Dissenting Opinion of Judge Lachs

Document Number
066-19820720-ADV-01-05-EN
Parent Document Number
066-19820720-ADV-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE LACHS

1. The birth of international organizations not only opened a new
chapter of international law but alsocreated a series of issues concerning
their functioning and thestatus of theirpersonnel. Thus differencesofview
have arisen concerning the rights and obligations of this new type of
officia1; some became disputes between the administration and the offi-
cial, and gave rise to specific problems concerning the methods and pro-
cedures for resolving them. The officials could not be left without reme-
dies, hence the creation of special organs to resolve differences arising in
this area. Thus, as is well known,three administrative tribunals are now in

existence.The Administrative Tribunal of theUnited Nations established
a richjurisprudence which has helped to shape the interna1 law of inter-
national organizations. Yet no tribunalis infallible and occasionally ques-
tions were raised as to the correctness of its decisions. Hence the intro-
duction of the machinery for the reviewof thejudgements of two of these
tribunals. The latest outcome is the present case.

2. There are several reasons which make me reluctant to write this
opinion : among them is the fact that we face here ajudgement coming
from a tribunal which has a very good record and with many of whose
findings 1could surely agree. Yet, since 1unfortunately have difficulty in
accepting an important part of that judgement - a part with which 1
consider that the Court should have dealt in greater depth -, 1feel that 1
must, in al1conscience, indicate my views.

II. JURISDICTION

3. The Request, at first sight rather simple, raises complex and difficult
questions of law. As the Court's opinion amply shows, the mere circum-
stances of its submission called for some trenchant comments on proce-
dura1issues and a special examination of the question ofjurisdiction. As
for the review procedure as a whole, its theoretical shortcomings are by
now notorious. Butin practical termstheCourt's experiencein thepresent
case has been even more painful than that in the handful of comparable
cases that preceded it :the irregularities comrnitted are most strilung, in
particular at thestage of the Committee on Applications. However, at first1saw in them no compellingreasons whch would be an obstacle to con-
sidering the merits. Yet their closer analysis reflected in the text of the
Advisory Opinion has disclosed graveviolations in the screeningprocess.

Thus 1was divided in my mind and the scalescould easilyhave tipped the
other way.Nevertheless, the Court's decision was taken undeniably in the
longshadowcast by thesedeficiencies,despite whichit agreedto surmount
the difficulty, continued with the analysis of the case and reached its
conclusions. This unusual circumstance, while reinforcing my doubts on
the subject of the Court'sjurisdiction, will,in later sections of this opinion,
enable me to proceed with an analysis of the merits.

III. THELOCUSSTANDI OF STATES MEMBER SF
THE UNITED NATIONS

4. In the present case the Court could not, of course, as in 1973,put
aside as irrelevant the arguments against the propriety of a State chal-
lenging the judgement in a dispute to which it is not a party. On the
contrary, it had to liveup to itsstatement that such "considerations would
cal1for closeexamination by the Court if it should receivea request for an
opinion resulting from an application to the Committee by a member
State" (I.C.J. Reports 1973,p. 178at para. 31).In doing so,however,it has
been mindfulthat thearguments wereoriginallyraised in 1955and that the
General Assembly amended the Statute of the Tribunal despite them and
in full awareness of them. Designedly, therefore, the General Assembly

adopted an amendmentpermitting an intervention by a member State in a
dispute between the Secretary-General and a staff member.

5. There are twoaspects to the aboveobjections to "State intervention".
One concerns the rights of the staff member party to the original dispute.
The other concerns the prerogatives of the other party thereto, the Secre-
tary-General, as chief administrative officer of the Organization. From
both angles,it has been objected thatthe procedure allows theintrusion of
a member Stateinto the relationship between the Secretary-General and a
member of his staff.

6. What this boils down to is the issue of the relationship between
member States and staff members (or former staff members) ofthe United
Nations. Here a distinction has to be made between the day-to-day,
functional relationship and the basic, organic relationship. The Secretary-
General is the pivot of this distinction. For everyday, practical purposes,
the staff members are responsible to him alone. The very nature of their
duties, safeguarded by Article00of the Charter, issuch asto requirethem
to be shielded from thepressure of the individual member State but also
to require al1member States to be shielded. 7. Conversely,the basic,organicrelationship between the staff member

and the member Statehas to be looked at in the light offundamentals. One
"fundamental" which is constantly obscured in the context of disputes is
that it is not the Secretary-General that is a principal organ of the Orga-
nization, but the Secretariat - to which both he and his staff belong. The
Secretary-General's staff are the servants of the United Nations. Their
relationship is with the Organization, whose instructions he is expected to
interpret and transmit. As chief administrative officer he represents the
Organization in his dealings with them, but, as Article 101of the Charter
implies,it is another representative of the Organization, namely the Gen-
eral Assembly, which makes and has oversight over the regulations gov-
erning their relationship not only with him but with the Organization

behind him. Thus the United Nations,made up of member States of which
the General Assemblyis the voice,is the ultimate employer of the staff.As
the Court itself recognized in 1954,and has now confirmed (in para. 68),
the Secretary-General is at al1times subject to the control of the General
Assembly in staff matters (cf. I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 60).

8. The conclusions to be drawn are that the relationship lies basically
between the staff member and the Organization and that, at that level, a

memberState, as such,cannotbe regarded as an outsider. Thepresent case,
moreover, concerned not only an important problem of the validity of a
rulebut alsothe implementation of aGeneral Assemblydecisionwhich did
not affect one staffmember only, and theissueinvolvedtouched upon - as
1 hope to show - the fundamental interpretation of Article 101 of the
Charter.
9. In sum,theGeneral Assembly's1955decision to admitthe possibility
of an application for review being submitted by a member State consti-
tuted recognition that a member State, as a representative of the Organi-
zation, can have alegitimate interest in questioning theTribunal's decision
on a matter concerning the staff member's rightsand obligations vis-à-vis

hisultimate employer, the Organization. On such occasions it is, 1believe,
rnisleading to visualize such an application as amounting to an interven-
tion in a relationship between two other persons.

10. The fact is that, as was already seen in 1973, "Article 11 was not
introduced into the Statute of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal
exclusively,or even primarily, to provide judicial protection for officiais"
despite what had been said in 1956about Article XII of the Statute of the
IL0 Administrative Tribunal (seeI.C.J. Reports 1973,p. 183at para. 40),
and the Court must therefore givedue weight to the other party deserving
judicial protection - namely the Organization. IV. GROUNDS OF THE APPLICATIO NOR REVIEW

11. Judgement No. 273of theUnited Nations Administrative Tribunal,
whilenot ordering the payment to Mr. Mortished of the repatnation grant
he claimed, awarded him compensation in exactly the same amount, so
that thereis amaterial (ifnotjurisprudential) identity between the effectof
its action and the satisfaction of the claim.The awards of theTribunal (as
concluded by the Court in 1954)are binding upon the United Nations. A
member of the General Assemblyof that Organization has made useof the
review procedure in order to challenge the legal basis of this particular
award.
12. 1agree with the strictures passed by the Court on the diffuse and

awkward wording of the question put to it by the Committee on Appli-
cations after consideration of the application for review, and 1also agree
that it is necessary to go behind this question in order to determine what
grounds of objection are alleged, within the meaning of Article 11of the
Statute of the Tribunal. Of the two grounds raised in the Committee on
Applications, one, that concerning excess of jurisdiction, seems most
closelyto relate to the terms of the actual question put to theCourt, in that
the Administrative Tribunal, though competent to examine alleged non-
observance of terms of appointment, certainly has no power effectivelyto
countermand a decision of theGeneral Assembly.This point is apparently
met by the fact that the Tribunal "merely" awarded compensation, thus
not denying the immediate effectiveness of General Assembly resolution
34/ 165.But what 1find a particular source of concern is that the basis of

this award was a finding that Mr. Mortished enjoyed an "acquired right"
by virtue of the already abolished Staff Rule 109.5(f),a text which, as 1
shall show, wasin conflict with the will of the legislator. 1therefore agree
with the Court that the focus of enquiry should be the other ground of
objection, namely error on a question of law relating to the provisions of
the Charter.

13. Before passing on to consider whether Judgement No. 273 did in
fact commit an error on a question of lawrelating to the provisions of the
Charter, 1 wish to comment on four other ways in whch the Court's
Opinion endeavours to narrow the scope of the enquiry to be undertaken.

The first is by emphasizing the difficulties inherent in making use of the
Court's advisory jurisdiction for the purpose of resolving contentious
issues.Thispoint isconnected with theapprehension lest theCourt act asa
court of appeal, lest it "retry the case". 1am in entire agreement with the
caution here advocated, to the extent that it does not prevent the Court
from fulfilling its roin concreto.But let it be remembered that even the
Court's own Rules contemplate the possibility of its advisory opinion
beingsought "upon alegalquestion actuallypending between twoor moreStates" (Art. 102).Of course, safeguards can then be givenby observance
ofthe rulesfor contentious cases,andit isnotably moredifficult to provide
similar safeguards when one of the parties is an individual without stand-
ingbefore theCourt. However,the examination of contentious issuesis an

inherent task of the Court in the reviewprocedure, and if everit considers
that the performance of this task involves inequitable treatment of the
parties itsproper course may wellbe to decline to givean opinion. It does
not improve thesituation by agreeingto givean opinion whiledeclining to
examine the issues as thoroughly as is needed to reach a well-founded
conclusion. Here, in my view, the Court draws back from the thorough
accomplishment of its task in deference to scruples whch relate to the
system, not the case.

14. Another, connected wayinwhichtheCourthas reduced the scopeof
its enquiry is to suggest that it may be able to detect an error in the
Tribunal's interpretation of the Staff Regulations and Rules without itself
deciding (or, at any rate, expressing) what, in its view, is the correct
interpretation - without, indeed, evengetting "involved in the question of
theproper interpretation of the Staff Regulations and Staff Rules, as such,
further than isstrictlynecessary [etc.]"(para. 64).However,1regret to note

that here (as also in para. 66) the Court acts upon this formula only in
regard to an objective which narrows down the scope of enquiry to con-
sideration whether the Tribunal's interpretation is "in contradiction with
therequirementsof theprovisions ofthe Charter" (myemphasis).Thisis an
inadequate goal, which would clearly bar the Court from performing its
real function, under Article 11 of the Tribunal's Statute, of examining
any question of law in relation to those provisions, in order to ascertain
whether the Tribunal erred thereon. But is not any court of law, whatever
its functions, obliged to test its criticism of a judicial decision taken by
another against its ownconclusion as to what would have beencorrect ?1s
itusuallypossible forit tobe sureofhavingdetected an error without being
equally sure of what the other tribunal ought to have said? To resort
to an illustration taken from the jurisprudence of the Belgian Conseil
d'Etat :

[Translation by the Registry]
"The Council of State,administration section, has not to substitute
its appreciation for that of the Minister as regards the advisability of
issuing an emergency order ; however, to discharge the task of veri-

fying legality which is inherent in that very competence, the Council
of State, administration section, is under an obligation to examine
whether the Minister, in invoking an emergency, attributed its proper
scope to the provision in Article 3, subparagraph (l),of the co-ordi-
nated laws, or in other words whether, in applying the concept of
emergencyto the circumstances of the case,the administrative author-
itydid not gosofar asto disregard,by distorting thisconcept, the legal qualification attached to it by the legislator." (Arrêtno 16488,20juin
1974, A.S.B.L. Institut techniquelibreGeorgesCousot et consortc.Etat
belge, Recueil des arrêtd su Conseild'Etat, 1974,pp. 645-647.)

15. Interestingly, the Court's Opinion itself refers to an "assumption
that the advisory opinion is to deal with a different question from that

submitted to the Tribunal" (para. 61).This reveals that there is no neces-
sary reason why the declaration of the Court's interpretationof the parti-
cularpoint or points underlying its answer to thequestionbefore it should
be equivalentto the substitution of "its own opinionon the rneritsof the case
for that of the Tribunal" (para. 47 of the FaslaOpinion), since the merits
are likely to covermany other points on which the Court may have nothing
to Say.Indeed it is quite conceivable that the Court's interpretation of a
particular question of law may differ from that of the Tribunal while
leavingunaffected the latter's findingson the merits. It is in thatlight also
that the action of the Tribunal subsequent to the Court's Opinion, under
Article 11,paragraph 3, of its Statute, may be conceived.

16. In sum, while 1agree that it is "very much the business of this Court
tojudge whether there is a contradiction between a particular interpreta-
tion or application of Staff Regulations and Rules by the Tribunaland any
of the provisions of the Charter" (Opinion, para. 66),1fail to seehow this
business can be carried on without reaching a conclusion as to what an
alternative interpretation or application might have been. Any other
approach would be self-defeating, in that it would imply that the Court
must givethe Tribunal the benefit of the doubt at the verypoint where the
Tribunal's Statute seeks to empower it to do the reverse. Hence "the
inherent limitations of the advisory procedure" (ibid.,para. 63) would be

so conceived as to frustrate the purpose of that Statute and make the
provision in question a dead letter. Here again, to my mind, theCourt has
the choice either of refusing the procedure or, if it accepts it, of trying to
make it work.
17. A third way in which the present Advisory Opinion has circum-
scribed the Court's powers is by declaring that
"It is not the business of this Court to decide whether theTribunal's
Judgement involves an error in its interpretation of the relevant
instruments, unless it involvesan error on aquestion oflawrelatingto
the provisions of the United Nations Charter." (Para. 74.)

1 hope sufficiently to indicate below why 1 consider this to be a false
antithesis. Indeed, 1would Saythat errors in the interpretation of instru-
ments having their fons et origoin the Charter would be typically the kind
of errors contemplated in Article 11 of the Tribunal's Statute.

18. Fourthly, the Court recalls that neitherit nor the Tribunal possesses
"any 'powers ofjudicial reviewor appeal in respect of the decisions' taken
by the General Assembly" (para. 76). With this 1entirely agree, with theproviso that, as 1have pointed out elsewhere, there is a possibility of the
Court performing interpretative functions serving a similar purpose, act-
ing upon the request of the Assembly or other organ desiring legal
guidance as to its own activities (I.C.J. Reports 1950, pp. 131f;.1971,
p. 23). But 1 also conclude that, in consequence of this limitation, it be-
hoves the Court, and a fortiori the Tribunal even more to heed the wishes
of the Assembly as expressed in its decisions.

VI. MEANING OF "ERROR OF LAW ON A QUESTION RELATING TO THE
PROVISION SF THE CHARTER OF THE UNITEDNATIONS"

19. As the preparatory work makes clear, it is highly unlikely that any
provisions lying outside Chapter XVor Article 55(c)of the Charter would
be involved in a case before the Administrative Tribunal, and where
Chapter XVis concerned staff members and the Secretary-General are no
less interested than member States in this general observance. But within
Chapter XV,Article 101,as constantlyinterpreted, provides a specificrole
for the GeneralAssembly in establishing the regulations under which staff
shall serve. Thus, in considering an application from a Member of the
Assembh, one must look particularly,though not exclusively,to Article101

to establish the scope of the ground of objection to the effect that the
Tribunal has erred on a question of law relating to the provisions of the
Charter.

20. To my mind, the Court's Opinion takes too abstract a view of this
necessary operation. But it is certainly important to begin with the actual
text of Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Tribunal's Statute:"error on a
question of law relating to the provisions of the Charter". It has in par-
ticular tobe stressed that it is the "question of law", not the "error" itself,
that has to "relate to" the provisions of the Charter. The requirement of
"connecting up" with the Charter, which is necessary for the Court to be

abletoexamine the possibility oflegalerror, isthus abroad one,relating to
the subject-matter of the Tribunal's deliberations, not necessarily to its
actual analysis of Charter provisions.

21. Inspection of the Charter rapidly establishes that paragraph 1 of
Article 101is the texttherein raising "questions of law" involved in the
Mortishedcase before the Administrative Tribunal. On the onehand, that
paragraph has been consistently interpreted as the basis of the General
Assembly'spower to make and maintain staff regulations (even if, unlike
para. 3, it is ostensibly concerned with terms of appointment rather than
conditions of service).On the otherhand, theTribunal, in the exerciseofits

functions, continually applies and interpretsthose regulations, and the
rules flowing from them. Any "question of law" in the area of those
regulations and rules thus "relates to" this provision of the Charter, and if
the Tribunal in any way "errs" on such a question, it provides a ground onwhich its judgement may be challenged via the review procedure, and
affords the Court the possibility of examining its reasoning on that ques-
tion.

22. Pace the Court's Opinion (para. 65), what it is about the Tribunal

which derivesits ultimate validity from theCharter is not somuch the law
it applies asits applicationof the law, because that is its very functioning,
which is entirely dependent on the Statute with which the Assembly
endowed it. The actual lawit applies may derivefrom avariety of sources,
some general, some more particular. Among the more particular are the
Staff Regulations and the Rules enacted for their implementation. A
question of law concerning these relates to a provision of the Charter. On
the other hand, a general question of law - Say,the question of acquired
rights - willnot ofitselfrelate to theprovisions of theCharter. If,however,
forthe sakeof that question, theTribunal has occasion to apply or observe
Staff Regulations and Rules deriving from General Assembly resolutions
- hencefrom Article 101of the Charter - and does so wrongly, its error
will afford a ground of review. There is therefore no justification for

suggestingthat,just because of thevastscopeof theCharter, al1legalerrors
without distinction would be subject to the reviewprocess if the relevant
words ofArticle 11of theTribunal's Statute wereinterpreted asthey stand.
Besides,in the nature of things, the Court is involved, through this review
procedure, in matters which are seldom likely to take on theinternational
dimensions to which it is accustomed. Hence, while the Court is right to
suggest that the reference to the Chapter forms a qualification which
diminishes the inappropriate aspects of that involvement, it should be
realized that any stressingof an allegedrequirement ofimportance belongs
rather tocriticism of thesystemthan toanalysis of the text.Finally, thereis
a long distance between the interpretation indicated here and that which
would include any "error of law". By forcing a choice between two anti-
podes, theCourt losessight of the realvalue of the "compromise solution"

sought in 1955,to which it approvingly refers.

23. Finally, as1 hope to make plain, thequestion of lawwhichis in my
viewcentral to the caseis decidedly of constitutional dimensions, since it
concerns none other than the authority and relationships of the General
Assembly, the Secretary-General and theInternational Civil Service Com-
mission.The Court avoids the issuesinvolvedby placing them beyond the
provisions of the Charter. But it is in theCharter that the very sourceis to
be found of the relationship between the General Assembly, the Secretary-
General and such a subsidiary organ as the International Civil Service
Commission. Hence, whether "question of law concerning the provisions
of the Charter" be given a restrictive or an extensive interpretation, 1 am

satisfied that the question with which 1am concerned passes the test and
qualifies for the Court's examination. 24. TheCourt itself,on one occasion, saidof the wholeofArticle 101of
the Charter :

"The General Assembly could limit or control the powers of the
Secretary-General in staff matters, by virtue of the provisions of
Article 101" (I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 60 ;quoted in para. 68 of the
Court's present Opinion).

Thus, theoretically, a conflict might arise between a decision of the Sec-
retary-General (e.g., a Rule or amendment issued by him) and a decision
by the General Assembly controlling his powers. Any question involving
that control thus concerns Article 101of the Charter, on the Court's own
showing.However,it is arguablethat theerror may also - or alternatively
- concern other provisions of the Charter, applied to the personnel of the
Organization, as they should be applied in international relations. If the
UnitedNations istopromote, "With aviewto thecreation of conditions of
stability and well-being . . based on respect for the principle of equal
rights ...of peoples", "conditions of econornic and social progress and
development" (Charter, Art. 55), it is obviously bound to proclaim and
practise the same principles within its interna1 legal system : not only to
avoid but to bar al1 types of discrimination among those serving this
Organization. If a much wider approach is taken, it will be seen that an
error in givinga more privileged position to some and placing others on a

disadvantageous levelisinvolved in the present case.This question had in
fact been raised by the non-expatriate personnel.

VII. MERITS OF THE REVIEW

25. To evaluateproperly thewholecase,thebest wayistobeginwith the
decision of the Administrative Tribunal. This, in a nutshell, was as fol-
lows : a resolution of the General Assembly (34/165) which was law-
making, inasmuch as it was the basis of an amendment of a relevant Staff
Rule (109.5), was declared ineffectivein regard to an identified person
(Mr. Mortished). He was granted as compensation a "sum equal to the
repatriation grant" in reliance on another, earlier resolution, one already

replaced, and a clause in the Staff Rule (109.5 0) which was no longer in
force. The ground of this award was an alleged "injury" sustained by the
person concerned and due to the operation of the newresolution and Rule.
What was the injurious act impeached ? Refusa1 of payment following
non-compliance with arequest for evidenceofrelocation as aconditionfor
paying a repatriation grant due to that person on separation and reloca-
tion.

26. The Court did not consider whether the Tribunal, precisely inresorting to the substitutionsjust mentioned, did not err on a question of
lawrelating tothe provisions of the Charter. It could howeverhave done so
without "retrying the case" :it need only have reviewed "the actual sub-
stance of the decision" to the extent envisaged in paragraph 48 of its 1973
Advisory Opinion (quoted in para. 57 of the Court's present Opinion).

VIII. THENATURE OF THE REPATRIATIOG NRANT

27. Let us consider the basic facts. We are confronted with an institu-
tion called "repatriation grant" which was established for internationally
recruited staff members of the United Nations. Its objective was officially
stated 33 years ago :it was intended to make up for the

"loss ... of professional and business contacts with the home coun-
try . .. ; ..the necessity of giving up residence and liquidating obli-
gations in a foreign country ;and. . .expenses which a staff member
will normally have to meet in re-establishing himself and his home on
return to hisown country" (GeneralAssembly OfficialRecords,Fourth
Session, Annex to Summary Records of Fifth Committee, Vol. II, A/
C.5/331 and Corr.1, para. 108).

The logical outcome, in the words of the Advisory Committee on Adrnin-
istrative and Budgetary Questions, was that a "lump sum [should]be paid
to staff rnembers on being repatriated to their home countries to cover
costs of re-establishing themselves" (A/313, para. 68).

28. Thus the object and purpose of thegrant was clearly defined. In the
further development of this institution it was decided that : "The Secre-
tary-General shallestablish a schemefor thepayment of repatriation grant

in accordance with the maximum rates and conditions.. ." (General
Assembly resolution 470 (V), 15December 1950).It was also laid down,
under the heading "Repatriation Grant", that :
"In principle, the repatriation grant shall be payable to staff rnem-
bers whom the organization is obligated to repatriate except those
terminated by summary dismissal." (Ibid., Ann. II.)

This was to become the basis of Annex IV to the Staff Regulations. The
words "in principle" were evidently employed to provide some necessary
flexibility inexceptional cases, and not to bestow an unconditional right to
payment on al1staff members who were objects of the mentioned obliga-
tion. This is at once clear from the promptly issued circular of the Secre-
tary-General, dated 20 December 1950,whichfor the staffs information,

stated that : "Theprinciple of a repatriation granthas been established,the
grant to bepayable to such members returned ut United Nations expense totheirhomecountries."(ST/AFS/SER.A/72, para. 11 ;myemphasis.) Here
the word "principle" did not refer to payment (as the Court seems to
assume) but to the institution established.

29. After the grant had come into being on 1January 1951,the Salary
ReviewCommitteefound that it was "unable to recommend the extension
of the grant to non-expatriated staff" (Salary Review Committee report,
1956, A/3209 :see paras. 224 and 225). Thus the special status of expa-
triate personnel was emphasized ;the grant was intended only for those
who, after terminating their service,go back to their country. This theme
wasto be repeated on many subsequent occasions (cf. Secretary-General's
Bulletin, ST/AFS/SGB/81, Rev.2 and Rev.3, of 1January and 6July
1951 ; ST/AFS/SGB/94 of 1 December 1952 ; Rev.4 of 15 August
1955). It is really surprising, in the light ofsuch convincing evidence
articulatingthe originalobject and purpose of thegrant, that the Court can

have found "that the title of the grant has always been a misnomer"
(para. 66 ;my emphasis). Affirmed at the beginning, the original descrip-
tion was defended 30years later in the General Assembly. Equallystrange
is the reliance placed on the expression "obligated to repatriate" for the
purpose of denying the reality of the repatriation requirement (ibid.).This
expression is only one side of the coin, the other being the staff member's
obligation to leave his last duty station in order to qualify for the
grant.

30. Two further interesting features are worth mentioning in the con-
text.One is the slidingscaleon which the amount of thegrant iscalculated
and the 12-year maximum period of service taken into account. These

indicate that the original guiding idea contemplated chiefly expatriates
who would need help in picking up the threads of their career after
separation, a task which becomes progressivelymore difficult as the years
roll by,but not somuch help as to enable them to livefor more than a few
months without being stimulated to look for other work. The grant was
therefore not intended to be a gradually earned lump-sum gratuity to be
paid on separation to those who had reached retirement and would drawa
pension.

IX. THEQUESTION OF EVIDENCE :ITSHISTORY AND LEGAL
COMPLICATIONS

31. The object and purpose of the institution having been defined, no
difficulty about evidence need have arisen. It is only the events that
followedwhich seem to have created someconfusion on the subject. Thus
in 1952 the CCAQ Secretariat suggested that : "it is believed that the grant should be paid after two years' service
abroad, regardless of the conditions of separation (including resigna-
tion but excluding summary dismissal) and regardless also ofwhether
the staff rnember is actually repatriated" (CO-ORDINATION/
R.124,p. 6).

It was also pointed out that a staff member rnight have two or more
residences and that it would then be difficult to establish the real address.
But it was clear that these reasons were only an expedient means of
endorsing a lax practice and were not intended to establish the correct
interpretation of the underlaying principle. Small wonder this proposa1
never became part of the law. The Staff Regulations and Staff Rules
remained unchanged.

32. On the other hand, the link with the home country was stressed
again when in 1964 the Secretary-General incorporated into the Staff
Rules a special provision concerning reduction of "repatriation grant
entitlement" by one year for each sixmonths' servicein thehome country,
with the restoration of the credit (one year for six months) in case ofater
posting abroad.

33. Moreover, a special Staff Rule 104.7 (c) laid down

"A staff member who has changed his or her residential status in
sucha way that heor shemay,in theopinion of the Secretary-General,
be deemed to be apermanent resident ofany countryother than that of
his orher nationalitymay loseentitlement to non-resident's allowance,
home leave, education grant, repatriationgrant and payment of travel
expenses upon separation .. ."(my emphasis).

These elements further stressed the link between therepatriation grant and
the fact ofrepatriation asaconditionfor itspayment. Aperson becoming a
permanent resident in another country mightlose thetitleto the grant.(To
my great regret, the Advisory Opinion omits any reference to that
rule.)
34. The CCAQ recalled in 1974 its 1952 proposa1 that the grant be
payable whether repatriation takes place in fact or not, yet it statedgain
that :

"The wholepurpose of the grant is to assist the staff member and his
family to re-establish in the home country and clearly there is no
logical justification for paying the grant to a staff member who
remains in the country of his last duty station." (CCAQ/SEC/325/
(PER), para. 14.)Having stated this, it turned to the practical difficulties andthe possibility
of the ex-officia1evading the obligation by travelling to his home country

or to another country and travelling back to the place of his last duty
station in the United Nations at his own expense, without the adminis-
tration knowing."t.
35. With the passageof time, the requirementof evidence and formali-
ties concerning the "repatriation grant" underwent a further liberalization
of interpretation. The "obligation to repatriate" was given a wider mean-
ingand became the "obligation toreturn ...to aplace outside thecountry
of [the] duty station" (Secretary-General's Bulletin, ST/AFS/SGB/94,
1December 1952 ; Rule 109.5 (a)).It was also conceded that "loss of
entitlement to payment of return travel expenses . ..shall not affecta staff
member's eligibility for payment of the repatriation grant" (now Rule
109.5 (1)).Moreover, in the practice of both the United Nations and other

international organizations the requirement of evidence was not complied
with. A practice-developed of the grant being paid whether the officia1in
question left his last duty station or not. However, and this is most
important from the legal point of view, that practice, wide as it may have
been, was never incorporated into any rules and it could therefore never
have had any rule-making effects. The requirement of evidence of reloca-
tion remained binding. The proof of this is abundant :

(a) The International Civil ServiceCommission, called upon to reviewthe
question of the grant, found in 1978that :"The conditions of entitle-
ment to the grant have remained essentially unchanged since they
were first established with effect from 1 January 1951." (A/33/30,
para. 179.)

(b) The Chairman of the ICSC (Sefior Quijano) made a very relevant
statement on the subject to the Fifth Comrnittee in 1978 : "In its
study," he said, "the Commission had found in a fewcases grantshad
been paid to expatriate staff members who had not moved from the
country of their last duty station." He added that this was considered
"to be un unjustifiable and anomalous payment" (my emphasis). (A/
C.5/33/SR.42, para. 69.)
(c) The 1978report of the ICSC concludes by a most telling formulation :
while stating that it had "no desire to seean international information
network set up to keep track of the movements of former staff mem-
bers" (para. 185),the ICSC believed that

"to pay repatriation grant to a person whoremainedpermanently inthe
country of his last duty station was incompatible with thepurpose of the
grant and could also be seen as discrim&atory by non-expatriate staff
members" (A/33/30, para. 185,my emphasis).

Thus, notwithstanding the lax practice and proposals made by some
organs of the United Nations and of other organizations there is no proofthat the necessary evidence of relocation was dispensed with in law
(cf. above) and that officials were entitled to receive the grant without
being obliged to produce such evidence.
36. On the contrary, 29 years after the rationale of the grant was
defined, it was emphatically restated. The grant was to serve its real
purpose ; no distortion of theinstitution and its purpose was sanctioned ;
it was not to become an instrument of abuse. Any attemptto establish the
right to a grant without being repatriated (or having relocated) would
arnount to an interpretation infraudem legis.

37. That the law had rernained unchanged since 1951was confirmed

even by the Administrative Tribunal in the veryjudgement which is the
subject of theCourt's deliberations, for it notes that the schemeannounced
by the Secretary-General on 22 August 1979 "was the first time that a
provision of the Staff Rules acknowledged that entitlement to the repa-
triation grant might exist without evidence of relocation being provided"
(Judgement, para. XIII). The new provision in question (Rule 109.5(fl)
was the outcome of action taken by the International Civil ServiceCom-
missionfollowing a decision by the General Assembly. That action and its
fruit have to be analysed in order to appreciate the basis of the Tribunal's
decision.

38. 1turn now to the latest chapter in the history of the elaboration of
the relevant rules, and in doing so cannot but note that the Court, after
giving such a detailed analysis of the preceding chapters, pays but scant
attention to themaking of the twoGeneral Assemblyresolutions which are
decisive elements of the case. In particular it remains reticent on the
evidenceof the realwishesof theGeneral Assembly,assoclearlyexpressed
in the records. By resolution 33/ 119the General Assembly decided that

"payment of the repatriation grant to entitled staff members" should "be
made conditional upon the presentation . . of evidence of actual reloca-
tion,subjecttothetermstobeestablishedby the[International Civil Service]
Commission"(myemphasis). The emphasizedwords expressed the Assem-
bly'sreaction to the recommendation made in paragraph 186of the Com-
mission's report to the Thirty-thrd Session (A/33/30), to the effect that
"payrnent of the repatriation grant should be made conditional upon
signature by the staff member of a declaration that he does not intend to
remain permanently in the country of his last duty station". They contain
no reaction to the proposals in the same paragraph that "CCAQ should
agree on a cornmon transitional measure" in favour of the staff mernbers
whomighthave planned not torelocate afterseparationontheassumption
they would receive the grant. 39. The Assembly'sreaction was not to accept a signed declaration of
intent as sufficient proof of title to payment but, considering that the
Commissionostensiblyendorsed(in the above-quotedparagraph 185 of the
same report) theprinciple of actual relocation as an inherent conditionof
payment, nevertheless to leave it to the Commission to define what proof
was sufficient. Hence it is clear from the text of General Assembly reso-
lution 33/ 119,read with the explanations of the CO-sponsorsin the Fifth
Committee, that the International Civil Service Commission had been
entrusted by the Assembly with the specific but very limited task of
establishing no more than the terms of evidence of actual relocation
through which the fact of repatriation (as elastically understood) was
henceforth to be controlled. The words "subject to" had not empowered
the ICSC to establish conditions of entitlement - that, the General

Assembly had done.A fortiori, it had no power to provide for exemptions,
to divide personnel into two different categories. It was merely to specify
what was to constitute acceptable evidence, when and how it should be
produced, etc. Instead, itproduced aproposa1which distorted itsmandate.
The division of the expatriate personnel into two categories, to one of
which - by far the greater - exemption was granted, and the prescription
of an artificial date (1 July 1979)malung a distinction between them were
obviously contrary to the will of the legislator, and the strength of the
Assembly'sreaction is fully comprehensible.The Commissionappeared, in
respect of the overwhelming majority of serving staff members of the
Secretariat, to have gone back upon the arguments ithad presented to the
Assembly in its own report (A/33/30), ignored the basis of its own

recommendations therein (the last of whch had set no higher than an
"assumption" what it now endeavoured to transform into a right) and, in
introducing transitional arrangements, disregarded the limited nature of
thedelegation ofpowerconferred upon itby theAssembly. Forit wasquite
obvious that by resolution 33/ 119the Assembly had envisaged the appli-
cation of the new (though always inherent) requirement of evidence to al1
"entitled staff members", and this is made clear by its adoption of reso-
lution 34/ 165.

40. It may be argued, at a pinch, that the general mandate of the ICSC

enables it to institute (via executive heads) transitional arrangements in
order to avoid hard casesand anomalies or topreserve acquired rights. On
thequestion of acquired rights,let mejust Sayfor the moment that this is a
question of entitlement and that the ICSCis not empoweredby its Statute
(seeArt. 11)to stipulate entitlements within the purview of Article 10(c),
whichplaces, inter alia,repatriation grant under the direct authority of the
General Assembly. But, be that as it may, even if the ICSC can institutetransitionalarrangements, isitconceivablethat it could do soin suchaway
as to exempt from a General Assembly decision the vast majority of those
to whom the Assembly intended it to apply ?The Commission had no
implied powers herein, for it should not be forgotten that the implied
powers of an organ are limited to those which, though not expressly
provided for in its statute, "are conferred upon it by necessary implication
as being essential to the performance of its duties" (I.C.J. Reports 1949,

p. 182).The Commission's wholeduty, in relation to resolution 33/ 119,
was to establish the terms on which evidence of relocation would be
regarded as sufficient and acceptable, in the case of al1staff members
entitled to repatriation grant.

41. Faced withthe "promulgated" decisionsof the ICSCembodying the
unwarranted distinction between two categories of staff member, the
Secretary-General, acting under Staff Rule 112.2 and mindful of Arti-
cleXII of the Staff Regulations, amended Rule 109.5and reported to the
Assemblyaccordingly. The newparagraph (fl thus contradicted resolution
33/119 in both its letter and its spirit.

42. In paragraph 23of its 1979report (A/34/30) the ICSC, in account-
ing for the changes introduced, stated that it

"had foreseen the possibility that some special provision would be

needed regarding staff members who had an expectationof receiving
the grant under the existing rule but would no longerbe entitled to it
under the new rule. The Commission was informed that the legal
advisers of severalorganizations had studied the question and come to
the conclusion that any entitlementalready earned by a staff member
couldnot be affectedretroactiveiyby the changing of the rule ;but the
exercise of further entitlements accruing after the date of the change
would be subject to compliance with the newcondition." (My empha-
sis.)

This statement, however seemingly innocuous, begged a question and
concealed an important fallacy. First, it might well have been that certain
staff members expected to receive the grant, but it was not under the
existing rulebut only by virtue of the existing extra-legalpractice that they
rnight have held that expectation. Secondly, exigibility of evidence of
relocation was no "new" condition but one inherent in the very nature of

the grant : a fortiori it could not affect the legal régimeunder which the
grant was paid, except in so far as it made explicit what had previously
been implicit. TheICSCended by contradicting its ownprevious report to
the effect that "the conditions of entitlement to the grant have remained
essentially unchanged since .. . 1951"(A/33/30, para. 179),not to men-
tion the statement of its own Chairman : "The Commissionbelieved that therepatriation grant should notbe
paid when the staff member at the end of his serviceremained in the
place of hislast dutystation and accordingly didnotincur the removal
and reinstallation expenses which the grant was intended to meet."
(A/C.5/33/SR.32, p. 11.)
43. There is often virtue in achange of approach. But a far more serious
aspect of this inconsistencywas the way the ICSC acted not only in wn-
tradiction to its own previous view, but ultra virsgainst the clear and

unequivocal willof theGeneral Assembly. For it defined thecontents ofits
decisions promulgated on 6 April 1979 under CIRC/GEN/39 as "mod-
ifications to the terms of entitlement to the repatriation grantestab-
lished in pursuance of paragraph 4 of section IV of General Assembly
resolution 33/ 119".In paragraphs 38 and 39above 1believe1have amply
shown that no such sweeping mandate had been given by the cited text.
The Commission had, above all, no power to make exceptions to the
Assembly'sdecision, which had been intended to affect al1"entitled staff
members". Al1itpossessedwasadelegation ofpowerfor thelirnitedtaskof
defining, as 1indicated above, the terms of evidence, and al1such dele-
gations cal1for strictinterpretation. The Commission apparently relied on
somelegaladvicebut, having receivedit, ithad nopower orauthority toact
the way it did but should have returned to the General Assembly and
requested newinstructions. This it failed to do. The Secretary-General was
presumably aware of this situation. Yet Rule 109.5(f,voidable from the
dayit wasissued,remained inforce untiltheGeneral Assemblyreturned to
the matter at the following session and abolished the provision.

XI. RESOLUTIO3 N4/ 165AND ITSAFTERMATH

44. Once theGeneral Assemblyrealizedthe extent to which the amend-
ments to Staff Rule 109.5frustrated the very purpose of the task it had
given to the Commission that had fostered them, it reacted, notsurpris-
ingly,toput anend to an abnormal situation, by adopting on 17December
1979resolution 34/165, to take effect as from the beginning of the fol-
lowingmonth (i.e.,in 15days) whichhappened also to be the beginning of
the next calendar year. Accordingly, the Secretary-General abolished the
short-lived Staff Rule 109.5(fl.
45. SinceMr. Mortished made his claim after that abolition, and hence
the institution of a new rule corresponding to the new resolution of the
General Assembly,the Secretary-General refused him arepatriation grant
when he failed to produce the necessary evidence. XII. THETRIBUNAL'H SANDLING OF MATERIAL QUESTION OSF LAW

46. Competent as it is to adjudicate disputes concerning the terms of
appointment and conditions of service of United Nations staff members,
the United Nations Administrative Tribunal has constantly to apply and
interpret United Nations Staff Regulations and Rules. When the General
Assembly was considering the establishment of theTribunal, the prudent

view was expressed that :

"The Tribunal would have to respect the authority of the General
Assembly to make such alterations and adjustments in the staff reg-
dations as circumstances might require. It was understood that the
tribunal would bear in rnind the General Assembly's intent not to
allow the creation of any such acquired rights as would frustrate
measures which theAssemblyconsidered necessary." (GeneralAssem-
blyOfficialRecords,FourthSession, Plenary Meetings,Annex, Agenda
Item 44, doc. A/1127, p. 168,para. 9.)

The relevant report of the Fifth Committee adds :

"No objection wasvoicedin the Committee to those interpretations,

subject to the representative of Belgium expressing the view that the
text of the statute would be authoritative and that it would be for the
tribunal to make its own interpretation." (Ibid.)

Thus this "interpretation" of the Tribunal's responsibility towards the
intent of the Assembly was quasi-unanimous. The present case pre-emi-
nently calls for examination of the question whether the Tribunal, in
Judgement No. 273, took these requirements into account. It may have
disregarded them and thus erred within the sphere of the law it had to
~PP~Y.
47. The Administrative Tribunal, in Judgement No. 273 shows at var-
iouspoints its concern with the powers of the General Assembly and the
Secretary-General and their inter-relationship, establishing (in para. III)
the general CO-ordinatesthereof in terms of Articles 7, 97 and 101of the
Charter. Subsequently (para. V)it records the basic purpose and scope of

the establishment of the International Civil Service Commission and
recognizes that the'ICSC is not competent totake decisionsdirectlyaffec-
ting staff members"(my emphasis).

48. Now, although the Tribunal does not Sayso in terms, it appears to
suggest (in para. XIV) that the failure of the Assembly to challenge the
forma1validity of the Secretary-General's amendmentsestopped itin some
way from finding them materially defective. But, on the Tribunal's own
showing,it isdifficult to see howlse the Assemblycould haveproceeded.The method of passing the relevant part of resolution 34/ 165was in fact
the least hurtful way in which the Assembly could have exercised its
inherent power ofcontrol overthe Secretary-General whilenot making the
strength of its disapproval of the Commission's action too explicit.

49. 1can wellappreciatethat the Administrative Tribunal might scruple
to suggest that the procedure whereby the ICSC prompted the Secretary-

General toadopt Rule 109.5 (f)wasnot that laiddown inresolution 33/ 119
- or wassoonlyin outward form. 1can alsoappreciatethe argument that it
has to take StaffRules asit finds them. But sincetherulein questionhadits
direct origin in aGeneral Assemblyresolution and was drafted viapowers
ofdelegation, theTribunal mighthavebeenexpected to test itspedigree. In
fact, asal1the circumstances surrounding thismost unusual casemust have
shown the Tribunal, the General Assembly itself disowned its alleged
progeniture.

XIII. ACQUIRED RIGHTS

50. 1have no intention to go deeply into the subject of acquired rights.

In truth, any right validly and duly created and acquired under the rules of
aparticular legal order may be an "acquired right". The definition of these
rights,or rather the determination of their scopeinmost areas,had become
increasinglydifficult in a world in whichmutual rights and obligations are
subjected to frequent changes. In fact, it was always a vexed problem.
However, since the Staff Regulations and the Judgement of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal refer to the subject, it is difficult to avoid it. It was only
natural that Mr. Mortished should have claimed such a title in order to
showthat he and other officialsbelonging to the samecategoryenjoyed an
"acquired right" before the adoption of the new paragraph (fl of Rule
109.5.This is, however, not the "acquired right" recognized by the Ad-
ministrative Tribunal's Judgement (para. XVI).

51. For the Tribunal, as pointed out, recognizes that Rule 109.5 (fl
marked "the first time that a provision of the Staff Rules acknowledged
that entitlement to the repatriation grant might exist without evidence of
relocation being provided" (para. XIII). If that is correct, the clause must

have created that right, in which case the right did not existbefore and the
reasoning from 30years'practice is of very little value ; it is reduced to a
merely auxiliary status. If it created the right, and theTribunal had found
that that right became for Mr. Mortished an acquired right, then the first
text 1quoted in paragraph 46 becomes highly relevant.

52. But by any hypothesis, in my view,thefinding of an acquired rightin the present case fails the test. 1 hope to have shown, in section VI11
above, that actualrepatriation, soonextended to mean actual relocation in

a country other than that of the last duty station, was a basic condition of
entitlement to receive repatriation grant.

53. The Secretary-General's abstention from demanding evidence of
relocation throughout 30yearsofpaying repatriationgrantsamounted to a
discretionary waiver - defensible in the sense that he was dealing with
responsible ex-officials. However, ths practice did not give rise to any
acquired right, because relocation remained an essential condition, and
evidence thereof remained exigible, hence the expectations the practice
may have aroused were not compatible with the basic nature of the insti-
tution. A misconception therefore underlay the initiative of the ICSC
which resulted in the introduction of Staff Rule 109.5 (fl. Indeed the
Secretary-General showed that he recognized as much, when he told the

Tribunal :

"The General Assembly'sauthority under Article 101of the Char-
ter cannot be undermined by sobroad a definition of 'acquired rights'
as to encompass eligibility requirements for a repatriation grant."
(Respondent's Answer, para. 26.)

No sooner was the rule cancelled than the inherently discretionary char-
acter of the waiver would have become evident, had not clause (d) imme-
diately withdrawn the waiver altogether.
54. Apart from this, the discretion of the Secretary-General illustrated
by Staff Rule 104.7 (c)(quoted above)remained inforce, thus enabling him
to withdraw entitlement to thegrant from specificallydefined staff mem-

bers.This continued tobea seriousobstacle to thecreation of an "acquired
right". In my view,paragraph XVI of Judgement No. 273 of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal erred on the relevant provision in par-
ticular as concerned the will of the General Assembly.
55. While the Court admits (para. 74)that there may be room for more
than one viewon the question as to what amounts to an acquired right and
whether or not Mr. Mortished had one,the wholefield of acquired rights is
one which the Opinion deliberately refrains from entering. However, the
verybasis of the wholeproceedings before theTribunal and theCourt isan
alleged injury sustained asthe result of disregarding an acquired right by
the application of a Staff Rule which reflected a resolution of the General
Assembly. If an injury is produced through the action of an organ of the
United Nations, the relevant provision of the Charter is undoubtedly

involved,hencealso the need to deal with the question ofacquired rights in
a way which would not imply retrial of the case. One can thereforehardly
accept the Court's approach, which amounts to an attempt to identify
two different proceedings :"retrial" and "review", notwithstandmg the
Court's being sometimes"called upon to reviewthe actualsubstance of thedecision", particularly in cases of this kind (I.C.J. Reports 1973,p. 188at
para. 48). In the present instance, the Court has refused even to consider
whether the implementation of a law-making organ's decision in a way
contrary toits willmay reallyresult inthe creation of an "acquired right".
To my mind, especially when the decision is implemented in a manner
contrary to the specific purposes for which the affected institution was
established from the outset - and whichhas never basicallychanged - no
such creation is possible, and this should have been said.
56. The further issue of retroactivitv - on which there should be no
doubt - does not arise, for the simplereason that those who were entitled
to benefit from the provisions of Rule 109.5 (fl did so as long asit was in

force, i.e.,until 1January 1980.Al1others fellunder the régimeof the Staff
Rule which was the outcome of resolution 34/ 165of the General Assem-
bly. Though it may be argued that entitlements accrued to Mr. Mortished
in the course of themany years of his servicein theUnited Nations, yet he
became a beneficiary only on separation, and Mr. Mortished was-sePa-
rated from the serviceonly in April 1980.Moreover (it is worth recalling)
the benefit is not simply one "accruing to a staff member for services
rendered before theentry into force of an amendment" (cf. UNAT Judge-
ment No. 82,para. VII) but islinked with the obligation to "relocate", i.e.,
is intended to make up for the hardship caused by the "translocation"
which could occur only at the time of separation. The right to payment

therefore had no retroactive aspect.

57. As to excessofjurisdiction, 1do not believethat the Administrative
Tribunal could be held to have exposed itself to this charge. Relying as it
did on the acquired right it held to exist in the case of Mr. Mortished, the
Tribunal was careful not to challenge the validity or legality of a General
Assemblyresolution. In sum, 1agreewith theCourt that thereis no ground
for finding that the Tribunal committed an excess of jurisdiction.

58. To conclude my considerations, 1regret that a series of errors has
beencommitted - in particular an error on aquestion oflawrelating to the

provisions of theCharter of theUnited Nations -,including a misreading
by the International Civil ServiceCommission of the unequivocal will of
the law-maker (the General Assembly of the United Nations) and of its
own terms of reference, and the recognition of allegedlycreated "acquired
rights". This led to the emergenceof a rule which wasill-conceivedand to
which the law-maker, once apprised of it, put a rapid end.

XIV. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

59. Having opened my comments on the present case by some reflec-
tions on the resolution of disputes within international organizations, 1

wish to conclude them on the same theme in regard to the functions of
administrative tribunals. In fact, the Court has from the very outset been
closely connected with the subject and expressed its views on the natureand propriety of the functions which might be exercised by the various
bodies involved. Having regard to the Court's utterance of 1954, the
Statute of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal was amended and
the General Assemblyset up the subsidiary organ known asthe Comrnittee

on Applications, endowing it, not with judicial, but with "screening"
functions. The Court has had occasion to comment on this procedure. In
1956it dealt with Article XII of the Statute of the International Labour
Organisation Administrative Tribunal and at the same timecould consider
in such a context whether being "bound to remain faithful to the re-
quirements of its judicial character" (I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 84), its own
Statute and functions stood in the way of its complyingwith a request for
an opinion. It was only in 1973that the Court finally had to contemplate
the implications of participating in the procedure instituted by Article 11
of the Statute of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal. On that
occasion in the Faslacase, it again bore in mind the permissivewording of
Article 65, paragraph 1,of the Statute and its entitlement, in certain cir-
cumstances, to refuseto answerquestions put toit. Much the same general
misgivings were expressed as in 1956 ; but more specific objections were
raised against the mysteriousworkings of the Committee. The Court went
on,however, tostressin an obiterdictum the necessityfor consistency in the

standards applied by the Comrnittee in assessingapplications, especially
asbetween those emanatingfrom staff members or fromother sources. In
sum, the Court in 1973 complied with the request notwithstanding the
grave doubts entertained by many, if not all, of its Members in regard to
the basically hybrid nature of the system and the manner of its imple-
mentation.

60. However, the present case,as the Advisory Opinion stresses,differs
from the 1973case in that the application has been made by a member
State, so that the questions ofquality of the parties and the consistency of
the standards applied by the Committee arise in acute form. Moreover,
while in the Fasla case the transcript of the proceedings before the Com-
mittee was not available to theCourt, in the present one it is,but it reveals,
asindicated in the Advisory Opinion, suchirregularities astheCourt could
not possibly ignore. It ishus impossible not to have qualms regarding the
ostensibly unevenhanded nature of the whole procedure both in theory
and in practice. In fact the review procedure contains a built-in dilemma.

This awkward fact was mildly alluded to by the Court in 1973,when it
indicated that it did "not consider the review procedure provided by
Article 11asfreefrom difficulty" (I.C.J. Reports1973,p. 183at para. 40).1
wish to recall that, while sharing the viewsof the Court at the time,1 went
much further, stating :

"There would, perhaps,be little point in adverting to this problem if
the solechoice for the future appeared to liebetweenjudicial control
of the kind exemplified by the present proceedings and no judicial
control at all."(Ibid., p. 214.)What 1had in mind was a serious improvement of the existing machinery
and its revision so that it would "be free from difficulty and more effec-
tive". 1 saw "no compelling reason, either in fact or in law, why an
improved procedure could not be envisaged" (ibidI. n)the light of the

experience in the present case, the need for this improvement has been
amply confirmed. 1 am gratified to note that the Court, in the Advisory
Opinion, has made some comments to the same effect. In reiterating my
views, 1feel that the procedure is in need of some radical change.

61. In the same context, nine years ago, 1 made another observation
concerning the "discrepancy between the two systems of review : one
established by Article XII of the Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tri-
bunal and the other by Article11of that of the United Nations Admini-
strative Tribunal" (ibid.).1expressed my regret on account of the diver-
gences which existed in the nature of the protection afforded the staff
members of different international ornanuzations. Indeed the situation
created by this discrepancy is one which should raise very serious reser-
vations, for it has no rational foundation. Almost al1the organizations
whichaccepted thejurisdiction of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal belong
to the United Nations family and it is difficult to explain, still less to

justify, why the protection offered to one group of officials should be
different from that enjoyed by others. 1 therefore pleaded for greater
CO-ordinationand uniform procedures in both cases. Can there be any
doubt that the personnel employed by the United Nations and the many
other organizations belonging to one family in the international civil
serviceshould be subject to a uniform régimeand the same legal protec-
tion ? The establishment of the International Civil Service Commission
with the task of elaborating a uniform system and status embracing the
personnel of theinternational organizations, thenot-infrequent transfer of
persons fromone organization to another, areimportant factorsindicating
thetrend in the same direction of uniformity. This need isfurther stressed
by two contradictory opinions handed down by the two tribunals on the
very same subject, a danger which may increase with the passage of
time.

62. 1 have felt, moreover, that the goal of equal protection for al1

members of the international civil service could best be achieved in the
long run if the tribunals werefused into oneinstitution, located so as to be
easilyaccessible,whichwould take under its wingal1persons employed by
international organizations of the United Nations family, and possibly
others. 1find confirmation in the suggestion of theGeneral Assembly that
the Secretary-General and the Administrative Cornmittee on Co-ordina-
tion should "study the feasibility of establishing a single administrative
tribunal for the entire system" (cf.General Assembly resolutions 33/ 119
and 34/438). The work on the subject was intended to afford an oppor-
tunity also to study possible unification of the procedures of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal and the IL0 Administrative Tribunaland to removecertain imperfections in the present Statutes of both, with a
view to strengthening the common system.

63. In compliance with these resolutions, consultations took place
between the representatives of the organizations which have accepted the
jurisdiction of one or other of the two tribunals. The idea itself is not new
and was pointed out by the first President of the Administrative Tribunal
ofthe United Nations, Mrs. S.Bastid. It wasin fact tobe expected that the

coming into existence of the United Nations would establish a unique
jurisdiction, but this did not happen.
64. These consultations and the reports prepared indicate what are
alleged to be serious difficulties in the establishment of a single tribunal,
and the establishment instead of "some form of joint machinery" was
suggested.1am confident, however,that aharmful tendency leading to the
multiplication of organsentrusted with similar or evenidentical functions
and the growth of international bureaucracy will be arrested. Without
entering into the sphere of practical considerations which it would be
improper for me to embarkupon, 1 am of the viewthat oneadministrative
tribunal could really solvethe problems which face al1organizations, even
those which do not come within the United Nations system. It would be
one of the practical outcomes of the guiding idea whch led to the estab-
lishment of the International Civil Service Commission.
65. Here, then, 1 maintain my views expressed nine years ago, and
enlarge upon them in the light of subsequent experience : suggestions

concerning important changes in the procedure and guarantees, the even-
tua1fusion of tribunals. Al1this in order to establish a sound, properly
functioning system which would secure the effective administration of
justice in accordance with universal standards. It may be timely, on that
occasion, to reviewand consolidate the interna1law of international orga-
nizations in view of the conflicts and inadequacy of a number of regula-
tions and rules in the systems.

(Signed) Manfred LACHS.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE LACHS

1. The birth of international organizations not only opened a new
chapter of international law but alsocreated a series of issues concerning
their functioning and thestatus of theirpersonnel. Thus differencesofview
have arisen concerning the rights and obligations of this new type of
officia1; some became disputes between the administration and the offi-
cial, and gave rise to specific problems concerning the methods and pro-
cedures for resolving them. The officials could not be left without reme-
dies, hence the creation of special organs to resolve differences arising in
this area. Thus, as is well known,three administrative tribunals are now in

existence.The Administrative Tribunal of theUnited Nations established
a richjurisprudence which has helped to shape the interna1 law of inter-
national organizations. Yet no tribunalis infallible and occasionally ques-
tions were raised as to the correctness of its decisions. Hence the intro-
duction of the machinery for the reviewof thejudgements of two of these
tribunals. The latest outcome is the present case.

2. There are several reasons which make me reluctant to write this
opinion : among them is the fact that we face here ajudgement coming
from a tribunal which has a very good record and with many of whose
findings 1could surely agree. Yet, since 1unfortunately have difficulty in
accepting an important part of that judgement - a part with which 1
consider that the Court should have dealt in greater depth -, 1feel that 1
must, in al1conscience, indicate my views.

II. JURISDICTION

3. The Request, at first sight rather simple, raises complex and difficult
questions of law. As the Court's opinion amply shows, the mere circum-
stances of its submission called for some trenchant comments on proce-
dura1issues and a special examination of the question ofjurisdiction. As
for the review procedure as a whole, its theoretical shortcomings are by
now notorious. Butin practical termstheCourt's experiencein thepresent
case has been even more painful than that in the handful of comparable
cases that preceded it :the irregularities comrnitted are most strilung, in
particular at thestage of the Committee on Applications. However, at first OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. LACHS

[Traduction]

1. La création des organisations internationales n'a pas eu pour seul
effet d'ouvrirun nouveauchapitredu droit international :ellea aussi suscité
de nombreux problèmesconcernant leur fonctionnement et la situation de
leur personnel. Aussi des divergences de vues sont-elles apparues quant
aux droits et obligations de ces fonctionnaires d'un nouveau genre ; cer-
taines ont donné lieu à des litiges entre les administrations et les fonc-
tionnaires, et lesméthodes etprocédures à suivrepour lestrancher ont posé
des problèmes spécifiques. Lesfonctionnaires ne pouvant demeurer sans
protection, il a fallu instituer des tribunaux spéciauxpour statuer sur les
litiges dans ce domaine. C'est pourquoi, comme on le sait, trois tribunaux
administratifs existent actuellement. Le Tribunal administratif des Na-

tions Unies a crééune richejurisprudence, qui a aidé à donner corps au
droitinterne desorganisations internationales.Cependant,aucun tribunal
n'est infaillible et,l'occasion, le bien-fondéde ses décisionsa étémis en
cause. Ainsi s'explique l'établissement du système de réformation des
jugements de deux des tribunaux en question. Le dernier épisode est la
présente affaire.
2. Pour plusieurs raisons, c'estavechésitationquej'écriscetteopinion :
en particulier, nous avons ici affaire à un jugement prononcé par un
tribunal qui donne tout à fait satisfaction et je pourrais sans doute sous-
crire à la plupart de ses décisions. Cependant, puisque j'ai du mal à
accepter, àmon regret, unepartieimportantedu jugement dont il s'agiten
l'espèceet qu'à mon avis la Cour aurait dû examiner cettepartie de façon
plus approfondie,je crois devoir, en toute conscience, indiquer monpoint

de vue.

II. LA COMPÉTENCE

3. La requête, àpremière vue assez simple,pose des questions de droit
complexeset difficiles.Comme l'avis de la Cour ledémontre amplement,
les circonstances mêmesdans lesquelles elle a étésoumise ont provoqué
desobservations acerbes sur diversesquestions de procédure etun examen
spécialde la question de la compétence. Quant à la procédure de réfor-
mation dans son ensemble, ses défauts théoriques sont maintenant
notoires.D'un point de vuepratique,l'expérience de la Cour dansla présente
affaire s'est révéléeencore plus pénible que dans les quelques affaires

comparables antérieures :les irrégularités commises sont des plusfrap-1saw in them no compellingreasons whch would be an obstacle to con-
sidering the merits. Yet their closer analysis reflected in the text of the
Advisory Opinion has disclosed graveviolations in the screeningprocess.

Thus 1was divided in my mind and the scalescould easilyhave tipped the
other way.Nevertheless, the Court's decision was taken undeniably in the
longshadowcast by thesedeficiencies,despite whichit agreedto surmount
the difficulty, continued with the analysis of the case and reached its
conclusions. This unusual circumstance, while reinforcing my doubts on
the subject of the Court'sjurisdiction, will,in later sections of this opinion,
enable me to proceed with an analysis of the merits.

III. THELOCUSSTANDI OF STATES MEMBER SF
THE UNITED NATIONS

4. In the present case the Court could not, of course, as in 1973,put
aside as irrelevant the arguments against the propriety of a State chal-
lenging the judgement in a dispute to which it is not a party. On the
contrary, it had to liveup to itsstatement that such "considerations would
cal1for closeexamination by the Court if it should receivea request for an
opinion resulting from an application to the Committee by a member
State" (I.C.J. Reports 1973,p. 178at para. 31).In doing so,however,it has
been mindfulthat thearguments wereoriginallyraised in 1955and that the
General Assembly amended the Statute of the Tribunal despite them and
in full awareness of them. Designedly, therefore, the General Assembly

adopted an amendmentpermitting an intervention by a member State in a
dispute between the Secretary-General and a staff member.

5. There are twoaspects to the aboveobjections to "State intervention".
One concerns the rights of the staff member party to the original dispute.
The other concerns the prerogatives of the other party thereto, the Secre-
tary-General, as chief administrative officer of the Organization. From
both angles,it has been objected thatthe procedure allows theintrusion of
a member Stateinto the relationship between the Secretary-General and a
member of his staff.

6. What this boils down to is the issue of the relationship between
member States and staff members (or former staff members) ofthe United
Nations. Here a distinction has to be made between the day-to-day,
functional relationship and the basic, organic relationship. The Secretary-
General is the pivot of this distinction. For everyday, practical purposes,
the staff members are responsible to him alone. The very nature of their
duties, safeguarded by Article00of the Charter, issuch asto requirethem
to be shielded from thepressure of the individual member State but also
to require al1member States to be shielded.pantes, surtout au stade du Comité desdemandes de réformation.Cepen-
dant, je n'yai pas d'abordvu de raison décisivede ne pas examiner lefond
del'affaire. C'estleur analyseplus détailléedans l'avisconsultatif quia mis
en lumière les violations graves commises dans le processus de filtrage.
J'étaisdonc moi-mêmepartagéet la balance aurait facilement pu pencher

de l'autre côté.Il est néanmoins certain que la Cour a pris sa décisionà
l'intérieurde la vastezone d'ombre projetéepar cesdéficiences,et,sans s'y
laisser arrêter,elle a surmontéla difficulté, poursuivi l'analysede l'affaire
et tiréses conclusions. Ces circonstances singulières, tout en renforçant
mes doutes sur la compétencede la Cour, me permettent, dans les sections
suivantes de la présente opinion, d'examiner le fond de l'affaire.

III. LA QUALITÉ POUR AGIR
DES ETATSMEMBRE SES NATIONS UNIES

4. Dansla présente affaire,laCournepeut évidemment,commeellel'a

fait en 1973,écarter comme dénués de pertinence les arguments sur l'ir-
régularitéd'une demande de réformation présentée par un Etatnon partie
au différend :elle doit tenir l'engagement qu'elle a pris en disant que ces
arguments font intervenir des considérations qu'elle <<devrait soigneuse-
ment examiner sielleétaitunjour saisied'une requêtepouravisconsultatif
sur demande adressée au Comitépar un Etat Membre >)(C.I.J. Recueil
1973,p. 178,par. 31).Cefaisant,cependant, ellenedoit pas oublier que ces
arguments avaient étéagités dès1955et que c'estmalgré eux et en pleine
connaissance de cause que l'Assemblée générale décidd ae modifier le
statut du Tribunal. C'est donc àdessein que l'Assemblée générala edopta
un amendement qui rendait possiblel'intervention d'un Etat Membre dans
un différend entre le Secrétaire généraelt un de ses fonctionnaires.
5. Les objections à l'intervention des Etats que je viens d'évoquerse

présentent sous deux aspects. D'une part, elles portent sur les droits du
fonctionnaire partie au différend initial;de l'autre, elles portent sur les
prérogativesde l'autre partie au différend, c'est-à-diredu Secrétairegéné-
ral, fonctionnaire le plus élevde l'organisation. De part et d'autre on a
formulél'objection que la procéduresuivie permet à un Etat Membre de
faireintrusion dans les relations entre le Secrétaire généraelt un membre
de son ~ersonnel.
6. L; problème se ramène donc à celui des rapports entre les Etats
Membres et les fonctionnaires ou anciens fonctionnaires des Nations
Unies. Or il faut faire ici une distinction entre, d'une part, les rapports
professionnels etquotidienset, del'autre, lelienfondamental etorganique.
Le Secrétaire général esatu centre de cette distinction. Pour ce qui con-

cerne leurs activitéspratiques et quotidiennes, en effet, lesfonctionnaires
ne sont responsables que devant lui. La nature mêmede leurs fonctions,
garantie par l'article 100de la Charte, exige qu'ils soient protégéscontre
toute influence de la part des Etats Membres - mais aussi que ceux-ci
soient protégés. 7. Conversely,the basic,organicrelationship between the staff member

and the member Statehas to be looked at in the light offundamentals. One
"fundamental" which is constantly obscured in the context of disputes is
that it is not the Secretary-General that is a principal organ of the Orga-
nization, but the Secretariat - to which both he and his staff belong. The
Secretary-General's staff are the servants of the United Nations. Their
relationship is with the Organization, whose instructions he is expected to
interpret and transmit. As chief administrative officer he represents the
Organization in his dealings with them, but, as Article 101of the Charter
implies,it is another representative of the Organization, namely the Gen-
eral Assembly, which makes and has oversight over the regulations gov-
erning their relationship not only with him but with the Organization

behind him. Thus the United Nations,made up of member States of which
the General Assemblyis the voice,is the ultimate employer of the staff.As
the Court itself recognized in 1954,and has now confirmed (in para. 68),
the Secretary-General is at al1times subject to the control of the General
Assembly in staff matters (cf. I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 60).

8. The conclusions to be drawn are that the relationship lies basically
between the staff member and the Organization and that, at that level, a

memberState, as such,cannotbe regarded as an outsider. Thepresent case,
moreover, concerned not only an important problem of the validity of a
rulebut alsothe implementation of aGeneral Assemblydecisionwhich did
not affect one staffmember only, and theissueinvolvedtouched upon - as
1 hope to show - the fundamental interpretation of Article 101 of the
Charter.
9. In sum,theGeneral Assembly's1955decision to admitthe possibility
of an application for review being submitted by a member State consti-
tuted recognition that a member State, as a representative of the Organi-
zation, can have alegitimate interest in questioning theTribunal's decision
on a matter concerning the staff member's rightsand obligations vis-à-vis

hisultimate employer, the Organization. On such occasions it is, 1believe,
rnisleading to visualize such an application as amounting to an interven-
tion in a relationship between two other persons.

10. The fact is that, as was already seen in 1973, "Article 11 was not
introduced into the Statute of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal
exclusively,or even primarily, to provide judicial protection for officiais"
despite what had been said in 1956about Article XII of the Statute of the
IL0 Administrative Tribunal (seeI.C.J. Reports 1973,p. 183at para. 40),
and the Court must therefore givedue weight to the other party deserving
judicial protection - namely the Organization. 7. Inversement, lelien fondamental et organiqueentrelefonctionnaire
etlesEtats Membres doitêtreenvisagé à lalumièrede certains principes de
base.L'unde ces principes >)sanscesseperdu devuedans lecontexte des
litiges, est que la liste des organes principaux de l'organisation ne men-
tionne pasle Secrétairegénéral,mailseSecrétariat,auquel appartiennent à
la fois le Secrétaire général estes fonctionnaires. Les fonctionnaires du
Secrétairegénéraslont les serviteurs del'organisation desNations Unies.
Un lien les unit à l'Organisation dont le Secrétaire général est censé

interpréteret transmettre les instructions. Le Secrétairegénéralf,onction-
naire le plus élevéde l'organisation, représente celle-ci dans les
relations qu'il a avec les fonctionnaires ; mais, comme l'indique l'ar-
ticle 101 de la Charte, c'est un autre agent de l'organisation, à savoir
l'Assemblée générale, quai le pouvoir de décision etde contrôle sur les
dispositions régissantlesrapports des fonctionnaires,non seulement avec
le Secrétaire général, mais aussi avec l'organisation qui est derrière lui.
Ainsi l'organisation desNations Unies, constituéed'Etats Membres dont
l'Assemblée générale eslta voix, est en dernière analyse l'employeur du
personnel. Comme la Cour elle-mêmel'a reconnu en 1954et confirméen
l'espèce(par. 68), le Secrétaire général est à tout moment soumis, en
matière de personnel, au contrôle de l'Assemblée générale (voir C.I.J.

Recueil 1954, p. 60).
8. Il faut donc conclure que le lien essentiel unit le fonctionnaire à
l'organisation etqu'àceniveaules Etats Membrescomme telsnesauraient
êtreconsidéréc somme des tiers. Qui plus est, la présenteaffaire ne porte
pas seulement sur un problème important de validité d'unerègle,mais
aussi sur la mise en Œuvre d'une décisionde l'Assemblée générale affec-
tant plus d'un fonctionnaire et, comme j'espère l'établir,la question
qu'elle soulèvetouche l'interprétation fondamentalede l'article 101 de la
Charte.
9. En somme la décision prise en 1955 par l'Assemblée générald ee
rendre possibles les demandes de réformation présentées par les Etats
Membres peut sejustifier par le motif que ceux-ci, en tant que représen-
tants de l'organisation, auront parfois un intérêltégitime à contester des

jugements du Tribunal portant sur un des aspects des droits et obligations
du fonctionnaire à l'égardde son employeur ultime, l'Organisation. En
pareil cas on ferait fausse route, me semble-t-il, si l'on considérait leur
demande comme une intervention dans des relations entre deux autres
personnes.
10. Le fait est que, comme cela a déjàétéaffirmé en1973, ((l'article 11
n'a pas été introduit dans le statut du Tribunal administratif des Nations
Unies exclusivement, ni même principalement, pour assurer une protec-
tionjuridictionnelle aux fonctionnaires O, malgréce que l'onavait pu dire
en 1956 au sujet de l'article XII du statut du Tribunal administratif de
l'OIT (voir C.I.J. Recueil1973, p. 183,par. 40) ;et qu'en conséquence la
Cour doit tenir dûment compte de l'autre partie méritant une protection

judiciaire, c'est-à-dire de l'organisation. IV. GROUNDS OF THE APPLICATIO NOR REVIEW

11. Judgement No. 273of theUnited Nations Administrative Tribunal,
whilenot ordering the payment to Mr. Mortished of the repatnation grant
he claimed, awarded him compensation in exactly the same amount, so
that thereis amaterial (ifnotjurisprudential) identity between the effectof
its action and the satisfaction of the claim.The awards of theTribunal (as
concluded by the Court in 1954)are binding upon the United Nations. A
member of the General Assemblyof that Organization has made useof the
review procedure in order to challenge the legal basis of this particular
award.
12. 1agree with the strictures passed by the Court on the diffuse and

awkward wording of the question put to it by the Committee on Appli-
cations after consideration of the application for review, and 1also agree
that it is necessary to go behind this question in order to determine what
grounds of objection are alleged, within the meaning of Article 11of the
Statute of the Tribunal. Of the two grounds raised in the Committee on
Applications, one, that concerning excess of jurisdiction, seems most
closelyto relate to the terms of the actual question put to theCourt, in that
the Administrative Tribunal, though competent to examine alleged non-
observance of terms of appointment, certainly has no power effectivelyto
countermand a decision of theGeneral Assembly.This point is apparently
met by the fact that the Tribunal "merely" awarded compensation, thus
not denying the immediate effectiveness of General Assembly resolution
34/ 165.But what 1find a particular source of concern is that the basis of

this award was a finding that Mr. Mortished enjoyed an "acquired right"
by virtue of the already abolished Staff Rule 109.5(f),a text which, as 1
shall show, wasin conflict with the will of the legislator. 1therefore agree
with the Court that the focus of enquiry should be the other ground of
objection, namely error on a question of law relating to the provisions of
the Charter.

13. Before passing on to consider whether Judgement No. 273 did in
fact commit an error on a question of lawrelating to the provisions of the
Charter, 1 wish to comment on four other ways in whch the Court's
Opinion endeavours to narrow the scope of the enquiry to be undertaken.

The first is by emphasizing the difficulties inherent in making use of the
Court's advisory jurisdiction for the purpose of resolving contentious
issues.Thispoint isconnected with theapprehension lest theCourt act asa
court of appeal, lest it "retry the case". 1am in entire agreement with the
caution here advocated, to the extent that it does not prevent the Court
from fulfilling its roin concreto.But let it be remembered that even the
Court's own Rules contemplate the possibility of its advisory opinion
beingsought "upon alegalquestion actuallypending between twoor more IV. LES MOTIFS DE LA DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION

11. Lejugement no273 du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies,
sans ordonner de payer à M. Mortished la prime de rapatriement qu'il
demandait, lui a accordéune indemnitédu mêmemontant exactement, si
bien que l'effet de son recours équivaut en fait, sinon en droit,a satis-
faction de sa demande. Comme la Cour l'a dit en 1954,les décisionsdu
Tribunal sont obligatoires pour l'organisation des Nations Unies. L'un
des membres de l'Assembléegénéralede cette Organisation a utiliséla
procédurede réformationpour contester la base juridique de cejugement
précis.

12. Je suis d'accord avec les critiques formuléespar la Cour contre le
libellédiffus et maladroit de la question que le Comitéluia soumise après
avoir examinéla demande de réformation ;j'estime aussi qu'il est néces-
saired'aller au-delà destermes de la question afin de déterminerlesmotifs
de contestation invoquésau sens de l'article 11du statut du Tribunal. Sur
les deux motifs soulevésau sein du Comité, l'un d'eux,l'excèsdejuridic-
tion, semble davantage se rapprocher des termes mêmesde la question
posée à la Cour, dans lamesure où leTribunal administratif, bien qu'il soit
compétentpour connaître de l'inobservation alléguéedesconditions d'em-
ploi,n'a certainement pas lepouvoir d'allerusqu'à contrarier une décision
de l'Assembléegénérale.C'estce que le Tribunal sembleavoir reconnu en
(<secontentant >)d'accorder une i~demnités ,ansnier l'effetimmédiatdela

résolution 34/ 165 de l'Assemblée générale. Maisce qui me préoccupe
particulièrement c'estque ladécisionrendue à ceteffet sefondait surl'idée
que M. Mortished bénéficiaitd'un <<droit acquis>>en vertu de la dispo-
sition 109.5fl déjà abrogéedu règlement, autrement dit d'un texte qui,
commeje vais le montrer, s'opposait à la volontédu législateur.J'estime
donc,comme la Cour,que l'enquêtedoitavanttout porter surl'autre motif
de contestation,à savoir l'erreur sur une question de droit concernant les
dispositions de la Charte.

13. Avant de rechercher si lejugement no273 a effectivement commis
une erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de la Charte,je voudrais
présenter desobservations sur quatre autres procédéspar lesquelsl'avisde
la Cour tente de restreindre la portée des recherches à entreprendre.
Premièrement, l'avis met l'accent sur les difficultés que suscite l'emploi
de la compétence consultative de la Cour pour résoudre des questions
contentieuses.La Cour use de ceprocédé quand elleexprimela crainted'agir
comme unejuridiction d'appel et de <refaire leprocès o.Je suis touàfait
d'accord avec la prudence ainsi invoquée tant qu'elle n'empêchepas la
Cour d'accomplir concrètement satâche.On nedoitcependant pas oublier
que le Règlement mêmede la Cour envisage la possibilitéd'une demande
d'avis relative(àune questionjuridique actuellement pendanteentre deuxStates" (Art. 102).Of course, safeguards can then be givenby observance
ofthe rulesfor contentious cases,andit isnotably moredifficult to provide
similar safeguards when one of the parties is an individual without stand-
ingbefore theCourt. However,the examination of contentious issuesis an

inherent task of the Court in the reviewprocedure, and if everit considers
that the performance of this task involves inequitable treatment of the
parties itsproper course may wellbe to decline to givean opinion. It does
not improve thesituation by agreeingto givean opinion whiledeclining to
examine the issues as thoroughly as is needed to reach a well-founded
conclusion. Here, in my view, the Court draws back from the thorough
accomplishment of its task in deference to scruples whch relate to the
system, not the case.

14. Another, connected wayinwhichtheCourthas reduced the scopeof
its enquiry is to suggest that it may be able to detect an error in the
Tribunal's interpretation of the Staff Regulations and Rules without itself
deciding (or, at any rate, expressing) what, in its view, is the correct
interpretation - without, indeed, evengetting "involved in the question of
theproper interpretation of the Staff Regulations and Staff Rules, as such,
further than isstrictlynecessary [etc.]"(para. 64).However,1regret to note

that here (as also in para. 66) the Court acts upon this formula only in
regard to an objective which narrows down the scope of enquiry to con-
sideration whether the Tribunal's interpretation is "in contradiction with
therequirementsof theprovisions ofthe Charter" (myemphasis).Thisis an
inadequate goal, which would clearly bar the Court from performing its
real function, under Article 11 of the Tribunal's Statute, of examining
any question of law in relation to those provisions, in order to ascertain
whether the Tribunal erred thereon. But is not any court of law, whatever
its functions, obliged to test its criticism of a judicial decision taken by
another against its ownconclusion as to what would have beencorrect ?1s
itusuallypossible forit tobe sureofhavingdetected an error without being
equally sure of what the other tribunal ought to have said? To resort
to an illustration taken from the jurisprudence of the Belgian Conseil
d'Etat :

[Translation by the Registry]
"The Council of State,administration section, has not to substitute
its appreciation for that of the Minister as regards the advisability of
issuing an emergency order ; however, to discharge the task of veri-

fying legality which is inherent in that very competence, the Council
of State, administration section, is under an obligation to examine
whether the Minister, in invoking an emergency, attributed its proper
scope to the provision in Article 3, subparagraph (l),of the co-ordi-
nated laws, or in other words whether, in applying the concept of
emergencyto the circumstances of the case,the administrative author-
itydid not gosofar asto disregard,by distorting thisconcept, the legalou plusieurs Etats ))(art. 102).Certes, on peut donner des garanties en
respectant les règlesapplicables aux affaires contentieuses et il est d'ail-

leurssensiblement plus difficilede donner lesmêmesgaranties quand l'une
des parties est un individu ne pouvant ester devant la Cour. Cependant,
l'examende questionscontentieuses fait partie des tâches essentielles de la
Courdans toute procédurede réformation,et, s'illui semblequ'en accom-
plissant cette tâche elle s'expose à traiter les parties d'une manière iné-
quitable, la bonne solution est sans doute de refuser l'avis. La Cour ne
gagne rien si, acceptant de rendre l'avis, elle s'abstient d'examiner les
problèmes d'une manière assez approfondie pour aboutir à une conclu-
sion bien fondée. Ce faisant, selon moi, la Cour renonce à s'acquitter
pleinement de sa tâche à cause de scrupules tenant au systèmeet non au

litige.
14. Deuxièmement, la Cour utilise aussi, pour restreindre le champ de
ses recherches, le procédé connexe consistant à dire qu'elle peut déceler
une erreur dans l'interprétation que donne le Tribunal du statut et du
règlementdu personnel sans se prononcer elle-même - ou du moins sans
déclarer quelle est,à son avis, l'interprétation correcte ni même (ce que
serait, en soi, la bonne interprétation du statut et du règlement du per-
sonnel au-delà de ce qui est strictement nécessairepour déterminer si
l'interprétation duTribunal est contraire àce que prescrivent les disposi-

tions dela Charte 1)(par. 64).Jedoiscependant constater avecregret qu'ici,
comme au paragraphe 66,laCourlimitel'application decetteformule àun
objectif restreint, qui consisàerechercher seulement si l'interprétationdu
Tribunal est (<contraire àce queprescrivent les dispositions de la Charte ))
(les italiques sont de moi). Ce but mal choisi empêcherait à l'évidencela
Cour de s'acquitter de sa tâche réelle, prévuepar l'article 11du statut du
Tribunal, c'est-à-dire d'examiner toute question de droit concernant ces
dispositions afinde vérifiersileTribunal ya commis uneerreur.Comment
un Tribunal, quelles que soient sesfonctions, peut-il critiquerlejugement

prononcé par un autre, sinon en prenant pour critère la conclusion à
laquelle il aurait lui-mêmeabouti au sujet de ce qu'il aurait fallu faire ?
Comment peut-il en général s'estimec rertain d'avoir déceléune erreur s'il
n'estégalementcertain de ceque l'autre tribunal aurait dû déclarer ? Pour
prendre un exemple dans la jurisprudence du Conseil d'Etat belge :

<(Le Conseil d'Etat, section d'administration, n'a pas à substituer
son appréciation àcelledu ministre au sujet de l'opportunitéqu'ilya à
prendre d'urgence un arrêté ; que cependant, pour s'acquitter de la

mission de contrôle de légalité inhérente à cette mêmecompétence,le
Conseil d'Etat, section d'administration, a l'obligation d'examiner si
le ministre, en se référantdans l'espèce à l'urgence, a attribué à la
disposition de l'article 3, alinéapremier, desloiscoordonnées sa por-
tée exacte, c'est-à-dire si, enappliquant la notion d'urgence aux cir-
constances de la cause, l'autorité administrativen'estpas alléejusqu'à
méconnaître, en dénaturant cette notion, la qualification juridique qualification attached to it by the legislator." (Arrêtno 16488,20juin
1974, A.S.B.L. Institut techniquelibreGeorgesCousot et consortc.Etat
belge, Recueil des arrêtd su Conseild'Etat, 1974,pp. 645-647.)

15. Interestingly, the Court's Opinion itself refers to an "assumption
that the advisory opinion is to deal with a different question from that

submitted to the Tribunal" (para. 61).This reveals that there is no neces-
sary reason why the declaration of the Court's interpretationof the parti-
cularpoint or points underlying its answer to thequestionbefore it should
be equivalentto the substitution of "its own opinionon the rneritsof the case
for that of the Tribunal" (para. 47 of the FaslaOpinion), since the merits
are likely to covermany other points on which the Court may have nothing
to Say.Indeed it is quite conceivable that the Court's interpretation of a
particular question of law may differ from that of the Tribunal while
leavingunaffected the latter's findingson the merits. It is in thatlight also
that the action of the Tribunal subsequent to the Court's Opinion, under
Article 11,paragraph 3, of its Statute, may be conceived.

16. In sum, while 1agree that it is "very much the business of this Court
tojudge whether there is a contradiction between a particular interpreta-
tion or application of Staff Regulations and Rules by the Tribunaland any
of the provisions of the Charter" (Opinion, para. 66),1fail to seehow this
business can be carried on without reaching a conclusion as to what an
alternative interpretation or application might have been. Any other
approach would be self-defeating, in that it would imply that the Court
must givethe Tribunal the benefit of the doubt at the verypoint where the
Tribunal's Statute seeks to empower it to do the reverse. Hence "the
inherent limitations of the advisory procedure" (ibid.,para. 63) would be

so conceived as to frustrate the purpose of that Statute and make the
provision in question a dead letter. Here again, to my mind, theCourt has
the choice either of refusing the procedure or, if it accepts it, of trying to
make it work.
17. A third way in which the present Advisory Opinion has circum-
scribed the Court's powers is by declaring that
"It is not the business of this Court to decide whether theTribunal's
Judgement involves an error in its interpretation of the relevant
instruments, unless it involvesan error on aquestion oflawrelatingto
the provisions of the United Nations Charter." (Para. 74.)

1 hope sufficiently to indicate below why 1 consider this to be a false
antithesis. Indeed, 1would Saythat errors in the interpretation of instru-
ments having their fons et origoin the Charter would be typically the kind
of errors contemplated in Article 11 of the Tribunal's Statute.

18. Fourthly, the Court recalls that neitherit nor the Tribunal possesses
"any 'powers ofjudicial reviewor appeal in respect of the decisions' taken
by the General Assembly" (para. 76). With this 1entirely agree, with the que le législateur y a attachée ...))(Arrêtno 16448, 20 juin 1974,

A.S.B.L.Institut techniquelibreGeorgesCousotet consortc.Etat belge,
Recueil des arrêtsdu Conseil d'Etat, 1974,pp. 645-647.)

15. On constate avec intérêtque la Cour elle-même,dans son avis,
<(admet que l'avis consultatif doit traiter d'une questiondifférente de celle
dont leTribunal s'estoccupé ))(par. 61).Iln'existedonc, on levoit, aucune
raison nécessairepour que, si la Cour déclare comment elle interprètela

considération préciseou les élémentssur lesquels repose sa réponse à la
question dont elleest saisie,celarevienne à substituer ((sonopinion à celle
du Tribunal sur le fond de l'affaire i)(par. 47 de l'avis Fasla) : en effet,
selon toute vraisemblance, le fond de l'affaire comporte de nombreux
autres aspects sur lesquels la Cour n'a rien à dire. Il est mêmetout à fait
concevable que la Cour interprète une question de droit déterminée d'une
autre manièrequeleTribunal sansremettre encausela décisionde celui-ci

sur le fond. C'est aussi dans cette perspective que l'on peut situer la
décisionque doit prendre le Tribunal après l'avisde la Cour en vertu de
l'article 1Ï, 3, de son statut:
16. Bref,sij'admets qu'il incombe au plus haut degré [à laCour], ..de
rechercher si l'interprétation ou l'application particulière que le Tribunal
fait de ce statut et de cerèglementcontredit unedisposition de la Charte ))
(avis,par. 66),je conçois mal que l'onpuisse s'acquitter de cettetâchesans

aboutir à une conclusion sur ce qu'aurait pu être une interprétation ou
application différente.Touteautre méthodeserait vouée à l'échec,car elle
supposerait que la Cour doit accorder au Tribunal lebénéficedu doute, là
mêmeoùlaCour tient du statut du Tribunal lepouvoir defaire lecontraire.
Les contraintes inhérentes de la procédure consultative i)(ibid.,par. 63)
seraient ainsi conçues demanière à rendre le statut du Tribunalinopérant
et la disposition dont il s'agit resterait lettre morte. Une fois encore, selon
moi, la Cour a le choix soit de rejeter la procédure, soit, si elle l'accepte,

d'essayer de lui donner effet.

17. Un troisième procédé utilisé dans le présent avis pour limiter les
pouvoirs de la Cour consiste à déclarer :

la tâche de la Cour n'est pas de décider si lejugement du Tribunal
comporte une erreur dans l'interprétation des instruments appli-
cables, à moins qu'il ne s'agissed'une erreur de droit concernant les
dispositions de la Charte des Nations Unies )>(par. 74).

J'espère avoir maintenant suffisamment indiqué pourquoi j'estime qu'il
s'agit là d'une fausse antithèse. J'irai mêmejusqu'à dire que les erreurs
concernant l'interprétation de textes dontla Charte constitue la sourceet
l'originesont l'exemplepar excellencede la catégorie d'erreurs envisagée à
l'article 11 du Statut du Tribunal.

18. Quatrièmement,la Cour rappelle que ni elle-mêmeni leTribunalne
sauraient avoir <(de <pouvoirs de contrôlejudiciaire ni d'appel en ce qui
concerne les décisions ))de l'Assemblée général e(par. 76). Je suis entiè-proviso that, as 1have pointed out elsewhere, there is a possibility of the
Court performing interpretative functions serving a similar purpose, act-
ing upon the request of the Assembly or other organ desiring legal
guidance as to its own activities (I.C.J. Reports 1950, pp. 131f;.1971,
p. 23). But 1 also conclude that, in consequence of this limitation, it be-
hoves the Court, and a fortiori the Tribunal even more to heed the wishes
of the Assembly as expressed in its decisions.

VI. MEANING OF "ERROR OF LAW ON A QUESTION RELATING TO THE
PROVISION SF THE CHARTER OF THE UNITEDNATIONS"

19. As the preparatory work makes clear, it is highly unlikely that any
provisions lying outside Chapter XVor Article 55(c)of the Charter would
be involved in a case before the Administrative Tribunal, and where
Chapter XVis concerned staff members and the Secretary-General are no
less interested than member States in this general observance. But within
Chapter XV,Article 101,as constantlyinterpreted, provides a specificrole
for the GeneralAssembly in establishing the regulations under which staff
shall serve. Thus, in considering an application from a Member of the
Assembh, one must look particularly,though not exclusively,to Article101

to establish the scope of the ground of objection to the effect that the
Tribunal has erred on a question of law relating to the provisions of the
Charter.

20. To my mind, the Court's Opinion takes too abstract a view of this
necessary operation. But it is certainly important to begin with the actual
text of Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Tribunal's Statute:"error on a
question of law relating to the provisions of the Charter". It has in par-
ticular tobe stressed that it is the "question of law", not the "error" itself,
that has to "relate to" the provisions of the Charter. The requirement of
"connecting up" with the Charter, which is necessary for the Court to be

abletoexamine the possibility oflegalerror, isthus abroad one,relating to
the subject-matter of the Tribunal's deliberations, not necessarily to its
actual analysis of Charter provisions.

21. Inspection of the Charter rapidly establishes that paragraph 1 of
Article 101is the texttherein raising "questions of law" involved in the
Mortishedcase before the Administrative Tribunal. On the onehand, that
paragraph has been consistently interpreted as the basis of the General
Assembly'spower to make and maintain staff regulations (even if, unlike
para. 3, it is ostensibly concerned with terms of appointment rather than
conditions of service).On the otherhand, theTribunal, in the exerciseofits

functions, continually applies and interpretsthose regulations, and the
rules flowing from them. Any "question of law" in the area of those
regulations and rules thus "relates to" this provision of the Charter, and if
the Tribunal in any way "errs" on such a question, it provides a ground onrement d'accord, sous cette réserveque, comme je l'ai indiqué, il peut
arriver à la Cour d'accomplir une tâche d'interprétation à des fins sem-
blables, à la requêtede l'Assembléeou d'autres organes qui souhaitent
obtenir des éclaircissementsjuridiques sur leurs propres activités(C.I.J.
Recueil 1950, p. 131 et suiv. ; C.I.J. Recueil 1971, p. 23). Cependant je
conclus aussi qu'en raisonde cettelimitation la Cour et à plus forte raison
leTribunal sont encoreplus tenus de seconformer aux désirsde l'Assem-
blée expriméspar ses décisions.

VI. LE SENS DE L'EXPRESSION (iERREUR DE DROIT CONCERNANT
LES DISPOSITIONS DE LA CHARTE DES NATIONS UNIES ))

19. Comme les travaux préparatoires l'indiquent clairement, il y a très
peu de chances qu'une disposition ne figurant ni au chapitre XV, ni à
l'article55c) de la Charte, soit mise en cause dans une affaire soumiseau

Tribunal administratif et, s'ils'agitdu chapitre XV,lesfonctionnaireset le
Secrétairegénéra nle sont pas moinsintéressésquelesEtats Membres àson
application générale.Toutefoisd ,ans lecadre duchapitre XV,l'article 101,
selon une interprétation constante, attribue àl'Assembléegénéralu en rôle
déterminé quand il s'agit d'établirles règles sousle régime desquelles les
fonctionnaires doivent assurer leur service. Pour examiner une demande
émanantd'unmembre de cette Assemblée,il faut donc se référersurtout,

sinon exclusivement, à l'article 101 pour définirla portée du motif de
contestation définicomme l'erreur dedroit concernant les dispositions de
la Charte.
20. Selon moi, l'avisde la Cour envisage cette opération indispensable
de façon abstraite. Il importe cependant sans aucun doute de partir du
texte mêmede l'article 11, paragraphe 1, du statut du Tribunal :<(une
erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de la Charte )>Il convient en

particulier de souligner que c'est [dans le texte anglais] (<la question de
droit )etnonpas l'erreur elle-mêmeq,uidoit (iconcerner )lesdispositions
dela Charte. L'obligation (id'établirun lien )avecla Charte, dont dépend
le pouvoir de la Cour d'examiner l'éventualité d'une erreur de droit, se
définit donc de façon large : elle s'applique à l'objet des délibérations
du Tribunal et non pas forcément à son analyse des dispositions de la
Charte.

21. Il suffit d'examiner la Charte pour constater tout de suite que le
paragraphe 1 de l'article 101est le seul texte qui soit denatureà poser des
<<questions de droit dans l'affaireMortished,tellequ'elleaété soumiseau
Tribunal administratif. D'une$art, ce paragraphes toujours étéinterprété
comme le fondement du pouvoir de l'Assemblée généralde'établiret de
maintenir le statut du personnel, bien qu'àla différencedu paragraphe 3 il
porte à l'évidence sur lesconditions de nomination plutôt que sur les
conditions d'emploi. D'autre part, dans l'exercice de ses fonctions, le

Tribunal applique et interprète sans cessece statut et le règlementqui en
découle.Toute << question de droit ))dans le domaine du statut et du
règlement (<concerne )donc cettedisposition dela Charte et sileTribunalwhich its judgement may be challenged via the review procedure, and
affords the Court the possibility of examining its reasoning on that ques-
tion.

22. Pace the Court's Opinion (para. 65), what it is about the Tribunal

which derivesits ultimate validity from theCharter is not somuch the law
it applies asits applicationof the law, because that is its very functioning,
which is entirely dependent on the Statute with which the Assembly
endowed it. The actual lawit applies may derivefrom avariety of sources,
some general, some more particular. Among the more particular are the
Staff Regulations and the Rules enacted for their implementation. A
question of law concerning these relates to a provision of the Charter. On
the other hand, a general question of law - Say,the question of acquired
rights - willnot ofitselfrelate to theprovisions of theCharter. If,however,
forthe sakeof that question, theTribunal has occasion to apply or observe
Staff Regulations and Rules deriving from General Assembly resolutions
- hencefrom Article 101of the Charter - and does so wrongly, its error
will afford a ground of review. There is therefore no justification for

suggestingthat,just because of thevastscopeof theCharter, al1legalerrors
without distinction would be subject to the reviewprocess if the relevant
words ofArticle 11of theTribunal's Statute wereinterpreted asthey stand.
Besides,in the nature of things, the Court is involved, through this review
procedure, in matters which are seldom likely to take on theinternational
dimensions to which it is accustomed. Hence, while the Court is right to
suggest that the reference to the Chapter forms a qualification which
diminishes the inappropriate aspects of that involvement, it should be
realized that any stressingof an allegedrequirement ofimportance belongs
rather tocriticism of thesystemthan toanalysis of the text.Finally, thereis
a long distance between the interpretation indicated here and that which
would include any "error of law". By forcing a choice between two anti-
podes, theCourt losessight of the realvalue of the "compromise solution"

sought in 1955,to which it approvingly refers.

23. Finally, as1 hope to make plain, thequestion of lawwhichis in my
viewcentral to the caseis decidedly of constitutional dimensions, since it
concerns none other than the authority and relationships of the General
Assembly, the Secretary-General and theInternational Civil Service Com-
mission.The Court avoids the issuesinvolvedby placing them beyond the
provisions of the Charter. But it is in theCharter that the very sourceis to
be found of the relationship between the General Assembly, the Secretary-
General and such a subsidiary organ as the International Civil Service
Commission. Hence, whether "question of law concerning the provisions
of the Charter" be given a restrictive or an extensive interpretation, 1 am

satisfied that the question with which 1am concerned passes the test and
qualifies for the Court's examination.commet une erreur ))quelconque sur une question de ce genre, ce motif
permet de contester lejugement grâce à la procédure de réformation et

donne à la Cour l'occasion d'examiner l'argumentation retenue par le
Tribunal à ce sujet.
22. Compte tenu del'avisdela Cour(par. 65),s'ilexistedans l'action du
Tribunal un élémentdont la validitéultimeprocède des dispositions de la
Charte, c'estmoins le droit qu'ilapplique que la manièredont il appliquele
droit, c'est-à-dire son fonctionnement même,qui doit tout au statut dont
l'Assemblée l'apourvu. Le droit qu'il applique effectivement peut procé-
der de sources diverses, certaines générales etd'autres plus particulières.
Parmi les sources plus particulières figurent le statut du personnel et le

règlementédictépourle mettre en Œuvre.Toute question dedroitportant
sur ces dispositions concerne une disposition de la Charte. D'autre part,
une question de droit générale,par exemple celle des droits acquis, ne
concernepas, par elle-même,lesdispositions de la Charte. Si,en revanche,
à propos de cette question, le Tribunal a l'occasion d'appliquer ou d'exa-
miner le statut et le règlement du personnel dérivésde résolutions de
l'Assemblée générale - doncde l'article 101de la Charte - et commet une
erreur, cette erreur constituera un motif de réformation. Rien n'autorise
donc à laisser entendre que, si I'on interprétait littéralement les termes

applicables de l'article11du statut du Tribunal, toute erreur de droitsans
distinctionautoriseraitun recours enréformation simplementenraison de
l'ample portéede la Charte. De plus, il est dans l'ordre des choses que la
Cour soit amenée,par cette procédurede réformation, àexaminer certaines
questions peu susceptibles d'avoir la dimension internationale à laquelle
elleesthabituée.Ainsi,bien que la Couraitraison de dire que la référence a
la Charte a un effet restrictif atténuant ce qu'une portéeaussi vaste aurait
d'inapproprié,il faut bien voir que l'accent missur la prétendue exigence
d'un objet important ))relèvede la critique du systèmeplutôt que de
l'analyse du texte. Enfin, il y a loin de l'interprétation indiquéeicà celle

qui considérerait n'importe quelle ((erreur de droit ))En s'obligeant à
choisir entre cesdeuxpôles opposés, laCour perd de vuela valeur réellede
la <(solution de compromis >>recherchéeen 1955,qu'elle mentionne avec
approbation.
23. Enfin, j'espère l'indiquer clairement,la question de droit qui me
semble essentielle en l'espècea vraiment des dimensions constitution-
nelles, car elle n'est autre que celle des pouvoirs respectifset des relations
mutuelles de l'Assemblée généraled,u Secrétairegénéralet de la Com-
mission de la fonction publique internationale. Cependant la Cour s'ef-

force d'échapperaux problèmesqui seposent en les reportant au-delàdes
dispositions de la Charte. Or, c'est dans la Charte que résidela source
mêmedesrelations entre l'Assemblée générallee, Secrétairegénéral etun
organe subsidiaire tel que la Commission de la fonction publique inter-
nationale. Ainsi, que I'on interprète en un sens restrictif ou extensif la
notion d7<e<rreur de droitconcernant lesdispositions dela Charte O,je suis
bien certain que la question dont je m'occupe satisfait aux critères et
conditions requis pour l'examen par la Cour. 24. TheCourt itself,on one occasion, saidof the wholeofArticle 101of
the Charter :

"The General Assembly could limit or control the powers of the
Secretary-General in staff matters, by virtue of the provisions of
Article 101" (I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 60 ;quoted in para. 68 of the
Court's present Opinion).

Thus, theoretically, a conflict might arise between a decision of the Sec-
retary-General (e.g., a Rule or amendment issued by him) and a decision
by the General Assembly controlling his powers. Any question involving
that control thus concerns Article 101of the Charter, on the Court's own
showing.However,it is arguablethat theerror may also - or alternatively
- concern other provisions of the Charter, applied to the personnel of the
Organization, as they should be applied in international relations. If the
UnitedNations istopromote, "With aviewto thecreation of conditions of
stability and well-being . . based on respect for the principle of equal
rights ...of peoples", "conditions of econornic and social progress and
development" (Charter, Art. 55), it is obviously bound to proclaim and
practise the same principles within its interna1 legal system : not only to
avoid but to bar al1 types of discrimination among those serving this
Organization. If a much wider approach is taken, it will be seen that an
error in givinga more privileged position to some and placing others on a

disadvantageous levelisinvolved in the present case.This question had in
fact been raised by the non-expatriate personnel.

VII. MERITS OF THE REVIEW

25. To evaluateproperly thewholecase,thebest wayistobeginwith the
decision of the Administrative Tribunal. This, in a nutshell, was as fol-
lows : a resolution of the General Assembly (34/165) which was law-
making, inasmuch as it was the basis of an amendment of a relevant Staff
Rule (109.5), was declared ineffectivein regard to an identified person
(Mr. Mortished). He was granted as compensation a "sum equal to the
repatriation grant" in reliance on another, earlier resolution, one already

replaced, and a clause in the Staff Rule (109.5 0) which was no longer in
force. The ground of this award was an alleged "injury" sustained by the
person concerned and due to the operation of the newresolution and Rule.
What was the injurious act impeached ? Refusa1 of payment following
non-compliance with arequest for evidenceofrelocation as aconditionfor
paying a repatriation grant due to that person on separation and reloca-
tion.

26. The Court did not consider whether the Tribunal, precisely in 24. LaCour elle-mêmeaeu l'occasionde déclarerau sujet del'ensemble

de l'article 101 :
(Aux termes desdispositions de l'article 101,l'Assemblée générale
pouvait à tout moment limiterou contrôler les pouvoirs du Secrétaire

généralen matière de personnel. >)(C.I.J.Recueil 1954,p. 60 ;citéau
paragraphe 68 du présentavis de la Cour.)
Ainsi, en théorie,un conflit peut surgir entre une décisiondu Secrétaire

général,par exemple une disposition du règlement ou un amendement
édictépar lui, et une décisionde l'Assemblée générala eyant pour but de
contrôler cespouvoirs. Toute question relative à cecontrôleconcerne donc
l'article 101de la Charte, comme la Cour l'a montréelle-même.On peut
toutefois soutenir qu'il s'agit aussi ou plutôt d'une erreur concernant
d'autres dispositions de la Charte, appliquées au personnel de I'Organi-
sation comme l'exigent les relations internationales. Si les Nations Unies

entendent en vue de créer lesconditions de stabilité et de bien-être
nécessairefavoriser ..desconditions deprogrèset de développementdans
l'ordre économique et social ...fondées sur le respect du principe de
l'égalité desdroits des peuples ...>)(art. 55.), elles doivent évidemment
proclamer et pratiquer le mêmeprogramme dans le cadre de leur système
juridique interne : elles doivent non seulement éviter, maisinterdiretoute
forme de discrimination parmi ceux qui servent l'organisation. Si l'on

replaceleproblèmedans une perspective beaucoup plus vaste, uneerreur a
été commise en l'espèce, celld e'attribuer une situation privilégiée à cer-
tainset d'enplacer d'autres sur un plan désavantageux.Lesfonctionnaires
non expatriésont d'ailleurs soulevécette question.

VII. LA DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION ÉTAIT-ELLE FONDÉE ?

25. Pour évaluercorrectement l'ensembledelaquestion,le mieuxest de
commencer par l'examendela décisiondu Tribunal administratif. Celle-ci,
en bref, est la suivante : une résolution de l'Assemblée générale - la
résolution 34/165 - de caractère normatif, ayant servi de base à un
amendement de la disposition pertinente du règlementdu personnel - la
disposition 109.5 -, a étéconsidérée commedénuéed'effet à l'égardd'un

fonctionnaire - M. Mortished. Celui-ci s'est vu allouer à titre de répara-
tion une (<somme égaleau montant de la prime de rapatriement >),sur la
base d'une autre résolution plus ancienne, déjà remplacée d'ailleurs,et
d'uneclause du règlementdu personnel - ladisposition 109.5f) - qui avait
cesséd'êtreen vigueur. Cette décision se seraitfondéesur le ((préjudice ))
qu'aurait subi le fonctionnaire en cause du fait de la mise en Œuvre de la
nouvelle résolutionet de la nouvelle disposition. Quel était l'acte faisant

grief ? Le refus - la condition de la preuve de laréinstallation n'ayant pas
étésatisfaite i de verser audit fonctionnaire la prime de rapatriement due
lors de la cessation de service et du changement de résidence.
26. La Cour n'a pas examiné si le Tribunal, en ayant précisémentresorting to the substitutionsjust mentioned, did not err on a question of
lawrelating tothe provisions of the Charter. It could howeverhave done so
without "retrying the case" :it need only have reviewed "the actual sub-
stance of the decision" to the extent envisaged in paragraph 48 of its 1973
Advisory Opinion (quoted in para. 57 of the Court's present Opinion).

VIII. THENATURE OF THE REPATRIATIOG NRANT

27. Let us consider the basic facts. We are confronted with an institu-
tion called "repatriation grant" which was established for internationally
recruited staff members of the United Nations. Its objective was officially
stated 33 years ago :it was intended to make up for the

"loss ... of professional and business contacts with the home coun-
try . .. ; ..the necessity of giving up residence and liquidating obli-
gations in a foreign country ;and. . .expenses which a staff member
will normally have to meet in re-establishing himself and his home on
return to hisown country" (GeneralAssembly OfficialRecords,Fourth
Session, Annex to Summary Records of Fifth Committee, Vol. II, A/
C.5/331 and Corr.1, para. 108).

The logical outcome, in the words of the Advisory Committee on Adrnin-
istrative and Budgetary Questions, was that a "lump sum [should]be paid
to staff rnembers on being repatriated to their home countries to cover
costs of re-establishing themselves" (A/313, para. 68).

28. Thus the object and purpose of thegrant was clearly defined. In the
further development of this institution it was decided that : "The Secre-
tary-General shallestablish a schemefor thepayment of repatriation grant

in accordance with the maximum rates and conditions.. ." (General
Assembly resolution 470 (V), 15December 1950).It was also laid down,
under the heading "Repatriation Grant", that :
"In principle, the repatriation grant shall be payable to staff rnem-
bers whom the organization is obligated to repatriate except those
terminated by summary dismissal." (Ibid., Ann. II.)

This was to become the basis of Annex IV to the Staff Regulations. The
words "in principle" were evidently employed to provide some necessary
flexibility inexceptional cases, and not to bestow an unconditional right to
payment on al1staff members who were objects of the mentioned obliga-
tion. This is at once clear from the promptly issued circular of the Secre-
tary-General, dated 20 December 1950,whichfor the staffs information,

stated that : "Theprinciple of a repatriation granthas been established,the
grant to bepayable to such members returned ut United Nations expense torecours aux substitutions qu'on vient de mentionner, n'a pas commisune
erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de la Charte. Elle aurait pu,
cependant, procéder à un tel examen sans <(refaire le procès )):ellen'au-
rait eu pour cela qu'à <(examiner la décisionau fond ))dans la mesure
envisagéeau paragraphe 48 de son avis consultatif de 1973(citéau para-
graphe 57 de l'actuel avis de la Cour).

VIII. LA NATURE DE LA PRIME DE RAPATRIEMENT

27. Envisageons les faits de base. Nous sommes en présence d'une
institution dénommée <prime de rapatriement O,qui a étécrééepour les

fonctionnaires de l'organisation recrutés sur le plan international. Son
objectif a étéofficiellement énoncéil y a trente-trois ans,la prime visant à
compenser, pour les fonctionnaires :

<<la perte ...descontacts professionnels etdesrelations d'affaires avec
leurscompatriotes ... ..lanécessité d'abandonner leur résidenceet de
liquider leurs obligations à l'étranger ;et ...les frais que doivent
normalement encourir les membres du personnel pour se réinstaller
avec leur famille dans leur pays d'origine 1) (Assemblée générale,
Documents officiels,quatrième session,annexeaux comptesrendusana-

lytiques de la CinquièmeCommission, vol. II, A/C.5/33 l et Corr. l,
par. 108).
La conséquence logique était, selon les termes du Comité consultatif

pour lesquestionsadministratives etbudgétaires,lacréationd'une <(prime
globale de rapatriement verséeaux membres du personnel quittant l'Or-
ganisation, pour leur permettre de faire face aux frais motivéspar leur
réinstallation dans leur pays d'origine >>(A/313, par. 68).
28. L'objetetlafinalitédelaprimeétaientdonc clairement définis.Lors
de nouveaux débatsconsacrés à cette institution, il fut décidéque :(<le
Secrétaire général [fixeraitu ]n barème pour le versement de primes de

rapatriement, en se conformant aux maximums et conditions ..>)(Assem-
blée générale, résolution 470 (V), 15 décembre 1950). Il fut également
stipulé, sous letitre : (<Prime de rapatriement O, que :

<([auraient] droit, en principe, à la prime de rapatriement les fonc-
tionnaires que l'organisation devra rapatrier, mais à l'exclusion de
ceux qui auraient étérévoqués ))(ibid., ann. II).

Cette disposition devint la base de l'annexe IV au statutdu personnel. De
toute évidence, l'expression <(en principe 1)qui y étaitemployée visait à
permettre une certaine souplesse dans des cas exceptionnels, et non à
octroyer un droit inconditionnel au paiement de la prime à tous les fonc-
tionnaires bénéficiairesde l'obligation mentionnée. Cela ressort claire-

ment dela circulaire endatedu 20 décembre1950,rapidement diffuséepar
leSecrétairegénéralp,ar laquelle lesmembresdupersonnelétaientinformés
que : «Leprinciped'uneprimederapatriementaétéadopté C.etteprime seratheirhomecountries."(ST/AFS/SER.A/72, para. 11 ;myemphasis.) Here
the word "principle" did not refer to payment (as the Court seems to
assume) but to the institution established.

29. After the grant had come into being on 1January 1951,the Salary
ReviewCommitteefound that it was "unable to recommend the extension
of the grant to non-expatriated staff" (Salary Review Committee report,
1956, A/3209 :see paras. 224 and 225). Thus the special status of expa-
triate personnel was emphasized ;the grant was intended only for those
who, after terminating their service,go back to their country. This theme
wasto be repeated on many subsequent occasions (cf. Secretary-General's
Bulletin, ST/AFS/SGB/81, Rev.2 and Rev.3, of 1January and 6July
1951 ; ST/AFS/SGB/94 of 1 December 1952 ; Rev.4 of 15 August
1955). It is really surprising, in the light ofsuch convincing evidence
articulatingthe originalobject and purpose of thegrant, that the Court can

have found "that the title of the grant has always been a misnomer"
(para. 66 ;my emphasis). Affirmed at the beginning, the original descrip-
tion was defended 30years later in the General Assembly. Equallystrange
is the reliance placed on the expression "obligated to repatriate" for the
purpose of denying the reality of the repatriation requirement (ibid.).This
expression is only one side of the coin, the other being the staff member's
obligation to leave his last duty station in order to qualify for the
grant.

30. Two further interesting features are worth mentioning in the con-
text.One is the slidingscaleon which the amount of thegrant iscalculated
and the 12-year maximum period of service taken into account. These

indicate that the original guiding idea contemplated chiefly expatriates
who would need help in picking up the threads of their career after
separation, a task which becomes progressivelymore difficult as the years
roll by,but not somuch help as to enable them to livefor more than a few
months without being stimulated to look for other work. The grant was
therefore not intended to be a gradually earned lump-sum gratuity to be
paid on separation to those who had reached retirement and would drawa
pension.

IX. THEQUESTION OF EVIDENCE :ITSHISTORY AND LEGAL
COMPLICATIONS

31. The object and purpose of the institution having been defined, no
difficulty about evidence need have arisen. It is only the events that
followedwhich seem to have created someconfusion on the subject. Thus
in 1952 the CCAQ Secretariat suggested that :verséeaux membres dupersonnel rapatriés auxfrais desNations Uniesdans

leurpays d'origine.» (ST/AFS/SER/A/72, par. 11 ; les italiques sont de
moi.) On voit donc que les mots (<en principe ne s'appliquaient pas au
vesement de la prime (comme la Cour semble le supposer), mais à l'ins-
titution créée.
29. Aprèsque la prime fut entréeen application le le*janvier 1951,le
Comitéd'étudedu régime destraitements estima ne pas pouvoir (recom-
mander d'en étendrelebénéfice auxfonctionnaires en poste dans leurpays
d'origine (rapport du Comité d'études durégimedes traitements, 1956,
A/3209 :voir par. 224et 225).La situation particulière desfonctionnaires

expatriésse trouvait ainsi mise en lumière, etl'indemnité étaitréservée à
ceux d'entre eux qui, ayant cessé leursfonctions, retournaient dans leur
pays. Ceprincipe fut repris par la suiteà de nombreuses occasions (voirles
circulaires du Secrétaire général ST/AFS/SGB/81, Rev.2 et Rev.3, du
lerjanvier et du 6juillet 1951 ;ST/AFS/SGB/94 du lerdécembre1952 ;
Rev.4du 15août 1955).Alors que la Cour avaitsous lesyeux des éléments
de preuve aussi convaincants établissant l'objet et le but initiaux de la
prime, on s'étonne vraimentde la voir en conclure que (<la prime a tou-

jours étémal nommée ))(par. 66; les italiques sont de moi). Affirmée à
l'origine,la qualification initiale a été défenduetrente années plustard à
l'Assemblée généraleO . n ne s'étonne pas moins de voir la Cour se
fonder sur l'expression (<tenue de rapatrier ))pour nier la réalitéde l'exi-
gence du rapatriement (ibid.). Cette formule ne désigneque l'un des
côtésde la médaille ;l'autre est l'obligationdu fonctionnairede quitter le
lieu de sa dernière affectation pour remplir les conditions du paiement
de la prime.

30. Deux autres points intéressants méritent d'êtresoulignés à cet
égard.Lepremier est l'échelleprogressiveutilisép eour calculer lemontant
de laprime et lesecond lemaximum de douze ans assignéaux servicespris
en considération. On en déduitaue l'idéede base était d'aiderles fonc-
tionnaires expatriés àreprendre leur carrière après leur départ del'Orga-
nisation, tâche qui devient de plus enplus difficileà mesure que les années
passent, et non pas de les aider à subsister plus de quelques mois sans
chercher d'autre activité rémunérée. Ainlsa i prime n'étaitpas conçue

comme une somme forfaitaire progressivement gagnéequi serait verséeau
moment de la retraite aux fonctionnaires pouvant prétendre au paiement
d'une pension.

IX. LE PROBLÈME DE LA PREUVE :GENÈSE
ET COMPLICATIONS JURIDIQUES

31. L'objectif et la finalité de l'institution ayant étédéfinis,aucune
difficultén'aurait dû surgir en ce qui concerne la question de la preuve.
Seulsles événementsqui ont suivi semblent avoir obscurci le sujet. Ainsi,
en 1952,le secrétairedu CCQA suggéra : "it is believed that the grant should be paid after two years' service
abroad, regardless of the conditions of separation (including resigna-
tion but excluding summary dismissal) and regardless also ofwhether
the staff rnember is actually repatriated" (CO-ORDINATION/
R.124,p. 6).

It was also pointed out that a staff member rnight have two or more
residences and that it would then be difficult to establish the real address.
But it was clear that these reasons were only an expedient means of
endorsing a lax practice and were not intended to establish the correct
interpretation of the underlaying principle. Small wonder this proposa1
never became part of the law. The Staff Regulations and Staff Rules
remained unchanged.

32. On the other hand, the link with the home country was stressed
again when in 1964 the Secretary-General incorporated into the Staff
Rules a special provision concerning reduction of "repatriation grant
entitlement" by one year for each sixmonths' servicein thehome country,
with the restoration of the credit (one year for six months) in case ofater
posting abroad.

33. Moreover, a special Staff Rule 104.7 (c) laid down

"A staff member who has changed his or her residential status in
sucha way that heor shemay,in theopinion of the Secretary-General,
be deemed to be apermanent resident ofany countryother than that of
his orher nationalitymay loseentitlement to non-resident's allowance,
home leave, education grant, repatriationgrant and payment of travel
expenses upon separation .. ."(my emphasis).

These elements further stressed the link between therepatriation grant and
the fact ofrepatriation asaconditionfor itspayment. Aperson becoming a
permanent resident in another country mightlose thetitleto the grant.(To
my great regret, the Advisory Opinion omits any reference to that
rule.)
34. The CCAQ recalled in 1974 its 1952 proposa1 that the grant be
payable whether repatriation takes place in fact or not, yet it statedgain
that :

"The wholepurpose of the grant is to assist the staff member and his
family to re-establish in the home country and clearly there is no
logical justification for paying the grant to a staff member who
remains in the country of his last duty station." (CCAQ/SEC/325/
(PER), para. 14.) <on estime que la prime devrait êtreverséeau terme de deux années
de serviceaccompli hors du pays d'origine,que lefonctionnaire soitou
non effectivement rapatrié et indépendamment des circonstances
dans lesquellesla cessation de serviceest intervenue (encomprenant la
démission, mais en excluant le renvoi sans préavis) >> (CO-ORDI-
NATION/R.124, p. 6).

On fit aussi valoir qu'il arrivait que les fonctionnaires eussent plusieurs

résidences,et quedans cecas ilserait difficile de trancher. Mais ilétaitclair
que ces raisons n'étaientqu'un moyen commode de confirmer un laxisme
administratif,et non pas dedéterminerlabonneinterprétation du principe
de base. Il est donc peu étonnant que cette proposition n'ait jamais été
incorporée à l'ensemble normatif :le statut et le règlement du personnel
restèrent inchangés.
32. D'autre part, le lien avec le pays d'origine fut réaffirméen 1964,
quand le Secrétaire général inscrivid tans le statut du personnel une dis-
position spécifiant que le nombre d'annéesde service ouvrant droit à la
prime de rapatriement serait réduit d'une annéepour chaque périodede
six mois accomplie dans le pays d'origine, le <crédit >)du fonctionnaire
étant,en cas de réaffectation hors du pays d'origine, progressivement ré-
tabli àraison d'une annéepour chaque périodede six mois accomplie à

l'étranger.
33. En outre, une disposition spéciale - la disposition 104.7 c) - du
règlement du personnel vint stipuler que :

(<Lorsque, à la suite d'un changement de ses conditions de rési-
dence, un fonctionnaire peut, de l'avis du Secrétaire général,être
considérécomme résidentpermanent d'un pays autre que celuidontil
est ressortissant,ilpeut perdre le bénéfice deindemnités etavantages
suivants :indemnitéde non-résident,congédans lesfoyers, indemnité
pour frais d'études, prime de rapatriement, paiement des frais de
voyage ..lors de la cessation de service ..>>(Les italiques sont de
moi.)

Ces élémentsrenforcèrent le lien entre la prime de rapatriement et la
condition du rapatriement à laquelle est subordonnéeson versement. Un
fonctionnaire devenu résidentpermanent d'un autre pays étaitsusceptible
deperdre le droit à la prime. (A mon grand regret, I'avisconsultatif passe
sous silence cette disposition.)
34. Le CCQA rappela en 1974la proposition qu'il avait faite en 1952,
tendant à ceque la prime fût versée,que lefonctionnaire soit effectivement

rapatrié ou non, en réaffirmant cependant que :
La prime apour seulbutde permettre auxfonctionnaires et à leur
famille de seréinstallerdansleur pays d'origine,etil estmanifestement

illogique qu'un fonctionnaire qui reste dans lepays de son dernier lieu
d'affectation bénéficiede la prime. u (CCQA/SEC/325/(PER),
par. 14).Having stated this, it turned to the practical difficulties andthe possibility
of the ex-officia1evading the obligation by travelling to his home country

or to another country and travelling back to the place of his last duty
station in the United Nations at his own expense, without the adminis-
tration knowing."t.
35. With the passageof time, the requirementof evidence and formali-
ties concerning the "repatriation grant" underwent a further liberalization
of interpretation. The "obligation to repatriate" was given a wider mean-
ingand became the "obligation toreturn ...to aplace outside thecountry
of [the] duty station" (Secretary-General's Bulletin, ST/AFS/SGB/94,
1December 1952 ; Rule 109.5 (a)).It was also conceded that "loss of
entitlement to payment of return travel expenses . ..shall not affecta staff
member's eligibility for payment of the repatriation grant" (now Rule
109.5 (1)).Moreover, in the practice of both the United Nations and other

international organizations the requirement of evidence was not complied
with. A practice-developed of the grant being paid whether the officia1in
question left his last duty station or not. However, and this is most
important from the legal point of view, that practice, wide as it may have
been, was never incorporated into any rules and it could therefore never
have had any rule-making effects. The requirement of evidence of reloca-
tion remained binding. The proof of this is abundant :

(a) The International Civil ServiceCommission, called upon to reviewthe
question of the grant, found in 1978that :"The conditions of entitle-
ment to the grant have remained essentially unchanged since they
were first established with effect from 1 January 1951." (A/33/30,
para. 179.)

(b) The Chairman of the ICSC (Sefior Quijano) made a very relevant
statement on the subject to the Fifth Comrnittee in 1978 : "In its
study," he said, "the Commission had found in a fewcases grantshad
been paid to expatriate staff members who had not moved from the
country of their last duty station." He added that this was considered
"to be un unjustifiable and anomalous payment" (my emphasis). (A/
C.5/33/SR.42, para. 69.)
(c) The 1978report of the ICSC concludes by a most telling formulation :
while stating that it had "no desire to seean international information
network set up to keep track of the movements of former staff mem-
bers" (para. 185),the ICSC believed that

"to pay repatriation grant to a person whoremainedpermanently inthe
country of his last duty station was incompatible with thepurpose of the
grant and could also be seen as discrim&atory by non-expatriate staff
members" (A/33/30, para. 185,my emphasis).

Thus, notwithstanding the lax practice and proposals made by some
organs of the United Nations and of other organizations there is no proofNéanmoins, s'étantainsi prononcé, le Comité passa à l'examen des diffi-
cultéspratiques, en invoquant le cas où l'ancien fonctionnaire tournerait

l'obligation qui lui étaitfaiteen serendant d'abord dans son pays d'origine
- ou dans un autre pays - pour revenir ensuite à ses frais dans le pays de
son dernier lieu d'affectation, à l'insu de l'administration.
35. Au fil des années,l'interprétation des conditions de preuves et des
formalités relatives à la(<prime de rapatriement >)prit un tour encoreplus
libéral.L'< obligation de rapatrier s'élargitpour devenir <l'obligation
d'assumer lesfrais de retour ...dansun lieu situé hors du pays d'affecta-
tion ))(circulaire du Secrétaire généralS , T/AFS/SGB/94, le*décembre

1952 ;disposition 109.5a)).Il fut égalementadmis que (la perte du droit
au paiement du voyage de retour ...est sans effet sur le droià laprime de
rapatriement >(texte actuel de la disposition 109.51)).De surcroît, tant les
Nations Unies que d'autres organisations internationales ignorèrent en
pratique la condition de preuve. La pratique s'instaura de verser la prime,
que le fonctionnaire quittât ou non le lieu de sa dernière affectation.
Cependant, il estjuridiquement capital que cettepratique, aussi répandue
qu'elle ait pu être, n'aitjamais été incorporéeau statut et n'ait pu par

conséquentavoir d'effet normatif. La nécessitéd'attester la réinstallation
resta norme. On en trouve de multiples preuves :

a) la Commission de la fonction publique internationale, chargée de
réexaminerla question de la prime, conclut en 1978 :(<Les conditions
ouvrant droit à la mime de ra~atriement sont demeuréesfondamen-
talement inchangéesdepuis qu'ellesont étéarrêtéep sour la première

fois avec effet au lerjanvier 1951. ))(A/33/30, par. 179.)
b) M. Quijano, président de la CFPI, fit en 1978 devant la Cinquième
Commission une déclaration très ~ertinente a ce suiet : ((Dans son
étude,dit-il, la Commission s'est aperçue que, dans certains cas, des
primes ont étépayées à des fonctionnaires expatriés qui n'avaient
pas quitté le pays de leur dernier lieu d'affectation D, ajoutant que
la Commission considérait ce fait comme «injustifiable etanormal ))
(A/C.5/33/SR.42, par. 69. Les italiques sont de moi.)

c) quant aurapport de la CFPI de 1978,il conclut en termes formels :tout
en déclarant n'avoir (<aucunement l'intention de voir constituer un
réseauinternational d'information Dour suivre les dé~lacementsdes
anciens fonctionnaires (par. 185),la Commission se dit convaincue
que :

le versement d'une prime de rapatriement à un fonctionnaire qui
restaitenpermanencedanslepays deson dernierlieud'affectationn'était
pas compatibleavecl'objetde laprime, et quel'onpouvait également y
voir une discrimination à l'égard des fonctionnaires noe nxpatriés >)
(A/33/30, par. 185.Les italiques sont de moi.)

Ainsi, en dépit du laxisme administratif et des propositions faites par
certains organes des Nations Unies et d'autres organisations,il n'est nul-that the necessary evidence of relocation was dispensed with in law
(cf. above) and that officials were entitled to receive the grant without
being obliged to produce such evidence.
36. On the contrary, 29 years after the rationale of the grant was
defined, it was emphatically restated. The grant was to serve its real
purpose ; no distortion of theinstitution and its purpose was sanctioned ;
it was not to become an instrument of abuse. Any attemptto establish the
right to a grant without being repatriated (or having relocated) would
arnount to an interpretation infraudem legis.

37. That the law had rernained unchanged since 1951was confirmed

even by the Administrative Tribunal in the veryjudgement which is the
subject of theCourt's deliberations, for it notes that the schemeannounced
by the Secretary-General on 22 August 1979 "was the first time that a
provision of the Staff Rules acknowledged that entitlement to the repa-
triation grant might exist without evidence of relocation being provided"
(Judgement, para. XIII). The new provision in question (Rule 109.5(fl)
was the outcome of action taken by the International Civil ServiceCom-
missionfollowing a decision by the General Assembly. That action and its
fruit have to be analysed in order to appreciate the basis of the Tribunal's
decision.

38. 1turn now to the latest chapter in the history of the elaboration of
the relevant rules, and in doing so cannot but note that the Court, after
giving such a detailed analysis of the preceding chapters, pays but scant
attention to themaking of the twoGeneral Assemblyresolutions which are
decisive elements of the case. In particular it remains reticent on the
evidenceof the realwishesof theGeneral Assembly,assoclearlyexpressed
in the records. By resolution 33/ 119the General Assembly decided that

"payment of the repatriation grant to entitled staff members" should "be
made conditional upon the presentation . . of evidence of actual reloca-
tion,subjecttothetermstobeestablishedby the[International Civil Service]
Commission"(myemphasis). The emphasizedwords expressed the Assem-
bly'sreaction to the recommendation made in paragraph 186of the Com-
mission's report to the Thirty-thrd Session (A/33/30), to the effect that
"payrnent of the repatriation grant should be made conditional upon
signature by the staff member of a declaration that he does not intend to
remain permanently in the country of his last duty station". They contain
no reaction to the proposals in the same paragraph that "CCAQ should
agree on a cornmon transitional measure" in favour of the staff mernbers
whomighthave planned not torelocate afterseparationontheassumption
they would receive the grant. lement prouvé que la condition de preuve eût étésuppriméeen droit(voir
ci-dessus) et que lesfonctionnaireseussent acquis un droitau paiement de
la prime sans avoir à attester leur réinstallation.

36. Bien au contraire, vingt-neuf ans après sa définition initiale, la
raison d'êtrede la prime fut énergiquement réaffirmée. La prime devrait
répondre àson objectif véritable ;on ne connaissait aucun détournement
ni de la prime elle-mêmenide son objet et on entendait tarir toute source
d'abus. Quiconque tenterait de faire établir un droit à la prime sans être
rapatrié(ou sans s'être réinstallé c)ommettrait une interprétation infrau-
dem legis.
37. MêmeleTribunal administratif, dans cejugement quiest l'objetdes
délibérationsde la Cour, confirme l'absence de toute évolutiondu droit

depuis 1951,puisqu'il relève, à propos du nouveau régimeannoncépar le
Secrétaire généralle 22août 1979,que ((pour lapremière fois, un texte du
règlementdu personnel reconnaissait que le droit à la prime de rapatrie-
ment pouvait exister sans que soit attesté le changement de résidence >)
(jugement,par. XIII). Le nouveau texte en question (disposition 109.5 fl
du règlement) étaitle fruit des travaux de la Commission de la fonction
publique internationale, faisant suiteà une décisionde l'Assemblée géné-
rale. Ce sont ces travaux et leur résultat qu'il convient d'analyser pour
comprendre les motifs de la décisiondu Tribunal.

38. J'aborde maintenant ledernierchapitre del'histoirede l'élaboration
desrèglesapplicables et,cefaisant, je suisbien obligédeconstater qu'après
avoir poussé l'analyse aussiloin dans les chapitres précédents la Cour
n'accorde que peu d'attention à l'élaboration des deux résolutions de

l'Assembléegénéralqeui,en l'espèce,constituent lesélémentsdécisifs.Elle
garde en particulier le silence sur les preuves de l'intention réellede
l'Assemblée générale q,ue lescomptesrendus font apparaître avec tant de
clarté. Par la résolution 33/ 119, l'Assemblée générale décida que ((le
paiement de la prime de rapatriement aux fonctionnaires qui peuvent y
prétendre ))serait subordonnée à la présentation ..de piècesattestant
leur changement effectif de résidence,selonlesmodalités quiseront établies
par la Commission [de la fonction publique internationale] >)(les italiques
sont de moi).Lepassage soulignétraduit la réactiondel'Assembléedevant

larecommandation figurant auparagraphe 186du rapport de laCFPI à la
trente-troisième session (A/33/30), tendant à ((subordonner leversement
de la prime de rapatriement à la signature, par le fonctionnaire, d'une
déclaration attestant que l'intéressén'a pas l'intention de demeurer en
permanence dans le pays de son dernier lieu d'affectation o.Par contre, la
résolution ignore la suggestion contenue au mêmeparagraphe selon
laquelle (ile CCQA devrait convenir d'une mesure transitoire commune
en faveur des fonctionnaires qui auraient pu prévoirde ne pas changer de 39. The Assembly'sreaction was not to accept a signed declaration of
intent as sufficient proof of title to payment but, considering that the
Commissionostensiblyendorsed(in the above-quotedparagraph 185 of the
same report) theprinciple of actual relocation as an inherent conditionof
payment, nevertheless to leave it to the Commission to define what proof
was sufficient. Hence it is clear from the text of General Assembly reso-
lution 33/ 119,read with the explanations of the CO-sponsorsin the Fifth
Committee, that the International Civil Service Commission had been
entrusted by the Assembly with the specific but very limited task of
establishing no more than the terms of evidence of actual relocation
through which the fact of repatriation (as elastically understood) was
henceforth to be controlled. The words "subject to" had not empowered
the ICSC to establish conditions of entitlement - that, the General

Assembly had done.A fortiori, it had no power to provide for exemptions,
to divide personnel into two different categories. It was merely to specify
what was to constitute acceptable evidence, when and how it should be
produced, etc. Instead, itproduced aproposa1which distorted itsmandate.
The division of the expatriate personnel into two categories, to one of
which - by far the greater - exemption was granted, and the prescription
of an artificial date (1 July 1979)malung a distinction between them were
obviously contrary to the will of the legislator, and the strength of the
Assembly'sreaction is fully comprehensible.The Commissionappeared, in
respect of the overwhelming majority of serving staff members of the
Secretariat, to have gone back upon the arguments ithad presented to the
Assembly in its own report (A/33/30), ignored the basis of its own

recommendations therein (the last of whch had set no higher than an
"assumption" what it now endeavoured to transform into a right) and, in
introducing transitional arrangements, disregarded the limited nature of
thedelegation ofpowerconferred upon itby theAssembly. Forit wasquite
obvious that by resolution 33/ 119the Assembly had envisaged the appli-
cation of the new (though always inherent) requirement of evidence to al1
"entitled staff members", and this is made clear by its adoption of reso-
lution 34/ 165.

40. It may be argued, at a pinch, that the general mandate of the ICSC

enables it to institute (via executive heads) transitional arrangements in
order to avoid hard casesand anomalies or topreserve acquired rights. On
thequestion of acquired rights,let mejust Sayfor the moment that this is a
question of entitlement and that the ICSCis not empoweredby its Statute
(seeArt. 11)to stipulate entitlements within the purview of Article 10(c),
whichplaces, inter alia,repatriation grant under the direct authority of the
General Assembly. But, be that as it may, even if the ICSC can institutelieude résidence à leur cessation de serviceenprésumantqu'ils recevraient
la prime.
39. La réactionde l'Assembléefutde ne pas accepterla signature d'une
déclaration d'intention comme moyen de preuve nécessairedu droit au
paiement mais néanmoins, considérant quela Commissionavaitapparem-

ment approuvé(auparagraphe185précité dumême rapport) leprincipe de la
réinstallation effectivcomme condition indissociabledupaiement, de s'en
remettre à ellepour déterminerquelsmoyens de preuve seraientsuffisants.
Il ressort donc clairement du texte de la résolution33/ 119de l'Assemblée
générale, examiné à la lumière des commentaires de ses coauteurs à la
Cinquième Commission, que la Commission de la fonction publique
internationale était chargéepar l'Assembléed'une tâche précise ettrès
limitée. consistant strictement à définir les conditions de nreuve dela

réinstallation effectiqui permettraient désormaisde vérifierle fait même
du rapatriement (interprété, le cas échéant,avec souplesse). Les termes
<(selon les modalités ))ne conféraientpas à la CFPI le pouvoir de fixerles
conditionsouvrant droit à laprime - l'Assembléegénéralle 'avaitdéjàfait.
La Commission n'avait pas afortiori compétencepour prévoirdes excep-
tions et scinder le personnel en deux catégories différentes. Satâche se
bornait à définirles moyens de preuve acceptables, les délaiset les moda-
litésde leur ~résentation.etc. Loin de s'en tenir àce mandat. la Commis-
sion a établi une proposition qui en déformait l'objet. La répartition des
fonctionnairesexpatriés en deuxcatégories,l'exemptionconsentie à undes

deux groupes - de loin le plus important -, et la fixation d'une date
artificielle le lerjuillet 1979- comme critèrede la distinction entre les
deux étantde toute évidencecontraires à la volontédel'organe législatif,la
réaction énergiquede l'Assemblée estparfaitement compréhensible. Il
apparut que la Commission, pour ce qui concernait l'écrasantemajorité
des fonctionnaires en activitédu Secrétariat,étaitrevenue sur les argu-
ments qu'elle avait présentés à l'Assembléedans son propre rapport
(A/33/30), avait ignoréla base de ses propres recommandations (dont la
dernière n'avait posé riende plus qu'une (<présomption )qu'elle s'effor-

çait maintenantde transformer endroit),et qu'endécidantd'introduire un
régimetransitoire, elle avait outrepassé les limites de la délégationde
pouvoir que lui avait consentie l'Assemblée. Il ne pouvait en effet faire de
doute que, par la résolution33/ 119,l'Assembléeavait entendu appliquer
la nouvelle - bien qu'intrinsèquement elleeût toujours existé - condition
de preuve àtousles fonctionnaires qui peuvent ..prétendre )à la prime,
ce qu'elle confirma en adoptant la résolution 34/165.
40. On peut à la rigueur soutenir que le mandat généralde la CFPI
l'autoriseà mettre en vigueur (par l'intermédiaire deschefs des adminis-

trations) des dispositions transitoires permettant de résoudre des cas
pénibles, d'éviterdes anomalies et de préserverdes droits acquis. Encequi
concerne cesderniers,je diraipour lemoment qu'il s'agitd'une question de
droit à indemnité ou à prestation et que le statut de la CFPI (voir l'ar-
ticle11) ne l'autorise pasà légiféreern pareille matière dans le cadre de
l'article 10),qui place notamment la prime de rapatriement sous l'auto-transitionalarrangements, isitconceivablethat it could do soin suchaway
as to exempt from a General Assembly decision the vast majority of those
to whom the Assembly intended it to apply ?The Commission had no
implied powers herein, for it should not be forgotten that the implied
powers of an organ are limited to those which, though not expressly
provided for in its statute, "are conferred upon it by necessary implication
as being essential to the performance of its duties" (I.C.J. Reports 1949,

p. 182).The Commission's wholeduty, in relation to resolution 33/ 119,
was to establish the terms on which evidence of relocation would be
regarded as sufficient and acceptable, in the case of al1staff members
entitled to repatriation grant.

41. Faced withthe "promulgated" decisionsof the ICSCembodying the
unwarranted distinction between two categories of staff member, the
Secretary-General, acting under Staff Rule 112.2 and mindful of Arti-
cleXII of the Staff Regulations, amended Rule 109.5and reported to the
Assemblyaccordingly. The newparagraph (fl thus contradicted resolution
33/119 in both its letter and its spirit.

42. In paragraph 23of its 1979report (A/34/30) the ICSC, in account-
ing for the changes introduced, stated that it

"had foreseen the possibility that some special provision would be

needed regarding staff members who had an expectationof receiving
the grant under the existing rule but would no longerbe entitled to it
under the new rule. The Commission was informed that the legal
advisers of severalorganizations had studied the question and come to
the conclusion that any entitlementalready earned by a staff member
couldnot be affectedretroactiveiyby the changing of the rule ;but the
exercise of further entitlements accruing after the date of the change
would be subject to compliance with the newcondition." (My empha-
sis.)

This statement, however seemingly innocuous, begged a question and
concealed an important fallacy. First, it might well have been that certain
staff members expected to receive the grant, but it was not under the
existing rulebut only by virtue of the existing extra-legalpractice that they
rnight have held that expectation. Secondly, exigibility of evidence of
relocation was no "new" condition but one inherent in the very nature of

the grant : a fortiori it could not affect the legal régimeunder which the
grant was paid, except in so far as it made explicit what had previously
been implicit. TheICSCended by contradicting its ownprevious report to
the effect that "the conditions of entitlement to the grant have remained
essentially unchanged since .. . 1951"(A/33/30, para. 179),not to men-
tion the statement of its own Chairman :ritédirecte de l'Assemblée générale Q.uoi qu'il en soità supposer même
que la CFPI puisse adopter des dispositions transitoires, est-il concevable
qu'elle le fasse de manière à exempter de l'application d'une décisionde

l'Assemblée générallea grande majorité de ceux auxquels l'Assemblée
entendait l'appliquer ? La Commission n'a pas de pouvoir implicte à cet
égard,car il ne faut pas oublier que lespouvoirs implicites d'un organese
limitent à ceux qui, bien que n'étant pasexpressément énoncéd sans son
statut, lui sont conférés (en tant qu'essentiels à l'exercice [de ses] fonc-
tions ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1949,p. 182).Par rapport à la résolution33/ 119,la
Commission avait Dour seule mission d'établirles modalités selon les-
quelles les pièces attestant la réinstallation seraient considéréescomme
suffisantes ou acceptables,pour tous les fonctionnaires pouvant prétendre

à la prime.
41. Confrontéaux décisions (publiées >par laCFPI, qui établissaient
une distinction injustifiée entre deux catégories de fonctionnaires, le
Secrétaire général, agissane tn vertu de la disposition 112.2du règlement
du personnel et ayant présent à l'esprit le chapitre XII du statut du per-
sonnel, a amendéla disposition 109.5et fait rapport à l'Assemblée géné-
rale. Le nouvel alinéafl contredisait donc la résolution 33/ 119aussi bien
dans sa lettre que dans son esprit.
42. Au paragraphe 23 de son rapport de 1979 (A/34/30) la CFPI,

expliquant les changements introduits, a déclaré qu'elle

avait envisagéla nécessitédeprévoir éventuellementune disposition
spécialedans lecasdesfonctionnaires quipouvaientcompterrecevoirla
prime en vertu de la réglementation actuellemais cesseraientd'yavoir
droit en applicationde la nouvelle réglementation. La Commission a
apprisque lesconseillersjuridiques deplusieurs organisationsavaient
étudiéla question et étaient parvenus à la conclusion que tout droit
acquispar unfonctionnairenepouvait être remis en question rétroacti-
vement par une modification du règlement ; toutefois, l'exercice de

tous nouveaux droits prenant effet après la date de la modification
serait assujetti aurespect dela nouvellecondition.)>(Lesitaliques sont
de moi.)

Cette déclaration, assez anodine en apparence, considère le problème
résoluet dissimule des arguments très fallacieux. Tout d'abord, il est
possible que certainsfonctionnairesaient comptérecevoirla prime, mais ce
n'est pas in vertu de la réglementationexistante, mais uniquement de la
pratique extra-juridique, qu'ils pouvaient nourrir cet espoir. En second

lieu, le fait d'exigerlapreuve de la réinstallationn'étaitpas une condition
(<nouvelle ))mais une condition inhérente àla nature mêmede la prime :
aussinepouvait-elle, afortiori,affecter lerégimejuridique du versement de
la prime, sauf dans la mesure où elle explicitait ce qui avait ététacite
jusque-là. La CFPI contredit pour finir son rapport-précédent suivant
lequel (les conditions ouvrant droit à la prime de rapatriement sont
demeurées fondamentalement inchangées depuis ...1951 1) (A/33/30, "The Commissionbelieved that therepatriation grant should notbe
paid when the staff member at the end of his serviceremained in the
place of hislast dutystation and accordingly didnotincur the removal
and reinstallation expenses which the grant was intended to meet."
(A/C.5/33/SR.32, p. 11.)
43. There is often virtue in achange of approach. But a far more serious
aspect of this inconsistencywas the way the ICSC acted not only in wn-
tradiction to its own previous view, but ultra virsgainst the clear and

unequivocal willof theGeneral Assembly. For it defined thecontents ofits
decisions promulgated on 6 April 1979 under CIRC/GEN/39 as "mod-
ifications to the terms of entitlement to the repatriation grantestab-
lished in pursuance of paragraph 4 of section IV of General Assembly
resolution 33/ 119".In paragraphs 38 and 39above 1believe1have amply
shown that no such sweeping mandate had been given by the cited text.
The Commission had, above all, no power to make exceptions to the
Assembly'sdecision, which had been intended to affect al1"entitled staff
members". Al1itpossessedwasadelegation ofpowerfor thelirnitedtaskof
defining, as 1indicated above, the terms of evidence, and al1such dele-
gations cal1for strictinterpretation. The Commission apparently relied on
somelegaladvicebut, having receivedit, ithad nopower orauthority toact
the way it did but should have returned to the General Assembly and
requested newinstructions. This it failed to do. The Secretary-General was
presumably aware of this situation. Yet Rule 109.5(f,voidable from the
dayit wasissued,remained inforce untiltheGeneral Assemblyreturned to
the matter at the following session and abolished the provision.

XI. RESOLUTIO3 N4/ 165AND ITSAFTERMATH

44. Once theGeneral Assemblyrealizedthe extent to which the amend-
ments to Staff Rule 109.5frustrated the very purpose of the task it had
given to the Commission that had fostered them, it reacted, notsurpris-
ingly,toput anend to an abnormal situation, by adopting on 17December
1979resolution 34/165, to take effect as from the beginning of the fol-
lowingmonth (i.e.,in 15days) whichhappened also to be the beginning of
the next calendar year. Accordingly, the Secretary-General abolished the
short-lived Staff Rule 109.5(fl.
45. SinceMr. Mortished made his claim after that abolition, and hence
the institution of a new rule corresponding to the new resolution of the
General Assembly,the Secretary-General refused him arepatriation grant
when he failed to produce the necessary evidence.par. 179), pour ne pas mentionner la déclaration de son propre prési-
dent :

(La Commissionestime ..qu'iln'yapaslieu deverserune prime de
rapatriement à un fonctionnaire qui, après la cessation de service,
demeure dans le pays de son dernier lieu d'affectation et n'a doncpas
engagélesdépensesde déménagementetderéinstallationque laprime
est censée couvrir.)(A/C.5/33/SR.32, p. 12.)
43. Il y a souvent des avantages à changer de perspective. Mais un

aspect beaucoup plus grave de cette inconstance est que la CFPI, non
seulement a agi à l'encontre de son opinion antérieure, mais qu'elle a
excédéses pouvoirs, en dépit de la volonté claire et sans équivoque de
l'Assemblée générale. Elle a en effet défini la substance des décisions
publiéespar ellele 6 avril 1979dans le document CIRC/GEN/39 comme
représentant des <<modifications aux modalités d'octroi de la prime de
rapatriement ...apportées..en application du paragraphe 4dela partie IV
de la résolution 33/119de l'Assemblée générale ))Aux paragraphes 38 et
39 ci-dessus,je crois avoir amplement démontré que letexte invoqué ne
confère pas ce large mandat. Et surtout, la Commission n'avait aucun
pouvoir d'assortir d'exceptions ladécisiondel'Assemblée,quiétaitconçue
pour s'appliquer à tous les fonctionnaires pouvant prétendreà la prime.
Elle n'avaitqu'un pouvoir délégup éour accomplir la tâche limitée consis-

tant à définir, commeje l'ai dit, les modalités de preuve, et une telle
délégationde pouvoir doit s'interpréter restrictivement.La Commission a
apparemment consultédesjuristes, mais,ayant reçu leur avis,elle n'avait
le pouvoir ni l'autoritéd'agir comme elle a a:elle aurait dû solliciter de
nouvelles instructions de~'~ssemblée!généralec,e qu'elle n'apas fait. Le
Secrétaire général avait vraisemblablement consciencede cette situation.
Pourtant la disposition 109.5fl viciéedèsl'origine, est restée en vigueur
jusqu'à ce que l'Assemblée générale reprenne la question à la session
suivante et abroge la disposition.

XI. LA RÉSOLUTION 34/165 ET SES SUITES

44. Dès que l'Assembléegénérala epu constater àquel point les amen-
dements à la disposition 109.5étaient contraires au but mêmede la tâche
qu'elle avait confiée la Commission qui en étaitl'auteur, elle a réagi,ce
qui n'est pas surprenant, pour mettre fin à une situation anormale, en
adoptant le 17décembre1979la résolution 34/165, devant prendre effet
au débutdu mois suivant (soit quinze jours plus tard) qui se trouvait être
aussi le début de l'annéecivile. En conséquence,le Secrétaire généraa l
abrogé l'éphémère disposition 109.5 fl.
45. M. Mortished ayant présenté sademande après cette abrogation
suiviede l'adoption d'unenouvelledisposition correspondant àla nouvelle
résolution de l'Assemblée généralel,e Secrétaire générallui a refuséle
versement de la prime de rapatriement quand il n'a pas produit lesjusti-
fications nécessaires. XII. THETRIBUNAL'H SANDLING OF MATERIAL QUESTION OSF LAW

46. Competent as it is to adjudicate disputes concerning the terms of
appointment and conditions of service of United Nations staff members,
the United Nations Administrative Tribunal has constantly to apply and
interpret United Nations Staff Regulations and Rules. When the General
Assembly was considering the establishment of theTribunal, the prudent

view was expressed that :

"The Tribunal would have to respect the authority of the General
Assembly to make such alterations and adjustments in the staff reg-
dations as circumstances might require. It was understood that the
tribunal would bear in rnind the General Assembly's intent not to
allow the creation of any such acquired rights as would frustrate
measures which theAssemblyconsidered necessary." (GeneralAssem-
blyOfficialRecords,FourthSession, Plenary Meetings,Annex, Agenda
Item 44, doc. A/1127, p. 168,para. 9.)

The relevant report of the Fifth Committee adds :

"No objection wasvoicedin the Committee to those interpretations,

subject to the representative of Belgium expressing the view that the
text of the statute would be authoritative and that it would be for the
tribunal to make its own interpretation." (Ibid.)

Thus this "interpretation" of the Tribunal's responsibility towards the
intent of the Assembly was quasi-unanimous. The present case pre-emi-
nently calls for examination of the question whether the Tribunal, in
Judgement No. 273, took these requirements into account. It may have
disregarded them and thus erred within the sphere of the law it had to
~PP~Y.
47. The Administrative Tribunal, in Judgement No. 273 shows at var-
iouspoints its concern with the powers of the General Assembly and the
Secretary-General and their inter-relationship, establishing (in para. III)
the general CO-ordinatesthereof in terms of Articles 7, 97 and 101of the
Charter. Subsequently (para. V)it records the basic purpose and scope of

the establishment of the International Civil Service Commission and
recognizes that the'ICSC is not competent totake decisionsdirectlyaffec-
ting staff members"(my emphasis).

48. Now, although the Tribunal does not Sayso in terms, it appears to
suggest (in para. XIV) that the failure of the Assembly to challenge the
forma1validity of the Secretary-General's amendmentsestopped itin some
way from finding them materially defective. But, on the Tribunal's own
showing,it isdifficult to see howlse the Assemblycould haveproceeded.XII. LA FAÇON DONT LE TRIBUNAL A TRAITÉ D'IMPORTANTES QUESTIONS
DE DROIT

46. Ayant compétencepour résoudreles différends relatifs aux nomi-
nations et aux conditions d'emploi desfonctionnaires des Nations Unies,
leTribunal administratif des Nations Unies doit constamment appliquer
et interpréter les dispositions du statut et du règlement du personnel. A
l'époque où l'Assemblée généraé letudiaitla créationdu Tribunal, on y a
exprimé l'idéeprudente que :

<(Le Tribunal serait tenu de respecter le droit qu'a l'Assemblée
généraled'apporter au statutdu personnel toutes lesmodifications et

retouches que la situationpourrait demander. Il aétébien entenduque
le Tribunal prendrait en considération l'intention qu'a l'Assemblée
généralede ne pas permettre que se créent des droits acquis qui
seraient de nature à l'empêcherde prendre des mesures qu'elle con-
sidérerait comme nécessaires. )i(Documents officiels de ['Assemblée
générale,quatrième session, séancesplénières, annexes,point 44 de
l'ordre du jour, doc. A/1127, p. 187, par. 9.)

Le rapport pertinent de la Cinquième Commission ajoutait

<(Aucun membre de la Commission ne s'est élevé contre ces inter-
prétations, mais le représentant dela Belgique a exprimé l'avisque le
texte du statut ferait autorité et qu'il appartiendrait au Tribunal de
l'interpréter.i(Ibid.)

Ainsi, ces <interprétations )ide la responsabilitédu Tribunal euégardaux
intentions de l'Assembléeont été quasi unanimes.La présenteaffaire pose
avant tout la question de savoir si, dans sonjugement no273,leTribunal a
tenu compte de ces exigences. Il les a peut-être méconnues et a ainsi

commis une erreur dans le domaine du droit qu'il devait appliquer.

47. Dans sonjugement no273,leTribunal administratif sepréoccupe à
divers moments des pouvoirs de l'Assemblée générale ed t u Secrétaire
général etde leurs relations mutuelles, et en établitles coordonnéesgéné-
ralesau paragraphe III, par référenceaux articles 7,97 et 101de la Charte.
Au paragraphe V, il prend acte du but et de la portéeessentielle de l'éta-
blissement de la Commission de la fonction publique internationale et

reconnaît que la «CFPI n'a pas compétencepour prendre des décisions
directement applicables aux membres dupersonnel » (les italiques sont de
moi).
48. Bien que le Tribunal ne le dise pas expressément, il semble laisser
entendre (au paragraphe XIV)que, parce que l'Assembléen'apas contesté
la validité formelle des amendements du Secrétaire général, elle se trouve
frappéed'une sorte d'estoppel,l'empêchantde conclure que leur substance
étaitdéfectueuse.Mais, d'aprèsce qui ressort du jugement lui-même,onThe method of passing the relevant part of resolution 34/ 165was in fact
the least hurtful way in which the Assembly could have exercised its
inherent power ofcontrol overthe Secretary-General whilenot making the
strength of its disapproval of the Commission's action too explicit.

49. 1can wellappreciatethat the Administrative Tribunal might scruple
to suggest that the procedure whereby the ICSC prompted the Secretary-

General toadopt Rule 109.5 (f)wasnot that laiddown inresolution 33/ 119
- or wassoonlyin outward form. 1can alsoappreciatethe argument that it
has to take StaffRules asit finds them. But sincetherulein questionhadits
direct origin in aGeneral Assemblyresolution and was drafted viapowers
ofdelegation, theTribunal mighthavebeenexpected to test itspedigree. In
fact, asal1the circumstances surrounding thismost unusual casemust have
shown the Tribunal, the General Assembly itself disowned its alleged
progeniture.

XIII. ACQUIRED RIGHTS

50. 1have no intention to go deeply into the subject of acquired rights.

In truth, any right validly and duly created and acquired under the rules of
aparticular legal order may be an "acquired right". The definition of these
rights,or rather the determination of their scopeinmost areas,had become
increasinglydifficult in a world in whichmutual rights and obligations are
subjected to frequent changes. In fact, it was always a vexed problem.
However, since the Staff Regulations and the Judgement of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal refer to the subject, it is difficult to avoid it. It was only
natural that Mr. Mortished should have claimed such a title in order to
showthat he and other officialsbelonging to the samecategoryenjoyed an
"acquired right" before the adoption of the new paragraph (fl of Rule
109.5.This is, however, not the "acquired right" recognized by the Ad-
ministrative Tribunal's Judgement (para. XVI).

51. For the Tribunal, as pointed out, recognizes that Rule 109.5 (fl
marked "the first time that a provision of the Staff Rules acknowledged
that entitlement to the repatriation grant might exist without evidence of
relocation being provided" (para. XIII). If that is correct, the clause must

have created that right, in which case the right did not existbefore and the
reasoning from 30years'practice is of very little value ; it is reduced to a
merely auxiliary status. If it created the right, and theTribunal had found
that that right became for Mr. Mortished an acquired right, then the first
text 1quoted in paragraph 46 becomes highly relevant.

52. But by any hypothesis, in my view,thefinding of an acquired rightvoit difficilement comment l'Assemblée aurait pu agir autrement. La
méthodeconsistant à adopter la partie pertinente de la résolution 34/165

était enfait la façon la moins brutale, pour l'Assemblée, d'exercer son
pouvoir inhérent de contrôle du Secrétaire généralsans manifester trop
clairement la vigueur de sa désapprobation de l'action de la Comrnis-
sion.
49. Je me rends bien compte que le Tribunal administratif a pu avoir
quelque scrupule à dire que la procédurepar laquelle la CFPI a amenéle
Secrétairegénéral à adopter la règle109.5fl n'étaitpas celleque prévoyait
la résolution 33/ 119 - ou ne l'étaitqu'en apparence. Je peux également

comprendre l'argument suivant lequel le Tribunal doit prendre le règle-
ment du personnel tel qu'ilest.Maiscommela disposition dont ils'agissait
découlait directement d'une résolutionde l'Assembléegénéraleet avait été
rédigéepar délégationde pouvoir, on aurait pu s'attendre à ce que le
Tribunal en contrôlele pedigree. En fait, etcommetoutes lescirconstances
qui entourent cette affaire très exceptionnelle ont dû en persuader le
Tribunal, l'Assembléegénéraleelle-mêmea désavoué la progéniturequ'on
lui attribuait.

XIII. DROITS ACQUIS

50. Je n'ai pas l'intention de m'attarder sur cette question. En vérité,
tout droit valablement et dûment créé etobtenu en vertu des règlesd'un
ordrejuridique particulier peut revêtirlecaractèred'un (droit acquis ))La
définitionde droits semblables, ou plutôt la déterminationde leur étendue

dans la plupart des domaines, devient de plus en plus difficile dans un
monde où lesdroits et obligations mutuels changent fréquemment. En fait,
il y a toujours eu là un problème délicat. Toutefois, puisque le statut du
personnel et lejugement du Tribunal administratif traitent de la question,
il est difficile de l'éluder.Il était tout à fait naturel que M. Mortished
revendiquât un tel droit, afin de démontrer que lui-mêmeet d'autres
fonctionnaires delamêmecatégoriejouissaientd'un ((droit acquis avant
l'adoption du nouvel alinéafl dela disposition 109.5.Ce n'est cependant

pas là le(<droit acquis ))reconnu parlejugement du Tribunal administratif
(par. XVI).
51. Le Tribunal, comme on l'a vu, reconnaît en effet que, avec l'adop-
tion de la disposition 109.5 fl, (pour la première fois, un texte du règle-
ment du personnel reconnaissait que le droit àla prime de rapatriement
pouvait exister sans que soit attesté le changement de résidence >)
(par. XIII). Sicetteaffirmation estexacte,il fautque cesoitla clause quiait

crééle droit ; dans ce cas le droit n'existait pas auparavant et le raison-
nement tiréd'une pratique trentenaire n'est guèreprobant ;il nejoue plus
qu'un rôle d'appoint. Si l'alinéafl a créé le droit- et leTribunal a conclu
quecedroit estdevenuun droit acquis de M. Mortished - alors letexte que
j'ai cité au paragraphe 46 acquiert une grande pertinence.
52. En toute hypothèse, la conclusion relative à l'existence d'un droitin the present case fails the test. 1 hope to have shown, in section VI11
above, that actualrepatriation, soonextended to mean actual relocation in

a country other than that of the last duty station, was a basic condition of
entitlement to receive repatriation grant.

53. The Secretary-General's abstention from demanding evidence of
relocation throughout 30yearsofpaying repatriationgrantsamounted to a
discretionary waiver - defensible in the sense that he was dealing with
responsible ex-officials. However, ths practice did not give rise to any
acquired right, because relocation remained an essential condition, and
evidence thereof remained exigible, hence the expectations the practice
may have aroused were not compatible with the basic nature of the insti-
tution. A misconception therefore underlay the initiative of the ICSC
which resulted in the introduction of Staff Rule 109.5 (fl. Indeed the
Secretary-General showed that he recognized as much, when he told the

Tribunal :

"The General Assembly'sauthority under Article 101of the Char-
ter cannot be undermined by sobroad a definition of 'acquired rights'
as to encompass eligibility requirements for a repatriation grant."
(Respondent's Answer, para. 26.)

No sooner was the rule cancelled than the inherently discretionary char-
acter of the waiver would have become evident, had not clause (d) imme-
diately withdrawn the waiver altogether.
54. Apart from this, the discretion of the Secretary-General illustrated
by Staff Rule 104.7 (c)(quoted above)remained inforce, thus enabling him
to withdraw entitlement to thegrant from specificallydefined staff mem-

bers.This continued tobea seriousobstacle to thecreation of an "acquired
right". In my view,paragraph XVI of Judgement No. 273 of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal erred on the relevant provision in par-
ticular as concerned the will of the General Assembly.
55. While the Court admits (para. 74)that there may be room for more
than one viewon the question as to what amounts to an acquired right and
whether or not Mr. Mortished had one,the wholefield of acquired rights is
one which the Opinion deliberately refrains from entering. However, the
verybasis of the wholeproceedings before theTribunal and theCourt isan
alleged injury sustained asthe result of disregarding an acquired right by
the application of a Staff Rule which reflected a resolution of the General
Assembly. If an injury is produced through the action of an organ of the
United Nations, the relevant provision of the Charter is undoubtedly

involved,hencealso the need to deal with the question ofacquired rights in
a way which would not imply retrial of the case. One can thereforehardly
accept the Court's approach, which amounts to an attempt to identify
two different proceedings :"retrial" and "review", notwithstandmg the
Court's being sometimes"called upon to reviewthe actualsubstance of theacquis en la présente espèce ne satisfait pas selon moi aux conditions
requises. J'espère avoir montré, à la section VI11ci-dessus, que le rapa-
triement effectif, notion bientôt élargiepour englober la réinstallation

dans un pays autre que celui du dernier lieu d'affectation, étaitune con-
dition de base du versement de la prime.
53. Le fait quele Secrétairegénéraslesoit abstenu d'exigerla preuve de
la réinstallationpendant lestrente ans où desprimes ont étéverséesn'était
dû qu'à une dérogationde caractère discrétionnaire - justifiable dans la
mesure où le Secrétairegén"ralavait affaire à d'anciens fonctionnaires
responsables. Mais cette pratique n'a donné naissance à aucun droit
acquis, car la réinstallation demeurait unecondition essentielleet la preuve
enrestait exigible, de sorteque lesexpectatives quela pratique apu susciter

étaientcontraires à l'essencemêmede l'institution. L'initiative de la CFPI
quiest à l'originede l'introduction dela disposition 109.5flprocédaitdonc
d'une conception erronée. Enfait, le Secrétaire généraa l montréqu'il en
avait conscience quand il a dit au Tribunal :

<<Il ne pouvait êtreporté atteinte à l'autorité dont est investie
l'Assemblée généralp ear l'article 101 de la Charte en adoptant une
définition des <droits acquis ))allant jusqu'à englober les conditions

d'attribution d'une prime de rapatriement. )(Répliquedu défendeur,
par. 26.)

Dèsque la disposition a étéannulée,le caractère intrinsèquement discré-
tionnaire de la dérogation serait apparu clairement si la clause d) n'avait
pas eu pour effet immédiat de l'éliminer.
54. Indépendamment de cela, le pouvoir discrétionnaire du Secrétaire
généraldont témoigne la disposition 104.7 c)précitée subsiste,ce qui lui
permet de cesser de verser la prime à tels ou tels fonctionnaires. Voilà un
autre obstacle sérieux à la création d'un <<droit acquis O!Selon moi, au

paragraphe XVI dujugement no273,leTribunal administratif des Nations
Unies a commis une erreur au sujet de la disposition applicable, en par-
ticulier pour ce qui est de la volontéde l'Assemblée générale.
55. La Cour reconnaît (au paragraphe 74) que les opinions peuvent
différer quant à ce qui constitue un droit acquis et quant à savoir si
M. Mortished pouvait se prévaloir d'un tel droit ;toute la question des
droits acquis est néanmoins délibérément laissédee côté dans l'avis.
Cependant toute la procédure devant leTribunal et devant la Courporte

surlepréjudicequi résulteraitdelaméconnaissanced'undroit acquis due à
l'application d'une disposition du règlementdu personnel fondéesur une
résolution de l'Assemblée généraleS . i une décision d'un organe des
Nations Unies entraîne un préjudice, la disposition correspondante de la
Charte setrouve indubitablement encause,d'où la nécessité de résoudrela
question des droits acquis sans devoir rouvrir le procès. On peut donc
difficilement accepter la manière dont la Cour aborde le problème, qui
revient à essayer d'assimiler deux procédures différentes :celle qui con-
sisteà <<rouvrir le procès )et la (réformation >),et celabien que la Courdecision", particularly in cases of this kind (I.C.J. Reports 1973,p. 188at
para. 48). In the present instance, the Court has refused even to consider
whether the implementation of a law-making organ's decision in a way
contrary toits willmay reallyresult inthe creation of an "acquired right".
To my mind, especially when the decision is implemented in a manner
contrary to the specific purposes for which the affected institution was
established from the outset - and whichhas never basicallychanged - no
such creation is possible, and this should have been said.
56. The further issue of retroactivitv - on which there should be no
doubt - does not arise, for the simplereason that those who were entitled
to benefit from the provisions of Rule 109.5 (fl did so as long asit was in

force, i.e.,until 1January 1980.Al1others fellunder the régimeof the Staff
Rule which was the outcome of resolution 34/ 165of the General Assem-
bly. Though it may be argued that entitlements accrued to Mr. Mortished
in the course of themany years of his servicein theUnited Nations, yet he
became a beneficiary only on separation, and Mr. Mortished was-sePa-
rated from the serviceonly in April 1980.Moreover (it is worth recalling)
the benefit is not simply one "accruing to a staff member for services
rendered before theentry into force of an amendment" (cf. UNAT Judge-
ment No. 82,para. VII) but islinked with the obligation to "relocate", i.e.,
is intended to make up for the hardship caused by the "translocation"
which could occur only at the time of separation. The right to payment

therefore had no retroactive aspect.

57. As to excessofjurisdiction, 1do not believethat the Administrative
Tribunal could be held to have exposed itself to this charge. Relying as it
did on the acquired right it held to exist in the case of Mr. Mortished, the
Tribunal was careful not to challenge the validity or legality of a General
Assemblyresolution. In sum, 1agreewith theCourt that thereis no ground
for finding that the Tribunal committed an excess of jurisdiction.

58. To conclude my considerations, 1regret that a series of errors has
beencommitted - in particular an error on aquestion oflawrelating to the

provisions of theCharter of theUnited Nations -,including a misreading
by the International Civil ServiceCommission of the unequivocal will of
the law-maker (the General Assembly of the United Nations) and of its
own terms of reference, and the recognition of allegedlycreated "acquired
rights". This led to the emergenceof a rule which wasill-conceivedand to
which the law-maker, once apprised of it, put a rapid end.

XIV. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

59. Having opened my comments on the present case by some reflec-
tions on the resolution of disputes within international organizations, 1

wish to conclude them on the same theme in regard to the functions of
administrative tribunals. In fact, the Court has from the very outset been
closely connected with the subject and expressed its views on the naturesoit parfois appelée à examiner la décisionau fond )>,notamment dans
des cas de cette nature (C.I.J. Recueil 1973,p. 188,par. 48). En l'espècela
Cour n'a mêmepas voulu examiner si une mise en Œuvre d'une décision
d'un organe législatifcontraire à la volontéde cet organe peut donner
naissance à un <(droit acquis )).D'aprèsmoi, et enparticulier sila décision

est appliquée contrairement au but précisque l'institution avait au départ
- et qui n'ajamais fondamentalement changé - la créationd'un tel droit
est une impossiblité,et la Cour aurait dû le dire.
56. La question complémentaire de la rétroactivité - qui ne devrait
prêter à aucun doute - ne se pose pas, pour la simple raison que les
fonctionnaires qui avaient droit à bénéficierde la disposition 109.5fl l'ont
er an-
fait aussi longtemps qu'elle étaiten vigueur, c'est-à-dire jusqu'au 1 j
vier 1980.Le régimede la disposition résultantde la résolution 34/ 165de
l'Assemblée généralse'est appliqué a tous les autres. On peut certes sou-
tenir que M. Mortisheda accumulédescréditsau cours de sesnombreuses
annéesde service à l'organisation des Nations Unies, mais il n'est devenu
bénéficiairede la prime qu'àla fin deson service,c'est-à-dire en avril 1980.
De plus - il convient de le rappeler - il ne s'agitpas ici d'un bénéficeou

avantage (revenant au fonctionnaire pour les services rendus avant l'en-
tréeen vigueur de l'amendement ))(jugement du TANU no 82, par. VII)
mais d'un bénéficeou avantage lié à l'obligation de se ((réinstaller)),
c'est-à-dire destiné à atténuerles difficultésd'un changement d'établisse-
ment, question qui ne sepose qu'au moment de la cessation de service. Le
droit au versement n'a donc aucun caractère rétroactif.
57. Quant à l'excèsde compétence,je ne pense pas qu'on puisse con-

sidérerque leTribunal administratif ait prêté leflanc à cetteaccusation. Le
Tribunal a pris soin de ne pas contester la validité nila légalitéd'une
résolutionde l'Assemblée générale d,u fait qu'il estparti du droit acquis
qu'il reconnaissait à M.Mortished. Bref, je pense comme la Cour qu'il
n'y a aucun motif pour conclure que le Tribunal a outrepassé sa compé-
tence.

58. Pour finir, je regrette qu'une séried'erreurs aient étécommises -
notamment une erreur dedroit concernant lesdispositions dela Charte - y
compris la mauvaiseinterprétationque la Commissionde la fonctionpubli-
queinternationale a fait de la volontéclaire - et pas seulement de l'inten-
tion - du législateur (l'Assemblée générad les Nations Unies) et de son
propre mandat, et la reconnaissance de la création de (idroits acquis ))

supposés.Cela a entraîné l'émergenced'une règlemal conçue et que le
législateur, unefois informé, a rapidement rapportée.

XIV. CONSIDÉRATION GSNÉRALES

59. J'ai ouvert mes observations sur la présente affaire par quelques
réflexionssurle règlementdeslitigesdans lesorganisations internationales

etje voudrais conclure en évoquantlemêmesujetsousl'angledesfonctions
des tribunaux administratifs. De fait, dèsl'originela Cour a été concernée
de très prèspar cettequestion et ellea indiquéquelles luiparaissaient êtreand propriety of the functions which might be exercised by the various
bodies involved. Having regard to the Court's utterance of 1954, the
Statute of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal was amended and
the General Assemblyset up the subsidiary organ known asthe Comrnittee

on Applications, endowing it, not with judicial, but with "screening"
functions. The Court has had occasion to comment on this procedure. In
1956it dealt with Article XII of the Statute of the International Labour
Organisation Administrative Tribunal and at the same timecould consider
in such a context whether being "bound to remain faithful to the re-
quirements of its judicial character" (I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 84), its own
Statute and functions stood in the way of its complyingwith a request for
an opinion. It was only in 1973that the Court finally had to contemplate
the implications of participating in the procedure instituted by Article 11
of the Statute of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal. On that
occasion in the Faslacase, it again bore in mind the permissivewording of
Article 65, paragraph 1,of the Statute and its entitlement, in certain cir-
cumstances, to refuseto answerquestions put toit. Much the same general
misgivings were expressed as in 1956 ; but more specific objections were
raised against the mysteriousworkings of the Committee. The Court went
on,however, tostressin an obiterdictum the necessityfor consistency in the

standards applied by the Comrnittee in assessingapplications, especially
asbetween those emanatingfrom staff members or fromother sources. In
sum, the Court in 1973 complied with the request notwithstanding the
grave doubts entertained by many, if not all, of its Members in regard to
the basically hybrid nature of the system and the manner of its imple-
mentation.

60. However, the present case,as the Advisory Opinion stresses,differs
from the 1973case in that the application has been made by a member
State, so that the questions ofquality of the parties and the consistency of
the standards applied by the Committee arise in acute form. Moreover,
while in the Fasla case the transcript of the proceedings before the Com-
mittee was not available to theCourt, in the present one it is,but it reveals,
asindicated in the Advisory Opinion, suchirregularities astheCourt could
not possibly ignore. It ishus impossible not to have qualms regarding the
ostensibly unevenhanded nature of the whole procedure both in theory
and in practice. In fact the review procedure contains a built-in dilemma.

This awkward fact was mildly alluded to by the Court in 1973,when it
indicated that it did "not consider the review procedure provided by
Article 11asfreefrom difficulty" (I.C.J. Reports1973,p. 183at para. 40).1
wish to recall that, while sharing the viewsof the Court at the time,1 went
much further, stating :

"There would, perhaps,be little point in adverting to this problem if
the solechoice for the future appeared to liebetweenjudicial control
of the kind exemplified by the present proceedings and no judicial
control at all."(Ibid., p. 214.)la nature et l'opportunitédesfonctions susceptibles d'êtreexercéespar les
diversesinstancesintéressées.Au vu desobservationsfaites par la Cour en
1954,lestatut duTribunal administratif des Nations Unies aété modifiéet
l'Assembléegénéralea institué l'organe subsidiaire appelé Comité des

demandes de réformation, en le chargeant de fonctions non judiciaires
mais consistant à faire un (tri)).La Cour a eu l'occasionde formuler des
observations sur cette procédure. En 1956elle a examiné l'article XII du
statut du Tribunal administratif de l'Organisation internationale du Tra-
vailet elleapu, du mêmecoup,rechercher si,dansun telcontexte,et dufait
qu'elle devait (<rester fidèle aux exigences de son caractère judiciaire ))
(C.I.J. Recuezl 1956, p. 84), son Statut et ses fonctions l'empêchaientde
donner suite à une requêtepour avis consultatif. C'est en 1973seulement
que la Cour a eu à examiner les conséquencesd'une participation à la

procédure instituéepar l'article 11du statut duTribunal administratif des
Nations Unies. Dans l'affaire Fasladont il s'agissait,elle s'estune fois de
plussouvenuedestermesfacultatifs del'article 65,paragraphe 1,du Statut
et du droit qui en découle de refuser, dans certaines circonstances, de
répondreaux questions dont elleestsaisie. Dans l'ensembleellea exprimé
les mêmesinquiétudes générales qu'en 1956 ; mais des reproches plus
précisont été adressés à la façon mystérieusedont fonctionne le Comité.
La Cour n'en a pas moins soulignédans un obiterdictum que le Comité
devait appliquer des normes cohérentes dans son appréciation des de-

mandes, qu'ellesémanentde fonctionnaires ou d'autres sources. Bref, en
1973,la Cour a donné suite à la requête malgré lesgraves incertitudes
qu'inspiraient à un grand nombre, sinon àla totalitéde ses membres, la
nature essentiellementhybride du système et les modalitésde son appli-
cation.
60. Toutefois, comme l'avisconsultatif le souligne,la présente affaire
diffère de celle de 1973, car la demande a été présentép ear un Etat
Membre, de sorte que les aspects de l'égalité dep sarties et de la cohérence
des critères appliquéspar le Comitése posent sous une forme aiguë. En

outre, alors que dans l'affaireFaslala transcription des débatsdu Comité
n'avait pasété mise àla disposition dela Cour, ellel'aété en l'espècemais,
comme l'indique l'avis, ellefait apparaître des irrégularitéstelles que la
Courne saurait lesignorer. Il est donc impossible de nepas s'inquiéter des
inégalitésde traitement manifestesqui ont caractériséla procédure surles
deux plans de la théorie etde la pratique. La procédure de réformation
comporte d'ailleurs intrinsèquement un dilemme. Ce fait gênantainspiré
une allusion discrète à la Cour, qui a dit en 1973 ((que la procédure de
réformation établie àl'article 11..n'estpas exempte de difficulté )(C.I.J.

Recuezl 1973, p. 183, par. 40). Je rappelle que, tout en partageant alors
l'opinion de la Cour, je suis allé beaucoup plus loin en écrivant :

<<Il n'yaurait guèred'intérêp teut-être àsignaler ceproblèmes'ilne
devait y avoir àl'avenir d'autre choix qu'entre un contrôlejudiciaire
du genre de celui qu'offre la présente procédure et une absencetotale
de contrôle judiciaire.))(Ibid., p. 214.)What 1had in mind was a serious improvement of the existing machinery
and its revision so that it would "be free from difficulty and more effec-
tive". 1 saw "no compelling reason, either in fact or in law, why an
improved procedure could not be envisaged" (ibidI. n)the light of the

experience in the present case, the need for this improvement has been
amply confirmed. 1 am gratified to note that the Court, in the Advisory
Opinion, has made some comments to the same effect. In reiterating my
views, 1feel that the procedure is in need of some radical change.

61. In the same context, nine years ago, 1 made another observation
concerning the "discrepancy between the two systems of review : one
established by Article XII of the Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tri-
bunal and the other by Article11of that of the United Nations Admini-
strative Tribunal" (ibid.).1expressed my regret on account of the diver-
gences which existed in the nature of the protection afforded the staff
members of different international ornanuzations. Indeed the situation
created by this discrepancy is one which should raise very serious reser-
vations, for it has no rational foundation. Almost al1the organizations
whichaccepted thejurisdiction of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal belong
to the United Nations family and it is difficult to explain, still less to

justify, why the protection offered to one group of officials should be
different from that enjoyed by others. 1 therefore pleaded for greater
CO-ordinationand uniform procedures in both cases. Can there be any
doubt that the personnel employed by the United Nations and the many
other organizations belonging to one family in the international civil
serviceshould be subject to a uniform régimeand the same legal protec-
tion ? The establishment of the International Civil Service Commission
with the task of elaborating a uniform system and status embracing the
personnel of theinternational organizations, thenot-infrequent transfer of
persons fromone organization to another, areimportant factorsindicating
thetrend in the same direction of uniformity. This need isfurther stressed
by two contradictory opinions handed down by the two tribunals on the
very same subject, a danger which may increase with the passage of
time.

62. 1 have felt, moreover, that the goal of equal protection for al1

members of the international civil service could best be achieved in the
long run if the tribunals werefused into oneinstitution, located so as to be
easilyaccessible,whichwould take under its wingal1persons employed by
international organizations of the United Nations family, and possibly
others. 1find confirmation in the suggestion of theGeneral Assembly that
the Secretary-General and the Administrative Cornmittee on Co-ordina-
tion should "study the feasibility of establishing a single administrative
tribunal for the entire system" (cf.General Assembly resolutions 33/ 119
and 34/438). The work on the subject was intended to afford an oppor-
tunity also to study possible unification of the procedures of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal and the IL0 Administrative TribunalMonsouci étaitqu'on amélioresérieusemenltesystèmeexistant et qu'onle
révisepour adopteruneméthode <plus efficaceet exempte de difficultéo.
Jene voyais <<aucune raison impérative,ni endroitni en fait, pour laquelle
l'adoption d'une meilleure méthode ne pourrait être envisagée >)(ibid.,
p. 214). L'affaire actuelle confirme largement la nécessitéd'une telle ré-

forme, et je suis heureux de constater que la Cour, dans le présent avis,
formule quelques observations dans ce sens. En réitérantmes idées,j'ai
conscience de la nécessitéd'apporter à la procédure des modifications
radicales.
61. Dans la mêmeperspective,j'avais fait une observation il y a neuf
ans au sujet de la <(différencequi existe entre les deux procédures de
réformation, celle que prévoit l'articleXII du statut du Tribunal admi-
nistratif de l'OIT et celle qu'établit l'article11du statut du Tribunal ad-
ministratif des Nations Unies >(ibid.).J'ai regrettéles disparitésentre les
protections accordées aux fonctionnaires des différentes organisations

internationales. La situation qui en résulte devrait appeler en effet de
très sérieusesréserves,car elle est dépourvue de fondement rationnel.
Presque toutes les organisations qui ont acceptéla compétencedu Tri-
bunal administratif de l'OIT appartiennent à la famille des Nations
Unies, et on voit mal ce qui pouvait expliquer, et encore moinsjustifier,
que la protection accordée à une catégorie de fonctionnaires diffère
de celle dont d'autres bénéficient. Aussi ai-je plaidé en faveur d'une
meilleure coordination et de l'application de procédures uniformes. Qui
pourrait douter qu'il soit nécessaire d'assujettirle personnel employépar
l'organisation des Nations Unies et par les nombreuses autres organi-
sations relevant de la mêmefamille de la fonction publique internatio-

nale àun régimeuniforme et àla mêmeprotectionjuridique ?L'établisse-
ment de la Commission de la fonction publique internationale, chargée
d'élaborer un systèmeet un statut uniformes pour le personnel des orga-
nisations, le transfert assezfréquentde fonctionnairesd'une organisation
à une autre, constituent des facteurs importants traduisant une ten-
dance à l'uniformité. La contrariétéde deux déclarations faites Dar
lesdeux tribunaux surle mêmesujetnefait que soulignercette nécessitéet
le danger d'une telle situation risque de s'aggraver avec le passage du
temps.
62. De plus,j'estime qu'à long termel'objectifconsistant à assurer une

égaleprotection à tous lesmembres de la fonction publique internationale
seraitplus facile atteindre silesdeux tribunaux étaientfondus enun seul,
qui, situéenun lieuaisémentaccessible,prendrait soussonégidetoutesles
personnes employéespar lesorganisations internationales dela familledes
Nations Unies et peut-êtred'autresencore. Je trouve une confirmation de
ce projet dans la déclaration de l'Assemblée générale aux termes de
laquelle le Secrétaire général elte Comité administratif de coordination
devraient <<étudierla possibilitéde faire en sorte qu'iln'y ait qu'un seul
Tribunal administratif pour l'ensemble du système des Nations Unies ))
(voirAssembléegénérale,résolutions 33 1/19et34/438). Lestravaux surce

sujet devraient offrir l'occasion d'étudieraussil'éventuelle unification desand to removecertain imperfections in the present Statutes of both, with a
view to strengthening the common system.

63. In compliance with these resolutions, consultations took place
between the representatives of the organizations which have accepted the
jurisdiction of one or other of the two tribunals. The idea itself is not new
and was pointed out by the first President of the Administrative Tribunal
ofthe United Nations, Mrs. S.Bastid. It wasin fact tobe expected that the

coming into existence of the United Nations would establish a unique
jurisdiction, but this did not happen.
64. These consultations and the reports prepared indicate what are
alleged to be serious difficulties in the establishment of a single tribunal,
and the establishment instead of "some form of joint machinery" was
suggested.1am confident, however,that aharmful tendency leading to the
multiplication of organsentrusted with similar or evenidentical functions
and the growth of international bureaucracy will be arrested. Without
entering into the sphere of practical considerations which it would be
improper for me to embarkupon, 1 am of the viewthat oneadministrative
tribunal could really solvethe problems which face al1organizations, even
those which do not come within the United Nations system. It would be
one of the practical outcomes of the guiding idea whch led to the estab-
lishment of the International Civil Service Commission.
65. Here, then, 1 maintain my views expressed nine years ago, and
enlarge upon them in the light of subsequent experience : suggestions

concerning important changes in the procedure and guarantees, the even-
tua1fusion of tribunals. Al1this in order to establish a sound, properly
functioning system which would secure the effective administration of
justice in accordance with universal standards. It may be timely, on that
occasion, to reviewand consolidate the interna1law of international orga-
nizations in view of the conflicts and inadequacy of a number of regula-
tions and rules in the systems.

(Signed) Manfred LACHS.procédures du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies et du Tribunal
administratif de l'OIT, ainsique de remédier certainesimperfectionsdes
statuts actuels des deux tribunaux, en vue de renforcer le système com-
mun.
63. Conformément àcesrésolutions,des coilsultations sesont déroulées
entre les représentants des organisations ayant accepté la juridiction de
l'un ou l'autre des deux tribunaux. L'idée elle-mêmn e'est pas nouvelle
et le premier président du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies,
Mme S. Bastid, l'avait évoqué. n aurait pu espéreren fait que l'appa-
rition de l'organisation des Nations Unies entraînerait l'établissement

d'une juridiction unique, mais cela ne s'est pas produit.
64. Dans ces consultations et dans les rapports il est fait état de diffi-
cultésgravesquis'opposeraient àl'institution d'un tribunal unique etil est
proposé d'établir,au lieu de celui-ci, <quelque système institutionnel
commun o. Maisj'espère voirmettre un terme à la tendance néfaste qui
conduit à multiplier lesorganes chargésde fonctions semblables ou même
identiques età accroître la bureaucratie internationale. Sans aborder le do-
maine de considérationspratiques dont je n'ai pasàentreprendre l'étude,
j'estime qu'un tribunal administratif unique pourrait vraiment résoudre
les problèmes qui se posent a toutes les organisations, même si ellesne
relèventpasdu systèmedesNations Unies. Ainsi seconcrétiserait,dans un
domaine pratique parmid'autres, l'idéedirectricequiainspirél'institution

de la Commission de la fonction publique internationale.
65. En l'espèce,je maintiens donc les idéesquej'avais expriméesil y a
neuf ans etje lesamplifielalumièredel'expérience acquisedepuislors :il
faudrait modifier considérablementlaprocédureetles garanties, aboutirà
la fusion des tribunaux. Tout cela devrait permettre demettre sur pied un
systèmebien conçu etfonctionnant convenablementafin degarantir quela
justice soit vraiment rendueet qu'elle lesoit selondesnormes universelles.
Cela permettrait peut-être aussi de réexaminer et consolider le droit
interne des organisationsinternationales afin de surmonter les contradic-
tions et les lacunes que l'on relèvedans les statuts et règlementsdes divers
systèmes.

(Signé M)anfred LACHS.

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Dissenting Opinion of Judge Lachs

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