tary-General's delition of subparagraph (fl in pursuance of resolution
34/ 165."
This statement about retroactive effacement appears to assume a position
rather than to justify it. Resolution 34/165 is prospective in effect. It
applies to staff members retiring after 1January 1980.It does not purport
to require staff members who earlier retired, and who received the repa-
triation grant even though they remained within the country of their last
duty station, to return their grants. Thus resolution 34/165 can be rea-
sonably regarded as retroactively effacing an acquired right of those who
retire after 1 January 1980onlyif there was such an acquired right. That istheparamount issue at bar. Butposing the question in terms of retroactive

effacement adds nothing to the analysis of the problem one way or the
other.

5. The Tribunal's Constructionof the Intent of the GeneralAssembly in
Adopting Resolution 34/165

112. The Tribunal's Judgement continues by reciting the action in the
General Assembly leading to the adoption of resolution 34/165, and
makes the following surprising statements in that regard :

"The Tribunal notes that at no time did the General Assembly
contemplatesupplementing or amending the provisionsrelating tothe
repatriation grant contained in the Staff Regulations. Nor did the
Assembly examine the text of Staff Rules in force since 1July 1979,
and it never claimed that there was any defect in the provisions
introduced on that date whch diminished their validity. The Assem-
bly simply stated a principle of action which the Secretary-General
acted upon in establishing a new version of Staff Rule 109.5which,
from 1 January 1980,replaced the version previously in force on the
basis of which the Applicant could have obtained the repatriation
grant."

The Tribunal might have noted that the General Assembly did not sup-
plement or amend the Staff Regulations because it was of the view that
they said what theGeneral Assemblyhad alwaysintended them to Say ;in
the General Assembly's view, they were not legitimately open to a con-
struction which permitted payment of the repatriation grant to those
remaining at theirlast duty station. AsfortheTribunal's statementthat the
General Assemblvdidnot examinethe text of the Staff Rules in force since
1July 1979and never claimed that there was any defect in the provisions
introduced on that date whch diminished their validity, it is difficult to
reconcilewith the record. In aliteral sense,it istrue that General Assembly
resolution 34/ 165does not expresslycriticize the ICSC and the Secretary-

General for misconstruction and misapplication of resolution 33/ 119 ;
that is not the way in which General Assembly administrative resolutions
are customarily cast. But a reviewof the record of the Fifth Comrnittee in
adopting resolution 34/165 (see paras. 68-90, supra) demonstrates that,
contrary to what the Tribunal says, the Committee energetically and
criticallyexamined the textof thepertinent StaffRules in forcesince 1July
1979,and that the large majority of those who spoke(and presumably of
those who voted for) the United Statesamendment to what became reso-
lution 34/ 165believedthat those Rules containeda glaringdeparture from
resolution 33/ 119 - the transitional clause. If it is correct to infer, as the
Tribunal appears to do, that the General Assembly did not go further to
hold that the transitional clause was invalid evenduring the period when it
was in force, that hardly supports construing resolution 34/ 165to permitpayment, whether direct or indirect, to those who thereafter claim the
repatriation grant without providing evidence of relocation.

6. The Tribunal's Holding thatthe Repatriation
Grant Was Enïn~d

113. The Tribunal comes to the heart of its Judgement in para-
graphs XV and XVI. Paragraph XV reads :

"The Tribunal has been required to consider on a number of occa-
sions whether a modification in the pertinent rules could affect an
acquired right. It has held that respect for acquired rightsrries with
it the obligation to respect the rights of the staff member expressly
stipulated in thecontract. The Tribunal pointed out, in paragraph VI
above, that entitlement to the repatriation grant had been explicitly
recognized at the time of the Applicant's appointment, together with
the relationship between the amount of the grant and the length of
service.The Tribunal alsopointed out inparagraph VI1above that at
the timeof theApplicant's entry on duty, payment of thegrantdidnot
require evidence of relocation to a country other than that of the last
duty station. Further, the Tribunal held that respect for acquired
rights also means that al1the benefits and advantages dueto the staff
member for servicesrendered before the coming into force of a new

rule remain unaffected. Therepatnation grant iscalculated according
to length of service. The amount of the grant is 'proportional to the
length of servicewith theUnited Nations', asstated inAnnex IVto the
Staff Regulations. This link was explicitly reaffirmed in Staff Rule
109.5 (f, which refers to 'the years and months of service qualify-
ing for the grant which [staff members] already had accrued' as of
1July 1979.Consequently, the linkestablished by theGeneral Assem-
bly and the Secretary-General between the amount of the grant and
length of service entitles the Applicant to invoke an acquired right,
notwithstanding the terms of Staff Rule 109.5which came into force
on 1January 1980with the deletion of subparagraph (fl concerning
the transitional system.Asin the caseofJudgement No. 266(Capio),it
is incumbent upon the Tribunal to assess the consequences of any
failure to recognize an acquired right."

114. The foregoing conclusions areopen to question on more than one
count. The Tribunal begins with restating its reliance on the rights of the
staff member "expressly stipulated inthe contract". But, asnoted above,it
does not point out that Mortished's contract as such saysnothing about a
repatriation allowance, expressly or othenvise, and that the "credit" re-ferred to in the personnel actionform says nothing of whether it goes to a
repatriation grantthat does or doesnot require relocation as acondition of
its payment.

115. The Tribunal then reaffirms that, at the time of Mortished's entry
on duty, payment of the grant did not require evidence of relocation to a
countryother than that of thelast duty station. It does notstate what is the

factual basis for the conclusion that, as early as 1958,the United Nations
actually was paying repatriation grants to those who remained at the last
dutystation. It isnot a supposition lightlyto bemade because, in 1958,the
number of officials who had retired was stillrelativelysmall in viewof the
fact that the Organization had been in existenceonly for some 12years.But
there is no evidence to the contrary. It then proceeds to maintain that
"respect for acquired rights also means that al1the benefits and advantages
due to the staff member for servicesrenderedbefore the coming into force
of a new rule remain unaffected". To show that the repatriation grant is
compensation for servicesrendered, the Tribunal argues that it is "calcu-
lated according to length of service" and concludes : "Consequently, the
link established by the General Assembly and the Secretary-General
between the amount of the grant and length of serviceentitles the Appli-
cant to invoke an acquired right ..."

116. It is submitted that the foregoing analysis is unpersuasive for the
followingreasons. Thedrafting history of therepatriationgrant showsthat
the purpose of thegrant wasnot a salary supplement progressively earned,
but rather an end-of-service payment to help meet the costs which a
repatriating staff member would incur after service abroad (see para. 54,

supra).Such end-of-servicepayments are no more "earned" during service
than a termination indemnity is "earned" during service. Terminal or
separation payments are meant to assist a staff member to cope with
circumstances arising on separation, they are not a reward for current
service. The amount payable on separation, but not the entitlement as
such,is determined by reference to years of serviceabroad. The Secretary-
General's answer in the proceedings before the Administrative Tribunal
in the Mortished case correctly summarizes the situation :

"39. Annex IV to the Staff Regulations contains a table which
indicates how repatriation grant benefits are calculated. The criteria
used in deterrnining the amounts of the benefits are 'years of con-
tinuous serviceaway from home country', the status of the staff mem-
ber at the time of separation (i.e., the staff member's category and
whether he or she has spouse or dependants) and the pensionable
remuneration of the staffmember at the timeof separation. Thecrucial
time of assessment is always the time of separation.
40. The 'yearsof continuous serviceaway from home country' maybe reduced or even totally eliminated if a staff member, after service
away from the home country, is transferred back to a duty station
within his or her own country. In 1964,the CCAQ agreed that en-
titlements in yearsof continuous serviceaway from the home country
should be reduced by one year in respect of each six months of
completed service in the home country and that in the event of a
reposting abroad credit should be restored at that rate until the fuil
previous credit is restored and thereafter credit shouldincrease at the
normal rate. .. Since a staff member is always subject to assignment
to any duty station in the interest of the Organization (Staff Regula-

tion 1.2) it follows that the number of 'years of continuous service
away from home country' that has been accumulated may always be
subject to reduction (or at least until six months prior to separation).
As this 'credit balance' of years of continuous service is subject to
reduction or elimination during service it is submitted that it is not
correct to maintain . ..that a staff member has during his career an
'acquired right' to the amount of repatriation grant calculated by
reference to the 'credit balance'of years of continuous service away
from the home country available to the staff member at any point of
time prior to separation.

41. A staff member may lose al1rights to obtain payment of the
repatriation grant if he is summarily disrnissed(Annex IV to the Staff
Regulations) or if he abandons his post (Staff Rule 109.5 (i),or if he
dies and leaves no surviving dependants (Staff Rule 109.5 (m)).The
benefit maybe reduced if there isachange in the staff member'sstatus
(Staff Rule 109.5 0))or by demotion (Annex IV to the Staff Regula-
tions).

42. It is submitted that when the legislative components of the
scheme, which can reduce, increase or even eliminate the benefit

during service, are examined in their total context it is apparent that
no right to payment of the repatriation benefit or to any part of it can
be'earned'during a staff member's service.Entitlement to thegrant is
dependent upon al1the circumstances existing at the time of separa-
tion and necessarily depends upon fulfilling the eligibility rules in
force at the time of separation.

45. It might be remarked that the Applicant's contention that
entitlement to the repatriation grant and al1its eligibility conditions
are 'earned'during servicewould constitute a far-reachingdefinition
of 'acquired rights' which would substantially derogate from the
authority of the General Assembly under Article 101.1of the United
NationsCharter to establish conditions of serviceforUnitedNations
staff and would practically destroy the significance of the provisions
for amendment made in the regulations themselvesaswellasin letters of appointment." (Mortished v. the Secretary-Generalof the United
Nations, Respondent's Answer, pp. 17-19.)

117. In short, the most reasonable interpretation of thelink between the
amount of a repatriation grant and the length of a retiring staff member's
serviceis that it is simply a convenient formula for calculatingthe amount
of the grant.The question ofwhether astaff member isentitled to the grant
at al1 need not and should not be determined by the existence of the
link.

7. The Tribunal's Conclusionthat the TransitionalRule of Itself 1s

the Source of an Acquired Right
118. It will be observed that the judgement of the Administrative Tri-
bunal, before it reaches its principal, conclusory holding, bases its finding

of an acquired right on two grounds : first, that the United Nations
assumed special, contractual obligations towards Mortished of relevance
to the issue in the case ; and second, that Mortished "earned" the repa-
triation allowance. The first ground has been shown to be baseless. The
second ground has been shown to be unconvincing. The Tribunal also
raised the possibility of a third ground - generation of an acquired right
throughpractice - but itretreated from that groundwithout developingit,
presumably conscious of the difficulties of so doing. Let us turn to the
Tribunal's remaining argument, which is stated in paragraph XVI of its
Judgement in these terms :

"By making payment of the Applicant's repatriation grant con-
ditional on the production of evidence of relocation, the Respon-
dent failed to recognize the Applicant's acquired right, which he held
by virtue of the transitional system in force from 1July to 31 Decem-
ber 1979and set forth in Staff Rule 109.5 fi
The stand taken by the Respondent has had the effect of depriving
the Applicant of payment of the repatriation grant. Recognizing that
theApplicant wasentitled to receivethat grant on the terms defined in
Staff Rule 109.5 0, despite the fact that that rule was no longer in
force on the date of the Applicant's separation from the United
Nations, the Tribunalfindsthat theApplicant sustained injury as the
result of a disregard of Staff Regulation 12.1and Staff Rule 112.2 (a).
The Applicant is thus entitled to compensation for that injury. The
injury should be assessed at the amount of the repatriation grant of

which payment was refused. Accordingly, the Tribunal rules that the
Respondent shallpay to the Applicant, ascompensation, a sumequal
to theamount of the repatriationgrant calculated in accordancewith
Annex IV to the Staff Regulations." 119. It is striking that the Tribunal's most substantial argument is
presented in a few conclusory sentences. The second sentence of the
Tribunal's holding is inaccurate, in stating that :"The stand taken by the
Respondent has had the effect of depriving the Applicant of payment of
the repatriation grant." The fact is that Mortished was entitled to receive

payment of the repatriation grant within two years of his retirement, on
provision of evidence of relocation of his residence outside Switzerland.
Staff Rule 109.5(e)provided as of 1July 1979and thereafter that :"En-
titlement to repatriation grant shall cease if no claim for payment of the
repatriation grant has been submitted within two years after the effective
date of separation." Thus Mortished could have received payment of the
repatriation grant on presentation of evidenceof relocation until any time
before 30April 1982. When his case was heard by the Administrative
Tribunal, Mortished had approximately still one year within which to
relocate in order to qualify for the grant (see the dissenting opinion of
Mr. Herbert Reis in Mortishedv. the Secretary-General,para. 1).But the
essence of the Tribunal's judgement is in the first sentence of para-
graph XVI : Mortished's "acquired right" was held "by virtue of the
transitionalsystemin forcefrom 1 July to 31December 1979 ...".That this
is indeed the core of the Tribunal's reasoning is confirmed by para-
graph XIV, where the Tribunal declares that Mortished's "entitlement ...
came into force on 1July 1979 . ..".

120. The inarticulate essence of this argument may be said to be this.

Whether or not practice in paying the repatriation grant was consistent
with the Staff Regulations and Rules, and whether or not issuance of the
transitional rule was consonant with resolution 33/ 119,the factsare that
the practice was followed for some 30 years and the transitional rule was
issued. Acting in pursuance of his delegated and apparent authority, the
Secretary-General's practice gave rise to an expectation on the part of
Mortished and others similarly situated that they would be paid the
repatriation grant whether ornot they relocated from the country of their
last duty station. That expectation was confirmed and entrenched in 1979
by the issuance of thetransitional rule. Mortished accordinglyis entitled to
rely on the transitional rule, which vested in him an acquired right which
survives the deletion of that rule from the Staff Rules. The authority to
which the staff member must look is the Secretary-General. He cannit be
charged with challenging the regularity of the Secretary-General's inter-
pretation of the Staff Regulations or the resolutions of the General
Assembly. If the General Assembly is dissatisfied with the Secretary-
General's interpretations, it may take appropriate measures but those
measuresmay not trench upon the acquired rights of innocent bystanders
such as Mortished.

121. There is substance in this approach. If the Judgement of the
Administrative Tribunal in Mortishedv. the Secretary-Generalcan be sus- tained, it is only on this basis. It is certainly reasonable to assume that
Mortished and others sirnilarlysituated, havinginformally heard aboutthe
practiceof payment of the repatriationgrant to those who did not relocate,
and perhaps havingwitnessed examplesof that practice, expected that they

too would be similarlytreated. Yet the Judgement of the Administrative
Tribunal rightly and expresslyeschewsbasing itself on thecontention that
the acquired right was generated by practice. Equitable considerations in
favour of Mortished remain, but the practice of itself does not create the
right. What, in thelast analysis, theTribunal maintains is the source of the
acquired right is the fact that, for some seven months, transitional Rule
109.5 (f)was on the books. That rule was indeed on the books ;clearly it
was in force in the brief period before the General Assembly in effect
directed the Secretary-General to delete it. 1sit sufficient to endow Mor-
tished with an acquired right which extends beyond the period when that
rule applied ?

122. It is believed that the transitional rule is not sufficient to endow
Mortished with an acquired right which othenvise he would not have, for
tworeasons. First, under the Statute ofthe Administrative Tribunaland its

jurisprudence, an entitlement such as the repatriation grant may be exer-
cised only in accordance with the conditions governing the entitlement as
of the time its exerciseis sought. Second, under the Statute of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal and itsjurisprudence, the General Assembly retains the
right to issue or require "statutory" amendments to the governing Staff
Regulations or Rules which, even though they impinge upon benefits
accorded to staff members, are not regarded as giving rise to payment of
compensation because of derogation from acquired rights.

123. Mortished could have retired at any time between 30April 1980
and 30April 1982and receivedtherepatriation grant upon presentation of
evidence of relocation. He could have retired and received the grant
without evidence of relocation when transitional Rule 109.5 (f)was in
force ; he was offered that opportunitybut declined. From the viewpoint
of his persona1 interest, it is understandable that he did decline but his
persona1interest does not givehim an immunity fromthe operation of the
law.Under the interpretation whch the Administrative Tribunal itselfhas

given to the law "the entitlement can only existin lawif the staff member,
at the time when he is to begin exercising that entitlement, meets al1the
requirements laid down in the Staff Rules. .." (Ho v. the Secretary-
Generalof the UnitedNations,loc.cit. Seealso Majid v. the UnitedNations
Joint Staff Pension Board,Judgement No. 141,para. IV.) The terms of the
Statute of the Administrative Tribunal itself aredrafted consistently with
thisrule,for Article 2provides that theTribuna1 shallbecompetent tohear
and pass judgement upon applications alleging non-observance of the
contracts of staff members or their terms of appointment and the words
"contracts" or "terms of appointment" include al1pertinent regulationsand rules "in force at the time of allegednon-observance .. .".(Not only
did Mortished fail toexercisehisrights under thetransitional rule at atime
when the rule wasin force. That rule alsowasnotin force when Mortished
transferred to the United Nations in 1958.And it was not in force in 1963
when, after 12 years' service in the United Nations system, Mortished
accumulated his maximum allowance under the repatriation grant.)

124. Moreover, any right withwhichMortished wasinvested by reason
of the transitional rule was subject to divestment. Regulation 12.1of the
Staff Regulations provides :

"These Regulations may be supplemented or amended by the Gen-
eral Assembly,without prejudice to the acquired rights of staff mem-
bers."

It isnot a sufficient answer to Saythat Mortished had an acquired right by
reason of thetransitional rule and that therefore provision for amendment
of the Regulations (or consequential Rules) cannot prejudice that acquired
right. For the amendment to the Staff Rules which the Secretary-General
made in implementation of the directive contained in General Assembly
resolution 34/ 165to delete Rule 109.5(fl wasan amendment of a statutory
and not a persona1character. The amendment generally affected the con-
ditions of eligibility for the repatriation grant. It did not affect aontrac-
tua1element of the relations running between Mortished and the Secre-
tary-General. Rather, because conditions of eligibilityfor therepatriation
grant apply to al1staff members equally and therefore are, in the words of
the United Nations Administrative Tribunal "matters being statutory
which affect in general the organization of the international civil service,
and the need forits proper functioning" (the Kaplancase,quoted above at
para. 97), these eligibilityconditions "may alwaysbe changed at any time
through regulations established by the General Assembly, and these
regulations are binding on staff members" (ibid.).

8. The Balance of Equitable Considerations

125. It is clear that Mortished had reason to expect that he would be
paid the repatriation grant regardless of provision of evidence of reloca-
tion ;the equitable considerations running inhisfavour are substantial. At
the same time,it would be implausible to conclude that Mortished did not
gain an acquired right by reason of his contract, did not by reason of
administrative practice, but did gain an acquired right not to provide
evidence of relocation by reason of a transitional rule in force for seven
months but not in force when he sought to exercise the right allegedly
acquired, when it is also considered that : - the administrativepractice did not conform to the letter or the spirit
of Rule 109.5, notably Rule 109.5 (a), as that Rule has stood since
1953 :
- theadministrativepracticedidnotconform to the letter or thespirit of
Rule 104.7 (c), which, as far as is known, was in force at al1 relevant
times ;
- there is no evidence that the General Assembly wasinformed of, still
less approved, the administrativepractice before 1976and, from the time
atwhichit clearlywasinformed of thepractice,it grewincreasingly critical

of it, passing two resolutions expressly designed to overrule it ;

- the transitional rule was issued in clear conflict with the terms and
intent of the General Assembly resolution governing it, resolution 33/
119 ;
- the General Assembly overturned the transitional rule with unusual
speed and decisiveness as soon as it could possibly do so.

126. Room remains for a difference of opinion as to which way the
balance of equities in this caseinclines. It may wellbe said that Mortished

should not be penalized for the actions of the Secretary-General's asso-
ciates. But the equities are not one-sided.

9. Was the Administrative TribunalEntitled to Apply
Resolution34/165 ?

127. It might be maintained that the AdministrativeTribunal was not
entitled to applyresolution 34/ 165on the ground that that resolution did
not amend the Staff Regulations or expressly and in terms direct the
Secretary-General to issue a Staff Rule. The competence of theTribunal is
defined by Article 2ofits Statute, whichprovides thatit shallhear and pass

judgement upon applications alleging non-observance of staff contracts
or terms of appointment. Article 2 defines "contracts" and "terms of
appointment" toinclude "al1pertinent regulationsand rulesin force at the
time of the allegednon-observance ...". It does not refer toresolutions of
the General Assembly which do not contain amendments to those Staff
Regulations or Rules. Hence, it may be argued, if the Administrative
Tribunaldid not giveimmediate effect to resolution 34/ 165,itsjudgement
was warranted for it was not competent to give any effect to that resolu-
tion.

128. Such an argument would be unsound. As this Court in the Fasla
case has "pointed out. .. under Article 101,paragraph 1,of the Charter
theGeneral Assemblyis givenpower toregulate staff relations ..." (I.C.J.
Reports 1973, p. 173).This holding mirrors that of the Court in Effect of538 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

Awards of CompensationMade by the UnitedNations Administrative Tri-
bunal,Advisory Opinion,1.C.J. Reports1954,pp. 47,58,6 1,wherethe Court
also held that, "The General Assembly could at al1times limit or control
the powers of the Secretary-General in staff matters by virtue of the
provisions of Article 101" (ibid., p. 60). "In regard to the Secretariat, the
General Assemblyis givenby the Charter apower to makeregulations ...
There is no lack of power to deal effectivelywith any problem that may

arise ..." (Ibid., p. 6.)There isno prescriptionthat the Assembly'spower
to regulate must be exercised solely in the form of the Staff Regulations
and amendments thereto. No provision of the Charteror resolution of the
General Assembly or article of the Staff Regulations so indicates. As the
Court earlier held, it must be acknowledged that its Members, by entrust-
ing certain functions to the United Nations, "have clothed it with the
competence required to enable those functions to be effectively dis-
charged" (Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United
Nations, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 179). "Under inter-
national law, the Organization must be deemed to have those powers
which, thoughnot expresslyprovidedin the Charterare conferredupon it
by necessary implication as being essential to the performance of its
duties." (Ibid., p. 182.)

129. The General Assembly has not infrequently adopted resolutions

which are meant to regulate and do regulate staff relations but have done
so in a form which does not prescribe or amend the Staff Regulations or
direct changes in the Staff Rules. Among such resolutions are :976(X) on
cost-of-livingadjustment and dependency allowances for Headquarters
personnel ; 1310 (XIII) on pensionable remuneration of staff ; 2480
(XXIII) on composition of theSecretariat ;2736(XXV)on composition of
the Secretariat ; 3198(XXVIII)on standards of accommodation for offi-
cial travel of United Nations staff ;3418 (XXX) on the United Nations
Salarysystem ;31/26 on composition of the Secretariat ; 31/193 (B),on
Joint Inspection Unit (Salaries and Conditions of Servicefor Members of
the Secretariat) ;33/ 143on personnel questions ;and 35/210 on person-
nel questions. Examination of these resolutions demonstrates how sig-
nificantly and in what varied ways the General Assembly has chosen to
exerciseits authority to regulate staff relations while at times not choosing
to do soby way of amendment of the Staff Regulations or consequential

Rules. Examples of such resolutions are referred to in the next paragraph,
in which precedents for the Administrative Tribunal taking account of
such resolutions are cited.

130. The Administrative Tribunal of the United Nations has amassed
ampleprecedent for taking account in itsjudgements of resolutions of the
General Assembly which regulate the staff without amending the Staff
Regulations or necessarily entailing revision of the Staff Rules. For exam-ple,inJudgementNo. 67,Harrisetal. v.theSecretary-Generalofthe United
Nations, the Tribunal held as follows :

"5. It is therefore necessary to consider whether, as the Applicants
maintain, their claim to tax reimbursement receivesany support from
the resolutions of the General Assembly.
These resolutions have not been embodied in the Staff Rules, but
the Respondent does not dispute that the resolutions, together with
the Secretary-General'scirculars by which they were put into effect,
are, with respect to the staff members to whom they apply, part of the
terms of appointment which it is the Tribunal's duty to take into
account under Article2 of the Statute.
Until 1955 the Assembly did not adopt any resolution making
permanent provision for the reimbursement of national taxes ;but as
a result of the permanent staff assessment scheme and the unaltered
position of the United States, the reimbursement system was carried

over from year to year without being embodied in the Staff Rules."
(Judgementsofthe UnitedNationsAdministrative Tribunal,AT/DEC/
1 to 70, p. 395.)
In Powell v. the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Judgement
No. 237, the Administrative Tribunal recalled that :

"It wasnotuntil thetaxreimbursementsystemhad been established
on a permanent basis that the provisionsrelating to staff assessment
and to tax reimbursement were introduced by General Assembly
resolution 1095 (XI) into the Staff Regulations as Regulation 3.3"
(P. 14.)

There is no suggestion that the Administrative Tribunal regarded such
provisions as any the less effective or in any measurebeyond its compe-
tence in the period before they were introduced into the Staff Regula-
tions.
131. One further case, among a number which could be cited, estab-
lishes that, in the case-law of theAdministrativeTribunal, the Tribunal is
entitled to takeaccount of and applyGeneral Assembly resolutions which
affect the status of the staff but do not necessarily amend the Staff
Regulations or require amendment of the Staff Rules :

"The Tribunal has consistentlymaintained that the Resolutions of
the General Assembly constitute, asfar as the staff members to whom
they apply are concerned,conditions of employment to be taken into
account by the Tribunal (Judgements No. 67, Harris et al., para. 5 ;
No. 236, Belchamber, para. XVI ; No. 237, Powell, para. XI). The
Tribunal therefore holds that resolution 31/193 B II could be relied
upon asabasis for thenon-payment of salaryincircumstances suchas
those of the present case, even before being incorporated in the Staff
Regulations pursuant to General Assembly decision 33/433. VIII. The Applicant contends further that the Respondent was
estoppedby hisownconduct and by theconduct ofhisrepresentatives
from relying on resolution 31 / 193B II. She argues that the Respon-
dent, by fading to take any steps for two years to incorporate reso-
lution 31 /193BIIinto the Staff Regulations, demonstrated his inten-
tion not to act on it . ..
IX. The Tribunal, having determined that a resolution of the Gen-

eral Assembly was binding on the Applicant, observes that the fact
that the Respondent did not press for General Assembly action to
incorporate the text into the Staff Regulationsdid not affect his right
to apply the resolution to the Applicant." (Smith v. the Secretary-
Generalof the UnitedNations, Judgement 249, pp. 17 to 18.)

IO. Did the Administrative Tribunal Determinethat Resolution 34/165
Could notBe GivenImmediate Effect ?

132. It has been maintained that thejudgement of the Administrative
Tribunal in Mortished v. the Secretary-Generaldid not determine that
resolution 34/165 could not be given immediate effect in requiring, for
payment of repatriation grants, evidence of relocation to a country other
than the country of the staff member's lastduty station. It thus issuggested
that thequestion put to the Court for an advisory opinion misconstrues the
Tribunal'sjudgement. This conclusion is indeed shared by the Opinion of

the Court (see para. 55).

133. The reasons that may be advanced in support of thisconclusion are
several,and not whollyconsistent. One is that the Tribunal barely referred
in itsjudgement to resolution 34/ 165and made no express determination
that it could not be given immediate effect. A second is that the Tribunal
did giveimmediate effect to resolution 34/ 165in sofar asitcouldbe given
such effect without impairing acquired rights. A third is that not only did
the Tribunal give immediate effect to resolution 34/165 but that its so
doing is the precondition of its judgement. These reasons will be con-
sidered in turn.

134. It is true that the judgement of the Administrative Tribunal in
Mortishedv. the Secretary-Generaldoes not extensivelyrefer to resolution
34/165, and it contains no express refusa1to apply that resolution. That
hardly shows that the Tribunal did not fail to give that resolution imme-

diate effect. In any event,what isessential isthe realeffectof theTribuna17s
judgement, however modest its references to resolution 34/ 165and how-
ever lacking thejudgement is in an express determination that resolution
34/ 165couldnot be givenimmediate effect.As the Court put it in the Fasla
case, ". ..the Court must have regard to the substance of the matter and
not merely to the form" (I.C.J. Reports1971,pp. 189-190).If in substance,
ifin reality, thejudgement of theAdministrative Tribunalin the Mortishedcase did not give immediate effect to resolution 34/ 165, then the Com-
mittee on Applications did not rnisconstrue that judgement in requesting
an Advisory Opinion on whether the Tribunal's determination was war-
ranted.
135. It is perfectly plain that, in fact, thejudgement of the Adminis-
trative Tribunal in the Mortished case does not give immediate effect to
resolution 34/ 165,except, arguably, in a marginal fashion. It is a fact that
the judgement of the Administrative Tribunal actually determined that
General Assemblyresolution 34/ 165could not be givensubstantial imme-
diate effect. This is so because Mortished and staff members similarly
situated may rely on the transitional rule soas to avoid the requirement of

providing evidence of relocation to a country other than that of their last
duty station. For some years, virtually every retiring or resigning staff
member eligibleforarepatriation grant willrely,inthe computation of the
amount of the grants claimed to be due, on years and months of service
rendered before 1 July 1979.By reason of thejudgement of the Admini-
strative Tribunal, they

"shall retain theentitlementtorepatriation grantproportionate to the
years and months of servicequalifying for the grant which they had

already accrued at that date without the necessity of production of
evidenceof relocation withrespect to suchqualifying service"(former
Rule 109.5 0).
Bysustaining the Tribunal'sjudgement, as the Court's Opinion does, it is
difficult to see what, if any, immediate effect resolution 34/165 willhave,
except asregardsthe odd staff member whowillshortlyretire orresignbut
who did not accrue servicebefore 1July 1979.As time passes, more and
moreof those leavingthe Organization willnot have accrued someor al1of
their credit towards the repatriation grant before that date ; accordingly,
resolution 34/ 165 willhave increasing effect. But its immediate effect is
modest. Moreover, resolution 34/ 165prescribes that "no" staff member

shall be entitled to "any part" of the repatriation grant unless evidence of
relocation is provided. For years, virtually everyretiring or resigning staff
member will seek credit for some part of the repatriation grant which
accrued before 1July 1979.By reason of the Tribunal's judgement in the
Mortishedcase, staff members not providing evidenceof relocation willbe
entitled to that part of the grant that accrued before 1July 1979,a result
which cannot be reconciled with giving immediate effect to resolution
34/ 165.

136. If it be argued that the Tribunal'sMortishedjudgement gave im-
mediate effect to resolution 34/ 165in sofar asitcouldbe givensucheffect
without impairing acquired rights, and therefore, that thejudgement was
warranted (see, in this regard, paras. 75-76of the Court's Opinion), it canonly be so if the finding of acquired rights is warranted. For the reasons
which have been set out in this dissenting opinion, a finding of acquired
rights was not warranted and, asjust shown, by reason of its finding of
acquired rights, the practical, immediate effect given by the Tribunal to
resolution 34/165 is so slender as to justify a request for an advisory
opinion in the stated terms. It may be observed that this argument for the
conclusion that the Tribunal did giveeffect to resolution 34/ 165requires
the Court to lookat themerits of theTribunal's holding on acquired rights,

for, if acquired rights do not obtain in this case, then the claimed basis for
theTribunal's treatment of resolution 34/ 165vanishes. Resolution 34/ 165
can have been rightly reconciled by the Tribunal with acquired rights only
if there were such rights. The Court's Opinion appears to recognize this,
yet it shrinks from appraisal of the vaiidity of the Tribunal'sholding on
acquired rights which this recognition demands by taking shelter in its
claim that the business of the Court is not to pass upon the merits of that
holding (paras. 74, 76).

137. The third argument is the subtlest. In maintains that the very
existence of resolution 34/165 was the precondition of the Tribunal's
judgement in the Mortished case and, that being so, the Tribunal neces-
sarily gaveeffect - indeed, immediate effect - to it. On what ground, this
line of reasoning asks, did the Tribunal arrive at the conclusion that
Mortished should be paid compensation for an injury assessed in a sum
equal to the amount of the repatriation grant ? On the ground that it

recognized that the Secretary-General had given effect to resolution 34/
165 in denying Mortished his repatriation allowance ; that this denial
injuredMortished byviolatinghisacquired rights ;and that compensation
must be paid for the injury. So there is no reason to complain that the
Tribunal failed to give immediate effect to resolution 34/165 ;on the
contrary, its judgement is posited on its having done so. The Court's
Opinion takes such an approach (see paras. 55-56).

138. This reasoning isboth logicaland unpersuasive. Rather than giving
genuine effect to the terms and intent of resolution 34/165, it stands that
resolution on its head. This argument in actuality says to the General
Assembly : resolution 34/ 165admittedly provides and means to provide
"that effective 1January 1980no staff member shallbeentitled to anypart
of the repatriation grant unless evidence of relocation away from the
country of the last dutystation isprovided". Thus no staff member shallbe

paid any part of therepatriation grant without provision of such evidence.
However, such staff members shall be paid a sum equal to the amount to
which they would have been entitled had not resolution 34/165 been
adopted. That fact does not mean that resolution 34/165 is not given
immediate effect. Why not ?Because the sums paid to the staff members
are not payment of the repatriation grant, but payments in compensation
for the denial of payment of the repatriation grant. 139. Simply to state this argument is to declare its disability. The
General Assembly had an object in view in adopting resolution 34/ 165,
namely, to require that any staff member leaving the Organization who
seeksto receivea sum of money calculated on the basis of the repatriation
grant shall receiveany part of that sum only if he or sheprovides evidence
of relocation. That object is in no way given immediate or any effect by
paying the whole of that very sum to a staff member who does not provide
that evidence, not as a repatriation grant but as compensation for its
denial. On the contrary, such a process defeats the terms of resolution
34/ 165and the intent of the General Assembly in adopting that resolu-
tion.

140. Butit may be said, theGeneral Assemblyisnot ajudicial body and
it isnot forit tojudge whether such staff members had an acquired right to
payment of the repatriation grant regardless of relocation ;the General
Assembly did not by resolution 34/ 165or otherwise purport to override
acquired rights ; on thecontrary, Staff Regulation 12.1remains in force,in
general and accordingly with reference to the repatriation grant ; thus the
General Assembly - which had been warned by the United Nations
Under-Secretary-General and the legal counsel of the various United
Nations agenciesof the existenceof an acquired right - must be deemed to
have left it to the Administrative Tribunal to decide whether or not an
acquired right obtains. The Administrative Tribunal has decided that staff

members do have an acquired right to payment of the repatriation grant,
and that should be the end of the matter.
141. It is truethat the General Assemblyisnot ajudicialbody ;it isalso
true that it did not decide to override acquired rights ; and it is true that it
left the initial judicial decision over whether there is an acquired right to
the repatriation grant to the Administrative Tribunal. But the authorized
organ of the General Assembly has requested this Court to review that
judgement of the Administrative Tribunal because it has concluded that
there is substantial basis for challenging it on the grounds that that
judgement embodieserror on aquestion oflawrelating to the provisions of
the Charter of the United Nations and constitutes an excessofjurisdiction

or competence. That challenge cannot be disposed of by a kind of legal
legerdemain, which suggests to the General Assembly that al1is defini-
tively and well settled because Mortished will be paid the exact sum of
money in controversy from one account rather than another.
\

Il. The Tribunal'sJudgementErred on Quessiom of Law Relating to Pro-
visions of the Charter and Exceeded the TribMalS Jikzsdiction

142. When measured against the grounds of objection listed in Arti-
cle 11 of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal which have been
invoked by the Committee on Applications, the Tribunal's judgement in
the Mortished case presents essentially these questions : - Did the Administrative Tribunal have thejurisdiction or competence
not to give immediate effect to resolution 34/ 165 ?
- Was the exercise of such authority error on a question of law relating
to provisions of the United Nations Charter ?

- Did the Tribunal's finding of acquired rights afford it an authority to
avoid giving effect to resolution 34/ 165which it otherwise lacks ?
143. It is submitted that it has been shown above (paras. 132-139)that
what the Administrative Tribunal actually did by the force of its judge-
ment in Mortished v. the Secretary-Generalwas to deprive of substantial,
immediate effect a resolution of the General Assembly by which the

Assembly meant to regulate and did regulate an aspect of staff conditions
of service as of 1January 1980.In so doing, the AdministrativeTribunal
exceeded its jurisdiction. That jurisdiction is defined by the Tribunal's
Statute. The Court has rightly treated the Tribunal's "acting within the
limits of its statutory competence" (as well as its being a "properly con-
stituted Tribunal") as preconditions of its rendering a valid award (Effect
of Awards of Compensation Made by the United Nations Administrative
Tribunal, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1954, pp. 50, 51). The defi-
nition of the Tribunal's jurisdiction in Article 2 of its Statute does not
provide for or imply a power to override resolutions of the General
Assembly. Indeed, the travaux préparatoiresindicate the contrary. The
report of the Fifth Committee on the establishment of the Administrative

Tribunal States, in respect of Article 2 of the Statute :

"the tribunal would have to respect the authority of the General
Assembly to make such alterations and adjustments in the Staff
Regulations as circumstances might require. It was understood that
the Tribunal would bear in mind the General Assembly'sintent not to

allow the creation of any such acquired rights as would frustrate
measures which the Assemblyconsidered necessary ...No objection
was voiced in the Committee to those interpretations, subject to the
representative of Belgaum expressing the view that the text of the
Statute would beauthoritative and that it would be for the Tribunal to
make its own interpretations." (United Nations, GeneralAssembly
Official Records, Fourth Session,Annexes, Agenda Item 44, p. 166.)

144. To posit an authority of theAdministrative Tribunalto set aside or
overruledecisions of the General Assemblyis toinvest theTribunal with a
power ofjudicial reviewvis-à-vis the Assembly.But the Tribunal does not
enjoy that extraordinary power. Broadly speaking, the General Assembly
itself lacks Iegislative authority its resolutions are recommendatory. But
in thevery restricted sphere of its law-making competence,whichincludes
establishing conditions of serviceof the staff pursuant to Article 101(1)of
the Charter, the lawlaid down by theGeneral Assembly binds not only the
Secretary-General and the staff but the Administrative Tribunal as well.Accordingly, when the Administrative Tribunal in substance sets aside
that law, it exceeds its jurisdiction.

145. The Court's Opinion holds otherwise.The Court's conclusionthat
the Tribunal's judgement does not override resolution 34/ 165and hence
exceed the Tribunal's jurisdiction appears to be based on the following
holdings : the Tribunal acted within the lirnitsof Article 2 of its Statute ;
and, even if the Tribunal's judgement on acquired rights with which the
Tribunal gaveeffect to rather than overroderesolution 34/ 165iswrong on
themerits, thatjudgement on the merits hasnothing to dowith an excessof
jurisdiction (para. 80).The Court avoids the question of whether the Tri-
bunal's judgement misconstrues the intent of the General Assembly in
adopting resolution 34/ 165.
146. It is submittedthat theCourt's reasoning isunpersuasive, for these
reasons. First, there is no justification for avoiding the intent of the

General Assemblyin adopting resolution 34/ 165(seepara. 89,supra).The
language of the resolution is plain ; and the tenor of the debate which
preceded its adoption even plainer. The Under-Secretary-General of the
United Nations understood perfectly the meaning of resolution 34/ 165
before its adoption - Le.,complete revocation of the transitional rule -
and explicitlywarned theAssemblyagainst adopting it forthat veryreason
(supra, paras. 79, 80, 81, 84). It is accordingly the harder to credit the
failure of the Court to recognizewhat the record so emphatically demon-
strates. Second, it is perfectly true that the Tribunal acted, prima facie,
within itsjurisdiction or competence in ruling on Mortished's claim. But
that is not the issue.The issue rather is :did it act within itsjurisdiction in
not giving immediate effect to resolution 34/ 165 ? The Court deals with
that issue by advancing arguments designed to show that actually the

Tribunal did giveeffect to resolution 34/ 165.But, since, as this dissenting
opinion has endeavoured to demonstrate, those arguments do not with-
stand analysis, it is believed that this endeavour of the Court fails. Third,
the Court's conclusion that, even if the Tribunal's holding on acquired
rights was erroneous, such error would not constitute an excess of juris-
diction, is a conclusion which is, it is submitted, unduly simplistic. The
essenceof the defence of theTribunal's judgement to the charge of excess
ofjurisdiction is that there was no excess but simply a reconciliation of
resolution 34/ 165with pre-existing and continuing acquired rights. But if
there were no acquired rights, then there could not have been such a
reconciliation. The Court itself does not pass upon whether there were
acquired rights ; it contents itself with reciting the reasoning of the Tri-
bunal's judgement and stating that it is not its business to judge it. But

when the merits of theTribunal's judgement are examined, it is clear that
itsjudgement on this critical question is predominantly unpersuasive. If it
isaccepted that theTribunal's holding on acquired rights is unsound, then
it follows that theTribunal did not giveeffect to resolution 34/ 165,from
whichit follows that it exceeded itsjurisdiction by failing to do so. Its not
givingeffect to resolution 34/ 165alsoconstituted an error on a question oflawrelating toprovisions of the United NationsCharter,but that fact does
not weaken the conclusion about jurisdictional excess. It may be said to
make that conclusion unnecessary, because, on the ground of error on a
question of law alone, the Tribunal's judgement in Mortished v. the
Secretary-Generalof the UnitedNations should not be sustained.

147. The question of whether theAdministrative Tribunal exceeded its
jurisdiction - the question of the relativepowers of the General Assembly
and the Administrative Tribunal and the interplay of their exercise in this
case - also isaquestion of lawrelating to provisions of the UnitedNations
Charter. That question engages primarily Article 101 (l), for it is by that
~rovision that. as the Court has more than once held. "the General
Âssembly is &en power to regulate staff relations. . ."'(secpara. 128,
supra). But the question relates or may relate to other Charter articles as
well : to the authority of the Secretary-General as chef administrative
officer of the Organization under Article 97,to the budgetary authority of
the General Assembly under Article 17 and to the General Assembly's
power to establish subsidiaryorgans under Article 22. It may relate to the

distribution of implied powers which arise by intendment from theChar-
ter. But forpresent purposes, al1that need be recalled is that neither under
Article 101 nor any other Charter article, nor under its Statute, is the
Administrative Tribunal authorized to vitiate a resolution adopted by the
General Assembly.

148. The failure of theAdministrative Tribunal to giveimmediate effect
to a binding resolution of the General Assembly constituted error on a
question of law relating to provisions of the United Nations Charter.
Article 101(1)provides that the staff shall be appointed by the Secretary-
General under regulations established by the General Assembly - regu-
lations which "embody the fundamental conditions of service.. . of
the United Nations Secretariat" (Staff Regulations, scope and purpose).
"Under Article 101, paragraph 1, of the Charter, the General Assem-
bly is given power to regulate staff relations ..." (I.C.J. Reports 1973,
p. 173). Resolution 34/ 165, while it did not amend the Staff Regula-
tions, constituted a regulation of the conditions of serviceof the Secretariat,

a regulation which the Administrative Tribunal was bound to apply by
reason of Article 101 (1) (and its own jurisprudence interpreting that
article ;see paras. 130-131,supra).By not givingeffect to that resolution,
the Administrative Tribunal acted in derogation of Article 101 (1) and
so erred on a question of law "relating toma provision of the Charter.
That is al1 that is required by Article 11 of the Tribunal's Statute. The
Tribunal need not have acted in direct contravention of a Charter provi-
sion ; it need merely err in relation to a Charter provision. That it did by
failing to give effect to an exercise of the General Assembly's regulatoryauthority under Article 101 (1) by reason of unfounded reliance on
acquired rights.

149. While the essential error of law relating to a Charter provision is
the Tribunal's failure to give effect to an exercise of the General Assem-
bly'sregulatory authority under Article 101(l), that error embraces more
particular errors. Regulation 11.2of the Staff Regulations provides that
the Administrative Tribunal shall, "under conditions prescribed in its
Statute", pass judgement upon applications from staff members alleging
non-observance of their terms of appointment, including "al1 pertinent
regulations and rules". The conditions ofthe Statute, in Article 2,prescribe
that theTribunal shallapply "al1pertinent regulations and rulesin force at
the time of the alleged non-observance ...".The Tribunal erred in apply-
ing in favour of Mortished a rule not in force at the time of the alleged
non-observance, namely, the deleted Rule 109.5 0, which had been de-
leted by reason of the application of resolution 34/ 165.Its applying that
deleted rule thus conflicted with an exercise of the General Assembly's
authority under Article 101(1).The Tribunal alsomayhave erred infailing

to apply a pertinent rule which was in force at the time of the alleged
non-observance,namely, Rule 104.7 (c).Its interpretation of AnnexIV to
the Staff Regulations - "In principle, the repatriation grant shall be
payable to staff members whom the Organization is obligated to repa-
triate" - also erred in derogating from the General Assembly'sauthority
to regulate staff relations under Article 101(1) because it failed to give
adequate weight to the reiterated intent of the General Assembly in
adopting and maintaining that provision. Moreover, in so far as the
AdministrativeTribunal deflected the incontestable intent of the General
Assemblyin adopting resolutions 33/ 119and 34/ 165,and construed those
resolutions in afashion inconsonant with that intent, it erred ona question
of law relating to a provision of the Charter, namely, the authority of the
General Assembly to regulate the staff under Article 101(1).

150. The Court's Opinion makes no room for the conclusion that the
judgement of the Administrative Tribunal erred on a question of law
relating to provisions of the United Nations Charter. It agrees that the
Tribunal must "accept and apply the decision? of the General Assembly
made in accordance with Article 101of the Charter". It concludes that the
Tribunal did. Why ?Because it "was faced . ..not only with resolution34/ 165 ... but also with Staff
Regulation 12.1 ... it had therefore to interpret and apply these two
sets of rules. ..Thequestion is not whether the Tribunal was right or
wrong in the wayit performedthis task ...the question - indeed, the
only matter on which the Court can pass, - is whether the Tribunal
erred on a question of law relating to the provisions of the Charter of
the United Nations. This it clearly did not do when it attempted only
to apply to Mr. Mortished's case the relevant Staff Regulations and

Rules made under the authority of the General Assembly." (Para.
76.)

15 1. It is submitted that this is thecentral error of the Court's Opinion.
For the reasonsadvanced in the preceding paragraphs, precisely what the
Tribunal did in purporting to reconcile resolution 34/ 165with non-exis-
tent acquiredrights wasto commitan error of lawin relation toprovisions
of the Charter, notably, Article 101(1). Byresolution 34/165 the General
Assembly, acting under Article 101(l), regulated the terms of eligibility
for the repatriation grant ; by itsjudgement, the Tribunal avoided giving
immediate effect to theAssembly'sregulation ;on this count above al1but
on others as well(supra, paras. 147-149),the Tribunal thereby erred on a
question oflawrelating toa provision of theCharter, sinceit frustrated the
express and intended effect of an exerciseof the Assembly'sCharter-given
regulatory power. It avails the Court nothing to take refuge in the con-
clusion that it cannot properly resolve whether or not the Tribunal's
holding on acquired rights was right but that "clearly" whether the Tri-

bunal was right or wrong did not constitute an error of law relating to
Charter ~rovisions.That conclusion isnot clearat all. It takes not merelv a
narrow ionstruction of the Court's authority which is questionable (Ga-
ras. 19-29,supra). Even on the Court's own constrained construction of its
jurisdiction, it is unsupportable because the Tribunal's conclusions so
clearly derogate from the regulatory authority of the General Assem-
bly.

152. It may be added that the question of whether Mortished has an
acquiredrightin thiscaserelatesnot only to Article 101 (l), but, arguably,
to Articles 101(3) and 100of the Charter as well. It has been maintained,
and reasonably maintained, that the implementation of acquired rights
where justified bears upon the realization of the staff's efficiencyc ,ompe-
tence and integrityfor whichprovision is foundinArticle 101(3),and that
it relates as well to the maintenance of the exclusively international
responsibility of the staff under Article 100.It is worth emphasizingthat

the Mortished case does not deal with questions of acquired rights in the
abstract or inthemanycontextsin whichtheymay arise.It rather concerns
the very particular question of the acquired rights of international civil
servants, a question which must be consideredin the singularcontext ofinternational organizationsand in the light of thejurisprudence concern-
ingacquiredrights whichhas developedin theinternational administrative
tribunals. Thus, while what those tribunals and this Court rnay Sayabout
acquiredrights in thiscontext rnayhave little orno application to acquired
rights in other contexts, it rnay certainly "relate to" those Charter articles
that are the foundation of the international legal character of the United
Nations Secretariat. Evenif anarrow viewoftheCourt'sjurisdiction under
Article 11 of the Tribunal's Statute is taken, there accordingly rnay be

ground for examining the merits of the Tribunal's holding of acquired
rightsin this casein addition to that soclearlyprovided by Article 101(1).
If the Tribunal's holding is found to be flawed, if it is found to extend the
doctrine of acquired rights to an unreasonable extent, its so doing rnay be
said not only to prejudice the regulatory powers of the General Assembly
under Article 101(l), but to bear adversely on Articles 101(3)and 100in
so far as undue extension of acquired rights rnay weaken those rights
within their proper limits, rights which, when so limited, reinforce the
effectiveness of those articles. For the reasons set out in this dissenting
opinion,it is submitted that the holding of theAdministrativeTribunal in
the case of Mortished v. the Secretaiy-General of the United Nations is
seriously flawed and does extend the doctrine of acquired rights unrea-
sonably.

153. Did theAdministrativeTribunal's finding of Mortished's acquired

rights afford it an authority to avoid giving effect to resolution 34/165
which it otherwise lacks ? As noted, it has been maintained that the
Tribunal didnot so much fail togiveimmediate effect to resolution34/ 165
as to weigh against that resolution Mortished's acquired rights. It is
maintained that what the Tribunal did was to reconcile resolution 34/ 165
withhs pre-existingand continuingacquiredrights ;sinceit upheld those
rights, it could give effect to resolution 34/165 only in so far as it was
consistent with them.

154. As submitted above, this approach can bepersuasive onlyin sofar
as the holding that Mortished had acquired rights is soundly based. It is
believed that it has been shown above that it is not soundlybased. Thus in
sofar as theTribunal's finding of acquiredrights is thejustification fornot
givingimmediate effect to resolution 34/ 165in accordancewith its terms
and the intent of the General Assembly, that justification fails, i.e., the
finding of acquiredrights is thesource of theTribunal's errorinfrustrating
the Charter-given authority of the General Assembly to regulate staff

relations pursuant to Article 101 (1). Of course, this conclusion can be
reached only by an analysis of the merits of the Tribunal's holding that
Mortished had an acquired right to a repatriation grant without provi-
sion of evidence of relocation. For this reason of itself, it is submitted that
the Court could not and should not avoid evaluating the merits of thejudgement of the Administrative Tribunal in Mortishedv. the Secretary-
General.

155. Finally it may benoted that the Tribunal's judgement on acquired
rights relates not only to Article 101(1) by reason of its frustrating the
exerciseof the Assembly'sauthority under that article. If the broader view
of the jurisdiction of the Court under Article 11 of its Statute is taken
(supra, paras. 18-29), the Court then has an additional jurisdictional
ground for consideration of the merits of the Tribunal's judgement,
namely, that it is entitled to review on its own merits the Tribunal's
interpretation of the Staff Regulations that derive from Article 101(1) -
provided that review is of an "exceptional" case. The Mortished case, the
first case brought to the Court under Article 11 at the initiative of a

member State, clearly is exceptional, because it raises extraordinary issues
of the relations and relationships between the General Assembly on the
onehand, and, on theother, the Secretary-General, theInternational Civil
ServiceCommission, the Advisory Committee on Co-ordination, the Con-
sultative Committee on Administrative Questions, and, most of all, the
Administrative Tribunal. Should the Court exercise that jurisdiction, it
cannot, for the reasons set forth above, conclude that the Tribunal's
interpretation ofacquired rights in theMortishedcaseisconsistent with the
Staff Regulations as that concept has been developed in thejurisprudence
of the Administrative Tribunals of the United Nations System.

(Signed) Stephen M. SCHWEBEL. APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. SCHWEBEL)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs
SUMMAR(Y pp. 454-457)

1. The provisions of theStatute of the Court and the Court's
judicial character
2. The provisions of the Statute of the Administrative Tribu-
nal

A. The terms of those provisions
B. The travaux préparatoires of those provisions
(i) Justification for recourse to preparatory work
(ii) The Court suggestsjudicial review of Administrative
Tribunal Judgements

(iii) The General Assembly takes up the Court's sugges-
tion
(iv) The report of the Secretary-General on reviewoce-
dures
(v) The meetings and report of the Special Committee
(vi) Consideration by the Fifth Committee

C. Conclusions on the scope of the Court's reviewauthority in
respect of error of law 29-30

3. The Court's interpretation of theatutes of the Administra-
tive Tribunal in thenesco Officiais and Fasla cases 31-38

A. The Unesco Officiais case
B. The Fasla case

II. THEORIGINS AND DEVELOPMEN OF THE REPATRIATIO GRANT

1. The initiation and intent of the repatriation grant1949-
1950
2. Departure from the General Assembly'sintent by the CCAQ
in 1951-1952
3. The General Assembly apparently is not informed that prac-
tice departed from principle
4. The General Assembly is informed that relocation to a third
countrysuffices
5. The CCAQ's rationale for the practice

6. Amendments to the Staff Regulations do not inform the Gen-
eral Assembly of the practice
7. The practice is first aired in the General Assembly in 1976
8. The CCAQ does not mention the practice552 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. SCHWEBEL)

Paragraphs

9. The revealing report of the ICSC of 1978 54-55
IO. Fifth Committee response to the ICSC Report 56-57

11. The General Assembly barspayment to non-relocating staff by
resolution 33/119 58-59
12. The frustration of resolution 33/ 119 60-64

A. The Secretary-General's Circular 60
B. The ICSC recommends a transitional rule 61
C. The opinion of the Office of Legal Affairs 62
D. The texts of Staff Regulation 9.4,Annex IVand Staff Rule
109.5 63

E. Analysis of the opinion of the Office of Legal Affairs 64

13. The failure to apply Staff Rule 104.7 65-66

14. The Secretary-General issues transitional Rule 109.5 (fj 67
15. Reaction in theGeneral Assembly againsttheinterpretation of
resolution 33/ 119by the ICSC and the Secretary-General: the
adoption of resolution 34/ 165 68-88
16. The intent of the General Assembly in adopting resolution

34/ 165 89-90

III. THEADMINISTRATIT VREIBUNAL'JSUDGEMENT INMORTISHED
V. SECRETARY-GENERAL 91-155

1. Were special, contractual obligations of relevance assumed
towards Mortished ?
2. Case law of the Administrative Tribunal's cuts against Mor-
tished's claim
3. The Tribunal's summary of the evolution of practice concern-
ing the repatriation grant
4. The question of retroactive effacement of Mortished'stitle-
ment
5. The Tribunal's construction of the intent of the General
Assembly in adopting resolution 34/ 165

6. The Tribunals' holding that the repatriation grant was
earned
7. The Tribunal's conclusion that the transitionalle of itself is
the source of an acquired right
8. The balance of equitable considerations
9. Was the Administrative Tribunal entitled to apply resolution
34/ 165?
10. Did the Administrative Tribunal determine that resolution
34/ 165 could not be given immediate effect?

11. The Tribunal'sjudgement erred on questions of law relating to
provisions of the Charter and exceeded the Tribunal'sjuris-
diction

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SCHWEBEL

In viewof the provisions of the Statute of the Court and the Statute of
the Administrative Tribunal, the Court is competent to answer the ques-
tion on which its Advisory Opinion is requested (Chap. 1). To do so
adequately, it must pass upon the merits of thejudgement of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal in the case ofMortished v.the Secretary-General of the
United Nations. Judging its merits would be consistent with the Court's
Statute, the terms ofArticle 11of the Tribunal's Statute(paras. 8-10of this
dissenting opinion) and with the travaux préparatoires of Article 11(pa-
ras. 11-30).Those terms and travauxpréparatoires indicate that, when an
objection to ajudgement of the Tribunal has been lodged on theground of
error on a question of law relating to Charter provisions, the Court is to
act as an appellate jurisdiction, passing upon the merits of the Tribunal's
judgement. Such error need only "relate to" Charter provisions and need
not directly contravene them. In view of the tenor of the travauxprépa-

ratoires,there even is ground for concluding that the Court is entitled to
consider whether the Tribunal's judgement contains error in the interpre-
tation of the Staff Regulations which derive from a Charter provision,
Article 101 (1)(paras. 11-30).The Court's interpretation of the Statutes of
the IL0 and United Nations Administrative Tribunals in the Unesco
Officiais and Fasla cases is consonant with these conclusions (paras. 31-
38).

In order to appraise the merits of theTribunal'sjudgement, the origins
and development of the repatriation grant must be reviewed. They
demonstrate that the grant was never meant by the organs that proposed or
approved or maintained it to be given to staff members who remain in the
country of their last duty station (Chap. II). This is shown both by the
terms of the Staff Regulations and the relevant discussions inthe General
Assembly and other bodies over the years (paras. 40 ff). While in practice
the United Nations appears to have paid repatriation grants to non-

relocating staff from an early if uncertain date,theGeneral Assembly may
not have been informed of this departure of practice from principle before
1976.It was informed of other variations in the administration of the grant
and made consequential changes in the governing texts, a process which
suggests that the General Assembly did not mean to permit payment to
non-relocating staff (paras.47-48,5 1).When the practice was first aired in
the General Assembly in 1976, it was criticized (para. 52). When the
practice was thereafter re-examined by the International Civil Service OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. SCHWEBEL

[Traduction]

Compte tenu des dispositions de son propre Statut et du statut du
Tribunal administratif, la Cour a compétence pour répondre à la question
sur laquelle elle est sollicitéede donner un avis consultatif (chap..Pour
donner une réponse satisfaisante,il lui faut toutefois se prononcer quant
au fond sur lejugement rendu par le Tribunal administratif dans l'affaire
Mortishedc.leSecrétairegénérald I'eOrganisationdesNations Unies,cequi
estcompatible avecle Statut dela Cour, aveclesdispositions de l'article 11
du statut du Tribunal (paragraphes 8 à 10de la présente opinion) et avec
les travaux préparatoires dudit article (par. 11-30).Il ressort en effet du
libelléde l'article 11 et des travaux préparatoires que, lorsqu'un juge-
ment est contestéau motif que le Tribunal a commis une erreur de droit

concernant les dispositions de la Charte, la Cour doit jouer le rôle d'une
juridiction d'appel et statuer sur le fond. suffit que l'erre(<concerne ))
les dispositions de la Charte, et il n'est pas indispensable qu'elle y con-
trevienne directement. On est mêmefondé à conclure de la teneur des
travaux préparatoires que la Cour est habilitéeà rechercher si lejugement
du Tribunal comporte une erreur d'interprétation du statut du personnel,
lequel est établi en vertu de l'article 101, paragraphe 1, de la Charte
(par. 11-30).L'interprétation que la Cour a donnéedes statuts des tribu-
naux administratifs de l'OIT et des Nations Unies dans l'affaire des
Fonctionnaires del'Unescoet dans l'affaire Fasla est en accord avec les
conclusions que nous venons d'énoncer(par. 31-38).
En l'espèce,on ne peut statuer quant au fond sur lejugement du Tri-
bunal sans étudier l'historique et l'évolutionde la prime de rapatriement.

Cette analyse prouve que laprime n'ajamais étéconçue par lesorganes qui
l'ont proposée,approuvée et maintenue comme un avantage qui serait
accordé auxfonctionnaires restant dans le pays de leur dernier lieu d'af-
fectation (chap. II). Cela est confirmépar les dispositions du statut du
personnel, et par lesdélibérationssurcepoint qui ont eulieu à l'Assemblée
généraleet dans d'autres organes au fil des années(par. 40fl). S'ilest vrai
que, dans la pratique, l'organisation des Nations Unies semble avoir
commencé asseztôt, encore qu'à une date incertaine, à verser la primede
rapatriement à des fonctionnaires qui ne changeaient pas de pays, l'As-
sembléegénéraln e'a apparemment été aviséequ'en1976de cet écartentre
la pratique et le principe. L'Assembléea toutefois été informée d'autres
aménagementsau régimede la prime, et elle a modifiéen conséquenceles

textes réglementaires correspondants, d'une façon qui donne à penser
qu'elle n'entendait pas autoriser le versement de la prime aux fonction- 455 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

Commission, it wasfound tobe contrary tothe stated purpose of thegrant
and unjustifiable (paras. 54-55). In 1978,the General Assembly accord-
ingly adopted resolution 33/ 119, which decided that payment of the
repatriation grant shall be made conditional upon the presentation of
evidenceof actual relocation, subject to the Commission'sestablishing the
terms of presentation of that evidence (paras. 58-59). Instead, the Com-

mission recommended exempting staff members from the reach of reso-
lution 33/ 119in so far as they had accrued credit towards the repatriation
grant before 1July 1979(paras. 60-61).The Commission in sodoing relied
on an opinion of the United Nations Officeof LegalAffairs (paras. 62-64).
Thereupon the Secretary-General issued a transitional rule which did so
exempt serving staff members from the application of resolution 33/ 119
(para. 67). The General Assembly reacted adversely to the Commission's
recommendation and the Secretary-General's action, and, in so doing,
demonstrated an em~hatic intent to overrule the Secretarv-General's tran-
sitional rule by itsLadoption of resolution 34/165, ai exercise of its
authority under Article 101(1) of the Charter to regulate staff relations
(paras. 68-89). The Secretary-General thereupon deleted the transitional
rule, and thereafter declined to pay the repatriation grant to Mortished, a
non-relocating staff member, who appealed to the Administrative Tribu-
nal.

The Administrative Tribunal held that the Secretary-General's refusa1
to pay the grant to Mortished injured him in disregard of his acquired
rights. It ordered that Mortished be paid compensation for that injury in
anamount equalling the repatriation grant. The Tribunal soconcluded on
the following grounds, none of which, it is submitted, are well-founded
(Chap. III).
First, the United Nations had assumed special, contractual obligations
towards Mortished in respect of the grant (para. 92). But the United
Nations demonstrably assumed no contractual obligations whatsoever
towards Mortished that bear on the question of whether he is entitled to
receive the grant regardless of relocation, so this ground of the Tribunal's
judgement is baseless (paras. 93-98).That conclusion is reinforced by an

examination of the relevantjurisprudence of the Tribunal(paras. 99-105).
Thatjurisprudence alsoshows that theUnited Nations isfreeto amend the
regulatory régimegoverning thestatus of staff members as long as it does
soin "statutory" terms ofgeneral application whichdo not trench upon the
vital contractual, and hence acquired, rights of staff members.naires restant dans le pays de leur dernier lieu d'affectation (par. 47-48,

51).Lorsque l'Assembléegénérale aeuvent delapratique pour la première
fois, en 1976, elle l'a critiquée(par. 52). Lorsqu'un an plus tard la Com-
mission de lafonctionpublique internationale s'est àson tour penchéesur
cette pratique, elle l'a jugéeinjustifiable et incompatible avec l'objet
déclaréde la prime (par. 54-55). L'Assemblée générala e par conséquent
adopté en 1978 la résolution 33/119, par laquelle elle décidait que le
paiement de la prime de rapatriement serait subordonné à la présentation
depiècesattestant le changement effectif de résidence, selonlesmodalités
qui seraient établiespar la Commission de la fonction publique interna-
tionale (par. 58-59). Au lieu de s'en tenirà ce mandat, la Commission a

recommandéqu'il soit dérogé à l'application de la résolutiondans le cas
des fonctionnaires qui avaient accompli avant le lerjuillet 1979les années
de service ouvrantdroit àla prime (par. 60-61).Ce faisant, elle s'appuyait
sur un avis du servicejuridique de l'ONU (par. 62-64). Sur la foi de ces
recommandations, le Secrétairegénéraalpromulguéune dispositiontran-
sitoire exemptant les fonctionnaires en activité de l'application de la
résolution 33/119 (par. 67). L'Assemblée générale, réagissan ctontre la
recommandation de la Commission et l'initiative du Secrétaire générala.
clairement signifié sonintention de passer outre à cette disposition tran-

sitoire en adoptant la résolution 34/165,en vertu de la compétencequi lui
est attribuéepar l'article 101,paragraphe 1,de la Chartepour réglementer
lesrelations aveclepersonnel (par. 68-89). A la suite de quoi, le Secrétaire
généraa l abrogéla dispositiontransitoire, puis refuséde verserla prime de
rapatriement à Mortished, fonctionnaire qui n'entendait pas changer de
pays au moment de sa retraite, lequel s'est pourvu devant le Tribunal
administratif.
Le Tribunal administratif a conclu qu'en refusant de verser la prime de
rapatriement àMortished le Secrétairegénéral luaivait causéun préjudice
résultantde laméconnaissancedesesdroits acquis. Il aordonnéréparation

de ce préjudicepour un montant équivalant à celui qui aurait étédû à
Mortished au titre de la prime. Cette décisiondu Tribunal s'appuyait sur
les motifs suivants, dont aucun ne nous semble fondé(chap. III).
Premièrement, l'organisation des Nations Unies avait assumé des obli-
gations spéciales,denature contractuelle, à l'égardde Mortisheden cequi
concerne la prime (par. 92). Or, comme on le verra, l'Organisation des
Nations Unies n'avait assumé à l'égardde Mortished aucune obligation
d'ordre contractuel ayant trait au droit de bénéficierde la prime de rapa-
triement indépendamment de toute réinstallation. Le premier des motifs

invoqués à l'appui dujugement estdonc sansfondement (par. 93-98).Cette
conclusion est corroboréepar l'examen de la jurisprudence du Tribunal
(par. 99-105). Cette jurisprudence montre de surcroît que l'organisation
des Nations Unies est libre de modifier les dis~ositions réulementaires
visant la situation desfonctionnaires dèslors qu'il s'agitde modifications
statutaires)>,d'application générale,qui ne portent pas atteinte aux
droits contractuels fondamentaux - et,partant, acquis- desmembres du
personnel. Second, the Tribunal raised a question about whether the Secretary-
General's deletion of the transitional rule retroactively effaced an entitle-
ment of Mortished. It appears to assume an answer to this question rather
than to present reasons justifying that assumption (para. 111). It also
raised the question about whether nearly 30years of practice "could gen-
erate an acquired right within the meaning of Staff Regulation 12.1"but
found that "it is not required to adjudicate that question in abstracto"
(para. 106).

Third, the Tribunal held that the repatriation grant was "earned" over
theyears and thus constitutes an entitlement ofwhich Mortishedcouldnot
be deprived without impairing his acquired rights (para. 113).That con-
clusionisbased largelyon thefact that the amount oftherepatriation grant
is calculated according to length of service.However, the drafting history
of the repatriation grant shows that it was not meant to be a salary
supplement progressively earned, but an end-of-service payment no more
earned than is a termination indemnity. The years of continuous service
which area basis for calculatingthe amount of, but not entitlement to, the
grant are subject to reduction or elimination, and the staff member may
lose the whole of the repatriation grant on other grounds. It is thus clear
that the grant is not "earned" and that entitlement is dependent upon
compliance with eligibilityrulesat thetime of separation from service.The
length of a staff member's service is simply a convenient formula for
calculating the amount of the grant. (Paras. 114-117.)

Fourth, the Tribunal held that the transitional rule of itself isthe source
of Mortished's acquired rights (para. 118).While this approach is argu-
able, it is not persuasive.Under the Statute of the Tribunal and its juris-

prudence, an entitlement such as the repatriation grant may be exercised
only in accordance with the conditions governing it as of the time its
exerciseissought.Mortished sought to rely on the transitional rule when it
was no longer in force. Moreover, he couldbe deprived of any entitlement
under that transitional rule by "statutory amendment", which was pre-
cisely what resolution 34/ 165required. (Paras. 119-124.)

The judgement of the Administrative Tribunal actually failed to give
immediate effect to resolution 34/165 (para. 135).The justifications for
the Tribunal's treatment of resolution 34/ 165do not withstand analysis
(paras. 132-134, 136-141).The Tribunal's judgement exceeded its juris-
diction by depriving resolution 34/165 of its regulatory effect under
Article 101(l), contrary to the resolution's terms and the demonstrated
intent of the General Assembly (paras. 142-147), an intent which the
Tribunal misconstrues (paras. 69-90, 109).The failure of the Tribunal to
give immediate effect to resolution 34/165 also constituted, on several
counts, error on questions of law relating to provisions of the United
Nations Charter, most notably Article 101(1) (paras. 147-152).The Tri-
bunal's unfounded findings about Mortished's acquired rights did not Deuxièmement, leTribunal a recherché sil'abrogation de la disposition
transitoire par leSecrétairegénéral avaiatbolirétroactivementun droitde
Mortished. Il a répondu à cette question par une affirmation, sans en
donner les raisons (par. 111). Recherchant ensuite si une pratique cons-
tamment suivie depuis près de trente ans <(pouvait faire naître un droit
acquis au sens de l'article 12.1 du statut du personnel )>le Tribunal a
répondu <<qu'il [n'avait]paà seprononcer sur cette question inabstracto ))
(par. 106).
Troisièmement, leTribunal aconclu quela prime de rapatriement, étant

<<gagnée )par lesfonctionnaires au coursdes années,constituait de cefait
un bénéficedont Mortished ne pouvait êtreprivésans qu'ilyeût atteinte à
ses droits acquis (par. 113). Cette conclusion se fondait dans une large
mesure sur lefait que le montant de la prime de rapatriement est fonction
dela duréedesservices.Or il ressort de l'historique de laprime que celle-ci
n'a pas été conçuecomme un complément de traitement graduellement
<<gagné O,mais comme un versement de fin de service qui n'est pas plus
<<gagné )quene le serait une indemnité dedépart.Lenombre des années
de servicecontinu servant à déterminerlemontant de laprime - mais non

le droità la prime - peut être réduit,voire effacé,et le fonctionnaire peut
perdre lebénéfice delatotalitédelaprimepour d'autres raisons. Ilestdonc
manifeste quela prime n'est pas <<gagnée )>et queledroitau versement de
la prime est fonction de la situation de l'intéresspar rapport aux condi-
tions qui en régissent l'octroi lorsde la cessation de service. La duréedes
services n'est qu'un moyen commode de calculer le montant de la prime
(par. 114-117).
Quatrièmement, le Tribunal a conclu que la règle transitoire en elle-
mêmeétait la sourcedu droit acquis de Mortished (par. 118).Malgréses

mérites,cette conclusion n'est pas convaincante. En vertu du statut du
Tribunal et de sa jurisprudence, un droit tel que le droit à la prime de
rapatriement ne peut êtreexercéque conformément aux conditions qui le
régissentau moment où l'intéressé l'invoqueM . ortished a cherché à se
prévaloir de la règle transitoire alors qu'elle n'étaitplus en vigueur. Il
pouvait au surplus êtreprivéde tout droit lui revenant en vertu de cette
disposition transitoire, par un<amendement statutaire )comme celuique
la résolution 34/ 165visait précisément à opérer(par. 119-124).
Parsonjugement, leTribunal administratif n'apasen faitdonnéun effet

immédiat à la résolution34/ 165(par. 135).Les arguments que leTribunal
aavancéspourjustifier cette décisionne résistentpas à l'analyse(par. 132-
134, 136-141).Le Tribunal a excédé sajuridiction en dépouillant la réso-
lution 34/ 165del'effet réglementaire qu'elle avaiten vertu de l'article 101,
paragraphe 1,de laCharte, et,cefaisant, est alléà l'encontre des termes de
la résolutionet de l'intention manifeste de l'Assemblée général(epar.142-
147),intention qu'ilainterprétéede façonerronée(par. 69-90, 109).En ne
donnant pas un effet immédiat à la résolution 34/165, le Tribunal a
également commis, à plusieurs titres, une erreur de droit concernant les

dispositions de la Charte desNations Unies, et notamment lesdispositions
de l'article 101,paragraphe 1 (par. 147-152).Lesconclusions non fondées 457 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

give it an authority it otherwise lacks to set aside resolution 34/165
(paras. 153-155).

1. 1 regret that 1 am unable to concur in the Opinion of the Court,
essentially on twogrounds.First, 1takea broader viewthan does the Court
of its competence to review the merits of a judgement of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal. Second, 1 find the judgement of that
Tribunal in the case of Mortished v. the Secretaty-General of the United
Nations profoundly unpersuasive. In my view, that judgement did de-
termine - in substance, though not in terms - that General Assembly

resolution 34/ 165could not be given immediate effect in requiring, for the
payment of repatriation grants, evidence of relocation to a country other
than the country of the staff member's last dutystation. Inso determining,
the Administrative Tribunal erred on questions of law relating to provi-
sions of the Charter of the United Nations, and exceeded its jurisdic-
tion.

1.THECOMPETENC EF THE COURT
2. The competence of the International Court of Justice to review a
judgement of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal is founded on
the relevant provisions of the Statute of the Court and the Statute of the

Administrative Tribunal. The construction which the Court has given in
earlier cases to the pertinent provisions of both Statutes, and to theana-
logous but distinct Statute of the Administrative Tribunal of the Interna-
tional Labour Organisation, has particular significance for the interpre-
tation of the extent of the Court's authority in this case. The Court's
construction of the Statute of theUnited Nations Administrative Tribunal
took account of the travaux préparatoires,for they shed light on what the
General Assembly intended when it amended the Statute of the Tribunal
to invest the Court with its review authority. Just as the Court,in the first
case which applied the amended Statute in a review of ajudgement of the

United Nations Administrative Tribunal, looked to the legislativehistory
of the governing amendment, so in this case as well the Court should look
to that legislativehistory (a point which the Court,in paragraph 63 of its
Opinion, implicitly concedes, in referring to the "compromise" underlying
the amended Statute of the Tribunal). It should scrutinize it in sufficient
depth so as to afford the Court the full extent of thejurisdiction which,
consonant with the Court's Statute, the General Assembly intended the
Court to have.

1. The Provisions of the Statute of the Court and the Court's
Judicial Character

3. The Court succinctly summarized the broad considerations which
govern a case of this kind, and applied the most pertinent provision of itsduTribunal sur laquestiondes droits acquis de Mortished nelui donnaient
pas le pouvoir - que rien d'autre ne justifie - d'écarter larésolution
précitée(par. 153-155).

1. Je nepuis,àmongrand regret, meranger àl'avisdela Cour, et cepour
deux raisons essentiellement. La première est queje me fais une idéeplus
large que la Cour du pouvoir qu'elle ade réexaminerau fond lesjugements
du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies. La seconde est que lejuge-
ment rendu par leTribunaldans l'affaire Mortishedc.leSecrétaire général
de l'Organisation des Nations Unies n'est,à mon sens, nullement convain-

cant. Selonmoi,le Tribunal adécidédans cejugement, au fond sinon dans
la forme, qu'il ne pouvait être donnéimmédiatement effet à la résolu-
tion 34/ 165de l'Assemblée générale, textq eui exige,pour leversement de
la prime de rapatriement, la preuve de la réinstallationde l'intéressdans
un pays autre que celui de son dernier lieu d'affectation. Ce faisant, le
Tribunal administratif a commis une erreur sur des questions de droit
concernant lesdispositions de la Charte des Nations Unies et aoutrepassé
sajuridiction.

2. La compétence de la Cour internationale de Justice en matière de
réformationdesjugements du Tribunal administratif desNations Unies se
fonde sur les dispositions pertinentes du Statut de la Cour et du statut du

Tribunal administratif. La manière dont, dans les affaires antérieures, la
Cour a interprétéles dispositions pertinentes de ces deux statuts et du
statut analogue, quoique distinct, du Tribunal administratif de l'organi-
sation internationale du Travail, revêtune importance particulière pour
l'interprétation à donner de l'étenduede ses pouvoirs dans la présente
espèce.Jugeant que les travaux préparatoires éclairaient l'intention qui
avait conduit l'Assemblée à amender le statut du Tribunal et à investir la
Cour d'un pouvoir de réformation, laCour avait alorstenu compte desdits
travaux préparatoires pour interpréterce statut. Il eût étébonque, dans le
cas présent,elle s'attachât pareillement àla genèsede l'amendement per-
tinent et qu'elle procédât exactement comme elle l'avait fait lors de la
première affaire où le statut amendé avait été invoqué à l'appui de la
réformationd'un jugement du Tribunal administratif (ce que d'ailleurs la

Cour concèdeimplicitement au paragraphe 63de son avis,enmentionnant
le <compromis ))dont cestatut amendéestlefruit). Et cetteanalyseeût dû
êtresuffisamment détailléepour permettre àla Courde seprévaloir,dans
toute son étendue, de la compétenceque l'Assembléea entendu lui con-
férer,conformément au Statut qui régit son activité.

1. Les dispositionsdu Statut de la Cour
et le caractèrejudiciaire dela Cour

3. La Cour a résumé succinctementles considérations généralesqui
régissent les casde ce genre, en invoquant les dispositions pertinentes deStatute, in the Applicationfor Review of Judgement No. 158 of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal, Advisory Opinion,I.C.J. Reports 1973,
pages 171 -172(hereafter referred to as the "Fasla case") where it held :

"14. As to theCourt's competence to givetheopinion, doubts have
been voiced regarding the legality of the use of the advisory jurisdic-
tion for the reviewofjudgements of the Administrative Tribunal.The
contentiousjurisdiction of the Court, it has been urged, is limited by
Article 34 of its Statute to disputes between States ;and it has been
questioned whether the advisory jurisdiction may be used for the
judicial review of contentious proceedings which have taken place
before othertribunals and towhichindividuals wereparties. However,
the existence,in the background, of adispute the parties towhichmay
be affected as a consequence of the Court's opinion, does not change

the advisory nature of the Court's task, which is to answer the ques-
tions put to it with regard to ajudgment. Thus, in its Opinion con-
cerning Judgments of the Administrative Tribunal of the IL0 upon
Complaints Made against Unesco(I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 77), the
Court upheld its competence to entertain a request for an advisory
opinion for the purpose of reviewingjudicial proceedings involving
individuals. Moreover, inthe earlier advisoryproceedings concerning
the Effect of Awards of Compensation Made by the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal(I.C.J. Reports 1954,p. 47) the Court replied
to theGeneral Assembly'srequest for an opinionnotwithstanding the
fact that the questions submitted to it closelyconcerned the rights of
individuals. The Court sees no reason to depart from the position
which it adopted in these cases. If a request for advisory opinion
emanatesfroma body duly authorized in accordance with the Charter
to make it, the Court is competent under Article 65 of its Statute to
give such opinion on any legalquestion arisingwithin the scope of the
activities of that body. The mere fact that it is not the rights of States

which are in issue in the proceedings cannot suffice to deprive the
Court of a competence expressly conferred on it by its Statute."

4. It will be observed that the Court saw no problem in its advisory
jurisdiction being used for the reviewof contentious proceedings to which

individuals were parties which had taken place before another tribunal.
The fact that the Court's opinion would affect such parties to a dispute
does not change the advisory nature of the Court's task, wkich theCourt
described in straightforward terms : "to answerthe questions put toit with
regard to a judgment". The Court so held while also holding that "the
opinion given by the Court is to have conclusiveeffect with respect to the
matters in litigation in that case" (ibid.,at p. 182),i.e.,in the case on which
the Administrative Tribunal had rendered judgment. The Court con-
tinued :son statut, dans l'affaire de la Demandede réformationdujugement no158
du Tribunaladministratif desNations Unies,avisconsultat~ C.I.J. Recueil
1973, p. 171-172 (dénomméeci-après l'affaire Fasla), où l'on trouve le
passage suivant :
-
<<14. S'agissant de la compétence de la Cour pour rendre l'avis
demandé,on aémisdesdoutes surla légalité du recours àlajuridiction
consultativepour la réformationdesjugements du Tribunal adminis-
tratif. On afait valoirqu'en vertudel'article 34du Statut de la Cour la
juridiction contentieuse decelle-cineporte que sur lesdifférendsentre
Etats ; on a donc contestéque lajuridiction consultative puisse être

utiliséepour la réformationjudiciaire deprocédurescontentieuses qui
se sont dérouléesdevant d'autres tribunaux et auxquelles des per-
sonnes privéesétaient parties. L'existence, en arrière-plan, d'un dif-
férend et de parties que l'avis de la Cour peut affecter ne modifie
cependant pas le caractère consultatif de la fonction de la Cour,
consistant à répondreaux questions qui lui sont posées àpropos d'un
jugement. Aussi bien, dans son avis consultatif sur les Jugements du
Tribunal administratif de l'OIT sur requêtes contre l'Unesco(C.I.J.
Recueil 1956, p. 77),la Cour s'estdéclaréecompétentepour connaître
d'une demande d'avis consultatif ayant pour objet le réexamend'une
procédure judiciaire concernant des particuliers. De plus, dans la

procédure consultative antérieure relative à l'Effet de jugements du
Tribunal administratif desNations Unies accordantindemnité(C.I.J.
Recueil 1954,p. 47), elle a donnésuite à la demande d'avis que l'As-
semblée générale lui avait adressée, bien que les questions qui lui
étaientsoumises eussent intéressétrès directement les droits de par-
ticuliers. La Cour ne voit aucune raison de s'écarterde l'attitude
qu'ellea adoptéedans ces affaires. Dès lorsqu'une requêtepour avis
consultatif est présentéepar un organe dûment autorisé à cet effet
conformément à la Charte, la Cour est compétente, en vertu de l'ar-
ticle65 de son Statut, pour donner un avis s'ils'agit d'une question
juridique qui sepose dans le cadre de l'activitéde cet organe. Le fait

que ce ne sont pas les droits des Etats qui sont en cause dans la
procédurene suffit pas à enleverà la Cour une compétencequi lui est
expressément conférée par son Statut. ))

4. On observera que la Cour ne voyait aucuninconvénient à cequ'ilfût
fait usage de sa juridiction consultative pour réformer des procédures
contentieuses intervenues devant d'autres tribunaux et auxquelles des
particuliers étaient parties. Les répercussionsde l'avisde la Cour sur ces
parties ne modifiaient en rien, selon elle, la nature consultative de ses
fonctions, qui consistaient simplement à répondre aux questions qui lui
sont posées à propos d'un jugement )).Cela n'empêchaitpas la Cour
d'affirmer par ailleurs que (<l'avisrendu ..doit avoir un effet décisoireà
l'égard desquestions en litige dans l'affaire ))(ibid., p. 182), entendant
par-là l'affaire dans laquelle le Tribunal administratif avait statué.A quoi

elle ajoutait: "Such an effect, it is true, goes beyond the scope attributed by the
Charter and by the Statute of the Court to an advisory opinion. It
results, however, not from the advisory opinion itself but from a
provision of an autonomousinstrument having the force oflawfor the

staff members and the Secretary-General. Under Article XII of the
Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal the Court's Opinion is
expressly made binding. In alluding to this consequence theCourt,in
the Unescocase, observed:
'It in no wise affects the way in which theCourt functions ; that
continues to be determined by its Statute and its Rules. Nor does it

affect the reasoning by which the Court forms its Opinion or the
content of the Opinionitself.Accordingly, thefact that theOpinion
of the Court is accepted as binding provides no reason why the
Request for an Opinion should not be complied with.' (I.C.J.
Reports 1956, p. 84.)

Similarly, the special effect to be attributed to the Court's opinion
by Article 11 of the Statute of the United Nations Administrative
Tribunal furnishes no reason for refusing to comply with the request
for an opinion in the present instance." (1.C.J. Reports1973,pp. 182-
183.)

5. Equally, in the instant case, the Court should "answer the questions
put to it with regard to ajudgement" of the Administrative Tribunal. It
should not be deterred by the fact that its answers bind the Secretary-
General and the Administrative Tribunal pursuant to the terms of Arti-
cle 11of the Tribunal's Statute, which purposefully, repeatedly and con-
clusivelyprescribe that the Secretary-General or theTribunal shall act "in
conformity with the opinion of the Court". (That binding effect is infer-
entially confirmed by Article10 (2) of the Tribunal's Statute : "Subjectto

theprovisionsofArticles II and12,thejudgements of theTribunal shallbe
final and without appeal." (Emphasis supplied.)) It should not bedeterred
by differences about whether, when it reconsiders a judgement of the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal, it acts as a court of appeal, of
cassation or of more limited reviewauthority. It should not be deterred by
the claim that its lack of "appellate" powers prevents it from exarnining
and disposing of the merits of the Tribunal's judgement - in so far as
answering the questions put to the Court requires such examination and
disposition. Nor should itbe deterred by the claimthat theCourt islimited
to passing upon "constitutional" questions, a limitation expressedneither
in its Statute nor that of the Tribunal.

6. There isnothing in theCharter oftheUnited Nations or inthe Statute
of the Court - or in the standing, station or dignity of the Court - that

138 <<Certescetteconséquencedépassela portée attachée parlaCharte
et par le Statut de la Couà un avisconsultatif. Ellerésultecependant
non pas de l'avisconsultatif lui-même maisd'une disposition conte-

nue dans un instrument autonome qui a force de loi pour les fonc-
tionnaireset le Secrétairegénéral.L'articleXII du statut du Tribunal
administratif de l'OIT confèreexpressémentforceobligatoire à l'avis
dela Cour. Traitant de cette conséquence,la Cour a dit, dans son avis
consultatif donné à la demande de l'Unesco :

<<Ellen'affecte en rien le mode selonlequel la Courfonctionne :
celui-cireste fixépar son Statut et son Règlement. Ellen'affecte ni
le raisonnement par lequel la Cour formera son opinion, ni le
contenu de l'avis lui-même. Parconséquent,le fait que l'avisde la
Cour sera accepté comme ayant force obligatoire ne fait pas
obstacle à ce que suite soit donnée à la demande d'avis. (C.I.J.
Recueil 1956, p. 84.)

De même l'effetspécialque l'article 11 du statut du Tribunal
administratif des Nations Unies attribue à l'avisde la Cour n'estpas
une raison pour refuser de donner suite à la demande d'avis consul-
tatif en la présente espèce. u(C.I.J. Recueil 1973, p. 182-183.)

5. Dans laprésenteespèce,la Courdevaitde la mêmefaçon (répondre
aux questions qui lui sont posées ..au sujet d'unjugement ))du Tribunal
administratif. Elle ne devait pas se laisser détournerde sa mission par le
fait que sesréponsesont forceobligatoirepour leSecrétairegénéraletpour
leTribunal administratif en vertu des dispositions de l'article 11du statut
du Tribunal, lequel prévoit à dessein, à plusieurs reprises et de manière
catégorique, que le Secrétairegénéral oule Tribunal doit agir (<confor-
mément à l'avisde la Cour o.(Cet effet décisoiredes avis de la Cour est

d'ailleurs confirmé par l'article10,paragraphe 2, du statut du Tribunal,
qui est ainsi rédigé: <Sous réservedes dispositions des articlesII et 12, les
jugements duTribunal sont définitifsetsansappel. )(Lesitaliquessont de
moi.)) La Cour ne devait pas davantage se laisser détourner de son objet
par lesdivergencesde vuesquipeuvent semanifestersurlepoint de savoir
si, en reconsidérant un jugement du Tribunal administratif des Nations
Unies, ellejoue le rôle d'une cour d'appel, ou d'une cour de cassation, ou
d'une instance de réformation aux pouvoirsplus restreints. Elle ne devait
pas selaisser rebuter par l'argument qui voudrait quelefait de ne pas être

dotéedepouvoirs d'appel lui interdise d'examiner au fond lejugement du
Tribunal etdestatuer surlefond,pour autant quel'une etl'autre opération
soient requises pour répondre aux questions qui lui sont posées. Elle
ne devaitpas reculer enfin devant l'argument selon lequel elle ne pourrait
seprononcer que sur desquestionsd'ordre (constitutionnel >)restriction
qui n'est prévueni dans son Statut ni dans celui du Tribunal.
6. Ni laCharte desNations Uniesnile Statut de la Cour - ni lesoucide
saposition, de son prestige et de sa dignité- ne luiinterdisent d'examinerprevents it from dealing with the merits of a judgement of the United
Nations AdministrativeTribunal. There is nothinginherent in thejudicial
processes of the Court that so prevents it. If, as in the instant case, those
processes ensure equality between the United Nations and Mortished in
the proceedingsbefore the Court, that suffices. "The Court may give an

advisory opinion on any legal question at the request of whatever body
may be authorized by or in accordance with the Charter of the United
Nations to rnake such arequest" (Statute of the Court,Art. 65(1)).If,as is
the case in respect of Mortished v. the Secretary-General, the Court's
advisoryopinion is sought ona "legal question", by abody whichhas been
authorized in accordance with the Charter to make such a request, the
Court should, as in the Faslacase, simply "reply to the questions put to it
regarding the objections which have been raised to the Judgement of the
AdministrativeTribunal" (I.C.J. Reports 1973,p. 182).It should not find
reasons why not to reply which are neither required by its Statute nor
justified by theStatute of theAdministrativeTribunal. It is to be regretted
that, in the instant case, that isexactlywhat the Opinion of the Court does
(see paras. 57-65).
7. Of course,the particular extent of the Court's cornpetence to review
judgements of the administrative tribunals is determined by the terms of
the statutes of those tribunals. It is accordingly necessary in the instant

case to consider closely the pertinent provisions of the Statute of the
United Nations AdministrativeTribunal. At the same time, that Statute
and the Court's authority under its Statute should be interpreted in the
light of the acceptedjurisprudence of the Court, in which it

"has repeatedlystated that areply toa request for an advisoryopinion
should not, in principle, be refused and that only cornpelling reasons
wouldjustify such a refusa1(see,e.g.,Judgments of theAdministrative
Tribunal of the IL0 upon ComplaintsMade against Unesco,Advisory
Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1956,p. 86 ;Legal Consequencesfor States of
the Continued PresenceofSouthAfrica inNamibia (SouthWest Africa)
notwithstandingSecurityCouncilResolution 276(1970),AdvisoryOpin-
ion, I.C.J. Reports 1971,p. 27)". (1C ..J. Reports 1973,p. 183.)

It is submitted that the meaning for present purposes of this axiomatic
holding is that the Court should answer the question or questions asked of
it- not, obviously,necessarily providingthe answerswhichtherequesting
body may be thought to seek, but providing substantive answers to the
questionsposed. It does not comport with the Court'sjurisprudence for it
to acknowledge that only compelling reasons would justify the Court's
refusal to reply to a request for an advisory opinion and then to offer a
reply which finds questionablereasons for not answering the substance of
the questions put to it. Among such questionablereasons,it is submitted,
are holdings that the Court lacks "appellate" authority and that it is
confined to disposing of "constitutional" objections to ajudgement of theau fond lesjugements du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies. Le
caractèrejudiciaire inhérent à saprocédurene l'en empêchepasnon plus.

Il suffit que, comme dans la présenteespèce,la procédure suivie assure
l'égalitéde l'organisation des Nations Unies et de Mortished devant la
Cour. ((La Cour peut donner un avis consultatif sur toute question juri-
dique, à la demande de tout organeou institution qui auraétéautorisépar
la Charte des Nations Unies conformément àsesdispositions à demander
cet avis.1)(Statut de la Cour, art. 65, par. 1.) Si, comme dans l'affaire
Mortishedc.leSecrétaire générd aell'Organisation desNations Unies,l'avis
consultatif de la Cour est demandé sur (une questionjuridique )par un
organe ou une institution habilitée à sollicitercet avis conformément àla

Charte, la Cour doit simplement, comme dans l'affaire Fasla, <<répondre
auxquestions quiluisont poséesau sujet desobjections soulevéescontre le
jugement duTribunal administratif )(C.I.J. Recueil 1973,p. 182).Ellen'a
pas à exciper,pour ne pas répondre, de raisons qui ne sont pas imposées
par son Statut nijustifiéespar le statut du Tribunal administratif. Il y a
donc lieu de regretter que ce soit précisémentcequela Cour fait dans son
avis (voir par. 57-65).
7. Il va de soi que l'étendue précisede ce pouvoir de réformationdela
Cour dépend du statut des tribunaux administratifs en question. Aussi

faut-il en l'espèceexaminer de prèsles termesdes dispositionspertinentes
du statut du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies. Ce statut, et la
compétence qui dérivepour la Cour de son propre Statut, doivent cepen-
dant êtreinterprétés à la lumière de la jurisprudence établie, car la
Cour

(<a déclaré à maintes occasions qu'une réponse à une requêtepour
avis consultatif ne devrait pas, en principe, êtrerefuséeet que seules

des raisons décisivespourraient motiver un refus (voir par exemple
Jugements du Tribunal administratif deI'OIT sur requêtes contre
l'Unesco,avis consultatif;C.I.J. Recueil 1956,p. 86 ; Conséquences
juridiquespour lesEtats de laprésence continue de l'Afriquedu Sud en
Namibie (Sud-Ouest africain) nonobstantla résolution 276(1970) du
Conseildesécurité,avis consultatC if,.I.J. Recueil 1971, 27)))(C.I.J.
Recueil 1973,p. 183).

Auxfinsquinous occupent ici,cetteaffirmation de principe signifie,selon

moi, que la Cour doit répondre à la question ou aux questions qui lui sont
posées,cequi, bien entendu, nerevientpas à donner àl'organe quisollicite
son avis les réponsesqu'il semble souhaiter, mais àdonner des réponses
concluantes sur les questions posées.Il n'est pas conforme à lajurispru-
dence de la Cour d'admettre que seules des raisons décisivespeuvent
justifier un refus de répondre àune demande d'avis consultatif, puis de
donner au requérant une réponse où l'on invoquedes raisons contestables
pour éviterderépondreréellementauxquestionsposées.Ilest par exemple
contestable,selon moi,deprétendrequelaCournepeut statuer enappelet

qu'elle doit se borner à statuer sur les objections d'ordre constitution-United Nations AdministrativeTribunal (see,in this regard, paras. 57-65
of the Court's Opinionin this case).It is tnie that, in its Advisory Opinion

in the Namibia case, the Court recorded and held that :

"It was argued that the Court shouldnot assumepowers ofjudicial
reviewof the action taken by the other principal organs of the United
Nations without specific request to that effect,nor act as a court of
appeal from their decisions.
89. Undoubtedly, the Court does not possess powers of judicial
review or appeal in respect of the decisions taken by the United

Nations organs concerned." (Legal Consequencesfor States of the
Continued Presenceof South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa)
notwithstandingSecurity CouncilResolution 276 (1970),Advisory Opin-
ion,I.C.J. Reports 1971,p. 45.)
But that is by no means to Say that, where the Court is entrusted with
specific review authority not in respect of a principal organ of the United
Nations but of its Administrative Tribunal, it lacks powers of "judicial
reviewor appeal". On the contrary, as that passage of the Court's opinion

imports, where, as in the instant case, the Court is specifically entrusted
withpowers ofjudicial reviewor appeal in respect of decisions taken by the
United Nations AdministrativeTribunal, it should exercisethose powers.
For the reason stated in thisparagraph, it should exercise those powers to
the full.

2. The Provisionsof the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal

A. The terms of thoseprovisions
8. What are the powers ofjudicial reviewof the Court asthey are setout
in the Statute of the United Nations AdministrativeTribunal ? Article 11
(1) of the Statute provides :

"If a Member State, the Secretary-General or the person in res-
pect of whom a judgement has been rendered by the Tribunal.. .
objects to thejudgement onthegroundthat theTribunalhas exceeded
itsjurisdiction or competence or that the Tribunal has failed to exer-
cisejurisdiction vested in it, or has erred on a question of law relating
to the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, or has com-
mitted a fundamental error in procedure which has occasioned a
failure of justice, such Member State, the Secretary-General or the
person concerned may, within thirty daysfrom the date of thejudge-
ment, make a written application to the Committee established by

paragraph 4 of this article asking the Committee to request an advi-
sory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the matter."
Thus the Statute specifiesfourgroundson whichobjectionto ajudgement
of theAdministrativeTribunal may befounded. Two of those grounds arene1auxjugements du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies (voir à
cet égardles paragraphes 57 à 65 du présentavis). Il est vrai que la Cour

s'est prononcée comme suit dans l'avis consultatif sur l'affaire de la
Namibie :
(<On a fait valoir..quela Courne devait pas s'arrogerdespouvoirs
de contrôlejudiciaire quant aux mesures prises par les autres organes
principauxdes Nations Uniessans y avoir étéexpressémentinvitéen , i

jouer le rôle d'une cour d'appel àl'égardde leurs décisions.
89. Il est évident que la Cour n'a pas de pouvoirs de contrôle
judiciaire ni d'appel en ce qui concerne les décisions prisespar les
organes des Nations Unies dont il s'agit. >>(Conséquencesjuridiques
pour les Etats de laprésence continuede l'Afriquedu Sud en Namibie
(Sud-Ouest africain), nonobstant la résolution276 (1970)du Conseil de
sécurité, avis consultatif, .I.J. Recueil 1971,. 45.)

Mais cela ne signifie pas que, lorsque la Cour est investie d'un pouvoir
précisde contrôle à l'égardnon pas de l'un des organes principaux des
Nations Unies mais de sonTribunal administratif,le pouvoir <<de contrôle
judiciaire ou d'appel >)lui fasse défaut.Il ressort au contraire du passage
précitéque la Cour, lorsqu'elleest expressémentinvestie de pouvoirs de
contrôlejudiciaire ou d'appel à l'égarddes décisionsdu Tribunal admi-
nistratif desNations Unies,doit exercercespouvoirs ;et qu'elledoit,pour
les raisons exposéesau présent paragraphe, les exercer dans toute leur

plénitude.

2. Les dispositionsdu statut du Tribunal administratif

A. Les termes du statut

8. Quelssont lespouvoirsdecontrôlejudiciaire queconfère à laCour le
statut du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies ? L'article 11,para-
graphe 1, du statut est ainsi rédigé :

(<1. Si un Etat Membre, le Secrétairegénérao lu la personne qui a
été l'objetd'un jugement rendu par le Tribunal (y compris toute
personne qui a succédé mortis causa à sesdroits)contestele jugement
en alléguant que le Tribunal a outrepassésa juridiction ou sa com-
pétenceou n'a pas exercésa juridiction ou a commis une erreur de
droit concernant lesdispositions de la Charte desNations Unies ou a
commis, dans la procédure, une erreur essentielle qui a provoquéun

mal-jugé, cetEtat Membre, le Secrétairegénérao l u l'intéressé peut,
dans les trente jours suivant le jugement, demander par écrit au
Comitécrééen vertu du paragraphe 4 du présent article de prier la
Cour internationale de Justice de donner un avis consultatif sur la
question. >)

Ainsi le statut prévoit quatre motifs de contestation des jugements du
Tribunal administratif. Deux d'entre eux - l'excèsdejuridiction ou depertinent to the case before the Court, since those are the grounds on
which, as the transcript of its proceedings makes clear, the Cornmittee on
Applications for Reviewof Administrative Tribunal Judgements relied in
requesting an advisory opinion of the Court : excess of jurisdiction or

competence, and errorona question oflawrelating to theprovisions of the
Charter of the United Nations. The principal focus of the Committee's
concern waserror oflaw ;in deciding that "there is asubstantial basis" for
the application to the Committee not only on that ground but also on the
ground that the Administrative Tribunal had exceeded its jurisdiction or
competence, the Committee nevertheless gave primary emphasis to the
submission that theTribunal had erred on a question of lawrelating to the
provisions of theCharter. That emphasis willbe followedin this dissenting
opinion as it is in the Court's Opinion, for thejudgment of the Adminis-
trative Tribunal at bar particularly poses that issue. At the same time, in
this case the two grounds of error of law and excess of jurisdiction are
inextricably linked. The terms of the two grounds of objection as they
appear in Article 11(1)willinitially be the subject of comment ; then they
will be analysed in the light of their travauxpréparatoires.
9. On its face,thegroundthat theTribunal "exceeded itsjurisdiction or
competence" requires only brief comment. Thejurisdiction or competence

of the Tribunal is set forth in its Statute, largely in Article 2, which in
pertinent part States :

"1. The Tribunal shall be competent to hear and pass judgement
upon applications alleging non-observance of contracts of employ-
ment of staff members of the Secretariat of the United Nations or of
the terms of appointment of such staff members. The words 'con-
tracts' and 'terms of appointment' include al1pertinent regulations
and rules in force at the time of allegednon-observance, including the

staff pension regulations.

3. In the event of a dispute as to whether the Tribunal has com-
petence, the matter shall be settled by the decision of the Tribu-
nal."

Provided that the Tribunal passesjudgment upon an application alleging
non-observance of a contract of employment or terms of appointment of a
staff member, it acts, prima facie, within its competence. However, that
broad statement is subject to two qualifications of vital import for this
case. First, "the words 'contracts' and 'terms of appointment' include al1
pertinent regulations and rules in force ut the time of allegednon-observ-
ance .. .".Second, there is nothing in the Statute of the Administrative
Tribunal to suggestthat its competence extends so far as to authorize it to
determine that a resolution of the General Assembly regulating the con-
ditions of service of the Secretariat shall not be given immediate effect if
the General Assembly intends it to have that effect.compétence, et l'erreurde droit concernant les dispositions de la Charte
desNations Unies - sontenjeu dans laprésente affaire,puisque cesont là,
comme le montre la transcription des débatsdu Comitédes demandes de
réformation, lesmotifs sur lesquels celui-ci s'estappuyépour solliciter un
avis consultatif. Le Comité a d'ailleurs donné la première place à la
question de l'erreur de droit :tout en décidanten effet que cen'étaitpas là

le seul motif pour lequella demande reposait <sur desbases sérieuses >)et
en y ajoutant l'excèsdejuridiction ou de compétence,le Comitéa surtout
mis l'accent sur l'erreur de droit concernant les dispositions dela Charte.
Cette hiérarchie serarespectéedansla présenteopinion dissidente, comme
elle l'est dans l'avis de la Cour, étant donnéque c'est cet aspect de la
question qui est principalement enjeu dans lejugement contestédu Tri-
bunal administratif. Les deux motifs - l'erreur de droit et l'excèsde

juridiction - n'en sont pas moins inextricablement liés dans la présente
espèce.Lesobservations suivantes porteront donc d'abord sur l'énoncé des
deux motifs de contestation, tel qu'il apparaît à l'article 11,paragraphe 1,
du statut. Ce texte sera ensuite analysé à la lumière des travaux prépara-
toires.
9. A première vue, le motif selon lequel le Tribunal a (<excédé sa

juridiction ou sacompétence »n'appelle que descommentaires assezbrefs.
Leslimites de lajuridiction ou dela compétencedu Tribunal sont en effet
préciséesdans son statut, et en particulier à l'article 2, dont le passage
pertinent se lit comme suit :

((1. Le Tribunal est compétent pour connaître des requêtes invo-
quant l'inobservation ducontrat d'engagement des fonctionnaires du
Secrétariat des Nations Unies ou des conditions d'emploi de ces
fonctionnaires, et pour statuer surlesditesrequêtes.Les termes (<con-
trat )et ((conditions d'emploi >)comprennent toutes dispositions per-
tinentes du statut et du règlement en vigueur au moment de l'inob-

servation invoquée,y compris les dispositions du règlement des Pen-
sions du personnel.

3. En cas de contestation touchant sa compétence, le Tribunal
décide. j)

Le Tribunal, lorsqu'il statue surune requêteinvoquant l'inobservation du
contrat d'engagement ou des conditions d'emploi d'un fonctionnaire, agit
donc, à premièrevue, dans le cadre desa compétence.Cetteformule assez
générale est toutefois tempérée par deux réserves, qui présentent une

importance cruciale dans la présente affaire. La première est que <<les
termes (contrat >)et (<conditions d'emploi 1)comprennent toutes dispo-
sitions pertinentes du statut et du règlement en vigueur au moment de
l'inobservation invoqué .. o.La deuxième est que le statut du Tribunal
administratif ne comporte aucune disposition qui permettrait de penser
que sacompétencesoitassezétenduepourluipermettre de déciderqu'ilne
doit pas êtredonnéimmédiatement effet à une résolutionde l'Assemblée 10. The meaning of the clause respecting error on a question of law
relating to the provisions of the Charter also calls for comment. It should
be observed that this ground specifies"error on a question of law", which

suggeststhat it excludeserror on a question of fact.Furthermore, error on
a question of lawis qualified by the phrase, "relating to" provisions of the
Charter. That is to Say,an error of the Tribunal need not squarely and
directly engage a provision of the Charter. It is sufficient if an error is "in
relationship to" the Charter, "has reference to" the Charter or "is con-
nected with" the Charter. (See the definitions found in Webster's Third
NewInternationalDictionary,Unabridged, 1976,p. 1916.)Thephrase "the
provisions" of the Charter clearly cannot mean al1the provisions of the
Charter, because no error of the Administrative Tribunal could possibly
relate toal1the provisions of theCharter ;that phrase must mean, "one or
more provisions" of the Charter. But an error, if it is to furnishground for
objection to ajudgment of theTribunal, must have a relationship to or be
connected with at least one provision of the Charter.

B. The travaux préparatoires of thoseprovisions
(i) Justificationfor recoursetopreparatory work

11. The true meaning of the terms of Article 11(1) of the Statute of the
Administrative Tribunal (and thus a proper appreciation of the scope of
the review authority accorded the Court by that Article) can be best
understood in the light of their travauxpréparatoires.Thus in this case the
Court should do exactly as it has done in prior casesin which the meaning
of a treaty or legislativetext has been at issue :examine the preparatory
work whichgaverisetoit. If itbe objected that resort tothis supplementary
means of interpretation isjustified only where the text is not clear, it is
submitted that the text's lack of clarity is sufficiently shown by the dif-
ferences about its interpretation which are demonstrated as between the
Court's Opinion and dissenling opinions in this case. More than ths, it is
instructive to recall that in the case of the Court closest to the case at bar,
the Faslacase, theCourt at three points recounts the need for resort to the
travaux préparatoiresto elucidate the meaning of Article 11 (1) of the

Statute of the Administrative Tribunal. It points out that, "Although the
records show that Article 11 was not introduced into the Statute of the
Administrative Tribunal exclusively,or evenprimarily, to providejudicial
protection for officiais .. .(I.C.J. Reports1973,p. 183).It concludes that,
"both the text of Article 11 and its legislativehistory make it clear that
challenges to Administrative Tribunal Judgements under its provisions
were intended to be confined to the specific grounds of objection men-
tioned in the Article" (ibid.,p. 188).And it goes back to the recommen-
dations of the Comrnittee whichprepared the draft ofArticle 11and to thegénérale régissanltes conditions d'emploi du Secrétariat à laquelle l'As-
sembléea entendu donner un tel effet.
10. Le sens de la clause relative à l'erreur de droit concernant les
dispositions de la Charte appelle lui aussi quelques observations. On

notera que la mention explicite de 1'4erreur de droit ))dans l'énoncé des
motifs de contestation sembleexclurel'erreur defait.Cette formuleest, de
surcroît, assortie de l'expression << concernant les dispositions de la
Charte )),ce qui signifiequ'il n'est pas indispensable que l'erreur du Tri-
bunal mette directement enjeu une disposition de la Charte proprement
dite. II suffit que l'erreur soit<<en rapport avec ))la Charte, qu'elle <<ait

traità ))laCharte, qu'elley soit (liée ))On sereportera à cetégard,pour la
version anglaise du texte, aux définitions figurant dans le Webster'sThird
New InternationalDictionary, Unabridged, 1976,page 1916.Bien entendu,
l'expression (lesdispositions ))de la Charte ne peut pas non plus désigner
toutes les dispositions dela Charte, car aucune erreur duTribunal ne peut
porter sur la totalité de ces dispositions ;il faut donc entendre cette
expression au sens de << une ou plusieurs dispositions ))de la Charte.

Toutefois l'erreur du Tribunal, pour pouvoir êtreinvoquée commemotif
de contestation, doit êtreen rapport avecl'une au moins des dispositions
de la Charte, ou y êtreliée.

B. Les travauxpréparatoires

i) Raisons du recoursaux travauxpréparatoires

II. Le meilleur moyen de comprendre le sens véritable des termes
employés à l'article 11,paragraphe 1,du statut du Tribunal administratif
(etpar conséquentd'apprécier lepouvoirde réformationattribué à la Cour
par cet article) est de sereporter aux travauxpréparatoires. La Cour devait
donc, dans le cas présent, procéder exactement comme lors des précé-
dentes affaires où le sens d'un traitéou d'un texte législatifétait contro-

versé,c'est-à-dire étudierles travaux préparatoires. Si l'on objecte à cela
quelerecours à cemoyen supplémentaired'interprétationne sejustifie que
lorsque letexte est obscur,je répondrai quelesdifférencesd'interprétation
dont témoignel'écare tntre l'avisdelaCouret lesopinionsdissidentes dans
laprésenteespècesuffisent àattester cemanque de clarté. Quiplusest, on
notera que dans l'affaire qui se rapproche le plus de la présenteespèce, à

savoirl'affaireFasla.laCour ara~~el& ArtrLisfois lanécessité derecourir
aux travaux préparatoires pouréluciderle sensde l'article11,paragraphe 1,
du statut du Tribunal administratif. Elle a fait observer que : <C<ertes les
documents montrent quel'article 11n'apas été introduit dans le statut du
Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies exclusivement,ni mêmeprinci-
palement, pour assurer une protection juridictionnelle aux fonction-

naires ..))(C.I.J. Recueil 1973, p. 183.) Elle a conclu que : (le texte de
l'article 11commel'historique de son élaborationdémontrentqu'on avait
entendu limiter les possibilitésde contester les jugements du Tribunal
administratif aux motifs précis envisagés dans l'article))(ibid.,p. 188).Et
elleestrevenueauxrecommandations du Comitéquiavaitétabliletextededeliberations over that draft in the Fifth Committee of the General
Assembly to state the following :

"50. Article XII of the Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal
speaks only of achallenge to 'adecision of the Tribunal confirming its
jurisdiction', and does not make any mention of a failure of the
Tribunal to exerciseitsjurisdiction. Similarly,in thedraft ofArticle 1 1
of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal's Statute recom-
mended to the General Assembly by the Special Comrnittee on
Review of Administrative Tribunal Judgements, a challenge on this
ground was contemplated only if the Tribunal had 'exceeded its
jurisdiction or competence'. Thewords 'orthat the Tribunalhas failed
to exercisejurisdiction vestedin it' wereadded at the 499th meeting of
the Fifth Committee on the proposa1 of the Indian delegation, ...
. ..It further appears that in accepting failure to exercisejurisdic-
tion as an additional ground of challenge the General Assembly
regarded it as euisdem generiswith cases where the Tribunal had
exceeded its jurisdiction or competence ; and the Fifth Comrnittee
thus seems to have viewed both excess and failure in the exercise of
jurisdiction as essentially concerned with matters of jurisdiction or
competence in their strict sense. In a more general way, the compar-
atively narrow scope intended to be given to failure to exercisejuris-

diction asaground of challengeis confirmed by the legislativehistory
of Article 11,which showsthat the grounds of challengementioned in
the Article were envisaged as covering only 'exceptional' cases."
(IC.J. Reports 1973, p. 189.)

In the light of the Court's repeated and detailed resort in the Faslacase to
the travauxpréparatoiresof the very article at issue in the instant case,
scrutiny of that samebody ofpreparatory workisespeciallyappropriate in
this case.

(ii) The Courtsuggestsjudicial reviewofAdministrative TribunalJudge-
ments
12. The amendments to the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal
which are found in Article 11 appear to have been stimulated by the
Court's AdvisoryOpinion on the Effect ofAwards of CompensationMade
by the United NationsAdministrative Tribunal,I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 56,
where the Court, in addressing the possibility of review ofjudgements of
the Administrative Tribunal, declared :

"In order that thejudgments pronounced by suchajudicialtribunal
couldbe subjected to reviewby anybodyother than the tribunal itself,
it would be necessary, in the opinion of the Court, that the statute of
that tribunal or some other legal instrument governing it should con-l'article 11et aux délibérationsde la Cinquième Commission de 1'Assem-
bléegénérale à ce sujet, en déclarant :

<(50. L'article XII du statut du Tribunal administratif de l'OIT
envisage seulement une contestation élevée contre <une décisiondu
Tribunal affirmant sa compétence )et ne fait aucune mention d'un
non-exercice de sajuridiction par leTribunal. De même,dans leprojet
d'article 11 du statut du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies

recommandé à l'Assemblée générale par le Comité spécial chargé
d'étudierla question de la réformation des jugements du Tribunal
administratif, le seul motif de contestation envisagétenaità ce que le
Tribunal avait <outrepassé sa juridiction ou sa compétence )).Les
termes (<ou n'a pas exercé sa juridiction )> ont été ajoutés à la
499e séancede la Cinquième Commission sur la proposition de la
délégationindienne ...
...Il apparaît en outre que, en acceptant le non-exercice de la
juridiction comme motif supplémentairede contestation, l'Assemblée

générale y a vu un cas du même genreque ceux dans lesquels le
Tribunal excèdesacompétenceousajuridiction ;la Cinquième Com-
mission semble donc avoir envisagé quele fait d'outrepasser sajuri-
diction ou denepas l'exercersoulèveessentiellementdesproblèmesde
juridiction ou de compétenceau sensstrict. De manière plus générale,
on trouve dans l'historique de l'article 11,montrant que les motifs de
contestation mentionnés dans cette disposition ne devaient s'appli-
quer qu'à des cas <<exceptionnels )),la confirmation de la portée
relativement étroiteque l'on a voulu donner au non-exercice de la

juridiction en tant que motif de contestation. ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1973,
p. 189.)
Etant donné que dans l'affaire Fasla la Cour s'est reportée à maintes
reprises et avec un grand souci du détail aux travaux préparatoires de
l'article présentement en cause, il semble particulièrement indiqué de

procéder àune analyse serréede ces mêmestravaux préparatoires dans la
présente espèce.

ii) La Cour suggère uneprocédurd ee réformationpour lesjugements du
Tribunaladministratif

12. La revision du statutdu Tribunal administratif qui a abouti au texte
actuel de l'article1semble êtreuneconséquencedel'initiative priseparla
Cour dans son avis consultatif sur l'Effet dejugements du Tribunaladmi-
nistratif des Nations Unies accordant l'indemnité,C.I.J. Recueil 1954,
page 56, où, évoquant la possibilitéd'une réformation desjugements du
Tribunal administratif, elle déclaraitce qui suit :

<<Pour que lesjugements prononcés par un tel tribunal pussent être
reviséspar un corps autre que ce tribunal lui-même, ilfaudrait, de
l'avisde la Cour, que le statutde ce tribunal ou les autresinstruments
juridiques qui lerégissent,continssent desdispositions expresses à cet tain an expressprovision to that effect.TheGeneral Assemblyhas the
power to amend the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal by virtue
of Article II of that Statute and to provide for means of redress by
another organ. But as no such provisions are inserted in the present
Statute, there is no legal ground upon which the General Assembly
could proceed to reviewjudgments already pronounced by that Tri-
bunal. Should the General Assembly contemplate, for dealing with
future disputes, the making of some provision for the review of the
awards of the Tribunal, the Court is of opinion that the General
Assemblyitself,in viewofits composition and functions, could hardly
act as a judicial organ - considering the arguments of the parties,

appraising the evidenceproduced by them, establishing thefacts and
declaring the law applicable to them - al1the more soas one party to
the disputes is the United Nations organization itself."
It willbe observed that theCourt spoke in 1954of "review" ofjudgements
and awards of theAdministrative Tribunal and of the provision of "means
ofredress". It spoke of thefunctions of areviewingjudicial organ (which it
rightly said the General Assembly is not) in broad terms : considering the

arguments, appraising the evidence, establishing the facts and declaring
the law.

(iii) The GeneralAssembly takes up the Court's suggestion

13. That very year, the General Assembly took up the Court's sugges-
tion, resolving that it:"Accepts in principlejudicial reviewofjudgements

of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal." (Res. 888(IX).)The text
of the resolution in question initially spoke of the establishment of a
procedure for "appeals against" instead of "review of" the Tribunal's
judgements. In introducing an amendment (which was accepted) to sub-
stitute the term "review of", the delegate of Canada, speaking in plenary
session on behalf of the CO-sponsors,stated :
"Members are aware that 'review'is a broader term which would
include appeals and other judicial procedures.

12. The object of this change, therefore, .. . is not to limit the
special committee to the consideration of only one specific form of
judicial review." (United Nations, GeneralAssembly OfficialRecords,
Ninth Session, 515th Plenary Meeting,p. 542, paras. 11 -12.)

Resolution 888(IX) requested member States to communicate their views

"on the establishment ofprocedure to provide for reviewofjudgements of
the Administrative Tribunal" and established a Special Committee on
Review of Administrative Tribunal Judgements (hereafter referred to as
"the Special Comrnittee") to study the question of the establishment of
such a procedure in al1its aspects. effet. L'Assembléegénérale a le pouvoir d'amender le statut du Tri-
bunal administratif, en vertu de l'articleII de ce statut, et de prévoir
des voies de recours devant un autre organe. Mais comme le statut
actuel necontientaucune disposition decegenre,il n'yapas de motifs
de droit surlesquelsl'Assembléegénéralepuissseefonderpour reviser
lesjugements déjàprononcéspar cetribunal. Sil'Assembléegénérale

envisageait d'instituer, pour les différends à venir, des dispositions
prévoyantla revisiondesjugements du Tribunal, la Cour estime que
l'Assemblée générale elle-mêm et,ant donné sacomposition et ses
fonctions, ne pourrait guère agir comme un organejudiciaire exami-
nant les arguments des parties, appréciantles preuves produites par
elles, établissant les faits, et disant le droit qui s'y applique - alors

surtout que l'une des parties aux différends estl'organisation des
Nations Unies elle-même. ))

On observera quela Courparlait en 1954de (<revision >)desjugements du
Tribunal administratif et de prévoir des (<voies de recours )).Quant aux
fonctions de l'éventuel organede contrôlejudiciaire, elle les définissait en
termes généraux - examiner les arguments des parties, apprécier les
preuvesproduites par elles,établirlestexteset direle droit - enprécisant à
juste titre que tel n'étaitpas le rôle de l'Assembléegénérale.

iii)L'Assembléegénérale donne suite à la suggestionde la Cour

13. Cette mêmeannée,l'Assembléegénéradlo enna suite à la suggestion
de la Cour en décidant d'~accepter le principe de la réformation des
jugements du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies ))(résolution888
(IX)). Le projet de résolution parlait à l'origine de l'institution d'une
procédurede (<recours ))et non de <<réformation )).Présentantl'amende-
ment, acceptépar la suite, qui visait à remplacer (recours ))par (réfor-

mation )>le représentant du Canada déclara en séance plénièrea,u nom
des coauteurs du projet :

(Les membres de l'Assemblée saventsans doute que ...le mot
<<review ))est un terme plus large qui comprend non seulement les
recours mais aussi d'autres procédures judiciaires.
12. Cette modification ..adoncpour objet denepas limiter l'étude
du comité spécial à une seule forme déterminéede réformationjudi-
ciaire.))(Documentsofficielsdel'Assembléegénéralen,euvièmesession,

515eséance plénière, p5 .70, par. 11-12.)
Par la résolution888(IX),l'Assembléegénérailn evita lesEtats Membres à
faire connaître leur opinion << sur l'institution d'une procédure qui per-

mette la réformation desjugementsrendus par leTribunal administratif )),
et créa un comité spécialde réformation des jugements du Tribunal
administratif (dénomméci-aprèlseComité spécial)q ,uiétaitchargéd'étu-
dier sous tous ses aspects la question de l'institution d'une procédurede
cette nature. (iv) The reportof the Secretary-General on reviewprocedures

14. The Secretary-General assisted the Committee by submitting to it a
set of memoranda and working papers. (See United Nations, General
Assembly Official Records, Tenth Session, Annexes, Agenda Item 49 :
Report of the Special Committee on Review of Administrative Tribunal
Judgements, Annex II,pp. 17ff.) Herecalled the hstory of theadoption of
the then existing and stillcurrent provision of Article XII of the Statute of
the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, whch the International Labour Office
described as a means for "appeal" to the International Court of Justice
(p. 19).The Secretary-General noted that, in supporting adoption of this
provision by the ILO, the Director General of the International Labour
Office "explained that the article did not propose that the International
Court of Justice should re-try a case, but merely that it could be asked to
define the jurisdiction of the Tribunal" (ibid., p. 19).

15. On the scope of the review and powers of the reviewing body of
the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, the Secretary-General saw
essentially three possibilities:

"'(a) the review of al1aspects of the case,
(b) the review of the law only, and
(c) the reviewof certain legalissues, such foi-example as the question

of lack ofjurisdiction or fundamental defect in procedure" (ibid.,
p. 22).
As to (a),the Secretary-General subrnitted that a review of al1aspects of
the case

"would without doubt lead to agreat number ofunwarranted appeals,
and thus would needlessly increase the burden of litigation. There
would seem to be no good reason why the findings of fact by the
Administrative Tribunal should not be conclusive." (Ibid.)

As to (b) the Secretary-General stated
"A review of the law would include the interpretation of the Staff
Regulations and the Staff Rules as well as other provisions of the
contract and general principles of law which rnight be involved. It

would include the interpretation of relevant provisions of the United
Nations Charter." (Ibid.)
As to (c), the Secretary-General noted :

"Finally, there is the possibility of providing only for the reviewof
certain important legal issues. Article XII of the Statute of the IL0
Administrative Tribunal is an example of this alternative. Under this iv) Le rapport du Secrétaire généraslur lesprocéduresde réformation

14. Le Secrétaire généra plrêtason concours au Comitéspécialen lui
soumettant une sériede mémoires etde documents de travail (voir Docu-
mentsofficielsdel'Assemblée généraled ,ixièmesession,annexes,point 49de
l'ordre dujour :rapport du Comitéspécial chargéd'étudierla question de

laréformation desjugements du Tribunal administratif, annexe II, p. 17et
suiv.). Dans ces documents, le Secrétaire générarlappelait la genèsedes
dispositions (qui existaient à l'époqueet sont toujours en vigueur) de
l'article XII du statut du Tribunal administratif de l'OIT, où le Bureau
international du Travail voyait un moyen de ((faire appel à la Cour
internationale de Justice (p. 19). Le Secrétaire général relevait qu'en
recommandant à l'OIT d'appuyer cette disposition, ledirecteur du Bureau

international du Travail avait <(fait observer que cet article n'avait pas
pour objet de faire juger une seconde fois les affaires par la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice, mais simplement de permettre de l'inviter àdéfinirla
compétence du Tribunal >)(ibid., p. 20).
15. Pour ce qui est de la portée de la réformation et des pouvoirs de
l'organe de réformation des jugements du Tribunal administratif des
Nations Unies, le Secrétaire général voyait essentiellementtrois possibi-

lités:
<(a) examen de tous les aspects de l'affaire ;
b) examen du seul point de vue du droit ;

c) examen de certains points de droit (incompétenceou grave vice
de forme, par exelmple) ))(ibid., p. 23).

Au sujet de la possibilité a), le Secrétaire généraflaisait valoir que

<(le nombre des demandes enréformation abusives serait sans aucun

doute trèsgrand, et la procédures'en trouverait inutilement compli-
quée. Il n'y a guère, semble-t-il, de raison pour que, s'agissant des
faits, les conclusions du Tribunal administratif ne soient pas défini-
tives. ))(Ibid., p. 24.)

A propos de la possibilitéb), le Secrétaire générailndiquait:
<(Un examen du point devuedu droit comprendrait l'interprétation

du statut et du règlement du personnel aussi bien que des autres
dispositions du contrat et de certains principes générauxde droit qui
pourraient êtreenjeu. 11comprendrait aussi l'interprétation desdis-
positions applicables de la Charte des Nations Unies ...))(Ibid.)

Et le Secrétaire généraflaisait l'observation suivanteen ce qui concernela
possibilitéc) :

<<Enfin, la réformation peut ne porter que sur certains points de
droit importants. Telle est la solution adoptée dans l'article XII du
Statut du Tribunal administratif del'OIT.Aux termes de cet article, la467 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. SCHWEBEL)

article the International Court ofJusticemay be asked for an advisory
opinion withrespect to twotypes of questions :(a)lack ofjurisdiction

of theTribunal, and (b)fundamentalfault in theprocedure followed."
(Ibid.)
16. Turning to the possibility of review by the International Court of
Justice, the Secretary-General submitted that advisory proceedings might
be suitable for the review of certain legal questions in determining the
validity of ajudgement as is provided by the Statute of the IL0 Admin-

istrative Tribunal. However,he believed that if a "broader scope of review
were desired", it might be difficult to fit into advisory proceedings :

"A re-examination of the merits of the case might involve matters
which are not strictly legalquestions within the meaning of Article 65
of the Statute of the Court, and might also require more active par-

ticipation of the parties in the proceedings than would be considered
permissible by the Court. Advisory proceedings would probably not
be appropriate for such re-examination which might even be consid-
ered incompatible with the Statute of the Court." (Ibid., p. 24.)
Byhis reference to Article 65of the Statute, the Secretary-General seemed

to suggest that, while it is appropriate to put "any legal question" to the
Court in advisory proceedings, it would not be appropriate to put to the
Court questions of fact, i.e., matters which "are not strictly legal ques-
tions". He concluded :

"There is probably no absolute line between a review for which
advisoryproceedingswould be possible and one for which they would
not. Individual proposals which may be made would have to be
examined in the light of the Statute of the Court and the nature of
advisory proceedings." (Ibid.)
17. The Secretary-General transmitted the viewsof theUnitedNations
Staff Council, which maintained that "only important questions of law

which touch upon matters of principle should constitute ground for
review" (ibid.,p. 32).The Staff Council submitted that :"The scope of the
review should not include questions of fact ;the findings of fact by the
Administrative Tribunal should be conclusive." (Ibid.)

(v) The meetings and report of the Special Committee

18. The Report of the SpecialCommittee on Reviewof Administrative
Tribunal Judgements is revealing, anticipating as it does questions which
havebeen debated in thecurrent case.Thus asto the meaning of "judicial
review", it declares : Cour internationale de Justice peut êtrepriée de donner un avis
consultatif sur deux sortes de questions : a) incompétence du Tribu-
nal ;b) faute essentielle dans la procédure suivie. )>(Ibid.)

16. Abordant la possibilitéde confier la réformation à la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice, le Secrétaire général écriva qiute la procédureconsul-
tative pourrait convenir pour l'examen de certaines questionsjuridiques
et de la validité desjugements, comme cela étaitprévudans le statut du

Tribunal administratif de l'OIT. Il estimait cependant que, (<si on enten-
dait donner à la réformation une portée plus vaste )>,il serait peut-être
difficile d'avoir recours à la juridiction consultative :

(<Il se~ourrait au'un nouvel examen aufond d'une affaire mette en
jeu desquestions quine seraient pas strictementjuridiques au sens de
l'article 65 du Statut de la Cour, et qu'il exigedes parties une parti-
cipation plus active que la Cour nejugerait pouvoir le permettre. La
méthode consultative ne conviendrait sans doute DasDourun nouvel
L A
examen de cette sorte, quipourrait mêmeêtre jugé incompatible avec
le Statut de la Cour. )>(Ibid., p. 25.)
En faisant allusion à l'article 65 du Statutde la Cour, le Secrétaire général

semblait vouloir direque, s'ilétaitappropriédesoumettre à la Cour << toute
question juridique )> dans une procédure consultative, il ne convenait
pas en revanche de lui poser des questions de fait, c'est-à-dire des ques-
tions <<qui ne seraient pas strictement juridiques )).Il concluait en ces
termes :

<(Il est sansdoute impossible de faire ledépartdefaçon stricte entre
les cas pour lesquels on pourrait faire appel à lajuridiction consul-
tative de la Cour et les autres. Les différentespropositions qui pour-

ront êtrefaites devront êtreexaminéesen fonction du Statut de la
Cour et de la nature de sajuridiction consultative. ))(Ibid., p. 25.)

17. Au document de travail du Secrétaire généraé l taitjointe une lettre
exposant les vues du conseil du personnel de l'organisation des Nations
Unies. Pour celui-ci, il était <(indispensable que la réformation ne puisse
êtredemandéequelorsqu'il s'agitd'importants points de droitmettant en
jeu des questions deprincipe )(ibid.,p. 35).Et leconseil poursuivait ences
termes : <<La réformation ne devrait pas porter sur des élémentsde fait :

les conclusions du Tribunal administratif quant aux faits devraient être
définitives. ))(Ibid.)

v) Les travaux du Comitéspécialet son rapport

18. Le rapport du Comité spécialchargé d'étudierla question de la
réformation desjugements du Tribunal administratif est révélateur,car il
anticipe certains des problèmes qui ont été débattus dansla présente
affaire. On y trouve lepassage suivant,consacré àla signification du terme

<<réformation )): "11. With respect to the meaning of 'judicial review' as used in
General Assembly resolution 888 (IX), two possible interpretations
were mentioned. On the one hand, it might be considered that the
phrase referred purely to an appealsprocedure in whch theparties to
the original action could seekreconsideration of the case or certain of
its aspects before an appellate body. On the other hand, 'judicial
review' could also be taken to refer to a procedure other than an
appealsprocedure in the technical senseof the term. It waspointed out
that the draft text of resolution888(IX) .. had been amended in the
General Assembly ... by replacing the words 'appeals against' by the

words 'review of'. The intention of the amendment's sponsors had
been to use a broader term which embraced appeals and otherjudicial
procedures. It was the view of the majority of the members that the
Committee could consider asjudicial review either an appeals proce-
dure in the narrow sense of the term or some other kind of review
procedure which satisfiedjudicial requirements such as, for example,
reviewof legal questions through the advisory procedure of the Inter-
national Court of Justice." (Report of the Special Committee, loc.cit.,
pp. 3-4.)

19. The Special Committee based its general discussion on the Secre-
tary-General's working paper. On the scope of the power of review to be
accorded the organ of review, the Committee's report records :

"The members of the Committee were in general agreement that
review should be limited to exceptional cases, and further, that there
should be no complete review of al1aspects of the case, in particular
that there should not be a review of questions of fact as such. There
was considerable variation of opinion, however, among the members
of the Committee as to the exact grounds for which a reviewshould be
provided. One body of opinion held that review should be on al1
questions of law, whereas another maintained that it should be con-
fined to the two grounds specifiedin Article XII of the IL0 Statute of
theAdministrative Tribunal, namely, questions ofjurisdiction and of
fundamental defect in procedure. Positions in between these two

views were also taken." (Ibid.)

The report adds that the US representative, when arguing that member
States should be empowered to request activation of the reviewprocedure,

stated :
"On important questions involvingthe interpretation or application
of the Charter or the staffregulations, the views of Members should

receive a full hearing and consideration." (Ibid., p. 7 ; emphasis sup-
plied.) (<11. Deux interprétations du terme <réformation O, telqu'ilfigure
dans larésolution888(IX) del'Assemblée générale o,nt étproposées.
On pouvait d'abord considérer que ce terme ne visait qu'une procé-
dure de recours par laquelle les parties à l'instance initiale pouvaient
demander àun organe de recours d'examiner à nouveau l'affaire, ou

certains de ses aspects. Mais on pouvait aussi y voir une procédure
autre qu'une procédurede recours au sens technique du terme. On a
fait valoir que le projet de résolution ...avait étémodifiépar l'As-
semblée générale ...plénière etque les mots << procédure de recours
contre lesjugements ))avaientétéremplacéspar <(procédurede réfor-
mation desjugements >).Les auteurs de l'amendement avaient pro-
posécette substitution car, à leur avis, le terme(<réformation >)avait
un sens plus large qui comprenait la procédure de recours ainsi que

d'autres moyens judiciaires. La majorité des représentants ont été
d'avisque le Comitépouvait considérercommeréformation,soit une
procédure de recours au sens étroitdu terme, soit une procédure de
réformation d'unautre genre qui satisfît aux exigencesjudiciaires, par
exempleun examen despoints de droit faisantintervenir lajuridiction
consultative de la Cour internationale de Justice. ))(Rapport du
Comitéspécial, loc. cil., p. 4.)

19. Lerapport du Comitéspécial,qui avaitpris pour base de discussion
un document de travail du Secrétaire général, s'exprime comme suit au
sujet des limites du pouvoir à attribuer à l'organe de réformation :

((Les membres du Comitéont reconnu en général qu'in le devrait y
avoir de réformation que dans des cas exceptionnels et que les diffé-
rents aspects de l'affaire ne devraient pas tous faire l'objet d'une

réformation complète, en particulier, que la réformation ne devrait
pasporter sur lespoints defait en tant que tels. Les avisdesmembres
du Comitéont été cependant trèspartagésencequiconcerne la nature
exacte des motifs de réformation. Certains ont fait valoir d'une part
que la réformation devrait s'étendre à toutes les questions de droit ;
d'autres représentants ont par contre défendu qu'elle devrait être
limitée aux deux motifs énoncés à l'article XII du statut du Tribunal
administratif de l'OIT, savoir : les questions de compétence et les

fautes essentielles dans la procédure suivie. D'autres membres du
Comitéont proposé des solutions intermédiaires. >>(Ibid.)

Ilyest indiquéque le représentant des Etats-Unis, soutenantque les Etats
Membres devaient êtrehabilités à demander le déclenchementde la pro-
cédurede réformation, avait déclaréque :

<<Lorsque se posaient des questions importantes mettant en jeu
l'interprétation ou l'application de la Charte oudustatut dupersonnel,
les Etats Membres devaient pouvoir exposer pleinement leur point de
vue et demander qu'il soit examinéde façon approfondie. >>(Ibid.,
p. 7; les italiques sont de moi.) 20. In its analysis of the specificproposals advanced on the scope of the
review power, the report contains the following :

"The proposa1 of France ... and the suggestions of the Secretary-
General ...would limit the grounds for review to those stipulated in
article XII of thetatute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal. ..there
should be no retrial of the facts, nor of points of law generally.
The proposa1 of China, Iraq and the United States of America ...
defined the scope of review as 'important legal questions raised by
the judgement' and provided for a committee to decide whether
the questions were of such importance as to warrant judicial re-
view ...

Thefundamental difference among these proposals with respect to
the scope of review was, on the one hand, that the review should be
strictly limited to the two grounds specified in theStatute of the IL0
Tribunaland,on the other that itshould coveral1important questions
of law." (Ibid., p. 8.)

21. In an effort to bridge the foregoing differences, ajoint compromise
proposa1was made by China, Iraq, Pakistan,the United Kingdom and the
United States. In "clarification of the text" of the proposal, the British
representative, Sir Vincent Evans (then the legal adviser of the British
Mission to the United Nations, later the LegalAdviser of the Foreign and
Commonwealth Office) explained, on behalf of the CO-sponsors,the fol-
lowing. (Since this explanation is so important it is quoted not from the

condensed report of the Committee but from the fuller summary record of
its discussions.) The International Court of Justice, he specified, would
have a scope of review authority limited "to three precise grounds" :

"The first and third were substantially the same as those in Arti-
cle XII of the Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, on which
there appeared to be general agreement in the Committee. The second

ground, while attempting to meet half-way those representatives who
favoured the inclusion of any substantial question of law as a ground
for review,provided a safeguard against the danger that review might
become a matter of course in al1cases. It attempted to define with
maximum precision what questions of law could be grounds for
review. The words'relating totheprovisionsof the Charter'coverednot
oniy interpretationsof theprovisionsof the Charter butalso the inter-
pretation orapplicationofstaff regulationsderivingfromChapterXV of
the Charter." (A/AC.78/SR.10, p. 3 ; emphasis added.) DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION (OP.DISS.SCHWEBEL) 469

20. Le rapport analyse les propositions concrètes qui avaient étéfaites
au sujet de la portée du pouvoir de réformation. On y relève les passages
suivants :

<<Selonla proposition dela France ...et lessuggestions du Secrétaire
général ...les motifs de réformation auraient été limités à ce que
prévoit l'articleXII du statut du Tribunal administratif de l'organi-
sation internationale du Travail ..ni les faits ni le droit en généralne

devant faire l'objet d'un nouveau jugement.
La proposition de la Chine, des Etats-Unis et de l'Irak ...faisait
porter la réformation sur ((toutes questions de droitimportantesque
soulèvelejugement ))et prévoyaitqu'un comitédécideraitsiles ques-
tions étaient suffisamment importantes pourjustifier la procédurede
réformation.. .
En ce qui concerne la portée de la réformation, la différencefon-
damentale existant entre cespropositions étaitla suivante :d'après les

unes, la réformation devait êtrestrictement limitée aux deux motifs
indiqués dans le statut du Tribunal de l'OIT, alors que, selon les
autres, elle devait porter sur toutes les questions de droit impor-
tantes. ))(Ibid., p. 8 et 9.)

21. Dans un effort pour surmonter ces divergences de vues, la Chine,
les Etats-Unis, l'Irak, le Pakistan et le Royaume-Uni présentèrent une
proposition de compromis commune. Donnant des ((précisions )> sur
cette proposition, le représentant britannique, sir Vincent Evans (alors
conseiller juridique de la mission du Royaume-Uni auprès de l'organi-

sation des Nations Unies, plus tard conseiller juridique du Foreign and
Commonwealth Office), expliqua ce qui suit au nom des coauteurs. Vu
toute l'importance de cette explication, nous ne la citons pas d'après
le rapport résumédu Comité,mais d'aprèsles comptes rendus de séances,
qui sont plus complets. La compétence de la Cour internationale de
Justice en matière de réformation, précisa sir Vincent, devait se limiter
à trois motifs précis )):

(<Le premier et le troisième de ces motifs sont sensiblement les
mêmesque ceux qu'a retenus l'article,XII ldu statut du Tribunal
administratif de l'OIT, et que les membres du Comité paraissent
admettre d'une manière générale. Le deuxième motif vise à donner

partiellement satisfaction auxreprésentants qui voudraient que toute
importante question de droit donne ouverture à recours, mais il est
énoncéde manière àéviterle risque de voir la procédure de réforma-
tion devenir une procédure normale dans toutes les affaires. Le texte
s'efforce de définir avec le maximum de précision lesquestions de
droit qui peuvent donner ouverture à recours. Les mots : «concernant
lesdispositionsdelaCharte 1nevisentpas seulement l'interprétation des
dispositions dela Charte,mais aussi l'interprétationou l'applicationdu

statut dupersonnel édicté en applicationdu chapitre XV de la Charte. ))
(A/AC.78/SR.10, p. 3 ;les italiques sont de moi.) 22. The representative of the United States followed, stating :
"(2) The adequacy of thejoint draft withrespect to the scopeof the
screening committee's authority to cal1for an advisory opinion had
been a matter of serious doubt to his delegation, which still felt that
there was great merit in the arguments in favour of the possibility of

reviewof legalquestions generallyand of excessiveawards, regardless
ofparticular grounds or merits. (3)However,asa conciliatory gesture,
his Government had decided to support the joint proposal. (4) His
Government understood the second ground mentioned in para-
graph 1 to include (a) a question under Article 101 of the Charter
whether the Secretary-General's judgment should be upheld with
regard to the conduct of a staff member under United Nations stan-
dards of efficiency, competence and integrity ; (b) a question under
Article 97whether the Secretary-General's action in givingdirections
to or taking disciplinary action against a staff member should be
sustained ;(c)aquestion under Article 100involvingastaff member's
duty to refrain fromany action which might reflect on hisposition as
an international civil servant responsible only to the Organization."
(Ibid., pp. 5-6; emphasis supplied.)

23. Reception of the compromise proposa1was mixed. It was acknow-
ledgedon al1sidesthat, under thejoint compromise proposal,the advisory
opinion of the Court wouldbe binding on theparties to theAdministrative
Tribunal proceedings (an understanding later repeated in the Fifth Com-
mittee). But a substantial minority of the Cornmittee questioned the pro-
priety of the Court so settling a dispute between the United Nations and a

staff member ; it opposed a member State being empowered to seek such
judicial review ; and it maintained that the proposed screeningcommittee
would not be properly composed to carry out its functions. On the imme-
diate question of theextent of the reviewauthority to begiven to the Court,
relatively little wassaid. The Australian representative, who believed that
the review body should be a judicial body other than the International
Court of Justice, found, "The grounds for reviewprovided for in thejoint
draft were too restrictive" (A/AC.78/SR.ll, p. 6). The Pakistani co-
sponsorsubmitted that the proposa1should "be construed strictly, in away
consistent so far as possible with the spirit of Article XII of theStatute of
theAdministrative Tribunal of the ILO" (ibid.,p. 6).The representative of
China associated himselfwith the opinions expressedby the representative
of theUnited Kingdom. He supported inclusion of the proviso on an error
of law relating to provisions of the Charter, "for an earlier decision of the
Administrative Tribunal had been open to criticism on that score. The
Chinese delegation attached a great deal of importance to Article 101,

paragraph 3, of the Charter." (Ibid., p. 7.)The Chairman, speaking as the 22. Le représentant des Etats-Unis déclara à son tour :

<<2) Pour ce qui est des circonstances dans lesquelles le comitéde
filtrage pourrait demander un avis consultatif, le projet commun ne
donne pasentièresatisfaction àladélégation américaineq,ui persiste à
attacher un grand poids aux arguments selon lesquels le droit en
généralet les indemnitésexcessives devraient pouvoir donner lieu à
réformation, quels que soient les motifs invoquésetles circonstances
de l'affaire. 3) Toutefois, par souci de conciliation, le Gouvernement
des Etats-Unis a décidéd'appuyer le projet commun. 4) Le Gouver-
nement des Etats-Unis considèreque ledeuxièmemotif mentionnéau

paragraphe 1)visenotamment lesquestions suivantes : alesquestions
mettant enjeu l'article 101dela Charte, lorsqu'ils'agitde savoir s'ilya
lieu de confirmerla façon dont le Secrétairegénéraaljugéla conduite
d'un fonctionnaire du point de vue des normes de travail, de com-
pétence etd'intégrité requises du personnel de l'organisation ; b) les
questions mettant enjeu l'article 97, lorsqu'il s'agit de savoir s'ily a
lieu de confirmer la décisiondu Secrétairegénéraldans les cas où il a
donnédes directives à un fonctionnaire oupris contre lui des mesures
disciplinaires; c)les questions mettant enjeu l'article 100qui impose
à tout fonctionnaire l'obligation de s'abstenir de tout acte qui est
incompatible avecsa situation defonctionnaire international, respon-

sable seulement envers l'organisation. i)(Ibid., p. 6, les italiques sont
de moi.)
23. Lecompromisproposé reçut un accueilmitigé.On s'accordait certes
à reconnaître que, selon la proposition conjointe, l'avis consultatif de la
Cour serait obligatoire pour les parties à l'instance devant le Tribunal
administratif, interprétationque devait confirmer plus tard la Cinquième
Commission. Mais une minorité non négligeablede représentants contes-

tait l'opportunité de charger la Cour de régler ainsi lesdifférends entre
l'organisation des Nations Unies et les fonctionnaires ;cette minorité
s'opposait à ce que l'on permît aux Etats Membres de déclencher la
procédurede réformation ;et elleestimait que lacomposition du comitéde
filtrage envisagéne lui permettrait pas d'exercer ses fonctions de façon
satisfaisante. Sur la question mêmede la portée de la compétence de
réformationqu'il convenait d'attribuer à la Cour, les interventions furent
relativement succinctes.Le représentantde l'Australie,selon lequel il con-
venait de choisir comme organe de réformation une autre institution
judiciaire que laCour,déclara :<<Lesmotifs de recoursprévuspar leprojet
commun sonttrop limitatifs. i(A/AC.78/SR.11, p. 5.)Le représentant du

Pakistan, coauteur de la proposition de compromis, fit observer que ce
texte devait être interprété <<restrictivement, d'une façon qui respecte
autant que possible l'esprit de l'articleXII du statut du Tribunal admi-
nistratif de l'OIT i)(ibid., p. 6). Le représentant de la Chine fit siens les
arguments du représentant du Royaume-Uni, et recommanda que l'on
ajoutât au texte une disposition sur les erreurs de droit concernant les
dispositions de la Charte, <<car une précédente décision du Tribunalrepresentative of Cuba, said his delegation would vote for the joint draft
because it favoured both the limitations of the scope of review and the
grant of the right to intervene to member States (ibid.).The delegate of
Israel had no objection to the scope of the review as provided for in the

joint proposa1(A/AC.78/SR.12, p. 3). The delegate of Iraq explained that
he voted for the joint proposa1 even though his delegation would have
preferred a broader scope of review (ibid.,p. 7).

24. No other delegate to the Special Committee commented on the
question of the scope of review to be accorded to the Court. It will be
observed that no one directly differed with the meaning attached by Sir
Vincent Evans to the phrase, "relating to the provisions of the Charter" ;
his interpretation apparently was left intact. However, the report of the
Special Committee does not exactly reproduce his words. While, in Corn-
mittee, Sir Vincent specified that theintention of the CO-sponsorsin using
this phrase was to cover "not only interpretations of the provisions of the
Charter but also the interpretation or application of staff regulations

deriving fromChapter XVof theCharter", thereport of the Committee on
this key point reads as follows :
"The CO-sponsorsintended by the phrase : 'aquestion of law relat-
ing to the provisions of the Charter' to provide for a case not only
where theAdministrative Tribunal might be considered to have misin-
terpreted the Charter, but also where the Tribunal might have inter-
preted and applied the Staff Regulationsin a manner considered to be
inconsistent with the provisions of Chapter XV of the Charter." (Re-

port of the Special Committee, loc. cit.p. 10.)

(vi) Considerution by the Fifth Committee
25. Consideration by the Fifth Committee of the Report of the Special
Cornmittee confirmed what the Report of the Special Committee made
clear : that error "on a question of law relating to the provisions of the
Charter of the United Nations" was not confined only to error relating to
the Charter itself but also embraced error in interpretation or application

of the Staff Regulations. Nevertheless, the Fifth Committee's debate and
its resultant report does not wholly settle the scope of this ground of
objection to ajudgement of the Administrative Tribunal.

26. In speaking at the outset of the debate, the representative of the
United Kingdom stated :
"With regard to the scope of review, it had been generally agreed
that there should be no review on questions of fact and that, as the

Secretary-General himself had suggested, review should be excep- DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION (OP.DISS.SCHWEBEL) 471

administratif prêtaitle flanc à la critique à cet égard ...Sa délégation
[attachait] une grande importance au paragraphe 3 de l'article 101de la
Charte. (Ibid., p. 7.) Le président,parlant en sa qualitéde représentantde
Cuba, déclara que sa délégation voteraiten faveur du projet conjoint, car

elle approuvait tant la limitation de la portée des recours que la recon-
naissance du droit d'intervention aux Etats Membres (ibid.).Le représen-
tant d'Israël n'avait pas d'objection à formuler contre la portée de la
réformationprévuedans ceprojet (A/AC.78/SR.12, p. 3). Et le représen-
tant de l'Irak expliqua qu'il avait votéen faveur du projet, bien que sa
délégationeût préféré que la portéede la réformation fût plus large (ibid.,
P 7).
24. Aucun autre représentant n'évoqua laquestion de la portée du
pouvoir de réformation qu'il convenait d'attribuer à la Cour. On remar-

queraqu'aucune objection directe ne fut faite àla signification donnéepar
sir Vincent Evans à la formule << concernant les dispositions de la
Charte ));apparemment, son interprétation étaitacceptée.Cependant, le
rapport du Comitéspécialne reproduit pas exactement sesparoles. Alors
que sirVincent avaitpréciséqu'en se servant decette formule lescoauteurs
entendaient viser non seulement <<l'interprétation des dispositions de la
Charte, mais aussi l'interprétation ou l'application du statut du personnel
édicté en applicationdu chapitre XV de la Charte ))le rapport du Comité

spécial est,sur ce point essentiel, rédigédans les termes suivants :
<<Dans l'esprit des auteurs, la formule <erreur dedroit concernant
les dispositions de la Charte ))visait non seulement le cas où le Tri-
bunal administratif aurait apparemment mal interprétéla Charte mais
aussilecas où,en interprétant eten appliquant certainsdes articles du

statut du personnel, il aurait apparemment agi d'une façon incompa-
tible avec lesdispositionsdu chapitre XV de la Charte. ))(Rapport du
Comitéspécial,loc. cit., p. 11.)

vi) L'examen de la question par la CinquièmeCommission

25. L'examen du rapport du Comitéspécialpar la Cinquième Com-
mission confirma ce que ce rapport indiquait clairement, à savoir que
l'expression <<une erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de la Charte
des Nations Unies ))ne désignaitpas seulement les erreurs relatives à la
Charte elle-même, mais aussiles erreurs concernant l'interprétation ou
l'application du statut du personnel. Malgré tout, ni les débats de la
Cinquième Commission ni le rapport correspondant ne règlent entière-
ment la question de laportéede cemotif de contestation desjugements du

Tribunal administratif.
26. Prenant la parole au début de la discussion, le représentant du
Royaume-Uni déclara :
(<Pour ce qui est de la portéede la réformation, on a admis, d'une

manière générale,que la réformation ne devait pas s'étendre à des
points de fait et que, comme le Secrétaire général l'a lui-mêm peo- tionalonlyand should not be applied to al1casesasa matter of course.
Opinion had been divided, however, on whether the scope of review
should be confined to the two grounds set forth in ArticleXII of the
Statute of the IL0 Tribunal. The recommendationin the report was a
compromise ; it adopted the two grounds in the IL0 Tribunal's Sta-
tute and added a third - allegederror on a question of law relating to
theprovisions of theCharter. It had been feltthat the third ground was
adequate to cover cases where the Tribunal, in interpreting and

applying some of the Staff Regulations, did so in a manner which
might be consideredinconsistent with the provisions of the Charter,
especially of Chapter XV." (United Nations, GeneralAssembly Offi-
cial Records, Tenth Session, Fifh Committee, 493rd Meeting, p. 36.)

He was followed by the representative of Norway, who opposed the Spe-
cial Committee's recommendations dealing with the grounds for review,

because "the broad scope of the reviewproposed" was seemingly at vari-
ancewith the objective of limiting reviewto exceptional cases(ibid.,p. 39).
However,therepresentatives of Cuba and Pakistan maintained that inclu-
sion of the ground of error of law "had been considered necessary in order
to provide for cases in which the Tribunal's interpretation of the Charter
might be challenged or in which it might be alleged to have interpreted
the Staff Regulations in a manner inconsistent with Chapter XV of the
Charter" (ibid., pp. 39, 48). The representative of the Netherlands
disagreed :

"there would in practice be no limit set to the cornpetence of the
reviewingorgan, because ajudgement of theAdministrativeTribunal
could be challenged on the ground of an error of law relating to the
provisions of the Charter, which was an instrument very wide in its
scope" (loc.cit., 494th Meeting, p. 48).
The representative of Yugoslavia, also opposing the recommendations of
the Special Committee, maintained that "the procedure proposed would

tend to convert the International Court ofJustice into acourt of appeal for
international administrative tribunals ..." (ibid., p. 49). Others, such as
the representative of Argentina, replied that the procedure would be
invoked

"only in exceptional cases where a Tribunal Judgement was chal-
lenged on clearly specified grounds. The system proposed would

safeguard both staff members and the General Assembly against
future discussion of Tribunal judgements." (Ibid., p. 50.)

The representative of the Philippines maintained that :

"Provision had properly been made in the proposed new article 12 posé, elle devait avoir uncaractère exceptionnel et ne pas êtreappli-
quée automatiquement à toutes les affaires. Toutefois, il y a eu diver-
gences de vues lorsqu'on s'estdemandés'ilfallait ne prévoirque les
deux motifs de réformation énoncés à l'article XII du statut du Tri-
bunal administratif de l'OIT. La recommandation que le Comité a
faite dans son rapport est un compromis :leComité a retenu lesdeux

motifs énoncésdans le statut du Tribunal administratif de l'OIT et il
en a ajoutéun troisième, celui d'une erreur de droit concernant les
dispositions de la Charte. On a estiméque le troisième motif serait
appropriédans lescas où le Tribunal administratif, en interprétant et
en appliquant certains articles du Statut du personnel, agirait d'une
façon incompatible avec les dispositions de la Charte, notamment
aveccellesdu chapitre XV. i)(Documentsofficielsde l'Assemblée géné-
rale, dixième session, CinquièmeCommission, 493eséance,p. 40.)

Le représentant du Royaume-Uni fut suivi par lereprésentant de la Nor-
vège, qui s'opposa aux recommandations du Comité spécial visant les
motifs de réformation,enfaisant valoir que <<la portéedelaréformation ))

semblait en contradiction avec l'intention de limiter la réformation à des
cas exceptionnels (ibid.,p. 43). Les représentants de Cuba et du Pakistan,
au contraire, déclarèrent qu'il avait été ((jugénécessaire ))de retenir le
motif de l'erreur de droit, ((en prévision des casdans lesquels l'interpré-
tation de la Charte faite par le Tribunal pourrait êtrecontestée ou dans
lesquels son interprétation du statut du personnel pourrait êtreconsidérée
commeincompatible aveclechapitre XVdela Charte i)(ibid.,p. 43-44).Le
représentant des Pays-Bas exprima son désaccorddans ces termes :

<<l'organe de réformation aurait, en fait, une compétenceillimitée
puisque l'on pourrait contester un jugement en alléguant que le Tri-
bunal administratif a commis une erreur de droit concernant les
dispositions de la Charte, instrument dont la portéeest extrêmement

générale i)(loc. cit., 494eséance,p. 47).
Le représentant de la Yougoslavie,hostile lui aussi aux recommandations
du Comitéspécial,affirma que << la procédureenvisagéetendrait à trans-
formerla Cour internationale de Justice en un tribunal chargéde connaître

en appel desjugements rendus par des tribunaux administratifs interna-
tionaux ...))(ibid., p. 53). A quoi d'autres représentants, dont celui de
l'Argentine, répondirent que la procédure envisagée serait seulement
employée :

<<dans lecas exceptionnel où la décisiondu Tribunal serait contestée
pour des motifs circonstanciés. Laprocédureenvisagée sauvegarde-
rait les intérêtstant des fonctionnaires que de l'Assemblée générale,
en cesensque lesjugements du Tribunal nepourraient plus êtreremis
en discussion )>(ibid., p. 54).

Le représentant des Philippines soutint ce qui suit :

(<A juste titre, on a prévu,dans le nouvel article 12, que les de- for applications relating to questions of fact to be referred back to the
Administrative Tribunal itself, whereas under article 11applications
based on questions oflawwould bereferred tothe International Court
of Justice, the highest international judicial organ, thus promoting the
development of a consistent international jurisprudence . . .(Ibid.,
p. 51.)

The representative ofNew Zealanddidnot object to the proposed scope of
review procedure,

"which would clearly be confined to questions of law. In caseswhere
the Tribunal's judgements were challenged, the International Court
would be the sole interpreter of the law andin those circumstances it
wascertainthat no canons ofjustice would be violated. It also seemed
reasonable that cases coming within the category of an 'error on a
question of law relating to the provisions of the Charter' should be
open to review,if any reviewprocedure were established." (Loc. cit.,
496th Meeting, p. 53.)

However, the representative of Sweden did object :

"Turning to the SpecialCommittee's recommendation that areview
of an Administrative Tribunal judgement might be sought if that
judgement erred on a question of law relating to the provision of the
Charter, he pointed out that . .. such a recommendation would
embrace al1 the cases enumerated in paragraph 82 of the Special

Committee'sreport (A/2909) and would thus coveral1the activitiesof
a member of the United Nations Secretariat." (Ibid., p. 57.)

The representative of Mexicoalsopreferred limiting thegrounds of review
to questions of jurisdiction or procedural error. (Ibid., p. 59.)

27. The delegation of India, which earlier had moved to add a fourth
ground of objection to the three proposed by the Special Committee,
namely, failure to exercisejurisdiction, at this stage of the Fifth Commit-
tee's debate proposed far-reaching amendments to the Special Commit-
tee'sproposals which would have substituted a chamber of the Adminis-
trative Tribunal for the screening committee and the full Administrative
Tribunal for the International Court of Justice. These amendments were
opposed by the CO-sponsorsof the joint compromise proposa1which the
report of the Special Committee embodied. In opposing them, and in
supporting adoption of the compromiseproposal, the representative of the
United Statesmaintained that :"itwasfitting thattheInternationalCourtof
Justiceshouldbethefinal authorityoninterpretationofthe Charterorofstaff
regulationsbasedthereonwhich mightbeinvolvedinthe Tribunal'sdecisions"
(foc.cit.,498thMeeting,p. 66 ;emphasisadded). The amendments of India
were not adopted. mandes portant sur les questionsde fait seraientsoumisesau Tribunal
lui-même,alorsqu'aux termesdel'article 11lesdemandes fondées sur
des points de droit seraient soumises à la Cour internationale de
Justice qui est l'organe judiciaire international suprême,ce qui favo-
riserait l'élaborationd'unejurisprudence internationale cohérente ...>>

(Zbid.,p. 55.)
Lereprésentantde la Nouvelle-Zélandene soulevapas d'objection contre

la portée quel'on proposait de donner à la procédurede réformation :
<ilnes'agiraque depoints de droit. Silesjugements duTribunal sont

contestés,seulela Courinterpréteralesprincipes de droit,et, dans ces
conditions, ilest certain qu'aucune desrèglesessentiellesde lajustice
ne sera violée.Il semble aussi raisonnable de penser que les cas qui
entrent dans la catégorie des <erreurs de droit concernant les dispo-
sitions de la Charte ))devraient donner lieu à réformation si une
procédure de réformation est instituée. )>(Loc. cit., 496e séance,
p. 57.)

Le représentant de la Suèdeformula au contraire une objection :

<Revenant sur larecommandation du Comité spéciaa lux termesde
laquellela réformation d'unjugement pourrait êtredemandéelorsque
le Tribunal administratif aurait commis une erreur sur un point de
droit relatif aux dispositions de la Charte, lereprésentantdela Suède
fait observer que ..la recommandation s'appliquerait à tous les cas

énuméréasuparagraphe 82du rapportdu Comité spécia(lA/2909) et
s'étendrait alorsà toute l'activitéd'un fonctionnaire del'organisation
des Nations Unies. >)(Ibid., p. 61 et 62.)

Quant au représentant du Mexique, il déclara qu'il préférait lui aussqiue
les motifs de réformation fussent limités aux questionsde compétence ou
d'erreur commise dans la procédure(ibid., p. 63).
27. A cestade desdébatsde la CinquièmeCommission,ladélégation de
l'Inde, qui avait auparavant proposé d'ajouter un quatrième motif de
contestation, à savoir le défaut d'exercicede la compétence, soumit des
amendements radicaux au projet du Comité spécial : il s'agissaitde subs-
tituer une chambre du Tribunal administratif au comitéde filtrage, et le
Tribunal administratif plénier à la Cour internationale de Justice. Les
coauteurs de la proposition de compromis inscrite au rapport du Comité

spécial s'opposèrent à ces amendements. Prenant la parole pour les com-
battre et préconisantl'adoption dela proposition de compromis, lerepré-
sentant des Etats-Unis affirma :«il convient quela Cour internationale de
Justice soit l'autorité compétente en dernir erssort pourinterpréter les dis-
positionsde la Charteoudustatut dupersonnel que lesdécisiond su Tribunal
peuvent mettre enjeu i)(foc.cit., 498eséance,p. 70 ;les italiques sont de
moi). Les amendements de l'Inde ne furent pas adoptés. 28. The Report of the Fifth Committee itself to the General Assembly
shedslittle further light on the scope of the reviewauthority to be afforded
to the Court. It confines itself to the following statements :

"15. The CO-sponsorsof the revisedjoint draft resolution explained
that the new draft Article 11was intended to limit review to excep-
tional cases.Two of thegrounds for reviewwerethose provided in the
statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, i.e., questions of compe-
tence and of fundamental error in procedure. One additional ground
was provided, i.e., errors on 'a question of law relating to the provi-
sions of the Charter'. The CO-sponsorsof the revisedjoint draft reso-
lution referred to the statements which they had made concerning the
interpretation ofthis phrase whichwere contained inthe report of the
SpecialCornmittee (A/2909). The opinion wasexpressedin thedebate
that the grounds provided for review were of a fundamental nature
and that as such they could not be ignored, if and when they arose, in
the interest of justice.
16. Under the proposed new Article 11 application for review
might be made by the Secretary-General, the staff member concerned
or a Member State. The supporters of therevisedjoint draft resolution

considered that a Member State had a legitimate interest in ensuring
the proper application of the Charter and the Staff Regulations, as
wellas a financial interest in the matter ;and it was not reasonable to
assume that a Member State, in interceding in a case, would do so
solely for political reasons .. .

18. Under the proposed new Article 11,the reviewof substantive
legalissueswastobe madeby theInternationalCourt ofJustice which
had been selected because it was an independent, impartial judicial
body of the highest standing. Supporters of the revised joint draft

resolution further considered that the Court was the appropriate
organ to be the finaljudicial arbiter on questions of Charter law and
that no organ would be more competent to settleother issues arising
from the grounds specified for review. Since only exceptional cases
would come to the Court, it would not be over-burdened with trivial
questions. It was further argued that it wouldbe neither necessary nor
economicallyjustifiable to set up new appellate machinery. Whilethe
contentious proceedings of the International Court of Justice were
limited to disputes between States, advisory opinions upon legal
questions might be requested under Article 96 of the Charter by
authorized organs of the United Nations." (Report of the Fifth
Committee, doc. A/3016, reprinted in United Nations, General
Assembly Official Records, Tenth Session, Agenda item 49,Annexes,
p. 40.) 28. Le rapport de la Cinquième Commission à l'Assemblée générale
n'apporte guère d'éclaircissementssur la portée de la compétence de
réformation quidevait êtreattribuée à laCour,question à laquelle seulsles
passages suivants sont consacrés :

<<15. Les auteurs du projet commun reviséont dit que le nouvel
article 11 avait pour objet de limiter la réformationà des cas excep-

tionnels. Deux desmotifs de réformationétaientanalogues aux motifs
énoncésdans le statut du Tribunal administratif de l'OIT,à savoir les
questions de compétenceet une faute essentielle dans la procédure
suivie. Un motif supplémentaire étaitprévu, savoir les <(erreurs de
droit concernant lesdispositions de la Charte )>Les auteurs du projet
ont appelé l'attention de la Commission sur l'interprétation qu'ils
donnaient àcette expression, interprétationqui étaitexposéedans le
rapport du Comitéspécial (A/2909). On asoutenu, au cours du débat,
que lesmotifs de réformation avaientun caractère sifondamental que
l'intérête lajustice obligeaitàlesprendre enconsidérationlorsqu'ils

étaientinvoqués.
16. D'après le projet d'article 11 la réformation pouvait être
demandéepar le Secrétaire généralp,ar le fonctionnaire intéresséou
par un Etat Membre. Les partisans du projet commun reviséont
estimé qu'un Etat Membre était légitimement intéressé à l'appli-
cation correcte de la Charte et du statut du personnel et qu'en outre
ses intérêts financiers étaient encause ; il n'était pas raisonnable
de supposer qu'un Etat Membre qui contesterait un jugement du
Tribunal administratif le ferait uniquement pour des raisons poli-
tiques.

18. Conformémentau nouvel article 11proposé,il appartenait à la
Cour internationalede Justice,organe judicia3e indépendant etimpar-
tialjouissant du plus haut prestige, de statuer sur les questionsjuri-
diques importantes. Les défenseurs du projet commun reviséont
ajouté que la Cour étaitl'organe judiciaire suprêmequi pouvait sta-
tuer sur le droit de la Charte, et qu'aucun organe n'étaitplus com-

pétent pourréglerlesautresdifférendsau sujetdesquels unedemande
de réformation étaitrecevable. La Cour ne serait pas saisie de ques-
tions futiles, car seulscertains casexceptionnels lui seraient soumis.
serait au demeurant inutile et coûteux de créerun nouvel organe
d'appel. Si la Cour internationale de Justice ne réglaitque les diffé-
rends entre Etats, l'article 96 de la Charte permettait aux organes de
l'organisation des Nations Unies dûment autorisés de demander
l'avis consultatif de la Cour sur des questionsjuridiques.))(Rapport
de la CinquièmeCommission, document A/3016, Documentsofficiels
de l'Assemblée générad li,ièmesession,annexes, point 49 de l'ordre

du jour, p. 43.) C. ConclusionsonthescopeoftheCourt'sreviewauthority inrespectoferror

of law

29. In the light of the foregoinganalysis of the terms and exposition of
thetravauxpréparatoiresof the Statute of theAdministrativeTribunal, it is
believed that the following conclusions may fairly be drawn about the
scope of the Court's review authority, particularly in respect of error on a
question of law relating to the provisions of the Charter :

- In preparing and adopting what is now Article 11 of the Statute of

the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, the General Assembly
contemplated the submission of requests to the Court for advisory
opinions which would entai1 the Court's passing upon points of law
raised by a judgement of the Tribunal, but not re-trying questions of
fact. The Court may consider the merits of a judgement of the Tribunal
on questions of law in so far as its doing so is consonant with the Court's
Statute.
- However, the Court would not be requested to reconsider the merits
on al1points of law.It israther restricted to the four "exceptional" grounds

of objection to a judgment specified in Article 11 (1) of the Tribunal's
Statute.
- Three of those four grounds are essentially procedural : excess of
jurisdiction or competence, failure to exercisejurisdiction, and fundamen-
ta1error in procedure which has occasioned a failure of justice.

- The fourth ground is substantive and its substance is error on a
question of law relating to provisions of the Charter. Such error need not
be in the interpretation or application of a provision or provisions of
the Charter; it need merely"relate to" - i.e., be connected with - such

provision or provisions. That is the paramount point. The proceedings of
the Special Committee and the Fifth Committee, moreover, make it clear
that the scope of the Court's review authority is consistent with the
extensive import of thephrase "relating ton. In the most exigent interpre-
tation found in the Report of the Special Committee and in statements in
the Fifth Committee, it includes "not only where the AdministrativeTri-
bunal might be considered to have misinterpreted the Charter, but also
where the Tribunal might have interpreted and applied the Staff Regula-
tions in a manner considered to be inconsistent with the provisions of

Chapter XV of the Charter". In its broader interpretation, the Court's
authority covers "not only interpretations of the provisions of the Charter
but alsotheinterpretation or application of staff regulationsderivingfrom
Chapter XV of the Charter". That is the interpretation placed on the
error-of-law proviso by its British CO-sponsor,on behalf of the co-spon-
sors, when it was introduced in the Special Committee. Or it covers "in-
terpretation of the Charter or of staff regulations based thereon which
might be involved in the Tribunal's decisions". That is the interpretation
placed on the error-of-law proviso by its United States CO-sponsorat theC. ConclusionssurlaportéedupouvoirderéformationdelaCouraumotif de
l'erreurde droit

29. Del'analyseconsacréeci-dessusauxtravauxpréparatoiresdustatut
du Tribunal administratif, il semble légitimede tirer les conclusions sui-
vantes au sujet de la portée du pouvoir de réformation de la Cour, en

particulier dans le cas d'une erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de
la Charte :

- En élaborant et enadoptant l'article 11actuel du statut du Tribunal
administratif des Nations Unies, l'Assembléegénéralea voulu qu'il fût
possible de demander à la Cour des avisconsultatifs pour lesquels celle-ci
devrait statuer sur les points de droit soulevéspar lesjugements du Tri-

bunal, sans cependant réexaminerles questions de fait. La Cour est donc
compétente pour réexaminer le bien-fondédes jugements du Tribunal,
dans la mesure où cela est compatible avec son Statut.

- Cependant, la Cour ne peut réexaminer toutes les conclusions de
droit :elle doit se borner aux quatre motifs exceptionnels ))de contes-

tation desjugements qui sont précisés à l'article 11,paragraphe 1,du statut
du Tribunal.
- Trois de cesquatre motifsrelèventessentiellement delaprocédure :le
fait d'outrepasser sajuridiction ou sacompétence,le fait de ne pas exercer
sa juridiction et le fait de commettre, dans la procédure, une erreur
essentielle provoquant un maljugé.

- Le quatrième motif porte sur le fond :c'estl'erreur sur une question
dedroit concernant lesdispositions dela Charte. 11n'estpas indispensable
que cette erreur porte sur l'interprétation ou l'application d'une oude
plusieurs dispositions de la Charte ;il suffit qu'elle (<concerne ))cette ou
ces dispositions, c'est-à-dire qu'elle ait un lien avec elles. Voilà le point
essentiel. D'ailleurs les débats du Comité spécialet de la Cinquième
Commissionmontrent bien que la portéedu pouvoir de réformationdela

Cour s'accorde avecle senslarge du mot ((concernant ))Selonl'interpré-
tation laplusrestrictive,qui estindiquéedans lerapport du Comitéspécial
et les procès-verbaux de la Cinquième Commission, cette compétence
inclut <<non seulement lecasoù le Tribunal administratif aurait apparem-
ment mal interprétéla Charte mais aussi le cas où, en interprétant et en
appliquant certains des articles du statut du personnel, il aurait apparem-

ment agid'une façon incompatible aveclesdispositions duchapitre XVde
la Charte )>.Selon une interprétationpluslibérale, la compétencdee la Cour
nevise <pas seulementl'interprétation desdispositionsdela Charte, mais
aussi l'interprétation ou l'application du statut du personnel édictéen
application du chapitre XV de la Charte (telle est l'interprétation de la
clause de l'erreur dedroit que donna le représentantdu Royaume-Uni en

présentant leprojet aunom de tous sescoauteurs) ; ou bien la compétence
de la Cour inclut <(l'interprétationdela Charte ou du statut du personnel
fondé surcelle-ci que les décisions duTribunal peuvent mettre en jeu )>end of a detailed debate in the Fifth Committee,shortly before its adop-
tion.

30. These narrower and broader interpretations obviously differ. Yet
they can be read together in a consistent fashion ;and in support of so
doing,it may be noted that the British and United Statesrepresentatives,
whoplayedtheleading rolein theproposa1ofArticle 11,seemto haveused
them interchangeably. If they are soread, it may be argued that the terms
used by these principalCO-sponsors inform themeaning of the text used in
theReport of the Cornmittee, especiallysincetheUnited StatesCO-sponsor
re-stated the broader interpretation after the Report was introduced but
before the text was adopted by the Fifth Committee.Or it can be argued
that the apparently narrower scope of the rendering in the Report of the
SpecialCommittee showsthat thebroad interpretation of the CO-sponsors
should not govern - which is a conclusion that derives distinct support
from the fact that the ~reoccu~ations of the United States at the time it
took soprominent a part in seeking a review procedure was with what it

saw as judgements of the Tribunal which conflicted with provisions of
Chapter XV.If thebroader interpretation isaccepted,as it may reasonably
be, then it is plain that the Court in the instant caseis entitled to consider
whether thejudgement of the AdministrativeTribunal in Mortishedv. the
Secretary-Generalcorrectly interprets the Staff Regulations. But if the
narrowerinterpretation isaccepted, then theCourtin theleast isentitled to
consider whether thatjudgement correctlyinterprets the Staff Regulations
in so far as the Tribunal might have interpreted and applied them in a
manner inconsistent with the provisions of Chapter XV of the Charter.
And in any event, such an inconsistency need merely "relate to" such
provisions.

3. The Court's Interpretationof the Statutes of the Administrative
Tribunalsin the Unesco Officials and Fasla Cases

A. The Unesco Officials case
31. In sofar as it may be relevant tothe scopeof the Court's authority in
thiscase, theCourt's Advisory Opinion onJudgments oftheAdministrative
Tribunalof theIL0 uponComplaintsMade against Unesco,Advisory Opin-
ion,I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 77 (hereinreferred to as the "Unesco Officials
case"), may be best understood for present purposes if it is consideredin
the context of the travauxpréparatoiresset forth above, together with the

Court's interpretation of thedistinguishable Statute of theUnited Nations
Administrative Tribunal which was construed in the Fasla case.

32. In the UnescoOfficials case, the Court exclusively considered the
provisions of ArticleXII of the Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribu-(telleest l'interprétationdela disposition delamêmeclausedonnéepar les

Etats-Unis, coauteurs du texte, à la fin d'un débat approfondi à la Cin-
quième Commission, et peu avant l'adoption dudit texte).
30. Les deux interprétations - stricte, et libéral- diffèrent évidem-
ment. On peut cependant les rapprocher sans trahir le texte ; età l'appui

de ce rapprochement on peut faire observer que les représentants du
Royaume-Uni et des Etats-Unis, protagonistesde la proposition relative à
l'article 11, semblent les avoir tenues pour interchangeables. Si on les
rapproche ainsi, on peut soutenir que les termes utilisés par ses deux
coauteurs principaux éclairentlesensdu texte reproduit dans lerapport du
C~-ité.surtout avrèsaue l'un des coauteurs. les Etats-Unis. en eut con-
firrnél'interprétation libéraleentre le moment de la présentation du rap-
port à la Cinquième Commission et celui de son adoption. Ou bien l'on
peut soutenirque la portée apparemment plus restreinte du texte figurant

dans le rapport du Comité spécialmontre que l'interprétation libérale
préférép ear les coauteurs n'étaitpas déterminante :conclusion certaine-
ment renforcéepar le fait que les Etats-Unis, au moment où ilsjouèrent le
rôle que l'on sait dans la recherche d'une procédure de réformation, se
préoccupaient surtout des jugements du Tribunal qui leur paraissaient
incompatibles avec les dispositions du chapitre XV. Si l'on accepte l'in-
terprétation libérale, comme cela est fort possible, la Cour est manifeste-
ment compétente en l'espècepour rechercher si lejugement du Tribunal
administratif Mortished c. le Secrétaire général dle 'organisation des

Nations Uniesse réfèreau sens véritable du statut du personnel. Mais,
mêmesi l'on retient l'interprétation stricte, laCour est au moins compé-
tente pour rechercher si cejugement reflète le sens véritabledu statut du
personnel dans la mesure où le Tribunal a pu en faire une interprétation
et une application contraires aux dispositions du chapitre XV de la
Charte. Dans un cas comme dans l'autre, il suffit que cette inexactitude
<(concerne ))lesdites dispositions.

3. L'interprétationdes statuts des tribunaux administratifspar la Cour
dans l'affaire desFonctionnaires de l'Unesco et dans l'affaireFasla

A. L'affaire des Fonctionnaires de l'Unesco
31. Dans la mesure où il peut se rapporter à la question de la compé-

tence de la Cour dans la présente espèce,l'avis consultatif concernant
l'affaire des Jugements du Tribunal administratif del'OIT sur requêtes
contre l'Unesco(C.I.J. Recueil 1956, p. 77 ;désignée ci-après affaire des
Fonctionnairesde l'Unesco)doit, si on veut l'interprétercorrectement, être
situédans lecontexte des travaux préparatoires analysésci-dessus,etêtre
comparé avec l'interprétation donnéedans l'affaire Fasla au statut du
Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies, qui est différent du statut du
Tribunal administratif de l'OIT.
32. Dans l'affaire des Fonctionnairesde l'Unesco,la Cour, s'en tenant
exclusivement aux dispositions de l'article XII du statut du Tribunalnal. It found that the challenge raised against the Tribunal's judgements
"refer to thejurisdiction of the Administrative Tribunal and to the validity
of the Judgments" (p. 83). It saw its advisory procedure "as serving, in a
way, the object of an appeal" against the Tribunal'sjudgments (at p. 84).
TheCourt held that it wasnot necessaryfor itto express an opiniononthe
legalmerits of Article XII of the Statute (p. 85).It then turned to thefirst
question put to it, which was whether the Administrative Tribunal was
competent under its Statute to hear certain complaints. In considering the
decision of the Tribunal which confirmed its jurisdiction, the Court
held :

"The Court is not confined to an examination of the grounds of
decision expresslyinvoked by theTribunal ;it must reach its decision
on grounds which it considers decisivewith regard to the jurisdiction
of the Tribunal." (I.C.J. Reports 1956,p. 87.)

The Court continued :
"The words 'competent to hear' usedin the Request for an Opinion

mean that the question is one of determining whether the Adminis-
trative Tribunal was legallyqualified to examine thecomplaints sub-
rnitted to it and to adjudicate on the merits of the claims set out
therein. The circumstance that the Tribunal may have rightly or
wrongly adjudicated on the merits or that it may have rightly or
wrongly interpreted and applied the law for the purposes of deter-
mining the merits, in no way affects itsjurisdiction. Thelatter is to be
judged in the light of the answerto the question whether the complaint
was one the merits of whch fell to be determined by the Adminis-
trative Tribunalin accordance with the provisions governing itsjuris-
diction. That distinction betweenjurisdiction and merits is of great
importance in the legal régimeof the Administrative Tribunal. Any
mistakes whichit may makewithregard toitsjurisdiction are capable
ofbeing corrected by the Court ona Request foran Advisory Opinion
emanating from the Executive Board. Errors of fact or of law on the
part of the Administrative Tribunal in its Judgments on the merits
cannot giverise to that procedure. The only provision which refers to
its decisions on the merits is Article VI of thetatute of the Tribunal
which provides that itsjudgments shallbe 'finaland without appeal'."
(Ibid.)

33. It is plain that, in reaching the foregoing holding, the Court
addressed itself to the particular "legal régimeof the Administrative Tri-
bunal" of the ILO. The distinction betweenjurisdiction and the merits is
"of great importance" in that régime, because "Errors of fact or law ...on
the merits" by the Tribunal cannot give rise to review by the Court. The
situation is demonstrably othenvise in the régimeof the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal, which had been freshly adopted when theCourtadministratif de l'OIT, anotéque la contestation dont lesjugements de ce

tribunal étaient l'objet se référaitàla compétencedu Tribunal adminis-
tratif et la validitéde cesjugements >)(p. 83). Considérant sa procédure
consultative <commefaisant enquelquesortefonction derecours )contre
les jugements du Tribunal (p. 84), elle a estimé qu'il ne lui était pas
nécessaire dese prononcer sur la valeur en droit de l'article XII du statut
(p. 85).Cela dit, elleaabordélapremièrequestion qui lui étaitposée,etqui
étaitde savoir sile Tribunal administratif était compétent en vertu de son
statut pour connaître de certains griefs. A propos de la décision par
laquelle le Tribunal s'était déclaré compétenlta , Cour s'est ainsi expri-

mée :
(<La Cour n'est pas limitée à l'examen des motifs que le Tribunal
administratif a expressément invoqués à l'appui de sa décision,elle
doit arriver, pour les motifs qu'ellejugera déterminants, à sa propre

décisionau sujet dela compétencedu Tribunal. > >C.I.J. Recueil1956,
p. 87.)
Et elle a ajouté:

(<Les termes <<compétent pour connaître >) employés dans la
demande d'avis signifient qu'il s'agit de déterminer si le Tribunal
administratif étaitjuridiquement qualifié pour examiner les requêtes
dont il était saisi et statuer au fond sur les prétentions qui y étaient
énoncéesL . efait quele Tribunalaurait bien oumaljugé aufond, qu'il

aurait bien ou mal interprétéet appliquéle droit pour juger au fond
n'affecte pas sa compétence. Celle-ci doit êtreappréciée en recher-
chant si la requête étaitde celles dont l'examen au fond relèvede la
connaissance du Tribunal administratif selon les dispositions gouver-
nant la compétencede celui-ci. Cette distinction entrela compétence
et le fond est trèsimportante dans le régimejuridique du Tribunal
administratif. Les erreurs que le Tribunal administratif peut être
amené àcommettre au sujet de sacompétencesont susceptiblesd'être
redresséespar la Cour sur demande d'avis émanant du Conseil exé-

cutif. Les erreurs de fait ou de droit que commettrait le Tribunal
administratif dans sesjugements sur le fond ne peuvent pas donner
lieu à une telle procédure : à ses jugements sur le fond s'applique
purement et simplement la disposition de l'article VI du statut du
Tribunalportant que lesjugements de celui-ci sont <définitifset sans
appel. >>(Ibid.)

33. Il estévidentque,pour parvenir à cetteconclusion,la Cour avait dû
sepencher sur < e régimejuridique du Tribunal administratif >)de l'OIT.
La distinction entre lacompétenceetlefond <<esttrèsimportante ))dans ce
régime,car (leserreurs de fait ou dedroit..surle fond >quecommettrait
le Tribunal ne peuvent pas êtreredesséespar la Cour. Il est aiséde
démontrer que la situation est différente dans le régime du Tribunal

administratif des Nations Unies, qui venait d'être adopté quand laCour a478 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

took up the UnescoOfficialscase. Thus, in the instant case, it would be
wrong simplyto carry overthe holding of theCourt in the UnescoOfficials
case that :
"The Request for an Advisory Opinion under Article XII is not in
the nature of an appealonthe merits of thejudgment. It is limited to a
challenge of the decision of theTribunal confirming itsjurisdiction or
to casesoffundamentalfault ofprocedure. Apart from this,thereis no

remedy against the decisions of the Administrative Tribunal. A chal-
lenge of a decision confirmingjurisdiction cannot properly be trans-
formed into a procedure against the manner in whichjurisdiction has
been exercised or against the substance of the decision." (I.C.J.
Reports 1956, p. 98.)
This is because the Court, when reviewing judgements of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal, acts, in so far as error of law relating to
Charter provisions is alleged,under a reviewauthority whichisdesignedly

and decisively wider than that which applies under Article XII of the
Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal.

B. The Fasla case

34. The Fasla case is pertinent to the question under discussion, and
instructive in anumber of other respects in regard tothe case at bar. In the
Fasla case, the request of the Committee on Applications was for an
advisoryopinion regarding alleged failure by theAdministrative Tribunal
to exercisejurisdiction vested in it and fundamental errors in procedure
which it was alleged to have committed. "These are," the Court said,
"questions which by their very nature are legal questions . ..within the
meaning ofArticle 96of the Charter" (Applicationfor ReviewofJudgement
No. 158of the UnitedNationsAdministrative Tribunal,I.C.J.Reports1973,
pp. 166, 175).The Court resorted to "the legislativehistory of Article 11"
to show that recourse to the Court was to be had "only in exceptional
cases" (p. 177).In a passage of particular interest, the Court further held
that,

"the proceedings before the Court are still advisory proceedings, in
which the task of the Court is not to re-try the casebut to reply to the
questions put toit regarding the objections whichhavebeen raised to
the Judgement of the Administrative Tribunal" (p. 182).

In the light of the legislativehistory of Article 11,it is submitted that, by
this, the Court meant that it would not examine thefacts of the case.It did
not and could not have meant that it was barred from considering the
merits, if the questions put to it required considering the merits. The Court
noted that the Committee on Applications "is authorized to request, and
the Court to give,an advisory opinion only on legal questions which may
properlybe considered as fallingwithin the terms of one or more of those été saisiede l'affaire des Fonctionnaires del'Unesco.Aussi serait-il erroné
dansla présente espècede reprendre simplement la conclusion de la Cour
dans ladite affaire, suivant laquelle :

(<La demande d'avis consultatif présentée conformément à l'ar-
ticleXII n'estpas un appel quant au fonddu jugement. Elle selimite à
une contestation dela décisiondu Tribunal affirmant sa compétence

ou à descas defaute essentielledansla procédure. Endehors de cela,il
n'y a aucun recours contre les décisionsdu Tribunal administratif.
Une contestation de l'affirmation de compétence ne peut êtretrans-
formée en une procédure contre la façon dont la compétence a été
exercée ou contre le fond de la décision. (C.I.J. Recueil 1956,
p. 98.)

En effet, la Cour, quand elle considère lesjugements du Tribunal admi-
nistratif des Nations Unies, agit,lorsque le motif de contestation invoqué
estune erreur de droit concernant lesdispositions delaCharte,en vertu de
pouvoirs deréformationque l'onavoulusnettement plus étendusqueceux
qu'elle peut exercer en vertu de l'articleXII du statut du Tribunal admi-
nistratif de l'OIT.

B. L'affaire Fasla

34. L'affaireFaslaintéresselaquestion àl'examen,et elleestinstructive
à bien d'autres égards pour l'affaire en cause. Dans l'affaire Fasla, le
Comitédes demandes de réformation avait demandé un avis consultatif
aux motifs que le Tribunal administratif n'avait pas exercésa compétence
et qu'il avait commis des erreurs essentielles dans la procédure. (<Ce sont
là, a dit la Cour, par leur nature même,des questions juridiques, du

genre de celles que la Cour a considéréesen1956 ..commedes questions
juridiques au sensde l'article 96de laCharte ))(Demandederéformationdu
jugement no158du Tribunal administratif desNations Unies,C.I.J. Recueil
1973,p. 175). Puis la Cour a invoqué <<l'historique de l'article 11u pour
montrer qu'elle (<ne devaitintervenir qu'exceptionnellement ))(p. 177),et,
dans un passage d'un intérêt toutparticulier, a estimé que :

<laprocédure qui sedéroule devant la Cour n'en demeure pas moins
une procédure consultative, dans laquelle la Cour a pour tâche non
pas de refaire le procès mais de répondre aux questions qui lui sont
poséesau sujet des objections soulevéescontre lejugement du Tri-

bunal administratif ))(p. 182).
Etant donnélestravauxpréparatoires de l'article 11,ilestmanifestequela
Cour voulait direpar-là qu'ellen'examinerait pas lesfaits de l'espèce. Elle

ne voulait pas dire - et ne pouvait pas vouloir dire - qu'illui étaitinterdit
d'examiner le fond, silesquestions poséesnécessitaientun tel examen. La
Cour a notéque le Comitédes demandes de réformation n'est autorisé à
demander, et la Cour à donner, un avis consultatif que sur les questions
juridiques qui peuvent légitimementêtreconsidéréescommeserattachantfour 'grounds'" (p. 184).It held,in traditional terms, that, "The Court may
interpret the terms of the request and determinethe scopeof the questions
set out in it" (ibid.).It further held that :"The Court may also take into
account any matters germane to the questions submitted to it whch may
be necessary to enable it to form its opinion." (Ibid.) Thus the records of

the Committee on Applications in the current case may be taken into
account in order to interpret the terms of the request, despite thefact that
theCourt is,inprinciple, "bound by the terms of the questions formulated
in the request" (ibid.).The Court found "no reason to adopt a restrictive
interpretation of the questions framed in the request" (at p. 187).It then
declared :

"Under Article 11 of the Statute of the Tribunal, as already indi-
cated,.the task of the Court is not to retry the case but to give its
opinion on the questions submitted to it concerning the objections
lodged against the Judgement. The Court is not therefore entitled to
substituteits own opinion for that of theTribunal on the merits of the
case adjudicated by the Tribunal. Its roleis todetermine ifthecircum-
stancesof thecase,whether they relateto meritsorprocedure, showthat
any objectionmadetotheJudgementononeof thegrounds mentionedin
Article II is wellfounded. In so doing, the Court is not limited to the
contents of the challenged award itself, but takes under its consider-
ation al1relevant aspects of the proceedings before the Tribunal as
well as al1relevant matters submitted to the Court itself by the staff

member and by the Secretary-General with regard to the objections
raised against that judgement. Theseobjectionsthe Courtexamines on
their merits in the light of the information before it." (I.C.J. Reports
1973, pp. 187-188 ;emphasis added.)
Oncemore, it isplain that what theCourt meant is that it willnot retry the
casein the senseoffindingthe facts, orgenerally substituteits viewsonthe

merits for those of the Tribunal. But its role is to determine if the circum-
stances of the case,"whether theyrelate tomerits or procedure", show that
any objection made to thejudgement on one of the grounds specified in
Article 11is well-founded. That is precisely the task of the Court in the
instant case. Moreover, in performing that task, the Court, if it is tofollow
its holdings in the Fasla case, shall not limit itself to the contents of the
challenged award in Mortishedv. theSecretaty-General,but shall take into
account al1relevant matters submitted to the Court with regard to the
objections raised against that judgement. Among such matters are the
terms and intent of General Assembly resolution 34/165. The Court
accordingly should, in examining the objections to the Mortishedjudge-
ment of the Administrative Tribunal, decide upon those objections - as
the Courtin the Faslacase specifies - "on their merits" in the light of the

informationbefore it - information which embraces not only the terms of
the General Assembly's resolutions but the debate which led to their
adoption.à un ouplusieurs decesquatre motifs )(p. 184).Elleadit, conformément à
la tradition que <<la Cour peut interpréter les termes de la requête et
préciserla portéedes questions qui y sont posées )(ibid.);et elle a ajouté
qu'ellepouvait <<aussi tenir compte de tous leséléments se rapportant àces
questions qui peuvent lui êtrenécessairespour se former une opinion ))
(ibid.). Ainsi, dans la présente espèce, les documents du Comité des
demandes de réformation peuvent êtrepris en considération pour inter-
préterlestermes dela requête, bienquela Cour soit enprincipe <<liéepar le

libellédes questions formulées dans [celle-ci] (ibid.). La Cour n'a vu
(aucune raison d'adopter une interprétation restrictive des questions
énoncéesdans la requête ))(p. 187). Elle a déclaré ensuite :
<(Comme ellel'adéjàindiqué,la Cour n'apaspour mission, envertu

de l'article11du statut du Tribunal administratif, de refaire leprocès
mais dedonner son avissur lesquestionsquilui sont soumises au sujet
des objections soulevéescontre lejugement. La Cour n'est donc pas
habilitée à substituer son opinion à celle du Tribunal sur le fond de
l'affaire tranchéepar celui-ci.Son rôleest de déterminers'ilressortdes
circonstancesde l'espèce,concernant le fond ou la procédure,qu'une
contestationformulée contrelejugemenp tour l'undesmotifsmentionnés
à l'articleII estfondée.Cefaisant, la Cour ne s'entient pas àla teneur

de la décisioncontestéeelle-même maiselle prend en considération
tous les aspects de la procédurequi s'estdéroulée devant leTribunal
ainsi que tous les élémentspertinents que le fonctionnaire et le Secré-
taire général luisoumettent au sujet desobjections soulevéescontre le
jugement. La Cour examine ces objectionsau fond, compte tenu des
renseignements dont elle dispose. ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1973,p. 187-188 ;
les italiques sont de moi.)

Là encore, il est évident que l'intention expriméeétait celle de ne pas
refaire leprocès, c'est-à-diredenepas rechercher les faits ni de substituer,
de façon générale, l'opiniod ne la Cour sur le fondà celledu Tribunal. Mais
le rôle de la Cour reste de déterminer s'il ressort des circonstances de
l'espèce, (<concernant le fond ou la procédure D, qu'une contestation du

jugement pour l'un desmotifsmentionnés à l'article 11estfondée.Telleest
précisémentla tâche qui incombait à la Cour dans la présenteespèce.De
plus, en s'en acquittant, la Cour, pour rester fidèleà ses conclusions dans
l'affaireFasla, ne devait pas se limiter à la teneur du jugement contesté
dans l'affaire Mortished c. le Secrétaire général de l'Organisation des
Nations Unies, mais tenir compte de tous les éléments relatifsaux objec-
tions à cejugement qui avaient été portés à sa connaissance. La résolu-
tion 34/ 165de l'Assemblée généralfe aisaitpartie de ceséléments,dans sa

lettre et dans sonesprit. La Cour devait donc,enexaminant les objections
aujugement rendu par le Tribunal administratif dans l'affaire Mortished,
statuer sur ces objections <au fond ))- comme elle l'a dit dans l'affaire
Fasla - età la lumière des élémentsd'information dont elle disposait,
c'est-à-dire non seulement des termes des résolutions de l'Assemblée
généralemais aussi des débatspréalables àleur adoption. 35. In the Fasla case, the Court further held :

"Furthermore, as the Court pointed out in its Advisory Opinion in
the Unescocase,achallengeto an administrative tribunaljudgment on
the ground of unauthorized assumption of jurisdiction cannot serve

simply as a means of attacking the tribunal's decisions on the
.............................

So too, under Article 11 of the Statute of the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal a challengeto adecision for allegedfailure to
exercisejurisdiction of [sic. - this should read : 'or']fundamental
error in procedure cannot properly be transformed into aproceeding
against the substance of the decision. This does not mean that in an
appropriatecase, wherethejudgementhasbeenchallengedontheground
of an erroron a questionof lawrelatingto theprovisionsof the Charter,
the Courtmay not be calledupon to reviewthe actual substanceof the
decision.Butboththe text of Article 11andits legislativehistory make
it clear that challenges to Administrative Tribunal judgements under

its provisions wereintended to be confined to the specificgrounds of
objection mentioned in the Article." (I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 188 ;
emphasis supplied.)

It alsoheld that, "in appreciating whether or not theTribunalhas failed to
exerciserelevantjurisdictional powers, the Court must have regard to the
substance of the matter and not merely to the form" (pp. 189-190).Later it
observed that the Court's abstention from carrying out a factual inquiry
"does not mean that, in review proceedings, the Court regards itself as
precluded from examining in full liberty the facts of the case or from
checking the Tribunal's appreciation of the facts" (p. 207).
36. The most essentialteachingof the Faslacase for present purposes is
that, in an appropriate case which is precisely that of Mortished, i.e.,
"where thejudgement has been challenged on theground of an error on a
question of law relating to the provisions of the Charter" the Court is
"called upon to reviewthe actualsubstance of the decision". There isonly
one qualification to that charge : challenges are "confined to the specific

grounds of objection" mentioned in Article 11of the Administrative Tri-
bunal's Statute. Ashas been demonstrated above, the ground of error ona
question of law "relating ton the provisions of the Charter is a ground
which,in undeniable measure,embraces interpretation by theCourt of the
Staff Regulations. The Cqrt's cornpetence does not extend to every such
case, for the scope of the Court's review authority was meant to be "ex-
ceptional" and construction of the Staff Regulations by the Tribunal is
routine. But certainly it would extend to a case such as Mortished's, in
which the authorized Comrnittee of the General Assembly requests an
advisory opinion on so exceptional a question as whether the Adminis-
trative Tribunal was warranted in not giving immediate effect to a reso-
lution of the General Assembly. Indeed, as will be shown below, that 35. La Cour a dit en outre dans l'affaire Fasla :

(<De plus, ainsi que la Cour l'a soulignédans son avis consultatif

donné à la demande de l'Unesco, on ne saurait, par le simple biais
d'une contestation d'un jugement du Tribunal administratif, au motif
que celui-ci aurait outrepassé sajuridiction, attaquer les décisionsdu
Tribunal sur le fond ...

De même,dans le cas de l'article 11 du statut du Tribunal admi-
nistratif desNations Unies, une contestation de la décisionfondéesur
le non-exercice de lajuridiction ou une erreur procédurale essentielle
ne peut être transformée en une procédure contre le fond de la déci-
sion. Cela ne veutpas dire que, le cas échéants ,i unjugement était
contesté en raison d'uneerreurde droit concernant les dispositions de la

Charte,la Cournepourrait pas être appelée à examiner la décisionau
fond. Mais le texte de l'article 11comme l'historique de son élabora-
tion démontrent que l'on avait entendu limiter les possibilités de
contester lesjugements du Tribunal administratif aux motifs précis
envisagésdans l'article. ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1973, p. 188 ;les italiques
sont de moi.)

Elle a ajouté que, ((pour déterminer si le Tribunal a exercédes pouvoirs
juridictionnels applicables en l'espèce,la Cour doit tenir compte de la
substanceet pas seulement de la forme >)(p. 189-190).Et ellea fait obser-
verenfin quelefait qu'elles'abstînt d'enquêter sulresfaits (<ne signifiepas
que, dans une procédure de réformation, la Cour s'estime empêchée

d'examiner les faits de la cause en toute liberté ou de contrôler l'appré-
ciation des faits par le Tribunal >)(p. 207).
36. Laleçonprincipale del'affaireFasla,appliquée à laprésenteespèce,
est que,dans l'hypothèsecorrespondant précisément à l'affaireMortished,
autrement dit siunjugement étaitcontestéenraisond'uneerreur de droit
concernant les dispositions de la Charte D, la Cour serait (appelée à

examiner la décision au fond )).A cela, une seule restriction : que la
contestation soitlimitée ((auxmotifs précisenvisagés ))dans l'article 11du
statut du Tribunal administratif. Comme on l'adémontréplus haut, il est
certain quelemotif del'erreurde droit (<concernant >lesdispositions de la
Charte englobejusqu'à un certain point l'interprétationdu statutdu per-
sonnel par la Cour. Cette compétencede la Courne doitpas s'exercerdans
toutes lesaffaires de cegenre, car on avoulu quelepouvoir de réformation

conféré à la Cour soit <(exceptionnel >)alors que l'interprétationdu statut
du personnel par le Tribunalrentre dans ses attributions courantes. Mais
elledevait certainementjouer dans une affaire comme l'affaire Mortished,
où le comité autoriséDarl'Assemblée génér"d leemandait un avis consul-
tatif sur la question, vraiment exceptionnelle, consistant à savoir si le
Tribunal administratif pouvait légitimement nepas donner effet immé-

diatement à une résolutionde l'Assemblée générale Il. est incontestable,exceptional question, and error of lawin respect of it,unquestionably and
in any event "relates to7'Charter provisions.
37. The Faslacase is instructive in still another respect as well. In that
case, the Administrative Tribunalfound itself inthe situation of having to
translate the injury sustained by the applicant into monetary terms. The
Court found that, under the Tribunal's Statute, the discretion afforded the
Tribunal in that regard is wide. It added :

"If theCourt wereacting in thiscaseasacourt of appeal, it might be
entitled to reach its own conclusions as to the amount of the damages
tobe awarded, but thisisnot thecase.In viewofthegroundsofobjection
uponwhichthepresentproceedings arebase4 ...theCourt must con-
fine itself to concluding that there is no such unreasonableness in the
award as to make it fa11outside the limits of theTribunal's discretion.
This being so, the Tribunal cannot be considered as having failed to
exerciseitsjurisdiction in this respect." (I.C.J. Reports 1973, p.;197
emphasis supplied.)

This passage plainly imports that, if the Court in another review of a
judgement of the Administrative Tribunal were not proceeding on the
procedural grounds ofobjection whichwereinplay in theFaslacasebut on
the substantive ground of objection which is at issue in Mortished, the
Court would indeed act "as a court of appeal".
38. This is precisely the conclusion reached as long ago as 1958by a
distinguished commentator on the subject, Professor Leo Gross. In

appraisingthe amended version of Article 11of the Statute of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal, Professor Gross wrote that an objection
on the ground that theTribunal haserred on a question of lawrelating to a
provision of the Charter "relates not to the validity of theJudgment but to
the merits of the Judgment". This ground, he concluded, affords the
International Court of Justice "a true appellate jurisdiction". He observes
that, "The inclusion of the review of substantive legal issues by the
Court. ..was considered an essential feature of the compromise among
the different proponents of the review procedure. . .(L. Gross, "Parti-
cipation of Individuals in Advisory Proceedings before the International
Court of Justice: Question of Equality between the Parties", 52American
Journal of International Law, 16, 36 (1958)).

II. THEORIGINS AND DEVELOPMEN OF THE REPATRIATIO GNRANT

39. Thejudgment of the Administrative Tribunal in the case of Mor-

tishedv. the Secretary-Generalcan be evaluated only in the context of the
character of the repatriation grant and the grant's surrounding debateand
development in the General Assembly. It is accordingly necessary to set
out the origins and evolution of therepatriationgrant, andits treatment by
the General Assembly in resolutions 33/ 119and 34/ 165,and to do so in
adequate detail.comme on leverra plus loin, que cettequestion exceptionnelle et l'erreur de
concernent )les disvositions de la Charte.
droit commise à son sujet
37. L'affaire Fasla est encore instructive d'un autre point de vue. En
effet, le Tribunal administratif s'y étant trouvé amené à transposer le
préjudice subipar le requérant en termes monétaires, la Cour a estimé
qu'à cet égardle Tribunal tenait de son statut un pouvoir discrétionnaire
considérable. Elle a ajouté :

(Sila Cour jouait en l'espècele rôle d'une cour d'appel, elle aurait
peut-être ledroit de formuler ses propres conclusions sur le montant
de l'indemnité à allouer. Mais tel n'est pas le cas. Vu les motifs de
contestationsurlesquelslaprocédure actuelle sefonde ..la Courdoit se
borner à conclure que l'indemnité n'arien de si déraisonnablequ'elle

se situehors des limites du pouvoir discrétionnairedu Tribunal. Cela
étant, on ne saurait considérerque le Tribunal a omis d'exercer sa
juridiction àcet égard. (C.I.J. Recueil1973,p. 197 ;lesitaliques sont
de moi.)

Ce passage signifiait visiblement que si, dans une autre affaire de réfor-
mation des jugements du Tribunal administratif, la Cour n'avait pas à
connaître d'un motif procédural, comme dans l'affaire Fasla, mais d'un
motif de fond, comme c'est le cas dans l'affaire Mortished, ellejouerait
effectivement le rôle d'une cour d'appel D.
38. Telle est précisémentla conclusion à laquelle avait abouti dès 1958

un éminent auteur, M. Leo Gross, qui, appréciant les méritesde la nou-
velle version de l'article 11 du statut du Tribunal administratif des
Nations Unies, faisait observer qu'un recours alléguant une erreur de droit
concernant les dispositions de la Charte ((ne portait pas sur la validitédu
jugement, mais sur le contenu de la décision )).Ce motif, concluait-il,
confère à la Cour internationale de Justice ((une véritable juridiction
d'appel ))Et ilajoutait :(<L'idéequelaCour puisseréexamineraufond les

questions de droit ...passait pour un aspect essentiel du compromis entre
les différents partisans de la procédure de réformation ...))(L. Gross,
(Participation of Individuals in Advisory Proceedings,before the Inter-
national Court of Justice :Question of Equality between the Parties )),
52 American Journal of International Law, 16, 36 (1958)).

II. ORIGINES ET ÉVOLUTION DE LA PRIME DE RAPATRIEMENT

39. Lejugement du Tribunal administratif dans l'affaireMortishedc.le
Secrétaire général de l'Organisation d Neastions Uniesne peut êtreanalysé
que par rapport au caractère de la prime de rapatriement et aux débatset
autres faits qui ont entourécette institution à l'Assemblée générale Il. est
par conséquentnécessairedeprésenterde façonsuffisammentdétailléeles

origines et l'évolutionde la prime de rapatriement, ainsi que le régime
prévupour cette prime dans les résolutions 33/119et 34/ 165de l'Assem-
blée générale.482 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. SCHWEBEL)

1. The Initiation andIntent of the Repatriation
Grant 1949-1950

40. In 1949, the United Nations Committee of Experts on Salary,
Allowance and Leave Systemsproposed that a then existing expatriation
allowance be abolished. Its report recommended, however, that a repa-
triationgrant bepaid to repatriating members of the staff, in the following
terms :

"It was recognized ...that upon leavingthe Organizationand being
repatriated to his home country, a staff member is faced with certain
extraordinary expenses, and that such expenses would fully justify
payment of a special lump-sum grant at that time. Such expenses

would arise for example, as a result of (a) the loss, during United
Nations service,of professional and business contacts with the home
country ... (b) the necessity of giving up residence and liquidating
obligations in a foreign country ; and (c) the expenses which a staff
member willnormally have to meet in re-establishing himself and his
home on return to his own country. The Committee was, therefore, of
the opinion that in place of the present expatriation allowance there
should besubstitutedarepatriation grant designed to assistin meeting
such extraordinary expenditures. The substitution of such a grant
would not only be in the interest of economy and of administrative
simplicity, but equally in the interest of the staff member who would
receive the payment at the time when it was really needed.

Itis proposed that thegrant should be payable to al1staff members
with respect to whom the Organization is obliged to undertake repa-
triation to the home country. Staff members who are terminated by
summary dismissal should not be eligible. The amount of the grant
should Varywith the length of service with the United Nations pro-
vided that payment of thegrant wouldbeginwith staff whohad served
a minimum of two years." (A/C.5/33 1,p. 2.)

41. This proposa1 for a repatriation grant - and the reasons for and
purpose of the grant - were (with modifications in its scale) accepted by
the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions
(ACABQ), which described the grant as payable to staff members "re-
turning to their home countries"(A/ 1313,para. 69).The Secretary-General
supported the proposa1of the Committee of Experts, which he too saw as

designed to cope with "the expense [of retiring staff] incurred in settling
down anew in their own countries" (A/ 1378,p. 82).The Fifth Committee
likewiseaccepted the repatriation grant "in the form of alump-sum which
would be paid to staff members on their being repatriated to their home
countries . .." (A/C.5/400, p. 104).Thus the General Assembly in 1950
adopted a resolution amending the then provisional staff regulations to
provide : 1. Les débutsde lapime de rapatriement et l'intention
à laquelle elle répondai(t1949-1950)

40. En 1949,un comité d'expertsen matièrede traitements et salaires,
indemnités et congésdes Nations Unies proposa d'abolir l'indemnité
d'expatriation alors en vigueur. Dans son rapport, il recommandait en
revanche qu'une prime de rapatriement fût versée auxfonctionnaires
rapatriés,dans les termes suivants :

(<Le comitéa...reconnu qu'en quittant l'Organisation pour rentrer
dans leur pays les membres du personnel ont à supporter certaines
dépenses extraordinaires, ce qui justifierait pleinement le versement,
au moment de leur retour, d'uneprime globale spéciale.Ces dépenses

résulteraientpar exempledesfacteurssuivants :a)laperte, pendant la
duréedeleur emploiauxNations Unies,descontacts professionnels et
des relations d'affaires avec leurs compatriotes ...b) la nécessité
d'abandonner leur résidenceet de liquider leurs obligations àl'étran-
ger ;et c)les frais que doivent normalement encourir les membres du
personnel pour seréinstaller avecleur familledans leurpays d'origine.
Le comité estimedonc qu'il y aurait lieu de remplacer l'indemnité
d'expatriation actuelle par une prime de rapatriement qui aurait pour

objet de contribuer à couvrir ces dépensesextraordinaires. Non seu-
lement ce systèmepermettrait à l'organisation de réaliserdes écono-
mies et de simplifier sonadministration, maisencore il serait à l'avan-
tage des membres du personnel qui bénéficieraientdecette somme au
moment où ils en auraient effectivement besoin.
Le comité propose d'attribuer cette prime à tous les membres du
personnel que l'organisation est tenue de rapatrier dans leur pays
d'origine. Elle neserait pas accordée aux membresdu personnel qui
feraient l'objet d'un renvoi sommaire. Lemontant de la prime devrait

varier suivant la duréedel'emploi à l'organisation desNations Unies,
étant entendu qu'elle ne serait verséequ'aux membres du personnel
ayant un minimum de deux ans de service. 1)(A/C.5/331, p. 2.)

41. Laproposition tendant à instaurer cetteprime de rapatriement ainsi
que les raisons d'être et l'objetde la prime furent acceptés (avecdes
modifications de barème) par le Comitéconsultatif pour les questions
administratives et budgétaires(CCQAB), qui précisaque la prime serait
payable aux fonctionnaires retournant dans leur pays >) (A/ 1313,
par. 69). Le Secrétairegénéraalppuya la proposition du comitéd'experts,

la considérantlui-aussi comme une contribution (<aux dépensesque [les
anciens fonctionnaires]doivent faire pour se réinstallerdans leur propre
pays )(A/1378, p. 91). La CinquièmeCommission, de son côté,accepta
la prime de rapatriement, sous forme de ((versement aux fonction-
naires, lorsqu'ils sont rapatriésdans leur pays d'origine, d'une prime for-
faitaire...))(A/C.5/400, p. 116).A la suite de cela, l'Assemblée générale
adopta en 1950une résolution quimodifiait comme suit le statut du per-
sonnel, alors provisoire : "The Secretary-General shallestablish a schemefor the payment of
repatriation grants in accordance with the maximum rates and con-
ditions specifiedin annex II 'to the present regulations." (Resolution
470 (V).)

Annex II to the new Staff Regulation specified :
"In principle, the repatriation grant shall be payable to staff mem-
bers whom the Organization is obligated to repatriate, except those
terminated by summary dismissal. Detailed conditions and defini-
tions relating to eligibility shall be determined by the Secretary-

General. The amount of thegrant shallVarywith the length of service
with the United Nations. .." (Ibid.)

The Secretary-General accordingly put out an Information Circular
which noted :

"The principleof a repatriation grant has been established,the grant
to be payable to staff members returned at United Nations expense to
their home countries.The grant will not be payable to staff members
who are servingat an officia1duty station in their home country when
they are separated from the service.A staff memberwho is summarily
dismissed will not be entitled to the grant." (ST/AFS/SER.A/72,
P 7.)

2. Departure from the GeneralAssembly's Intent by the CCAQ

in 1951-1952
42. Despite the clarity of the language and intent of al1concerned, as
early as 1951the view appeared within the administrations of the United

Nations and the SpecializedAgencies that, notwithstanding the principle
that the repatriation grant may be paid only to those who repatriate, as a
matter of practice it also should be paid to those who do not. Thus a
working paper of the United Nations Secretariat prepared for the Con-
sultative Committee on Administrative Questions (CCAQ) of the Ad-
ministrative Committee on Co-ordination (ACC) contains the following
passage :
"Question1 :TheGeneral Assemblyhasstated that therepatriation
grant is to be paid in those caseswhere the organization is 'obligedto

repatriate'. Giventhis basicprinciple, should the repatriation grant be
paid in cases where the staff member is not actually repatriated, i.e.,
(a)he remains in the country of the officia1duty station, (b)he travels
to a country other than his home country?

Answer :In general, the United Nations would take the view that

'In later versions, what was initially entitled AnnexII became AnIV.

162 Le Secrétaire général fixera un barème pour le versement de
primes de rapatriement, en se conformant aux maximums et condi-
tions prévus à l'annexeII ' du présentstatut. >>(Résolution470 (V).)

L'annexe II du nouveau statut du personnel spécifiait :
<<Auront droit, en principe, à la prime de rapatriement les fonc-

tionnaires que l'organisation devra rapatrier mais à l'exclusion de
ceux qui auraient étérévoquésL . es conditions et définitionsrelatives
au droit à la prime seront déterminées en détailpar le Secrétaire
général. Lemontant de la prime variera selon le temps que le fonc-
tionnaire considéréaura passé au service de l'organisation des
Nations Unies ..>>(Ibid.)

LeSecrétairegénérap lublia en conséquenceune circulaire oùl'on pouvait
lire:
<<Leprincipe d'uneprime de rapatriement aétéadoptéC . ette prime
sera verséeaux membres du personnel rapatriés auxfrais desNations
Unies dans leur pays d'origine. N'auront pas droit à la prime les

membres du Secrétariat exerçant officiellement leursfonctions dans
leurpays d'origineau moment de la cessation de service,ainsi que les
fonctionnaires révoqués. ))(ST/AFS/SER.A/72, p. 8.)

2. Le CCQA s'écarte de l'intention exprimée
par l'Assemblée générale (1951-1952)

42. Quelle que fût la clarté d'expression et d'intention de toutes les
partiesen cause,l'idéeapparut dès1951,dans l'administration desNations
Unies et des institutions spécialisées,que, nonobstant le principe qui
voulait que la prime de rapatriement ne pût êtrepayéequ'aux fonction-
naires rentrant dans leur pays, enpratique elledevait égalementêtrepayée

à ceux qui n'yrentraient pas. C'estainsi qu'un document de travail rédigé
par le Secrétariat desNations Unies à l'intention du Comitéconsultatif
pour les questions administratives (CCQA), organe du Comité adrninis-
tratif de coordination (CAC), contient le passage suivant :
(<Question 1 :L'Assemblée générala e disposéque la prime de rapa-
triement devait êtrepayée auxpersonnes que l'organisation est
te-
nue de rapatrier >).Ceprincipe fondamentalétant admis, la prime de
rapatriement doit-elle êtreverséelorsque le fonctionnaire n'est pas
effectivement rapatrié,c'est-à-dire, a) lorsqu'il restedans le pays du
lieu d'affectation ;b) lorsqu'il s'installedans un pays autre que son
pays d'origine ?
Réponse :De manière générale,l'ONU serait portéea considérer

' Dans les versions ultérieures,l'annexe II est devenue lIV.nexe484 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP.SCHWEBEL)

the General Assembly language requires payment of the grant under
either circumstance, particularly since it would be impossible to con-
trol the final place of residence." (CO-ORDINATION/CC/A. 12/

13.)
The foregoing document, which isdated 20 March 1952and denorninated,
"Restricted", isconsonant with an opinion voiced the previous year at the
Eleventh Session of CCAQ. The Provisional Summary Record of the
Twelfth Meeting of that session contains this passage :

"Question 1 :Should repatriation grantsbe paid even although the
staff member was not actually repatriated ?
MR.MCDIARMID (United Nations) said that the United Nations
took the viewthat if the staff member wasentitled to berepatriated he
was equally entitled to the repatriation grant irrespective of whether

he returned home or not. After all, it would be impossible to control
his ultimate place of residence.
MR.CALDWELL (International Labour Organisation) agreed with
that principle and mentioned political considerations asanother argu-
ment for adopting it.

At the suggestion of MR. REYMON(D International Labour Organ-
isation)it wasagreed to record theviewthat whilesucharuling wasnot
entirely in harmony with the purposes of the grant, from an adrnin-
istrative point of view no other procedure was possible." (CC/A.I 1/
SR.12 of 5 May 1951,p. 12.)

43. The Twelfth Sessionof the CCAQ, which met inMay 1952,adopted
a report, also denominated "Restricted", which contains the following
passages of particular interest:

"Repatriation grants
This subject isconsidered ofsufficient policy importancetowarrant

a full report to ACC, which is asked to concur in the principles here
enumerated.
Of the agencies which have accepted the common salary and
allowances scheme, only ICA0 has failed to include the repatriation
grant among its allowances. To provide a basis for uniformity in ad-
ministration where the grant is paid, the following principles are
proposed :

(a) The United Nations regulation provides that the grant is pay-
able where the Organization is 'obligatedto repatriate'.This language
has been followed by FA0 and Unesco. The IL0 and WHO have
adopted the criterion, 'serving at a duty stationutside of the home
country'. It is felt that the ILO-WHOformulation is more descriptive
of theintent.Without proposing changesinregulations,itisproposed que,d'aprèsletexte de l'Assemblée générallee, versement de la prime
est de rigueur dans ces deux cas, notamment parce qu'ilserait impos-
sible de contrôler le lieu de résidence définitifde l'intéressé. >(CO-
ORDINATION/CC/A.12/ 13.)

Ce document, daté du 20 mars 1952et classé <Distribution restreinte n,
allait dans le mêmesens qu'un avis émis l'annéeprécédente,lors de la
onzième sessiondu CCAQ. Le compte rendu provisoire des débats de la
douzième réunionde cette session contient le passage suivant :

[Traduction du Greffe]

Question1 :La prime de rapatriement doit-elle êtrepayéemême
lorsque le fonctionnaire n'a pas étéeffectivement rapatrié ?
M. MCDIARMID (Organisation des Nations Unies) dit que, selon
l'ONU, silefonctionnaire a ledroit d'être rapatriéi,laégalementdroit

à la prime de rapatriement, qu'il retourne ou non dans son pays
d'origine.11est impossible après tout de vérifier le lieude résidence
définitifde l'intéressé.
M.CALDWEL(L Bureau international du Travail) approuve ceprin-
cipe et voit dans certaines considérations politiques un argurnent

supplémentaire en faveur de son adoption.
Sur !a suggestion de M. REYMOND (Bureau international du Tra-
vail),il est convenude prendre acte de l'avis selon lequel, bien qu'une
telle règle ne soit pas entièrement en accord avec l'objet de la prime,
aucune autre procédure n'est possible d'un point de vue adminis-

tratif.)(CC/A.Il/SR.12, 5 mai 1951,p.12.)
43. En mai 1952, lors de sa douzième session, le CCQA adopta un
rapport classélui aussi Distribution restreinte >),qui contient certains
passages particulièrement intéressants :

<<Primes de rapatriement
Ce sujet est considérécomme suffisamment important pour qu'un
rapport complet soitsoumis au Comitéadministratif de coordination,

qui est invitéà approuver les principes énumérésici.
De toutes les institutions qui ont acceptéle régimecommun des
traitements et indemnités, I'OACI est la seule à ne pas avoir prévude
prime de rapatriement parmi lesindemnitésqu'elleverse. Aux fins de
l'uniformisation des pratiques dans les administrations où la prime
est versée, lesprincipes suivants sont proposés :

a) LeStatut du personnel de l'ONU prévoitque la prime est versée
lorsque l'organisation est <tenue derapatrier >).Cette expression aété
également adoptée par la FA0 et l'Unesco. L'OIT et l'OMS ont
adoptélecritèreselonlequel laprime estversée à tout fonctionnaireen
poste <(dans un lieu d'affectation situéhorsde sonpays ))La formu-

lation del'OIT et de l'OMSsemblemieux évoquerl'intention de cette that other organizations undertake to reflect this concept in their

rules.

(b) In the light of (a), it is believed that the grant should be paid
after two years' serviceabroad, regardless of the conditions of sepa-
ration (including resignation but excluding suminary dismissal) and
regardless also of whether the staff member is actually repatriated.

(c) However,theorganization isnot considered obligated wherethe
staff member voluntarily assumes the nationality of the country of
duty station.
.............................

(g) In the case of a staff member serving away from his home
country who isthen transferred to duty within that country, eligibility
for the grant should continue subject to a reduction factor as fol-
lows :
(i) no change in the amount of the entitlement if the separation
occurs within the first three months of service in the home coun-

try ;

(ii) each month of service beyond three months would, for pur-
poses of calculation of the grant, cancel oneyear of qualifying service
away from the home country.
Hence the actual amount of the grant (ifany entitlement remained)
would depend upon how long after the transfer the separation took
place." (CO-ORDINATION/R.124, pp. 6-8.)

44. It will beobserved that, in the viewof the CCAQ, "the intent" of the
repatriation grant was that it should be paid to those serving at a duty
station outside of the home country, apparently regardless of whether the

staff member relocated from the country of the duty station or not. On
what it based this finding of intent is not revealed. It certainly does not
correspond to the intent of the Committee of Experts which proposed the
grant, or of the ACABQ, the Secretary-General or the Fifth Committee in
accepting such a proposa1 (see paras. 40-41, supra).
45. Two further points in respect of this report of the CCAQ shouldbe
made. First, it acknowledges that the whole of entitlement to the repa-
triation grant might vanish upon transfer of a staff member to duty within
hishome country (seesubpara. (g)in the above quotationfrom thereport)
- an acknowledgement which is not easily reconciled with treating such
entitlement as an acquired right.
46. Second, while the report asks the ACC "to concur in the principles
here enumerated", no evidencehas been submitted to the Court indicating
that it did. It may be presumed that, if the Administrative Committee on disposition. Sans suggérerde modifier les statuts existants, il est pro-
poséque les autres organisations fassent une place à ce concept dans
leurs règlements.
b) Compte tenu de l'alinéaa) précédent,on estime que la prime
devrait êtreverséeau terme de deux annéesde serviceaccompli hors

du pays d'origine, que le fonctionnaire soit ou non effectivement
rapatriéet indépendamment des circonstances dans lesquelles la ces-
sation de serviceest intervenue (en comprenant la démission,mais en
excluant le renvoi sans préavis).
c) Toutefois, l'organisation est affranchie de son obligation lors-
que le fonctionnaire adopte la nationalitédu pays du lieu d'affecta-
tion.

g) Au cas où un fonctionnaire en poste hors de son pays d'origine
est ensuite mutédans son propre pays, il peut encore prétendre au
versement de la prime ;les réductionssuivantes sont toutefois appli-
cables :
i) le montant de la prime à laquelle peut prétendrele fonctionnaire

n'est pas modifié sila cessation de serviceintervient au cours des
trois premiers mois de service dans le pays d'origine du fonction-
naire ;
ii) chaque mois de service au-delà de trois mois annulerait, aux fins
du calcul de la prime, une annéede semice hors du pays d'origine
ouvrant droit au versement de la prime.

Par conséquent,lemontant réelde laprime (silefonctionnaire peut
encoreyprétendre)dépendraitdela duréede lapériodeécoulée entre
la mutation dans le pays d'origine et la cessation de service. >)(CO-
ORDINATION/R. 124,p. 6-8.)

44. On remarquera que, selonleCCQA, << l'intention>)étaitde verser la
prime de rapatriement à tout fonctionnaire en poste dans un lieu d'affec-
tation situé horsde son pays d'origine, sans se soucier apparemment si le
fonctionnaire seréinstallaithorsde cepays ou non. Lefondementde cette

assertion n'est pas révéléM . ais elle ne correspond certainement pas à
l'intention du comitéd'expertsquiavaitproposélacréationde laprime, ni
à celledu CCQAB, du Secrétairegénérao lu de la CinquièmeCommission
lorsqu'ils avaient accepté cette proposition(voir ci-dessuspar. 40 et 41).
45. Deux autres observations s'imposent à propos de ce rapport du
CCQA. Premièrement, il y était reconnu que le droit à la prime de rapa-
triement pouvait disparaître complètement en cas de mutation du fonc-
tionnaire dans son pays d'origine (voir alinéag) du passage précité) -
affirmation qui ne cadre pas facilement avec la thèsedes droits acquis.

46. Deuxièmement,alors que le rapport invitait leCAC à (<approuver
les principes énumérés ici))aucune preuve n'a étéprésentée à la Cour
d'une approbation quelconque de la part du CAC. On peut présumer que,Co-ordination actually had concurred in these principles, and evidence so
demonstrating exists,Mortished's able counsel would have presented that
evidence. Moreover, a search of United Nations documentation indicates
that (a) the above-cited documents of the CCAQ, two of whch were
marked as restricted, werenot submitted to the General Assemblyorto the
Economic and SocialCouncil and (b)the reports of the ACC in the years
1951-1953giveno indication whatsoever that the ACC concurred in the
principles enumerated in respect of the repatriation grant ; indeed, those

reports make no referenceat al1to the repatriation grant (cf.,docs. E/ 1865,
E/ 1991,E/2161, E/2203, E/2340 and E/2446).

3. The GeneralAssemblyapparent&Is notInformed thatPractice Departed
from Principle

47. While apparently in practice the United Nations paid repatriation
grants to those who remained at their last dutystation, beginning at a time
whichisnot clear in the record beforethe Court, it is equally unclear when
before 1976the General Assembly was informed that the practice had so
far departed from the principle which it had prescribed. Thus as late as
1963,a Report of the Secretary-General on personnel questionssubmitted
to the Eighteenth Session of the General Assembly States:

"The repatriation grant was introduced with effect from 1Jan-
uary 1951under the terms of General Assembly resolution 470 (V).
Unlike the earlier expatriation allowance, which it replaced, the re-
patriation grant was established as a terminal payment designed to
provide compensation for the extraordinary expendituresincurredby
staff members at the time of their separation from the service and
re-establishment in their home country after a prolonged absence."
(A/C.5/979, pp. 18-19,para. 13.)

Bythat same report, the Secretary-General proposed revisionsof the Staff
Regulation and its annex governing the repatriation allowance which are
not relevant for present purposes, except in so far as they maintained the
proviso :"In principle, the repatriation grant shall be payable to staff
members whom the Organization isobliged to repatriate ..." (ibid.,p. 20).
The conjunction of these passages would surely suggest to any concerned
delegate in the Fifth Committee that the principle of payment of the
repatriation grant to those who are repatriated was routinely respected.
Thus, for example,in discussingthe Secretary-General's proposed amend-
ments to the Staff Regulation in respect of the repatriation grant, the
representative of Czechoslovakia said :

"It should not be forgotten that the repatriation grant had been
conceived asa 'terminal' benefit designedto compensate staff for the
extraordinary expenditure they incurred when they left the Organi-sicelui-ci avait effectivement approuvécesprincipes et qu'ilen existât une
preuve, l'éminent conseilde M. Mortished enaurait faitétat.L'étudede la
documentation des Nations Unies montre d'ailleurs :a) que les docu-
ments précitésdu CCQA, dont deux étaient classés <Distribution res-
treinte ))n'ont étésoumis ni à l'Assemblée générale ni au Conseil écono-

mique et social ; b)que les rapports du CACpour les années1951 à 1953
n'indiquent nulle part que le CAC ait approuvé les principes susindiqués
concernant la prime de rapatriement ; en fait, ces rapports sont complè-
tement muets sur la question de la prime de rapatriement (voir documents
E/ 1865,E/ 1991,E/2161, E/2203, E/2340 et E/2446).

3. L'Assembléegénérale n'estapparemmentpas informée

que lapratique suivie s'écarte duprincipe adopté

47. C'est à partir d'une époqueque le dossier ne permet pas de déter-
miner quelesNations Uniessemblent avoircommencé à verser laprime de
rapatriement aux fonctionnaires restant à leur dernier lieu d'affectation;
et il serait tout aussi difficile de direà quelle date, antérieure à 1976,
l'Assemblée générala epu s'apercevoir que la pratique s'était écartée à ce
point du principe qu'elle avait prescrit. Un rapport du Secrétairegénéral
surles questions de personnel, datéde 1963,c'est-à-dire de la dix-huitième
session de l'Assembléegénérale,contenait encore le passage suivant :

<<Le système de la prime de rapatriement a étémis en vigueur le
1erjanvier 1951,conformément à la résolution470(V)de l'Assemblée
générale.A la différence de l'ancienne indemnité d'expatriation,
qu'elleremplaçait, la prime de rapatriement a étéconçue comme une
prestation de <<départ >)ayant pour objet de compenser les dépenses
spécialesque les fonctionnaires doivent faire lorsqu'ils quittent l'Or-

ganisation et se réinstallent dans leur pays après une absence pro-
longée. ))(A/C.5/979. p. 18-19,par. 13.)
Dans le mêmerapport, le Secrétaire générap lroposait pour le statut du
personnel et son annexe relative à la prime derapatriement divers amen-

dements sans intérêtpour la présente affaire, sauf dans la mesure où la
formule : tOnt droit, en principe, à la prime de rapatriement les fonc-
tionnaires que l'organisation est tenue derapatrier ...))(ibid.,p. 21) yétait
maintenue. En rapprochant ces textes, tout membre intéresséde la Cin-
quièmeCommission ne pouvait que conclure que leprincipe du versement
de la prime de rapatriement à ceux qui réintégraient leur paysétaitrégu-
lièrement respecté. C'est ainspi ar exempleque,lors du débatsurlesprojets
d'amendements du Secrétaire généraa lu statut du personnel qui concer-
naient la prime de rapatriement, le représentant de la Tchécoslovaquie

déclara :
«[La prime de rapatriement], il ne fautpas l'oublier, a été conçue
comme une prestation de tdépart ayantpour objet decompenser les
dépensesspécialesque lesfonctionnaires doivent faire lorsqu'ils quit- zation and settled in their own countries again after a prolonged
absence." (United Nations, General Assembly Official Records,

Eighteenth Session, Fifth Cornmittee,1043rdMeeting, p. 202.)

In reply, Sir Alexander MacFarquhar, the Director of Personnel, in
explaining the Secretary-General's proposal, spoke of "expatriate staff
whoreturned home .. ."(ibid.,p. 203).There wasno hint ofpayment of the

repatriationgrant to those who didnotreturn home. None of theproposed
amendments to Annex IV of the Staff Regulations concerning the repa-
triation allowance related to any practice of paying thegrant to those who
remained at their duty station or gave any indication to the General
Assembly that this was the practice, if indeed at the time it was (see
A/5646, p. 46). If it were the conclusion of the Secretary-General that the
practice rightly did not conform to the principle and that the principle
should be revised, it is difficult to understand why he did not take an
opportunity such as this to propose to amend the Staff Regulations, or to
amend the Staff Rules, or, at least, to air the question in the General
Assembly.

4. The General Assembly Is Informed that Relocation to a Third Country

Suffices
48. However,whileit isfar from clearwhen - at any rate, before 1976 -
the General Assembly was informed of the practice of paying a repatria-
tion allowance to thosewhoremained at their last duty station,theGeneral

Assembly was informed as early as 1953 that the term "obligation to
repatriate" was interpreted and defined as meaning the obligation to
return a staff member to aplace outside thecountry ofhisduty station. The
contrast isinstructive. From 1953,Staff Rule 109.5,"Repatriation Grant",
in paragraph (a) provided :
" 'Obligation to repatriate', as used in para. 4 of Annex IV to the
Staff Regulations, shall mean obligation to return of a staff member

and his dependants, upon separation, at the expense of the United
Nations, to a place outside the country of his or her duty station."
This definition of the "obligation to repatriate" informed the General
Assembly that the Secretary-General liberally interpreted the pertinent
Staff Regulation to permit removal to a place outside the country of the

staff member'sdutystation in additionto the home country. But equally, it
may be said to have imported that a staff member who remained in the
country of his or her last duty station was not eligible for a repatriation
allowance : expressio unius est exclusio alterius.Viewed in this light, the
stress which the Administrative Tribunal places in Mortished v. the Sec-
retary-General (para. VII) on the 1953 break of the link between the
repatriation grant and return to the home country appears misplaced. tent l'organisation et se réinstallentdans leur pays après une absence
prolongée. >)(Documents officiels desNations Unies,Assemblée géné-
rale, dix-huitième session, Cinquième Commission, 1043e séance,
p. 212-213.)

Dans sa réponse, sir Alexander MacFarquhar, directeur du personnel,
expliquantlaproposition du Secrétairegénérap l,arla des<(fonctionnaires
expatriés qui retournent dans leur pays )) (ibid., p. 213). Il n'était pas
question de versement de la prime de rapatriement aux fonctionnaires ne
retournant pas dans leur pays. Aucun des amendements concernant la
prime de rapatriement qu'il était proposéd'apporter à l'annexe IV du
statut du personnel ne visait d'ailleurs une quelconque pratique consistant

à verser la prime aux fonctionnaires qui restaient à leur lieu d'affectation,
ni n'indiquait à l'Assemblée généralq eue telle étaitla pratique suivie,à
supposer qu'elle le fût à l'époque(voir A/5646, p. 48). Si le Secrétaire
généraé l tait parvenuà la conclusion que c'étaitàbon droitque la pratique
n'était pas conformeauprincipe et qu'il fallait revisercelui-ci,on apeine à
comprendre qu'il n'ait pas saisi cette occasion pour proposer des amen-
dements au statut, ou pour modifier le règlement du personnel, ou du
moins pour soulever la question devant l'Assemblée générale.

4. L'Assembléegénérale apprend qulea réinstallation
dans unpays tiers suffit

48. Si l'on ne voit guère (du moins avant 1976) quand l'Assemblée
généralea pu êtreinstruite de la pratique consistant à verser la prime de
rapatriement aux fonctionnaires restant à leur dernier lieu d'affectation,
on sait en revanche que l'Assembléefut informée dès1953que l'expres-
sion tenue de rapatrier)>étaitdéfiniecomme visant l'obligationd'assurer
le retour du fonctionnaire hors de son dernier pays d'affectation. Le
contraste est instructif. Depuis 1953, la disposition 109.5 du règlement
du personnel, intitulée <<Prime de rapatriement )),disposait à l'alméaa) :

<<Les personnes que l'organisation est << tenue de rapatrier >)aux
termes de l'annexe IV du statut sont lesfonctionnaires,leurs enfants à
charge et leur conjoint dont,à la cessation de service,elledoit assurer
le retourà ses frais en un lieu situé hors du pays d'affectation. )>

Cette définitionde l'obligation de rapatrier )montrait à l'Assemblée
généraleque le Secrétaire générailnterprétait d'une manière libéralela
disposition en question du statut du personnel et acceptait le départ du

fonctionnaire non simplement vers son pays d'origine, mais aussi vers un
lieu simplement situé horsdu pays d'affectation. Mais on peut dire aussi
que la mêmedéfinitionprouvait qu'un fonctionnaire restant dans le pays
de son dernier lieu d'affectation n'avait pasdroit à la prime de rapatrie-
ment :express0 unius est exclusioalterius. De ce point de vue, il apparaît
que l'accent misdans lejugement du Tribunal administratif (par. VII), sur
la rupture en 1953du lieuentre laprime derapatriement etleretour (dans
la patrieO, est inopportun. 5. The CCAQ's Rationalefor the Practice

49. In 1974,the Consultative Comrnittee on Administrative Questions
undertook a reviewof the repatriation grant. Its Secretariat in a working
paper noted that the grant was designed to deal with the "practical and
financial difficulties of [the expatriate staff member] re-establishng
hirnself in the home country as were foreseen in 1951" (CCAQ/SEC/
325(PER), p. 3). It observed that :"Its object certainly was never that of
facilitating establishment in retirement and certainly notin a place other
than in the home country." (Ibid., p. 4.) It continued :

"The wholepurpose of thegrant isto assist the staffmember and his
fa~nilyto re-establish in the home country and clearly there is no
logical justification for paying the grant to a staff member who
remains in the country of his last duty station. Applying the logic is,
however,fraught withpractical difficulties. The organizations have no
way of knowing where a staff member actually resides after he leaves
serviceandin fact there area number of casesin whichstaff have two
or more residences. The secretariat of the Pension Fund has records of
the addresses to which pensions are paid but these arenot necessarily

theresidencesofthe pensioners. One could make payment of thegrant
dependent upon actualrepatriation travel but this would only ensure
that the organization incurred thecost of such travel - the valueof the
grant is sufficient to induce staff to accept repatriation and pay their
own fares back to the duty station or to any other place in which they
intend to reside. In many cases staff at the time of leaving service do
not really know where they will reside and to tie the grant to actual
repatriation would lead to requests for keeping theentitlement on the
books pending persona1decisions of the staff member. For al1these
reasons, CCAQ Secretariat doubts the feasibility of attempting to
make payment of the grant dependent on evidence of repatria-
tion."

50. The foregoing rationale for what the CCAQ Secretariat here impli-
citly indicates is the practice of paying the repatriation grant to those
who remainin the countryof theirlast duty stationis of high interest.What
is most striking about the rationale is its unpersuasiveness.It appears to
proceed inpart on the assumption that staff members of theinternational
secretariats cannot be trusted to tell the truth about their domicile, even
though they are routinely entrusted with telling the truth about more
important matters and even though sworn statements as to residence or
domicile are a regular incident of the modern life of the taxpayer, spouse
and litigant. It should have been obvious that the least the organizations

could have done was to have made payment of a repatriation grant con- 5. Lajustification de la pratique par le CCQA

49. En 1974, le Comitéconsultatif pour les questions administratives
procéda à une étudede la prime de rapatriement. Dans un document de
travail, son secrétariatrappela que cette prime avait étéconçue pour ré-
soudre les difficultéspratiques et financières auxquelleslesfonctionnaires

expatriés se heurtaient en se réinstallant dans leur pays, telles qu'elles
avaient été prises en considération en 1951 ))(CCAQ/ SEC/ 325(PER),
p. 4). Il ajoutait : (<La prime n'a certainement pas été instituéepour
faciliter l'installation des retraités, surtout s'ils s'établissent ailleursque
dans leurpays d'origine. )(Zbid.)Ledocument de travailpoursuivaiten ces
termes :

La primeapour seulbut de permettre auxfonctionnaires et à leur
famille de seréinstallerdans leur pays d'origine,etil estmanifestement
illogique qu'un fonctionnaire qui reste dans lepays de sondernier lieu
d'affectation bénéficie de la prime. Cela étant,il serait, dans la pra-
tique, extrêmementdifficiled'éliminer cetillogisme.Lesorganisations
n'ont aucun moyen de savoir où un fonctionnaire élit effectivement
domicile après sa cessation de service et il arrive qu'un ancien fonc-
tionnaireait plusieurs lieux derésidence.Lesecrétariatde la caissedes
pensions tient un étatdes adressesauxquelleslespensions sont versées

mais ce n'est pas nécessairement à l'adresse indiquéeque résident les
retraités.On pourrait subordonner leversement delaprime auvoyage
effectif de retour dans le pays d'origine, mais cela garantirait seule-
ment que l'organisation acouvertlesfrais decevoyage - et lemontant
de la prime suffiraità inciter un fonctionnaire à accepter d'êtrerapa-
triéquitteà payer ensuite sonvoyagede retour au lieu d'affectation ou
tout autre endroit où il al'intention de résider.Il arrive souvent qu'au
moment de la cessation de service un fonctionnaire ne sache pas
réellement oùil résidera etde lier l'octroide la prime au rapatriement
effectif aurait pour effet que les fonctionnaires demanderaient que la
prestation à laquelle ils ont droit leur reste due jusqu'à ce qu'ils

prennent une décision. Pourtoutes lesraisons quiprécèdent,lesecré-
tariat du CCQA doute qu'il soit possiblede tenter de subordonner le
versement de la prime à la preuve du rapatriement.
50. Il est intéressant de voir quelles raisons le secrétariat du CCQA

avançait pour ce qu'il disait implicitement êtrela pratique - à savoir,
verserlaprime derapatriement auxfonctionnairesdemeurant dans lepays
de leur dernier lieu d'affectation. Le plus frappant dans ces raisons est
qu'elles ne sontpas convaincantes.On semble en effet partir, entre autres,
du postulat qu'il n'est pas possiblede compter sur les fonctionnaires des
secrétariats internationaux pour dire la véritéau sujet de leur domicile,
alors que ces mêmesfonctionnaires ont habituellement pour mission de
dire la vérité sur des questionsautrement importantes et que les déclara-
tions sous serment au suiet dela résidenceou du domicile sont un élément
courant de la vie moderne pour le contribuable, la personne mariéeou leditional upon the staff member's signingan undertaking of removal from
the country of last duty station within a given period. Indeed the Inter-
national Civil Service Commission belatedly reached this conclusion.
Moreover, the difficulties of monitoring performance of a pledge of
removal appear to have been exaggerated, as the straightforward rule
ultimately promulgated by the Secretary-General in 1979indicates.

6. Amendments totheStaff Regulations Do notInform theGeneralAssembly
of the Practice

51. The seven United Nations agencies which replied to a question
posed by the foregoing working paper on whether payment of the repa-
triation grant should be conditional on actual repatriation unanimously
said that it should not be (CCAQ/SEC/325(PER) Add.1,para. 2).What is
of interest for present purposes is that, apparently as a result of questions
discussed by the CCAQ Secretariat and then moved through the system,
amendments were made in 1974to the Staff Regulations and Staff Rules
and that those amendments in fact included revision of Staff Regulation
9.4 on the repatriation grant (res. 3353(XXIX)). But again no effort was
made to amend or clarifythe Regulationorconsequential Rulesor annexes
tojustify apractice of paying therepatriation grant to those who remain in
the country of their last duty station. Nor waslight on thepractice shed by
the Report of the International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) to the
General Assembly of 1976,which, in so far as the record presented to the

Court indicates, nowhere states that repatriation grants are paid to those
who do not leave the country of their last duty station.

7. The PracticeIs First Aired in the GeneralAssembly in 1976

52. It was at the General Assemblyin 1976that thepractice of payment
of the repatriation grant to those who remain in the country of their last
dutv station was first aired. The re~resentative of Austria in the Fifth
Committee, in commenting on the Report of the International Civil Ser-
viceCommission, questioned whether it was appropriate to pay the grant
to a staff member who "remained in the country of the duty station after
retirement" (A/C.5/3 1/SR.32, p. 9). The representative of Australia
shared her concerns (A/C.5/31/SR.34). Consequently, the Report of the
Fifth Committee noted that :

"The viewwas also expressed that the Commission should considerplaideur. Un fait aurait dû êtreévident : c'est que les organisations pou-
vaient au moins subordonner leversement de laprime de rapatriement àla
présentation d'unengagement écrit,signé par lefonctionnaire, dequitter le
pays de sondernier lieu d'affectation dans un certain délai.C'est d'ailleurs
la conclusion à laquelle la Commission de la fonction publique interna-
tionaledevait parvenir un peu tard. Quant à la difficultéde vérifierqu'un
engagement de départestrespecté,il semblequ'on l'aitexagéréec,omme le
montre la simple règle promulguéepour finir par le Secrétaire généraeln
1979.

6. Les amendements au statut dupersonnel n'éclairen ptas
l'Assembléegénérale sur p laratique suivie

51. Les sept institutions des Nations Unies qui répondirent àla ques-
tion soulevéedans ledocument de travail précité - savoirsilepaiement de
la prime de rapatriement devrait ou non êtresubordonnéau rapatriement
effectif - répondirent unanimement par la négative (CCAQ/SEC/

325(PER) Add. 1,par. 2).Cequi est intéressantici,c'estque, cesproblèmes
ayantapparemmentétéétudiéspar le secrétariatdu CCQApuis dans tout
le système, des amendements furent apportés en 1974 au statut et au
règlement du personnel, parmi lesquels justement un remaniement de
l'article 9.4 du statut sur la prime de rapatriement (résolution 3353
(XXIX)). Mais, là encore, rien nefut fait pour amender ou préciserle statut
du personnel, les dispositions du règlement ou les annexes correspon-
dantes, de façon à justifier la pratique consistantà verser la prime de
rapatriement aux fonctionnaires qui ne quittaient pas le pays de leur
dernier lieu d'affectation. Le rapport soumis par la Commission de la
fonction publique internationale (CFPI) àl'Assemblée générale en 1976
n'apporta pas davantage de lumière sur cette pratique, car, pour autant
qu'on puisse enjuger d'aprèsle dossier soumis à la Cour, iln'y estdit nulle

part que la prime de rapatriement était versée auxfonctionnaires restant
dans le pays de leur dernier lieu d'affectation.

7. La pratique suivie est évoquéepoulrapremière fois
à l'Assembléegénérale en 1976

52. C'est à la session de 1976de l'Assemblée générale qu'fiult question
pour la première fois de la pratique consistantà payer la prime de rapa-
triement aux fonctionnaires restant dans le pays de leur dernier lieu d'af-
fectation. La représentante de l'Autriche à la Cinquième Commission,
commentant le rapport de la Commission de la fonction publique inter-
nationale, douta en effet qu'il convînt de verser la primeà un fonction-
naire (<rest[ant] dans le pays d'affectation après avoir pris sa retrait>)

(A/C.5/3 1/SR.32, p. 10).Le représentant de l'Australie affirma partager
son souci (A/C.5/31/SR.34). Comme il est dit dans le rapport de la
Cinquième Commission :
<<On a égalementdit que la CFPI devrait étudier la question de whether staff memberswho didnot return to their country of origin on
retirement should be entitled to the grant." (A/31/449, p. 4.)

The resolution adopted by the General Assembly contains the following
provision :

"Requests the Commission to re-examine, in the light of the views
expressed in the Fifth Committee at the current session :
(a) the conditions for the provision of terminal payments (for exam-
ple, repatriation grant, termination indemnities), in particular on
retirement and the possibility of establishing a ceiling for the
maximum aggregate of entitlements to these payments ;

(b) the possible introduction of an 'end-of-service' grant with par-

ticular attention to the conditions in whichsuchpayment might be
justified" (ibid., p. 6).
It should be noted that this resolution belies any contention that, in
practice, the repatriation grant had evolvedinto a severance grant, sinceit
speaks of no more than the "possible introduction" of an end-of-service
grant.

8. The CCAQ Does not Mention the Practice

53. In response to the General Assembly's request that the Interna-
tional Civil ServiceCommissionre-examine theconditionsforpayment of
the repatriation grant, studies were undertaken. In a paper submitted to
the Commission by the Consultative Committee on Administrative Ques-
tions dated 6 February 1978, under "Conditions of Entitlement", the
following description of the repatriation grant is found :

"Grants designed to assist the staff member and his dependents, to
re-establish themselves in the home country upon completion of his
servicewith the organization (repatriation grant and grant on death)
(CO-ORDINATION/R. 1263/Add.3, p. 3).

The paper continues as follows :
"(b) Repatriation Grant

13. Unlike the termination indemnity, the conditions of entitle-
ment for which have been extensively reviewed and most recently
revised, those governing the repatriation grant have remained essen-
tially unchanged since they were first laid down with effect from
1January 1951.. .
14. The grant ispayable to staff members whom the organization is
obligated to repatriate at the end of their service, except in cases of
summary dismissal and abandonment of post. The obligation to savoir si les fonctionnaires ne rentrant pas dans leur pays d'origine
lors de la cessation de service devaient avoir droit a cette prime. ))
(A/31/449, p. 4.)

La résolutionadoptéeensuite par l'Assemblée généralc eomporte la dis-
position suivante :

G Prie la Commission de réexaminercompte tenu des vues expri-
mées à la Cinquième Commission pendant la session en cours :
a) lesconditions d'octroi des versements a la cessation de service(par

exemple, prime de rapatriement, indemnité de licenciement), en
particulierà l'occasion du départ a la retraite, et la possibilitéde
fixer un plafond pour le total des sommes auxquelles lesdits ver-
sements donnent droit ;
b) l'instauration éventuelled'une << prime de fin de service )>,en par-
ticulier les conditions dans lesquelles le paiement de ladite prime
serait justifié)(ibid., p. 7).

Il convient de noter que cette résolution infligeun démenti à la thèsequi
voudrait qu'en pratique la prime de rapatriement se fût transformée en
indemnité de départ, puisqu'il n'y est question que de l'instauration
éventuelle ))d'une prime de fin de service.

8. Le CCQA ne mentionnepas lapratique suivie

53. Des étudesfurent entreprises à la suite de la demande de 1'Assem-
blée générale tendant à ce que la Commission de la fonction publique
internationale réexaminât lesconditions de paiement de laprime derapa-

triement. Dans un document en date du 6 février1978,soumis a la Com-
mission par le Comitéconsultatif pour les questions administratives, on
peut lire, sous le titre<Conditions d'octroi ))la définition suivante de la
prime de rapatriement :

((Des primes destinées à aiderlefonctionnaire et lespersonnes à sa
charge, ou sesayantsdroit, à seréinstallerdans leur pays d'origine à la
cessation de service (prime de rapatriement et capital décès) ))(CO-
ORDINATION/R.l263/Add p. 3).

Le document poursuit en ces termes :
<<b) Prime de rapatriement

13. A la différence desconditions d'octroi de l'indemnitéde licen-
ciement qui ont étéexaminéesde façon approfondie et viennent tout
récemmentd'êtrerevisées, lesconditions régissant l'octroide la prime
de rapatriement n'ont pas étémodifiées,pour l'essentiel, depuis leur
entrée envigueur au lerjanvier 1951 ...
14. La prime est verséeaux fonctionnaires que l'organisation est
tenue de rapatrier àla cessation de service,sauf en cas de renvoi sans
préavis oud'abandon de poste. Par obligation de rapatriement, ilfaut repatriate isinterpreted tomean the obligation which the organization
assumeswhen it recruits a staff memberwho is anational of a country
other than that of the duty station to return him or her at the expense
of the organization to the home country recognized for purposes of
home leave, the place from which he or she was recruited or, excep-
tionally, such other country as the executivehead may determine in
the lightof thecircumstancesaffectingthestaff member's status at the
time of separation. The purpose of the grant, ... is to assist the staff
member in meeting theextraordinary expenseshe or sheisfaced with
on leaving the organization and returning to the home country. ..

15. In oneparticular respect [notrelevant to theissueofrelocation],
thepurpose of thegranthasundergone somemodification sinceitwas
first defined.. .
16. Entitlement to the grant is further determined by the staff
member's persona1status ... In the case of the single staff member,
thegrant ishalf the amount payable to themarried staff member. The
rationale behind this sharp distinction,. ..is the assumption that the
expenses of re-establishing a family after an extended absence from
the home country are substantially higher than those of a single
person.

17. The organizations believe that the concept of the grant, as
evolved over the years and as currently applied in the varying circum-
stances under which thegrant ispaid adequately responds to employ-
ment policies laid down by their respective governing organs." (CO-
ORDINATION/R.1263/Add pp3.4-6.)

This is an extraordinary statement. It is longer and more detailed than the
foregoing quotations indicate. It accurately sets out the original and con-
tinuing rationale for payment of the repatriation grant. It summarizes the
changes that have been made in eligibilityfor the grant. It purports to set
out, presumably exhaustively, the terms of entitlement to thegrant. It says
that only in "one particular respect" has the purpose of the grant under-
gone some modification since it was first defined. Yet scrutiny of this
statement demonstrates that it contains no indication that in fact United
Nations officials were being paid the grant even if outside the terms it
describes as those of "entitlement".

9. The Revealing Reportof the ICSC of 1978

54. The International Civil Service Commission, in its Report to the
General Assembly in 1978,recites the facts which are summarized in the
foregoing quotation (United Nations, GeneralAssernblyOfficialRecords,
Thirty-ThirdSession, Supplement No. 30 (A/33/30), pp. 59-60),and then
continues : entendre l'obligation assuméepar l'organisation lors du recrutement
d'un ressortissant d'un autre pays que celui du lieu d'affectation
d'assurer son retour àses frais dans son pays d'origine (soit le pays
dans lequell'intéressé a le droit de prendre son congédans lesfoyers),
dans lepaysoù ilaété recruté ou,dans descasexceptionnels, dans tout
autre pays que le chef de secrétariatpeut désignercompte tenu des
circonstances ayant égard à la situation du fonctionnaire au moment

de la cessation de service. L'objet de la prime,...est d'aider le fonc-
tionnaire à supporter les dépensesextraordinaires qui lui sont impo-
séeslorsqu'il quitte l'organisation pour rentrer dans son pays d'ori-
"---e...
15. Surun point particulier [sansrapport direct avecla question de
la réinstallation], l'objectif de la prime a étéquelque peu modifié
depuis sa définition primitive ...
16. La situation de famille du fonctionnaire est égalementprise en
comptepour lecalcul dela prime ..Le montantdela prime payable au
fonctionnaire célibataire représentela moitié de celui payable au
fonctionnaire marié.Si l'écartentre ces deux montants est ..impor-
tant, c'est parce qu'on suppose que les dépenses encourues pour la

réinstallation d'une famille, après une absence prolongée du pays
d'origine, sont nettement supérieures à celles encourues par un céli-
bataire.
17. Lesorganisations estiment que laprime, telle qu'elleaévoluéau
cours des années et telle qu'elle est à présent appliquéedans les
différentessituations prévuespour son versement, entre bien dans la
ligne des politiques en matière d'emploi définiespar leurs organes
directeurs respectifs.)) (CO-ORDINATION/R.1263/Ad p. .36)

Cetexte - long et plus détailléque nel'indiquent lespassages qui viennent
d'être cités - ne peut que susciter l'étonnement. On y présente avec
exactitude la raison d'être initiale etconstante du paiement de la prime de
rapatriement. On y résumeleschangements apportésquant aux services à
accomplir pour percevoir la prime. On y expose, apparemment de façon
complète, le mode de calcul de la prime. On y signale que, sur un seul
<<point particulier ))le but de la prime a quelque peu changé depuis
l'époque où il avaitétédéfini.Et pourtant, une lecture attentive de cetexte
ne révèleaucune indication du fait que les fonctionnaires des Nations
Uniesbénéficiaient enfait de laprime mêmequand lesconditionsd'octroi
indiquées n'étaient pas réunies.

9. Le rapport révélateudre la CFPI en 1978

54. Dansson rapportde 1978 àl'Assembléegénéralel,a Commission de
la fonction publique internationale, après avoir repris les faits résumés

dans la citation qui précède (Documents officiels de l'Assembléegénérale,
trente-troisièmesession,supplément no30, A/33/30, p. 66-68),poursuivait
en ces termes : "181. The Commission's examination in 1978centredon twoques-
tions :

(a) the justification for the progressive scale of amounts of the
grant ;
(6) the appropriateness of paying the grant to a staff member who,
upon separation, does not return to his home country.
182. If the purpose of the grant was to meet exceptional expenses
incurred in resettling oneself in one's own country, it could be ques-

tioned why the amount should increase with the number of years of
service(up to a fixedmaximum). It could be argued that the expenses
in question were no greater after 20years'expatriation than after one
year's ;indeed, they might be less if the separation and repatriation
had been foreseen and planned for some time than if they occurred
unexpectedly as might be the case in thefirst fewyears of service.By
its progressive character, the grant undoubtedly had some of the
characteristics of an earned service benefit, as well as of an ad hoc
subsidy. The Commission recognized this duality, due, no doubt, to
the fact that the grant was introduced to replace a previously existing
expatriation allowance and also to the influence of the progressive
pattern of many other such indemnities (e.g., the termination indem-
nity or the severancepay of the United States civilservice ;the same
pattern was found in the repatriation or resettlement grants of a
number of national foreign services) ... The Commission believed
there would be logic in standardizing the repatriation grant as a flat

amount or as the equivalent of a number of days' daily subsistence
allowance at the rate applicable to the place to which theformer staff
member moved (so as to reflect differences in cost of living) ;at the
same time, it doubted the wisdom of eliminating entirely from the
salary system al1 trace of a separation benefit reflecting length of
service ..."

This quotation is significant, for it places in appropnately modest context
any contention that the staff member "earns" the repatriation allowance
which thus isan accrued and vested right. As to theimmediate issueof the
case, the Commission made the following extremely important state-
ment :
"183. Having regard toremarks made in the discussion in the Fifth
Committee at the thirty-first session of the General Assembly, the

Commission considered the question of whether it was appropriate
that arepatriation grantbepaid to astaff member whodidnot, in fact,
return to his or her home country upon separation from the organi-
zation. Strictly speaking, it was clear that to do so would be incon-
sistent with the stated purpose of the grant. The staff member who 181. En 1978,la Commission a concentréson attention sur deux
questions :

a) les raisons justifiant le barème progressif de la prime de rapatrie-
ment ;
b) l'opportunitéde verser cette prime àun fonctionnaire qui, aprèsla
cessation de service, ne retourne pas dans son pays d'origine.

182. Sil'objet dela prime étaitde permettre àun fonctionnaire de
faire faceà desdépensesexceptionnellesimputables àsaréinstallation
dans son propre pays, on pouvait se demander s'il est justifié d'en
augmenter le montant en fonction du nombre d'années de service
(jusqu'à concurrence d'un plafond fixe). On pouvait faire valoir que
lesdépensesenquestion n'étaientpas plus importantes après vingt ans
d'expatriation qu'après un an ; en fait, elles pouvaient mêmeêtre
moindres lorsque la cessation de service et le rapatriement étaient
planifiés depuis un certain temps que lorsqu'ils survenaient à l'im-

proviste, comme ce pouvait êtrelecas au cours des premières années
de service.Du fait de soncaractère progressif, ilne faisait pas de doute
que la prime revêtait certaines des caractéristiquesd'une prestation
fondée surl'ancienneté, ainsique celles d'une subvention ad hoc. La
Commission a reconnu cette dualité,qui tenait sans doute au fait que
la prime avait étéinstituéepourremplacer l'indemnitéd'expatriation
qui existait auparavant, et aussi au fait quebeaucoup d'autres indem-
nitésde ce type étaientprogressives (indemnitéde licenciement ou de
cessation defonctions verséedans l'administration américaine ;prime
de rapatriement ou de réinstallation verséedans un certain nombre
d'administrations nationales) ...La Commission a pensé qu'il serait

logique d'uniformiser les primes de rapatriement, soit sous la forme
d'un montant forfaitaire, soit en versant, pendant un nombre déter-
minédejours, uneindemnitéde subsistance au tauxapplicableau lieu
où l'ancien fonctionnaire s'installe (de façon à tenir compte des dif-
férencesdu coût de la vie) ;en mêmetemps, la Commission a douté
qu'il soit saged'éliminer totalement du régime destraitements toute
trace d'indemnitéde cessation de serviceliée à l'ancienneté...>)

Cetexte est important, car il remet à la place fort modeste quilui convient
l'idéeque le fonctionnaire gagne >la prime de rapatriement, laquelle
constituerait ainsi un droit acquis et accumulé. Sur le problème plus
particulier qui sepose en la présente espèce,la Commissionfaisait les très
importantes remarques ci-après :

<(183. Tenant compte desobservations faites au cours desdébats à
la Cinquième Commission lors de la trente et unième session de
l'Assembléegénérale,la Commission[CFPI] a examinéla question de
savoir s'il convenait de verser une prime de rapatriement à un fonc-
tionnaire qui, au moment de la cessation de service,neretournait pas
dans son pays d'origine. Strictement parlant, il étaitévidentque cela
serait incompatible avec l'objet de la prime. Un fonctionnaire quiremained in the country of the last duty station incurred none of the
expenses of dislocation and reinstallation which the grant was
intended to meet (or none more than would be incurred by a non-
expatriate staff member, whowould not beentitled to thegrant in any
case). The staff member who removed to a country other than the
home country, either to work there or to retire there, did incur
expenses of relocation and installation, but the strict purpose of the
grant was not compliedwith. To Saythat the staff member had earned
the entitlement to the grantthrough havingbeen expatriate during his
serviceand should receiveit upon separation wherever he went, then,
would be tochange the nature of the entitlement and to make it akind
of deferred expatriation allowance, so raising the question of possible
duplication with that part of the margin included in base salary which
is defined as compensation for expatriation.

184. The representatives of the organizations, whle recognizingthe
problem, pointed out to the Commission the practical difficulties they

would have in keeping track of the movements of a former staff
member after he had left the service. The fact that he had used his
entitlement to repatriation travel would not be conclusive, since he
might travel to hishome country but return immediately aftenvards to
settle in his last duty station country or go to some third country.
(Somemembers, however,believedthat ifamore rigorous control was
exercised over repatriation travel than appeared to be the case at
present, it couldprovide considerable indications as to where former
staff members had gone on separation.)

185. The Commission acknowledged these practical difficulties
and had no desire to see an international information network set up
to keep track of the movements of former staff members. It did
believe, however, that to pay repatriation grant to a person who
remained permanently in the country of his last duty station was
incompatible with the purpose of the grant and could also be seen as
discriminatory by non-expatriate staff members. The expatriate staff
member's choicetoremain in the duty stationcountry certainly meant
that he had, for some time, intended to make that country his home
and so had, to some extent, ceased to be truly expatriate.

186. The Commission considered the possibility that the grant be
paid only to a staff member who supplied evidence that hehad settled
in his recognized home country. It rejected that solution because it
would penalize those staff memberswho, during service,had acquired
family or other ties with a country other than that from which they
wereoriginallyrecruited, those whoonleavingUnitedNations service
were obliged to go to a third country in order to find work and thoserestait dans le pays de son dernier lieu d'affectation n'avait pas à
engagerlesdépensesde déménagement etde réinstallationauxquelles
la prime étaitcenséelui permettre de faire face (ou n'avait pas à en
engager plus qu'un fonctionnaire non expatrié qui, en tout étatde
cause, n'aurait pas droià la prime). Le fonctionnaire qui allait s'ins-
taller dans un pays autre que le pays d'origine, soitpour y travailler,
soit pour y prendre sa retraite, engageait bien des dépensesderéins-
tallation, maisilne s'agissaitpas là d'unrapatriement au sensstrict du
terme. Affirmer que le fonctionnaire avait gagnédroit àla prime du
seulfait qu'il avaitétéexpatriépendantsesannéesde serviceet qu'elle
devrait lui êtreverséeau moment de sa cessation de servicequel que
soit l'endroit où il s'installe serait modifier la nature de l'indemnisa-
tion et l'assimiler en quelque sorte à une indemnité d'expatriation
différée,soulevantainsileproblèmed'unéventueldouble emploi avec
l'élément du traitement de base qui étaitcensé compenser l'expatria-

tion.
184. Les représentantsdes organisations, tout en reconnaissant le
problème, ont fait observer àla Commission qu'il leur serait difficile
dansla pratique de suivrelesdéplacementsd'un ancien fonctionnaire
aprèssacessation de service.Lefait que cedernierait uséde son droit
au remboursement des frais de voyage lors du rapatriement ne serait
pas concluant, puisqu'il pouvait se rendre dans son pays d'origine
mais revenir aussitôt aprèss'installer dans lepays de son dernier lieu
d'affectation ou dansun autre pays. (Certains membres ont toutefois
estiméque sil'oncontrôlait lesfrais devoyageautitre du rapatriement
defaçon plusrigoureuse quecene semblait êtrelecasactuellement, on
en tirerait de très nombreuses indications sur les lieu où s'étaient
rendus les anciens fonctionnaires à la cessation de service.)
185. La Comrnission a reconnu ces difficultéspratiques et n'avait
aucunement l'intention de voir constituer un réseau international

d'information pour suivre les déplacements des anciens fonction-
naires. Elleétaitconvaincuetoutefois queleversement d'uneprime de
rapatriement à un fonctionnaire qui restait en permanence dans le
pays de son dernier lieu d'affectation n'était pas compatible avec
l'objet de la prime et que l'on pouvait égalementy voir une discrimi-
nation à l'égard desfonctionnaires non expatriés. Lorsqu'un fonc-
tionnaire expatrié choisissaitde rester dans le pays de son lieu d'af-
fectation, cela signifiait certainement qu'il se proposait depuis 'un
certain temps de s'yinstaller définitivement et que,de cefait, il avait,
dans une certaine mesure, perdu son statut d'expatrié.
186. La Comrnission a étudiéla possibilitéde ne verser la prime de
rapatriement qu'aux anciensfonctionnaires qui fourniraient la preuve
qu'ils se sont réinstallésdans leur pays d'origine. Elle a rejetécette
solution car elle pénaliserait les fonctionnaires qui, pendant qu'ils
étaientauserviced'uneorganisation, avaient établidesliensfamiliaux

ou autres avec un pays autre que celui où ils avaient étérecrutés à
l'origine, ceux qui, lors de la cessation dé service, devaient, pour494 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

who,for political or other reasons were unable to return to their home
country. It considerednevertheless that thegrant should not bepaid to
a staff member who, on separation, remained permanently in the
country ofhislast dutystation and soincurred none of the expensesof
dislocation and relocation which the grant was intended to meet. The
Commission recognized the difficulties of exercising administrative
control over the movements of former staff members after they had
left the organizations. Considering that the proportion of staff mem-
bers who did not return to their home country on separation was in

any case very small, the Commission was of the opinion that the
setting up ofcumbersomewatertight controlswould notbe warranted.
It believed that the staff member's good faith should be sufficient
guarantee ofhisintentions. It recommends,therefore, that payment of
the repatriation grant should be made conditional upon signature by
the staff member of a declaration that he does not intend to remain
permanently in the country of his last duty station. That requirement
should comeinto effectfrom 1January 1979for newstaffmembers. If
the organizations consider that some period of grace should be

allowed to servingstaff members who may already have planned the
place where they will reside after their separation on the assumption
that they will receive the grant, CCAQ should agree on a common
transitional measure." (Ibid.)

This statement is notable in several respects, especially in that :

- it affirms, in 1978,that payment to non-repatriating staff is, strictly
speaking, "inconsistent with the stated purpose of the grant" ;

- it recognizes that, in 1978, there is a case, in terms of the grant's

purposes, for payment to a staff member who relocates to a third country,
but no suchcasefor thestaffmemberwhoremains in thecountry ofthelast
duty station ;
- it recognizes that to make payment to staff whoremain in thecountry
of the last duty station "would be to change the nature of theentitlement",
which would raise question of duplicating payments already made ;
- it notes the practical difficulties of monitoring the movement of
retiring staff and suggeststhat reliance be placed on the good faith of the
staff member in undertaking to move as a condition of payment ;

- it suggests that if the organizations consider that "some period of
grace" should be allowed to serving staff members who have made their
retirement plans, a common transitional measure should be agreed
upon.

It will be observed that the Commission's exposition and analysis made trouver du travail, se rendre ailleurs que dans leur pays d'origine, et
ceux qui, pour des raisons politiques ou autres, ne pouvaient pas
rentrer dans leur pays d'origine. Elle a néanmoins reconnu que la

prime ne devrait pas êtreversée à un fonctionnaire qui, à la cessation
de service,s'installait définitivementdans le pays de son dernier lieu
d'affectation et n'avait donc pas à engager les dépensesde déména-
gement et de réinstallation que la prime était censée couvrir. La
Commission a reconnu les difficultésque poserait, sur le plan admi-
nistratif, le contrôle des déplacements des anciens fonctionnaires
aprèsqu'ilsaient quittéle serviced'une organisation.Considérant que
les fonctionnaires qui ne rentrent pas dans leur pays d'origine à la

cessation de service étaient de toute façon très peu nombreux, la
Commission a étéd'avis que la mise en place de contrôles stricts et
d'application malaisée ne sejustifiait pas. Elle ajugéque la bonne foi
du fonctionnaire devait êtreunegarantie suffisante de ses intentions.
Elle recommande donc de subordonner le versement de la prime de
rapatriement à la signature, par le fonctionnaire, d'une déclaration
attestant que l'intéressé n'a pas l'intention de demeurer en perma-
ence dans le pays de son dernier lieu d'affectation. Cette procédure

devrait entrer en vigueur au lerjanvier 1979pour les nouveaux fonc-
tionnaires. Siles organisations estiment qu'ilconviendrait d'accorder
un certain délaiauxfonctionnaires en postequi ont pu déjàdéciderde
leur lieu de résidence à la cessation de service en présumant qu'ils
recrevraient la prime, le CCQA devrait convenir d'une mesure tran-
sitoire commune. ))(Ibid.)

Ce passage du rapport de la CFPI est remarquable àplusieurs égards,et

notamment sur les points suivants :
- la Commission y affirme, en 1978,que lepaiement auxfonctionnaires
quirestent sur place est à strictementparler <incompatible avecl'objet de

la prime ));
- elle y reconnaît qu'en 1978,étant donnéle but de la prime, il était
possible de justifier le versement de la prime à un fonctionnaire qui se
réinstallaitdans unpays tiers,mais nonau fonctionnaire quirestait dans le
pays de son dernier lieu d'affectation ;
- elle y admet que verser la prime au fonctionnaire restant sur place
<<serait modifier la nature de l'indemnisation )>,et que cela soulèverait le
problème du double emploi avec d'autres versements ;

- elle y signale les difficultéspratiques qu'il y aurait à suivre les mou-
vements de fonctionnaires à la retraite, et suggèrede s'en remettre à la
bonne foi du fonctionnaire s'engageant à changer de pays ;
- elleypropose de convenir d'une mesure transitoire commune pour le
cas où les organisations considéreraient qu'un <(délaide grâce >)devrait
êtreprévuau bénéficedes fonctionnaires en activitéayant déjà pris des
dispositions pour leur retraite.

On observera que l'exposéet l'analyse de la Commission laissent peu de495 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

little room for the contention that serving staff members have an acquired
right topayment of therepatriation grant ;it spoke, in tentative terms, of a
"period of grace".
55. In introducingthe Commission'sreport to theFifth Committee, the
Chairman of the International Civil Service Commission stated that :

"The Commission had madea careful study of the entitlement .. .it
believed that therepatriation grant should not be paid when the staff
member, atthe end of his service,remained in the place ofhislastduty
station and accordingly did not incur the removal and reinstallation
expenses which the grant was intended to meet." (A/C.5/33/SR.32,
p. 11.)

IO. Fifth Committee Response to the ICSC Report

56. In the discussion that ensued in the Fifth Committee, the following
viewswereexpressed. The representative of Italy uniquely opposed requir-
ing the retiring staff member to sign adeclarationthat he did not intend to
remain permanently in the country of his last duty station "because it
would infringe the right of an individual to move freely from one place to
another" (A/C.5/33/SR.37, p. 17). The representative of Japan, while
approving the Commission's proposal, considered that signature of such a
declaration was not a "sufficientguarantee against its abuse" (ibid., p. 22).
The re~resentative of Austria maintained that the grant was designed to
assista staff member in re-establishing himself or herself in the co;ntry of
origin long before reaching retirement age ;payment to a retiring officia1
who remained at the last duty station was "wasteful", the more so since
Pension Fund arrangements permitted drawing one-third of the capital

value of a pension in a lump-sum to cover costs of relocation. Her Gov-
ernment would accept the Commission's recommendation for a declara-
tion on a provisional basis "to avoid continuing the current practice.. ."
(A/C.5/33/SR.38, p. 6). The representative of Belgium maintained that
the repatriation grant, "which had been $5,000in 1963,had grown out of
al1proportion ...The grant should be strictly limited to staff members
whoresettled in their home countries and, despite the arguments in ... the
Commission's report, administrative control of their movements was war-
ranted." (A/C.5/33/SR.40, p. 5.) The representative of the United States
accepted "without question" thecondition which the ICSC recommended
be imposed with respect to the repatriation grant. The condition was
"completely in accord with the spirit and letter of the Staff Regulations,
which represented the final authority for interpreting conditions of ser-
vice" (A/C.5/33/SR.40, p. 8).The representative of France declared that
his delegation was, on the whole, against al1special grants paid at the end
of service and believed that the existing repatriation grant should be
"strictly limited" (ibid., p.).The representative of Trinidad and Tobago
found that a declaration of intent was not sufficient to ensure payment ofplace à l'idéeque lesfonctionnaires en activitéauraient un droit acquis au

versement de la prime de rapatriement ;elle envisage, à titre de simple
suggestion, un <<délaide grâce )).
55. En présentant le rapport de la Commission de la fonction publique
internationale à laCinquièmeCommission, sonprésident fitla déclaration
suivante :

<(La Commission a étudié attentivement cette prestation ... [elle]
estime d'ores et déjà qu'il n'y a pas lieu de verser une prime de
rapatriement à un fonctionnaire qui, après la cessation de service,
demeure dans le pays de son dernier lieu d'affectation et n'a donc pas
engagélesdépensesde déménagement ed t eréinstallationquela prime

est censée couvrir. ))(A/C.5/33/SR.32, p. 12.)

IO. Les réactionsde la CinquièmeCommissionau rapport de la CFPI

56. Au cours du débat qui suivit à la Cinquième Commission, les opi-
nions suivantes furent exprimées.Le représentant de l'Italie fut seul à
s'opposer àl'idée d'obliger lefonctionnaire àsigner une déclaration attes-
tant son intention de ne pas continuer àrésiderdans lepays de sondernier
lieu d'affectation, estimant que <<ce serait là..une atteinte àla libertéde
mouvement ))(A/C.5/33/SR.37, p. 19).Le représentant du Japon,tout en

approuvant la proposition présentéepar la Commission, fit valoir que la
signatured'une déclarationne serait pas <(suffisantepour éviterdes abus ))
(ibid.,p. 24).La représentantedel'Autriche soutint quela primeavait pour
objet d'aider les fonctionnaires à se réintégrerdans leur pays d'origine,
surtout lorsqu'ilsquittaient lafonction publique internationale bien avant
l'âgede la retraite,et que verser la primeà un fonctionnaire restant dans le
pays de son dernier lieu d'affectation étaitdu <<gaspillage ))d'autant plus

que les statuts de la caisse commune des pensions autorisaient les parti-
cipants à retirer un tiers de leur pension de retraite en capital, ce qui leur
permettait de disposer des fonds nécessaires à leur réinstallation. Le
Gouvernement autrichien, ajouta-t-elle, étaitprêt àaccepter la recomman-
dation de la CFPI consistant à prévoir provisoirement une déclaration,
<<pour éviterque le système actuel ne se perpétue (A/C.5/33/SR.38,
p. 7). Le représentant dela Belgiqueaffirmaquelaprime de rapatriement,

<(qui était de 5000 dollars en 1963,[avait]augmenté hors de toute pro-
portion ...))ajoutant : <cette prime ne devrait êtreversée qu'auxfonc-
tionnaires qui se réinstallent dans leur pays d'origine et, en dépit des
arguments invoqués ...[dans le] rapport de la CFPI, des mesures de
contrôle sejustifient àcetégard 1)(A/C.5/33/SR.40, p. 6).Lereprésentant
des Etats-Unis accepta <(sans hésitation ))la condition que la CFPI pro-

posait de mettre à l'octroi de la prime de rapatriement. Cette condition
était <entièrement en accord avecl'esprit etla lettre du statut du person-
nel, qui est le texte auquel il convient de seréféreren dernier ressort pour
interpréter les conditions d'emploi )>(ibid., p. 9). Le représentant de la
France déclaraque sa délégationétait engénéral hostile à toute primethe repatriation grant in the circumstances for which it was intended
(A/C.5/33/SR.41, p. 9). The representative of Canada agreed with the
Commission that the grant should not be paid to a staff member who
remained in thecountry ofhislast duty station ; adeclarationdid not seem
a sufficient guarantee against abuse (ibid., p. 13).

57. In reply to these remarks, the Chairman of the Commission stated

that its proposed reliance on the good faith and word of honour of inter-
national civil servants should be sufficient "as a first step in introducing
administrative control". In its study, the Commission hadfound that "in a
fewcases7'grants had been paid to non-relocating staff and the Commis-
sion'sproposa1 "was intended to eliminate what was considered to be an
unjustifiable and anomalous payment in such cases" (A/C.5/33/SR.42,
p. 17).

Il. The GeneralAssembiy Bars Payment to Non-Relocating Staff by
Resolution 33/119

58. Thereafter, a resolution on the Report of the International Civil
ServiceCommission wasintroduced - the resolution whichwasto become
resolution 33/ 119.In introducingthe resolution on behalf of the sponsors,
the representative of Japan declared :

"On the question of the repatriation grant, paragraph 4 made it
clear that evidenceof actual relocation would be required, in addition
to a signed declaration by the staff member. It would be the Com-
mission's task to establish the exact terms." (A/C.5/33/SR.56,
p. 10.)

This statement is important, for it indicates that al1the Commission and
the Secretary-General were to do in implementing resolution 33/ 119was
to establish the exact terms of provision of evidence of relocation. It thus
inferentially indicates that what the Commission and the Secretary-Gen-
eralactually did - topromulgate the transitional provision at issuein Staff
Rule 109.5 (fl - conflicted with the clear intent of General Assembly
resolution 33/ 119.
59. In the debate on the resolution, Mr. Davidson, Under-Secretary-
General for Administration and Management, stated :

"32. Where payment of the repatriation grant was concerned, he
took it that the Commission would show some flexibility in imple- spéciale versée enfin de carrière, et qu'elle estimait que le paiement de
l'actuelle prime de rapatriement devait être (<strictement limité >)(ibid.,
p. 13). Selon le représentant de la Trinité-et-Tobago, une déclaration
d'intention n'était pas suffisante pour garantir que la prime fût versée

uniquement dans les cas pour lesquels elle avait étéprévue(A/C.5/33/
SR.41,p. 10).Ledélégué du Canada pensait, commelaCFPI,quela prime
ne devait pas êtreversée auxfonctionnaires restant dans le pays de leur
dernier lieu d'affectation; une déclaration signéedu fonctionnaire inté-
ressé ne lui paraissait pas suffisante pour prévenir les abus (ibid.,
p. 15).
57. En réponse àcesobservations, leprésidentde laCFPI déclaraqu'il
'devait suffire, comme (<premier pas vers l'instauration d'un contrôle
administratif D,de faire confiance à la bonne foi età la paroled'honneur
des fonctionnaires internationaux. Au cours de son étude,dit-il, la Com-
mission de la fonction publique internationale s'étaitaperçue que <<dans

certains cas )la prime avait étépayée à des fonctionnaires qui n'avaient
pas quittéle pays de leur lieu d'affectation, et la proposition de la Com-
mission visait <à faire en sorte qu'aucun versement ne soit effectuédans
les cas de ce genre, car la Commission [considérait]que ce serait injusti-
fiable et anormal ))(A/C.5/33/SR.42, p. 19).

11. La résolution33/119 de l'Assemblée générailneterdit
lepaiement de laprime aux fonctionnaires non réinstallés

58. Un projet de résolution sur le rapport de la Commission de la
fonction publique internationale fut ensuite présenté - projet qui devait
devenir la résolution 33/ 119.Présentantce texte au nom de ses auteurs, le
représentant du Japon déclara :

<En cequiconcernelaprime de rapatriement, ilressort clairement
du paragraphe 4 que les fonctionnaires devront présenter des pièces
justificatives attestant leur changement effectif de résidence, en
plus d'une déclaration signée. C'est à la CFPI qu'il appartiendra
d'établirles modalitésd'application exactes de cette disposition.
(A/C.5/33/SR.56, p. 10-11.)

Cette déclarationestimportante, car ellemontre qu'il n'était riedemandé
d'autre à la CFPI et au Secrétaire générap l,our mettre en Œuvrela réso-
lution 33/ 119,quede déterminerla façon dont lesfonctionnaires auraient
à prouver leur réinstallation. On peut en déduireque ce qu'ont fait ef-
fectivement la CFPI et le Secrétaire générale,n publiant la disposition

provisoire 109.5 fl é,tait contrairà l'intention manifeste de la résolu-
tion 33/ 119de l'Assemblée générale.
59. Lors du débat sur la résolution, M. Davidson, Secrétaire général
adjoint à l'administration et à la gestion, déclara:
(<32. Dans le cas de la prime de rapatriement, ...présumeque la

CFPI fera preuve d'une certaine souplesse pour appliquer la disposi- menting the practice proposed in section IV, operative paragraph 4.
Since acquired rights wereinvolved, it might prove necessary to refer
the matter to the Administrative Tribunal, and that could create
problems unless the Commission could find some means of resolving
the difficulty."(A/C.5/33/SR.56, p. 10.)
Moments later, the representative of Barbados stated that his delegation
"would havepreferred the deletion of thephrase 'subjectto the terms to be
established by the Commission' " in Section IV,paragraph 4, of the draft

resolution ; "unless repatriation was established, he saw no occasion for
payment of the repatriation grant" (ibid., p. 11). The representative of
Belgium followed with this statement :
"As for section IV,paragraph 4,he agreedwith therepresentative of
Barbados that the essential phrase was that referring to the need for
presentation by the staff member of evidence of actual relocation,
rather than the mention of terms to be established by the Commis-
sion." (Ibid., p. 14.)

This exchange then took place :

"MR. AKASHI (Japan) explained that the final phrase of para-
graph 4 was considered necessary because certain ambiguous circum-
stances could arise in which more specific guidelines would prove
necessary. For example, would a staff member who presented evi-
dence of relocation years after his repatriation still be entitled to a
grant ?Or, should a staff member who needed the grant to pay for
tickets to return to his country be required to submit evidence of
relocation ?Many such situations could arise, but he trusted that the
Commission would be able to draw up appropriate conditions and
terms. However, he assured the representative of Belgium that the
phrase in question in no way diluted the thrust of the decision in
paragraph 4 but merely provided for its administrative implementa-
tion. Moreover, the Commissionwould informtheFifthCommittee of

the terms and procedures it established.

52. MR.PIRSON (Belgium)said that, if that was the case, he would
not object to the wording of the paragraph." (Ibid., p. 14.)

Apart from the foregoing inferential rejection of the Under-Secretary-
General'sassumption that the Commissionwould "show someflexibility"
inimplementing the resolution, nothing wassaid ofhisclaim that acquired
rights were involved. Thereupon resolution 331119was adopted by which
the General Assembly :

"4. Decidesthat payment of the repatriation grant to entitled staff tion qui est projetéeau paragraphe 4 du dispositif de la section IV.
Comme il s'agit là d'un droit acquis, il sera peut-êtrenécessairede
porter la question devant le Tribunal administratif et cela pourrait
créer des problèmes à moins que la CFPI ne.trouve un moyen de
résoudre la difficulté.))(A/C.5/33/SR.56, p. 11.)

Quelques instants après, le représentant de la Barbade indiqua que sa
délégation ((aurait préféré voir supprimer les mots ((selon les modalités
qui seront établiespar la Commission O,auparagraphe 4 dela section IV ;
<<sil'on n'apas depreuve du rapatriement, ajouta-t-il, il n'yapasde raison
de verser une prime de rapatriement (ibid., p. 12).
Le représentant de la Belgique affirma de son côté :

<<En ce qui concerne le paragraphe 4 de la section IV, Ij'estime],
comme le représentant de la Barbade, que le membre de phrase
essentiel est celui où il est question de la présentation, par les fonc-
tionnaires, depiècesattestant leurchangement effectifde résidence,et
non celui où il est question des modalités qui seront établiespar la
Commission. ))(Ibid., p. 15.)

Ce qui donna lieu à l'échange suivant :

<<M.AKASH(IJapon) explique que le dernier membre de phrase du
paragraphe 4 a étéjugé nécessaireparce qu'il pourrait y avoir des
situations peu claires dans lesquelles on aurait besoin de directives
plus précises.On pourrait se demander par exemple si un fonction-
naire qui présenterait despièces attestant son changement de rési-
dence plusieurs années aprèsson rapatriement aurait encore droit à
la prime, ou si un fonctionnaire qui aurait besoin de la prime
pour acheter les billets nécessairespour rentrer dans son pays serait

tenu de présenter des piècesattestant son changement de résidence.
Toutes sortes de situations de ce genre pourraient se présenter, mais
M. Akashi est convaincu que la CFPI pourra établirdes conditions
et modalités appropriées.Il tient cependant à assurer au représen-
tant de la Belgiqueque le membre de phrase en question ne diminue
en rien la portéede la décisionqui estformuléeauparagraphe 4 et n'a
été ajouté quepouren faciliter l'application surleplan administratif.
De plus, la CFPI informerait la CinquièmeCommissiondes modalités
qu'elle établirait.

M. PIRSON (Belgique)ne voit plus d'objection dans cecasau libellé
de ce paragraphe. ))(Ibid., p. 15-16.)

Si l'on fait abstraction du rejet implicite de la supposition du Secrétaire
généraladjoint relative à la <souplesse >>dont ferait preuve la CFPI en
mettant en Œuvre la résolution, son argumentrelatif aux droits acquis ne
fut mêmepas relevé. Larésolution 33/119fut adoptéesur ces entrefaites.
On y trouve un passage où l'Assemblée générale :

<<4. Décideque le paiement CIP12brime de rapatriement aux fonc- members shall bemadeconditionalupon thepresentation by the staff
member of evidence of actual relocation, subject to the terms to be
established by the Commission."

12. The Frustration of Resolution 33/119

A. The Secretary-General'scircular
60. After the adjournment of the Thirty-third Session of the General
Assembly, the Secretary-General issued an Information Circular of 22
January 1979 to members of the staff on the Assembly's action on per-
sonnel questions. On the repatriation grant, the Circular declared :

"20. The General Assembly decided that payment of the repatria-
tiongrant to entitled staff members should bemade conditionalupon
thepresentation by the staff member of evidenceof actual relocation,
subject to the terms to be established by the Commission. It will,
therefore, remain for the International Civil Service Commission to
determine the specific terms in implementation of that decision,
including their applicability to staff members in serviceas of the end

of 1978." (ST/IC/79/5, pp. 6-7.)

On what basis the Secretary-General ventured to transmute the clear
charge of the relevant paragraph of resolution 33/ 119, as explained on
behalf of its CO-sponsorsf,romthat of ensuring no payment to retiring staff
who do not relocate to making an exception from that rule in favour of
"staff members in serviceas of theend of 1978"is not apparent. He could
rely solely on the statement of his Under-Secretary, which no delegation

had supported and which three delegations had pointedly not sup-
ported.

B. The ICSC recornrnendsa transitionalrule

61. Thereafter, the International Civil ServiceCommission took up its
charge under resolution 33/ 119to establish terms to make payment of the
repatriation grant "to entitled staff rnembers" conditional upon the pre-
sentation by the staff member of evidenceof actual relocation. It describes
its performance of that task in these terms :

"23. Finally, the Commission recalled that in its proposa1 to the
General Assembly it had foreseen the possibility that some special
provision would be needed regarding staff members who had an
expectation of receivingthe grant under the existingrule but would no tionnaires qui peuvent yprétendresera subordonné àlaprésentation,
par les intéressés,de pièces attestant leur changement effectif de

résidence, selon les modalitésqui seront établies par la Commis-
sion.))

12. La résolution33/119 est rendue inopérante

A. La circulairedu Secrétaire général

60. Après l'ajournement de la trente-troisième session de l'Assemblée
générale, leSecrétaire généraflit distribuer aux fonctionnaires du Secré-
tariat, le22janvier 1979,une circulaire concernant les décisionsprisespar
l'Assembléegénérale sur les problèmesde personnel. On pouvait y lireà
propos de la prime de rapatriement :

<(20. L'Assemblée généralaedécidé que le paiement de la prime de
rapatriement auxfonctionnaires qui peuvent yprétendreserait subor-
donné à la présentation, par les intéressés,de pièces attestant leur
changement effectif de résidence, selonles modalitésqui seront éta-
blies par la Commission. Il incombe donc à la Commission de la

fonction publique internationale de déterminerles modalitésd'appli-
cation précisesdecette décision, enparticulier de décider sielle s'ap-
plique aux fonctionnaires en poste àla fin de 1978. ))(ST/IC/79/5,
P 7.)

On ne voit pas commentle Secrétairegénéraa l pu prendre sur lui de trans-
former le sens évidentdu paragraphe pertinent de la résolution 33/119,
tel qu'il avait étéexpliqué par les coauteurs de la résolution, et qui
voulait que laprime fût réservée auxfonctionnairesseréinstallant dans un
autre pays, et comment il a pu faire une exception en faveur des (<fonc-
tionnaires en poste àla fin de 1978 D.Le Secrétaire généran le pouvait se
fonder pour cela que sur la déclaration du Secrétaire généraladjoint,
qu'aucune délégation n'avait approuvée, eqtue trois délégationsavaient
expressémentcontredite.

B. La CFPI recommande une règle transitoire

61. La Commission de la fonction publique internationale s'attaqua
alors à la tâche qui lui étaitconfiéeaux termes de la résolution33/ 119,et
qui consistait à établirles modalitésdu versement de la prime de rapa-
triement ((aux fonctionnaires qui peuvent y prétendre )),de manière à
subordonner ce versement à la présentation, par les intéressés,de pièces
attestant leur réinstallation effective. La Commission expose comme suit

la manière dont elle s'est acquittéede cette tâche :
<<23. Enfin, la Commission a rappelé que, dans la proposition
qu'elle avait soumise à l'Assemblée générale, elle avait envisagé la
nécessitéde prévoir éventuellement unedisposition spécialedans le

cas des fonctionnaires qui pouvaient compter recevoir la prime en longer be entitled to it under the new rule. The Commission was
informed tliat the legal advisers of several organizations had studied
the question and come to the conclusion that any entitlement already
earned by a staff member could not be affected retroactively by the
changing of the rule ;but the exerciseof further entitlements accruing
after the date of the change would be subject to compliance with the
new condition. That view was supported by thejurisprudence of the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal as quoted by the Tribunal in

paragraph XVI of its judgement AT/DEC/237.

24. Somemembersquestioned whether any acquired right could be
said to exist to payment of the repatriation grant to a staff member
whodidnot repatriate or relocatehimself. In their view,such acquired
rights as might be deerned to existcould only be in respect of persons
who had retired and could not accrue to the benefit of existing
employees whose rights must rest on a true interpretation of the
existing staff regulations rather than an administrative practice con-
trary to the regulation which expressly related repatriation grant to
those employees whom the organizations had an obligation to repa-
triate. The Commission sought an opinion from the Office of Legal
Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, which indicated that, in so
far asthe United Nations Organization itselfwasconcerned, there was
no expressor impliedprovision that only those who actually made use

of the travel entitlement should receive the grant ;the relevant Staff
Ruleshad been reported toand noted by theGeneral Assembly,which
must accordinglyhavedeemed therule tobe consistent with the intent
and purpose of the Regulations which it had itself approved. On the
basis of the advicereceived the Commissiondecided that the require-
ment of relocation should apply only to that part of a staff member's
entitlement which was earned after the date on which the rule was
changed." (Report of the International Civil Service Commission,
A/34/30.)

C. The opinion of the Officeof LegulAffairs

62. It may be useful to consider the cited legal opinion of the United
Nations Officeof LegalAffairs in conjunction with the foregoingpassages
of the Commission'sReport and appraise them together, sincethe latter so
heavily relies upon the former. The whole of the legal opinion, which is
undated but apparently was givento the ICSC in thefirstquarter of 1979,
reads as follows :

"Advice has been requested on the question whether United vertu de la réglementation actuellemais cesseraient d'y avoirdroit en
application de la nouvelle réglementation. La Commission a appris
que lesconseillersjuridiques de plusieurs organisationsavaient étudié

la question et étaient parvenus à la conclusion que tout droit acquis
par un fonctionnaire ne pouvait êtreremis en question rétroactive-
ment par une modification du règlement.Toutefois, l'exercicede tous
nouveaux droits prenant effet après la date de la modification serait
assujetti au respect de la nouvelle condition. Cette opinion s'appuyait
surlajurisprudence du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies, telle
qu'elle avait étéétabliepar le Tribunal au paragraphe XVI de son
jugement AT/DEC/237.
24. Certains membres ont contestéqu'on puisse dire qu'un fonc-
tionnaire avait un droit acquisà la prime de rapatriement s'il ne se
faisait pas rapatrier et ne se réinstallait pas ailleurs. A leur avis, s'il
existait des droits acquis, seules les personnes qui avaient pris leur
retraite pouvaient s'en prévaloir, mais certespas lesfonctionnaires en

activité,dont les droits devaient êtrefondés sur une interprétation
juste du statut du personnel en vigueur et non pas sur une pratique
administrative qui violait l'article pertinent du statut dansla mesure
où cet article indiquait expressément que la prime de rapatriement
était destinéeaux fonctionnaires que les organisations étaient tenues
de rapatrier. La Commission a demandél'avisdu bureau des affaires
juridiques du Secrétariatde l'organisation des Nations Unies, lequel
bureau a déclaréqu'en ce qui concerne l'organisation des Nations
Unies aucune clause expresse ou implicite ne prévoyaitque seuls les
fonctionnaires qui faisaient effectivement valoir leur droit au paie-
ment des frais de voyage devaient recevoir la prime de rapatriement ;
les dispositions pertinentes du règlement du personnel avaient été
soumises à l'Assemblée générale, qui en avaitprisnote et devait donc

avoir estiméqueladisposition du règlementétaitconforme àl'espritet
à l'objet du statut du personnel qu'elle avait elle-mêmeapprouvé.
Compte tenu de cet avis,la Commission a décidéque la condition du
changement de résidence ne devrait s'appliquer qu'à la partie de la
prime correspondant auxservicesaccomplis par l'intéressé hors deson
pays d'origine aprèsladate àlaquelle lerèglement avait étémodifié. >)
(Rapport de la CFPI, A/34/30.)

C. L'avis du bureau desaffairesjuridiques

62. II semble utile de citer l'avis du bureau des affaires juridiques de
l'organisation des Nations Unies auquel il est fait allusion dans les pas-
sagesprécitésdu rapport de la Commission et,rapprochant lesdeux textes,
de les examiner ensemble, puisque la Commission paraît s'êtrefortement
inspiréedu premier de ces textes. Cet avis n'a pas de date, mais il semble
qu'il ait été donnéà la CFPI au cours du premier trimestre de 1979.En
voici le texte complet :

<Un avis a été demandé sur la question de savoir si les dispositions Nations Staff Rules and the practice within the common system under
which repatriation grants are paid to certain staff members, even if
they remain in the country of their last duty station after separation,
has been consistent with staff regulation 9.4and annex IV. Ithas been
suggested that if such payment had not been within the then appli-
cable Regulations, then a new regulation discontinuing such grants
would simply constitute a discontinuance of an erroneous practice
which by its nature could not have given rise to any legallycognizable
expectancy.

The history of the repatriation grant as well as the wording and
schedule contained in annex IV of the Regulations suggest that the
number of years of expatriate service was consideredby the General
Assembly to be the most significant element of the entitlements.
Although the General Assembly definedthe recipients of thegrant by
reference to thedefinition ofthose entitled to repatriation travel, there
is no express or implied provision to the effect that only those who
actually made use of the travel entitlement should receive the
. grant.

In annex IV of the Regulations, the General Assembly specifically
left it to the Secretary-Generalto establish theconditions for payment
of the repatriation grant, and the Secretary-Generaldid this by pro-
mulgating staff rule 109.5and also by establishing a practice in an
agreement within the Consultative Committee on Administrative
Questions. Staff rule 109.5 0, which even provided for discretion to
pay the grant to persons whose final service is within their home
countryand who could not therefore beentitled to repatriation travel,
was - like al1Staff Rules - reported to and noted by the General
Assembly, which must accordingly have deemed the rule to be con-
sistent with the intent and purpose of the Regulation.

It is therefore clear from the legal viewpoint (and indeed un-
questionable under recent United Nations Administrative Tribunal
Judgemen ts) that the Staff Rules and payrnent practices hitherto
governing entitlement to the repatriation grant were within the Sec-
retary-General's authority ; and, although subject to change to the
same extent asother conditions of appointment of staff,they gaverise
to valid and enforceable entitlements and obligations." (A/C.5/34/
CRP.8.)du règlementdu personnel de l'Organisation des Nations Unies etla
pratique des organisations appliquant le régimecommun, en vertu

desquelles une prime de rapatriement est verséeà certains fonction-
naires mêmes'ilsrestent dans lepays de leurdernier lieu d'affectation
après la cessation de service,n'étaient pascontraires aux dispositions
de l'article 9.4 etde l'annexeIV du statut du personnel. 11a étéavancé
que, sile versementde la prime dans cesconditionsn'étaitpas conforme
aux dispositions, du statut du personnel applicables à l'époque,
l'adoption de nouvelles dispositions visantle faire cesser reviendrait
tout simplement à mettre un terme à une pratique erronéequi, de par
sa nature même,ne pouvait en fait êtrelégitimementinvoquée.
L'historique dela prime de rapatriement ainsi que lesdiSpositions et
le barème de l'annexe IVau statut du personnel indiquent que l'As-
semblée générala e estiméque l'élémenp t répondérant qui fondait le
droit àcette prime étaitle nombre d'annéespasséespar le fonction-
naire au service de l'organisation dans un pays autre que son pays
d'origine. Bien que l'Assemblée généralaeit définilesbénéficiairesde

la prime en renvoyant à la définition des fonctionnaires qui ont droit
au paiement du voyage de retour dans leur pays d'origine, aucune
disposition expresse ou implicite ne prévoitque seuls ceux qui font
effectivement valoir leur droit au paiement de ce voyage peuvent
bénéficierde la rime de ra~atriement.
Dans l'annexe IV au statbt du personnel, l'Assemblée générale a
expressément laisséau Secrétaire généralle soin de définirles condi-
tions régissant le versement de la prime de rapatriement, ce que le
Secrétaire généraal fait en arrêtantla disposition 109.5du règlement
du personnel, et égalementen instaurant une pratique en la matière
par voie d'un accord au Comitéconsultatif pour les questions admi-
nistratives. La disposition 109.5 du règlement du personnel, qui,à
l'alinéafl dispose mêmequ'une prime de rapatriement peut être
versée àdes fonctionnaires dont le dernier lieu d'affectation est situé
dans leur pays d'origine et qui, de ce fait, ne peuvent prétendre au
paiement d'un voyage de retour, comme toute disposition du règle-
ment du personnel, a été portée à la connaissance de l'Assemblée

généralqeui, en ayant pris note,doit par conséquentavoirestiméqu'elle
était conforme à l'esprit et aux objectifs du statut du personnel.
Il ne fait donc aucun doute du point de vuejuridique(et c'estlà un
point qui ne saurait êtrecontesté eu égard auxjugements récem-
ment rendus par le Tribunal administratif des NationsUnies) que les
dispositions du règlement du personnel et les pratiques en matière
de versement des indemnités qui ont jusqu'à présentrégi ledroit à
la prime de rapatriement ont été dûmentétabliespar le Secrétaire
généraldans le cadre du mandat qui lui avait étéimparti ; et, bien
que ces dispositions et pratiques soient sujettesà modification au
mêmetitre que d'autres conditions de nomination du personnel, elles
définissent des droits et des obligations validés et contraignant))
(A/C.5/34/CRP.8.)D. The texts of Staff Regulation 9.4,Annex IV and Staff Rule 109.5

63. In order to analyse the opinion of the Officeof LegalAffairs and the
reliance of the ICSC upon it, it is necessary to set out the texts of the
pertinent Staff Regulation and Rule as they then were. They read :

"Regulation9.4 :The Secretary-Generalshall establisha schemefor
thepayment ofrepatriationgrantswithinthe maximum ratesand under
the conditionsspecifiedin annex IV to thepresent regulations."

'Annex IV

REPATRIATION GRANT
In principle, the repatriation grant shall beayable tostaff members
whomthe Organizationisobligatedtorepatriate.Therepatriationgrunt
shallnot,however,bepaid toastaff memberwhoissummarilydismissed.

Detailed conditionsand definitions relatingto eligibility shallbe deter-
mined by the Secretary-General. The amount of the grant shall be
proportional to the length of service with the United Nations, as fol-
lows :

Staff memberwith
Yeursof continuous a spouseordependent
service awuyfrom child at etime . . .
homecountry ofseparution

(Weeksofpensionableremunerutionlessstaff
assessment,whereapplicable)

12or more

"Rule 109.5

REPATRIATION GRANT

Payment of repatriation grants under regulation 9.4 and annex IV
to the Staff Regulations shall be subject to the following conditions
and definitions :

(a) 'Obligation to repatriate', ... shall mean the obligation to
return a staff member and his or her spouse and dependent children,
upon separation, at the expense of the United Nations, to a place
outside the country of his or her duty station. DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION (OP. DISS. SCHWEBEL) 50 1

D. Le texte del'article9.4du statut dupersonnel, de l'annexe IVaudit statut
et de la disposition109.5 du règlement du personnel

63. Avant d'analyser l'avis du bureau des affaires juridiques et l'usage
qu'ena fait laCFPI, ilconvient dereproduire icila version alorsen vigueur

des textes applicables du statut et du règlement du personnel :

« Article9.4. - Le Secrétairegénéraflixe unbarèmepourleversement
desprimes de rapatriement dans les limites des maximums indiqués a
l'annexe IV du présent statut et aux conditions prévues dans cette
annexe. »

« Annexe IV

PRIME DE RAPATRIEMENT

Ont droit, en principe, a laprime de rapatriement lesfonctionnaires
que l'Organisationest tenuede rapatrier.Laprime de rapatriement n'est
toutefoispas verséedans le cas d'unfonctionnaire renvoyésanspréavis.
Les conditions et définitionsconcernant le droita cetteprime sontfixées
defaçon détailléeparle SecrétairegénéralL . e montant de laprime est

proportionnel au temps que l'intéressé apassé au service de l'organisa-
tion des Nations Unies et est calculé d'après le barèmesuivant :

Fonctionnairequi,

Annéesde service lorsde lacessationde
continuhorsdu service,a un enfanta . . .
pays d'origine chargeou unconjoint

(Semainesde traitement[soumis à retenuepour
pension],déduction faite, selonqu'il convient,
de la contributiondupersonnel)

... . . . ...
12ou plus 28 ... ))

<(Disposition 109.5

PRIME DE RAPATRIEMENT
Le versement de la prime de rapatriement prévue par l'article 9.4et

l'annexe IV du statut est régipar les conditions et définitions ci-
après :

a) Les personnes que l'organisation est tenue de rapatrier ...
sont les fonctionnaires, leurs enfants àcharge et leur conjoint dont, à
la cessation de service,elle doit assurer le retourà sesfrais enun lieu
situé hors du pays d'affectation. (b) 'Home country', ... shall mean the country of home-leave

entitlement ...
.............................
(d) Payment of the repatriation grant shall be calculated on the
basis of the staff member's pensionable remuneration. ..
(e) Payment shall be at the rates specified in annex IV to the Staff
Regulations.
(f)No payments shallbemade to localrecruits under rule 104.6,to
a staff member who abandons his or her post orto any staff member
who is residing at the time of separation in his or her home country
while performing official duties, provided that a staff member who,
after service at a duty station outside his or her home country, is
transferred to a duty station within that country may be paid on
separation a full or partial repatriation grant at the discretion of the

Secretary-General.

(g) A dependent child, for the purpose of repatriation grant, shall
mean a child recognized as dependent.. . at the time of the staff
member's separation from service. The repatriation grant shall be
paid at therate fora staff member with aspouse or dependent child to
eligible staff members regardless of the place of residence of the
spouse or dependent child.

(i) Loss of entitlement to payment of return travel expenses under
rule 107.4shall not affect a staff member's eligibilityfor payment of
the repatriation grant.
0) In the eventofthe death ofan eligiblestaff member, nopayment

shall be made unless there is a surviving spouse or one or more
dependent children whom the United Nations isobligated to return to
their home country. .."

E. Analysis of the opinionof the Office of Legal Affairs

64. The opinion of the Office of Legal Affairs makes, in its fourth and
last paragraph, an important point which, to the extent that thejudgement
oftheAdministrative Tribunalin Mortishedv.theSecretary-Generalcan be
sustained, is vital to thatjudgement : "the Staff Rules and payment prac-
tices hitherto governing entitlement to the repatriation grant were within
the Secretary-General's authority". But much of the remainder of the
opinion does not withstand analysis, for these reasons :

- The opinion assumes, and repeats the assumption, that the pertinent
UnitedNations Staff Rules and "the practice within thecommon system"
were consistent, and, after so assuming, asks whether those rules and that b) Le <pays d'origine i)..est lepays dans lequel lefonctionnaire a
le droit de prendre son congédans les foyers ...

d) Lemontant delaprime derapatriement estcalculésurlabase du
traitement soumis à retenue pour pension du fonctionnaire ...
e) Les taux de la prime de rapatriement sont ceux qu'indique
l'annexe IV du Statut.
f) N'ont droit à la prime de rapatriement ni les fonctionnaires
recrutés sur leplan local visés àla disposition 104.6,ni les fonction-

naires qui abandonnent leur poste, ni lesfonctionnairesqui,exerçant
leurs fonctions officielles, résident, au moment de la cessation de
service,dans leur pays d'origine. Toutefois,un fonctionnaire qui aété
mutédans son pays d'origineaprèsavoir étéenposte en dehorsde ce
payspeut recevoir,au moment de la cessation de service,latotalité ou
une fraction delaprime derapatriement sileSecrétairegénéral lejuge
à propos.
g) Aux fins de la prime de rapatriement, on entend par enfant à
charge un enfant reconnu commepersonne à charge ..au moment de
la cessation de service du fonctionnaire. La prime de rapatrie-

ment prévuepour les fonctionnaires ayant un enfant à charge ou un
conjoint est versée aux fonctionnaires remplissant les conditions
requises, quelque soit le lieu de résidencede l'enfant à charge ou du
conjoint.

i) La perte du droit au paiement du voyage de retour conformé-
ment à la disposition 107.4est sans effet sur le droit à la prime de
rapatriement.

j) En cas de décèsd'un fonctionnaire qui a droit à la prime de
rapatriement, cette prime n'est verséeque si le défuntlaisse un ou
plusieurs enfants à charge ou un conjoint dont l'organisation est
tenue d'assurer le retour à ses frais dans le pays d'origine...i)

E. Analyse de l'avis du bureau desaffairesjuridiques
64. Lequatrièmeetdernier alinéa del'avisdu bureau des affairesjuridi-
ques contient une remarqued'une importance essentiellepour lejugement
du Tribunal administratif dans l'affaire Mortished c. le Secrétaire général

de l'Organisation desNations Unies, dans la mesure où celui-ci est accep-
table : (les dispositions du règlement du personnel et les pratiques en
matièrede versement desindemnitésquiontjusqu'à présentrégiledroit à
la prime de rapatriement ont été dûment établiespar le Secrétaire général
dans lecadre du mandat qui lui avait été imparti i)Mais, pour une grande
part, le reste de l'avis nerésistepas à l'analyse, commeon va le voir :

- L'avissuppose, et répète à plusieurs reprises, qu'il y a concordance
entre les dispositions applicables du règlementdu personnel de l'organi-
sation des Nations Unies et la pratique des organisations appliquant lepractice have been consistent with Staff Regulation 9.4 and its Annex IV.
The opinion, by so assuming, takes a large step towards the conclusion
which the opinion reaches. But the assumption is unjustified. The practice
within the common system was not (and is not) consistent with the Staff
Rules of the United Nations. To the extent that the specialized agencies
had different staff rulesfrom those of theUnited Nations, ascertainly they
did,thepractice may havebeen consistent with the rules of those agencies.
But to treat the United Nations situation as the same as that of the
specializedagencies isinaccurate, because of their differing rules. The Staff

Rules of the United Nations were indeed consistent with its Staff Regu-
lations, as the opinion of the Office of Legal Affairs correctly concludes.
By the terms of Rule 109.5 (a),the "obligation to repatriate", as used in
Annex IV of the Staff Regulations, shall mean the obligation to return a
staff member to a place outside the country of his or her duty station. This
rule is consistent with Regulation 9.4 and its Annex IV, in so far as it
excludes payment of repatriation grants to non-relocating staff. But the
practice has been to the contrary.

- The opinion, in its second paragraph, Statesthat the most significant
element of the entitlement to the repatriation grant was considered by the
General Assembly to be the number of years of expatriate service.In view
of the history of the grant (see, in particular, paras. 54 and 116),that is a
questionable conclusion. (The ICSC re-stated the questionable character
of that conclusion at another point in its 1978report in addition to that
quoted in para. 54 : see A/33/30, para. 191.) The number of years of
service appears to have been taken primarily as a convenient formula for
calculating the amount of, rather than entitlement to, the grant.

- The opinion, in its second paragraph, declares that there is no express
or implied provision to the effect that only those who actually made use of
the travel entitlement should receive the grant. The inference seems to be
that those who receive the grant need not travel. Any such inference is
unwarranted. First, the definition of "obligation to repatriate" of Rule
109.5 (a)clearly imports returning to aplace outside the country of the last
dutystation. Second,theprovision of Rule 109.5(g) - towhichthe opinion
does not refer - that the repatriation grant shall be paid to eligible staff

members "regardless of the place of residence of the spouse or dependent
child" infers that it shalnot be paid to the staff member regardless of the
place of his or her residence. Third, if there is no express or implied
provision to the effect that only those who actually made use of the travel
entitlement should receive the repatriation grant, it does not follow that
those receiving the grant need not travel.Any such implication is disposedrégimecommun ))et, partant de cette supposition, recherche si ces dis-
positions etcette pratique sontconformes à l'article9.4età l'annexe IV du
statut du personnel. Cette suppositioninitiale entraîne déjàl'avisfort loin

sur la voie de la conclusion à laquelle il aboutit. Or il s'agitd'une suppo-
sition injustifiée.Lapratique desorganisations appliquant lerégimecom-
mun n'étaitpas alors - et n'est toujours pas- conforme au règlementdu
personnel de l'organisation des Nations Unies. Dans la mesure où les
institutions spécialiséesont adoptédesrèglementsdu personnel différents
deceluidel'organisation desNations Unies, cequi est avéréi,lestpossible
que leur pratique soit conforme à ces règlements. Mais c'estune erreur,
compte tenu desdifférencesentre lesdispositionsen vigueur,d'assimilerla
situation de l'Organisation des Nations Unies à celle des institutions
spécialisées. Le règlementdu personnel de l'Organisation des Nations

Unies est d'ailleurs conforme àson statut du personnel, commeil est dit à
juste titre dans la conclusion de l'avisdu bureau des affaires juridiques :
selonlestermes deladisposition 109.5a),lespersonnes quel'organisation
est <<tenue de rapatrierO, au sens de l'annexe IV du statut,sont cellesdont
elledoit assurer le retour en un lieu situéhorsdu pays d'affectation. Cette
disposition est conforme àl'article 9.4du statut eà sonannexe IV,car elle
exclut le paiement de la prime de rapatriement aux fonctionnaires qui ne
changent pas de pays. C'est surle plan de la pratique que l'on constate le

contraire.
- Au deuxième alinéade l'avisdu bureau des affaires juridiques, il est
ditque,pour l'Assembléegénérale,l'élémp ert pondérantdu droit àcette
prime était le nombre des annéesde service passéespar le fonctionnaire
hors de son pays. Sil'on sereporte à l'historique de la prime (voir notam-
ment les paragraphes 54 et 116),on verra que cette conclusion est discu-
table. (La CFPI a d'ailleurs confirmé le caractère discutable de cette
conclusion dans un autre passage de son rapport de 1978, en plus du
passage cité au paragraphe 54 : voir A/33/30, par. 191.)Le nombre d'an-
néesde servicesemble avoir étéconçu comme un moyen commode d'éva-

luer le montant de la prime, et non pas comme un moyen de déterminerle
droit d'en bénéficier.
- Toujours au deuxièmealinéa,ilest dit qu'aucune disposition expresse
ou implicite ne prévoitque seulsles fonctionnaires qui font effectivement
valoirleur droitau paiement du voyagepeuvent bénéficierde la prime. On
semble en déduireque les bénéficiaired se la prime n'ont pas besoin d'ef-
fectuer le voyage pour la percevoir. Or une telle déductionest injustifiée.
Premièrement,la définitiondes mots <<tenue de rapatrier)>,dansla dispo-
sition109.5a),repose manifestement sur l'idéed'un retour enun lieu situé

hors du dernier pays d'affectation. Deuxièmementl,a disposition 109.5g),
dont l'avis ne parle pas, et aux termes de laquelle la prime de rapa-
triement est verséeaux fonctionnaires remplissant les conditions requises
<<quel que soit le lieu de résidencede l'enfant à charge ou du conjoint )>,
sous-entend que la prime n'estpas payée aufonctionnaire indépendam-
ment du lieu de sa propre résidence.Troisièmement,s'ilest vrai qu'aucune
disposition ne prévoit expressémentou tacitement que seuls les fonction-of by the terms of Staff Rule 107.4(b), whch provides, "Entitlement to
return travel expenses shall cease if travel has not commenced within six
months after the date of separation", when those terms are read together
with the practice of treating a staff member as eligible for payment of the
repatriation grant for a longer period. (That practice was codified in
August 1979,with the issuance of Staff Rule 109.5(e) : "Entitlement to
repatriation grant shallcease if no claimfor payment of the granthas been

submitted within two years after the effective date of separation.")

- The second sentence of the third paragraph of the legalopinion relies
on the Staff Rule 109.5 fl (as it then was) "which even provides for
discretion to pay the grant to persons whose final service is within their
home country and who could not therefore be entitled to repatriation
travel ...".This rule, the opinion notes, was "reported to and noted by the
General Assembly, which must accordingly have deemed the rule to be
consistent with the intent and purpose of the Regulation". This is a
remarkable reading of what was Rule 109.5 0. That paragraph then
provided that,

"No payments shall be made to . . any staff member who is resid-
ing at the time of separation in his or her home country while per-
forming officia1duties, provided that a staff member who, after ser-
vice at a duty station outside his or her home country, is transferred
to a duty station within that country may be paid on separation a
full or partial repatriation grant at the discretion of the Secretary-
General."

That is to Say,a staff member who has already been repatriated may be
paid, at the discretion of the Secretary-General, either a full or partial
repatriation grant. To infer from this that the Secretary-General is free -
still less obliged - to make repatriation payments to those who never
repatriate but who remain indefinitely abroad at their last duty station is
extraordinary. Any implication that this discretionary authority of the
Secretary-General gave non-repatriating staff members "valid and en-
forceable entitlements" would seem unsustainable. The fact that Rule

109.5(fl was communicated to the General Assembly which must have
viewed it as consistent with Regulation 9.4 proves nothing for the issue
which the legal opinion addresses, and for the opinion to suggest that it
does is profoundly questionable.
- The last sentence of the opinion conjoins a correct statement about
the scope of the Secretary-General's authority with a conclusion about
"valid and enforceable entitlements and obligations" which is not wholly
correct or complete. Once again the Staff Rules and the practice arenaires qui font effectivement valoir leur droit au paiement du voyage
peuvent bénéficierde la prime, cela ne signifienullement que ceux qui en
bénéficient ne soientpas tenus d'effectuer le voyage pour recevoir ladite

prime. La possibilitéd'un tel raisonnement est exclue par les termes de la
disposition 107.4 b) du règlementdu personnel - (<l'organisation ne paie
pas lesfrais du voyagede retour silevoyagen'estpas entrepris dans les six
mois qui suivent ladate de la cessation de service ))- si on rapproche ces
termes de la pratique qui accorde un délaiplus long pour décidersi un
fonctionnaire peut ou non bénéficierde la prime de rapatriement. (Cette
pratique aété codifiéeen août 1979par ladisposition 109.5 e) du règlement
du personnel : ledroit àlaprime de rapatriement s'éteint sil'intéressn ée

présentepas de demande de paiement à cet égarddans les deux ans qui
suivent la date effective de cessation de service. )))
- Ala deuxièmephrase du troisième alinéa, l'avis invoque le texte alors
en vigueur de la disposition 109.5 fldu règlement, qui (dispose même
qu'une prime de rapatriement peut êtreversée àdesfonctionnaires dont le
dernier lieu d'affectation est situédans leur pays d'origineet qui, de cefait,
ne peuvent prétendre au paiement d'un voyage de retour ))Cette dispo-
sition, ajoute l'avis,<a étéportée à la connaissance de l'Assemblée géné-

rale qui, en ayant pris note, doit par conséquentavoir estimé qu'elleétait
conforme à l'esprit et aux objectifs du statut du personnel )>.Voilà une
interprétationsingulièrede cequ'étaitla disposition 109.5fl,quiétaitainsi
rédigée :

<N'ont [pas]droit àlaprime de rapatriement ...les fonctionnaires
qui, exerçant leurs fonctions officielles, résident, aumoment de la
cessation de leur service,dans leur pays d'origine.Toutefoisun fonc-
tionnaire qui a été muté dans son pays d'origine après avoir été en
posteendehors decepayspeut recevoir,au moment delacessation de
service, la totalité ou une fraction de la prime de rapatriement si le
Secrétaire général lejuge à propos. ))

Autrement dit, un fonctionnaire déjàrapatriépouvait obtenir, si le Secré-
taire générallejugeait à propos, tout oupartie delaprime derapatriement.
En déduireque le Secrétaire généraalvait la faculté,voire l'obligation, de
verser la prime de rapatriement aux fonctionnaires qui ne sont jamais

rapatriés et restent indéfinimentdans leur dernier pays d'affectation a
quelque chose d'aberrant. On ne saurait en tout cas soutenir que ce pou-
voir discrétionnaire du Secrétaire générad lonnait aux fonctionnaires
non rapatriés desdroitsvalidésetcontraignants D.Lefait quela disposi-
tion 109.5fl eût étécommuniquée àl'Assembléegénéraleq etue celle-ciait
pu lajuger compatible avec l'article 9.4 du statut ne prouve rien pour la
question examinéedans l'avis, et prétendre le contraire, comme le fait
celui-ci, est profondément contestable.

- La dernière phrase de l'avis marie une affirmation exacte, sur la
portéedespouvoirs du Secrétairegénéral, àune conclusion sur (<desdroits
et desobligations validéset contraignants )qui est soit inexacte en partie,
soit incomplète. Une fois encore, on pose au départ que le règlementduassumed to be consistent. The opinion acknowledges that what it viewsas
valid and enforceable entitlements are "subject to change to the same
extent as other conditions of appointment of staff", which of itself is no
affirmation ofany acquired right. The opinion does not expressly state that
any such entitlements are valid and enforceableonly whilein force,though
this may be taken for granted. But where it enters upon questionable
ground isin its inference that the Staff Rules and practice gaverise to valid
and enforceable entitlements and obligations in respect of payment of the
repatriationgrant without provision of evidence of relocation. Ashasbeen
shown, the arguments it advances to support that conclusion do not
support it, certainly not sufficiently. Arguments which have been else-
where advanced to support the more far-reaching - and even less sus-

tainable - conclusion that such entitlementsconstitute an acquired right
will be addressed in their place.

13. The Failure to Apply Staff Rule 104.7

65. It isnoteworthythat Staff Rule 104.7does not figure in theopinion
of the Office of Legal Affairs, in the practice of the Secretary-General in
respect of the repatriation grant in so far as the Court has been informed
of it, or in the judgement of the Administrative Tribunalin Mortished v.
the Secretary-General. That rule in pertinent part provides :

"Rule 104.7

INTERNATIONAL RECRUITMENT
(a) Staff members other than those regarded under rule 104.6 as
having been locally recruited shall be consiaered as having been
internationally recruited. The allowances and benefits in general
available to internationally recruited staff membersinclude :payment
of travel expenses upon initial appointment and on separation for
themselves and their spouses and dependent children, removal of

household effects, non-resident's allowance, home leave, education
grant and repatriation grant.

(c)A staff member who has changed his or her residential status in
such awaythat he or shemay,in the opinion of the Secretary-General,
be deemed to be a permanent resident of any country other than that
of his or her nationality may lose entitlement to non-resident's allow-
ance, home leave, educationgrant, repatriation grant and payment of
travel expenses. ..if the Secretary-General considers that the con-
tinuation of such entitlement would be contrary to the purposes

for which the allowance or benefit was created .. ."personnel et la pratique s'accordent. Certes l'avis reconnaît que ces pré-
tendusdroits validésetcontraignantssont sujets <à modification aumême
titre que d'autres conditions de nomination du personnel )>ce qui déjàne
ressembleguère a l'affirmation d'un droit acquis. Et s'ilne dit pas expres-
sémentque ces droits ne sont validés et contraignants qu'autant qu'ils
restent en vigueur, cela semble aller de soi. Mais là où il s'engage sur un
terrain douteux, c'est en concluant que le règlement du personnel et la
pratique ont créédes droits et obligationsvalidésetcontraignants encequi
concerne le paiement de la prime de rapatriement sans preuve de la

réinstallation. Commeila déjàétédit,lesarguments invoquésdans l'avis à
l'appui decette conclusion n'enprouvent pas lavalidité,du moins defaçon
concluante. On examineraplusloin lesarguments qui ont étéinvoquép sar
ailleurs en faveur de la conclusion encore plus extrême - et moins défen-
dable - selon laquelle le droit en question serait un droit acquis.

13. La non-application dela disposition104.7
du règlementdupersonnel

65. Il est remarquable que la disposition 104.7 du règlement du per-

sonnel n'intervienne, ni dans l'avis du bureau des affairesjuridiques ni,
pour autant que la Cour le sache, dans la pratique du Secrétaire général
concernant la prime de rapatriement, ni dans lejugement Mortished c. le
Secrétaire générd al l'Organisation des Nations Unies du Tribunal admi-
nistratif. Cette disposition prévoit, en sa partie applicable :

<(Disposition 104.7

RECRUTEMENT SUR LE PLAN INTERNATIONAL
a) Tous les fonctionnaires, àl'exception de ceux qui sont recrutés
sur leplan localausens dela disposition 104.6,sont considéréscomme
recrutés surle plan international. Les fonctionnaires recrutés surle
plan international bénéficient normalement des indemnités et avan-
tages suivants : paiement des frais de voyage, pour eux-mêmes,leurs
enfants à charge et leur conjoint, lors de l'engagement et dela cessa-

tion de service ;paiement des frais de déménagement ;indemnitéde
non-résident ;congédans les foyers ; indemnitépour frais d'études ;
prime de rapatriement.
.............................
c) Lorsque, à la suite d'un changement de ses conditions de rési-
dence, un fonctionnaire peut, de l'avis du Secrétaire général,être
considérécommerésidenp termanent d'un pays autreque celuidont il

estressortissant, ilpeut perdre lebénéficiedesindemnités et avantages
suivants :indemnitédenon-résident, congédans lesfoyers,indemnité
pour frais d'études, prime de rapatriement, paiement des frais de
voyage ..lorsque le Secrétaire général estime que le maintien de ces
indemnités et avantagesseraitcontraire à l'espritdans lequelils ont été
institués..)) 66. The rule is relevant in more than one respect. In paragraph (a), it
lists the repatriation grant as an "allowance and benefit" which is "in
general available". That is not language suggestive of an acquired right.
Paragraph (c)does speak of an "entitlement" to therepatriation grant,but
provides that that entitlement may belost - again,not aproviso suggestive
of an acquired right. The entitlement may be lost if, in the opinion of the
Secretary-General, a staff memberis "deemed tobe apermanent resident"
of a country other than his or her nationality. That is to Say,such a staff
member need not have been granted permanent residence as a matter of
the law of thecountry of the duty station ;if the Secretary-General deems
the staff member to have become a permanent resident, that suffices.The
Secretary-General could reasonably conclude that a staff member who
declines to provide evidence of relocation from the country of last duty
station, and who indeed affirms an intention to live indefinitely in the
country of the last duty station, is to be deemed a permanent resident of
that country and that, inthat circumstance, continuation of entitlement to
payment of the repatriation grant "would be contrary to the purposes for
which the allowance or benefit was created". As the 1978Report of the

International Civil Service Commission puts it,

"to pay repatriation grant to a person who remained permanently in
thecountry of hislast duty station was incompatible with the purpose
of thegrant ... Theexpatriate staff member's choiceto remain in the
duty-station country certainly meant that he had, for some time,
ceased to be truly expatriate." (A/33/30, p. 62.)

And in view of the fact that the Secretary-General possesses such express
discretionary authority in respect of the repatriation grant, it is the more
difficult to regard entitlement to the grant as an acquired right.

14. The Secretary-General Issues TransitionalRule 109.5 (f)

67. The Secretary-General issued a Bulletin of 22August 1979which,
"with effect from 1January 1979", amended the Staff Rules "as a conse-
quence of the changes to ... the repatriation grant . ..adopted by the
General Assembly in its resolution 33/ 119 of 19 December 1978". It

specifiedthat Rule 109.5on therepatriation grant "is amended to make the
payment of the grant conditionalupon presentation of actual evidence of
relocation with respect to periods of eligibility arising after 1July 1979"
(ST/SGB/Staff Rules/ l/Rev.5). Rule 109.5as amended in pertinent part
provided : 66. Cette disposition est intéressante à plusieurs titres. Au para-

graphe a), tout d'abord, la prime de rapatriement y est classéeparmi les
(indemnités etavantages )>dont les fonctionnaires <<bénéficientnorma-
lement )).Ce ne sont pas là des termes évocateursd'un droit acquis. Quant
au paragraphe c), il y est question du ((bénéfice ))qu'est la prime de
rapatriement, mais on y prévoitque ce bénéficepeut êtreperdu - et une
tellerègle,ellenon plus, n'évoquepas un droit acquis.Lebénéfice peut être
perdu si, de l'avisdu Secrétaire générau l,n fonctionnaire est (considéré

comme résidentpermanent ))d'un pays autre que celui dont il est ressor-
tissant. Autrement dit, iln'estpas nécessairequelefonctionnaire ait acquis
le statut de résidentd'après laloi du pays d'affectation :il suffit que le
Secrétairegénéra ll considèrecommerésidentpermanent. Or leSecrétaire
général ne serait-ip las fondé à conclureque, si un fonctionnaire refuse de
faire la preuve de sa réinstallation et exprime le souhait de vivre indéfi-
niment dans ledernier pays où ila été affecté,ildoitêtreconsidéré comme

un résidentpermanent de celui-ci,et qu'en ce casle maintien du bénéfice
de la prime de rapatriement <(serait contraire à l'esprit dans lequel ...[ces
indemnités et avantages] ont été institués )? Comme il est dit dans le
rapport de 1978 de la Commission de la fonction publique internatio-
nale,

<le versement d'une prime de rapatriement à un fonctionnaire qui
restait en permanence dans le pays de son dernier lieu d'affectation
n'étaitpas compatible avecl'objet de la prime ...lorsqu'un fonction-
naire expatriéchoisissait de rester dans lepays de son lieu d'affecta-
tion, cela signifiait certainement qu'il seproposait depuis un cer-
tain temps de s'yinstaller définitivementet que, de ce fait, il avait,

dans une certaine mesure, perdu son statut d'expatrié ))(A/33/30,
p. 69).
Quand on voit expressément conférerau Secrétaire générau ln pouvoir

aussi discrétionnairepour ce qui concerne la prime, il devient encoreplus
difficile de considérer ledroit à celle-ci comme un droit acquis.

14. Le Secrétaire général édilcatedisposition transitoire109.5f)

67. Le Secrétairegénéral fit distribuerle 22 août 1979une circulaire

modifiant lerèglementdu personnel ((avect effet au lerjanvier 1979,pour
tenir compte des changements qui ont étéapportés ...à la prime de
rapatriement ...que l'Assemblée générala e approuvés par sa résolu-
tion 33/119du 19décembre1978 )).Il étaitprécisédans cette circulaireque
la disposition 109.5sur la prime de rapatriement était ((modifiéede façon à
subordonner le paiement de cette prime à la présentationde piècesattes-
tant lechangement de résidence,en cequi concerne lespériodesde service

ouvrant droit à cette prime après le lerjuillet 1979 )) (ST/SGB/Staff
Rules/ 1/Rev.5). La disposition 109.5modifiée selisait commesuitdansla
partie qui nous intéresse : 507 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. SCHWEBEL)

"(d) Payment of the repatriation grant shall be subject to the pro-
visionby theformer staffmember of evidenceof relocation away from
the country of the last duty station. Evidence of relocation shall be
constituted by documentary evidence that the former staff member
has established residence in a country other than that of thelast duty
station.

(e) Entitlement to repatriation grant shall cease if no claim for
payment of the grant has been submitted within two years after the
effective date of separation.
(flNotwithstanding paragraph (d)above, staff members already in

servicebefore 1July 1979shall retain the entitlement to repatriation
grant proportionate to the years and months of servicequalifying for
the grant which they already had accrued at that date without the
necessity of production of evidenceof relocation with respect to such
qualifying service."

15. Reaction in the GeneralAssembiy Against the Interpretation of
Resolution 33/119 by the ICSC and the Secretary-General :
the Adoption of Resolution 34/165

68. Reaction in the General Assembly in 1979to the interpretation of
resolution 33/119 by the ICSC and the Secretary-General was critical.
That reaction willbe set forth in extenso,because theconstruction of it by
the AdministrativeTribunal is important to itsjudgement in Mortished v.
the Secretary-General and because the question of whether or not the
judgement of theAdministrative Tribunal gaveeffect to or derogatedfrom
General Assembly resolution 34/ 165is central to the question before the
Court.

69. The representative ofAustralia, referring tothe pertinentparagraph
of the ICSC report, expressed interest in theopinion of the Officeof Legal
Affairs which, "surprising asit might seem .. .made therepatriation grant
appear to be an acquired right" (A/C.5/34/SR.38, p. 16).The represen-
tative of the United States then declared :

"65. In establishng the conditions for entitlement to repatriation
grants, ... ICSC had stipulated that staff members already in service
before 1 July 1979should retain the entitlement to repatnation grant
proportionate to the years and months of service qualifying for the
grant whichthey had already accrued at the date without the necessity
of production of evidence of relocation . ..The United States Go-
vernment strongly believed that that decision distorted the General

Assembly'soriginal intent at the time when therepatriation granthad
been instituted. Nor was it in accordance with the provisions of
resolution 33/ 119 . . <d) Le paiement de la prime de rapatriement est subordonné àla
présentation, par l'ancien fonctionnaire, de pièces attestant qu'il
change derésidenceen s'installant dans un pays autre que celuide son
dernier lieu d'affectation. Est acceptéecommepreuve du changement
derésidencetoutepièceattestantque l'ancienfonctionnaireaétablisa
résidencedans un pays autre que celui de son dernier lieu d'affecta-
tion.
e) Le droit à la prime de rapatriement s'éteint si l'intéressé ne
présentepasde demande depaiement àcetégarddans lesdeux ans qui

suivent la date effective de cessation de service.
fl Nonobstant l'alinéa d) ci-dessus, les fonctionnaires ayant pris
leursfonctions avant le lerjuillet 1979conserventle droit au montant
de la prime qui correspond aux annéeset aux mois de service ouvrant
droit à ladite prime déjà accomplisà cette date,sans avoirà produire,
en ce qui concerne cette période de service, une pièceattestant leur
changement de résidence. ))

15. Les réactionsde l'Assemblée généra àlel'interprétation
de la résolution33/119par la CFPI et le Secrétairegénéral:
l'adoptionde la résolution34/165

68. La manièredont la CFPI et le Secrétairegénéralavaient comprisla
résolution 33/119fut mal reçue par l'Assembléegénérale à sa session de
1979.Les réactions quisefirentjour à cette occasionseront reproduites in
extenso ci-dessous, étant donnéque leur interprétation par le Tribunal
administratif tient uneplace importantedans sonjugement Mortishedc.le
Secrétaire général d lorganisationdesNations Unieset que de surcroît la

question de savoir silejugement du Tribunal administratif a donnéeffet à
la résolution 34/165de l'Assembléegénéraleouy a dérogéestau cŒurde
l'affaire soumiseà la Cour.
69. Le représentant de l'Australie, évoquant les paragraphes perti-
nents du rapport de la CFPI, se déclare intéressépar l'avisdu bureau des
affaires juridiques, qui,<<aussi surprenant qu'il puisse paraître ...tend
à faire apparaître la prime de rapatriement comme un droit acquis ))
(A/C.5/34/SR.38, p. 18). Puis le représentant des Etats-Unis s'exprima
ainsi:

<65. En établissant les modalités d'octroide la prime de rapatrie-
ment ...la CFPI a décidéque les fonctionnaires qui étaient déjà en
poste avant le lerjuillet 1979conserveraientle droit aumontant de la
prime correspondant au nombre d'années et de mois de service
ouvrant droit aladiteprime qu'ilsauraient accomplis àcette date, sans
avoir àproduire de piècesattestant leurchangement derésidence ..Le
Gouvernement des Etats-Unis est fermement convaincu que cette
décisionn'est pas conforme aux intentions que l'Assembléegénérale
avait lorsqu'elle a institué la prime de rapatriement, et qu'elle ne

respecte pas non plus les termes de la résolution 33/119 ... 66. Because the United Nations administration had failed to pro-
vide adequate internalcontrols to ensure that thegrant was paid only
to individuals who actually left their last country of assignment, the
General Assembly had decided to include in resolution 33 /119 the
requirement that payment of the repatriation grant should be 'condi-
tional upon thepresentation by the staff member ofevidenceof actual
relocation, subject to the terms to be established by the Commis-
sion' ... As a sponsor of that resolution, the United States believed
that al1member States had understood that thephrase 'subject to the
terms to be established by the Commission'meant solelyestablishing
thedocumentation whichaformer staff membermust submit in order
to qualify for a repatriation grant. The United States was unable to
accept the reasoning that the absence of United Nations internal
controls entitled an expatriate employeeto receivearepatriation grant

for serviceprior to the institution of such controls, even though they
were not in fact repatriated outside the country of last service."
(A/C.5/34/SR.46, pp. 13-14.)

70. The representative of Italy followed. He advocated that without
precluding staff's freedom of movement, "a system should be evolved for
determining fulfilment of the conditions for entitlement to the relocation
grant". His delegation had misgivings about the terms of entitlement
promulgated which "required the approval of the General Assembly"
(ibid., p. 15).

71. The representative of Japan stated :
"His delegation was prepared to support the decision of ICSC
appearing in paragraph 25 of its report concerning the repatriation
grant in the case of present staff members. The repatriation grant
should be paid in accordance with the rules in force at the time of
repatriation. His delegation regretted, therefore, that the Commission
had approved different treatmentfor servicesperformed before 1 July
1979." (Ibid., p. 19.)

72. The representative of Australia then declared :

"3. ...his delegation supported the proposa1 ... wherebyin future
the repatriation grant would be paid only to staff members who were
indeedrepatriated. That proposal, if adopted, wouldoverride thelegal
opinion referred to in paragraph 24 of the report of ICSC.

4. Asindicated in thenote by the Secretariat ... staffrule 109.5had
been reported to and noted by the General Assembly, which must
accordingly have deemed the rule to be consistent with the intent and
purpose of the staff regulation. His delegation noted, however, that 66. Etant donné que l'administration del'ONU n'apas instituéde
contrôles internes suffisants pour s'assurer que la prime est versée
exclusivement aux personnes qui quittent effectivement le pays du
dernier lieu d'affectation, l'Assemblée généralea décidédans sa
résolution 33/119que lepaiement de laprime de rapatriement serait
subordonné à la présentationpar lesintéressésde piècesattestant leur
changement effectif de résidence, selonles modalitésqui seront éta-
bliespar la Commission >)..En tantque coauteurs decette résolution,
lesEtats-Unis estimentque, pour tous lesEtats Membres,l'expression

<selon lesmodalitésqui seront établiespar la Commission ))signifiait
seulement que la Commission devrait déterminer les pièces qu'un
ancien fonctionnaire devrait présenter pour avoir droit à la prime de
rapatriement. Arguer du manque de contrôles internes à l'organisa-
tion pour accorder à un fonctionnaire expatrié le droit de percevoir
une prime de rapatriement pour des services antérieurs à l'institution
desdits contrôles,mêmesien fait iln'a pasétérapatriéhors du pays de
son dernier lieu d'affectation, est un raisonnement inacceptable. ))
(A/C.5/34/SR.46, p. 16).

70. Le représentant de l'Italie, prenant la suite, préconisa, sans préju-
dice de la liberté de mouvement des retraités, de (mettre au point un
systèmepermettant de déterminersi un fonctionnaire satisfait aux condi-
tions ouvrant droit au paiementde la prime de réinstallation >>e,t que sa
délégationmettait en doute la validité desconditions ouvrant droit à la

prime qui avaient été promulguées alors que <l'avalde l'Assembléegéné-
rale ...[était]indispensable )(ibid p. ,8).
71. Le représentant du Japon déclara :
<<S'agissantde laprime de rapatriement, la délégation japonaise est
prêteà appuyer la décisionde la CFPI, qui figure auparagraphe 25de

son rapport. Toutefois, elle conteste l'existence d'un droit acquis la
prime de rapatriement dans le cas de fonctionnaires actuellement en
activité.llë estime que le versement dela prime de rapatriement doit
s'effectuer conformément aux règlesen vigueur au moment du rapa-
triement. Par conséquent, la délégation japonaise regretteque la
Commission ait approuvé l'application d'un procédé différenp t our
les services rendus avant le leijuillet 1979.))(Ibid p..,2.)

72. Le représentant de l'Australie intervint ensuite :
3...ladélégationaustralienneappuie laproposition ...envertu de
laquelle cette prime ne serait payée à l'avenir qu'aux fonctionnaires

qui retourneraient effectivement dans leur pays d'origine. Cette pro-
position, si elle était approuvée, annulerait l'avisjuridique qui est
mentionné au paragraphe 24 du rapport de la CFPI.
4. D'après ce qui est indiqué dans la note du Secrétariat ...la
disposition 109.5 du règlement du personnel a étéportée à la con-
naissance de l'Assembléegénérale qui,en ayant pris note, doit par
conséquent avoir estimé qu'elleétaitconforme à l'esprit et aux objec- nowhere in thedocument was it stated that therepatriation grant was
payable whether or not the staff member was repatriated. Staff rule
109.5 (flindeed gave the opposite impression, in that it gave the
Secretary-General discretion to pay a grant to a staff member who at
the time of separation resided in his home country. In effect, the rule
appeared to permit the payment of travel costs of, for example, a
United States staff member whose home was in Honolulu and who,
after long servicein Tokyo, had been transferred and servedfor a few
years in New York prior to retirement. That in no way implied
endorsement of theidea ofpayinga repatriation grant to aperson who
was not repatriated.

5. The legalopinion, in fact,appeared to assume that the repatria-
tiongrant wasequivalent to somethinglikethe payment of travelcosts
on retirement ...however . ..It wasimpossible tointerpret the rule as
meaning that therepatriationgrant wouldbepaid to any staffmember
who was entitled to be repatriated, irrespective of whether or not he

wasrepatriated. For reasons oflanguage,common senseand evenlaw,
the opinion given by the Office of Legal Affairs was wrong." (A/
C.5/34/SR.47, pp. 3-4.)
73. He wasfollowedby the representaiive of the SyrianArab Republic,
who stated :

"15. His delegation supported the viewof a number of delegations
that the repatriation grant should be paid only to staff members who
returned to their country of origin." (Ibid p.5.)

74. The representative of the Federal Republic of Germany con-
cluded :

"With regard to the repatriation grant, the major question in that
connection appeared to be acquired rights, because in order to protect
acquired rights to the repatriation grant the interpretation that had
been used in the past would have to be maintained. However, in the
event that an unduly liberal interpretation had prevailed, to continue
to use thesame criterion would be tantamount to carrying the prin-
ciple of the protection of acquired rights too far ; his delegation
therefore supportedthe viewof the representative of the United States
that the repatriation grant should be given only to those who really
were repatriated." (Ibid p.,7.)

75. The representative of the United Kingdom held that :

"34. With regard to the repatriation grant, his delegation ... did
not agreewith the opinion of the Officeof LegalAffairs.Although the
wording of the Staff Regulation was somewhat ambiguous, it should tifs du statut du personnel. La délégationaustralienne fait observer
cependant qu'iln'est dit nulle part dans cedocument quela prime de
rapatriement est payable, que le fonctionnaire se fasse rapatrier ou
non. L'alinéa f) de la disposition 109.5 du règlement du personnel
donne plutôt l'impression contraire, étantdonnéqu'ily est prévuque
si le Secrétaire générallejuge à propos, un fonctionnaire qui réside
dans son pays d'origine au moment de la cessation de service peut
recevoir la totalitéou une fraction de la prime de rapatriement. La
disposition semble permettre, par exemple, le paiement des frais de
voyage d'un fonctionnaire des Etats-Unis originaire d'Honolulu qui,
après avoir été longtemps en poste àTokyo, a étémutéet a travaillé

pendant quelques années à New York, avant de prendre sa retraite.
Cependant, cela ne semble pas justifier le paiement de la prime de
rapatriement àune personne qui ne se fait pas rapatrier.
5. En réalité, l'avijuridique mentionné semble tenir pour acquis
que la prime de rapatriement équivaut plusou moins au paiement des
frais de voyage à l'occasion du départ à la retrait...toutefois...il est
impossible d'interpréterla disposition comme autorisant le paiement
de la prime de rapatriement à tout fonctionnairequi a droit à sefaire
rapatrier, qu'il seprévale ounon de ce droit. La langue, le bon sens
et même l'ordrejuridique font apparaître que l'avis du bureau des
affaires juridiques est erroné.))(A/C.5/34/SR.47, p. 3.)

73. Il fut suivipar le représentant de la Républiquearabe syrienne, qui
déclara :

<<15. Quant à la prime de rapatriement, la délégation syrienne
partage l'avisdes diversesdélégations quiont déclaréque cette prime
ne devrait êtrepayée qu'auxfonctionnaires qui retournent dans leur
pays d'origine. ))(Ibid., p. 6.)
74. Le représentant de la Républiquefédérale d'Allemagne conclut :

<<En matière de prime de rapatriement, il semble que la question
principale soit celle des droits acquis, car, pour protéger les droits
acquis dans ce domaine, il faudrait continuer d'interpréter les textes
comme on l'a fait jusqu'à présent.Cependant, l'interprétation ayant

étéexcessivement généreusedans ce cas, continuer à appliquer le
mêmecritèrereviendrait à faireuneapplication abusive du principe de
la protection des droits acquis ;par conséquent, la délégationde la
République fédérale d'Allemagne estime,tout comme la délégation
des Etats-Unis, que la prime de rapatriement ne devrait êtreversée
qu'aux fonctionnaires qui se rapatrient vraiment. 1)(Ibid., p. 8.)

75. Le représentant du Royaume-Uni s'exprima comme suit :
<34. Pour ce qui est de la prime de rapatriement, la délégationdu
Royaume-Uni, ...n'accepte pas l'avis du bureau des affaires juridi-
ques. Il est certain que le règlement du personnel est quelque peu be recognized that the grant in question wasarepatriation grant,not a
resettlement grant or an extra lump-sum received on retirement. It
could not be claimed that therepatnation grant should be paid in al1
cases, irrespective of whether or not the staff member in question
returned to his country of origin. The grant should be given only to
those who actually made use of their travel entitlement in order to
return to their own country. His delegation would support the draft
resolution to be submitted by the United States delegation, since it
believedthat thedraft resolution reflected thecorrect interpretation of
the Staff Rules and Regulations and that no acquired rights could be
deemed to exist." (Ibid p. ,.)

76. He was followed by the representative of Spain, who stated
"38. .. .In addition to measures in conformity with the mandate
given in General Assembly resolution 33/119, that document also
provided that 'staff members already in service before 1July 1979
shaU retain the entitlement to repatriation grant ...'.In connection
with that strikingexception to the provisionsof the rest of the docu-
ment, his delegation wished to make it quite clear that the relevant
Spanish word 'repatria'was defined by the Dictionary of the Spanish
Academy as 'toreturn one to his homeland'. Therefore his delegation
shared the view of the ICSC members who, ... had 'questioned
whether any acquired right could be said to exist to payment of the
repatriation grant to a staff member who did not repatriate orrelocate
himself'. His delegation did not understand the motivation for what
was stated ...concerning the conditions fixed by ICSC for the repa-
triation grant, regarding it as apartial distortion of the clear mandate

contained in General Assembly resolution 33/ 119, .. .and believing
that in the face of that unequivocal requirement there could be no
distinction of retroactivity..." (A/C.5/34/SR.47, p. 9.)

77. The representative of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
declared :

"9. The Soviet delegation was also concerned about the way in
which the provisions relating to the repatriation grant were applied.
Under a General Assemblydecision, the grant was to be paid only to
persons who returned to their own countries. Non-adherence to the
principle had resulted in unjustified expenditure and showed the
inadequacies of the interna1 control system." (A/C.5/34/SR.55,
P 9.)
78. The Chairman of the International Civil Service Commission
defended the action of the ICSC in these terms :

"39. In its report to the General Assembly at its thirty-thrd ses-
sion. ..ICSC had stated that it had formed the view that the repa- ambigu sur ce point, mais il faut signaler qu'il s'agitd'une prime de
rapatriement, non d'une prime de changement de résidenceou sim-

plement d'unesommeglobale verséelors dudépart àla retraite. On ne
saurait prétendre que la prime de rapatriement soit toujours versée,
que le fonctionnaire retourne ou non dans son pays d'origine. La
prime ne devrait êtreverséequ'aux fonctionnaires qui font valoir leur
droit au paiement du voyage de retour dans leur pays d'origine. La
délégationdu Royaume-Uni appuiera leprojet de résolutionquedoit
présenter la délégation des Etats-Unis, carelle estime que c'est là
l'interprétation correctedu règlementet du statut du personnel et que

l'on ne peut pas alléguer qu'ilexiste des droits acquis. )>(Ibid.,p. 9
et 10.)
76. Puis le représentant de l'Espagne déclara :

<(38. ...Outre qu'il contient des mesures prises en application du
mandat donné dans la résolution 33/119,ce document dispose que
<<les fonctionnaires qui étaient déjà en poste avant le lerjuillet 1979
conservent ledroit (à Üneprime derapatriement) ... )>Aproposde cette

contradiction flagrante avec le reste du contenu du document, la
délégation espagnolesouhaite qu'il soit bien établi qu'en espagnolle
mot <(repatriar ))telqu'il estdéfinidans ledictionnaire de l'Académie
espagnole,signifie <faire retourner quelqu'un dans sa patrie o.C'est
pourquoi ellepartage l'opinion deceuxdesmembres dela CFPI qui ...
<<ont contesté qu'on puisse dire qu'un fonctionnaire avait un droit
acquis àla prime de rapatriement s'ilne sefaisaitpas rapatrier et ne se
réinstallaitpas ailleurso.Ladélégationespagnolenecomprendpasles

motifs des dispositions énoncéesdans leparagraphe du document de
la CFPI ...Ces dispositions reviennent en effet à modifier en partie la
condition clairement posée[dans]la résolution331119,qui est que le
fonctionnaire doit faire la preuve de sa réinstallation. La délégation
espagnole estime que face à une condition aussi précise, on ne peut
invoquer la rétroactivité. (A/C.5/34/SR.47, p. 10et 11.)

77. Le représentant de l'Union des Républiques socialistessoviétiques
prit à son tour la parole :

<<9. La délégation soviétique est également préoccupé pear l'ap-
plication qui est faite des dispositions relatives à la prime de rapa-
triement. En vertu d'une décision de l'Assembléegénérale, cette
prime ne doit êtreverséequ'aux personnes effectivementrapatriées.
Le non-respect de ce principe entraîne des dépenses injustifiées et
met en évidence l'insuffisance du système de contrôle interne.
(A/C.5/34/SR.5.5, p. 4.)

78. Le présidentde la Commission de la fonction publique internatio-
nale défendit dans les termes suivants les décisions prisespar la CFPI :

<(39. Dans son rapport à la trente-troisième session..., la CFPI
avait indiqué qu'à son sens iln'y avait pas lieu de verser la prime detriation grant should not bepaid to staff members who,on separation
remained in the country of their last duty station and so incurred no
expenses of relocation. The Fifth Cornmittee had endorsed the Com-
mission's view and had included in General Assembly resolution
33/ 119 a paragraph. .. which read : 'Decides that payment of the
repatriation grant to entitled staff members shall bemadeconditional
upon the presentation by the staff member of evidence of actual
relocation, subject to the terms tobe established by the Commission.'
That paragraph calledfor twocomments. Firstly, theGeneral Assem-
blyhad clearlymandated the Commission to establish the terms under
which the grant would be paid. Secondly, the resolution, like the
Commission's own report, referred to 'relocation'. The reasons why
the Commission had concluded that thegrant should bepaid only to a
staff member returning to hisownhome country wereexplained in . ..

the 1978report.

40. The Commission . ..considered the extent to which the restric-
tion now placed on the enjoyment of the grant could be made app-
licable toservingstaff members ... the relevant provisionsof the Staff
Rules and Regulations referred explicitly not to staff members who
returned to their home country but to 'staff members whom the
Organization is obligated to repatriate'. It was on that basis that the
practice of paying the grant to staff members who did not leavetheir
duty station had been established. The majority of members of the
Commission had felt that that practice was in conformity with the
provisions of the Staff Rules and Regulations. Consequently, the
Commission had ruled that the staff members concerned had in fact
earned an entitlement, sincetherepatriation grant wascalculated ona
progressive scale .. .
41. The Commission had taken heed of thelegaladvicegivenit, not
onlyby the LegalCounsel of the United Nations but also by the legal
advisers of a number of other organizations ;it had also taken into
account a judgment by the Administrative Tribunal of IL0 which
stated categorically that 'benefits and advantages accruing to a staff
member for servicerendered before the entry into force of an amend-
ment cannot be prejudiced'. The Commission,which did not claim to

be alegalcommittee, had taken apragmatic decisionin theinterests of
economy, judging that it would be unreasonable to impose upon
organizations a measure which would certainly be appealed by staff
members and which, given its jurisprudence, at least one of the
administrative tribunals would reject as being contrary to the funda-
mental principles oflabour law.The General Assemblywas,ofcourse,
free to overrule the Commission, but it should be noted that the
governing bodies of the majority of the other organizations in the
common system had, since July 1979,approved the incorporation of
the measures announced by the Commission into their organizations'
staff regulations." (Ibid.,pp. 9-10.)rapatriement au fonctionnaire qui, à la cessation de service, restait

dans le pays de son dernier lieu d'affectation et n'avait, de ce fait, à
engager aucune dépensede réinstallation.Faisant sienne l'opinion de
laCFPI, la Cinquième Commissionainclusdans sarésolution 33/ 119
unparagraphe ..dont letexte estlesuivant :(<Décidequelepaiement
de la prime de rapatriement aux fonctionnaires qui peuvent y pré-
tendre sera subordonné à la présentation,par les intéressésd,e pièces
attestant leur changement effectifde résidence, selonlesmodalitésqui
seront établies par la Commission. Ce paragraphe appelle deux
observations. En premier lieu,l'Assembléechargeclairement la Com-

mission d'établirles conditions du versement de la prime. En second
lieu,cette résolution, commelerapport de la Commission, concernela
<<réinstallationo.Quant aux raisons qui ont amenéla Commission à
conclure que la prime ne devait êtreverséequ'aux fonctionnaires qui
rentrent dans leur pays d'origine, ellessont exposées[dans le]rapport
de 1978.
40. ..la Commission aensuiteexaminédans auelle mesure lalimite
imposée à l'octroi de la prime pouvait être appliquée aux fonction-
naires déjà en poste ...Les dispositions pertinentes du statut et du

règlement du personnel visent expressément,non pas les fonction-
naires qui regagnent leur pays, mais ((les fonctionnaires que l7Orga-
nisation est tenue derapatrier >)C'estsurcettebase qu'aété instaurée
la pratique du versement de la prime, qui s'étend auxfonctionnaires
quinequittent pasleur lieud'affectation. La majoritédesmembresde
la CFPI ont estiméque cette pratique était conformeaux dispositions
du statut et du règlementdu personnel. En conséquence,la Commis-
sion a jugéque les intéressésavaient effectivement acquis un droit,
puisque la prime de rapatriement est calculée selonun barème pro-

uressif...
41. La Commission a tenu compte de l'opinion, non seulement du
conseillerjuridique de l'ONU, mais aussi des servicesjuridiques d'un
certain nombre d'autres organisations, ainsi que d'un jugement du
Tribunal administratif de l'OIT,qui est catégorique :((il ne peut être
porté atteinte aux prestations et avantages auxquels un fonctionnaire
peut prétendre au titre de ses annéesde services accomplies avant
l'entrée envigueur d'un amendement D. La Commission, qui n'a
aucune compétencejuridique, a pris une décisionpragmatique, dans

un souci d'économie,estimant qu'ilne serait pas raisonnable d'impo-
seraux organisations une mesure contre laquelle lesfonctionnaires ne
manqueraientpas de formerun recourset que, comptetenu de sajuris-
prudence, l'un des deux tribunaux administratifs rejetterait comme
étant contraire aux principes fondamentaux du droit du travail.
L'Assemblée générale a, biee nntendu, autorité sur la Commission,
mais il y a lieu de noter que les organes directeurs de la majorité des
autres organismes qui appliquent le régimecommun ont approuvé
depuis juillet 1979l'inclusion dans leur règlement du personnel des

mesures annoncéespar la Commission. )>(Ibid., p. 10 et 1.) 79. The Under-Secretary-General for Administration, Finance and
Management followed. He stated :

"59. .. .he considered it his duty to stress that the decisions taken
by ICSC under its mandate in General Assembly resolution 33/ 119
were already being implemented by al1the agenciesbelonging to the
common system with effect from 1 July 1979, which was the date
stipulated by ICSC in its decision. Moreover, it should be mentioned
that, in a number of agencies,theICSC decision had been considered
and accepted by the respective legislative organs when they had
adopted the revisionsto their respective staff rules and regulations. In
theUnited Nations, the ICSC decisionhad already been incorporated
into the Staff Rules. The provisions contained in part II of draft
resolution A/C.5/34/L.23 would have the effect of revoking a deci-
sion which was in process of implementation by the agencies of the
common system.

60. Thus, the most important consideration to be borne in mind
was that the proposed decision would raise serious doubts as to
whether ICSC would be able to discharge authoritatively the highly
important task entrusted toit, namely to regulate and CO-ordinatethe
conditions of serviceapplied by the United Nations and the special-
ized agencies ... Such a decision would also inevitably be viewed by
the United Nations staff as discriminatory treatment and would
undoubtedly lead to appeals to the Administrative Tribunal with al1
the potential consequences that such action might entail.

61. Finally, it should be noted that it had been the long-standing
practice in the Organization to implement policy change in the least
disruptive manner, either in order to respect acquired rights or simply
to ensure a smooth transition from one set of arrangements to
another . ..It wasin the samespirit that the Secretary-General and his
colleagues in ACC believed that the Fifth Committee should accept
the transitional arrangments reflected in the ICSC decision regarding
the requirement for evidence of relocation as aconditionforpayment
of the repatriation grant." (A/C.5/34/SR.60, pp. 11-12.)

80. When the representative of Sierre Leoneasked for a clarification of
the draft resolution before the Fifth Committee, the Under-Secretary-
General made the following important statement about the intent and
effect of what came to be General Assembly resolution 34/ 165 : 79. Vint ensuite le Secrétaire généraa ldjoint à l'administration, aux
finances et à la gestion:

<59. ..M. Debatin estime de son devoir de souligner que les
décisions promulguéespar la CFPI en vertu du mandat qui lui a été
confiépar l'Assembléegénérad leans sa résolution33/ 119ont déjàété
mises en application par toutes les organisations qui appliquent le
régimecommun aveceffet àcompter du lerjuillet 1979,c'est-à-direla
date stipuléepar la CFPI dans sa décision.11convient en outre de
noterque, dans lecasd'uncertainnombre d'organisations, la décision
de la CFPI a étéexaminéeet acceptéepar leurs organes délibérants
respectifs au moment ou ceux-ciont approuvélesrevisions àapporter
auxdispositionspertinentes du règlementet du statut du personnel de

ces organisations comme suite a cette décision.A l'organisation des
Nations Unies, la décisionde la CFPI adéjàété intégréeau règlement
du personnel. Les dispositions énoncées dans la partie II du projet de
résolutionA/C.5/34/L.23 auraient pour effet de révoquercette déci-
sion qui est dûment appliquéepar les organisations appliquant le
régimecommun.
60. Par conséquent,il importe avant tout de ne pas perdre de vue
que la décisionproposée soulèverait de sérieuxdoutes quant à la
question de savoir sila CFPI serait alors en mesure de s'acquitter avec
l'autoritévoulue de la tâche extrêmementimportante qui lui est con-
fiée,à savoirréglementeretcoordonner lesconditions d'emploiappli-
quéespar l'Organisation des Nations Unies et les institutions spécia-
lisées..Une telle décisionne pourrait non plus manquer d'êtreconsi-
déréepar les fonctionnaires de l'organisation des Nations Unies
comme une mesure discriminatoire, et il en résulteraittrèscertaine-
ment la formation de recours devant le Tribunal administratif avec

toutes les conséquences susceptibles d'en découler.
61. Endernier lieu,ily a lieudenoter quel'organisation atoujours
eu pour pratique d'appliquer des changements de politique de la
manière susceptiblede créer aussi peude bouleversements que pos-
sible, qu'elle ait agi de la sorte pour respecter les droits acquis ou
simplement pour assurer une transition sans heurts d'un ensemble de
dispositions à un autre...C'est dans le mêmeesprit que le Secrétaire
générae lt sescollèguesdu CAC estiment que la CinquièmeCommis-
sion devrait accepter les dispositions transitoires reflétéesdans la
décision prisepar la CFPI concernant la nécessité pour les fonction-
naires de présenter des pièces attestant leur changement effectif
de résidencepour pouvoir bénéficierde la prime de rapatriement. ))
(A/C.5/34/SR.60, p. 12et 13.)

80. Quand le représentantde la Sierra Leone demanda des éclaircisse-
ments sur le projet de résolution soumis à la Cinquième Commission, le
Secrétairegénéraaldjoint fit l'importante déclarationquevoici au sujet de
l'intention et de l'effet du texte qui allait devenir la résolution34/ 165de
l'Assemblée générale : "draft resolution A/C.5/34/L.23 derogated from the ICSC decision
in stipulating that, with effect from 1January 1980, staff members
would not be entitled to any repatriation grant unless they provided
evidenceofrelocation awayfromthecountry oftheir last duty station.

In effect, that meant that no period of serviceby staff members prior
to 1 January 1980 would be taken into account unless they also
fulfilled the conditions required to establish their entitlement to the
repatriation grant. Hence, the ICSC decision not to apply the new
provisions to any period of serviceprior to 1July 1979would simply
be revoked." (Ibid., p. 23.)

81. An exchange then ensued among the representatives of Syria, Mo-
rocco and the Federal Republic of Germany, in which the former two

representatives advocated restricting payment of the repatriation grant to
those who return to their home country while the latter supported the
provision of the draft resolution before the Committee which provided
that the repatriation grant should be paid to any staff member who
relocated away from the country of the last duty station, no matter what
the country. The Under-Secretary-General then spokefor a third time,de-
claring that :

"he did not agree with the statement by the representative of the
Federal Republic of Germany that resolution 33/ 119made no pro-
vision for transitional measures similar to those submitted in the
ICSC report. In fact, resolution 33/ 119stated that 'payment of the
repatriation grant to entitled staff membersshall bemadeconditional
upon the presentation by the staff member of evidence of actual
relocation' and it went on toSay'subjectto the terms tobe established
by the Commission'.ICSChad taken adecisionon the matter and had
set 1July 1979as the date after which those concerned should pro-
vide evidence of their relocation." (Ibid., p. 14.)

82. The representative of the Federal Republic of Germany re-
plied :

"74. ... that the intention of the sponsors of the draft resolution
was not to change the terms of payment of the repatriation grant but
simply to specify that staff members should provide evidence of re-
location away from the country of the last duty station and to set a
date for the implementation of that provision" (A/C.5/34/SR.60,
p. 15).
83. The representative of Morocco then asked what documentary
evidence of relocation should be produced (ibid.). The representative of
Algeria cautioned that more study was needed beforea decision was taken <<..[le]projet de résolutionA/C.5/34/L.23 déroge à la décisiondela

CFPI en stipulant qu'avec effetdu lerjanvier 1980,lesfonctionnaires
n'ont droit àaucun montant au titre de la prime de rapatriement à
moins qu'ils ne présentent des piècesattestant qu'ils se réinstallent
dans un pays autre que celui de leur dernier lieu d'affectation. Cela
signifie en effet qu'aucune période de services accomplie par un
fonctionnaire avant la date du leijanvier 1980ne sera prise en consi-
dération si les intéressésne remplissent pas par ailleurs les condi-
tions requises pour avoir droit au versement de la prime de rapatrie-
ment. De la sorte, la décisionde la CFPI de ne pas appliquer les
nouvellesdispositions pour toutepériode de servicesaccomplie avant
le ler juillet 1979 serait purement et simplement annulée. (Ibid.,

p. 14.)
81. Un échangede vues s'ensuivitentre lesreprésentantsde la Syrie,du
Maroc et de la République fédérale d'Allemagne :les deux premiers
jugeaient souhaitable delimiter lepaiement delaprimeauxfonctionnaires
qui retournaient dans leur pays d'origine, tandis quele dernier approuvait

la disposition du projet de résolution soumisàla Cinquième Commission
indiquant que la prime devait êtrepayée à tout fonctionnaire qui se
réinstallaitdans un pays autre que celui de son dernier lieu d'affectation,
quel que fût cepays. Le Secrétairegénéraaldjoint,prenant alors la parole
pour la troisième fois, déclarace qui suit:

<<il n'estpas d'accord aveclereprésentant de la Républiquefédérale
d'Allemagne, qui a dit que la résolution 33/119 ne prévoitpas de
mesures transitoires semblables à celles qui sont présentéesdans le
rapportde la CFPI. En fait, la résolution 33/119ditque <lepaiement
de la prime de rapatriement aux fonctionnaires qui peuvent y pré-

tendre sera subordonné àla présentation,par lesintéressésd,e pièces
attestant leur changement effectif de résidenc))et elleajoute(<selon
les modalitésqui sont établiespar la Commission )).La CFPI a pris
une décision en la matière eta fixéle lerjuillet 1979comme date à
partir de laquelle les intéressés devraientfaire la preuve de leur
changement de résidence. )>(Ibid p.,15.)

82. Le représentant de la République fédérale d'Allemagne répli-
qua :
74. ..les auteurs du projet de résolutionn'ont pas l'intention de
modifier lesmodalitésde versement de laprime de rapatriement, mais

simplement de préciserquelefonctionnairedoit apporter la preuve de
sa réinstallationdans un pays autre que celui du dernier lieu d'affec-
tation et de fixer une date pour la miseen Œuvrede cette dispositio))
(A/C.5/34/SR.60, p. 16).
83. Lereprésentantdu Marocdemanda alors quelles seraient lespièces

à fournirpour établir laréinstallatio(ibid et ereprésentantde l'Algérie
mit en garde contre toute décisionqui serait prise sans une étude plusonthe repatriation grant (ibid.).Butthe Chairman indicated that hedid not
agree with the Algerian representative (ibid.).
84. The Under-Secretary-General then intervened on the issue for the
fourth time, in a statement which once again is significantly revealing of
the intent of the draft resolution then before the Fifth Committee :
"78. MR.DEBATIN (Under-Secretary-General for Administration,

Finance and Management) recalled that at the previous session, the
General Assembly had decided that the repatriation grant should be
made conditional upon the presentation by the staff members of
evidenceof actual relocation, subject to the terms tobe established by
ICSC. ICSC had subsequently decided that, with effect from 1July
1979,payment of the repatriation grant would be subject to the pro-
visionby the former staff member of evidenceofrelocation away from
the country of thelast duty station. As for the evidenceof relocation,
ICSC had decided that it would be constituted by documentary evi-
dence furnished by certain authorities of the country, by the senior
United Nations officia1in the country, or by the former staff mem-
ber's new employer. The effect of the draft resolution would be that
staff members who, by virtue of the ICSC decision, would be entitled
to part of the repatriation grant for periods of serviceprior to 1July
1979 without providing evidence of relocation would be unable to
receive that part of the repatriation grant." (Ibid., pp. 15-16.)

85. The representative of the United States made this immediate
reply :

"79. ... when the General Assembly had adopted resolution 33/
119,it had wanted to make sure that the repatriation grant would be
paid only to staff members relocating away from the country of the
last duty station, and it had asked ICSC to specifywhat documentary
evidence of relocation that staff members should provide, but not to
set dates on which the new provisions would come into effect" (ibid.,
p. 16).

86. The representative of Sierre Leone then proposed deletion from the
draft resolution before the Comrnittee of the passage concerning the
repatriation grant (whichwas the verypassage adopted in what came to be
resolution 34/165 and which is at issue in the Mortished proceedings)
(ibid.).His proposa1was opposed by the representative of Tunisia (ibid.).
The representative of the USSR supported an amendment which would
make clear that those receiving a repatriation grant must return to their
countries of origin (ibid). That, the representative of Morocco observed
was what the Arabic version of the document said (ibid).
87. At the next meeting, the representative of the Federal Republic of
Germany made the following statement :approfondie de la question (ibid.).Mais le président indiqua qu'il n'était
pas d'accord avec le représentant de l'Algérie(ibid.).
84. Le Secrétaire généraa ldjoint intervint ensuite pour la quatrième
fois, dans une déclaration elle aussi fort révélatricequant à l'esprit du

projet de résolution soumis à la Commission :
(<78. M. DEBATI( NSecrétaire généraa ldjoint à l'administration,
aux finances età la gestion) rappelle qu'à la session précédentel'As-
semblée générala e décidéque le versement de la prime de rapatrie-
ment serait subordonné à la présentationde piècesattestant le chan-

gement effectif de résidence, selondesmodalitésqui seraient établies
par la CFPI. En conséquence,la CFPI a décidé que, pour lespériodes
de servicepostérieures aulerjuillet 1979,le paiement de la prime de
rapatriement serait subordonné à la présentation de piècesattestant
que l'ancienfonctionnaire se réinstallaitdans un pays autreque celui
de son dernier lieu d'affectation. Pour ce qui est de la preuve du
changement de résidence,la CFPI a décidé qu'elle seraic tonstituée
par toute pièceémanant decertaines autorités du pays, du plus haut
fonctionnaire desNations Unies dans lepaysou du nouvel employeur
de l'ancien fonctionnaire. Or, leprojet de résolutionaurait pour con-

séquencequelesfonctionnairesqui,en vertu deladécisiondelaCFPI,
auraient droit à une partie de la prime de rapatriement pour des
périodesde serviceantérieuresau lerjuillet 1979sans faire la preuve
de leur changement de résidence,ne pourraient plus recevoir cette
partie de la prime. >)(Ibid., p. 17.)

85. Le représentant des Etats-Unis riposta immédiatement :

(<79. ..lorsque l'Assemblée généraa leadoptélarésolution 33/ 119,
elle voulait s'assurer que la prime de rapatriement ne serait payée
qu'aux fonctionnaires se réinstallantdans un pays autre que celui de

leur dernier lieu d'affectation et ellea demandéàla CFPI de préciser
quelles seraient les preuves de changement de résidenceque les fonc-
tionnaires devraient présenter, mêms eans fixer de dates pour l'entrée
en vigueur des nouvelles dispositions. 1)(Ibid.)
86. Le représentant de la Sierra Leone proposa alors de supprimer le

passage du projet de résolutionrelatif àla prime de rapatriement (c'est-
à-dire le passage mêmequi fut adoptédansla résolution341165et qui se
trouve en cause dans l'affaire Mortished)(ibid.). Le représentant de la
Tunisie s'opposa à cetteproposition (ibid.).Lereprésentantdel'URSSprit
la parole en faveur d'un amendement précisant que les bénéficiairesde la
prime de rapatriement devaient retourner dans leur pays d'origine (ibid.).
Telle était,fit observer le représentant du Maroc, la teneur de la version
arabe du document (ibid.).
87. A la séance suivante, lereprésentant de la République fédérale
d'Allemagne fit cette déclaration : "after holding consultations on draft resolution A/C.5/34/L.23 the
sponsors still believed that paragraph 2 of part II was valid in sub-
stance, but recognized that newfactshad emerged. The principal fact
was that several agencies had already adopted the ICSC recommen-

dations, so that adoption of theparagraph might lead to divergencies
in the system. As the sponsors considered that the matter was a
relatively minor one, they had decided to delete paragraph 2 of
part II and to renumberparagraph 3accordingly." (A/C.5/34/SR.62,
P 2.)

88. An untidy exchange then ensued. The United States reintroduced

what the sponsors had just withdrawn, proposing to add to the draft
resolution the provision :
"Decides that effective 1January 1980 no staff member shall be
entitled to any part of the repatriation grant unless evidence of relo-
cation away from the country of last duty station is provided."
(Ibid.)

In substance, the position of the United States was opposed by the rep-
resentatives of Sierre Leone, Nigeria and Peru and supported by the
representatives of Canada, the SyrianArab Republic,the USSR, Morocco,
apparently India, Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Yugoslavia, Uruguay
and Spain. Someof these representativesalsosupported a subamendment
tothe USamendmentintroduced by therepresentative of the SyrianArab
Republic which would have confined payment of the repatriation grant
to those returning to their country of origin. That subamendment was
defeated by a vote of 45 to 18,with 26 abstentions (ibid.,p. 5).TheUnited
States amendment was thereupon adopted by 59 votes to 5, with 24

abstentions. Thereafter, the whole draft section was adopted by a vote of
87 to none, with 3 abstentions, and later, the resolution as a whole was
adopted with no negative votes in Committee and in plenary session.

16. The Intent of the GeneralAssembly in adopting

Resolution 34/165

89. The debate in the Fifth Committee has been so fully reproduced
because it is critical to an understanding of what the General Assembly
intended in adopting resolution 34/ 165. It is believed that that record
demonstrates the following :

- the large majority of the General Assembly was of the view that
payment of the repatriation grant to staff members who remain in the
country of their last duty station was not consistent with the Staff Regu-
lations and Rules as they existed before the promulgation of the transi- (iaprès les consultations qu'ils ont eues sur le projet de résolution
A/C.5/34/L.23, lesauteursrestent convaincus que leparagraphe 2de
la section II est valable quant au fond, mais ils reconnaissent que de
nouveaux élémentssont apparus. Le principal d'entre eux est que
plusieurs institutions ont déjà adopté les recommandations de la
CFPI. L'adoption de ce paragraphe risquerait donc d'entraîner des
divergences dans le système. Comme les auteurs considèrent qu'il
s'agitlà d'une question relativement mineure, ils ont décidéde sup-
primer le paragraphe 2 de la section II et de renuméroter en consé-
quence le paragraphe 3. ))(A/C.5/34/SR.62, p. 2.)

88. Un échange assezconfus s'ensuivit. Les Etats-Unis présentèrentde
nouveau letexte que sesauteurs venaient de retirer, en proposant d'ajouter
la disposition suivante :

(iDécidequ'avec effet au lerjanvier 1980,les fonctionnaires n'ont
droit à aucun montant au titre de la prime de rapatriement à moins
qu'ils ne présentent despiècesattestant qu'ils seréinstallent dans un
pays autre que celui de leur dernier lieu d'affectation. ))(Ibid.)

Lesreprésentantsde la SierraLeone, du Nigeria et du Pérou s'opposèrent à
la volonté expriméedans ce texte, qui fut au contraire approuvéepar les
représentants du Canada,de la Républiquearabe syrienne, de l'URSS, du
Maroc, de l'Inde apparemment, de l'Australie, du Japon, de la Nouvelle-
Zélande,de la Yougoslavie, de l'Uruguay et de l'Espagne. Certains de ces
représentants appuyèrent aussi un sous-amendement àl'amendement des

Etats-Unis, présentépar le représentant de la Républiquearabe syrienne,
qui tendait à limiter le paiement de la prime de rapatriement aux fonc-
tionnaires rentrant dans leur pays d'origine. Ce sous-amendement fut
rejetépar 45 voixcontre 18,avec 26 abstentions (ibid.,p. 5).Puis l'amen-
dement des Etats-Unis fut adoptépar 59voixcontre 5,avec24abstentions.
Cette partie du projet de résolutionfut ensuite adoptéedans sonensemble
par 87 voixcontre zéro, avec3abstentions, et la résolution entièrefut plus
tard adoptée sans opposition par la Commission puis par l'Assemblée
générale.

16. Quelle était l'intentionde Iilssembléegénérale
en adoptant la résolution 34/165 ?

89. Sij'ai reproduit de façon aussi détaillée lesdébats dela Cinquième
Commission, c'estqu'ils sont essentiels pour comprendre l'intention dont
l'Assemblée généralé etait animéeenadoptant la résolution34/ 165.Selon

moi, ces comptes rendus démontrent :
- que, de l'avis de la grande majorité de l'Assemblée générale, lp eaie-
ment de la prime de rapatriement aux fonctionnaires restant dans lepays
de leur dernier lieu d'affectation n'était conformeni au statut ni au règle-

ment du personnel, tels qu'ils existaient avant la promulgation de la dis-516 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP.SCHWEBEL)

tional Staff Rule 109.5 (fland as they would be with the repeal of that
transitional rule (see paras. 52, 56, 59, 69-77, 82-83, 85-88,supra;

- the large majority of the General Assembly was of the view that, in
issuing the transitional rule, the ICSC and the Secretary-Generalacted in
derogation of the terms and intent of resolution 33/ 119(seeparas. 68-77,
81-88,supra) ;
- the responsible United Nations Under-Secretary-General recognized
and affirmed that, if resolution 34/ 165were tobe adopted (in the terms in
whichit was adopted), it would manifest the intent of the General Assem-

bly to deny al1staff members anypart of therepatriation grant unless they
provided evidence of relocation away from the country of their last duty
station, and would have that effect ; that no period of service prior to
1January 1980would be taken into account unlessstaff members fulfilled
this evidentiary condition of entitlement; and that the ICSC recommen-
dation and the transitional rule implementing it would "simply be
revoked". "The effect of the draft resolution would be that staff members
who, by virtue of the ICSC decision, would be entitled to part of the
repatriation grant for periods of service prior to 1 July 1979 without
providing evidenceofrelocation wouldbeunable to receivethatpart of the

repatriation grant" (see paras. 80, 84, supra;

- the General Assembly heard, understood and accepted these conclu-
sionsof the Under-Secretary-General and adopted resolution 34/ 165with
a view to assuring that these conclusions would be given effect as of
1January 1980.

90. Despite the clarity and vigour of this record, the Administrative
Tribunal took another view of it which will be shortly examined.

III. THEADMINISTRATIT VREIBUNALJ'U SDGEMENT IN MORTISHED

v. THE SECRETA Y-GENERAL

91. In itsjudgement in Mortishedv. the Secretary-Generalofthe United
Nations the Administrative Tribunal concluded that,

"By making payment of the Applicant's repatriation grant condi-
tional on the production of evidence of relocation, the Respondent
failed to recognize the Applicant's acquired right, which he held by
virtue of the transitional system in force from 1July to 31 December
1979and set forth in Staff Rule 109.5 (f)."(Para. XVI.) 516
DEMANDE DE REFORMATION (OP.DISS. SCHWEBEL)

position transitoire 109.5 f) du règlement, et tels qu'ils existent encore
depuisl'abrogation decette règletransitoire (voirpar. 52,56,59,69-77,82,
83 et 85-88ci-dessus) ;
- que, del'avisdelagrande majoritédel'Assembléegénérallea,CFPI et
le Secrétairegénéral, enédictantla règletransitoire, avaient agi au défide
la résolution 33/119dans son esprit et dans sa lettre (voir par. 68-77 et
81-88 ci-dessus) ;
- que le Secrétaire généraa ldjoint compétent de l'organisation des

Nations Unies avait reconnu et affirméles principes suivants, pour le cas
où la résolution 34/165serait adoptéedans les termes dans lesquels elle a
été effectivementadoptée, à savoir :que cette résolution exprimerait l'in-
tention del'Assembléegénérale de nereconnaître à aucun fonctionnaire de
droit àaucun montant au titre delaprime derapatriement, àmoins qu'ilne
présente des pièces attestant sa réinstallation dans un pays autre que
celuide son dernier lieud'affectation, et qu'elledevraitêtreexécutéeence
sens ;qu'aucune périodede serviceaccomplie avant le lerjanier 1980ne
serait prise en considération,àmoins que les intéressésne remplissent les

conditions de preuve requisespour avoir droit au versementde la prime ;
enfin, que la décisionde la CFPI et la règle transitoire édictéepour
l'appliquer seraient <purement et simplement annulées )>.<<Le projet de
résolutionaurait pour conséquenceque lesfonctionnairesqui, en vertu de
la décisionde la CFPI, auraient droit à une partie de la prime de rapa-
triement pour des périodesde service antérieuresau lerjuillet 1979sans
faire lapreuve deleur changement de résidencenepourraient plus recevoir
cette partie de la prime (voir par. 80 et 84 ci-dessus;
- que l'Assembléegénéralea entendu, compris et acceptéces conclu-

sionsdu Secrétairegénéraaldjoint et qu'ellea adoptéla résolution 341 165
afin de veilleà ce qu'elles fussentmises en pratique à compter du 1 jr an-
vier 1980.
90. Malgréla clarté des comptesrendus des débatset en dépitde leur

force convaincante, le Tribunal administratif a adopté un point de vue
différent,qui sera examinédans les pages suivantes.

III. LE JUGEMENT DU TRIBUNAL ADMINISTRATIF EN L'AFFAIRE
MORTISHED C. LE SECRÉTAIRE GÉNÉRAL DE L'ORGANISATION
DES NATIONSUNIES

91. Dans sonjugement en l'affaire Mortished c.le Secrétaire général de

l'Organisation desNations Unies,leTribunal administratif a statuécomme
suit :
<<En subordonnant le versement de la mime de ra~atriement au
requérant à la production d'une pièce attestant son changement de

résidence,le défendeura méconnuledroit acquis du requérantrésul-
tant pour lui du régimetransitoire énoncédans la disposition 109.5 f)
en vigueur du lerjuillet au 31décembre1979. ))(Par. XVI.)In so deciding, the Tribunal reached certain anterior conclusions, which
will be addressed in the turn in which the Tribunal proffered them. Then

the Tribunal's main conclusion will be analysed.

1. Were Special, Contractual Obligationsof RelevanceAssumed Towards
Mortished ?
92. In paragraph VI of itsjudgement, the Tribunal held :

"The Tribunal must now consider whether the Applicant has rights
on which he may rely as regards the repatriation grant.
TheTribunal notes that at the timeofhisappointment to theUnited
Nations on 30 July 1958,the Applicant, who had started work with
ICA0 on 14February 1949,received from the Office of Personnel a
personnel action form which expressly stated :'Servicerecognized as
continuous from 14February 1949'and 'Credit towards repatriation
grant commences on 14 February 1949.'

Although these statements do not appear in the letter of appoint-
ment itself, they nevertheless unquestionably constitute the explicit

recognition by the United Nations of entitlement to the repatriation
grant, and validation for thaturpose of more than nine years' service
already completed with ICAO.
In the Applicant's case, a forma1 reference was thus made at the
time of appointment to the repatriation grant and to the principle of
the relationship between the amount of that grant and length of
service. As a result, the Applicant is in the position noted by the
Tribunal in Judgements Nos. 95 and 142 cited above, namely, that
special obligations towards him were assumed by the United Na-
tions."
It is submitted that the conclusions which the Administrative Tribunal

draws from its analysis of the personnel action form are unfounded for
several reasons.
93. The "Letter of Appointment" of Mortished to which the Tribu-
nal makes reference in general terms in paragraph II of its judgement
begins :
"You are hereby offered apermanent appointmentin the Secretar-
iat of the United Nations, in accordance with the terms and conditions
specified below and subject to the provisions of the Staff Regulations
and Staff Rules together with such amendments as may from time to
time be made to such Staff Regulations and such Staff Rules. .."Pour parvenir à cette décision,le Tribunal était auparavant parvenu à
certaines conclusions, qui seront examinées ci-aprèsdans l'ordre où le
Tribunal les a formulées.On analysera ensuite la décision même du Tri-
bunal.

1. Y avait-il des obligations spéciales, dneature contractuelle,à l'égardde
Mortished ?

92. Au paragraphe VI de sonjugement, le Tribunal s'exprime en ces
termes : ,
((Le Tribunal doit maintenant considérer si le requérant peut se
prévaloirde droits en ce qui concerne la prime de rapatriement.

LeTribunal relèveque,lors de son engagement à l'Organisation des
Nations Unies le 30juillet 1958,lerequérant,qui étaitentréauservice
de I'OACI le 14 février 1949, a reçu du service du personnel une
formule de mouvement de personnel (PersonnelAction Form) men-
tionnant expressément : «Service recognized as continuous from
14February 1949» et ((Credit towards repatriation grantcommences
on 14Februarv 1949 ».

Ces dispositions, bien quene se trouvant pas dans la lettre d'enga-
gement elle-même,constituent incontestablement de la part de l'Or-
ganisation la reconnaissance expresse du droit à la prime de rapatrie-
ment comme de la validation à cet effet de plus de neuf ans de service
déjàaccomplis à I'OACI.
Ainsi, dans le cas du requérant, une référence formellea étéfaite,
lors de son engagement, à la prime de rapatriement et au principe du
lien entre le montant de cette prime et la durée des services. Le
requérantsetrouve de ce faitdans la situation relevéepar le Tribunal

dans lesjugements nos95 et 142précités, c'est-à-direque des obliga-
tions spécialesont étéassuméespar l'Organisation à cet égard. ))

Selon moi, les conclusions que le Tribunal tire de son analyse de la <<for-
mule de mouvement de personnel ))(Personnel Action Form) sont sans
fondement, pour plusieurs raisons.
93. La <(lettre de nomination )de Mortished, queleTribunal évoqueen
termes générauxau paragraphe II de sonjugement, commence ainsi :

((11vous est offert par la présente un engagement permanent au
Secrétariatde l'organisation desNations Unies. Cet engagement vous
est offert aux conditions ci-après, sous réservedesdispositions appli-
cables du statut et du règlement du personnel, ainsi que de toutes
modifications ultérieures de ces textes. La déclaration par laquelle
vous attestez l'exactitude des renseignements fournis par vous dans

votre notice personnelle est l'un des élémentsque l'administration a
fait entrer en ligne de compte pour vous offrir le présent engage-
ment. ))518 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

The letter dated 5 August 1958describes Mortished's initial assignment
and salary but says nothing of the various allowances to which Morti-
shed is entitled except that the salary specified does not include such
allowances. Mortished accepted appointment on 15 August 1958 in
these terms :

"1 hereby accept the appointment described in this letter, subject to
the conditions therein specified and to those laid down in the Staff
Regulations and the Staff Rules. 1have been made acquainted with
these Regulations and Rules, a copy of whichhas been transmitted to
me with this letter of appointment." (Mortished v. the Secretary-
Generalof the United Nations, Respondent's Answer, Annex 14.)

A letter to Mortished of 21 March 1958(negotiations about Mortished's
proposed transfer took some time) attaches an Annex which sets out his
various allowances. Specification is extensive :the Annex covers travel
expenses, movement of household goods, excessbaggage, costs of instal-

lation,dependency allowances,education grant, non-resident's allowance,
pension fund rights, and home leave entitlements. Nothing whatsoever is
said of a repatriation grant. (Ibid., Ann. 15.)

94. When Mortished was about to enter upon duty at the United
Nations, he receivedfrom the Officeof Personnel a personnel action form
which contained footnoted notations to his designation of a "Permanent
Appointment", among which were the following :

"Service recognized as continuous from 14 February 1949.
Entitled to Installation Grant and DependencyRate. Credittoward

repatriation grant commences on 14February 1949.
. Entitled to transportation of household effects. Next home leave
entitlement in 1960."
(Emphasis supplied.) (As quoted in I.C.J. Pleadings,Applicationfor
Review of Judgement No. 273 of the United Nations Administrative
Tribunal, Written Statement of the United States of America, II, A.)

It is understood that, in United Nations contractual usage, a personnel
action form such as this is not regarded as part of the contract between a
staff member and the United Nations. However,evenif it istreated as part
of thecontract - and theTribunal infers that it is,for thisisthe wholebasis

of its concluding that "special obligations" were assumed by the United
Nations towards Mortished in respect of the repatriation grant - the
notation does not sustain the conclusion which the Tribunal reaches. On
the contrary, the notation belies the Tribunal's conclusion, for two rea-
sons : /'

- The personnel action form itself specifiesthat Mortished is "entitled
to an installation grant and dependency rate, "entitled" to transportation
of household effects, that he enjoys home leave "entitlement", but only
that, "Credit toward repatriation grant commences on 14February 1949".Cette lettre, datée du 5 août 1958,précise l'affectation initiale etle trai-

tement de Mortished, maisnedit rien desdiversesindemnités auxquellesil
avait droit, si ce n'est pour indiquer que le traitement ne comprend pas
lesditesindemnités. Mortisheda acceptésanomination le 15août 1958,en
ces termes :

tJe déclarepar les présentes accepter l'engagementdécritdans la
lettre ci-dessus,aux conditioiis qui y sont spécifiéee st àcellesquisont
énoncées dans le statut et lerèglementdu personnel. ))(Mortishedc.le
Secrétaire général de I'Organisationdes Nations Unies, réplique du
défendeur,ann. 14.)

Une lettre à Mortished en datedu 21mars 1958(lesnégociations relatives
à sa mutation s'étaient prolongées) énumère en annexe les différentes

indemnités auxquellesil pouvait prétendre. Cette annexe, très détaillée,
cite les frais de voyage,de déménagementl,esfraispour excèsde bagages,
les frais d'installation, les indemnitéspour charge de famille, l'indemnité
pour frais d'études, l'indemnité de non-résident,lesdroits à pension et les
droits aux congés dans les foyers. On n'y trouve absolument aucune
mention de la prime de rapatriement. (Ibid., ann. 15.)

94. Au moment où Mortished allait entrer en fonctions aux Nations
Unies, il a reçu du service du personnel une <formule de mouvement de
personnel ))qui comportait certaines annotations relatives à son <(enga-
gement permanent >)dont celles-ci :

<Service recognized as continuous from 14 February 1949.
Entitled to Installation Grant and Dependency Rate. Credittoward
repatriation grant commences on 14 February 1949.

Entitled to transportation of household effects. Next home leave
entitlement in 1960. )>
(Les italiques sont de moi.) (Citédans C.I.J. Mémoires,Demande de
réformationdujugement no273du Tribunaladministratif desNations

Unies, exposé écrit desEtats-Unis, II, A.)
Il est admis, dans la pratique contractuelle des Nations Unies, que la
t(formule de mouvement de personnel )>n'est pas considéréecomme fai-

sant partie du contrat entre le fonctionnaire et les Nations Unies. Toute-
fois,mêmesil'onyvoit un élémenc tontractuel - et leTribunal va dans ce
sens, car c'est sur cette base qu'il conclut que les Nations Unies avaient
assumé des <(obligations spéciales ))à l'égardde Mortished pour la prime
de rapatriement -, cette annotation ne justifie pas la conclusion que le
Tribunal veut en tirer. Elle l'infirme au contraire pour deux raisons :

- La t(formule de mouvement de personnel elle-même spécifie que
Mortished t(a droit ))à une indemnité d'installation avec charges de
famille, <a droit ))au déménagement, <(a droit )) aux congésdans les

foyers ;mais,pour laprime derapatriement, ellesecontente de direque sesTheAdministrative Tribunal disregardsthisdistinction by concluding that
the notation constitutes "the explicit recognition" by the United Nations
of "entitlement" to the repatriation grant. Yet the distinction between an
entitlement and a credit is considerable. One has a rightful claim to an
entitlement but a "credit toward" something is or may be merely compu-
tative.
- But, if one overlooks the distinction made in the personnel action
form on which the Tribunal relies between "entitlements" to various
benefits and "credit" toward therepatriationgrant, what does thenotation
about the repatriation grant Say? From the weight which the Tribunal
assignsto this notation - that by reason ofit "special obligationstowards"
Mortished "were assumed by the United Nations" - one would suppose
that special relevant obligations were so assumed. In fact, this is not the
case. The notation simply speaks of "repatriation grant". It says nothing
whatsoever about theconditions of that grant.It sheds no light whatsoever

on whether, as a condition of entitlement to the grant, Mortished would or
would not have to leave the country of his last duty station, or furnish
evidence in that regard. Thus, in regard to the question at issue, at issue
before the Administrative Tribunal and now before this Court, the nota-
tion on which the Tribunal relied to show thattheUnitedNations assumed
special obligations towards Mortished shows no such thing.

95. The Tribunal's reliance on the notation on the personnel action
form is the lesspersuasive since the Tribunal does not cite and cannot cite
any evidence to sustain the claim that Mortished in 1958understood that
notation to mean that he would be entitled to a repatriation grant regard-
less of whether he left the country of his last duty station. That is under-
standable, for any such claim would be inherently implausible, and for
more than one reason. First, the question of a repatriation grant was not

brought to Mortished's attention in the annex to the letter of 21 March
1958which listed his various allowances and said nothing of it. Second, if
Mortished's reading ofthe Staff Regulations and Rules brought thesubject
to his mind, nothing in them would have given any suggestion that he
would beentitled to the repatriationgrant werehe to remain at hislast duty
station. Third, it would be hard to believe that, in 1958, Mortished, in
Montreal, contemplated retiring some 20 years later in New York or
Geneva in which he was yet to work and that this contemplation was a
material consideration in his agreement to his contract with the United
Nations. Fourth, there is no evidence that the terms and conditionsto be
met in order to receivethe repatriationgrant were the subject of discussion
or correspondence with Mortished at the time he transferred to theUnited
Nations ; if there were any such evidence, it can be assumed that his
counsel would have produced it.

96. The Administrative Tribunal States that Mortished "is in the posi-servicessont <crédités à compter du 14février1949.Le Tribunal admi-
nistratif glissesur cette différence enconcluant que l'annotation constitue
dela part de l'Organisation la <reconnaissance expresse )>du <<droit ))à la
prime de rapatriement. Pourtant la distinction entre <idroit )>et <crédit ))
est loin d'êtrenégligeable. Alors qu'on peut se fonder sur un droit, le
<icrédit ne sert, ou ne peut servir, qu'à faire un calcul.

- Mais en supposant mêmeque l'on négligela distinction qui est faite,
dans laformule citéepar leTribunal, entre les <droits )à divers avantages
et le simple <icrédit >)aux fins de la prime de rapatriement, que dit vrai-
ment l'annotation au sujet de cette dernière ? Vu le poids que le Tribunal
attache à cette mention - qui serait la base <des obligations spéciales ...
assuméespar l'Organisation ))à l'égardde M. Mortished - on pourrait

croire que ce sont des obligations spéciales pertinentes qui ont ainsi été
assumées.Or tel n'est pas le cas. L'annotation ne fait que mentionner la
<<prime de rapatriement o. Elle ne dit absolument rien des conditions
d'octroi de cetteprime et nejette aucune lumièresur lepoint de savoir si,
pour pouvoir toucherlaprime, Mortished devait ou non quitter lepays de
son dernier lieu d'affectation. Par conséquent, sur la question qui est au

cŒur de l'affaire devant la Cour, après l'avoir été devantle Tribunal
administratif,l'annotation dont s'inspire leTribunal pour conclure que les
Nations Unies ont assumé desobligations spéciales àl'égardde Mortished
ne dit rien de tel.

95. Le poids attachépar le Tribunal à cette annotation de la (iformule
de mouvement de personnel ))est d'autant moinsjustifié que le Tribunal
n'avance pas - et ne pouvait d'ailleurs pas avancer - la moindre preuve
pour établir qu'en 1958Mortished aurait compris cette mention comme
signifiant qu'il aurait droit à une prime de rapatriement, qu'il quittât ou
non le pays de son dernier lieu d'affectation. Un pareil argument serait

d'ailleurs invraisemblable, et cela pour plus d'une raison. Premièrement,
l'attention de Mortished n'a pu êtreappelée surla question de la prime de
rapatriement par l'annexe à la lettre du 21 mars 1958,qui énuméraitles
diverses primes et indemnitésauxquelles il avait droit, puisqu'il n'y était
pasquestiondelaprime de rapatriement. Deuxièmement,yeût-il songéen
lisant le statut et le règlement du personnel qu'il n'y eût rien trouvéde

nature à lui faire penser qu'il aurait droit à la prime de rapatriement s'il
s'établissaitdans le pays de son dernier lieu d'affectation. Troisièmement,
on a peine à croire que Mortished ait envisagéen 1958, à Montréal, de
prendre saretraite vingtans plus tard à NewYork - ou à Genève,villeoùil
ne devait travailler que par la suite - et que cette perspective ait étéune
considération importante dans sa décision d'accepter un contrat aux

Nations Unies. Quatrièmement, rien ne démontre que les conditions à
satisfaire pour bénéficierde la prime de rapatriement aient étédiscutées
oralement ou par écrit avecMortished à l'époquede son transfert aux
Nations Unies. S'ily avait des preuves dans ce sens, son conseil n'aurait
sans doute pas manqué de les produire.
96. LeTribunal administratif affirmequeMortished <isetrouve ..danstion noted by the Tribunal in Judgements Nos. 95and 102. ..namely, that
specialobligations towards him wereassumed by the United Nations". But
this isjust the position in which Mortished was not, for no special obli-
gations towards Mortished wereassumed by the United Nations in respect
of the issueat bar, i.e.,entitlement to arepatriation allowanceregardlessof
relocation.The contrast with the cases relied upon by the Tribunal is
instructive. In Judgement No. 95 Sikand v.the Secretary-Generalof the
United Nations, the Tribunal, while rejecting the Applicant's claim, held
that its

"jurisprudence has established that the terms and conditions of
employment of a staff member with the United Nations may be
expressed or implied and may be gathered from correspondence and
surrounding facts and circumstances" (para. III)
and it held that,in that case,there wascorrespondence whichupheld oneof
the Applicant's claims.But in this case,no correspondence, conversation,

paper or surrounding fact can be cited, apart from the notation on the
personnel action form which, for the reasons set forth above, hardly
provides supportfor the conclusion that the United Nations assumed any
specialobligations towardsMortished on thematter atissue.In Judgement
No. 142,Bhattacharyyav. the Secretary-Generalof the UnitedNations,the
Tribunal relied on the quoted passage from the Sikand case and held that
conversations and correspondence with the Applicant at the time he was
engaged aboutthe prospects of renewal of afixed-term contract created in
the Applicant's mind "a legitimateexpectancyof continued employment
with UNICEF ..." (para. IV). But in this case, relevant conversations,
correspondence, memoranda, etc., running between the United Nations
and Mortished are lacking. Nor are the surrounding circumstances at the
time of the transfer of Mortished in 1958probative. There wasno evidence
before theTribunal that, asearlyas 1958,it actually wasthe practice of the
United Nations to pay repatriation grants to those who remained at their
last duty station. If it be presumed that that wasthe practice,whichmay be
a reasonable presumption, there is no evidence that Mortished knew or
cared about any suchpractice. There wasno reduction of any suchpractice
to a Staff Regulation, Rule, Information Circular or other administrative
paper of general distribution of which Mortished would have had the
benefit whether or not he knew of it. Thus the cases cited by the Ad-
ministrative Tribunal appear to derogate from rather than support

Mortished's claim.

97. Does the ~ribunal hold in paragraph VI of its judgement that
Mortished had a contractual right to a repatriation grant and one which
obtains regardless ofhisremaining athislast duty station ?A passagefrom
paragraph XV of the judgement so infers :

199 la situation relevéepar le Tribunal dans les jugements no 95 et 102...,
c'est-à-dire que des obligations spécialesont été assuméepsar l'organisa-
tionà cetégard ))Or c'estprécisémentlasituation dans laquelleMortished
ne se trouvaitpas, et l'organisation n'avait assuméaucune obligation

spéciale àl'égardde Mortished sur la question quinous intéresse, àsavoir
ledroit à bénéficierde la prime de rapatriement qu'ily ait réinstallationou
pas. Le contraste avec les affaires sur lesquelles s'appuie le Tribunal est
instructif. Dans son jugement no 95, Sikand c. le Secrétaire général de
l'Organisation des Nations Unies, leTribunal, tout en déboutant le requé-
rant, avait affirméce qui suit :

<<il résultede lajurisprudence du Tribunal que les clauses et condi-
tions d'emploi d'un fonctionnaire des Nations Unies peuvent être
exposéesou tacites et peuvent êtredéduitesd'une correspondance
ainsi que des faits et circonstances >)(par. III);

et il avait constatél'existencedans cette affaire d'une correspondance qui
confirmait l'une des prétentions du requérant. Dans la présenteespèce,
aucun courrier, aucune conversation, aucundocument oufait quelconque
ne peut êtrecité,si cen'estl'annotation de la (<formule de mouvement de
personnel ))qui, pour les raisons indiquées plushaut, ne permet pas de
conclure quelesNations Unies aient assumésurla question qui importe ici
des obligations spéciales,quelles qu'elles fussent,à l'égardde Mortished.
Demêmed , ans sonjugement no142(Bhattacharyyac.leSecrétaire général

del'Organisation desNations Unies),leTribunal,s'appuyant surle passage
précitéde l'affaireSikand, a conclu que lesconversations et la correspon-
dance avec le requérant quiavaient portélors de son engagement sur les
perspectives de renouvellement d'un contrat de duréedéterminée avaient
crééd,ans l'espritdu requérant, (une expectative légitimed'emploi stable
. au service du FISE ))(par. IV). Le dossier de la présente espèce n'offre
aucune trace de conversation, de courrier ou de mémorandums échangés
entre les Nations Unies et Mortished sur la question de la prime de
rapatriement. Les circonstances qui ont entouréletransfert de Mortished
en 1958 ne sont pas plus probantes. Le Tribunal ne disposait d'aucun

élémenp t rouvant que, dès 1958,l'organisation des Nations Unies ait eu
effectivement pour pratique de verser la prime de rapatriement aux fonc-
tionnaires restant àleur dernier lieu d'affectation. A supposer - et on est
porté à le faire- qu'une tellepratique existât, rien ne montre que Mor-
tished en ait eu connaissance ou s'en soit soucié.Cette pratique n'était
d'ailleurs consignéedansaucune disposition du statut ou du règlementdu
personnel, circulaire ou autre document administratif applicable à Mor-
tished,qu'ilen eût euounon effectivementconnaissance.Ainsi les affaires

citéespar le Tribunal administratif, loin d'appuyer les prétentions de
Mortished, auraient plutôt un effet contraire.
97. LeTribunal conclut-il auparagraphe VI de sonjugement que Mor-
tished avait un droitcontractuel à laprime de rapatriement, qu'ilrestât ou
non dans le pays de son dernier lieu d'affectation ? On trouve au para-
graphe XV du jugement une indication dans ce sens : "The Tribunal has been required to consider on a number of occa-
sions whether a modification in the pertinent rules could affect an
acquired right. It has held that respect for acquired rights carries with
it the obligation to respect the rights of the staff member expressly
stipulated in the contract. The Tribunal pointed out, in paragraph VI
above, that entitlement to the repatriation grant has been explicitly

recognized at the time of the Applicant's appointment, together with
the relationship between the amount of the grant and the length of
service.TheTribunal alsopointed out in paragraph VI1above that at
the time ofthe Applicant's entryonduty,payment ofthe grant did not
require evidence of relocation to a country other than that of the last
duty station."

98. For the reasons set out above, it is submitted that any claim that
Mortished has a special, contractual right to payment of a repatriation
grant regardless ofhisfailure topresent evidence of hisrelocation from the
country of hislast duty stationcannotbe sustained. Not only cannot it not
be sustained under the facts of this case ; it appears difficult to sustain
under the jurisprudence of the Administrative Tribunal.

2. Case-Law of the Administrative Tribunal's Cuts Against Mortished's
Claim

99. Anumber ofcasesarein point. ln Judgement No. 19,Kaplanagainst
the Secretary-Generalof the United Nations, the Tribunal held that :

"In determining the legal position of staff members a distinction

should be made between contractual elements and statutory ele-
ments :
Al1matters being contractual which affect the persona1 status of
each member - e.g., nature of his contract, salary, grade.

Al1matters being statutory which affect in general the organization
of theinternational civil service,and the need for itsproper function-
ing - e.g., general rules that have no persona1 reference.

While the contractual elements cannot be changed without the
agreement of the twoparties, thestatutory elements on the otherhand
may alwaysbe changed at any time through regulations established by
the General Assembly, and these changes are binding on staff mem-
bers.
.............................
With regard to the case under consideration the Tribunal decides
that astatutory elementisinvolved and that in fact the question of the

termination of temporaryappointments isone ofageneral rule subject
to amendment by the General Assembly and against which acquired
rights cannot be invoked." (Para. 3.) <Le Tribunal a eu plusieurs foisà examiner siun changement dans

la réglementationapplicable portaitatteinte àun droit acquis. Il ajugé
que le respect des droits acquis oblige au respect des droits expressé-
ment stipulésau profit du fonctionnaire dans lecontrat. LeTribunal a
relevéau paragraphe VI ci-dessus que le droitàla prime de rapatrie-
ment avait étéstipulélorsde l'engagement du requérantetque le lien
entre lemontantde laprimeetla duréedes servicesaccomplisavait été
également stipulé. LeTribunal a également relevéau paragraphe VI1
ci-dessusqu'à l'époquede l'entrée en fonctionsdu requérantla prime
étaitverséesans exigencede preuve de changement de résidencedans
un autre pays que celui du dernier lieu d'affectation. ))

98. J'estime, pour les raisons exposées ci-dessus,que l'idéeque Mor-
tished ait pu avoir un droit contractuel au versementde la prime de rapa-
triement, sans produire de pièce attestant sa réinstallation, est insou-
tenable, non seulement au vu des faits de l'espèce, mais aussi la lumière

de la jurisprudence du Tribunal administratif.

2. Lajurisprudence du Tribunaladministratif contredit lesprétentions

de Mortished
99. Plusieurs affaires sontà citer. Dans lejugement no 19,Kaplan c. le

Secrétaire généra dle l'Organisation desNations Unies, le Tribunal a
dit :
GOn est amené à distinguer dans la situationjuridique des membres
du personnel des élémentscontractuels et des éléments réglemen-
taires :

Est contractuel tout ce qui touche à la situation particulière de
chaque membre du personnel, par exemple, la nature du contrat, le
traitement, le grade.
Est réglementairetout ce qui touche d'une façon générale àl'orga-
nisation de lafonction publique internationale età la nécessitéde son
bon fonctionnement, par exemple, les règlesgénérales n'ayantpas un
caractère personnel.

Siles élémentscontractuels ne peuvent êtremodifiéssans l'accord
des deux parties, par contre, leséléments réglementairessont toujours
susceptibles d'êtremodifiés à toute époque,au moyen de dispositions
arrêtéep sar l'Assembléegénéraleet cesmodifications s'imposent aux
membres du personnel.

En ce qui concerne le cas d'espèce, leTribunal estime qu'on est en

présenced'un élément réglementaire et qu'en fait la question de la
résiliation des contrats temporaires relève des règles généralesqui
peuvent êtremodifiéespar l'Assembléegénéraleet contre lesquelles
les droits acquis ne sauraient jouer.)>(Par. 3.)522 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP. SCHWEBEL)

If the terms of termination of temporary appointments are subject to
"statutory" amendment by theGeneral Assembly,terms which though of
general application have the most immediate effect on particular indivi-
duals, is the General Assembly less free to legislate on evidence of eligi-
bility for a repatriation gran?Conditions for entitlement to the repatria-
tion grant apply to al1staff members equally and therefore would seem to
be "statutory" as that term is used in the Kaplan case. Moreover, as the
Administrative Tribunal points out in its Judgement in Mortished v. the
Secretary-Generalof the UnitedNations,

"The summaryprovisions contained in theletter of appointment are
supplemented by documents of general application which are much
more detailed. The letter of appointment refers to these in stipulating
that the appointment is offered 'subject to the provisions of the Staff
Regulations and Staff Rules, together with such amendments as may
from time to time be made to such Staff Regulations and such Staff
Rules'.Thus, by virtue of that provision, documents of general appli-
cation are made an integral part of the contract and the staff member
accepts in advance any amendments which may be made to them."

(Para. II.)
100. In Judgement No. 202, Quéguinerv. the Secretary-Generalof the
Inter-GovernmentalMaritime ConsultativeOrganization, the issue at bar
was dealt with by the United Nations Administrative Tribunal in the
following way :

"The question posed by the present case is thus to determine
whether the Applicant has an acquired right to the education grant
system as established when he entered upon his duties, an acquired
right which cannot be prejudiced unless compensation is paid.

At the time when the Staff Rules were amended,theApplicant was
bound by acontract whoseterms,set out in aletter from the Secretary-
General dated 2 April 1971,were accepted by the Applicant on 30
April1971. This letter, whichextended a previous contract, contains a
number of provisions concerning the Applicant personally : post,
duration of contract, administrative status, salary, obligation to sub-
scribe to IMCO accident insurance. It also refers to the conditions of

employment and fundamental rights, and the duties and obligations,
laid down in the Staff Regulations and Staff Rules of the Organiza-
tion, 'due account being taken of any subsequent amendments to
those texts'.
This latter provision expressly records an essential element in the
Applicant's contractual situation. He agreed in advance that amend-
ments to the Staff Regulations and Staff Rules would be applicable to
him. Thus, the competent authorities of the Organization may inSilesconditions dans lesquellesilest misfin auxengagementstemporaires
- conditions d'application générale, mais quiont néanmoins un effet
immédiatsur des personnes déterminées - peuvent faire l'objet de modi-
fications statutaires ))de la part de l'Assemblée généralc e,lle-ciest-elle

moins libre de légiféres rur les conditions à remplir pour toucher la prime
de rapatriement ?Lesconditionsouvrant droit à la prime de rapatriement
s'appliquent également à tous les fonctionnaires ;il semble donc qu'elles
soient (<statutaires ))au sens où ce terme est utilisédans l'affaire Kaplan.
D'ailleurs, commele Tribunal administratif l'afait observer dans lejuge-
ment rendu au sujet de l'affaire Mortished c. le Secrétaire général d I'eOr-
ganisation desNations Unies :

(<Les dispositions sommaires contenues dans la lettre de nomina-
tion sont complétées par des textes de portéegénérale beaucoup plus
détaillés.La lettre de nomination s'y réfère enstipulant que I'enga-
gement est offert (sous réservedes dispositions applicablesdu statut
et du règlement du personnel, ainsi que de toutes modifications ulté-

rieures de ces textes ))Ainsi, par cette disposition, des documents de
portéegénérale sont incorporésdans le contrat et le fonctionnaire
accepte à l'avance lesmodifications quipourront leur êtreapportées.
(Par. II.)

100. Dans le jugement no 202, Quéguinerc. le Secrétaire général de
I'OMCI, la question a étéévoquée par le Tribunal de la façon suivante:

(<La question quise pose dans la présente affaire estdonc de savoir
si le requérant aun droit acquis au régimede l'indemnitépour frais
d'étudestel qu'il était établi lorsde son entréeen fonctions, droit
acquis auquel il ne pourrait êtreportéatteinte que moyennant com-
pensation.
Au moment où est intervenue la modification du règlement du
personnel, lerequérantétaitliépar uncontratdont lestermes,énoncés

dans une lettre du Secrétairegénéradlu 2 avril 1971,ont étéacceptés
par lui le 30avril 1971.Cette lettre prolongeant un contrat antérieur
contient un certain nombre de stipulations concernant le requérant
personnellement : le poste, la duréedu contrat, la situation adminis-
trative, le traitement, l'obligation d'affiliationà l'assurance-accident
de l'OMCI. Elleincorporepar ailleurslesconditions d'emploi etdroits
fondamentaux, ainsi que les devoirs et obligations, énoncésdans le
statut et lerèglementdu personnel del'organisation, compte tenu de

toutes modifications ultérieures de ces textes )>.
Cette dernière disposition marque expressément un élément essen-
tiel dans la situation contractuelle du requérant. Il a acceptépar
avance que les modifications apportéesau statut et au règlementdu
personnel s'imposent à lui. Ainsi les autoritéscompétentesde l'Orga- principle amend unilaterally the conditions of employment and fun-
damental rights and the rights and obligations laid down in the Staff
Regulations and Staff Rules.

The limitation of the right of amendment set out in Staff Regula-
tion 12.1obviously concerns the rights of the staff member expressly
stipulated in thecontract. In Judgement No. 19(Kaplan),theTribunal
stated thatal1matters were contractual which affected 'the personal
status of each member - e.g.,nature of his contract, salary,grade'. In

the present case, no benefit accruing to the Applicant, apart from his
salary, was mentioned in his contract.

Respect for acquired rights also means that the benefits and advan-
tagesaccruing to astaff member for servicesrendered before theentry
into force of an amendment cannot be prejudiced. An amendment
cannot have an adverseretroactive effect in relation to a staff member,
but nothing prevents an amendment to the Staff Rules where the
effects ofsuch amendment apply only to benefits and advantages
accruing through service after the adoption of such amendment
(Judgement No. 82, Puvrez).
The Applicant contends that the education grant, although it con-
stitutes additional remuneration, is of a persona1 nature, and hence
contractual, and that it constitutes a deterrnining consideration in
acceptance of the contract which binds a staff member to the Orga-
nization.

The legality of comparable measuresconcerning the non-resident's
allowance (Judgment No. 51,Poulain d'Andecy, IL0 Tribunal) and
the allowances payable under the definition of dependency (Judge-
mentsNo. 82,Puvrez and No. 110,Mankiewicz) has been recognized,
and theTribunal seesno valid reason for treating the education grant
differently." (Paras. IV-VI.)

If IMCO is free to alter the conditions of payrnent of an education allow-
ance, why is not the United Nations free to alter the conditions of pay-
ment of a repatriation grant ? Why is it not the more free since in the
Mortished case the rights of the staff member were not "expressly stipu-

lated in thecontract" ?(Thereis the distinct argument, noted in Quéguiner,
that benefits and advantages accruing to a staff member for services
rendered before the entry into force of the amendment cannot be preju-
diced ; that is an argument which will be addressed in the Mortished
context below.)
101. Further light on the contractual bounds of acquired rights of
international civil servants is shed by the recent decision of the IL0
Administrative Tribunal in In re de los Cobos and Wegner, Judgment
No. 391, where it was held : nisation peuvent en principe modifier de façon unilatéraleles condi-
tions d'emploi et droits fondamentaux ainsi que les devoirs et obli-
gations tels qu'ils sont énoncésdans le statut et le règlement du
personnel.
La limitation au droit de modification énoncée à l'article 12.1 du
statut du personnel concerne évidemment les droits qui sont expres-
sément stipulés auprofit du fonctionnaire dans le contrat. Dans le
jugement no 19 (Kaplan), le Tribunal a déclaré qu'étaitcontractuel

tout ce qui touche à la situation particulière de chaque membre du
personnel, par exemple,la naturedu contrat, letraitement,legrade j).
Dans l'espèce,en dehors du traitement,aucuneprestation au bénéfice
du requérant n'était stipuléedans son contrat.
Le respect des droits acquis signifie aussi qu'il ne peut être porté
aucune atteinte à l'ensemble des bénéfices et avantages revenantau
fonctionnaire pour les services rendus avant l'entrée en vigueurd'un
amendement. Un amendement ne peut avoir d'effet rétroactif au
détrimentd'un fonctionnaire maisrien n'interdit une modification du
règlement du personnel dont les effets ne s'appliquent qu'aux béné-

ficeset avantages liésaux services postérieurs a l'adoption de celle-ci
('jugement no82, Puvrez).
Le requérant prétend que l'indemnité pour frais d'études, bien
qu'elleconstitue une rémunération additionnelle, a un caractère per-
sonnel, donc contractuel, et que cet élémenjtoue un rôle déterminant
dans l'acceptation du contrat qui lie un fonctionnaire a l'organisa-
tion.

La légalitédemesures comparablesconcernant l'indemnitédenon-
résident ('jugementno51,Poulain d'Andecy,Tribunal de l'OIT) et les
indemnités établies enfonction de la définition des personnes à
charge(jugement no82,Puvrez,et no 110,Mankiewicz)aétéreconnue
et le Tribunal ne voit pas de motif valable de traiter différemment
l'indemnitépour frais d'études. j)(Par. IV-VI.)

Si 1'OMCIpeut modifier les conditions de versement de l'allocation pour
frais d'études,pourquoil'organisation des Nations Unies ne pourrait-elle

modifier les conditions de versement de la prime de rapatriement ? N'est-
elle pas d'autant plus libre que les droits du fonctionnaire n'étaientpas
<<expressément stipulésdans le contrat j? (Il existeun argument distinct,
relevédans l'affaire Quéguiner,selon lequel les avantages et indemnités
dont un fonctionnaire bénéficiepour les servicesaccomplis avant l'entrée
en vigueur d'un amendement ne peuvent être réduits ; cet argument sera
examiné ci-aprèsdans le contexte de l'affaire Mortished.)
101. Les limites contractuelles des droits acquis sont encore éclairées
par la décisionrécentedu Tirbunal administratif de l'OIT dans l'affaire de
los Cobos et Wenger,jugement no391 : APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

"6. A right is acquired when he who has it may require that it be
respected notwithstanding any amendments to the rules. A right is
acquired,for example, in one or other of the followingcircumstances.
First,a right should be considered to be acquired when it islaid down
in aprovision of the Staff Regulations or Staff Rules and isof decisive
importance to a candidate for appointment. To impair that right

without the official'sconsent is to impair terms of appointment which
he expects to be maintained.

Alternatively, a right will be acquired if it arises under an express
provision of an officiai's contract of appointment and both parties
intend that it should be inviolate. Thus not al1rights arising under a
contract of appointment are acquired rights, even if they relate to
remuneration : it is of the essence that the contract should make
expressor impliedprovision that the rights willnot be impaired. Thus
there may be an acquired right to application of the principle that an
allowance will be paid, but not necessarily to the method of calcula-

tion - in other words, to the actual amount - of that allowance." (At
pp. 7-8.)

Can it be maintained in the Mortished case that Mortished's right to a
repatriation allowanceregardless of remaining at his last duty station was
laid down in a provision of the Staff Regulations or Rules and was of
"decisive importance" - or any importance - to that candidate for
appointment? Can it be maintained that that right arises "under an
expressprovision" of Mortished's contract which both partiesintended to
be "inviolate" ? If there is an acquired right to an allowance, but not
necessarilyto themethod of its calculation, can itnot be said that, at most,

Mortished has an acquired right to a repatriation grant but not to the
conditions of eligibility for its payment ?
102. Sirnilar reasoning was advanced by the IL0 Administrative Tri-
bunal in In reElsen and Elsen-Drouot,Judgment No. 368, p. 7, where it
held :

"7. It is quite clear that expatriation, education and leave expense
allowances are matters of importance to someone whojoins the staff
of an international organization. The question therefore arises
whether the outright abolition of such allowances would in principle
violate an acquired right. There is, however, no acquired right to the

amount andthe conditions ofpayment of such allowances.Indeed the
staff member should expect amendments to be prompted by changes
in circumstances if, for example, the cost of livingrises or falls, or the
organization reforms its structure, or even finds itself in financial
difficulty. Hence the reduction in the expatriation allowance paid to
the complainants does not infringe any right which was of decisive
importance to them in accepting appointment and which may be
regarded as acquired. Moreover, there is no clause in their contract 6. Un droit est acquis sison bénéficiaire peut en exigerlerespect,
nonobstant toute modification de texte. Tel est le cas, notamment,
dans une double hypothèse.
D'une part, il y a lieu de considérer comme acquisun droit conféré
par une disposition statutaire ou réglementaire et assez important
pour avoir déterminéun agent à s'engagerau serviced'une organisa-

tion. Réduire ce droit sans le consentement de son titulaire, c'est
porter atteinte aux conditions d'emploi surle maintien desquelles les
fonctionnaires peuvent compter.
D'autre part, le caractère acquisde droits résulte aussi des clauses
contractuelles qui les prévoient et que les parties ont tenues pour
intangibles. Il s'ensuit que tous les droits contractuels ne sont pas
acquis, fussent-ils denature pécuniaire ;encore faut-ilque lesparties
aient excluexpressément ou implicitement leur restriction. Sileprin-
cipe du paiement d'une indemnitépeut fairel'objet d'un droit acquis,

il n'en est pas nécessairement de mêmedu mode de calcul de la
prestation due, c'est-à-dire de son montant. j)(P. 7.)

Peut-on prétendre que le droit de Mortished de percevoir la prime de
rapatriement sansquitterson dernier lieud'affectation luiétaitconféré par
unedisposition dustatut et du règlementdu personnel, et que cedroitétait
(<assezimportant )) -ensupposant qu'il aiteuuneimportance quelconque

- pour avoir déterminéMortished lors de sa candidature ? Peut-on dire
que ce droit résulted'une <(clause j)du contratde Mortished que les deux
parties auraient tenue pour < ntangible )? S'il y a droit acquis à une
indemnité, maisnon pas forcément à son mode de calcul, ne peut-on
soutenir que Mortished avait tout au plus un droit acquis à la prime de
rapatriement mais non aux conditions d'octroi de cette prime ?
102. LeTribunal administratif de l'OIT a mis en avant des arguments
du mêmeordre dans l'affaire Elsen et Elsen-Drouot, jugement no 368,
page 7, ou il s'estexprimé comme suit :

<<7. Certes, les indemnités allouées en raisonde l'expatriation,
pour frais d'éducation desenfants, ainsi qu'en remboursement des
frais de congé,importent au fonctionnaire qui entre au serviced'une
organisation internationale. Aussi la suppression totale de cesindem-
nités léserait-elle,enprincipe,undroit acquis.Toutefois, lemontant à
verser et son mode de calcul ne sont pas l'objet d'un tel droit. Au
contraire, le fonctionnaire doit envisager leur adaptation à des cir-
constances nouvelles, tellesque lahausse ou labaisse du coût de lavie,

le changement de la structure ou de la situation financière d'une
organisation. Dès lors, la réduction de l'indemnité d'expatriation
payée auxrequérantsn'a pas porté atteinte à un droit qui devait les
déterminer à s'engager et puisse êtreconsidéré comme acquis.En
outre, aucune clause de leur contrat ne leur garantissait, fût-ce taci- which even tacitly guaranteed them any such right. The plea that
acquired rights were infringed therefore fails."

103. Another case of special relevance is that of Ho v. the Secretary-
Generalofthe UnitedNations,Judgement 125.In that case,Ho complained
that hehad been wrongfullydeprived of his entitlement to home leave.He
had previously enjoyed home leave when he held the status of interna-
tionallyrecruited official.However,he opted to changehis status to that of
a permanent resident of the United States. The Secretary-General, exer-
cising his authority under Rule 104.7(quoted supra in para. 65), decided
that Ho had lost his entitlements to al1international benefits, including
home leave,because he had acquired permanent US residence status.The
Administrative Tribunal reliedon Rule 104.7,and held that, in accordance
with it, Ho, "by acquiring permanent resident status, lost his home leave
entitlement" from the dateon which the United States Immigration and

Naturalization Servicemade effectivehis permanent residence (at p. 122).
It held that.

"The decision taken ... on behalf of the Secretary-General . . .
constitutes a legally unassailable application of Staff Rule 104.7,
which authorizes a decision that the 'continuation of such entitle-
ment ...wouldbecontrary to thepurposes for whichthe allowanceor

benefit was created'.TheTribunal considers that, generallyspeaking,
to authorize a staff member to benefit from home leave when as a
permanent resident he is considered as having been recruited locally
would bean anomaly contrary to the spirit - that is, the meaning and
purpose - of home leave as established and regulated by the Staff
Regulations and Rules." (Ibid.)

The Tribunal continued :

"In order to determine whether al1the conditions laid down in the
Staff Rules (Rules 104.7and 105.3)are fulfilled and whether home
leave entitlement exists,it is necessary to consider the staff member's
legal status at the time when that entitlement should have been exer-
cised.
Hence there cannot be a question of home leave entitlement
acquired previously nor of a possible restoration of that entitlement :
even assuming that a staff member has fulfilled al1the other condi-
tions required for the possible existence of that entitlement, the en-
titlement can only exist in law if the staff member, at the time when
he is to begin exercisingthat entitlement,meets al1the requirements
laid down in the Staff Rules, particularlythe rule which providesthat
he must have been recruited internationally." (Pp. 122-123.) tement, l'existence d'un droit de cette nature. Le moyen tiréde la
prétendue violation d'un droit acquis est donc mal fondé. ))

103. Lejugement no 125,Ho c.leSecrétairegénérdaell'Organisation des
Nations Unies, est lui aussi d'un intérêptarticulier. Dans cette affaire, Ho
se plaignait d'avoir été injustement privéde son droit au congédans les
foyers, droit dont il avait bénéficié tant qu'il avait eu le statut de fonc-
tionnaire recruté surle plan international. Après qu'ileut décidéde chan-
gerdestatut pour devenirrésidentpermanent auxEtats-Unis,le Secrétaire
général, exerçantles pouvoirs qu'il tient dela disposition 104.7du règle-

ment du personnel (citéeauparagraphe 65ci-dessus),décidaque Ho avait
perdu le droit à tous les avantages du recrutement international ))y
compris ledroit au congédans lesfoyers, du fait de l'acquisition du statut
de résident permanent aux Etats-Unis. Le Tribunal administratif, invo-
quantla disposition 104.7du règlementdu personnel, aconclu qu'en vertu
de cette disposition Ho, ((en acquérant le statut de résidentpermanent, a
perdu le droit au congédans les foyers à la date à laquelle les services
d'immigration et de naturalisation américains lui avaient accordé la rési-

dence permanente (p. 135). Le Tribunal a estiméque
<<la décision ...prise au nom du Secrétaire généra ..constitue une

application juridiquement inattaquable de la disposition 104.7 du
règlementdu personnel, étant donnéque cette disposition autorise à
déciderque le maintien de ces indemnitéset avantages[entre autres,
le congédans les foyers] serait contraire à l'esprit dans lequel ils ont
été institués)).Le Tribunal estimeque, d'une manière généralea ,uto-
riser un fonctionnaire à bénéficierdu congédans les foyers alors
qu'étantrésidentpermanent il est considéré commeétantrecrutésur
le plan local, constituerait une anomalie contraire à l'esprit - c'est-
à-direau senset àl'objet - du congédans lesfoyers tel qu'il est établi

et régipar le statut et le règlement du personnel. ))(Ibid.)

Et le Tribunal ajoutait :
<<Pour déterminersi ledroit au congédans lesfoyers, qui exigeque

soient remplies toutes les conditions prévues par le règlement du
personnel (dispositions 104.7et 105.3),existeou non, il faut serepor-
terà la situationjuridique qui était celle du fonctionnaireau moment
où ce droit aurait pu êtreexercé.
Il ne saurait donc êtrequestion d'un droit antérieurement acquis au
congédans les foyers ni d'une éventuellerestitution de ce droit puis-
que mêmedans l'hypothèse où toutes les autres conditions requises
pour que ce droit puisse éventuellement prendre naissance auraient
étéantérieurementremplies, ilnepourrait existerjuridiquementque si

le fonctionnaire, au moment où il va commencer à l'exercer, remplit
toutes lesconditions prévuespar le règlement,enparticulier cellesqui
exigentqu'il appartienne à la catégoriedesfonctionnaires recrutéssur
le plan international. ))(Ibid., p. 135-136.)526 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

104. The applicability of the Ho case to Mortished'sis striking. In both
cases, the "entitlements" of home leave and the repatriation grant are
referredto,together,inthe samewayandon the sameplane, in Rule 104.7.
In both cases, the matter of residential status is paramount, and,in both
cases,Messrs.Hoand Mortishedopted to changetheirresidential status so
as to take up permanent residence in the country of their duty station, in
HO'Scase, dejure, in Mortished's case, apparently defacto. Consequently,

by the terms of Rule 104.7,in both casesthe Secretary-General was and is
free toconsider that Mortished aswellas Ho became apermanent resident
of a country other than that of his nationality. (If hecouldnot reasonably
reach that opinion, the point of Mortished's claim is questionable :he
cannot at once argue that he wishes to buy a house in and live on in
Switzerland indefinitely and wishes neither to return to Ireland nor go to
a third country and yet maintain that he cannot be "deemed" to have
changed,infact if not in law,theresidentialstatus he originally enjoyed as
an internationally recruited officia1; see para. 66, supra.) In any event,
even if Mortished, unlike Ho, is not deemed to have changed his perma-
nent residence, in both cases whether the "entitlement exists" must be
decided "at the time when the entitlement should have been exercised" -
"the entitlement can only exist in law" if the staff member, "at the time

whenhe isto beginexercisingthat entitlement", meets al1therequirements
laid down by the Staff Rules. Thus Mortished, like Ho, having chosen to
exercisean entitlement when the entitlement on which he relies no longer
exists,as a matter of law must fail. And finally,to deny Ho his home leave
while granting Mortished the repatriation grant "would be an anomaly
contrary to the spirit - that is, the meaning and purpose" of the repa-
triation grant as established and regulated by the Staff Regulations and
Rules.
105. However,it may be argued that, if paying Mortished iscontrary to
"the spirit - that is, the meaning and purpose" of Staff Rule 109.5as it
existedbefore 1979and is contrary toit as it existstoday,it is not contrary
to the spirit or terms of Staff Rule 109.5(flas that transitional rule existed
in 1979.That isquite true. However,adifficultywith that argument isthat,

infact, Mortished exercisedhis claimed entitlement toa repatriation grant
when that entitlement no longer existed, that is to Say,he relied upon the
transitional rule when thetransitional rule had transited and wasno longer
in force.

3. The Tribunal'sSummary of the Evolution of Practice concerning
the Repatriation Grant

106. The Tribunal turns after its conclusionabout "the special obliga-
tions" assumed towardsMortishedto a description of the evolution of the
repatriation grant. It notes in paragraph VI1 that the link between the
repatriation grant and return to the home country wasbroken in the Staff
Rules as early as 1953."The literal meaning of the term 'repatriation' was

abandoned." It citesin paragraph VI11therecommendationssubrnittedin 104. Leparallèle entre l'affaire Ho et l'affaire Mortished est frappant.
Dans les deux cas, les (<droits n au congédans les foyers et à la prime de

rapatriement sont mentionnés, ensemble,de la mêmemanière et sur le
mêmeplan, dansla disposition 104.7du règlementdu personnel. Dans les
deuxcas,la question dustatut de résident estd'une importance cruciale et,
dans les deux cas, les intéressésont choisi de changer de statut et de
prendre celuide résidentpermanent dans lepays du lieud'affectation. Par
suite, dans les deux cas, et selon les termes de la disposition 104.7, le

Secrétaire généraé l tait et demeure libre d'estimer que Mortished, tout
comme Ho, étaitdevenu résidentpermanent d'un pays autre que celui de
sa nationalité. (S'il ne pouvait pas arriver à cette conclusion, l'élément
essentielde la thèsede Mortished serait discutable :Mortished ne peut à la
foissoutenir qu'il veut acheterune maison en Suisseetyvivre,sansaucune
intention ni de rentrer en Irlande ni de s'installer dans un autre pays, et
prétendrequ'il nepeut être ((réputé ))avoirrenoncé,en fait sinon en droit,

au statut qu'il avait à l'origine comme fonctionnaire recruté sur le plan
international ;voir ci-dessus par. 66).En tout état decause, mêmesi, à la
différencede Ho, Mortished n'est pas réputéavoir changéde résidence
permanente, la question de savoir si <(le droit existe )>doit êtretranchée
dans les deux cas << au moment où ledroit aurait pu êtreexercé ));le droit
nepeut ((existerjuridiquement que silefonctionnaire, <(au moment oùil

va commencer à l'exercer )>remplit toutes les conditions prévuespar le
règlement.Ainsi Mortished, commeHo,ayant choisid'exercerun droit au
moment où le droit invoqué n'existe plus, devaitêtredébouté.Pour finir,
refuser à Ho soncongédans lesfoyerset accorder à Mortished la prime de
rapatriement <<constituerait une anomalie contraire à l'esprit- c'est-
à-dire au sens et à l'objet - ))dela prime de rapatriement telle qu'elleest

établieet régiepar le statut et le règlementdu personnel.
105. On pourrait certes soutenir que, si le versement de la prime à
Mortished est contraire à (l'esprit- c'est-à-dire ausenset à l'objet)>de la
disposition 109.5 telle qu'elle existait avant 1979 et telle qu'elle existe
encore aujourd'hui, il n'est contraire ni à l'esprit ni aux termes de la
disposition 109.5fl telleque cette règletransitoire existaiten 1979.Celaest

vrai. Mais la difficulté est ici qu'enfait Mortished a exercéun droit à la
prime de rapatriement au moment où ce droit n'existait plus, c'est-à-dire
qu'ila excipéd'une règletransitoire alors que cette règletransitaire avait
vécuet n'était plus en vigueur.

3. L'exposépar le Tribunalde l'évolutionde lapratique
concernantlaprime de rapatriement

106. Ayant formulésa conclusion sur les <(obligations spéciales ))assu-
mées à l'égarddeMortished, leTribunal examinel'évolutiondelaprime de
rapatriement. Il note, au paragraphe VI1dujugement, que le lien entre la
prime de rapatriement et leretour dans le pays d'origine avait étérompu
dans le règlementdu personnel dès 1953 :le sens littéraldu terme (<ra-

patriement ))était abandonné.Au paragraphe VIII, il cite les recomman-1952by the Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions to the
Administrative Committee on Co-ordination, and concludes :

"However, the Tribunal observes that the document produced in
1974[by the CCAQ]proves that the systemproposed by the Consul-
tative Committee on Administrative Questions asearly as 1952wasin
effectfollowedto the benefit of staff members, eventhough it wasnot
explicitly embodied in any United Nations regulation. The Parties
considered the question whether a practice followed consistently for
nearly 30yearscouldgenerate an acquired right within the meaning of
Staff Regulation 12.1.In viewof the particular situation of the Appli-
cant, the Tribunal finds that it is not required to adjudicate that
question in abstracto."

Thus theTribunal doesnot passin itsjudgement on whether thepractice of
paying repatriation grants to those remaining in their last duty station
"could generate an acquired right".

107. The Tribunal proceeds to describe the respective spheres of com-
petence of the General Assembly and the Secretary-General in respect of
the repatriation grant (paras. IX and X). It concludes that the Staff
Regulations "expressly acknowledge that the repatriation grant scheme
falls within the scope of the rule-making authority of the Secretary-
General ..." (para. IX).
108. The Tribunal then turns to the pertinent ICSC reports and to the
discussions of the General Assembly,particularly in adopting resolution
33/ 119. In describing the adoption of resolution 33/ 119, the Tribunal
acknowledges that, when Japan proposed that "payment of the repatria-
tion grant to entitled staff members shall be made conditional upon the
presentation by the staff member of evidenceof actual relocation, subject
to the terms to be established by the Commission", the terms theJapanese
representative had in mind related to the provision of evidence. But it
then quotes from the intervention of the Under-Secretary-General(see
para. 59,supra) in which "some flexibility" was suggested since "acquired
rights were involved", and States : "The Tribunal notes that these argu-
ments [ofthe Under-Secretary-General] werenot challenged and that at no
point in the discussion was the nature of the terms to be established by

ICSC specified." (Para. XI.)

109. It is submitted that, in concluding the arguments of the Under-
Secretary-General were not challenged, theTribunal did not construe the
record accurately. As ispointed out above in paragraph 59,right after the
Under-Secretary-General spoke, three representatives replied in terms
which demonstrate that they wished no "flexibility" to be shown. No one
expresslyreferred to the Under-Secretary-General's reference to acquired
rights, but the tenor of the remarks of the three representatives gives no
trace of acquiescencein that argument. Moreover, the Tribunal is impre-dations faites en 1952par le Comitéconsultatif pour les questions admi-
nistratives qui relèvedu Comitéadministratif de coordination. Et il con-
clut :

(<LeTribunal constate toutefois queledocument établien 1974[par
le CCQA] prouve que le système proposé dès 1952 par le Comité
consultatif pour lesquestionsadministrativesaétéeffectivement suivi
au bénéficiedesfonctionnaires, même siaucun texte réglementairede
l'organisation des Nations Unies ne le consacrait expressément.Les
parties ont examinéla question de savoirsiune pratique constamment
suiviedepuisprès detrenteans pouvait faire naître un droit acquis au
sens de l'article 12.1du statut du ~ersonnel. Eu égard à la situation
"
propre durequérant,leTribunal estimequ'il n'apas à seprononcer sur
cette question inabstracto. )>
Ainsi,leTribunal ne seprononcepas sur laquestion de savoirsila pratique

consistant à verser la prime de rapatriement aux fonctionnaires restant
dans lepays deleur dernier lieud'affectation <(pouvaitfaire naître un droit
acquis D.
107. Le Tribunal, examinant ensuite lespouvoirs respectifs de 1'Assem-
blée générale ed tu Secrétaire général relativemen àt la prime de rapatrie-
ment (par. IX et X),conclut que le statut du personnel (<reconnaît expressé-
ment que le régimede la prime de rapatriement rentre dans la compé-

tence réglementaire du Secrétaire général ..)>(par. IX).

108. Puis le Tribunal évoque lesrapports pertinents de la CFPI et les
travaux de l'Assemblée gé"éraln e.otamment au moment de l'ado~tion de
larésolution33/ 119.Décrivantleprocessus qui aconduit àcetteadoption,
leTribunal reconnaît que, quand le Japon a proposéque (<lepaiement de
la prime de rapatriement aux fonctionnaires qui peuvent y prétendre soit
subordonné à la présentation, par les intéressés,de pièces justificatives
attestant leur changement effectif de résidence, selonles modalités qui

seront établiespar la Commission >> l,s modalitésauxquelles songeait le
représentant du Japon concernaient la présentation des piècesjustifica-
tives. Mais il cite ensuite l'interventiondu Secrétaire "énéraa ldioint (voir
par. 59 ci-dessus) où celui-ci préconisait <<une certaine souplesse O,pour
la raison (<qu'il s'agi[ssait]là d'un droit acquisD. Et il ajoute: (<le Tribu-
nal observe que ces propos [du Secrétaire généraa ldjoint] n'ont pas été
contestés et que rien dans la discussion ne précise quelles modalités

[pourraient]être établiespar la CFPI )>(par. XI).
109. D'aprèsmoi, en concluant que les arguments du Secrétaire général
adjoint n'ont pas été contestés,leTribunal n'apas interprété correctement
les comptes rendus des débats. Comme il est indiqué au paragraphe 59
ci-dessus, trois représentants ont parlé immédiatement après leSecrétaire
généraladjoint en des termes qui écartaient toute idéede (<souplesse D.Il
est vrai qu'aucun orateur n'a expressément évoqué l'allusion aux droits
acquisfaite par le Secrétaire généraaldjoint ;mais la teneur des observa-

tions des trois représentants qui ont pris la parole exclut tout acquiesce-cisein stating that at no point inthe discussionwas thenature of the terms
to be established by the ICSC specified, for therepresentative of Japan, as

sponsor, spoke explicitly to that point (he is quoted in para. 59, supra).
These are points of importance, because they bear on whether, in issuing
the transitional Rule 109.5(f tle,ICSC and the Secretary-General acted
within the scope of theauthority afforded them by resolution 33/ 119.The
Tribunal maintains (in para. XIV) that the transitional rule was adopted
by the Secretary-General "in accordance with a procedure laid down by
the General Assembly in its resolution 33/ 119 ...". But in tmth the Sec-
retary-General acted in derogation of the terms of resolution 33/ 119and
the intent of the General Assembly in adopting those terms.

110. TheTribunal then proceeds to recall theaction of theICSC in 1979
in promulgating the transitional rule, noting that it relied on the advice
received from the Office of Legal Affairs of the United Nations. The
Tribunal itself does not dissect the legal opinion whch contained that
advice. It notes that the Secretary-General, "exercising the authority
vested in him by Staff Regulation 9.4 and Annex IV to the Staff Regula-
tions", inserted into Staff Rule 109.5, subparagraphs (d) and (fl, which
provided for evidence of relocation and for the transitional provision
waiving that requirement for staff members in servicebefore 1July 1979
(para. XII). The Tribunal observed that this was "the first time that a
provision of the Staff Rules acknowledged that entitlement to the repa-
triation grantrnight exist without evidence of relocation being provided"

(para. XIII).

4. The Question of Retroactive Effacement of Mortished's Entitlement

111. The Tribunal next poses the question of retroactive effacement in
these terms :
"XIV. The question therefore arises whether the entitlement as
described in the provision quoted above, which came into force on
1July 1979,having been adopted by the Secretary-General in accor-
dance with a procedure laid down by the General Assembly in its
resolution 33/ 119,can have been effaced retroactivelv bv the Secre-
< *
tary-General's delition of subparagraph (fl in pursuance of resolution
34/ 165."
This statement about retroactive effacement appears to assume a position
rather than to justify it. Resolution 34/165 is prospective in effect. It
applies to staff members retiring after 1January 1980.It does not purport
to require staff members who earlier retired, and who received the repa-
triation grant even though they remained within the country of their last
duty station, to return their grants. Thus resolution 34/165 can be rea-
sonably regarded as retroactively effacing an acquired right of those who
retire after 1 January 1980onlyif there was such an acquired right. That is DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION (OP. DISS. SCHWEBEL) 528

ment à cet argument. De plus, le Tribunal pèchepar manque de précision

quand il dit qu'à aucunmoment au cours du débatla nature desmodalités
qui devaient êtreétabliespar la CFPI n'a été spécifiée :lereprésentantdu
Japon a traitéexplicitement de cettequestion (son intervention est citéeau
paragraphe 59ci-dessus).Cesremarques ne sontpas sansimportance, car
elles portent sur la question de savoir si, en publiant la disposition tran-
sitoire 109.5fl, le Secrétaire généraelt la CFPI ont agi dans le cadre des
pouvoirs qui leur étaientconféréspar la résolution33/ 119.Le Tribunal
soutient (par. XIV) que cette disposition transitoire a été (<adoptéepar le
Secrétaire général à la suite d'une procédure définie par l'Assemblée

généraledans sa résolution 33/119 ...)ïEn réalité,le Secrétaire généraal
contrevenu aux termes de cette résolution, comme à l'intention de l'As-
semblée, enadoptant les dispositions de ce texte.
110. LeTribunal, rappelant ensuite le rôle de la CFPI dansla promul-
gation dela dispositiontransitoire de 1979,noteque la CFPI s'estappuyée
sur l'avisdonnéparle Bureau des affairesjuridiques del'organisation. Le
Tribunal n'analyse pas cet avis. Il remarque que le Secrétaire général,
dans l'exercicede la compétenceque lui confèrent l'article 9.4et l'an-

nexe VI du statut du personnel )>a introduit dans la disposition 109.5du
règlementdu personnel les alinéas d)etfl, prévoyantque la réinstallation
devait êtreprouvéeetqu'à titreprovisoire cettecondition ne s'appliquerait
pas aux fonctionnaires en serviceavant le lerjuillet 1979(par. XII). Et il
constate que (<pour la première fois,un texte du règlementdu personnel
reconnaissait que le droit à la prime de rapatriement pouvait exister sans
que soit attestéle changement de résidence )ï(par. XIII).

4. La question de l'abolition rétroactive du droit deMortished

111. Le Tribunal aborde ensuite la question de la rétroactivité ences
termes :

(<XIV. La question se pose doncde savoir si le droit définidans la
disposition précitéeen vigueur le ler juillet 1979, adoptée par le
Secrétairegénéral à la suite d'une procéduredéfiniepar l'Assemblée
générale dans sa résolution33/ 119,apu êtreabolirétroactivementdu
fait de la suppression de l'alinéa flpar le Secrétairegénéralen con-
séquencede la résolution 34/165. ))

Ce passage sur l'abolition rétroactivedu droit me paraît constituer une
affirmation plutôt qu'une justification. La résolution 34/165 a des effets
pour l'avenir. Elles'applique auxfonctionnaires quiprennent leur retraite
aprèsle1erjanvier 1980.Ellenevisepas à exigerdesfonctionnaires partis à
la retraite avant cette date, et ayant touchéla prime de rapatriement bien
qu'étantrestésdans lepays de leur dernier lieu d'affectation, la restitution

de cette prime. Pour pouvoir raisonnablement considérer la résolu-
tion 34/ 165comme abolissant rétroactivemenu tn droit acquispar lesfonc-theparamount issue at bar. Butposing the question in terms of retroactive

effacement adds nothing to the analysis of the problem one way or the
other.

5. The Tribunal's Constructionof the Intent of the GeneralAssembly in
Adopting Resolution 34/165

112. The Tribunal's Judgement continues by reciting the action in the
General Assembly leading to the adoption of resolution 34/165, and
makes the following surprising statements in that regard :

"The Tribunal notes that at no time did the General Assembly
contemplatesupplementing or amending the provisionsrelating tothe
repatriation grant contained in the Staff Regulations. Nor did the
Assembly examine the text of Staff Rules in force since 1July 1979,
and it never claimed that there was any defect in the provisions
introduced on that date whch diminished their validity. The Assem-
bly simply stated a principle of action which the Secretary-General
acted upon in establishing a new version of Staff Rule 109.5which,
from 1 January 1980,replaced the version previously in force on the
basis of which the Applicant could have obtained the repatriation
grant."

The Tribunal might have noted that the General Assembly did not sup-
plement or amend the Staff Regulations because it was of the view that
they said what theGeneral Assemblyhad alwaysintended them to Say ;in
the General Assembly's view, they were not legitimately open to a con-
struction which permitted payment of the repatriation grant to those
remaining at theirlast duty station. AsfortheTribunal's statementthat the
General Assemblvdidnot examinethe text of the Staff Rules in force since
1July 1979and never claimed that there was any defect in the provisions
introduced on that date whch diminished their validity, it is difficult to
reconcilewith the record. In aliteral sense,it istrue that General Assembly
resolution 34/ 165does not expresslycriticize the ICSC and the Secretary-

General for misconstruction and misapplication of resolution 33/ 119 ;
that is not the way in which General Assembly administrative resolutions
are customarily cast. But a reviewof the record of the Fifth Comrnittee in
adopting resolution 34/165 (see paras. 68-90, supra) demonstrates that,
contrary to what the Tribunal says, the Committee energetically and
criticallyexamined the textof thepertinent StaffRules in forcesince 1July
1979,and that the large majority of those who spoke(and presumably of
those who voted for) the United Statesamendment to what became reso-
lution 34/ 165believedthat those Rules containeda glaringdeparture from
resolution 33/ 119 - the transitional clause. If it is correct to infer, as the
Tribunal appears to do, that the General Assembly did not go further to
hold that the transitional clause was invalid evenduring the period when it
was in force, that hardly supports construing resolution 34/ 165to permittionnaires prenant leur retraite avant le lerjanvier 1980,ilfaudrait que ce
droit acquis existât. C'està le point essentiel. Poser la question de l'abo-
lition rétroactive d'un droit n'ajoute donc rien, ni dans un sens ni dans
l'autre,à l'analyse du problème.

5. L'interprétation donnée par T leribunalà l'intention
de l'Assemblée généraeln e adoptant la résolution34/165

112. Le Tribunal poursuit en évoquantles débatsdel'Assemblée géné-
rale qui ont aboutià l'adoption de larésolution 34/ 165,et faià ce sujet la
surprenante déclaration ci-après :

((Le Tribunal constate qu'à aucun moment l'Assemblée générale
n'a envisagéde compléter ou de modifier les textes du statut du
personnel relatifsà la prime de rapatriement. L'Assembléen'apasnon
plusconsidéréle texte du règlementdu personnel en vigueur depuisle
leijuillet 1979et elle n'a aucunement prétendu que les dispositions
introduites à cette date étaient frappéesd'un vicequi en affecterait la
validité. L'Assemblée s'esbtornée àénoncerun principed'action dont
le Secrétairegénéraaltenu compte enétablissant un nouveau texte de
la disposition 109.5,texte qui,dater du 1erjanvier 1980,aremplacéle
texte antérieurement en vigueur sur la base duquel le requérant pou-

vait obtenir la prime de rapatriement. ))
LeTribunal aurait pu signalerque, sil'Assemblée généralne'ani complété
ni modifiéle statut du personnel, c'est qu'elle estimait que ce statut cor-
respondait à l'intention constante qui avait toujours étéla sienne et ne
pouvait légitimement prêter à une interprétation autorisant à verser la
prime de rapatriement aux fonctionnaires s'installant dans lepays de leur
dernier lieu d'affectation. Quant à l'assertion du Tribunal selon laquelle

l'Assemblée généraln e'aurait pas examinéle texte du règlement du per-
sonnel en vigueur depuis le lerjuillet 1979et n'aurait jamais dit que les
dispositions introduites à cette date étaient frappées d'unvice qui en
affectait la validité,on apeineà la concilier avecles piècesqui figurent au
dossier.Certes, si l'on s'entient la lettre de la résolution34/165,l'Assem-
bléen'y critique pas expressémentla CFPI et le Secrétairegénéral,et ne
leur reproche pas d'avoir mal interprétéet appliqué larésolution 33/119 ;
mais c'est que tel n'est pas le langage habituel des résolutions admi-
nistratives de l'Assemblée. L'examendu débatqui a précédé l'adoption de
la résolution34/ 165 à la Cinquième Commission (voir par. 68-90 ci-des-
sus)prouve que, contrairement à cequ'affirme leTribunal, la Commission
a examinéle textedes dispositions pertinentes du règlementdu personnel

envigueur depuis le 1erjuillet 1979,enlesdiscutant àfond et dans un esprit
critique, etque, dans leur trèsgrande majorité, lesorateursqui ont soutenu
l'amendement desEtats-Unis destiné à devenir la résolution34/ 165(et qui
ont sans doute voté pour cet amendement) étaient convaincus que ces
dispositions s'écartaientde manièreflagrante de la résolution 33/ 119sur
cepoint, à savoir la clause transitoire. On peut penser, commele Tribunalpayment, whether direct or indirect, to those who thereafter claim the
repatriation grant without providing evidence of relocation.

6. The Tribunal's Holding thatthe Repatriation
Grant Was Enïn~d

113. The Tribunal comes to the heart of its Judgement in para-
graphs XV and XVI. Paragraph XV reads :

"The Tribunal has been required to consider on a number of occa-
sions whether a modification in the pertinent rules could affect an
acquired right. It has held that respect for acquired rightsrries with
it the obligation to respect the rights of the staff member expressly
stipulated in thecontract. The Tribunal pointed out, in paragraph VI
above, that entitlement to the repatriation grant had been explicitly
recognized at the time of the Applicant's appointment, together with
the relationship between the amount of the grant and the length of
service.The Tribunal alsopointed out inparagraph VI1above that at
the timeof theApplicant's entry on duty, payment of thegrantdidnot
require evidence of relocation to a country other than that of the last
duty station. Further, the Tribunal held that respect for acquired
rights also means that al1the benefits and advantages dueto the staff
member for servicesrendered before the coming into force of a new

rule remain unaffected. Therepatnation grant iscalculated according
to length of service. The amount of the grant is 'proportional to the
length of servicewith theUnited Nations', asstated inAnnex IVto the
Staff Regulations. This link was explicitly reaffirmed in Staff Rule
109.5 (f, which refers to 'the years and months of service qualify-
ing for the grant which [staff members] already had accrued' as of
1July 1979.Consequently, the linkestablished by theGeneral Assem-
bly and the Secretary-General between the amount of the grant and
length of service entitles the Applicant to invoke an acquired right,
notwithstanding the terms of Staff Rule 109.5which came into force
on 1January 1980with the deletion of subparagraph (fl concerning
the transitional system.Asin the caseofJudgement No. 266(Capio),it
is incumbent upon the Tribunal to assess the consequences of any
failure to recognize an acquired right."

114. The foregoing conclusions areopen to question on more than one
count. The Tribunal begins with restating its reliance on the rights of the
staff member "expressly stipulated inthe contract". But, asnoted above,it
does not point out that Mortished's contract as such saysnothing about a
repatriation allowance, expressly or othenvise, and that the "credit" re-administratif semble le faire, que l'Assemblée n'estpas alléejusqu'àcon-
sidérerla clause transitoire comme entachée d'invaliditépendant la pé-
riode où elleétait envigueur ;mais onne peut pas en déduireque la réso-

lution34/ 165autorisaitdirectementouindirectementlepaiementdelaprime
de rapatriement aux fonctionnaires qui en réclameraientultérieurementle
bénéfice sansproduire de pièceattestant leur réinstallation.

6. La conclusion duTribunalsuivant laquellelaprime de rapatriement
serait((gagnée »

113. LeTribunal en arrive à lapartie maîtresse de sonjugement dans les
paragraphes XV et XVI. Le paragraphe XV est ainsi conçu :

(<LeTribunal a eu plusieurs fois àexaminer siun changement dans
laréglementationapplicableportait atteinte àun droit acquis. 11ajugé
que le respect des droits acquis oblige au respect des droits expressé-
ment stipulésau profit du fonctionnaire dans lecontrat. LeTribunal a
relevéau paragraphe VI ci-dessus que le droit à la prime de rapatrie-
ment avait étéstipulé lors de l'engagementdu requérant etque lelien

entre lemontantde laprimeetla duréedesservicesaccomplisavait été
également stipuléL. e Tribunal a également relevé au paragraphe VI1
ci-dessus qu'à l'époquede l'entréeen fonctions du requérantla prime
étaitverséesans exigencede preuve de changement de résidencedans
un autre pays que celui du dernier lieu d'affectation. D'autre part, le
Tribunal ajugéque le respect des droits acquis signifie aussi qu'ilne
peut êtreporté aucuneatteinte à l'ensembledesbénéfices et avantages
revenant au fonctionnaire pour les services rendus avant l'entrée en
vigueur d'une nouvelle disposition réglementaire. Or, la prime de
rapatriement est déterminée en fonctionde la durée des services

accomplis. Sonmontant est (<proportionnel au temps quel'intéressé a
passéau servicede l'organisation des Nations Unies D,suivant l'an-
nexe IV du statut du personnel. Ce lien a étéexpressément réaffirmé
dans le texte de la disposition 109.fldu règlementdu personnel qui
viselesannéesetlesmoisde service <<ouvrant droit àladite prime déjà
accomplis ))au leijuillet 1979.Dans ces conditions, le lien établipar
l'Assemblée généraleet le Secrétaire généraelntre le montant de la
prime et les servicesaccomplis donne au requérant titre à seprévaloir
d'un droit acquis nonobstant les termes de la disposition 109.5 du
règlemententréeenvigueurle lerjanvier 1980et supprimant l'alinéaf)

relatif au régimetransitoire. 11appartient au Tribunal, comme dans le
jugement no266 (Capio).de tirer les conséquencesde toute mécon-
naissance d'un droit acquis. ))
114. Lesconclusions qui précèdentsont discutables àplus d'un titre. Le
Tribunal commencepar répéter qu'il s'appuie surlesdroits(expressément

stipulésau profit du fonctionnaire dans le contrat >).Mais, comme on l'a
déjà vu,il omet de souligner que lecontrat de Mortished en tant que tel ne
parle pas de la prime de rapatriement, ni expressémentni d'aucune autreferred to in the personnel actionform says nothing of whether it goes to a
repatriation grantthat does or doesnot require relocation as acondition of
its payment.

115. The Tribunal then reaffirms that, at the time of Mortished's entry
on duty, payment of the grant did not require evidence of relocation to a
countryother than that of thelast duty station. It does notstate what is the

factual basis for the conclusion that, as early as 1958,the United Nations
actually was paying repatriation grants to those who remained at the last
dutystation. It isnot a supposition lightlyto bemade because, in 1958,the
number of officials who had retired was stillrelativelysmall in viewof the
fact that the Organization had been in existenceonly for some 12years.But
there is no evidence to the contrary. It then proceeds to maintain that
"respect for acquired rights also means that al1the benefits and advantages
due to the staff member for servicesrenderedbefore the coming into force
of a new rule remain unaffected". To show that the repatriation grant is
compensation for servicesrendered, the Tribunal argues that it is "calcu-
lated according to length of service" and concludes : "Consequently, the
link established by the General Assembly and the Secretary-General
between the amount of the grant and length of serviceentitles the Appli-
cant to invoke an acquired right ..."

116. It is submitted that the foregoing analysis is unpersuasive for the
followingreasons. Thedrafting history of therepatriationgrant showsthat
the purpose of thegrant wasnot a salary supplement progressively earned,
but rather an end-of-service payment to help meet the costs which a
repatriating staff member would incur after service abroad (see para. 54,

supra).Such end-of-servicepayments are no more "earned" during service
than a termination indemnity is "earned" during service. Terminal or
separation payments are meant to assist a staff member to cope with
circumstances arising on separation, they are not a reward for current
service. The amount payable on separation, but not the entitlement as
such,is determined by reference to years of serviceabroad. The Secretary-
General's answer in the proceedings before the Administrative Tribunal
in the Mortished case correctly summarizes the situation :

"39. Annex IV to the Staff Regulations contains a table which
indicates how repatriation grant benefits are calculated. The criteria
used in deterrnining the amounts of the benefits are 'years of con-
tinuous serviceaway from home country', the status of the staff mem-
ber at the time of separation (i.e., the staff member's category and
whether he or she has spouse or dependants) and the pensionable
remuneration of the staffmember at the timeof separation. Thecrucial
time of assessment is always the time of separation.
40. The 'yearsof continuous serviceaway from home country' maymanière, et que rien n'indique si les<crédits )mentionnésdans la (for-
mule de mouvement de personnel )concernent une prime de rapatriement
dont le versement est ou non subordonné à la preuve de la réinstalla-
tion.

115. LeTribunalrépèteensuitequ'à l'époquedel'entrée enfonctions de
Mortished la prime étaitverséesansque la preuve de l'installation dans un
autre pays queceluidu dernier lieud'affectation fût exigée.Iln'indique pas
sur quoi repose la conclusion que, dès 1958,les Nations Unies payaient
effectivement la prime de rapatriement aux fonctionnaires qui demeu-
raient dans le pays de leur dernier lieu d'affectation. Cette suppositionne
peut pourtant être faite àla légère,car, en 1958,le nombre de fonction-
naires ayant pris leur retraite était encore relativement faible, vu que
l'organisation n'existaitque depuisunedouzaine d'années.Or,lespreuves
manquent sur cepoint. Puis leTribunal affirme que <<lerespect des droits

acquis signifie aussi qu'il ne peut être porté aucune atteintà l'ensemble
des bénéficeset avantages revenant aux fonctionnaires pour les services
rendus avant l'entrée en vigueurd'une nouvelle disposition réglemen-
taire o. Pour montrer que la prime de rapatriement correspond à des
servicesrendus, leTribunal fait valoir qu'ellees<<déterminéeen fonction
dela duréedes servicesaccomplis )et conclut :(<Dans ces conditions,le
lien établipar l'Assemblée généraleet le Secrétaire généraelntre le mon-
tant de la prime et les services accomplis donne au requérant titre à se
prévaloir d'undroit acquis ...))

116. J'estimeque l'analysequi précède n'estpas convaincante, pour les
raisons suivantes. Il ressort de l'historiquede la prime de rapatriement que
celle-cin'étaitpas un complémentde traitement graduellement <gagné )),
mais un versement de fin de service destiné à aider les fonctionnairesà
faire face aux dépensesqui s'imposent à eux à leur retour de l'étranger
(voirpar. 54ci-dessus).Pareilsversements defin deservicene sont pas plus
< <agnés pendant leserviceque ne leserait uneindemnitéde départ.Les
versements de départ ou de cessation de service visent à aider les fonc-
tionnaires àfairefaceaux problèmesqu'ilsrencontrent enfin d'emploi ;ils

ne constituent pas une rémunérationdes services en cours. Quant au
nombre d'annéesde service àl'étranger,c'estlemontant payableau départ
qu'il détermine, etnon pas le droit lui-même.Dans sa répliquedevant le
Tribunal administratif, le défendeur en l'affaireortished résume bienla
situation :

<39. L'annexe IV du statut du personnel contient un barème de
calculdumontant de laprime derapatriement. Ce montant estcalculé
en fonction des <<annéesde servicecontinu hors du pays d'origine >),
du statut du fonctionnaire lors de la cessation de service(à savoir la

catégorie à laquelle il appartient et l'existence d'enfanàscharge ou
d'un conjoint) et du traitement soumis à retenue pour pension de
l'intéressé.Le moment où est évaluée la situation de l'intéressé est
toujours celui de la cessation deservice.
40. Le nombre des << annéesde servicecontinu hors du pays d'ori-be reduced or even totally eliminated if a staff member, after service
away from the home country, is transferred back to a duty station
within his or her own country. In 1964,the CCAQ agreed that en-
titlements in yearsof continuous serviceaway from the home country
should be reduced by one year in respect of each six months of
completed service in the home country and that in the event of a
reposting abroad credit should be restored at that rate until the fuil
previous credit is restored and thereafter credit shouldincrease at the
normal rate. .. Since a staff member is always subject to assignment
to any duty station in the interest of the Organization (Staff Regula-

tion 1.2) it follows that the number of 'years of continuous service
away from home country' that has been accumulated may always be
subject to reduction (or at least until six months prior to separation).
As this 'credit balance' of years of continuous service is subject to
reduction or elimination during service it is submitted that it is not
correct to maintain . ..that a staff member has during his career an
'acquired right' to the amount of repatriation grant calculated by
reference to the 'credit balance'of years of continuous service away
from the home country available to the staff member at any point of
time prior to separation.

41. A staff member may lose al1rights to obtain payment of the
repatriation grant if he is summarily disrnissed(Annex IV to the Staff
Regulations) or if he abandons his post (Staff Rule 109.5 (i),or if he
dies and leaves no surviving dependants (Staff Rule 109.5 (m)).The
benefit maybe reduced if there isachange in the staff member'sstatus
(Staff Rule 109.5 0))or by demotion (Annex IV to the Staff Regula-
tions).

42. It is submitted that when the legislative components of the
scheme, which can reduce, increase or even eliminate the benefit

during service, are examined in their total context it is apparent that
no right to payment of the repatriation benefit or to any part of it can
be'earned'during a staff member's service.Entitlement to thegrant is
dependent upon al1the circumstances existing at the time of separa-
tion and necessarily depends upon fulfilling the eligibility rules in
force at the time of separation.

45. It might be remarked that the Applicant's contention that
entitlement to the repatriation grant and al1its eligibility conditions
are 'earned'during servicewould constitute a far-reachingdefinition
of 'acquired rights' which would substantially derogate from the
authority of the General Assembly under Article 101.1of the United
NationsCharter to establish conditions of serviceforUnitedNations
staff and would practically destroy the significance of the provisions
for amendment made in the regulations themselvesaswellasin lettersgine peut êtreréduit ou mêmetotalement effacé si un fonction-
naire, après avoir étéen poste hors de son pays d'origine, est mutà
un poste dans ce pays. En 1964,le CCQA a convenu que le nombre
d'annéesde service continu hors du pays d'origine pris en compte
pour le calcul de la prime devait être réduitd'une année pour chaque
six mois de service continu dans le pays d'origine, et qu'en cas de

nouvelle mutation hors du pays d'origine, ce nombre devait être
augmenté au mêmetaux jusqu'à ce que le total antérieur soit de
nouveau atteint, et qu'après cela ce nombre devait augmenter au
taux ordinaire. Du fait qu'un fonctionnaire peut êtreaffectéà n'im-
porte quelposte en fonction del'intérêtde l'organisation (article 1.2
du statut du personnel) il s'ensuit que le nombre d'( années de
service continu hors du pays d'origine n accumulé peut toujours
être réduit (au moinsjusqu'àsix mois avant la cessation de service).
Comme ce <<solde d'années deservice continu peut êtreréduitou
effacéen cours de carrière, le défendeur estime qu'on ne saurait

affirmer ... qu'un fonctionnaire a pendant la périodede semice un
droit acquis au montant de la prime de rapatriement calculéd'après
le<<solde )des annéesde servicecontinu hors du pays d'origine dont
ce fonctionnaire dispose à un moment donné avant la cessation de
service.
41. Un fonctionnaire peut perdre tout droità la prime de rapatrie-
ment s'ilest renvoyésans préavis(annexe IV du statut du personnel),
s'il abandonne son poste (disposition 109.5 i)du règlement du per-
sonnel) ou s'il décède en ne laissantni enfantsà charge ni conjoint
(disposition 109.5m) du règlementdu personnel). La prime peut être
réduite en cas de changement de statut du fonctionnaire (disposi-

tion 109.5j) du règlementdu personnel) ou en cas de rétrogradation
(annexe IV du statut du personnel).
42. Ledéfendeurconsidèreque si l'onexaminedans leur ensemble
lesélémentsréglementairesde cesystème,par lequellaprimepeut être
réduite, augmentéeou mêmesupprimée en cours de carrière, il est
évident qu'un fonctionnaire ne peut pendant la mêmepériode (<ga-
gner ))un droit au paiement de tout ou partie de la prime de rapa-
triement. Le droità la prime est fonction des circonstancesexistant
lorsde la cessation de serviceet les conditions d'octroi de la prime en
vigueur à ce moment doivent nécessairementêtreremplies.

45. Il convient de noter que si l'on suivait l'argumentation du

requérant selonlaquelle les droits a la prime de rapatriement et aux
conditions d'octroi de celle-ci son<gagnés )pendant la périodede
service,on aboutirait àune définition très largedes<(droits acquis)>
qui porterait considérablement atteinteà l'autoritéque détientl'As-
sembléegénérale, ev nertu de l'article1.1de la Charte desNations
Unies, de fixerlesconditions d'emploidu personnelde l'organisation
et enlèveraiten pratique toute significationaux dispositions prévoyant of appointment." (Mortished v. the Secretary-Generalof the United
Nations, Respondent's Answer, pp. 17-19.)

117. In short, the most reasonable interpretation of thelink between the
amount of a repatriation grant and the length of a retiring staff member's
serviceis that it is simply a convenient formula for calculatingthe amount
of the grant.The question ofwhether astaff member isentitled to the grant
at al1 need not and should not be determined by the existence of the
link.

7. The Tribunal's Conclusionthat the TransitionalRule of Itself 1s

the Source of an Acquired Right
118. It will be observed that the judgement of the Administrative Tri-
bunal, before it reaches its principal, conclusory holding, bases its finding

of an acquired right on two grounds : first, that the United Nations
assumed special, contractual obligations towards Mortished of relevance
to the issue in the case ; and second, that Mortished "earned" the repa-
triation allowance. The first ground has been shown to be baseless. The
second ground has been shown to be unconvincing. The Tribunal also
raised the possibility of a third ground - generation of an acquired right
throughpractice - but itretreated from that groundwithout developingit,
presumably conscious of the difficulties of so doing. Let us turn to the
Tribunal's remaining argument, which is stated in paragraph XVI of its
Judgement in these terms :

"By making payment of the Applicant's repatriation grant con-
ditional on the production of evidence of relocation, the Respon-
dent failed to recognize the Applicant's acquired right, which he held
by virtue of the transitional system in force from 1July to 31 Decem-
ber 1979and set forth in Staff Rule 109.5 fi
The stand taken by the Respondent has had the effect of depriving
the Applicant of payment of the repatriation grant. Recognizing that
theApplicant wasentitled to receivethat grant on the terms defined in
Staff Rule 109.5 0, despite the fact that that rule was no longer in
force on the date of the Applicant's separation from the United
Nations, the Tribunalfindsthat theApplicant sustained injury as the
result of a disregard of Staff Regulation 12.1and Staff Rule 112.2 (a).
The Applicant is thus entitled to compensation for that injury. The
injury should be assessed at the amount of the repatriation grant of

which payment was refused. Accordingly, the Tribunal rules that the
Respondent shallpay to the Applicant, ascompensation, a sumequal
to theamount of the repatriationgrant calculated in accordancewith
Annex IV to the Staff Regulations." lapossibilitéd'amendement qui figurent dans lestatut lui-mêmeainsi
que dans les lettres de nomination. ))(Mortished c. le Secrétaire

général de l'Organisation dN esations Unies,répliquedu défendeur,
p. 14-15.)
117. Bref, l'interprétationla plus raisonnable du lien entre le montant
de la prime de rapatriement et la duréedes services du fonctionnaire
prenant sa retraite est qu'il s'agit seulement d'uneformule commode pour

calculerledit montant. La question desavoirsiun fonctionnaireadroit à la
prime n'a pas àêtredéterminée - et ne doit pas êtredéterminée - par
l'existence de ce lien.

7. La conclusion duTribunalsuivant laquelle la règle transitoire
en elle-même est la sourced'un droit acquis

118. On remarquera que lejugement du Tribunal administratif, avant
d'arriveràsadécision,justifiel'existenced'undroit acquispar deuxmotifs,
à savoir: que l'organisation aurait assumé contractuellement des obliga-

tions spéciales envers Mortished sur la question en cause ;et que Mor-
tished aurait<<gagné o la prime de rapatriement. On a vu que le premier
motif est sans fondement, et que le second n'est pas plus convaincant.Le
Tribunal,après avoirévoquéla possibilité d'un troisièm meotif- à savoir,
que la pratique aurait étégénératriced'un droit acquis - l'a abandonné
sans autre argument, conscient sans doute des difficultésqu'il soulevait.
Venons-en au dernier argument du Tribunal, qui est exposéau para-
graphe XVI de sonjugement :

En subordonnant le versement de la prime de rapatriement au
requérant à la production d'une pièceattestant son changement de
résidence,le défendeura méconnuledroit acquis du requérantrésul-
tant pour lui du régimetransitoire énoncédans la disposition 109.5fl
en vigueur du lerjuillet au 31décembre1979.
La position adoptée par le défendeur a pour effet de priver le
requérantdu versement de la prime de rapatriement. Ayant reconnu

que le requérantétaiten droit de recevoircette prime dans les condi-
tions qui avaient étédéfiniespar la disposition 109.5 fl b,ien que
celle-ci ait cesséd'êtreen vigueurà la dateà laquelle le requérant a
terminéses services à l'organisation des Nations Unies, le Tribunal
constate que le requérant a subi un préjudicedu fait de la mécon-
naissance de l'article 12.1 du statut du personnel et de la disposi-
tion 112.2a) du règlement du personnel. Le requérant est donc en
droit d'obtenir réparation de ce préjudice. Le préjudicedoit être
évaluéau montant mêmede la prime de rapatriement dont l'octroilui
a été refusé. En conséquenclee,Tribunal décideque le défendeur est
tenu de verser au requérant,àtitre de réparation, unesommeégaleau

montant de la prime de rapatriement déterminé conformément à
l'annexe IV du statut du personnel. )) 119. It is striking that the Tribunal's most substantial argument is
presented in a few conclusory sentences. The second sentence of the
Tribunal's holding is inaccurate, in stating that :"The stand taken by the
Respondent has had the effect of depriving the Applicant of payment of
the repatriation grant." The fact is that Mortished was entitled to receive

payment of the repatriation grant within two years of his retirement, on
provision of evidence of relocation of his residence outside Switzerland.
Staff Rule 109.5(e)provided as of 1July 1979and thereafter that :"En-
titlement to repatriation grant shall cease if no claim for payment of the
repatriation grant has been submitted within two years after the effective
date of separation." Thus Mortished could have received payment of the
repatriation grant on presentation of evidenceof relocation until any time
before 30April 1982. When his case was heard by the Administrative
Tribunal, Mortished had approximately still one year within which to
relocate in order to qualify for the grant (see the dissenting opinion of
Mr. Herbert Reis in Mortishedv. the Secretary-General,para. 1).But the
essence of the Tribunal's judgement is in the first sentence of para-
graph XVI : Mortished's "acquired right" was held "by virtue of the
transitionalsystemin forcefrom 1 July to 31December 1979 ...".That this
is indeed the core of the Tribunal's reasoning is confirmed by para-
graph XIV, where the Tribunal declares that Mortished's "entitlement ...
came into force on 1July 1979 . ..".

120. The inarticulate essence of this argument may be said to be this.

Whether or not practice in paying the repatriation grant was consistent
with the Staff Regulations and Rules, and whether or not issuance of the
transitional rule was consonant with resolution 33/ 119,the factsare that
the practice was followed for some 30 years and the transitional rule was
issued. Acting in pursuance of his delegated and apparent authority, the
Secretary-General's practice gave rise to an expectation on the part of
Mortished and others similarly situated that they would be paid the
repatriation grant whether ornot they relocated from the country of their
last duty station. That expectation was confirmed and entrenched in 1979
by the issuance of thetransitional rule. Mortished accordinglyis entitled to
rely on the transitional rule, which vested in him an acquired right which
survives the deletion of that rule from the Staff Rules. The authority to
which the staff member must look is the Secretary-General. He cannit be
charged with challenging the regularity of the Secretary-General's inter-
pretation of the Staff Regulations or the resolutions of the General
Assembly. If the General Assembly is dissatisfied with the Secretary-
General's interpretations, it may take appropriate measures but those
measuresmay not trench upon the acquired rights of innocent bystanders
such as Mortished.

121. There is substance in this approach. If the Judgement of the
Administrative Tribunal in Mortishedv. the Secretary-Generalcan be sus- 119. Il est frappant que l'argument le plus substantiel du Tribunal soit
présenté en quelques phrases seulement, à la fin du jugement. Encore la
deuxièmephrase du passageci-dessus (<<La position adoptéepar le défen-
deur a pour effet de priver le requérant du versement de la prime de
rapatriement O) est-elleinexacte. Le fait est que Mortished a conservéson
droit aupaiement dela prime derapatriementpendant deux ans à compter

de sa cessation de service, àcondition de fournir une preuve de sa réins-
tallation hors de Suisse.La disposition 109.5e)du règlementdu personnel
stipule qu'à compter du lerjuillet 1979 : <Le droit àla prime de rapatrie-
ment s'éteintsi l'intéresséne présentepas de demande de paiement àcet
égard dans les deux ans qui suivent la date effective de cessation de
service. )Il s'ensuit que Mortished aurait pu percevoir la prime de rapa-
triement à condition deprésenteravantle 30avril 1982une pièceattestant
son changement de résidence.A l'époque oùson cas a étéjugé par le
Tribunal administratif, Mortished avait encoreprès d'un an pour seréins-
taller et prétendre au paiement dela prime de rapatriement (cf. l'opinion

dissidente de M. H. Reis dans l'affaireMortishedc.leSecrétaire généralde
l'organisation des Nations Unies, par. 1). Cependant, l'essentiel du juge-
ment du Tribunal estrésumédansla premièrephrase du paragraphe XVI :
le <droit acquis ))de Mortished résultait pour lui <(du régimetransitoire
énoncé dans la disposition 109.5fl envigueur du lerjuillet au 31 décembre
1979 D.Lerôlevital de cet argument dans lamotivation duTribunal est du
resteconfirméauparagraphe XIV,où leTribunal déclarequele <<droit[de
Mortished est entré]en vigueur le lerjuillet 1979..))
120. Cet argument repose surle raisonnement implicite suivant. Quela
pratique consistant à payer la prime de rapatriement fût conforme ou non
au statut et au règlement du personnel, et que la promulgation de la règle

transitoire fût ou non compatible avec la résolution 33/119,lefait est que
cette pratique a étésuivie pendant quelque trente ans et que cette règle
transitoire a été promulguée. Exercéa epparemment dans le cadre des
pouvoirs déléguésau Secrétaire général, cettepratique a suscité chez
Mortished et les autres fonctionnaires placésdansla mêmesituation que
lui certaines expectatives relatives au versement de la prime de rapatrie-
ment, indépendamment de leur réinstallation ou non hors du pays de leur
dernier lieu d'affectation. Cette expectative a été confirméeet concrétisée
en 1979par la promulgation de la règletransitoire. Il s'ensuit que Mor-
tished peut se prévaloirde cette règle,créatrice à son profit d'un droit

acquis qui a survécu àla suppression de ladite règledans le règlementdu
personnel. L'autorité à laquelle s'enremet lefonctionnaire est le Secrétaire
général. Ce n'estpas au fonctionnaire de contester la régularitéde l'inter-
prétation donnéepar le Secrétaire généraa lu statut du personnel ou aux
résolutionsde l'Assemblée généraleS .i celle-ci est mécontentede l'inter-
prétation donnée à cestextes par le Secrétairegénéral,ellpeeutprendre les
mesures appropriées, à condition que celles-ci n'empiètent pas sur les
droits acquis d'innocents spectateurs tels que Mortished.
121. Cette façon de voir n'est pas sans mérites ;et si le jugement du
Tribunal administratif dans l'affaire Mortished c. le Secrétaire généra dle tained, it is only on this basis. It is certainly reasonable to assume that
Mortished and others sirnilarlysituated, havinginformally heard aboutthe
practiceof payment of the repatriationgrant to those who did not relocate,
and perhaps havingwitnessed examplesof that practice, expected that they

too would be similarlytreated. Yet the Judgement of the Administrative
Tribunal rightly and expresslyeschewsbasing itself on thecontention that
the acquired right was generated by practice. Equitable considerations in
favour of Mortished remain, but the practice of itself does not create the
right. What, in thelast analysis, theTribunal maintains is the source of the
acquired right is the fact that, for some seven months, transitional Rule
109.5 (f)was on the books. That rule was indeed on the books ;clearly it
was in force in the brief period before the General Assembly in effect
directed the Secretary-General to delete it. 1sit sufficient to endow Mor-
tished with an acquired right which extends beyond the period when that
rule applied ?

122. It is believed that the transitional rule is not sufficient to endow
Mortished with an acquired right which othenvise he would not have, for
tworeasons. First, under the Statute ofthe Administrative Tribunaland its

jurisprudence, an entitlement such as the repatriation grant may be exer-
cised only in accordance with the conditions governing the entitlement as
of the time its exerciseis sought. Second, under the Statute of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal and itsjurisprudence, the General Assembly retains the
right to issue or require "statutory" amendments to the governing Staff
Regulations or Rules which, even though they impinge upon benefits
accorded to staff members, are not regarded as giving rise to payment of
compensation because of derogation from acquired rights.

123. Mortished could have retired at any time between 30April 1980
and 30April 1982and receivedtherepatriation grant upon presentation of
evidence of relocation. He could have retired and received the grant
without evidence of relocation when transitional Rule 109.5 (f)was in
force ; he was offered that opportunitybut declined. From the viewpoint
of his persona1 interest, it is understandable that he did decline but his
persona1interest does not givehim an immunity fromthe operation of the
law.Under the interpretation whch the Administrative Tribunal itselfhas

given to the law "the entitlement can only existin lawif the staff member,
at the time when he is to begin exercising that entitlement, meets al1the
requirements laid down in the Staff Rules. .." (Ho v. the Secretary-
Generalof the UnitedNations,loc.cit. Seealso Majid v. the UnitedNations
Joint Staff Pension Board,Judgement No. 141,para. IV.) The terms of the
Statute of the Administrative Tribunal itself aredrafted consistently with
thisrule,for Article 2provides that theTribuna1 shallbecompetent tohear
and pass judgement upon applications alleging non-observance of the
contracts of staff members or their terms of appointment and the words
"contracts" or "terms of appointment" include al1pertinent regulationsl'Organisation desNations Uniespeut être défendu,c'est uniquement de
cette façon. Il est raisonnable en effet de supposer que Mortished et les

autresfonctionnairesvlacés dans la mêmesituation. avant,oJficieusement
euconnaissancede la pratique consistant àpayer laprimederapatriement
aux fonctionnaires qui ne changeaientpas de résidence,et ayant peut-être
personnellementconnudes exemplesd'unetellepratique, espéraientbéné-
ficier du même régimeC .ependant, lejugement du Tribunal administratif
éviteexpressément,etavecraison, de direqu'un droit acquisaurait résulté
de cette pratique. Les considérations d'équitéen faveur de Mortished
demeurent, mais la pratique en elle-mêmen'est pas créatricede droit. La

vraie sourcedu droit acquis en dernièreanalyse, selon leTribunal, c'estle
fait que ladispositiontransitoire 109.5flestrestéeinscriteaurèglementdu
personnel pendant sept mois environ. Elle y a été inscrite, il est vrai;elle
s'estappliquéependant une brèvepériode,il est vrai, avant que l'Assem-
bléegénéralen'ordonnâtau Secrétairegénéradlela supprimer. Maisest-ce
suffisantpour conférer à Mortished un droit acquis sepoursuivant au-delà
de la période d'application de cette disposition ?
122. Je soutiens que la disposition transitoire ne pouvait à elle seule

donner à Mortished un droit acquisqu'il n'eûtpas euautrement,pour deux
raisons. Tout d'abord, selon le statut du Tribunal administratif et la
jurisprudence de celui-ci, un droit tel que le droit à la prime de rapatrie-
ment ne peut êtreexercéque conformément aux dispositions qui le régis-
sent au moment où le bénéficeen est demandé. En second lieu, selon le
statut du Tribunal administratif et lajurisprudence de celui-ci, 1'Assem-
bléegénéraleconserve le droit d'édicter oud'imposer des modifications
(<statutaires ))aux dispositions applicables du statut ou du règlement du

personnel - modifications qui, même si ellesrestreignent les prestations
accordéesaux fonctionnaires, ne sont néanmoins pas considéréescomme
donnant lieu à indemnisation pour atteinte aux droits acquis.
123. Mortished aurait pu prendre sa retraite à tout moment entre le
30 avril 1980et le 30 avril 1982et percevoir la prime de rapatriement en
présentant despiècesattestant son changement de résidence.Il aurait pu
prendre sa retraite et percevoir la prime sans fournir la preuve de sa
réinstallation, quand la disposition 109.5 fl étaiten vigueur ; cette possi-

bilitélui a été offerte, ill'a repoussée.Du point de vue de son intérêt
personnel, ce refus est compréhensible, mais son intérêt personnel ne
l'affranchitpasdel'application destextesjuridiques. Selonl'interprétation
que le Tribunal administratif lui-mêmea donnéedes textes, le droit (ne
pourrait existerjuridiquement que silefonctionnaire, au moment où il va
commencer à l'exercer,remplit toutes les conditions prévuespar le règle-
ment ..))(Ho c. le Secrétaire générd al l'OrganisationdesNations Unies,
loc.cit.,voir égalementMajid c. Caissecommunedespensionsdupersonnel

desNations Unies,jugement no 141,par. IV).Le statut du Tribunal admi-
nistratif est d'ailleurs rédigédans le mêmeesprit, puisqu'il est dit à l'ar-
ticle 2 que le Tribunal est compétent pour connaître des requêtes invo-
quant l'inobservation du contrat d'engagement des fonctionnaires ou de
leurs conditions d'emploi, et que les termes <(contrats >)ou ((conditionsand rules "in force at the time of allegednon-observance .. .".(Not only
did Mortished fail toexercisehisrights under thetransitional rule at atime
when the rule wasin force. That rule alsowasnotin force when Mortished
transferred to the United Nations in 1958.And it was not in force in 1963
when, after 12 years' service in the United Nations system, Mortished
accumulated his maximum allowance under the repatriation grant.)

124. Moreover, any right withwhichMortished wasinvested by reason
of the transitional rule was subject to divestment. Regulation 12.1of the
Staff Regulations provides :

"These Regulations may be supplemented or amended by the Gen-
eral Assembly,without prejudice to the acquired rights of staff mem-
bers."

It isnot a sufficient answer to Saythat Mortished had an acquired right by
reason of thetransitional rule and that therefore provision for amendment
of the Regulations (or consequential Rules) cannot prejudice that acquired
right. For the amendment to the Staff Rules which the Secretary-General
made in implementation of the directive contained in General Assembly
resolution 34/ 165to delete Rule 109.5(fl wasan amendment of a statutory
and not a persona1character. The amendment generally affected the con-
ditions of eligibility for the repatriation grant. It did not affect aontrac-
tua1element of the relations running between Mortished and the Secre-
tary-General. Rather, because conditions of eligibilityfor therepatriation
grant apply to al1staff members equally and therefore are, in the words of
the United Nations Administrative Tribunal "matters being statutory
which affect in general the organization of the international civil service,
and the need forits proper functioning" (the Kaplancase,quoted above at
para. 97), these eligibilityconditions "may alwaysbe changed at any time
through regulations established by the General Assembly, and these
regulations are binding on staff members" (ibid.).

8. The Balance of Equitable Considerations

125. It is clear that Mortished had reason to expect that he would be
paid the repatriation grant regardless of provision of evidence of reloca-
tion ;the equitable considerations running inhisfavour are substantial. At
the same time,it would be implausible to conclude that Mortished did not
gain an acquired right by reason of his contract, did not by reason of
administrative practice, but did gain an acquired right not to provide
evidence of relocation by reason of a transitional rule in force for seven
months but not in force when he sought to exercise the right allegedly
acquired, when it is also considered that :d'emploi comprennent toutes dispositions pertinentes du statut et du
règlement (ien vigueur au moment de l'inobservation invoquée ... (Non

seulementMortished n'a pas exercéses droits en vertu de la règletransi-
toire au moment où celle-ci étaiten vigueur, mais la règlen'était pas en
vigueur quand Mortished a été transféré à l'organisation des Nations
Unies en 1958 ;et ellen'était pasnonplusenvigueuren 1963quand,ayant
travaillé douze ans pour les Nations Unies, Mortished a atteint le maxi-
mum des annéesde service comptant pour la prime de rapatriement.)
124. De plus, siun droit aétéconféré à Mortishedsur la basedela règle
transitoire,ce droit pouvaitluiêtreretiré.Certes,l'article12.1du statut du
personnel stipule :

(iLes dispositions du présent statut peuvent être complétées ou
amendéespar l'Assemblée générale s,ans préjudice des droits acquis
des fonctionnaires. ))

Mais il ne suffitpas de dire que Mortished avait un droit acquisen raison
de la règletransitoire,et qu'en conséquencela possibilitéd'amenderle sta-
tut du personnel (ou le règlementdu personnel qui en découle)ne pouvait
porter atteinteà ce droit acquis. En effet, l'amendementque le Secrétaire
générala apporté au règlement du personnel en exécutiondes directives
de l'Assembléegénérale, quilui avait enjoint dans la résolution 34/165
de supprimer la disposition 109.5 fl é,tait un amendement de caractère
statutaire et non pas personnel. Cet amendement affectait les conditions

d'octroi de la prime de rapatriement en général.Il n'affectait pas les
relations contractuelles entre Mortished et le Secrétairegénéral.Bien au
contraire, du fait que les conditions d'octroi de la prime de rapatriement
s'appliquent à tous lesfonctionnaires dans desconditionsd'égalitéet sont
donc, pour reprendre les termes du Tribunal administratif des Nations
Unies, réglementairesen ce qu'elles touchent (id'une façon générale à
l'organisationde lafonctionpubliqueinternationale et à lanécessité deson
bon fonctionnement ))(affaire Kaplan, citéeci-dessus au paragraphe 97),
lesditesconditions d'octroi (<sont toujours susceptiblesd'êtremodifiées à
toute époque,aumoyen de dispositionsarrêtéespar l'Assembléegénérale,

et ces modifications s'imposent aux membres du personnel ))(ibid.).

8. La pondération des considérations d'équité

125. 11est certain que Mortished avait des raisons de compter sur le
paiement de la prime derapatriement, qu'ilprésentâtou non la preuve de
sa réinstallation;les considérations d'équité jouant en sa faveur ne sont
donc pas négligeables.D'unautre côté,il paraît difficilede conclure que
Mortished,n'ayant dedroit acquis ni en vertu de son contrat, ni du fait de
la pratique administrative, avait néanmoins acquis le droit de ne pas

prouver saréinstallationgrâce àune règletransitoirerestéeenvigueur sept
mois,etquiavait cessédel'être aumomentoù ilacherché à exercerledroit
prétendument acquis, surtout si l'on considère : - the administrativepractice did not conform to the letter or the spirit
of Rule 109.5, notably Rule 109.5 (a), as that Rule has stood since
1953 :
- theadministrativepracticedidnotconform to the letter or thespirit of
Rule 104.7 (c), which, as far as is known, was in force at al1 relevant
times ;
- there is no evidence that the General Assembly wasinformed of, still
less approved, the administrativepractice before 1976and, from the time
atwhichit clearlywasinformed of thepractice,it grewincreasingly critical

of it, passing two resolutions expressly designed to overrule it ;

- the transitional rule was issued in clear conflict with the terms and
intent of the General Assembly resolution governing it, resolution 33/
119 ;
- the General Assembly overturned the transitional rule with unusual
speed and decisiveness as soon as it could possibly do so.

126. Room remains for a difference of opinion as to which way the
balance of equities in this caseinclines. It may wellbe said that Mortished

should not be penalized for the actions of the Secretary-General's asso-
ciates. But the equities are not one-sided.

9. Was the Administrative TribunalEntitled to Apply
Resolution34/165 ?

127. It might be maintained that the AdministrativeTribunal was not
entitled to applyresolution 34/ 165on the ground that that resolution did
not amend the Staff Regulations or expressly and in terms direct the
Secretary-General to issue a Staff Rule. The competence of theTribunal is
defined by Article 2ofits Statute, whichprovides thatit shallhear and pass

judgement upon applications alleging non-observance of staff contracts
or terms of appointment. Article 2 defines "contracts" and "terms of
appointment" toinclude "al1pertinent regulationsand rulesin force at the
time of the allegednon-observance ...". It does not refer toresolutions of
the General Assembly which do not contain amendments to those Staff
Regulations or Rules. Hence, it may be argued, if the Administrative
Tribunaldid not giveimmediate effect to resolution 34/ 165,itsjudgement
was warranted for it was not competent to give any effect to that resolu-
tion.

128. Such an argument would be unsound. As this Court in the Fasla
case has "pointed out. .. under Article 101,paragraph 1,of the Charter
theGeneral Assemblyis givenpower toregulate staff relations ..." (I.C.J.
Reports 1973, p. 173).This holding mirrors that of the Court in Effect of - que la pratique administrative n'étaitconforme ni à la lettre ni à
l'esprit de la disposition 109.5, et en particulier de l'alinéaa) de cette

disposition, tel qu'il étaitrédigédepuis 1953 ;
- que la pratique administrative n'était conforme ni à la lettre ni a
l'esprit dela disposition 104.7 c),laquelle, quel'onsache,était envigueur à
toutes les dates critiques en l'espèce ;
- que rien ne prouve que l'Assembléeait été informée de la pratique
administrativeavant 1976,et encoremoins qu'ellel'ait approuvée,et qu'à
partir du moment où elle en a été indubitablement instruite,elle l'a criti-

quéeavecdeplusenplus de véhémence et a adoptédeuxrésolutionsvisant
expressément à l'abroger ;
- que la règletransitoire a étépromulguéeen contradiction manifeste
avecles termes et l'esprit de la résolution applicablede l'Assembléegéné-
rale, à savoir la résolution 33/119 ;
- que l'Assemblée générale a abrogé la règle transitoire avec une
promptitudeet unefermetéinhabituelles,aussitôt qu'elleaeul'occasionde

le faire.

126. Les opinions peuvent différer sur le côté où doit pencher la ba-
lance, étant donnéles considérations d'équitéqui interviennent en l'es-
péce. On peut soutenir que Mortished ne devrait pas êtrevictime de
l'action des collaborateurs du SecrétairegénéralM . ais les considérations
d'équité ne sont pasunivoques.

9. Le Tribunal administratif pouvait-il appliquer
la résolution 34/165 ?

127. On pourrait soutenir que le Tribunal administratif n'était pas
habilité à appliquer la résolution 34/165,en faisant valoir que cette réso-
lution ne modifiait pas le statut du personnel et ne donnait pas expressé-
ment ou formellementordre au Secrétairegénérald'amenderle règlement

du personnel ; que la compétencedu Tribunal est définie à l'article 2 de
son statut, qui dispose qu'ilpeut connaître desrequêtesinvoquant l'inob-
servation du contrat d'engagement ou des conditions d'emploi des fonc-
tionnaires ; que l'article 2 définit les termes ((contrat )) et ((conditions
d'emploi )comme comprenant ((toutes dispositionspertinentes du statut
et du règlementen vigueur aumoment de l'inobservationinvoquée ...));et
qu'il ne mentionne pas les résolutions de l'Assembléegénérale quine

contiennent pas d'amendement auxdits statut et règlement. On pourrait
donc prétendre qu'en ne donnant pas immédiatement effet à la résolu-
tion 34/165,lejugement du Tribunal administratifest fondé, puisque le Tri-
bunal n'avait pas compétence pour donner un effet quelconque à cette
résolution.
128. Un tel argument serait fallacieux.Commela Cour l'a (<souligné ))
dans l'affaire Fasla, <l'article 101, paragraphe 1, de la Charte donne à

l'Assemblée générallee pouvoir de fixer des règlespour ce qui est des
rapports aveclepersonnel ..))(C.I.J. Recueil1973,p. 173).C'estce quela538 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.SCHWEBEL)

Awards of CompensationMade by the UnitedNations Administrative Tri-
bunal,Advisory Opinion,1.C.J. Reports1954,pp. 47,58,6 1,wherethe Court
also held that, "The General Assembly could at al1times limit or control
the powers of the Secretary-General in staff matters by virtue of the
provisions of Article 101" (ibid., p. 60). "In regard to the Secretariat, the
General Assemblyis givenby the Charter apower to makeregulations ...
There is no lack of power to deal effectivelywith any problem that may

arise ..." (Ibid., p. 6.)There isno prescriptionthat the Assembly'spower
to regulate must be exercised solely in the form of the Staff Regulations
and amendments thereto. No provision of the Charteror resolution of the
General Assembly or article of the Staff Regulations so indicates. As the
Court earlier held, it must be acknowledged that its Members, by entrust-
ing certain functions to the United Nations, "have clothed it with the
competence required to enable those functions to be effectively dis-
charged" (Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United
Nations, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 179). "Under inter-
national law, the Organization must be deemed to have those powers
which, thoughnot expresslyprovidedin the Charterare conferredupon it
by necessary implication as being essential to the performance of its
duties." (Ibid., p. 182.)

129. The General Assembly has not infrequently adopted resolutions

which are meant to regulate and do regulate staff relations but have done
so in a form which does not prescribe or amend the Staff Regulations or
direct changes in the Staff Rules. Among such resolutions are :976(X) on
cost-of-livingadjustment and dependency allowances for Headquarters
personnel ; 1310 (XIII) on pensionable remuneration of staff ; 2480
(XXIII) on composition of theSecretariat ;2736(XXV)on composition of
the Secretariat ; 3198(XXVIII)on standards of accommodation for offi-
cial travel of United Nations staff ;3418 (XXX) on the United Nations
Salarysystem ;31/26 on composition of the Secretariat ; 31/193 (B),on
Joint Inspection Unit (Salaries and Conditions of Servicefor Members of
the Secretariat) ;33/ 143on personnel questions ;and 35/210 on person-
nel questions. Examination of these resolutions demonstrates how sig-
nificantly and in what varied ways the General Assembly has chosen to
exerciseits authority to regulate staff relations while at times not choosing
to do soby way of amendment of the Staff Regulations or consequential

Rules. Examples of such resolutions are referred to in the next paragraph,
in which precedents for the Administrative Tribunal taking account of
such resolutions are cited.

130. The Administrative Tribunal of the United Nations has amassed
ampleprecedent for taking account in itsjudgements of resolutions of the
General Assembly which regulate the staff without amending the Staff
Regulations or necessarily entailing revision of the Staff Rules. For exam- DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION (OP. DISS. SCHWEBEL) 538

Cour avait déjà affirmédans son avis sur l'Effetdejugements du Tribunal
administratif des Nations Uniesaccordant indemnité(C.I.J. Recueil 1954,
p. 47, 58, 61), où elle avait déclaréqu'(<aux termes des dispositions de

l'article 101,l'Assembléegénéralepouvait à tout moment limiter ou con-
trôler les pouvoirs du Secrétairegénéral en matièrede personnel )>(ibid.,
p. 60). (A l'égarddu Secrétariat,l'Assembléegénérale a reçu de laCharte
lepouvoir de fixer des règles ..Les pouvoirsne manquent pas pour traiter
avec efficacitétout problème qui pourrait surgir ...)(ibid.,p. 61). Rien ne
dit - ni dans la Charte, ni dans les résolutionsdel'Assemblée généraln e,i
dans le statut du personnel - que lepouvoirréglementairede l'Assemblée
ne peut s'exercerque par la voie du statut du personnel et des amende-
ments à celui-ci. Comme l'a indiqué précédemmentla Cour, on doit

admettre que les Membres de l'organisation, en assignant à la Cour
certaines fonctions, (<l'ont revêtuede la compétencenécessairepour lui
permettre de s'acquitter effectivement de ces fonctions )>(Réparationdes
dommagessubisau servicedesNations Unies,avisconsultatif;C.I.J. Recueil
1949, p. 179). (Selon le droit international, l'organisation doit être
considéréecomme possédantces pouvoirs qui, s'ilsne sont pas expressé-
ment énoncésdansla Charte, sont, par une conséquencenécessaire,con-
férés à l'organisation en tant qu'essentiels à l'exercice des fonctions de
celle-ci.))(Ibid., p. 182.)

129. Les exemples ne manquent pas de résolutions adoptéespar l'As-
semblée générale quv iisent à réglementer - et qui réglemententeffecti-
vement - lesrelations aveclepersonnel,sans revêtirpour autant la forme
d'articles du statut du personnel, d'amendements à ces articles ou de
modificationsapportées directement au règlementdu personnel. On peut
notamment sereporter auxrésolutions 976(X) :Indemnitéde chertédevie
et indemnités pourcharges de famille destinéesau personnel du Siègede
l'organisation desNations Unies ;1310(XIII) :Rémunérationsoumise à
retenue pour pension ;2480(XXIII) : Composition du Secrétariat ; 2736

(XXV) : Compositiondu Secrétariat ; 3198(XXVIII) :Conditions appli-
cables aux voyages autorisés des fonctionnaires de l'organisation des
Nations Unies ; 3418(XXX) : Régimedestraitements desNations Unies ;
31/26 : Composition du Secrétariat ;31 /193(B) :Corps commun d'ins-
pection (traitements et conditions d'emploi des fonctionnaires du Secré-
tariat) ;33/143 : Questions relatives au personnel ; et 35/210 :Questions
relatives au personnel. L'examen de ces résolutions montre dans quelle
mesure et avec quelle diversité de moyens l'Assembléegénérale peut
exercer sa compétenceréglementaireen matièrede relations avec le per-

sonnel,sans toujours le faire par voie d'amendement au statut du person-
nel ou au règlement qui en découle.On trouvera au paragraphe suivant
certainsprécédents,extraitsde lajurisprudence du Tribunal administratif,
où de telles résolutionsont étéinvoquées.
130. Dansla jurisprudence constituée par leTribunal administratif des
Nations Unies, nombreuses sont les décisionsqui tiennent compte des
résolutionsde l'Assembléegénéraleréglementanltes questions de person-
nel sans apporter de modifications au statut ni entraîner nécessairementple,inJudgementNo. 67,Harrisetal. v.theSecretary-Generalofthe United
Nations, the Tribunal held as follows :

"5. It is therefore necessary to consider whether, as the Applicants
maintain, their claim to tax reimbursement receivesany support from
the resolutions of the General Assembly.
These resolutions have not been embodied in the Staff Rules, but
the Respondent does not dispute that the resolutions, together with
the Secretary-General'scirculars by which they were put into effect,
are, with respect to the staff members to whom they apply, part of the
terms of appointment which it is the Tribunal's duty to take into
account under Article2 of the Statute.
Until 1955 the Assembly did not adopt any resolution making
permanent provision for the reimbursement of national taxes ;but as
a result of the permanent staff assessment scheme and the unaltered
position of the United States, the reimbursement system was carried

over from year to year without being embodied in the Staff Rules."
(Judgementsofthe UnitedNationsAdministrative Tribunal,AT/DEC/
1 to 70, p. 395.)
In Powell v. the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Judgement
No. 237, the Administrative Tribunal recalled that :

"It wasnotuntil thetaxreimbursementsystemhad been established
on a permanent basis that the provisionsrelating to staff assessment
and to tax reimbursement were introduced by General Assembly
resolution 1095 (XI) into the Staff Regulations as Regulation 3.3"
(P. 14.)

There is no suggestion that the Administrative Tribunal regarded such
provisions as any the less effective or in any measurebeyond its compe-
tence in the period before they were introduced into the Staff Regula-
tions.
131. One further case, among a number which could be cited, estab-
lishes that, in the case-law of theAdministrativeTribunal, the Tribunal is
entitled to takeaccount of and applyGeneral Assembly resolutions which
affect the status of the staff but do not necessarily amend the Staff
Regulations or require amendment of the Staff Rules :

"The Tribunal has consistentlymaintained that the Resolutions of
the General Assembly constitute, asfar as the staff members to whom
they apply are concerned,conditions of employment to be taken into
account by the Tribunal (Judgements No. 67, Harris et al., para. 5 ;
No. 236, Belchamber, para. XVI ; No. 237, Powell, para. XI). The
Tribunal therefore holds that resolution 31/193 B II could be relied
upon asabasis for thenon-payment of salaryincircumstances suchas
those of the present case, even before being incorporated in the Staff
Regulations pursuant to General Assembly decision 33/433.une revision du règlementdu personnel. Ainsi, dans sonjugement no67,
Harriset autresc.le Secrétairegénérad lei"OrganisationdesNations Unies,
le Tribunal a affirmé :

(<5. Il convient alors d'examiner si, ainsi que le soutiennent les
requérants,leur droit au remboursement de l'impôt dérive des réso-
lutions de l'Assemblée gunérale.
Ces résolutions n'ont pas été incorporéesdans le règlement du
personnel, mais il n'est pas contesté par le défendeurque ces résolu-

tions e, les circulaires du Secrétaire généraqlui en ont assurél'appli-
cation constituent, pour les fonctionnaires viséspar ces textes, des
conditions d'emploi dont il appartient au Tribunal de connaître en
application de l'article2 de son statut.
Jusqu'en 1955, l'Assembléen'a pas pris de résolution de portée
permanente pour prévoirle remboursement des impôts nationaux.
Toutefois, par suite du mécanismepermanent de la contribution du
personnel, de l'attitude inchangée desEtats-Unis d'Amérique,le sys-
tèmedu remboursement a subsisté d'annéeen année sansêtreincor-

porédans un texte du règlement. (Jugements du Tribunaladminis-
tratij des Nations Unies,AT/DEC/ 1 à 70, p. 363-364.)
Dans lejugement no237, Powellc. le Secrétaire général d l'Organisation
des Nations Unies,le Tribunal administratif a rappelé que :

(<Cen'estquelorsque lesystèmede remboursement des impôtsa été
établide façon permanente que les dispositions relatives à la contri-
bution du personnel et au remboursement des impôts ont étéintro-
duites, par la résolution 1095(XI) de l'Assembléegénérale,dans le
statut du personnel pour constituer l'article 3.3. ))(P. 19.)

Rien n'indique que leTribunal administratif ait considérécesdispositions
comme moins effectivesou comme échappanten aucunefaçon àsa com-
pétencependant la période précédant leur inscriptionau règlement du
personnel.

131. Un autre exemple, parmi tous ceux qui pourraient être cités,
montre que, selon la jurisprudence du Tribunal administratif, celui-ci est
habilité à invoquer et àappliquer les résolutionsde l'Assemblée générale
qui affectent la situation des fonctionnairessans toutefois modifier le sta-
tut du personnel ni exiger un amendement au règlement du personnel :

((Le Tribunal a constamment reconnu que les résolutionsde l'As-
semblée généralc eonstituent, pour les fonctionnaires qu'elles visent,
des conditions d'emploi dont il appartient au Tribunal de connaître
(jugements no 67, Harris et autres, par. 5 ; no 236, Belchamber,
par. XVI ;no237,Powell,par. XI). Cela étant,leTribunal décideque
la résolution31 /193B II pouvait êtreinvoquée commebase du non-
paiement des traitements dans les circonstances de l'espèceavant
même d'être, conformément à la décision 33/433 de l'Assemblée

générale,incorporéedans le statut du personnel. VIII. The Applicant contends further that the Respondent was
estoppedby hisownconduct and by theconduct ofhisrepresentatives
from relying on resolution 31 / 193B II. She argues that the Respon-
dent, by fading to take any steps for two years to incorporate reso-
lution 31 /193BIIinto the Staff Regulations, demonstrated his inten-
tion not to act on it . ..
IX. The Tribunal, having determined that a resolution of the Gen-

eral Assembly was binding on the Applicant, observes that the fact
that the Respondent did not press for General Assembly action to
incorporate the text into the Staff Regulationsdid not affect his right
to apply the resolution to the Applicant." (Smith v. the Secretary-
Generalof the UnitedNations, Judgement 249, pp. 17 to 18.)

IO. Did the Administrative Tribunal Determinethat Resolution 34/165
Could notBe GivenImmediate Effect ?

132. It has been maintained that thejudgement of the Administrative
Tribunal in Mortished v. the Secretary-Generaldid not determine that
resolution 34/165 could not be given immediate effect in requiring, for
payment of repatriation grants, evidence of relocation to a country other
than the country of the staff member's lastduty station. It thus issuggested
that thequestion put to the Court for an advisory opinion misconstrues the
Tribunal'sjudgement. This conclusion is indeed shared by the Opinion of

the Court (see para. 55).

133. The reasons that may be advanced in support of thisconclusion are
several,and not whollyconsistent. One is that the Tribunal barely referred
in itsjudgement to resolution 34/ 165and made no express determination
that it could not be given immediate effect. A second is that the Tribunal
did giveimmediate effect to resolution 34/ 165in sofar asitcouldbe given
such effect without impairing acquired rights. A third is that not only did
the Tribunal give immediate effect to resolution 34/165 but that its so
doing is the precondition of its judgement. These reasons will be con-
sidered in turn.

134. It is true that the judgement of the Administrative Tribunal in
Mortishedv. the Secretary-Generaldoes not extensivelyrefer to resolution
34/165, and it contains no express refusa1to apply that resolution. That
hardly shows that the Tribunal did not fail to give that resolution imme-

diate effect. In any event,what isessential isthe realeffectof theTribuna17s
judgement, however modest its references to resolution 34/ 165and how-
ever lacking thejudgement is in an express determination that resolution
34/ 165couldnot be givenimmediate effect.As the Court put it in the Fasla
case, ". ..the Court must have regard to the substance of the matter and
not merely to the form" (I.C.J. Reports1971,pp. 189-190).If in substance,
ifin reality, thejudgement of theAdministrative Tribunalin the Mortished DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION (OP.DISS.SCHWEBEL) 540

VIII. La requérante prétend enoutre que, du fait de son propre
comportement et de celui de ses représentants, le défendeur s'était
privédu droit d'invoquer la résolution 31/193 BII. Elle fait valoir
qu'en n'incorporant pas pendant deux ans la résolution 31/ 193 BII
dans le statut du personnel,le défendeur manifestait sonintention de
ne pas l'invoquer...
IX. Le Tribunal, ayant décidéqu'une résolution de l'Assemblée
généraleavait caractère obligatoire à l'égardde la requérante, fait
observer que le fait de ne pas avoir demandé à l'Assemblée générale

l'incorporation du texte en question dans le statut du personnel ne
peut affecter le droit du défendeur d'appliquer cette résolutionàla
requérante. (Smith c. le Secrétaire général dle 'Organisation des
Nations Unies,jugement no249, p. 20 et 21.)

IO. Le Tribunaladministratif a-t-il déterminéque la résolution34/165
nepouvait prendreimmédiatement effet ?

132. 11a étéallégué que, par sonjugement dans l'affaire Mortuhed c. le
Secrétaire général deI'Organisationdes Nations Unies,le Tribunal admi-
nistratif n'avait pas décidéque la résolution 34/165, subordonnant le
paiement de la prime de rapatriement à la preuve de la réinstallation du
fonctionnaire dans un pays autre que celui de son dernier lieu d'affecta-

tion, ne pouvait prendre immédiatement effet. La question poséedans la
requêtepour avis consultatif relèverait doncd'une erreur d'interprétation
du jugement du Tribunal. Cette conclusion est d'ailleurs partagée par la
Cour dans son avis (voir par. 55).
133. On a avancé plusieurs raisons àl'appui d'une telle thèse, mais ces
raisons manquent de cohérence. Lapremière est que le Tribunal men-
tionne à peine la résolution 34/165 dans son jugement, et ne dit pas
expressément qu'elle nepouvait prendre immédiatementeffet. La seconde
est que le Tribunal aurait effectivement donnéimmédiatement effet àla
résolution 34/ 165,dans la mesure où il lui étaitpossible de le faire sans
porter atteinte aux droits acquis. Selon la troisième, non seulement le
Tribunal aurait donnéimmédiatement effet à la résolution 34/ 165,mais
toutes les conclusions du jugement en découleraient. Ces trois raisons

seront examinéestour à tour.
134. Il estexact que lejugement du Tribunal administratif dans l'affaire
Mortished c. le Secrétaire général de l'Organisation dNeastions Uniesfait
peu référence àla résolution34/ 165et ne contient aucun refus exprès d'en
appliquer les dispositions. Mais cela ne suffit pas à démontrer que le
Tribunal n'a pas refusé dedonner immédiatementeffet à cette résolution.
C'est l'effet réelu jugement qui compte, quelle que puisse êtrela discré-
tion observéepar leTribunal àl'égardde larésolution34/ 165et mêmesile
jugement ne dit pas expressément qu'ellene pouvait prendre immédiate-
ment effet. Comme il est indiquédans l'avissur l'affaire Fasla,<<la Cour
doit tenir compte de la substance et pas seulement de la forme ))(C.I.J.
Recueil 1973, p. 189-190).Si en substance - en réalité-,lejugement ducase did not give immediate effect to resolution 34/ 165, then the Com-
mittee on Applications did not rnisconstrue that judgement in requesting
an Advisory Opinion on whether the Tribunal's determination was war-
ranted.
135. It is perfectly plain that, in fact, thejudgement of the Adminis-
trative Tribunal in the Mortished case does not give immediate effect to
resolution 34/ 165,except, arguably, in a marginal fashion. It is a fact that
the judgement of the Administrative Tribunal actually determined that
General Assemblyresolution 34/ 165could not be givensubstantial imme-
diate effect. This is so because Mortished and staff members similarly
situated may rely on the transitional rule soas to avoid the requirement of

providing evidence of relocation to a country other than that of their last
duty station. For some years, virtually every retiring or resigning staff
member eligibleforarepatriation grant willrely,inthe computation of the
amount of the grants claimed to be due, on years and months of service
rendered before 1 July 1979.By reason of thejudgement of the Admini-
strative Tribunal, they

"shall retain theentitlementtorepatriation grantproportionate to the
years and months of servicequalifying for the grant which they had

already accrued at that date without the necessity of production of
evidenceof relocation withrespect to suchqualifying service"(former
Rule 109.5 0).
Bysustaining the Tribunal'sjudgement, as the Court's Opinion does, it is
difficult to see what, if any, immediate effect resolution 34/165 willhave,
except asregardsthe odd staff member whowillshortlyretire orresignbut
who did not accrue servicebefore 1July 1979.As time passes, more and
moreof those leavingthe Organization willnot have accrued someor al1of
their credit towards the repatriation grant before that date ; accordingly,
resolution 34/ 165 willhave increasing effect. But its immediate effect is
modest. Moreover, resolution 34/ 165prescribes that "no" staff member

shall be entitled to "any part" of the repatriation grant unless evidence of
relocation is provided. For years, virtually everyretiring or resigning staff
member will seek credit for some part of the repatriation grant which
accrued before 1July 1979.By reason of the Tribunal's judgement in the
Mortishedcase, staff members not providing evidenceof relocation willbe
entitled to that part of the grant that accrued before 1July 1979,a result
which cannot be reconciled with giving immediate effect to resolution
34/ 165.

136. If it be argued that the Tribunal'sMortishedjudgement gave im-
mediate effect to resolution 34/ 165in sofar asitcouldbe givensucheffect
without impairing acquired rights, and therefore, that thejudgement was
warranted (see, in this regard, paras. 75-76of the Court's Opinion), it canTribunal administratif dans l'affaire Mortished n'a pas donnéimmédiate-
ment effet àla résolution34/ 165,leComitédes demandes de réformation
n'apas commisd'erreur d'interprétationen demandant un avisconsultatif

sur le point de savoir si la décisiondu Tribunal était légitime.
135. Il est parfaitement évident qu'enfait le jugement du Tribunal
administratif dans l'affaire Mortishedne donne pasimmédiatementeffet à
la résolution 34/165,sinon,pourrait-on dire, de façon marginale ; et il est
évidentque lejugement du Tribunal administratif a décidé enfait quela
résolution 34/165de l'Assemblée généralneepouvait prendre pleinement
et immédiatement effet. En effet, le résultat est que Mortished et les
fonctionnaires placésdans la mêmesituation pourront invoquer la règle
transitoire pour éviterde fournir la preuve de leur réinstallation dans un
pays autre que celui de leur dernier lieu d'affectation. Pendant un certain
nombre d'années, tousles fonctionnaires partant à la retraite ou offrant

leur démission, etpouvant prétendre à la prime de rapatriement, feront
entrer dans lecalculdumontant qui leur serapayable lesannéesde service
antérieuresau lerjuillet 1979.En vertu du jugement du Tribunal admi-
nistratif, ils

<<conservent le droit au montant de la prime qui correspond aux
années et aux mois de service ouvrant droit à ladite prime déjà
accomplis à cettedate, sans avoirà produire, en cequi concerne cette
périodede service,une pièceattestant le changement de résidence ))
(ancienne disposition 109.5 fl).

Lejugement du Tribunal ayant étéconfirmépar l'avis de la Cour, on ne
voit pas comment la résolution 34/165pourrait avoir un quelconque effet
immédiat, sauf dans le cas des rares fonctionhaires qui vont sous peu
prendre leur retraite ou quitter l'organisation sans avoir accumuléassez
d'annéesde serviceavantle lerjuillet 1979.A mesure que letempspassera,
lesfonctionnaires quittant l'organisation sans avoir accumuléavant cette
date la totalitéou une partie des annéesde service nécessairesseront de
plus en plus nombreux ; l'effetde la résolution 34/165ira donc croissant.
Mais son effet immédiat est modeste. De surcroît; la résolution 34/165
décideque lesfonctionnaires n'ont droit à <aucun montant )au titre de la
prime de rapatriement, à moins qu'ils ne présentent des piècesattestant

leur réinstallation. Pendant des années, presque tous les fonctionnaires
prenant leur retraite ou donnant leur démissionferont valoir un droità la
prime de rapatriement partiellement constituéavantle le*juillet 1979.En
vertu dujugement du Tribunal dans l'affaire Mortished,lesfonctionnaires
quinefourniront pas lapreuve deleurréinstallationaurontdroit à lapartie
dela prime qui se sera accumuléeavant le lerjuillet 1979,résultat qui ne
saurait correspondre à l'intention de donner immédiatement effet à la
résolution 34/165.
136. Si l'on prétendque, par sonjugement dans l'affaire Mortished, le
Tribunal a donné immédiatement effet à la résolution 34/165 dans la

mesure où il lui étaitpossible de le faire sans porter atteinte aux droits
acquis, et que ledit jugement était donc légitime (voir à cet égard lesonly be so if the finding of acquired rights is warranted. For the reasons
which have been set out in this dissenting opinion, a finding of acquired
rights was not warranted and, asjust shown, by reason of its finding of
acquired rights, the practical, immediate effect given by the Tribunal to
resolution 34/165 is so slender as to justify a request for an advisory
opinion in the stated terms. It may be observed that this argument for the
conclusion that the Tribunal did giveeffect to resolution 34/ 165requires
the Court to lookat themerits of theTribunal's holding on acquired rights,

for, if acquired rights do not obtain in this case, then the claimed basis for
theTribunal's treatment of resolution 34/ 165vanishes. Resolution 34/ 165
can have been rightly reconciled by the Tribunal with acquired rights only
if there were such rights. The Court's Opinion appears to recognize this,
yet it shrinks from appraisal of the vaiidity of the Tribunal'sholding on
acquired rights which this recognition demands by taking shelter in its
claim that the business of the Court is not to pass upon the merits of that
holding (paras. 74, 76).

137. The third argument is the subtlest. In maintains that the very
existence of resolution 34/165 was the precondition of the Tribunal's
judgement in the Mortished case and, that being so, the Tribunal neces-
sarily gaveeffect - indeed, immediate effect - to it. On what ground, this
line of reasoning asks, did the Tribunal arrive at the conclusion that
Mortished should be paid compensation for an injury assessed in a sum
equal to the amount of the repatriation grant ? On the ground that it

recognized that the Secretary-General had given effect to resolution 34/
165 in denying Mortished his repatriation allowance ; that this denial
injuredMortished byviolatinghisacquired rights ;and that compensation
must be paid for the injury. So there is no reason to complain that the
Tribunal failed to give immediate effect to resolution 34/165 ;on the
contrary, its judgement is posited on its having done so. The Court's
Opinion takes such an approach (see paras. 55-56).

138. This reasoning isboth logicaland unpersuasive. Rather than giving
genuine effect to the terms and intent of resolution 34/165, it stands that
resolution on its head. This argument in actuality says to the General
Assembly : resolution 34/ 165admittedly provides and means to provide
"that effective 1January 1980no staff member shallbeentitled to anypart
of the repatriation grant unless evidence of relocation away from the
country of the last dutystation isprovided". Thus no staff member shallbe

paid any part of therepatriation grant without provision of such evidence.
However, such staff members shall be paid a sum equal to the amount to
which they would have been entitled had not resolution 34/165 been
adopted. That fact does not mean that resolution 34/165 is not given
immediate effect. Why not ?Because the sums paid to the staff members
are not payment of the repatriation grant, but payments in compensation
for the denial of payment of the repatriation grant.paragraphes 75 et 76 de l'avisde la Cour),il faut prouver quela thèsedes

droits acquis est légitime.Or,pour les raisonsqui ont étexposéesdansla
présenteopinion,lathèsedesdroitsacquis n'estpasjustifiée,et, comme on
vient de le montrer, la conclusiondu Tribunal relative aux droits acquis
a pour conséquence que l'effet pratique immédiat donné à la résolu-
tion 34/ 165 est infime, ce qui justifie le libellédonnéla question dans
la requête pour avis consultatif. On observera que l'argument qui tend
à démontrer que le Tribunal a effectivement donné effet à la résolu-
tion 34/165exigeraitque la Cour examinele bien-fondéde la conclusiondu
Tribunal concernant les droits acquis,car, si les droits acquis ne sont pas
établisenl'espèce,lefondement allégué pour l'interprétation donnéepar le
Tribunal de la résolution 34/165 disparaît. Le Tribunal ne peut avoir

conciliélarésolution34/165aveclesdroits acquis que s'ilexistedesdroits
acquis. La Cour semble le reconnaître dans son avis, tout en évitantde se
prononcer sur la validitédes conclusionsdu Tribunal relatives aux droits
acquis eten seréfugiantdans l'affirmation quelatâche delaCour n'estpas
de statuer sur le bien-fondé de ces conclusions (par. 74, 76).
137. Le troisièmeargument est le plus subtil. Il consistàaffirmer que
c'est de la résolution 34/165elle-mêmeque découlelejugement du Tri-
bunal dans l'affaireMortished et que, cela étant, leTribunal a nécessai-
rement donnéeffet - etmêmeeffetimmédiat - àcetterésolution.Surquoi
leTribunal s'est-ilfondé,demandentles tenants de ceraisonnement,pour
conclure que Mortisheddevait recevoir réparation d'un préjudiceévalué à

une somme égale aumontant de la prime de rapatriement ? Surle faitque
le Secrétaire général adonnéeffet à la résolution 34/165 en refusant à
Mortished la prime de rapatriement, que ce refus a causéun préjudice à
Mortished en violant ses droits acquis et que Mortished doit recevoir
réparation de ce préjudice.Il n'y aurait donc nulle raison de prétendre
que le Tribunal a refusé de donner immédiatement effet à la résolu-
tion 34/ 165 ;au contraire, son jugement serait fondésur cet effet immé-
diat. Tel est le point de vue qu'adopte la Cour dans son avis (voir par. 55
et 56).
138. En dépitde salogique,ceraisonnement n'estpasconvaincant. Plus
qu'il ne donne véritablement effet aux termes et à l'esprit de la résolu-

tion 34/165,il culbuteladite résolution.Il revieàdire à l'Assemblée géné-
rale: la résolution34/165,celaest vrai, dit et veut di<<que, aveceffet au
lerjanvier 1980,lesfonctionnairesn'ont droit à aucun montant au titre de
la prime de rapatriement à moins qu'ilsne présentent des piècesattestant
qu'ils se réinstallent dans un pays autre que celui de leur dernier lieu
d'affectation)>.Donc, aucun fonctionnaire ne recevra de montant au titre
de la prime s'il ne présentepas de telles pièces.Cependant, les fonction-
naires en question recevront une somme égaleau montant auquel ils
auraient eu droit sila résolution 34/165n'avait pas été adoptéeM. ais cela
ne signifie pas qu'on ne donne pas immédiatement effet à la résolu-

tion 341165.Pourquoi ?Parce que les sommesversées auxfonctionnaires
ne le sont pas au titre de la prime de rapatriement, mais en réparation du
refus de payer celle-ci. 139. Simply to state this argument is to declare its disability. The
General Assembly had an object in view in adopting resolution 34/ 165,
namely, to require that any staff member leaving the Organization who
seeksto receivea sum of money calculated on the basis of the repatriation
grant shall receiveany part of that sum only if he or sheprovides evidence
of relocation. That object is in no way given immediate or any effect by
paying the whole of that very sum to a staff member who does not provide
that evidence, not as a repatriation grant but as compensation for its
denial. On the contrary, such a process defeats the terms of resolution
34/ 165and the intent of the General Assembly in adopting that resolu-
tion.

140. Butit may be said, theGeneral Assemblyisnot ajudicial body and
it isnot forit tojudge whether such staff members had an acquired right to
payment of the repatriation grant regardless of relocation ;the General
Assembly did not by resolution 34/ 165or otherwise purport to override
acquired rights ; on thecontrary, Staff Regulation 12.1remains in force,in
general and accordingly with reference to the repatriation grant ; thus the
General Assembly - which had been warned by the United Nations
Under-Secretary-General and the legal counsel of the various United
Nations agenciesof the existenceof an acquired right - must be deemed to
have left it to the Administrative Tribunal to decide whether or not an
acquired right obtains. The Administrative Tribunal has decided that staff

members do have an acquired right to payment of the repatriation grant,
and that should be the end of the matter.
141. It is truethat the General Assemblyisnot ajudicialbody ;it isalso
true that it did not decide to override acquired rights ; and it is true that it
left the initial judicial decision over whether there is an acquired right to
the repatriation grant to the Administrative Tribunal. But the authorized
organ of the General Assembly has requested this Court to review that
judgement of the Administrative Tribunal because it has concluded that
there is substantial basis for challenging it on the grounds that that
judgement embodieserror on aquestion oflawrelating to the provisions of
the Charter of the United Nations and constitutes an excessofjurisdiction

or competence. That challenge cannot be disposed of by a kind of legal
legerdemain, which suggests to the General Assembly that al1is defini-
tively and well settled because Mortished will be paid the exact sum of
money in controversy from one account rather than another.
\

Il. The Tribunal'sJudgementErred on Quessiom of Law Relating to Pro-
visions of the Charter and Exceeded the TribMalS Jikzsdiction

142. When measured against the grounds of objection listed in Arti-
cle 11 of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal which have been
invoked by the Committee on Applications, the Tribunal's judgement in
the Mortished case presents essentially these questions : 139. Le simple énoncéde cet argument révèle savanité. L'Assemblée
généraleavait un objectif en vuelorsqu'elle a adoptéla résolution34/ 165 :
exiger que tout fonctionnaire quittant l'Organisation et revendiquant une
somme d'argent calculéesur la base de la prime de rapatriement fournisse

lapreuve de sa réinstallation.Cette intention ne reçoit nul effet, immédiat
ou autre, si, le fonctionnaire ne fournissant pas cette preuve, on lui paie
néanmoins - non pas à titre de prime de rapatriement, mais à titre de
réparation pour refus de paiement - l'intégralitéde ladite somme. En
réalité,une telle façon de procéder vide de leur sens les termes de la
résolution 34/ 165 et ignore l'intention qui animait l'Assemblée générale
lorsqu'elle a adopté ce texte.
140. Mais, dira-t-on, l'Assemblée généraln e'étantpas un organejudi-
ciaire, il ne lui appartient pas dejuger si ses fonctionnaires ont un droit
acquis au paiement delaprime de rapatriement, qu'ilschangentou non de
résidence ; l'Assemblée générale n'a pasp,ar la résolution 34/ 165 ni
autrement, visé a anéantirdes droits acquis ;au contraire, l'article 12.1du
statut du personnel reste en vigueur, en généraelt donc en ce qui concerne

la prime de rapatriement ; il s'ensuit que l'Assemblée général -e a qui le
Secrétairegénéraaldjoint de l'organisation et lesconseillersjuridiques de
diverses institutions des Nations Unies ont signalé l'existenced'un droit
acquis - doit êtreréputées'enêtreremise au Tribunal administratif pour
décidersi un droit acquis est établi ou non. Et le Tribunal administratif
ayant décidéque les fonctionnaires ont effectivement un droit acquis au
paiement de la prime de rapatriement, sa décisionclôt le débat.
141. Il estvrai quel'Assembléegénéralne'estpas un organejudiciaire. Il
est également vrai qu'elle n'apas décidé d'écarterlesdroits acquis. Et il est
exact qu'elle s'en est remise au Tribunal administratif pour la première
décisionjudiciaire sur l'éventuelle existenced'un droit acquis à la prime de
rapatriement. Mais l'organe compétentde l'Assemblée généralaedeman-
dé à la Cour de réformer cejugement du Tribunal administratif en con-

cluant à l'existence de bases sérieusesde contestation, a savoir que le
jugement comporte une erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de la
Charte des Nations Unies et constitue un excès de juridiction ou de
compétence. Cette contestation ne peut êtreéludéepar une sorte de
pirouettejuridique qui consiste à répondrea l'Assemblée généralq eue le
problème est correctement et définitivementrégléM , ortished recevant la
somme exacte en litige pour telle raison sinon pour telle autre.

II. Dans sonjugement, leTribunal a commisune erreur de droit
concernantles dispositionsde la Charte
et a outrepassé sajuridiction

142. Considérépar rapport a ceux des motifs de contestation énumérés
à l'article 11du statut du Tribunal administratif qui ont étéinvoquéspar le
Comité des demandes de réformation, lejugement du Tribunal dans l'af-
faire Mortished soulève essentiellement trois questions : - Did the Administrative Tribunal have thejurisdiction or competence
not to give immediate effect to resolution 34/ 165 ?
- Was the exercise of such authority error on a question of law relating
to provisions of the United Nations Charter ?

- Did the Tribunal's finding of acquired rights afford it an authority to
avoid giving effect to resolution 34/ 165which it otherwise lacks ?
143. It is submitted that it has been shown above (paras. 132-139)that
what the Administrative Tribunal actually did by the force of its judge-
ment in Mortished v. the Secretary-Generalwas to deprive of substantial,
immediate effect a resolution of the General Assembly by which the

Assembly meant to regulate and did regulate an aspect of staff conditions
of service as of 1January 1980.In so doing, the AdministrativeTribunal
exceeded its jurisdiction. That jurisdiction is defined by the Tribunal's
Statute. The Court has rightly treated the Tribunal's "acting within the
limits of its statutory competence" (as well as its being a "properly con-
stituted Tribunal") as preconditions of its rendering a valid award (Effect
of Awards of Compensation Made by the United Nations Administrative
Tribunal, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1954, pp. 50, 51). The defi-
nition of the Tribunal's jurisdiction in Article 2 of its Statute does not
provide for or imply a power to override resolutions of the General
Assembly. Indeed, the travaux préparatoiresindicate the contrary. The
report of the Fifth Committee on the establishment of the Administrative

Tribunal States, in respect of Article 2 of the Statute :

"the tribunal would have to respect the authority of the General
Assembly to make such alterations and adjustments in the Staff
Regulations as circumstances might require. It was understood that
the Tribunal would bear in mind the General Assembly'sintent not to

allow the creation of any such acquired rights as would frustrate
measures which the Assemblyconsidered necessary ...No objection
was voiced in the Committee to those interpretations, subject to the
representative of Belgaum expressing the view that the text of the
Statute would beauthoritative and that it would be for the Tribunal to
make its own interpretations." (United Nations, GeneralAssembly
Official Records, Fourth Session,Annexes, Agenda Item 44, p. 166.)

144. To posit an authority of theAdministrative Tribunalto set aside or
overruledecisions of the General Assemblyis toinvest theTribunal with a
power ofjudicial reviewvis-à-vis the Assembly.But the Tribunal does not
enjoy that extraordinary power. Broadly speaking, the General Assembly
itself lacks Iegislative authority its resolutions are recommendatory. But
in thevery restricted sphere of its law-making competence,whichincludes
establishing conditions of serviceof the staff pursuant to Article 101(1)of
the Charter, the lawlaid down by theGeneral Assembly binds not only the
Secretary-General and the staff but the Administrative Tribunal as well. - Le tribunal administratif avait-il juridiction ou compétence pour ne
Dasdonner immédiatement effet à la résolution 34/165 ?
- L'exercice d'une telle compétence constitue-t-il une erreur de droit
concernant les dis~ositions de la Charte des Nations Unies ?
- La conclusion du Tribunal concernant les droits acquisjustifie-t-elle
son refus, injustifiépar ailleurs, de donner effet à la résolution34/165?

143. J'estime avoirdémontréci-dessus (par. 132-139)que, par sa déci-
sion dans l'affaire Mortished c. le Secrétairegériralde l'organisation des
Nations Unies, leTribunal administratif a privé d'effetimmédiatvéritable
une résolutionde l'Assemblée généralp ear laquelle celle-civisaitàrégle-
menter et a effectivementréglementéun aspect des conditions d'emploi du
personnel à compter du lerjanvier 1980.Ce faisant, le Tribunal adminis-
tratif a outrepassé sa juridiction. Celle-ci est définie par le statut du
Tribunal. Commela Cour l'adéjàaffirmé àjuste titre, la nécessitpour le

Tribunal [d'agir]dans les limites de sa compétence statutaire >)et celle
d'être un <tribunal régulièrementconstitué ))sont deux conditions préa-
lables auxquelles est subordonnée la validitéde sesjugements (Effet de
jugements du TribunaladministratifdesNations Uniesaccordantindemnité,
C.I.J. Recueil 1954, p. 50, 51). La compétence du Tribunal, telle qu'elle
est définie à l'article 2 de son statut, ne lui donne ni explicitement ni
implicitement le pouvoir de passer outre aux résolutionsde l'Assemblée
générale. D'ailleurs,les travaux préparatoires indiquent le contraire. Le
rapport de la Cinquième Commission relatif à la création du Tribunal

administratif déclare à propos de l'article 2 du statut :
((le Tribunal serait tenu de respecter le droit qu'a l'Assemblée géné-
rale d'apporter au statut du personnel toutes les modifications et
retouches que la situation pourrait demander. Il a étébien entendu

que le Tribunal prendrait en considération l'intention qu'a 1'Assem-
blée générald ee ne pas permettre que secréent desdroits acquis qui
seraient de nature à l'empêcherde prendre des mesures qu'elle con-
sidéreraitcomme nécessaires ...Aucun membre de la Commission ne
s'est élevécontre ces interprétations, mais le représentant de la Bel-
gique a exprimé l'avisque le texte du statut ferait autorité et qu'il
appartiendrait au Tribunal de l'interpréter.>)(Documents officiels de
l'Assemblée généraleq,uatrièmesession,annexes, point 44de l'ordredu
jour, p. 187.)

144. Reconnaître au Tribunal administratif le pouvoir d'écarter ou
d'ignorer les décisionsde l'Assemblée générale revient à lui conférerun
pouvoir de contrôle judiciaire à l'égardde celle-ci.Or le Tribunalne jouit
pas d'un tel pouvoir extraordinaire. De façon générale, l'Assemblée géné-
rale elle-même estdépourvue d'autoritélégislative :ses résolutionsont le
caractère de recommandations. Mais, à l'intérieurde sa sphère très res-

treinte de compétence réglementaire, qui comprend l'établissementdes
conditions d'emploi du personnel conformément à l'article 101, para-
graphe 1,de la Charte,l'Assemblée générap la,r lesrèglesqu'elleadopte, lieAccordingly, when the Administrative Tribunal in substance sets aside
that law, it exceeds its jurisdiction.

145. The Court's Opinion holds otherwise.The Court's conclusionthat
the Tribunal's judgement does not override resolution 34/ 165and hence
exceed the Tribunal's jurisdiction appears to be based on the following
holdings : the Tribunal acted within the lirnitsof Article 2 of its Statute ;
and, even if the Tribunal's judgement on acquired rights with which the
Tribunal gaveeffect to rather than overroderesolution 34/ 165iswrong on
themerits, thatjudgement on the merits hasnothing to dowith an excessof
jurisdiction (para. 80).The Court avoids the question of whether the Tri-
bunal's judgement misconstrues the intent of the General Assembly in
adopting resolution 34/ 165.
146. It is submittedthat theCourt's reasoning isunpersuasive, for these
reasons. First, there is no justification for avoiding the intent of the

General Assemblyin adopting resolution 34/ 165(seepara. 89,supra).The
language of the resolution is plain ; and the tenor of the debate which
preceded its adoption even plainer. The Under-Secretary-General of the
United Nations understood perfectly the meaning of resolution 34/ 165
before its adoption - Le.,complete revocation of the transitional rule -
and explicitlywarned theAssemblyagainst adopting it forthat veryreason
(supra, paras. 79, 80, 81, 84). It is accordingly the harder to credit the
failure of the Court to recognizewhat the record so emphatically demon-
strates. Second, it is perfectly true that the Tribunal acted, prima facie,
within itsjurisdiction or competence in ruling on Mortished's claim. But
that is not the issue.The issue rather is :did it act within itsjurisdiction in
not giving immediate effect to resolution 34/ 165 ? The Court deals with
that issue by advancing arguments designed to show that actually the

Tribunal did giveeffect to resolution 34/ 165.But, since, as this dissenting
opinion has endeavoured to demonstrate, those arguments do not with-
stand analysis, it is believed that this endeavour of the Court fails. Third,
the Court's conclusion that, even if the Tribunal's holding on acquired
rights was erroneous, such error would not constitute an excess of juris-
diction, is a conclusion which is, it is submitted, unduly simplistic. The
essenceof the defence of theTribunal's judgement to the charge of excess
ofjurisdiction is that there was no excess but simply a reconciliation of
resolution 34/ 165with pre-existing and continuing acquired rights. But if
there were no acquired rights, then there could not have been such a
reconciliation. The Court itself does not pass upon whether there were
acquired rights ; it contents itself with reciting the reasoning of the Tri-
bunal's judgement and stating that it is not its business to judge it. But

when the merits of theTribunal's judgement are examined, it is clear that
itsjudgement on this critical question is predominantly unpersuasive. If it
isaccepted that theTribunal's holding on acquired rights is unsound, then
it follows that theTribunal did not giveeffect to resolution 34/ 165,from
whichit follows that it exceeded itsjurisdiction by failing to do so. Its not
givingeffect to resolution 34/ 165alsoconstituted an error on a question ofnon seulement le Secrétairegénéral elte personnel mais aussi leTribunal
administratif. Le Tribunal administratif, lorsqu'il écarteen substance ces
règles,outrepasse donc sa compétence.
145. L'avis de la Cour est différent. Sa conclusion, selon laquelle la
décisiondu Tribunal n'enfreint pas la résolution 34/165et ne constitue
donc pas un excèsde compétencede sa part, semble fondée surla con-
viction que leTribunal a agi dans les limites de l'article2 de son statut et
que, mêmesila décisiondu Tribunal sur les droits acquis - par laquelle il
aurait appliquéet non pas enfreint la résolution 34/165 - est erronée au

fond,cejugement ne peut constituer un excèsde compétence(par. 80).La
Cour élude la questionde savoir si, dans sonjugement, le Tribunal inter-
prète de façon erronée l'intention qui a conduit l'Assemblée générale à
adopter la résolution 34/165.
146. Je soutiens que le raisonnement dela Cour n'estpas convaincant,
pour les raisons suivantes. Premièrement, rien nejustifie que l'on mécon-
naisse l'intention qui animait l'Assemblée générale ea ndoptant la résolu-
tion 34/ 165(voir ci-dessus par. 89). Le texte dela résolution est clair;la
teneur des débats qui ont précédé son adoption l'est plus encore. Le
Secrétairegénéraaldjoint de l'organisation a parfaitement compris avant
l'adoption de la résolution 34/165ceque ce texte signifiait - l'abrogation
complète de la règletransitoire - et c'est précisémentpour cette raison

qu'il a expressémentmis en garde l'Assembléecontre son adoption (voir
ci-dessus par. 79, 80,81,84). Dans ces conditions, il est difficile de croire
que ce que le dossier démontre catégoriquement ait échappé à la Cour.
Deuxièmement,il est parfaitement exact qu'à premièrevue le Tribunal a
agi dans le cadre de sajuridiction ou de sa compétence enstatuant sur les
prétentionsde M. Mortished. Mais làn'estpas la question. La question est
la suivante :leTribunal a-t-il agi dans les limites de sa compétence en ne
donnant pas immédiatement effet àlarésolution 34/165 ? La Cour répond
à cette question par desargumentsquitendent à démontrerqu'en réalité le
Tribunal a donnéeffet à la résolution 34/165.Mais, commej'ai tentéde le
montrer dans la présenteopinion, ces arguments ne résistentpas à l'ana-
lyse, et j'estime donc que la démonstration de la Cour est sans valeur.
Troisièmement, la conclusion de la Cour selon laquelle, en admettant

mêmeque la thèsedu Tribunal relative auxdroits acquis soit erronée,une
telle erreur ne constituerait pas un excèsde compétence, est,sij'ose dire,
exagérément simpliste. Pour l'essentiel,la défensede la position du Tri-
bunal face à l'accusation d'excèsde compétencequi lui est faite consiste à
rejeter cette accusation en prétendant queleTribunal a simplementmisen
accord la résolution34/165 avec des droits acquis préexistants etininter-
rompus. Or, si cesdroits n'existent pas,leTribunal n'a rien pu faire de ce
genre. La Cour elle-mêmene seprononce pas sur l'éventuelle existencede
droits acquis :elle se borne à reprendre le raisonnement contenu dans le
jugement du Tribunal, en ajoutant qu'il n'entre pas dans sa tâche d'en
apprécier la validité. Mais, lorsqu'on examinele jugement du Tribunal
dans sa substance, on constate que, sur cette question décisive,il est

fort peu convaincant. Si donc l'on admet que la conclusion du Tribunallawrelating toprovisions of the United NationsCharter,but that fact does
not weaken the conclusion about jurisdictional excess. It may be said to
make that conclusion unnecessary, because, on the ground of error on a
question of law alone, the Tribunal's judgement in Mortished v. the
Secretary-Generalof the UnitedNations should not be sustained.

147. The question of whether theAdministrative Tribunal exceeded its
jurisdiction - the question of the relativepowers of the General Assembly
and the Administrative Tribunal and the interplay of their exercise in this
case - also isaquestion of lawrelating to provisions of the UnitedNations
Charter. That question engages primarily Article 101 (l), for it is by that
~rovision that. as the Court has more than once held. "the General
Âssembly is &en power to regulate staff relations. . ."'(secpara. 128,
supra). But the question relates or may relate to other Charter articles as
well : to the authority of the Secretary-General as chef administrative
officer of the Organization under Article 97,to the budgetary authority of
the General Assembly under Article 17 and to the General Assembly's
power to establish subsidiaryorgans under Article 22. It may relate to the

distribution of implied powers which arise by intendment from theChar-
ter. But forpresent purposes, al1that need be recalled is that neither under
Article 101 nor any other Charter article, nor under its Statute, is the
Administrative Tribunal authorized to vitiate a resolution adopted by the
General Assembly.

148. The failure of theAdministrative Tribunal to giveimmediate effect
to a binding resolution of the General Assembly constituted error on a
question of law relating to provisions of the United Nations Charter.
Article 101(1)provides that the staff shall be appointed by the Secretary-
General under regulations established by the General Assembly - regu-
lations which "embody the fundamental conditions of service.. . of
the United Nations Secretariat" (Staff Regulations, scope and purpose).
"Under Article 101, paragraph 1, of the Charter, the General Assem-
bly is given power to regulate staff relations ..." (I.C.J. Reports 1973,
p. 173). Resolution 34/ 165, while it did not amend the Staff Regula-
tions, constituted a regulation of the conditions of serviceof the Secretariat,

a regulation which the Administrative Tribunal was bound to apply by
reason of Article 101 (1) (and its own jurisprudence interpreting that
article ;see paras. 130-131,supra).By not givingeffect to that resolution,
the Administrative Tribunal acted in derogation of Article 101 (1) and
so erred on a question of law "relating toma provision of the Charter.
That is al1 that is required by Article 11 of the Tribunal's Statute. The
Tribunal need not have acted in direct contravention of a Charter provi-
sion ; it need merely err in relation to a Charter provision. That it did by
failing to give effect to an exercise of the General Assembly's regulatoryconcernant les droits acquis est mal fondée,il s'ensuit que le Tribunal n'a

pas donnéeffet àla résolution 34/165,et que par cerefus il aoutrepassé sa
compétence. Enne donnant pas effet à la résolution34/ 165,il a également
commis une erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de la Charte des
Nations Unies, ce qui d'ailleurs n'affaiblit en rien la conclusion relative à
l'excèsde compétenceet nepeut que la rendre surabondante, étantdonné
que, sur le seul motif de l'erreur de droit, le jugement du Tribunal dans
l'affaire Mortished c. le Secrétaire général de l'Organisatid ons Nations

Uniesest vicié.
147. La question de savoir si le Tribunal administratif a outrepassé sa
compétence - qui soulèvecelle des pouvoirs relatifs de l'Assemblée géné-
rale et du Tribunal administratif, et de leur interaction en l'espèce - est
égalementune question de droit concernant la Charte des Nations Unies.
Elleintéresseau premier chef l'article 101,paragraphe 1,car c'esten vertu
de ce texte que, comme la Cour l'a maintes fois répété, (<l'Assemblée

généralea compétence pour régler lesrelations avec le personnel ...))
(voir ci-dessus par. 128).Mais elle peut également intéresserd'autres ar-
ticlesde laCharte :l'article 97,relatif àla compétencedu Secrétaire géné-
ral en tant que plus haut fonctionnaire de l'organisation ; l'article 17,
relatif aux pouvoirs de l'Assemblée générale en matière budgétaire ; et
l'article 22, concernant la compétence de l'Assemblée généralepour
créer des organes subsidiaires. Elle peut mêmetendre à la répartition des

pouvoirs implicites découlant de l'esprit de la Charte. Cependant, aux
fins de la présente instance, il suffit de rappeler que ni l'article 101 ni
aucun article de la Charte, ni le statut du Tribunal, n'autorisent le
Tribunal administratif à annuler une résolution adoptée-.r l'Assemblée
générale.
148. Lerefus du Tribunal administratif de donner immédiatement-èffet
à une résolution impérativede l'Assemblée généralc eonstitue de sa part

une erreur de droit concernant les dis~ositions de la Charte des Nations ~ -
Unies. L'article 101,paragraphe 1,stipule que lepersonnel est nommépar
le Secrétaire "énéralconformément aux règles fix"esDar l'Assemblée
générale - règles qui (<énonce[nt]les conditions fondamentales d'em-
ploi ..du Secrétariatde l'organisation des Nations Unies ))(statutdu per-
sonnel :portéeet objet). (<L'article101,paragraphe 1,de laCharte donne à
l'Assemblée générale le pouvoir de fixer des règlespour ce qui est des

rapports avec le personnel ...)>(C.I.J. Recueil 1973, p. 173.) La résolu-
tion 34/ 165,bien que ne portant pas amendement au statut du personnel,
fixait une règlerelative aux conditions d'emploidu personnel du Secréta-
riat, règleque le Tribunal administratif était tenu d'appliqueren vertu de
l'article 101,paragraphe 1 (et de sa proprejurisprudence sur l'interpréta-
tion de cet article ;voir ci-dessus par. 130-131).En ne donnant pas effet à
cette résolution, le Tribunal administratif ne s'est pas conformé à l'ar-

ticle 101,paragraphe 1,et a ainsi commisune erreur de droit (rconcernant ))
une disposition de la Charte. C'est tout ce qui est exigéaux termes de
l'article 11du statut du Tribunal. Il n'estpas nécessairequeleTribunal ait
agi en violation directe d'une disposition de la Charte : il suffit qu'il aitauthority under Article 101 (1) by reason of unfounded reliance on
acquired rights.

149. While the essential error of law relating to a Charter provision is
the Tribunal's failure to give effect to an exercise of the General Assem-
bly'sregulatory authority under Article 101(l), that error embraces more
particular errors. Regulation 11.2of the Staff Regulations provides that
the Administrative Tribunal shall, "under conditions prescribed in its
Statute", pass judgement upon applications from staff members alleging
non-observance of their terms of appointment, including "al1 pertinent
regulations and rules". The conditions ofthe Statute, in Article 2,prescribe
that theTribunal shallapply "al1pertinent regulations and rulesin force at
the time of the alleged non-observance ...".The Tribunal erred in apply-
ing in favour of Mortished a rule not in force at the time of the alleged
non-observance, namely, the deleted Rule 109.5 0, which had been de-
leted by reason of the application of resolution 34/ 165.Its applying that
deleted rule thus conflicted with an exercise of the General Assembly's
authority under Article 101(1).The Tribunal alsomayhave erred infailing

to apply a pertinent rule which was in force at the time of the alleged
non-observance,namely, Rule 104.7 (c).Its interpretation of AnnexIV to
the Staff Regulations - "In principle, the repatriation grant shall be
payable to staff members whom the Organization is obligated to repa-
triate" - also erred in derogating from the General Assembly'sauthority
to regulate staff relations under Article 101(1) because it failed to give
adequate weight to the reiterated intent of the General Assembly in
adopting and maintaining that provision. Moreover, in so far as the
AdministrativeTribunal deflected the incontestable intent of the General
Assemblyin adopting resolutions 33/ 119and 34/ 165,and construed those
resolutions in afashion inconsonant with that intent, it erred ona question
of law relating to a provision of the Charter, namely, the authority of the
General Assembly to regulate the staff under Article 101(1).

150. The Court's Opinion makes no room for the conclusion that the
judgement of the Administrative Tribunal erred on a question of law
relating to provisions of the United Nations Charter. It agrees that the
Tribunal must "accept and apply the decision? of the General Assembly
made in accordance with Article 101of the Charter". It concludes that the
Tribunal did. Why ?Because itcommis une erreurconcernant une disposition dela Charte.C'estce que le
Tribunal afait enl'espècelorsqu'ila refusé,sefondant a tort sur lesdroits

acquis, de donner effet à une disposition issue d'un acte accompli par
l'Assemblée générald eans l'exercicede la compétence réglementaireque
lui confère l'article101,paragraphe 1, de la Charte.
149. Si l'erreur essentielle de droit concernant une disposition de la
Charte est constituée par le refus du Tribunal de donner effet à un acte
accompli par l'Assembléegénéraldeans l'exercicede la compétencerégle-
mentaire qu'elle détient en vertu de l'article 101, paragraphe 1, de la
Charte,cetteerreur en englobed'autres, plus spécifiques.L'article11.2du
statut du personnel dispose que le Tribunal administratif, suivant les

conditions fixéesdans son statut D, se prononce sur les <(requêtes des
fonctionnairesqui invoquent la non-observation des conditions d'emploi,
y compris toutes dispositions applicables du statut et du règlement du
personnel )>Selonl'article 2du mêmestatut, leTribunal applique (toutes
dispositions pertinentes dustatut etdu règlementenvigueuraumoment de
l'inobservation invoquée ..))Le Tribunal a commis une erreur en appli-
quant en faveur de Mortished une disposition qui n'étaitpas en vigueur à
l'époquede l'inobservation invoquée, à savoir l'ancienne règle 109.5 fl,
dont la suppression résultait de l'application de la résolution 34/165.En

décidant d'appliquercette règleabrogée,il afait échec a un acte accompli
par l'Assemblée générald eans l'exercice de sa compétence en vertu de
l'article 101,paragraphe 1.Il sepeut aussi queleTribunal ait commis une
erreur en refusant d'appliquerune disposition pertinente qui étaiten vi-
gueur à l'époquedel'inobservation alléguée à,savoirladisposition 104.7c)
du règlement du personnel. L'interprétation qu'il a donnée de l'an-
nexe IV du statut du personnel - (Ont droit, en principe, à la prime de
rapatriement lesfonctionnaires que l'organisation est tenue de rapatrier
- constitue égalementune erreur, car le Tribunal a ainsi fait échec à la

compétence conférée à l'Assembléegénérale par l'article101, para-
graphe 1, de réglementerles relations avec le personnel, et a refuséde
donner toute sa portée à l'intention manifestéede façon répétéepar
l'Assemblée générale ea ndoptant et en maintenant cette disposition. En
outre, dans la mesure où le Tribunal administratif a déformé l'intention
incontestable qui animait l'Assemblée générale en adoptant les résolu-
tions 33/119 et 34/ 165,et où il a interprétéces résolutionsd'une manière
incompatible avec ladite intention, il a commis uneerreur de droit concer-
nant une disposition dela Charte, à savoir lepouvoir de l'Assembléegéné-

rale de fixerdesrèglesrelativesaupersonnel, conformément àl'article 101,
paragraphe 1.
150. Dans son avis, la Cour ne fait aucune place à la conclusion
selon laquelle le jugement du Tribunal administratif a commis une erreur
de droit concernant les dispositions de la Charte des Nations Unies.
Elle reconnaît que le Tribunal doit (accepter et appliquer les décisions
prises par l'Assemblée générale conformémenta l'article 101 de la
Charte D.Elle conclut que c'estce qu'a fait leTribunal. Pourquoi ? Parce
qu'il "was faced . ..not only with resolution34/ 165 ... but also with Staff
Regulation 12.1 ... it had therefore to interpret and apply these two
sets of rules. ..Thequestion is not whether the Tribunal was right or
wrong in the wayit performedthis task ...the question - indeed, the
only matter on which the Court can pass, - is whether the Tribunal
erred on a question of law relating to the provisions of the Charter of
the United Nations. This it clearly did not do when it attempted only
to apply to Mr. Mortished's case the relevant Staff Regulations and

Rules made under the authority of the General Assembly." (Para.
76.)

15 1. It is submitted that this is thecentral error of the Court's Opinion.
For the reasonsadvanced in the preceding paragraphs, precisely what the
Tribunal did in purporting to reconcile resolution 34/ 165with non-exis-
tent acquiredrights wasto commitan error of lawin relation toprovisions
of the Charter, notably, Article 101(1). Byresolution 34/165 the General
Assembly, acting under Article 101(l), regulated the terms of eligibility
for the repatriation grant ; by itsjudgement, the Tribunal avoided giving
immediate effect to theAssembly'sregulation ;on this count above al1but
on others as well(supra, paras. 147-149),the Tribunal thereby erred on a
question oflawrelating toa provision of theCharter, sinceit frustrated the
express and intended effect of an exerciseof the Assembly'sCharter-given
regulatory power. It avails the Court nothing to take refuge in the con-
clusion that it cannot properly resolve whether or not the Tribunal's
holding on acquired rights was right but that "clearly" whether the Tri-

bunal was right or wrong did not constitute an error of law relating to
Charter ~rovisions.That conclusion isnot clearat all. It takes not merelv a
narrow ionstruction of the Court's authority which is questionable (Ga-
ras. 19-29,supra). Even on the Court's own constrained construction of its
jurisdiction, it is unsupportable because the Tribunal's conclusions so
clearly derogate from the regulatory authority of the General Assem-
bly.

152. It may be added that the question of whether Mortished has an
acquiredrightin thiscaserelatesnot only to Article 101 (l), but, arguably,
to Articles 101(3) and 100of the Charter as well. It has been maintained,
and reasonably maintained, that the implementation of acquired rights
where justified bears upon the realization of the staff's efficiencyc ,ompe-
tence and integrityfor whichprovision is foundinArticle 101(3),and that
it relates as well to the maintenance of the exclusively international
responsibility of the staff under Article 100.It is worth emphasizingthat

the Mortished case does not deal with questions of acquired rights in the
abstract or inthemanycontextsin whichtheymay arise.It rather concerns
the very particular question of the acquired rights of international civil
servants, a question which must be consideredin the singularcontext of se trouvait en présence, non seulement de la résolution 341165...,
mais encore de I'article 12.1du statut du personnel ...il devait donc
interpréteret fairejouer cesdeux sériesde dispositions ...La question
n'est pas de savoir si le Tribunal s'est bien ou mal acquitté de sa
tâche ..La question - en fait le seul point sur lequel la Cour puisse

statuer - consiste à savoir sileTribunal a commis une erreur dedroit
concernant les dispositions de la Charte des Nations Unies. Il est
manifeste qu'il n'en est pas ainsi, puisque le Tribunal n'a fait qu'es-
sayer d'appliquer au cas de M. Mortished les dispositions qu'il a
jugéespertinentes du statut et du règlementdu personnel établis sous
l'autoritéde l'Assemblée générale. )>(Par. 76.)

151. J'estimeque c'estlà l'erreur capitale dans l'avisde la Cour. Pour les
raisons exposéesaux paragraphes précédents,ce qu'a fait le Tribunal en
visant à concilier la résolution 34/ 165 avec des droits acquis inexistants

constitue précisémentune erreur de droit concernant lesdispositions de la
Charte, et notamment l'article 101,paragraphe 1.Par la résolution 34/165,
l'Assembléegénérale,agissantconformément àl'article 101,paragraphe 1,
a réglementéles conditions requises pour bénéficierde la prime de rapa-
triement ;par sonjugement, leTribunal a évité de donner immédiatement
effet à la règle poséepar l'Assemblée ;pour ce motif tout d'abord, mais
aussi pour d'autres raisons (voir ci-dessus par. 147-149), le Tribunal a
commis une erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de la Charte,
puisqu'il a vidéde son objet exprès l'exercicepar l'Assembléedu pouvoir
réglementaire qui lui est conférépar la Charte. C'est inutilement que la

Cour avancecommeexcusequ'elle n'a pas àseprononcer sur la pertinence
dela conclusion du Tribunal concernant lesdroits acquis,et que lefait que
leTribunal ait ou non agijudicidieusement neconstitue (<manifestement ))
pas une erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de la Charte. Cette
affirmation n'éclaire rien.Non seulement la Cour adopte ainsi une con-
ception étroite et contestable de sa propre compétence (voir ci-dessus
par. 19-29),maisen outre, mêmesion sefondesur la conception restrictive
de la Cour concernant sa compétence,cette affirmation est insoutenable
du fait que la décisiondu Tribunal dérogede façon manifeste à la com-
pétence réglementairede l'Assemblée générale.
152. On pourrait ajouter quela question de savoir siMortished avait en

l'espèceun droit acquis ne concerne pas seulement l'article 101, para-
graphe 1,mais aussi, lesarticles 101,paragraphe 3,et 100dela Charte. On
a dit, non sans raison, que la protection des droitspouvait avoir des effets
sur le respect des conditions exigéesdes fonctionnaires de l'organisation
des Nations Unies à l'article 101,paragraphe 3 - qualitéde travail, com-
pétence, intégrité - et égalementsurle respect de leur situation exclusive
de fonctionnaires internationaux, conformément à l'article 100. Mais il
faut souligner que l'affaire Mortished ne soulèvepas la question des droits
acquis dans l'abstrait, ni dans la multiplicité des contextes où elle peut
surgir :ellesoulèvela question très précise desdroits acquis des fonction-

naires internationaux, question quidoitêtreexaminéedans leseulcontexteinternational organizationsand in the light of thejurisprudence concern-
ingacquiredrights whichhas developedin theinternational administrative
tribunals. Thus, while what those tribunals and this Court rnay Sayabout
acquiredrights in thiscontext rnayhave little orno application to acquired
rights in other contexts, it rnay certainly "relate to" those Charter articles
that are the foundation of the international legal character of the United
Nations Secretariat. Evenif anarrow viewoftheCourt'sjurisdiction under
Article 11 of the Tribunal's Statute is taken, there accordingly rnay be

ground for examining the merits of the Tribunal's holding of acquired
rightsin this casein addition to that soclearlyprovided by Article 101(1).
If the Tribunal's holding is found to be flawed, if it is found to extend the
doctrine of acquired rights to an unreasonable extent, its so doing rnay be
said not only to prejudice the regulatory powers of the General Assembly
under Article 101(l), but to bear adversely on Articles 101(3)and 100in
so far as undue extension of acquired rights rnay weaken those rights
within their proper limits, rights which, when so limited, reinforce the
effectiveness of those articles. For the reasons set out in this dissenting
opinion,it is submitted that the holding of theAdministrativeTribunal in
the case of Mortished v. the Secretaiy-General of the United Nations is
seriously flawed and does extend the doctrine of acquired rights unrea-
sonably.

153. Did theAdministrativeTribunal's finding of Mortished's acquired

rights afford it an authority to avoid giving effect to resolution 34/165
which it otherwise lacks ? As noted, it has been maintained that the
Tribunal didnot so much fail togiveimmediate effect to resolution34/ 165
as to weigh against that resolution Mortished's acquired rights. It is
maintained that what the Tribunal did was to reconcile resolution 34/ 165
withhs pre-existingand continuingacquiredrights ;sinceit upheld those
rights, it could give effect to resolution 34/165 only in so far as it was
consistent with them.

154. As submitted above, this approach can bepersuasive onlyin sofar
as the holding that Mortished had acquired rights is soundly based. It is
believed that it has been shown above that it is not soundlybased. Thus in
sofar as theTribunal's finding of acquiredrights is thejustification fornot
givingimmediate effect to resolution 34/ 165in accordancewith its terms
and the intent of the General Assembly, that justification fails, i.e., the
finding of acquiredrights is thesource of theTribunal's errorinfrustrating
the Charter-given authority of the General Assembly to regulate staff

relations pursuant to Article 101 (1). Of course, this conclusion can be
reached only by an analysis of the merits of the Tribunal's holding that
Mortished had an acquired right to a repatriation grant without provi-
sion of evidence of relocation. For this reason of itself, it is submitted that
the Court could not and should not avoid evaluating the merits of thedes organisations internationales et compte tenu de la jurisprudence qui
s'estconstituée à cet égardau sein des tribunaux administratifs interna-
tionaux. Ainsi, même sice que ces tribunaux et la Cour peuvent dire à
propos des droits acquis dans ce contexte précis estd'un intérêltimité -
voire nul - pour les droits acquis dans d'autres contextes, leurs décisions
peuvent assurément <concerner ))les articles de la Charte qui sontà la

base du caractèrejuridiquement international du Secrétariat desNations
Unies. Mêmeenadoptant une conception restrictive de la compétencede
la Cour en vertu de l'article 11du statut du Tribunal, on peut voir là une
raison d'examiner le bien-fondédela conclusion du Tribunal concernant
les droits acquis, en plus de celle qui ressort nettement de l'article 101,
paragraphe 1,delaCharte. Sion constate quela conclusion duTribunal est
viciée,si on constate que le Tribunal étendla théorie desdroits acquis de
manière déraisonnable, on peut affirmer que, ce faisant, non seulementil
porte atteinte au pouvoir réglementairede l'Assembléegénéralerésultant
de l'article 101,paragraphe 1, mais il contredit en outre les articles 101,

paragraphe 3, et 100,dans la mesure où l'extension injustifiée des droits
acquispeut affaiblir cesmêmesdroits à l'intérieurde leurslimitespropres,
alors que ces droits, lorsqu'ils sont ainsi limités,renforcent l'efficacitéde
ces articles. Pour les raisons exposéesdans la présente opinion,je suis
d'avisque la décisionduTribunal administratif dans l'affaireMortishedc.
le Secrétaire générd al I'Organisationdes Nations Unies est gravement
défectueuse, en ce qu'elle élargit abusivement la théorie des droits
acquis.
153. La conclusion du Tribunal administratif concernant les droits
acquis de Mortished luidonne-t-ellelepouvoir - qui ne lui appartient pas
par ailleurs- de ne pas donner effet à la résolution341165 ?Comme il est

indiqué plus haut, on a soutenu que le Tribunal n'avait pas refuséde
donner immédiatement effet à la résolution 34/165,mais qu'il avait fait
jouer contre cette résolutionles droits acquis de Mortished ;que le Tri-
bunal avait concilié la résolution34/165 avec les droits acquis de Mor-
tished, préexistants et ininterrompus ;et qu'ayant affirmé l'existencede
ces droits il n'avait pu donner effet à la résolution 34/165 que dans la
mesure où elle était compatible avec eux.
154. Commeje l'aidéjàdit, ceraisonnement ne serait convaincant que
si la thèse de l'existence d'un droit acquis était fondée.Je crois avoir
démontréqu'elle ne l'est pas. Ainsi, dans la mesure où la conclusion du

Tribunal concernant les droits acquis lui sert dejustification pour ne pas
donner immédiatement effet à la résolution 34/165 conformément aux
termes de celle-ciet àl'intention expriméepar l'Assembléegénérale,cette
justification disparaît, et c'est cette mêmeconclusion qui est la source de
l'erreur commisepar leTribunal en faisant échecau pouvoir que la Charte
donne à l'Assembléegénéralede fixer des règlesconcernant les relations
avecle personnel, conformément à l'article 101,paragraphe 1.Il va de soi
cependant qu'on ne peut se prononcer ainsi qu'après avoir analysé le
bien-fondéde laconclusion duTribunal selonlaquelleMortished avaitun
droit acquis àlaprime derapatriement sans avoir à fournir la preuve de sajudgement of the Administrative Tribunal in Mortishedv. the Secretary-
General.

155. Finally it may benoted that the Tribunal's judgement on acquired
rights relates not only to Article 101(1) by reason of its frustrating the
exerciseof the Assembly'sauthority under that article. If the broader view
of the jurisdiction of the Court under Article 11 of its Statute is taken
(supra, paras. 18-29), the Court then has an additional jurisdictional
ground for consideration of the merits of the Tribunal's judgement,
namely, that it is entitled to review on its own merits the Tribunal's
interpretation of the Staff Regulations that derive from Article 101(1) -
provided that review is of an "exceptional" case. The Mortished case, the
first case brought to the Court under Article 11 at the initiative of a

member State, clearly is exceptional, because it raises extraordinary issues
of the relations and relationships between the General Assembly on the
onehand, and, on theother, the Secretary-General, theInternational Civil
ServiceCommission, the Advisory Committee on Co-ordination, the Con-
sultative Committee on Administrative Questions, and, most of all, the
Administrative Tribunal. Should the Court exercise that jurisdiction, it
cannot, for the reasons set forth above, conclude that the Tribunal's
interpretation ofacquired rights in theMortishedcaseisconsistent with the
Staff Regulations as that concept has been developed in thejurisprudence
of the Administrative Tribunals of the United Nations System.

(Signed) Stephen M. SCHWEBEL.réinstallation. C'est pourquoij'estime quela Cour ne pouvait ni ne devait
se dérober à un examen au fond du jugement du Tribunal administratif
dans l'affaire Mortished c. le Secrétaire généra dle l'organisation des
Nations Unies.
155. On remarquera enfin que lejugement du Tribunal sur la question
des droits acquis ne concerne pas seulement l'article 101, paragraphe 1,

dansla mesure où cette décisiondénie à l'Assembléegénérale l'exercice de
la compétence que lui confère cet article. Si l'on adopte une conception
plus large de la compétence que la Cour tient de l'article 11 du statut du
Tribunal (voir ci-dessus par. 18-29), la Cour dispose d'un motif juridic-
tionnel supplémentaire d'examiner au fond le jugement du Tribunal,
puisqu'elle aalorsqualitépour réexamineraufond l'interprétation donnée
par le Tribunal aux dispositions du statut du personnel découlant de
l'article 101, paragraphe 1 - à condition que ce réexamen concerne une
affaire <(exceptionnelle )).Manifestement, l'affaire Mortished, qui est la
première à avoir été portéedevant la Cour sur l'initiative d'un Etat

Membre invoquant l'article 11, a un caractère exceptionnel, car elle sou-
lèvedes questions inhabituelles concernant les relations et les rapports
entre l'Assembléegénéraled,'une part, et, d'autre part, le Secrétairegéné-
ral, la Commission de la fonction publique internationale, le Comité
administratif de coordination, le Comité consultatif pour les questions
administratives et, surtout, le Tribunal administratif. Si la Cour avait
exercécette compétence, elle n'aurait pu, pour les raisons précitées, con-
clure que l'interprétation des droits acquis donnée par le Tribunal dans
l'affaireMortished était conforme au statut du personnel, étantdonné la
jurisprudence sur ce point des tribunaux administratifs du système des
Nations Unies.

(Signé)Stephen M. SCHWEBEL. APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. SCHWEBEL)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs
SUMMAR(Y pp. 454-457)

1. The provisions of theStatute of the Court and the Court's
judicial character
2. The provisions of the Statute of the Administrative Tribu-
nal

A. The terms of those provisions
B. The travaux préparatoires of those provisions
(i) Justification for recourse to preparatory work
(ii) The Court suggestsjudicial review of Administrative
Tribunal Judgements

(iii) The General Assembly takes up the Court's sugges-
tion
(iv) The report of the Secretary-General on reviewoce-
dures
(v) The meetings and report of the Special Committee
(vi) Consideration by the Fifth Committee

C. Conclusions on the scope of the Court's reviewauthority in
respect of error of law 29-30

3. The Court's interpretation of theatutes of the Administra-
tive Tribunal in thenesco Officiais and Fasla cases 31-38

A. The Unesco Officiais case
B. The Fasla case

II. THEORIGINS AND DEVELOPMEN OF THE REPATRIATIO GRANT

1. The initiation and intent of the repatriation grant1949-
1950
2. Departure from the General Assembly'sintent by the CCAQ
in 1951-1952
3. The General Assembly apparently is not informed that prac-
tice departed from principle
4. The General Assembly is informed that relocation to a third
countrysuffices
5. The CCAQ's rationale for the practice

6. Amendments to the Staff Regulations do not inform the Gen-
eral Assembly of the practice
7. The practice is first aired in the General Assembly in 1976
8. The CCAQ does not mention the practice DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION (OP. DISS. SCHWEBEL) 55 1

TABLE DES MATIÈRES

Paragraphes
RÉSUMÉ (p. 454-457)

1. Les dispositions du Statut de la Cour et le caractèrejudiciaire
de la Cour 3-7
2. Les dispositions du statut du Tribunal administratif 8-30

A. Les termes du statut
B. Les travaux préparatoires
-
i) Raisons du recours aux travaux préparatoires
ii) LaCour suggèreuneprocédurede réformationpour les
jugements du Tribunal administratif
iii) L'Assembléegénéraledonne suite àla suggestion de la
Cour

iv) Le rapport du Secrétaire généraslur les procéduresde
réformation
v) Les travaux du Comitéspécialet son rapport
vi) L'examen de la question par la Cinquième Commis-
sion

C. Conclusions sur la portéedu pouvoir de réformationde la
Cour au motif de l'erreur de droit
3. L'interprétationdes statuts destribunaux administratifs par la

Cour dans l'affaire desFonctionnairesde l'Unescoet dans l'af-
faire Fasla
A. L'affaire des Fonctionnairesde I'U~zesco
B. L'affaire Fasla

II. ORIGINES ET ÉVOLUTION DE LA PRIME DE RAPATRIEMENT

1. Les débutsde la prime derapatriement et l'intention àlaquelle
elle répondait (1949-1950)

2. Le CCQA s'écartede l'intention expriméepar l'Assemblée
générale(1951-1952)
3. L'Assembléegénéralen'est apparemment pas informéequela
pratique suivie s'écartedu principe adopté
4. L'Assembléegénéraleapprend que la réinstallation dans un
pays tiers suffit
5. La justification de la pratique par le CCQA

6. Les amendements au statut du personnel n'éclairentpas l'As-
semblée générale sur la pratique suivie
7. La pratique suivie est évoquéepour la première fois à l'As-
semblée générale en 1976
8. Le CCQA n .e m entionne p_asl~apratiquesuivie
... - -552 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. SCHWEBEL)

Paragraphs

9. The revealing report of the ICSC of 1978 54-55
IO. Fifth Committee response to the ICSC Report 56-57

11. The General Assembly barspayment to non-relocating staff by
resolution 33/119 58-59
12. The frustration of resolution 33/ 119 60-64

A. The Secretary-General's Circular 60
B. The ICSC recommends a transitional rule 61
C. The opinion of the Office of Legal Affairs 62
D. The texts of Staff Regulation 9.4,Annex IVand Staff Rule
109.5 63

E. Analysis of the opinion of the Office of Legal Affairs 64

13. The failure to apply Staff Rule 104.7 65-66

14. The Secretary-General issues transitional Rule 109.5 (fj 67
15. Reaction in theGeneral Assembly againsttheinterpretation of
resolution 33/ 119by the ICSC and the Secretary-General: the
adoption of resolution 34/ 165 68-88
16. The intent of the General Assembly in adopting resolution

34/ 165 89-90

III. THEADMINISTRATIT VREIBUNAL'JSUDGEMENT INMORTISHED
V. SECRETARY-GENERAL 91-155

1. Were special, contractual obligations of relevance assumed
towards Mortished ?
2. Case law of the Administrative Tribunal's cuts against Mor-
tished's claim
3. The Tribunal's summary of the evolution of practice concern-
ing the repatriation grant
4. The question of retroactive effacement of Mortished'stitle-
ment
5. The Tribunal's construction of the intent of the General
Assembly in adopting resolution 34/ 165

6. The Tribunals' holding that the repatriation grant was
earned
7. The Tribunal's conclusion that the transitionalle of itself is
the source of an acquired right
8. The balance of equitable considerations
9. Was the Administrative Tribunal entitled to apply resolution
34/ 165?
10. Did the Administrative Tribunal determine that resolution
34/ 165 could not be given immediate effect?

11. The Tribunal'sjudgement erred on questions of law relating to
provisions of the Charter and exceeded the Tribunal'sjuris-
diction Paragraphes
9. Le rapport révélateurde la CFPI en 1978 54-55
10. Les réactions de la Cinquième Commission au rapport de la
CFPI 56-57
11. La résolution33/ 119de l'Assembléegénéraleinterdit le paie-

ment de la prime aux fonctionnaires non réinstallés 58-59
12. La résolution 33/ 119 est rendue inopérante 60-64
A. La circulaire du Secrétaire général 60
B. La CFPI recommande une règletransitoire 6 1
C. L'avis du bureau des affaires juridiques 62

D. Le texte de l'article 9.4 du statut du personnel, de i'an-
nexe IVaudit statutet de la disposition 109.5du règlement
du personnel 63
E. Analyse de l'avis du bureau des affaires juridiques 64
13. La non-application de la disposition 104.7 du règlement du
personnel 65-66

14. Le Secrétaire généréldicte ladisposition transitoire fl9.5 67
15. Les réactionsde l'Assembléegénérale àl'interprétation de la
résolution33/ 119par la CFPI et le Secrétairegénéraladop-
tion de la résolution 34/165 68-88
16. Quelle était l'intentionde l'Assembléegénéraleen adoptant la
résolution34/ 165? 89-90

III. LE JUGEMENT DU TRIBUNAL ADMINISTRATIF EN L'AFFAIRE

MORTISHED C. LE SECRÉTAIRE GÉNÉRAL DE L'ORGANISATION
DES NATIONSUNIES
1. Y avait-il des obligations spéciales,de nature contractuàlle,
l'égardde Mortished ? 92-98

2. Lajurisprudence du Tribunal administratif contredit les pré-
tentions de Mortished 99-105
3. L'exposépar le Tribunal de l'évolutionde la pratique concer-
nant la prime de rapatriement 106-110
4. La question de l'abolition rétroactive dudroit de Mortished 111

5. L'interprétation donnéepar le Tribunaà l'intention de l'As-
semblée généraleen adoptant la résolution 34/165 112

6. La conclusion du Tribunal suivant laquelle la prime de rapa-
triement serait(gagnée>> 113-117
7. La conclusion du Tribunal suivant laquelle la règletransitoire
en elle-même estla source d'un droit acquis 118-124
8. La pondération des considérations d'équité 125-126
9. Le Tribunal administratif pouvait-il appliquer la résolu-
tion 34/ 16? 127-131
10. Le Tribunal administratif a-t-il déterminé que la résolu-
tion 34/165 ne pouvait prendre immédiatement effet ? 132-141

11. Dans sonjugement, le Tribunal a commis une erreur de droit
concernant les dispositions de la Charte et a outrepassé sa
juridiction 142-155

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Schwebel

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