Separate Opinion of Judge Ruda

Document Number
066-19820720-ADV-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
066-19820720-ADV-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE RUDA

1 have voted in favour of paragraphs 2 A and 2 B of the operative
clause of the Advisory Opinion, which contains the decisions of the Court
on the merits ;but, since 1voted against paragraph 1,on the preliminary
point asto whether or not theCourt should comply with the request, 1feel
myself obliged to explain, in an individual opinion, the reasons for my
vote.
In its 1973Advisory Opinion on the Applicationfor ReviewofJudgement
No. 158of the UnitedNationsAdministrativeTribunal (1C.J. Reports1973,
p. 166),the Court, for the first time, dealt with a request from the Com-

mittee on Applications for Review of Administrative Tribunal Judge-
ments,theorigin ofwhich was an objection raised by aperson in respect of
whom ajudgement had been rendered by such Tribunal. 1was among the
judges who voted in favour of the decision to render the Opinion in that
case. In the present proceedings, the circumstances differ from those of
1973on a fundamental legal aspect, because now the application to the
Committee was submitted by a member State, which was nota party to the
litigation before the Administrative Tribunal.This new situation gives rise
to some legal problems different from those that confronted the Court
before.
The Court already took note, in 1973,of some important observations
that were raised in the General Assembly, in 1955, during the discussions
on the review procedure, on the possibility of a member State to initiate
such proceedings. The Court said :

"31. The Court does not overlook that Article 11provides for the

right of individual member States to object to a ju'dgement of the
Administrative Tribunal and to apply to the Committee to initiate
advisory proceedings on the matter ; and that during the debates in
1955the propriety of this provision was questioned by a number of
delegations. The member State, it was said, would not have been a
party to the proceedings before the Administrative Tribunal, and to
allow it tonitiate proceedings for the reviewof thejudgement would,
therefore, be contrary to the general principles governing judicial
review.To confer such a right on a member State, it was further said,
would impinge upon the rights of the Secretary-General as chief
administrative officer and conflict with Article 100of the Charter. It
was also suggested that, in the case of an application by a member
State, the staff member would be in a position of inequality before the
Cammittee. These arguments introduce additional considerations

which would cal1 for close examination by the Court if it should receive a request for an opinion resulting from an application to the
Committee by a member State. The Court is not therefore to be
understood as here expressing any opinion in regard to any future
proceedings instituted under Article 11by a member State. But these
additional considerations are without relevance in the present pro-

ceedings in which the request for an opinion results from an appli-
cation to the Committee by a staff member. The mere fact that Arti-
cle 11provides for the possibility of a member State applying for the
review of a judgement does not alter the position in regard to the
initiation of review proceedings as between a staff member and the
Secretary-General. Article 11, the Court emphasizes, gives the same
rights to staff members as it does to the Secretary-General to applyto
the Committee for the initiation of review proceedings." (I.C.J.
Reports 1973, p. 178.)

The three objections mentioned by the Court in this paragraph were,
therefore, the following :
(a) to allowamemberState, which had not been aparty tothe proceedings
before the Administrative Tribunal,to initiate proceedings for review,
would be contrary to the general principles governing judicial
review ;

(h) such right would impinge upon the authority of the Secretary-General
as chief administrative officer :and

(c) the staff member would be in a position of inequality before the
Committee.

As to the first objection, it is true that the member State which has
initiated the reviewproceedings was not a party to the proceedings before
the Administrative Tribunal, the parties thereto having been the staff
member and the Secretary-General ;but the right to initiate the review
proceedings does not mean that the State becomes aparty to the litigation.
Article 11of the Statute of the Tribunal does not givethe member State the
right to request an advisory opinion, but only the right to invite the
Committee to makethe request, which is,therefore, submitted by an organ
duly authorized by the General Assembly. The fact that a member State
has the power to initiate the reviewprocedure does not transform the State
into a party to the dispute. But the Secretary-General is an organ of the

United Nations and the Committee is also an ornan of "he United Na-
tions ;therefore, the system provides for the contradictory situation that
one organ of the Organization gives his acquiescence to the judgement
of the AdministrativeTribunal and another organ of the same Organization,
on the initiative of a third entity not party in the litigation, decides to put
into operation a reviewproceeding of an already acceptedjudgement. To
my mind, the system of Article 11 of the Statute of the Tribunal goes
against the elementary requirements of ajudicial process, because a party
to the dispute, in this case the United Nations, cannot accept ajudgementand, at the same time, open a procedure for its review. This inherent
contradiction in the system is,for me, avery "compelling" reason to refuse
to render the Advisory Opinion.
As to the secondobjection,concerning the impactupon the authority of
the Secretary-General, my conclusions are based on thejuridical situation
just described. The Secretary-General, "the chief administrative officer of
the Organization", according to Article 97 of the Charter, acquiesces in a
judgement of the Administrative Tribunal, in a case where "the parties to
the dispute before the Tribunal are the staff member concerned and the
United Nations represented by theSecretary-General" (Effect ofAwards of
Compensation Made by the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, Advi-
sory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 53). Later, another organ of the
United Nations, subsidiary to the General Assembly, the Committee on
Applications, submits a request to the Court for an advisory opinion, in a
reviewproceeding, at theinitiative of a third entity, a member State, which

was not a party before the Administrative Tribunal. The decision of the
Committee has itsjuridical effect onajudgement already acquiesced in by
the Secretary-General. This attitude seemsto meveryclearlyto impinge on
the authority of the Secretary-General, precisely in the administrative field
where he is the chief authority. The relationship between the Secretary-
General and the staff member is undoubtedly administrative in character,
including the decision whether or not to open a reviewprocedure. 1 seethis
impact upon the administrative authority of the Secretary-General as
another "compelling" reason to refuse to give the advisory opinion.

We come now to the third objection ;i.e., that the review procedure
places the staff member in a position of inequality before the Committee,
when the application is submitted by a member State. The Court rightly
points out, in paragraph 30of the Advisory Opinion,that the requirements
of equality before the Court are fully satisfied in the present instance, as

they werein 1973,when the reviewprocedure originated in an application
submitted by a staff member. The problem, therefore, isnot the inequality
before the Court, but before the Committee.
1find this inequality evident, when the member State submitting the
application is a member of the Committee, as is the case here, for the
simple reason that such State is allowed to vote on its own proposa1 ; the
inequality arising from this fact does not need any further elaboration.
Moreover, it has been the practice of the Committeethat the staff member
or his representative isnot permitted to participate in thedebates, but the
delegate of the State, as a member of the Committee, is present and of
course submits arguments in favour of its application. Thisadditionalfact
makes the inequality before the Committee even more evident.
1agree, therefore, with the Court when it states in paragraph 32 of the
Advisory Opinion, that "it can conclude at once that on the theoretical
level inequality exists". 1 go a step further and 1 find, this theoretical

inequality as another "compelling" reason to refuse to render the Opinion. To sum up, 1conclude that when the application is submitted to the
Committee by a State, and moreparticularly, when such State is amember
of the Committee, the objections mentioned in paragraph 31 of the 1973
Advisory Opinion are valid and consequently in abstracto the necessary
compatibility of the review procedure with the requirements of ajudicial
process is not fulfilled.
Moreover, in the Advisory Opinion, the Court indicates in concreto,in
theparticular circumstances of the case, a seriesof irregularities related to
the composition of the Committee, to the forma1defects of theapplication

submitted by theUnited StatesGovernment, and to the inequality before
theCommittee emergingfrom thefact that suchorgan refused to allowMr.
Mortished's counsel toparticipate in the deliberations. The analysis of the
Court of these irregularities is detailed and convincing ;1would only put
perhaps more emphasis on some points.
1 would like, on the composition of the Comrnittee, to highlight the
conclusion of the Court in paragraph 38 that it was "unquestionably
irregular" for the Sierra Leone Chairman of the Sixth Committee to
nominate the Vice-Chairman, a Canadian representative, to sit in the
Committee on Applications, instead of a member of his own delegation. 1
fullyshare this conclusion and 1findit sufficientlyimportant tobe byitself
a"compelling" reason to declineto givetheOpinion ;the Court cannot act
on the basis of a request from a Committee that has not been properly
constituted.

It seems to me equally important that theUnited Statesapplicationdid

not clearly set forth in detail the grounds upon which it was based, as is
provided for in Article II, paragraph 3 (cj, of the Provisional Rules of
Procedure of the Committee ;moreover, this lack of a clear statement on
the ground of objections hasparticular importance in regard to the second
objection invoked by the Committee, i.e., excess by the Tribunal of its
jurisdiction or competence.
When Mr. Mortished submitted his comments on the United States
application, although he did not fail to point out that the United States
statement did not fa11within the terms of Article 11,paragraph 1,of the
Statute of the Tribunal, he developed his arguments, however, on the
assumption that the objection appeared to be based on the existence of an
error on a question of law relating to the provisions of theCharter. But no
comments were submitted by Mr. Mortished on the ground that therehas
been an excess of jurisdiction or competence ; his position was fully
justified because Mr. Mortished simply did not know, and had no way of
knowing, that the United States application was supposedly based on the
allegation of an excessofjurisdiction or competence. It should be remem-

bered, furthermore, that the United States delegate, during the debates in
theComrnittee,developed theideathat the objection based on an excessof
jurisdiction or competence was"subsumed" (seeA/AC.86/PV.2, p. 46)by
the concept of "error of law relating to the provisions of the Charter", but
Mr. Mortished or his counsel did not participate in the proceedings of theCommittee and, consequently, had noopportunity to present his viewson
the subject. Hence, as far as the ground based on an excessofjurisdiction
or competence is concerned, there has been an evident inequality in the
procedure within the Committee in contradiction also with the most ele-
mentary requirements of ajudicial process.
Apart from the considerations just mentioned, 1 must deal in more
general terms with the refusa1by the Committee to let Mr. Mortished's
counsel be present and participate in the deliberations. The theoretical

inequalities referred to above find a good example in the practical in-
equalities in the present case. This inequality simply results from the
participation of the applicant State in the debate, without Mr. Mortished
being given the opportunity to let his views be heard on the position that
such State developed during the deliberation, which was not exactly the
same as the oneit took in the application, but also on the views of other
representatives on the Committee who commented on the United States
application. Furthermore, the applicant State is permitted to vote, and
voted, on its own application. 1 agree with the Court that, taking into
accountthe quasi-judicial functions of theCommittee on Applications, the
non-participation of Mr. Mortished in the deliberations accentuated the
irregularity of the proceedings (para. 44).
It is clear that up to this point of my reasoning1am in full agreement
with the Advisory Opinion of the Court, with someshades of difference as
to the emphasis tobe put on some issues. But the final conclusion that the
Court reaches, despite al1 these important legal objections, is different
from my own. 1find these objections, both on the theoretical and on the
practical level, "compelling reasons" to justify not giving the Advisory
Opinion ; the Court, on the contrary, decides to render the Opinion.
The Court bases its main reason for delivering the opinion on the need

"to assist a subsidiary body of the United Nations General Assembly in
putting itsoperation upon afirm and securefoundation" (para. 45). 1 have
no doubt that this is a very important value that the Court ought to
preserve. The main purpose of the advisory competence of the Court is
precisely to assist, on legalquestions,organs oftheUnitedNationsand the
specialized agencies in the fulfilment of their functions ; such assistance
partakes of the very nature of the advisory competence. But, as the Court
has always remembered, and as it does also in the present instance, such
competence is discretionary, according to the clear terms of Article 65 of
the Statute. The discretionary power to give or not to give an advisory
opinioncould have only one purpose, to leaveto theCourt the power to fix
by itself the limits of the assistance to be given.Discretionary powereans
also, by its very nature, that there are lirnits beyond which the assistance
shouldnot be given.It isfor the Court to fix those lirnits.These lirnitsarise
from thefact that theCourt, evenwhenexercisingits advisorycompetence,
remains a tribunal and, as such, is primarily bound to safeguard the
requirements of ajudicial process, in every stage of this review process.
This is, for me, the paramount consideration to be taken into account, the
very nature of the functions of the Court cannot be sacrificed because of the need of assistance to a United Nations organ. Since the delivery of the
opinion is within its discretionary power, the Court has to choose, in the
present case, which value is more important, the assistance to another
organ of the United Nations orthesafeguarding of therequirements of the
judicial character of the reviewprocedure. 1believethat such requirements
areso affected in thepresent case, asmuch inabstractoas inconcret0in the

stage of the review before the Comrnittee on Applications, that the Court
should refuse to give this Advisory Opinion.

Moreover, if theCourtwants to assist the General Assembly, asis saidin
paragraph 79 of the Opinion, "to reconsider its present procedure related
to review of the Administrative Tribunal's Judgements", it is sufficient to
call attention to the failures of the system ;perhaps precisely the best
method to call such attention is to refuse to givethe Advisory Opinion, on
the basis that the established system, when the application to the Com-
mittee issubmitted by amember State, iscontrary to the requirements of a
judicial process.
According to the final part of paragraph 45, the Advisory Opinion has
two other objectives in view, first, not to "leave in suspense a veryserious
allegation against the Administrative Tribunal, that it had in effect chal-
lenged the authority of the General Assembly" and, second, to dispose of
the "important legalprinciples involved". As tothefirst objective, 1 do not

regard the allegation made against theAdministrative Tribunal asa reason
to givetheAdvisory Opinion ; cannot seethe role of the Court asbeing to
clear the Administrative Tribunal from this kind of allegation, especially,
when the review procedure followed goes against the requirements of a
judicial process. The same rationale could be applied to the second objec-
tive ;whatever the importance of the legal principles involved, the main
consideration that the Court should alwayshave in mind is tosafeguardits
functions as a tribunal.
1willend this separate opinion by adding that 1 sharethe arguments put
forward by the Court at paragraph 26 of the Advisory Opinion, when it
rejects the conclusions of the United States statement that

"if the Court declined to give an opinion, that would 'put in question
the status ofJudgement No. 273of the AdministrativeTribunal', with
manifest implicationsfortheCourt's discretion to giveor to refuse the
opinion requested".

It isjuridically impossible for the General Assembly to establish a review
procedure of judgements of the Administrative Tribunal, which would
compel the Court to givean advisory opinion against the clear permissive
character of its advisory functions, in accordance with Article 65 of the
Statute. The General Assembly cannot oblige the Court to find "compel-
ling reasons", in order to give an advisory opinion. That cannot be the
intention of the General Assembly.

(Signed) J. M. RUDA.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE RUDA

1 have voted in favour of paragraphs 2 A and 2 B of the operative
clause of the Advisory Opinion, which contains the decisions of the Court
on the merits ;but, since 1voted against paragraph 1,on the preliminary
point asto whether or not theCourt should comply with the request, 1feel
myself obliged to explain, in an individual opinion, the reasons for my
vote.
In its 1973Advisory Opinion on the Applicationfor ReviewofJudgement
No. 158of the UnitedNationsAdministrativeTribunal (1C.J. Reports1973,
p. 166),the Court, for the first time, dealt with a request from the Com-

mittee on Applications for Review of Administrative Tribunal Judge-
ments,theorigin ofwhich was an objection raised by aperson in respect of
whom ajudgement had been rendered by such Tribunal. 1was among the
judges who voted in favour of the decision to render the Opinion in that
case. In the present proceedings, the circumstances differ from those of
1973on a fundamental legal aspect, because now the application to the
Committee was submitted by a member State, which was nota party to the
litigation before the Administrative Tribunal.This new situation gives rise
to some legal problems different from those that confronted the Court
before.
The Court already took note, in 1973,of some important observations
that were raised in the General Assembly, in 1955, during the discussions
on the review procedure, on the possibility of a member State to initiate
such proceedings. The Court said :

"31. The Court does not overlook that Article 11provides for the

right of individual member States to object to a ju'dgement of the
Administrative Tribunal and to apply to the Committee to initiate
advisory proceedings on the matter ; and that during the debates in
1955the propriety of this provision was questioned by a number of
delegations. The member State, it was said, would not have been a
party to the proceedings before the Administrative Tribunal, and to
allow it tonitiate proceedings for the reviewof thejudgement would,
therefore, be contrary to the general principles governing judicial
review.To confer such a right on a member State, it was further said,
would impinge upon the rights of the Secretary-General as chief
administrative officer and conflict with Article 100of the Charter. It
was also suggested that, in the case of an application by a member
State, the staff member would be in a position of inequality before the
Cammittee. These arguments introduce additional considerations

which would cal1 for close examination by the Court if it should OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. RUDA

(Traduction]

J'ai votépour lespoints 2A et 2Bdu dispositif del'avisconsultatif,oùse
trouvent les décisionsde la Cour sur le fond;commeen revanchej'ai voté
contre le point 1 portant sur la question préliminaire de savoir si la Cour
devait donner ou non suite à la requête,je croisdevoir expliquer lesraisons
de mon vote par une opinion individuelle.

Dans son avisconsultatif de 1973relatif à la Demande de réformationdu
jugement no158du Tribunal administratif desNations Unies(C.I.J. Recueil
1973, p. 166), la Cour a pour la première fois connu d'une requêtedu
Comitédes demandes de réformation du jugement du Tribunal adminis-

tratif soumise lasuite delacontestation d'un jugement du Tribunalpar la
personne ayant fait l'objet de cejugement. J'étaisdu nombre desjuges qui
votèrent en faveur de la décisionde rendre l'avisen cette affaire. Dans la
présenteespèce,les circonstances diffèrent de celles de 1973sur un point
de droit important :la demande adressée au Comité émaned'un Etat
Membre qui n'était paspartie au procèsdevant le Tribunal administratif.
Cette situation nouvelle pose des problèmesjuridiques différents de ceux
que la Cour a dû affronter dans le passé.

Déjàen 1973laCoura relevédiversesobservations importantes faites au
cours des débats que l'Assemblée générala evait consacrésen 1955 à la
procédure de réformation, au sujet de la faculté qu'auraient les Etats
Membres de déclencherune telle procédure. La Cour a déclaré :

((31. La Cour n'oublie pas que l'article 11donne aux Etats Mem-
bres le droit de contester un jugement du Tribunal administratif et de
demander au Comité d'entamer une procédure consultative en la
matièreet ellerelèvequ'au coursdes débatsde 1955un certain nombre
de délégationsont mis encausel'opportunité de cettedisposition. On
a dit que,1'EtatMembre n'ayant pas étépartie à l'instance devant le
Tribunal administratif, l'autoriser engager une procédure en vue de
la réformation du jugement serait contraire aux principes généraux
régissant les recours judiciaires. On a dit en outre que le fait de
conférerun tel droità un Etat Membre constituerait un empiétement
sur les droits du Secrétaire généralq,ui est le plus haut fonctionnaire

del'organisation, et contreviendrait àl'article 100de la Charte. On a
également émis l'opinionqu'en cas dedemande présentéepar un Etat
Membre lefonctionnaire serait dans une situation d'infériorité devant
le Comité.Ces arguments font intervenirdesconsidérations addition-
nellesque la Cour devrait soigneusement examiner sielleétait unjour receive a request for an opinion resulting from an application to the
Committee by a member State. The Court is not therefore to be
understood as here expressing any opinion in regard to any future
proceedings instituted under Article 11by a member State. But these
additional considerations are without relevance in the present pro-

ceedings in which the request for an opinion results from an appli-
cation to the Committee by a staff member. The mere fact that Arti-
cle 11provides for the possibility of a member State applying for the
review of a judgement does not alter the position in regard to the
initiation of review proceedings as between a staff member and the
Secretary-General. Article 11, the Court emphasizes, gives the same
rights to staff members as it does to the Secretary-General to applyto
the Committee for the initiation of review proceedings." (I.C.J.
Reports 1973, p. 178.)

The three objections mentioned by the Court in this paragraph were,
therefore, the following :
(a) to allowamemberState, which had not been aparty tothe proceedings
before the Administrative Tribunal,to initiate proceedings for review,
would be contrary to the general principles governing judicial
review ;

(h) such right would impinge upon the authority of the Secretary-General
as chief administrative officer :and

(c) the staff member would be in a position of inequality before the
Committee.

As to the first objection, it is true that the member State which has
initiated the reviewproceedings was not a party to the proceedings before
the Administrative Tribunal, the parties thereto having been the staff
member and the Secretary-General ;but the right to initiate the review
proceedings does not mean that the State becomes aparty to the litigation.
Article 11of the Statute of the Tribunal does not givethe member State the
right to request an advisory opinion, but only the right to invite the
Committee to makethe request, which is,therefore, submitted by an organ
duly authorized by the General Assembly. The fact that a member State
has the power to initiate the reviewprocedure does not transform the State
into a party to the dispute. But the Secretary-General is an organ of the

United Nations and the Committee is also an ornan of "he United Na-
tions ;therefore, the system provides for the contradictory situation that
one organ of the Organization gives his acquiescence to the judgement
of the AdministrativeTribunal and another organ of the same Organization,
on the initiative of a third entity not party in the litigation, decides to put
into operation a reviewproceeding of an already acceptedjudgement. To
my mind, the system of Article 11 of the Statute of the Tribunal goes
against the elementary requirements of ajudicial process, because a party
to the dispute, in this case the United Nations, cannot accept ajudgement saisie d'une requêtepour avis consultatif sur demande adresséeau
Comitépar un Etat Membre. Il ne faut donc pas considérer que la
Cour exprime ici une opinion à l'égardd'une procédure qui serait
engagée à l'avenir par un Etat Membre en vertu de l'article 11. Les
considérations additionnelles dont il s'agit sont au reste sans perti-
nence en l'espèce,où la requête pouravis consultatif fait suiteàune
demande présentéeau Comitéparun fonctionnaire. En soi lefait que
l'article 11permetteà un Etat Membre de demander la réformation
d'unjugement ne change rien àlasituation qui existequand lesparties
intéresséessont un fonctionnaire et le Secrétaire général.La Cour
souligneque l'article11donne aux fonctionnaires lemêmedroit qu'au
Secrétairegénéradledemander au Comitéd'engager uneprocédurede

réformation. (C.I.J. Recueil 1973, p. 178.)

Les trois objections viséespar la Cour dans ce paragraphe étaientdonc
les suivantes :

a) autoriser un Etat Membre, qui n'a pas étépartie à l'instance devant le
Tribunal administratif, àengager une procédure en vue de la réforma-
tion du jugement serait contraire aux principes généraux régissant les
recours judiciaires;
b) conférerun tel droit à un Etat Membre constituerait un empiétement
sur lesdroits du Secrétairegénéralq, ui estleplus haut fonctionnaire de
l'organisation ;
c) le fonctionnaire serait dans une situation d'infériorité devant le
Comité.

Sur la première objection, il est exact quetatMembre qui a engagéla
procédurede réformationn'était paspartie à l'instance devant le Tribunal
administratif,à laquelle seuls étaient parties le fonctionnaire et le Secré-
taire général; le droit d'entamer la procédurede réformation ne signifie
cependant pas que 1'Etatdeviennepartie au litige.L'article 11du statut du
Tribunal administratif n'habilite pas l'Etat Membre à demander un avis
consultatif mais l'autorise seulement à prier le Comitéde saisir la Cour
pour avis ;la requête émanedonc d'un organe dûment autorisépar l'As-
semblée généraleL .e pouvoir reconnu à 1'EtatMembre d'engager la pro-
cédurede réformation ne le fait pas devenir partie au différend. Or, le
Secrétaire général esutn organe del'organisation des Nations Unies et le
Comitéen est un autre, si bien que le système aboutit à cette situation

contradictoire : un organe de l'organisation acquiesce au jugement du
Tribunal administratif, maisun autre organe de la mêmeorganisation, sur
l'initiative d'une entitétierce qui n'était paspartie au litige, décided'en-
gager une procédure pour aboutir à la réformation du jugement déjà
accepté. Selon moi le systèmede l'article 11du statut du Tribunal mécon-
naît lesexigencesélémentairesd'une bonne justice car l'unedes parties au
différend,enl'espècel'organisation des Nations Unies, nesaurait acquies-
cer àunjugement et, simultanément,engager contre luiune procédure deand, at the same time, open a procedure for its review. This inherent
contradiction in the system is,for me, avery "compelling" reason to refuse
to render the Advisory Opinion.
As to the secondobjection,concerning the impactupon the authority of
the Secretary-General, my conclusions are based on thejuridical situation
just described. The Secretary-General, "the chief administrative officer of
the Organization", according to Article 97 of the Charter, acquiesces in a
judgement of the Administrative Tribunal, in a case where "the parties to
the dispute before the Tribunal are the staff member concerned and the
United Nations represented by theSecretary-General" (Effect ofAwards of
Compensation Made by the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, Advi-
sory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 53). Later, another organ of the
United Nations, subsidiary to the General Assembly, the Committee on
Applications, submits a request to the Court for an advisory opinion, in a
reviewproceeding, at theinitiative of a third entity, a member State, which

was not a party before the Administrative Tribunal. The decision of the
Committee has itsjuridical effect onajudgement already acquiesced in by
the Secretary-General. This attitude seemsto meveryclearlyto impinge on
the authority of the Secretary-General, precisely in the administrative field
where he is the chief authority. The relationship between the Secretary-
General and the staff member is undoubtedly administrative in character,
including the decision whether or not to open a reviewprocedure. 1 seethis
impact upon the administrative authority of the Secretary-General as
another "compelling" reason to refuse to give the advisory opinion.

We come now to the third objection ;i.e., that the review procedure
places the staff member in a position of inequality before the Committee,
when the application is submitted by a member State. The Court rightly
points out, in paragraph 30of the Advisory Opinion,that the requirements
of equality before the Court are fully satisfied in the present instance, as

they werein 1973,when the reviewprocedure originated in an application
submitted by a staff member. The problem, therefore, isnot the inequality
before the Court, but before the Committee.
1find this inequality evident, when the member State submitting the
application is a member of the Committee, as is the case here, for the
simple reason that such State is allowed to vote on its own proposa1 ; the
inequality arising from this fact does not need any further elaboration.
Moreover, it has been the practice of the Committeethat the staff member
or his representative isnot permitted to participate in thedebates, but the
delegate of the State, as a member of the Committee, is present and of
course submits arguments in favour of its application. Thisadditionalfact
makes the inequality before the Committee even more evident.
1agree, therefore, with the Court when it states in paragraph 32 of the
Advisory Opinion, that "it can conclude at once that on the theoretical
level inequality exists". 1 go a step further and 1 find, this theoretical

inequality as another "compelling" reason to refuse to render the Opinion.réformation. Cette contradiction liée à l'essence mêmedu système cons-
titue, me semble-t-il,une raison tout àfait <décisive ))de refuser derendre

l'avis.
S'agissant de la seconde objection, relative aux conséquencespour l'au-
toritédu Secrétairegénéral,jteire mesconclusions dela situationjuridique
décriteci-dessus. Le Secrétaire général, <(le plus haut fonctionnaire de
l'organisation )>aux termes de l'article 97 de la Charte, acquiesce à un
jugement du Tribunal administratif dans une affaire où <les parties au
différenddevant le Tribunal sont le fonctionnaire intéresséet l'organisa-

tion des Nations Unies, représentéepar le Secrétaire général ))(Effet de
jugements du TribunaladministratifdesNations Uniesaccordantindemnité,
avis consultatg C.I.J. Recueil 1954, p. 53). Ensuite, un autre organe des
Nations Unies, subsidiaire par rapport à l'Assemblée générale à,savoir le
Comité des demandes de réformation, saisit la Cour d'une requête pour
avis consultatif, dans une procédure de réformation, sur l'initiative d'une
entitétierce, d'un Etat Membre, qui n'était paspartie au litige devant le

Tribunal administratif. L'effetjuridique de la décisiondu Comitéatteint
un jugement auquel le Secrétairegénérala déjà acquiescé. Il me semble
toutà fait clair que cettemanière d'agircomprometl'autoritédu Secrétaire
général, précisémen dtans le domaine administratif où il est la plus haute
autorité.Les relations entre le Secrétaire générae lt le fonctionnaire inté-
resséprésentent un caractère sans aucun doute administratif et il en va de
mêmede la décision d'engagerou non une procédure de réformation.

L'atteinte portée à l'autorité administrative du Secrétaire général me
semble constituer une autre raison <(décisive ))pour refuser de rendre
l'avis.
Nous en arrivons à la troisième objection, à savoir que la procédurede
réformationplace lefonctionnaire dans une situation d'inégalitédevantle
Comitéquand la demande est présentéepar un Etat Membre. Au para-
graphe 30 de l'avis, la Cour fait justement observer que devant elle les

conditions d'égalitésont satisfaites dans la présente affaire comme dans
cellede 1973,où la procédurede réformation faisait suite àune demande
émanant d'un fonctionnaire. L'inégalitéqui soulèveun problème n'est
donc pas l'inégalitédevant la Cour, mais l'inégalitédevant le Comité.
Cette inégalité meparaît évidentesi, comme en l'espèce, 1'EtatMembre
dont émane lademande est membre du Comité,pour la simple raison que
cet Etat peut voter sur sa propre proposition ; l'inégalitéentraînéepar ce

procédé n'appelleaucune explication complémentaire. De plus, selon la
pratique établiedu Comité,ni lefonctionnaire ni sonreprésentant ne sont
autorisés à participer aux débats, mais le représentant de l'Etat, lui, y
assiste en qualitéde membre du Comitéet,ce qui va de soi,il présente des
arguments à l'appui de sa demande. Ce fait supplémentaire rend encore
plus évidente l'inégalité devant le Comité.
Je m'associedonc à ceque la Cour déclareauparagraphe 32de son avis

consultatif : <Elle peut conclure déjà qu'au plan théorique l'inégalité
existe. ))Je fais un pas de plus et je qualifie cette inégalitéthéorique de
raison <(décisive ))supplémentaire pour refuser de rendre l'avis. To sum up, 1conclude that when the application is submitted to the
Committee by a State, and moreparticularly, when such State is amember
of the Committee, the objections mentioned in paragraph 31 of the 1973
Advisory Opinion are valid and consequently in abstracto the necessary
compatibility of the review procedure with the requirements of ajudicial
process is not fulfilled.
Moreover, in the Advisory Opinion, the Court indicates in concreto,in
theparticular circumstances of the case, a seriesof irregularities related to
the composition of the Committee, to the forma1defects of theapplication

submitted by theUnited StatesGovernment, and to the inequality before
theCommittee emergingfrom thefact that suchorgan refused to allowMr.
Mortished's counsel toparticipate in the deliberations. The analysis of the
Court of these irregularities is detailed and convincing ;1would only put
perhaps more emphasis on some points.
1 would like, on the composition of the Comrnittee, to highlight the
conclusion of the Court in paragraph 38 that it was "unquestionably
irregular" for the Sierra Leone Chairman of the Sixth Committee to
nominate the Vice-Chairman, a Canadian representative, to sit in the
Committee on Applications, instead of a member of his own delegation. 1
fullyshare this conclusion and 1findit sufficientlyimportant tobe byitself
a"compelling" reason to declineto givetheOpinion ;the Court cannot act
on the basis of a request from a Committee that has not been properly
constituted.

It seems to me equally important that theUnited Statesapplicationdid

not clearly set forth in detail the grounds upon which it was based, as is
provided for in Article II, paragraph 3 (cj, of the Provisional Rules of
Procedure of the Committee ;moreover, this lack of a clear statement on
the ground of objections hasparticular importance in regard to the second
objection invoked by the Committee, i.e., excess by the Tribunal of its
jurisdiction or competence.
When Mr. Mortished submitted his comments on the United States
application, although he did not fail to point out that the United States
statement did not fa11within the terms of Article 11,paragraph 1,of the
Statute of the Tribunal, he developed his arguments, however, on the
assumption that the objection appeared to be based on the existence of an
error on a question of law relating to the provisions of theCharter. But no
comments were submitted by Mr. Mortished on the ground that therehas
been an excess of jurisdiction or competence ; his position was fully
justified because Mr. Mortished simply did not know, and had no way of
knowing, that the United States application was supposedly based on the
allegation of an excessofjurisdiction or competence. It should be remem-

bered, furthermore, that the United States delegate, during the debates in
theComrnittee,developed theideathat the objection based on an excessof
jurisdiction or competence was"subsumed" (seeA/AC.86/PV.2, p. 46)by
the concept of "error of law relating to the provisions of the Charter", but
Mr. Mortished or his counsel did not participate in the proceedings of the En résumé,je conclusque si c'est un Etat, surtout un Etat Membre du

Comité, qui présente à celui-ci une demande, les objections mentionnées
au paragraphe 31 de l'avis consultatif de 1973s'appliquent et qu'in abs-
tracto la condition nécessairede la compatibilitéde la procédurede réfor-
mation avec les exigences d'une bonne justice n'est pas remplie.

De surcroît la Cour évoque in concreto, dans son avis consultatif, une
série d'irrégularitép sropres à l'affaire en cause, qu'il s'agisse de la com-
position du Comité,de la forme et de la demande présentéepar le Gou-
vernement des Etats-Unis, ou de l'inégalité devant le Comitérésultantdu

refus de cet organe de permettre au conseil de M. Mortished d'assister
aux délibérations.La Cour analyse ces irrégularitésde façon détailléeet
convaincante ; je voudrais seulement revenir sur quelques points.

En cequi concernelacompositiondu Comité,je croisutile d'insister sur
la conclusion tiréepar la Courau paragraphe 38, selon laquelle <(il n'était
certainement pas régulier ))que le président de la SixièmeCommission,
représentantde la Sierra Leone, désignele vice-présidentr ,eprésentantdu
Canada, pour siégerau Comitédesdemandes de réformationau lieu d'un

membre de sa propre délégation.Je m'associe pleinement à cette conclu-
sion etje lui attribue assezde gravitépour y voir, en elle-même,une raison
décisive pour refuser de rendre l'avis ; la Cour ne saurait exercer sa
juridiction sur la base d'une requêteémanantd'un Comitéqui n'a pas été
correctement constitué.
Ilme semble non moins grave que lesEtats-Unis aient omis d'inclurede
façon claire dans leur demande un exposé détaillé des motifs qu'ils invo-
quaient, comme le prévoitl'article II, paragraphe 3 c),du règlementinté-
rieur provisoire du Comité ;la gravitéde cetteabsenced'un exposédétaillé
desmotifs apparaît d'ailleurs plus particulièrement à propos de la seconde

objection formuléepar le Comité,concernant l'excèsdejuridiction ou de
compétence qu'aurait commis le Tribunal.
Quand il a présentéses observations sur la demande des Etats-Unis,
M. Mortished n'a pas manqué de relever que la déclaration de ce pays ne
correspondait pas aux dispositions de l'article 11,paragraphe 1,du statut
du Tribunal ;ilest néanmoinsparti de l'idéequelacontestation paraissait
fondéesur l'allégationd'une erreur dedroit concernant les dispositions de
la Charte. En revanche, M. Mortishedn'a présenté aucuneobservationsur
le motif de l'excèsdejuridiction ou de compétence ;cette lacune se jus-

tifiait toutà fait, car M. Mortished ignorait simplement, et n'avait aucun
moyen de savoir, que la demande des Etats-Unis étaitcenséemettre en
cause un excèsdejuridiction ou de compétence. Il ne faut d'ailleurs pas
oublier qu'au coursdes débatsdu Comitélereprésentant desEtats-Unis a
indiquéque l'objection fondéesurl'excèsdejuridiction ou de compétence
était <(englobée )>(voir A/AC.86/PV.2, p. 26) dans la notion (<d'er-
reur de droit concernant les dispositions de la Charte 1); cependant, ni
M. Mortished ni son conseil n'ont participé aux débats du Comité ;ils
n'ont donc pas eul'occasion deprésenter leursvues a ce sujet. Ainsi, en ceCommittee and, consequently, had noopportunity to present his viewson
the subject. Hence, as far as the ground based on an excessofjurisdiction
or competence is concerned, there has been an evident inequality in the
procedure within the Committee in contradiction also with the most ele-
mentary requirements of ajudicial process.
Apart from the considerations just mentioned, 1 must deal in more
general terms with the refusa1by the Committee to let Mr. Mortished's
counsel be present and participate in the deliberations. The theoretical

inequalities referred to above find a good example in the practical in-
equalities in the present case. This inequality simply results from the
participation of the applicant State in the debate, without Mr. Mortished
being given the opportunity to let his views be heard on the position that
such State developed during the deliberation, which was not exactly the
same as the oneit took in the application, but also on the views of other
representatives on the Committee who commented on the United States
application. Furthermore, the applicant State is permitted to vote, and
voted, on its own application. 1 agree with the Court that, taking into
accountthe quasi-judicial functions of theCommittee on Applications, the
non-participation of Mr. Mortished in the deliberations accentuated the
irregularity of the proceedings (para. 44).
It is clear that up to this point of my reasoning1am in full agreement
with the Advisory Opinion of the Court, with someshades of difference as
to the emphasis tobe put on some issues. But the final conclusion that the
Court reaches, despite al1 these important legal objections, is different
from my own. 1find these objections, both on the theoretical and on the
practical level, "compelling reasons" to justify not giving the Advisory
Opinion ; the Court, on the contrary, decides to render the Opinion.
The Court bases its main reason for delivering the opinion on the need

"to assist a subsidiary body of the United Nations General Assembly in
putting itsoperation upon afirm and securefoundation" (para. 45). 1 have
no doubt that this is a very important value that the Court ought to
preserve. The main purpose of the advisory competence of the Court is
precisely to assist, on legalquestions,organs oftheUnitedNationsand the
specialized agencies in the fulfilment of their functions ; such assistance
partakes of the very nature of the advisory competence. But, as the Court
has always remembered, and as it does also in the present instance, such
competence is discretionary, according to the clear terms of Article 65 of
the Statute. The discretionary power to give or not to give an advisory
opinioncould have only one purpose, to leaveto theCourt the power to fix
by itself the limits of the assistance to be given.Discretionary powereans
also, by its very nature, that there are lirnits beyond which the assistance
shouldnot be given.It isfor the Court to fix those lirnits.These lirnitsarise
from thefact that theCourt, evenwhenexercisingits advisorycompetence,
remains a tribunal and, as such, is primarily bound to safeguard the
requirements of ajudicial process, in every stage of this review process.
This is, for me, the paramount consideration to be taken into account, the
very nature of the functions of the Court cannot be sacrificed because of qui concerne le motif fondésur l'excèsdejuridiction ou de compétence,la
procédureau sein du Comitéaété caractériséeparune inégalité manifeste,
autrement dit les exigences les plus élémentaires d'unebonne justice ont
étéméconnues.

En dehorsdesconsidérations qui précèdentj,e dois examiner, d'un point

de vue plus général,le refus du Comité de permettre au conseil de
M. Mortished d'assister auxdélibérationsetd'yparticiper. En l'espèce, les
inégalités théoriques évoquép elsus haut se reflètent fidèlement dans les
inégalitéspratiques. Le déséquilibre résulte simplemend tu fait que 1'Etat
demandeur a participé aux débats,alors que M. Mortished n'a eu la pos-
sibilitéde commenter oralement ni lesarguments exposéspar cet Etat lors
de la délibération,légèrementdifférents de ceux de la demande, ni les
observations faites par d'autres représentants au sujet de cette demande
des Etats-Unis. De plus, l'Etat demandeur peut voter, et avotéenl'espèce,
sur sa propre demande. J'estime avec la Cour qu'étantdonné la nature

quasi judiciaire des fonctions du Comitédes demandes de réformation,
l'absence de M. Mortished lors des délibérations aggrave les irrégularités
de la procédure(par. 44).

Il est clair quejusqu'à ce point de mon argumentation je suis tout à fait
d'accord avecl'avisconsultatif de la Cour, bien queje nuance quelquepeu
l'importance relative de divers problèmes. Je m'écartecependant de la
conclusion finale à laquelle la Cour aboutit malgrétant de graves objec-
tions juridiques. En pratique comme en théorie, cesobjections me sem-
blent constituer <des raisons décisives )justifiant le refus de rendre un
avis ; la Cour, au contraire, décide de donner celui-ci.

Commeprincipal motif de la décisionderendre l'avis,la Cour retient la
nécessité d'aiderun organe subsidiaire de l'Assemblée générale des
Nations Unies àasseoir sonfonctionnement sur desbases fermes etsûres ))
(par. 45). Il s'agit là,je n'en doute pas, d'un intérêt trèismportant que la
Cour doit sauvegarder. Le but principal de la compétence consultative de
la Cour est précisémentd'aider les organes del'organisation desNations
Unies et des institutions spécialisées à accomplir leur tâche sur le plan
juridique ; cette assistance relève de l'essence mêmede la compétence
consultative. Cependant, comme la Cour nel'ajamais oubliéetcomme elle
nel'oubliepas en l'espèce, ils'agit d'unecompétencediscrétionnaire,selon
les termes clairs de l'article65 du Statut. Le pouvoir discrétionnaire de

rendreou de nepasrendre un avisconsultatif ne peut avoirqu'un seulbut :
laisserà la Cour le pouvoir de déterminerelle-mêmeles limitesde l'assis-
tance à donner. Un pouvoir discrétionnaire signifie aussi, par sa nature
même,qu'au-delà de certaines limites il n'y a pas lieu d'apporter une
assistance. C'est à la Cour qu'il appartient de fixer ces limites. Elles
tiennent au fait que, mêmedans l'exercicede sa compétenceconsultative,
la Cour reste un-tribunal et, comme tel, doit avanttout sauvegarder les
conditions d'une bonne justice, à toutes les phases de la procédure de
réformation. Voilà, me semble-t-il, la considération suprêmedont il faut the need of assistance to a United Nations organ. Since the delivery of the
opinion is within its discretionary power, the Court has to choose, in the
present case, which value is more important, the assistance to another
organ of the United Nations orthesafeguarding of therequirements of the
judicial character of the reviewprocedure. 1believethat such requirements
areso affected in thepresent case, asmuch inabstractoas inconcret0in the

stage of the review before the Comrnittee on Applications, that the Court
should refuse to give this Advisory Opinion.

Moreover, if theCourtwants to assist the General Assembly, asis saidin
paragraph 79 of the Opinion, "to reconsider its present procedure related
to review of the Administrative Tribunal's Judgements", it is sufficient to
call attention to the failures of the system ;perhaps precisely the best
method to call such attention is to refuse to givethe Advisory Opinion, on
the basis that the established system, when the application to the Com-
mittee issubmitted by amember State, iscontrary to the requirements of a
judicial process.
According to the final part of paragraph 45, the Advisory Opinion has
two other objectives in view, first, not to "leave in suspense a veryserious
allegation against the Administrative Tribunal, that it had in effect chal-
lenged the authority of the General Assembly" and, second, to dispose of
the "important legalprinciples involved". As tothefirst objective, 1 do not

regard the allegation made against theAdministrative Tribunal asa reason
to givetheAdvisory Opinion ; cannot seethe role of the Court asbeing to
clear the Administrative Tribunal from this kind of allegation, especially,
when the review procedure followed goes against the requirements of a
judicial process. The same rationale could be applied to the second objec-
tive ;whatever the importance of the legal principles involved, the main
consideration that the Court should alwayshave in mind is tosafeguardits
functions as a tribunal.
1willend this separate opinion by adding that 1 sharethe arguments put
forward by the Court at paragraph 26 of the Advisory Opinion, when it
rejects the conclusions of the United States statement that

"if the Court declined to give an opinion, that would 'put in question
the status ofJudgement No. 273of the AdministrativeTribunal', with
manifest implicationsfortheCourt's discretion to giveor to refuse the
opinion requested".

It isjuridically impossible for the General Assembly to establish a review
procedure of judgements of the Administrative Tribunal, which would
compel the Court to givean advisory opinion against the clear permissive
character of its advisory functions, in accordance with Article 65 of the
Statute. The General Assembly cannot oblige the Court to find "compel-
ling reasons", in order to give an advisory opinion. That cannot be the
intention of the General Assembly.

(Signed) J. M. RUDA.s'inspirer :la nature mêmedesfonctions de la Cour ne saurait êtresacrifiée
au nom de la nécessité d'aiderun organe desNations Unies. Etant donné
que la décisionde rendre l'avis relève de son pouvoir discrétionnaire, la
Cour doit choisir, en l'espèce,la plus importante des deux valeurs, c'est-

à-dire soit aider un autre organe des Nations Unies, soit sauvegarder les
exigencesdu caractèrejudiciaire de la procédurede réformation. En l'es-
pèce,ona portédetelles atteintes à cesexigences, à la foisin abstractoet in
concreto, lors de l'examendevant leComitédes demandes de réformation,
que selon moi la Cour devait refuser de rendre l'avis.
De plus, si la Cour veut aider l'Assemblée générale, commle 'affirme le
paragraphe 79 de l'avis, à <<reconsidérerla procédureactuellement suivie
en matière de réformation de jugements du Tribunal administratif )>il
suffit d'attirer I'attention sur les défauts du système ; le meilleur moyen

d'attirer ainsi I'attention consiste peut-être à refuser de rendre l'avis, au
motif que le systèmeétabli,dans lecas d'une demande adresséeau Comité
par un Etat Membre, enfreint les exigences d'une bonne justice.

D'après lafin du paragraphe 45, l'avisconsultatif a d'autres objectifs :
premièrement, ne pas laisser (<sans réponse une très grave allégation
dirigéecontre leTribunal administratif, selonlaquelle leTribunalaurait en
réalité défilé'autoritéde l'Assemblée générale >); deuxièmement, préciser
<les importants principesjuridiques enjeu 1).En ce qui concerne le pre-

mier objectif, je ne considère pas l'allégation dirigéecontre le Tribunal
administratif comme une raison pour rendre l'avis ;je ne saurais admettre
que la Cour ait pour rôle de disculper le Tribunal administratif d'alléga-
tions de cegenre, surtoutquand laprocédurede réformations'estdéroulée
au méprisdes exigencesd'une bonne justice. Le mêmeraisonnement peut
s'appliquer au second objectif ;quelle que soit l'importance desprincipes
juridiques en jeu, la Cour doit toujours se préoccuperen premier lieu de
sauvegarder sa fonctionjudiciaire.
Pour terminer, j'ajouterai que j'accepte les arguments avancéspar la

Cour au paragraphe 26 de l'avis, où elle rejette les conclusions de la
déclaration des Etats-Unis selon lesquelles :
(<un refus de la Cour dedonner l'avisdemandé<< remettrait en ques-
tion le statut du jugement no273 du Tribunal administratif ))ce qui

implique manifestement quela Cour n'aurait pas lafacultéde refuser
l'avis demandé D.
Ilest impossible en droit que l'Assembléegénérale établisu sneprocédure
de réformation desjugements du Tribunal administratif qui contraignela

Cour à rendre un avis malgré lecaractère manifestement permissif de ses
fonctions consultatives aux termes de l'article 65 du Statut. L'Assemblée
générale nesaurait obliger la Cour à trouver des << raisons décisives de
rendre un avis consultatif. L'Assemblée générale np eeut pas avoir cette
intention.

(Signé) J. M. RUDA.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Ruda

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