Separate Opinion of Judge Nagendra Singh

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066-19820720-ADV-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
066-19820720-ADV-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

368

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE NAGENDRA SINGH

As 1 have voted in favour of the Court's Advisory Opinion in this case
and fully agreewith its reasoning no less than its findings, my opinionhas
noother object than to emphasize certain aspects of the case about which 1
feel the Court could havebeen more forthright. It could, in my view,have
proceeded a little further in order to arrive at the full logical conclusion
which 1feelcould havebeen drawn with profit al1round - i.e.,in relation
to the General Assembly, which always seeks enlightenment from the
Court ; the staff of theUnited Nations, whosevitalinterests are involved ;
and, lastly, the international community whom the Court has ever to
serve.

The Court hasrightlyrelied on its ownjurisprudence in holding that it is
essential first to determine the entire scope of the question put to it in a
request for an advisory opinion. This would appear to be particularly the
case when dealing with Article 11 of the Statute of the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal (I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 183, para. 40). Accord-
ingly, in paragraph 48 of the present Advisory Opinion, the Court has
taken due notice of the two basic aspects which go to determining the
whole gravamen of the question posed to the Court, i.e.,first, meeting the
requirements of Article 11of the Statute of the Tribunal, which specifies
the grounds on which a judgement of the Tribunal may be challenged
through the medium of the advisoryjurisdiction, and, secondanswering in

terms of the specific request made to the Court, which aspect cannot be
i'nored.
TheCourt has dealt with thefirst aspect a great length, andit is truethat
in this case that does suffice to a large extent. It would have been incon-
ceivablenot toexamine the twoparticulargrounds on whichtheTribunal's
judgement has been challenged in thiscase,as attested by the votingin the
Committee on Applications for Review, namely :that the Tribunal had
exceeded itsjurisdiction and its competence, as wellas erred on a question
of law relating to the provisions of the United Nations Charter.There can
be no doubt that the Courthas come to the right conclusion on both those
aspects by holding that the Administrative Tribunal neither erred on a
question of law relating to the provisions of the Charter nor comrnitted

excess of the jurisdiction or competence vested in it.

However, so far asthe second aspect is concerned, which to my mind is
vital because it relates to the specific question asked of the Court, it isnecessary to provide a full and adequate answer. The precise terms of the
question run as follows :

"1sthejudgement of the UnitedNations Administrative Tribunalin
Judgement No. 273, Mortishedv. TheSecretury-General,warranted in
determining that General Assembly resolution 34/ 165of 17Decem-
ber 1979 could not be given immediate effect in requiring, for
thepuyment of repatriation grants, evidenceof relocation to a country
other than the country of the staff member's last duty station?"
(Emphasis added).

Some pertinent observations have been made by the Court on this
question, and General Assembly resolution 34/165 has been distinctly
touched upon by the Opinion at severalplaces. 1nevertheless feel that this
aspect could justifiably have been dealt with more fully and at greater
length.The question put to the Courtappears to disclosean anxiety lest the
Tribunal may have flouted resolution 34/ 165by declining to allowimme-
diate effect to the requirement of evidenceof relocation where payment of

repatriation grant to Mr. Mortished wasconcerned. It is,ofcourse, true,as
the Court has pointed out, that "the Tribunal saw itself not as in any way
challenging resolution 34/ 165by means of a general notion of acquired
rights but simply as applying the existing Staff Regulations and Rules"
(para 75). In support of this observation, the Court has also rightly stated
that the Tribunal
"was faced not only with resolution 34/ 165and the 1980Staff Rules
made thereunder, but also with Staff Regulation 12.1also made no

lessby and with the authority oftheGeneral Assembly.On thebasis of
its finding that Mr. Mortished had an acquired right, it had therefore
to interpret and apply these two sets of rules, both of which were
applicable to Mr. Mortished's situation. The question is not whether
theTribunal wasright or wrongin the wayitperformed this task in the
case before it ;the question - indeed, the only matter on which the
Court can pass - is whether the Tribunal erred on a question of law
relating to the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations. Thisit
clearly did not do when it attempted only to apply to Mr. Mortished's
casewhatit found to be therelevant Staff Regulations and Rules made
under the authority of the General Assembly." (Para. 76.)

The aforesaid iscertainly sufficient to deal with thegroundsparticularized
in Article 11of the Statute of theAdministrative Tribunal. It also helps to
answer the actual question put to the Court but it does not provide a
complete answer. One could therefore have wished that the Court, having
agreed to entertain the case, had proceeded further in the direction of
answering the specificrequest madetoit in the exact terms of the referenceto the Court. It is true that the Courtin this case was sitting not in appeal
but in review, and it had to be careful not to allow itself to drift into
"exercising" a non-existent appellate jurisdiction and retrying the case.
However, the Court could not have been said to incur that odium if ithad
merelyinterpreted and applied resolution 34/ 165tothe facts of the casein
order to throw more light on the specificquestion in which the Committee

couched the objections to the Tribunal's judgement.
The crux of theproblem liesinthe senseof the "immediate effect" to be
givento General Assemblyresolution 34/ 165,whch makes entitlement to
repatriation grant subject to evidence of relocation after 1 January 1980.
As the question of interpretation and application of General Assembly
resolution 34/ 165isinevitably involved, the wording of the resolution has
to be closely examined, and is reproduced below :

"The GeneralAssembly .. .
Decides that effective 1stJanuary 1980 no staff member shall be
entitled to anypart of the repatriation grant unless evidence of relo-
cation away from the country of the last duty station is provided."

It would be clearly unwarranted to interpret the unambiguous words of
that resolution in order to give it retroactive effect, because of potent
considerations based on the well-knownprinciples whichgovern the inter-
pretation and application of rules. These clearly require a prospective
thrust to be ascribed to the resolution. For example, the first principle of
interpretation is that normally an enactment oflaw, whether an act of the
legislature or a rule-making resolution of a body like the General Assem-

bly, must be construed prospectively and not retroactively. Again, if the
text of that rule is clear and unambiguous, there is no need to go behind
that text to ascertain the intention of the legislature, or the General
Assembly as in this case. Furthermore, another principle is that, if a
legislatureintends to giveretroactive effect to any rule, it must necessarily
spell this out unequivocally and specifically which has not been done in
this case. In the absence of any such express stipulation, the construction
favouring prospective effect would bejustified. What is more, resolution
34/ 165,though passed on 17December 1979,indicates in terms a future
date for its becorning effective, namely 1January 1980,and this in itself
clearlyindicatesa prospective intention ; hence to interpret the resolution
as having retroactive effectwould afortioribe unjustified. The conclusion
that resolution 34/ 165is not retroactive would therefore seem to be well-
founded.
If, therefore, a staff member had completed the requirement of quali-
fyingserviceof 12years to earn the repatriation grant inits entirety before
1January 1980,it would not be possible to stretch resolution 34/165 in
order to make it applicable retroactively to such a case. Hence, as Mor-
tished had earned the entitlement by his qualifyingservice of 12years and
thereby fully completed his entitlement wellbefore 1979,General Assem-bly resolution 34/165, effective as from 1January 1980,could not be ap-
plied in order to compel him to meet the requirement of furnishing evi-
dence of relocation for the payment of repatriation grant.
The position might be different in the case of a staff member whose
entitlement to repatriation grant continues to accrue beyond 1January
1980.In such an eventuality, the said resolution 34/ 165would appear to
require evidenceofrelocation to be furnished in order for him toobtain the
grant for any period of entitlement, whether before or after 1 January
1980.However, the samecannot be said in the case of one who earned the
entire grant before 1January 1980and is only waiting to receivepayment
on retirement. In sum,therefore,without entering into the complexfield of
acquired rights, it could havebeen said that, given thenon-retroactivity of
resolution34/ 165,when the staff member had fully completedhis side of
the requirement for the entitlement to repatriation grant under circum-
stances prevailing before 1 January 1980, the employer, in al1fairness,

could not ignore that position. The Tribunal came to the right conclusion,
in its Judgement, but on a different ground, basing its reasoning on
acquired rights,whereas the question put to the Court nbw,it is submitted,
isoneprimarily involvingconsiderations relating to theinterpretation and
application of the text of the resolution 34/165. The examination of the
latter aspect would have served to demonstrate yet another method of
confirming the conclusion reached by the Administrative Tribunal.

Thismay havemeant goinga littlebeyond the twogrounds of Article 11
of the Statute of the Tribunal on the strength of which reference has been
made to the Court but, as already stated, the Court, according to its own
jurisprudence, "is, in principle, bound to attend to the terms of the ques-
tion formulated in the request" (I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 184, para. 41).
Hence it could have done more to draw attention to the divergence in
viewpointbetween resolution 34/ 165,which is prospective as from 1Jan-
uary 1980and refers to "entitlement", not "payment", and the question
put to the Court, which implies that the resolution had concerned "pay-
ment" and had decreed its stoppage with immediate effect. For what the
question masks isthe fact that the givingofimmediate effect to aresolution
in that sense would have involved retroactivity of effect upon perfected
entitlements. It is significant, therefore, that the representative of France
in the Committee on Applications for Reviewof Administrative Tribunal

Judgements, proposed, in fact, that, instead of the words "be given imme-
diate effect", the words "take effect retroactively" should be used, which
would have very clearly brought out the correct thrust of the question.
However, that amendment was not entertained by the Committee and the
words "immediate effect" wereallowed to stand. In actualfact, then, what
thequestion implicitlyasksiswhether the resolution couldhavebeen given
retroactive effect by the Tribunal. The answer is that the resolution was
worded to be unequivocally prospective so that al1retroactivity was pre-
cluded.
Mentioning of this aspect would not have interfered with the properfunctioning of the Court and could not have hindered thejudicial process,
but would surely have helped readers of the Opinion to appreciate the
problem posed to the Court by a question which was certainly "infelici-
tously expressed and vague".

The secondaspect which 1wish to emphasizerelates to the powers of the
General Assembly to pass resolutions, whether prospectively or retroac-

tively, and the legal limitations on that power.
There can be no doubt that the General Assembly is virtually omnipo-
tent in this particular fieldnce ihas sovereignpowers to prescribe terms
of appointment for staff members and to regulate their employment (vide
Art. 101,para. 1,of the United Nations Charter). However, itcould not be
said that such powers ofthe Assemblywereabove the law.The limitation is
that the United Nations could not be seen to commit a breach of contract
in relation to its staff member. Consent is the basis of international obli-
gations binding even sovereign States ;and once the Secretary-General on
behalf of the United Nations and the staff member mutually agree to
certain terms of appointment, no tribunal could acquiesce in the breach of
such an agreement, based upon the free and mutual consent of both
parties. It is submitted that the Court could have brought out this aspect
more pointedly than it has actually done.

In paragraph 76 of the Advisory Opinion, the Court rightly points out

that neither the Administrative Tribunal nor even theCourt has the power
ofjudicial review in respect of decisions taken by the General Assembly,
particularly when dealing with Staff Regulations. However, equally basic
is the fact that the General Assembly has no legal powers to disregard
contractual obligations. It is submitted that the Court should also have
brought out this latter side of the picture after having rightly stated the
limits to the cornpetence of the Administrative Tribunal.

(Signed) NAGENDKA SINGH.

Bilingual Content

368

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE NAGENDRA SINGH

As 1 have voted in favour of the Court's Advisory Opinion in this case
and fully agreewith its reasoning no less than its findings, my opinionhas
noother object than to emphasize certain aspects of the case about which 1
feel the Court could havebeen more forthright. It could, in my view,have
proceeded a little further in order to arrive at the full logical conclusion
which 1feelcould havebeen drawn with profit al1round - i.e.,in relation
to the General Assembly, which always seeks enlightenment from the
Court ; the staff of theUnited Nations, whosevitalinterests are involved ;
and, lastly, the international community whom the Court has ever to
serve.

The Court hasrightlyrelied on its ownjurisprudence in holding that it is
essential first to determine the entire scope of the question put to it in a
request for an advisory opinion. This would appear to be particularly the
case when dealing with Article 11 of the Statute of the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal (I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 183, para. 40). Accord-
ingly, in paragraph 48 of the present Advisory Opinion, the Court has
taken due notice of the two basic aspects which go to determining the
whole gravamen of the question posed to the Court, i.e.,first, meeting the
requirements of Article 11of the Statute of the Tribunal, which specifies
the grounds on which a judgement of the Tribunal may be challenged
through the medium of the advisoryjurisdiction, and, secondanswering in

terms of the specific request made to the Court, which aspect cannot be
i'nored.
TheCourt has dealt with thefirst aspect a great length, andit is truethat
in this case that does suffice to a large extent. It would have been incon-
ceivablenot toexamine the twoparticulargrounds on whichtheTribunal's
judgement has been challenged in thiscase,as attested by the votingin the
Committee on Applications for Review, namely :that the Tribunal had
exceeded itsjurisdiction and its competence, as wellas erred on a question
of law relating to the provisions of the United Nations Charter.There can
be no doubt that the Courthas come to the right conclusion on both those
aspects by holding that the Administrative Tribunal neither erred on a
question of law relating to the provisions of the Charter nor comrnitted

excess of the jurisdiction or competence vested in it.

However, so far asthe second aspect is concerned, which to my mind is
vital because it relates to the specific question asked of the Court, it is OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M.NAGENDRA SINGH

[Traduction]

Etant donnéqueje me suisprononcé enfaveur de l'avis consultatif de la
Cour, dont j'approuve pleinement les motifs et les conclusions, mon opi-
nion n'a d'autre objet que de souligner certains aspects de l'affaire sur
lesquelsj'estime quelaCour eût pu êtrepluscatégorique.LaCoureût pu, à
mon avis, en approfondissant un peu son examen, arriver à dégagerla
pleineconclusion logiquede sonraisonnement, pour leplus grand profit de
tous : de l'Assemblée généralq e,ui recherche toujours l'avis éclairde la
Cour, du personnel de l'organisation des Nations Unies, dont les intérêts

capitaux sont enjeu, et enfin de la communauté internationale, au service
de laquelle doit toujours s'exercer l'actionde la Cour.

C'està juste titre que la Cour, se fondant sur sa propre jurisprudence, a
jugéessentiel de commencer par définirexactement la portéede la ques-
tion qui lui étaitsoumise dans la présenterequête. Cela semblaitparticu-
lièrementopportun s'agissant de l'article 11du statut du Tribunal admi-
nistratif desNations Unies (C.I.J. Recueil1973, p.183,par. 40).Dans cette
optique, la Cour a, au paragraphe 48 de son avis, dûment pris en consi-
dérationles deux éléments essentielsaui lui Dermettaient de ~réciserla
portéeglobale de la question à elle soumise, à savoir :premièrement, la
nécessitéde satisfaire auxdispositions del'article 11du statut duTribunal,

qui définitlesmotifs de contestation desjugements du Tribunal par la voie
consultative ; deuxièmement, la nécessité,qui ne peut êtreignorée,de
répondredans les termes de la requête particulière présentée à la Cour.

La Cour s'estlargement attardéesur lepremier de cesélémentse ,t il est
vrai quedans une largemesure celasuffisait en l'espèce.Il eût d'ailleursété
inconcevable qu'elle n'examinâtpas les deux motifs particuliers sur les-
quels reposait la contestation dujugement du Tribunal, tels qu'ils ressor-
taient des votes du Comité desdemandesde réformation, à savoir :que le
Tribunalaurait commis une erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de
la Charte desNations Unies, et qu'ilaurait outrepassé sajuridiction ou sa
compétence. Sur l'un etl'autre de ces points, il n'est pas douteux que la

Cour s'est prononcéecomme elle le devait en concluant que le Tribunal
administratif n'a ni commis d'erreur de droit concernant les dispositions
de la Charte ni outrepasséla juridiction ou la compétencequi lui sont
reconnues.
Cependant, en ce qui concerne le second élément - qui me paraît
capital,car il serapporte alaquestion préciseposée àla Cour -, ilimpoxtenecessary to provide a full and adequate answer. The precise terms of the
question run as follows :

"1sthejudgement of the UnitedNations Administrative Tribunalin
Judgement No. 273, Mortishedv. TheSecretury-General,warranted in
determining that General Assembly resolution 34/ 165of 17Decem-
ber 1979 could not be given immediate effect in requiring, for
thepuyment of repatriation grants, evidenceof relocation to a country
other than the country of the staff member's last duty station?"
(Emphasis added).

Some pertinent observations have been made by the Court on this
question, and General Assembly resolution 34/165 has been distinctly
touched upon by the Opinion at severalplaces. 1nevertheless feel that this
aspect could justifiably have been dealt with more fully and at greater
length.The question put to the Courtappears to disclosean anxiety lest the
Tribunal may have flouted resolution 34/ 165by declining to allowimme-
diate effect to the requirement of evidenceof relocation where payment of

repatriation grant to Mr. Mortished wasconcerned. It is,ofcourse, true,as
the Court has pointed out, that "the Tribunal saw itself not as in any way
challenging resolution 34/ 165by means of a general notion of acquired
rights but simply as applying the existing Staff Regulations and Rules"
(para 75). In support of this observation, the Court has also rightly stated
that the Tribunal
"was faced not only with resolution 34/ 165and the 1980Staff Rules
made thereunder, but also with Staff Regulation 12.1also made no

lessby and with the authority oftheGeneral Assembly.On thebasis of
its finding that Mr. Mortished had an acquired right, it had therefore
to interpret and apply these two sets of rules, both of which were
applicable to Mr. Mortished's situation. The question is not whether
theTribunal wasright or wrongin the wayitperformed this task in the
case before it ;the question - indeed, the only matter on which the
Court can pass - is whether the Tribunal erred on a question of law
relating to the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations. Thisit
clearly did not do when it attempted only to apply to Mr. Mortished's
casewhatit found to be therelevant Staff Regulations and Rules made
under the authority of the General Assembly." (Para. 76.)

The aforesaid iscertainly sufficient to deal with thegroundsparticularized
in Article 11of the Statute of theAdministrative Tribunal. It also helps to
answer the actual question put to the Court but it does not provide a
complete answer. One could therefore have wished that the Court, having
agreed to entertain the case, had proceeded further in the direction of
answering the specificrequest madetoit in the exact terms of the referencede fournir une réponsecomplète et pertinente. Les termes précis de la
question poséesont les suivants :

Dans son jugement no 273 concernant l'affaire Mortished c. le
Secrétaire général de l'Organisation d Nestions Unies le Tribunal
administratif des Nations Unies pouvait-il légitimementdéterminer
que la résolution 34/ 165 de l'Assemblée générale en date du 17dé-
cembre 1979,quisubordonne lepaiement de la prime de rapatriement

àla présentation de piècesattestant la réinstallation du fonctionnaire
dans un pays autre que celui de son dernier lieu d'affectation, ne
pouvait prendre immédiatement effet ?))(Les italiques sont de moi.)
La Cour a fait sur cette question certainesobservations pertinentes, en
évoquantexpressémentla résolution34/ 165 à plusieurs reprises dans son

avis.Je pense néanmoins que cet élémentaurait justifié un examen plus
complet et plus approfondi. On décèleen effet dansla question soumise à
la Cour la crainte que le Tribunal n'ait fait fi de la résolution 34/165en
refusant de donner-immédiatement effet à l'exigence de la preuve de la
réinstallation pour le paiement de la prime de rapatriement à M. Mor-
tished. Certes, l'avis dit bien que le Tribunal a<<considéré que, loinde
contesteraucunement la résolution34/ 165en invoquant une notion géné-
rale de droits acquis, il ne faisait qu'appliquer les dispositions en vigueur
du statut et du règlement du personnel >(par. 75). Et,à l'appui de cette
observation, la Cour ajoute avec non moins de raison :

<<le Tribunal ...se trouvait en présence,non seulement de la réso-
lution 34/ 165et du règlement reviséde 1980établi conformément à
cette résolution, maisencore de l'article 12.1du statut du personnel,
lui aussi établipar l'Assemblée générale elle-mêm enevertu despou-
voirs qui sont lessiens.Ayant conclu que M. Mortishedavait un droit

acquis, il devait donc interpréter et faire jouer ces deux sériesde
dispositions, qui étaientl'une et l'autre applicables la situation de
M. Mortished. La question n'estpas de savoir sile Tribunal s'estbien
ou mal acquittéde sa tâche dans l'affairedont il étaitsaisi. La question
- en fait le seul point sur lequel la Cour puisse statue- consisteà
savoir si le Tribunal a commis une erreur de droit concernant les
dispositions dela Charte desNations Unies. 11estmanifeste qu'il n'en
estpas ainsi,puisque leTribunal n'afait qu'essayerd'appliquer au cas
de M. Mortished lesdispositions qu'ilajugéespertinentes du statut et
du règlement du personnel établis sous l'autorité de l'Assemblée

générale.)>(Par. 76.)
Ces considérations sont certainement suffisantes au regard des motifs
prévus à l'article 11du statut du Tribunal administratif ; elles aident en
outre à répondre à la question effectivement posée àla Cour. Mais ellesne
fournissent pas une réponse complète. C'estpourquoi on eût aiméque la

Cour, ayant décidé de recevoir la requête,s'attachât davantage àrépondre
à la question poséedans lestermes exacts où celle-cilui avait ésoumise.Ilto the Court. It is true that the Courtin this case was sitting not in appeal
but in review, and it had to be careful not to allow itself to drift into
"exercising" a non-existent appellate jurisdiction and retrying the case.
However, the Court could not have been said to incur that odium if ithad
merelyinterpreted and applied resolution 34/ 165tothe facts of the casein
order to throw more light on the specificquestion in which the Committee

couched the objections to the Tribunal's judgement.
The crux of theproblem liesinthe senseof the "immediate effect" to be
givento General Assemblyresolution 34/ 165,whch makes entitlement to
repatriation grant subject to evidence of relocation after 1 January 1980.
As the question of interpretation and application of General Assembly
resolution 34/ 165isinevitably involved, the wording of the resolution has
to be closely examined, and is reproduced below :

"The GeneralAssembly .. .
Decides that effective 1stJanuary 1980 no staff member shall be
entitled to anypart of the repatriation grant unless evidence of relo-
cation away from the country of the last duty station is provided."

It would be clearly unwarranted to interpret the unambiguous words of
that resolution in order to give it retroactive effect, because of potent
considerations based on the well-knownprinciples whichgovern the inter-
pretation and application of rules. These clearly require a prospective
thrust to be ascribed to the resolution. For example, the first principle of
interpretation is that normally an enactment oflaw, whether an act of the
legislature or a rule-making resolution of a body like the General Assem-

bly, must be construed prospectively and not retroactively. Again, if the
text of that rule is clear and unambiguous, there is no need to go behind
that text to ascertain the intention of the legislature, or the General
Assembly as in this case. Furthermore, another principle is that, if a
legislatureintends to giveretroactive effect to any rule, it must necessarily
spell this out unequivocally and specifically which has not been done in
this case. In the absence of any such express stipulation, the construction
favouring prospective effect would bejustified. What is more, resolution
34/ 165,though passed on 17December 1979,indicates in terms a future
date for its becorning effective, namely 1January 1980,and this in itself
clearlyindicatesa prospective intention ; hence to interpret the resolution
as having retroactive effectwould afortioribe unjustified. The conclusion
that resolution 34/ 165is not retroactive would therefore seem to be well-
founded.
If, therefore, a staff member had completed the requirement of quali-
fyingserviceof 12years to earn the repatriation grant inits entirety before
1January 1980,it would not be possible to stretch resolution 34/165 in
order to make it applicable retroactively to such a case. Hence, as Mor-
tished had earned the entitlement by his qualifyingservice of 12years and
thereby fully completed his entitlement wellbefore 1979,General Assem- est vrai que dans cette affaire la Cour ne siégeaitpas en appel, mais en
réformation, et qu'elle devait veillàrse préserverde tout glissement vers
l'a exercic)>d'une compétence d'appel qui n'existe pas et vers la réou-
verture du procès. Maisla Cour aurait pu se mettre à l'abri de ce reproche
ense bornant àintepréter larésolution34/ 165et àl'appliquer aux faitsde
la cause: le sens de la question adoptéepar le Comitépour exprimer les
objections au jugement-du ~ribunai en eût étééclairé.-
Le nŒud du problème est le sens de 17(<ffet immédiat ))qu'on entend

donner à larésolution34/ 165de l'Assembléegénérale q,ui subordonnaità
partir du lerjanvier 1980ledroit àlaprime de rapatriement àla preuve de
la réinstallation. Etant donnéque celapose inévitablement la question de
I'interprétation et de l'application de cette résolution, il convient d'en
examiner attentivement le libellé, tel qu'il estreproduit ci-après:

< <'Assembléegénéral ...
Décideque, avec effet au Ierjanvier 1980, les fonctionnaires n'ont

droità aucun montant au titre de la prime de rapatriement à moins
qu'ils ne présentent despiècesattestant qu'ils seréinstallent dans un
pays autre que celui de leur dernier lieu d'affectation.))

D'importantes considérations, fondées sur les principes établis qui
régissentI'interprétation et l'application des règlesde droit, interdisent
manifestement d'interpréter lestermes non équivoquesdecette résolution
dans un sensrétroactif.Incontestablement, cesprincipes obligent à donner
une portéeprospective à la résolution. En effet, le premier principe d'in-
terprétation est que toute règlede droit - loi adoptéepar un corps légis-
latif, ou résolutionnormative d'un organe comme l'Assemblée générale -
estnormalement interprétéed'un point de vueprospectif et non rétroactif.

De même, si le textede la règleest clair et dénuéd'ambiguïté,il n'ya pas
lieu d'aller chercher au-delà l'intention du législateurou, comme en l'es-
pèce, de l'Assemblée générale. Enfinu ,n autre principe d'interprétation
veut que, si le législateurentend donner un effet rétroactifà une règlede
droit, il l'indique nécessairementen termes clairs et précis,ce qui n'a pas
été fait en l'espèce faute d'une clause expresse dans ce sens, c'estl'inter-
prétation prospective qui s'impose. Du reste, la résolution 34/ 165,bien
qu'adoptéele 17décembre1979,fixait expressémentune date à venir pour
son entrée en vigeur, à savoir le lerjanvier 1980, ce qui en soi marque
clairement une intention prospective ; interpréter la résolution comme
pourvue d'une portée rétroactiveserait d'autant plus injustifié. Lacon-

clusion selon laquelle la résolution4/ 165n'estpas rétroactivemesemble
donc fondée.
Dans cesconditions, siun fonctionnaire avait accompli avant le 1 erjan-
vier 1980lesdouze ansde servicenécessairespour gagner l'intégralitéde la
prime de rapatriement, il n'était pas possible, mêmeen sollicitant les
termes de la résolution 34/ 165,de la rendre rétroactivement applicable à
son cas. M. Mortished ayant accompli ces douze ans de service et ayant
intégralement constitué son droit bien avant 1979, on ne pouvait doncbly resolution 34/165, effective as from 1January 1980,could not be ap-
plied in order to compel him to meet the requirement of furnishing evi-
dence of relocation for the payment of repatriation grant.
The position might be different in the case of a staff member whose
entitlement to repatriation grant continues to accrue beyond 1January
1980.In such an eventuality, the said resolution 34/ 165would appear to
require evidenceofrelocation to be furnished in order for him toobtain the
grant for any period of entitlement, whether before or after 1 January
1980.However, the samecannot be said in the case of one who earned the
entire grant before 1January 1980and is only waiting to receivepayment
on retirement. In sum,therefore,without entering into the complexfield of
acquired rights, it could havebeen said that, given thenon-retroactivity of
resolution34/ 165,when the staff member had fully completedhis side of
the requirement for the entitlement to repatriation grant under circum-
stances prevailing before 1 January 1980, the employer, in al1fairness,

could not ignore that position. The Tribunal came to the right conclusion,
in its Judgement, but on a different ground, basing its reasoning on
acquired rights,whereas the question put to the Court nbw,it is submitted,
isoneprimarily involvingconsiderations relating to theinterpretation and
application of the text of the resolution 34/165. The examination of the
latter aspect would have served to demonstrate yet another method of
confirming the conclusion reached by the Administrative Tribunal.

Thismay havemeant goinga littlebeyond the twogrounds of Article 11
of the Statute of the Tribunal on the strength of which reference has been
made to the Court but, as already stated, the Court, according to its own
jurisprudence, "is, in principle, bound to attend to the terms of the ques-
tion formulated in the request" (I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 184, para. 41).
Hence it could have done more to draw attention to the divergence in
viewpointbetween resolution 34/ 165,which is prospective as from 1Jan-
uary 1980and refers to "entitlement", not "payment", and the question
put to the Court, which implies that the resolution had concerned "pay-
ment" and had decreed its stoppage with immediate effect. For what the
question masks isthe fact that the givingofimmediate effect to aresolution
in that sense would have involved retroactivity of effect upon perfected
entitlements. It is significant, therefore, that the representative of France
in the Committee on Applications for Reviewof Administrative Tribunal

Judgements, proposed, in fact, that, instead of the words "be given imme-
diate effect", the words "take effect retroactively" should be used, which
would have very clearly brought out the correct thrust of the question.
However, that amendment was not entertained by the Committee and the
words "immediate effect" wereallowed to stand. In actualfact, then, what
thequestion implicitlyasksiswhether the resolution couldhavebeen given
retroactive effect by the Tribunal. The answer is that the resolution was
worded to be unequivocally prospective so that al1retroactivity was pre-
cluded.
Mentioning of this aspect would not have interfered with the properinvoquer la résolution34/ 165del'Assemblée générale e,ntréeen vigueur le
lerjanvier 1980,pour lecontraindre à fournir la preuve de saréinstallation
avant d'obtenir le paiement de la prime de rapatriement.
La situation pourrait êtredifférentedans le cas d'un fonctionnaire pour
qui laconstitution du droit àla prime de rapatriement seserait poursuivie

au-delà du lerjanvier 1980 :dans une telle hypothèse, il semble que la
résolution34/ 165subordonne à la preuve de laréinstallation leversement
delaprimepour toutepériode deservice,avantouaprès le lerjanvier 1980.
Lemêmeraisonnementne s'appliquerait pas enrevanche au fonctionnaire
qui, ayant gagné l'intégralitéde la prime avant le lerjanvier 1980,atten-
drait seulement d'en recevoir le paiement à sa cessation de service. On
aurait pu dire en somme, sans s'engagerdans lechamp complexe des droits
acquis, qu'étantdonnéle caractère non rétroactifde la résolution 34/ 165,
lorsqu'un fonctionnaire a intégralement rempli les conditions exigéesde
lui pour avoir droità la prime de rapatriement selon le régimeen vigueur

avant le lerjanvier 1980,l'employeur ne peut, en toute équitéi,gnorercette
situation. Le Tribunal est parvenu dans son jugement à la bonne conclu-
sion, mais pour des motifs différents et en fondant son raisonnement sur
les droits acquis, alors qu'à mon sens la question posée à la Cour met
essentiellement en jeu des considérations relatives à l'interprétation età
l'application du texte de la résolution34/ 165.En examinant cet aspect de
la question, la Cour aurait trouvéun moyen supplémentaire de confirmer
la conclusion du Tribunal administratif.
Un tel examen eût peut-êtreentraînéla Cour un peu au-delà des deux
motifs de l'article1du statut du Tribunal sur labase desquels laquestion
lui était soumise ;mais, comme il a déjà été dit, la Cour, selon sajuris-

prudence, <est en principe liéepar le libellé desquestionsformulées dans
larequête >(C.I.J.Recueil 1973,p. 184,par. 41).Illui étaitdonc loisible de
mieux souligner la différencede perspective entre la résolution 34/ 165,
entréeen vigeurle lerjanvier 1980avecun effetprospectif - et qui neparle
pas de <<paiement >)mais de <<droit >)-,et la question soumise à la Cour,
où il semble entendu que la résolution visait le <paiement O, dont elle
aurait décidél'interdictionaveceffet immédiat. Cequi est en effet masqué
dans la auestion. c'est au'attribuer un tel effet immédiat à la réso-
lution reviendraità la faire agir rétroactivement surdes droits entièrement
constitués. Il est d'ailleurssignificatifque le représentantde la France au

Comitédes demandes de réformation ait proposéde remplacer l'expres-
sion <<nepouvait prendre immédiatementeffet >par lesmots <ne pouvait
prendre rétroactivement effet »,ce qui eût trèsclairement fait ressortir le
sens exact de la question. Cet amendement ne Tut pas accepté par le
Comité, etles termes (<prendre immédiatement effet ))furent maintenus.
Mais le sens implicite de la question soumise àla Cour étaitbel et bien de
savoir si leTribunal pouvait appliquer rétroactivement la résolution. Et la
réponseest que le libellénon équivoquede la résolution lui donne une
portéeprospective excluant toute idéede rétroactivité.

L'examen de ces considérations n'aurait pas empêché laCour de s'ac-functioning of the Court and could not have hindered thejudicial process,
but would surely have helped readers of the Opinion to appreciate the
problem posed to the Court by a question which was certainly "infelici-
tously expressed and vague".

The secondaspect which 1wish to emphasizerelates to the powers of the
General Assembly to pass resolutions, whether prospectively or retroac-

tively, and the legal limitations on that power.
There can be no doubt that the General Assembly is virtually omnipo-
tent in this particular fieldnce ihas sovereignpowers to prescribe terms
of appointment for staff members and to regulate their employment (vide
Art. 101,para. 1,of the United Nations Charter). However, itcould not be
said that such powers ofthe Assemblywereabove the law.The limitation is
that the United Nations could not be seen to commit a breach of contract
in relation to its staff member. Consent is the basis of international obli-
gations binding even sovereign States ;and once the Secretary-General on
behalf of the United Nations and the staff member mutually agree to
certain terms of appointment, no tribunal could acquiesce in the breach of
such an agreement, based upon the free and mutual consent of both
parties. It is submitted that the Court could have brought out this aspect
more pointedly than it has actually done.

In paragraph 76 of the Advisory Opinion, the Court rightly points out

that neither the Administrative Tribunal nor even theCourt has the power
ofjudicial review in respect of decisions taken by the General Assembly,
particularly when dealing with Staff Regulations. However, equally basic
is the fact that the General Assembly has no legal powers to disregard
contractual obligations. It is submitted that the Court should also have
brought out this latter side of the picture after having rightly stated the
limits to the cornpetence of the Administrative Tribunal.

(Signed) NAGENDKA SINGH.quitter de sesresponsabilités,ni entravéleprocessusjudiciaire ;et ilaurait
aidéles lecteurs de l'aviàcomprendre leproblèmede la Cour devant une
question incontestablement «mal poséeet vague D.

Le second aspect de l'affairequeje tienà souligner a trait auxpouvoirs
de l'Assemblée générad le'adopter desrésolutions,qu'ellessoient prospec-
tives ou rétroactives, et aux limitesjuridiques de ce pouvoir.
Il n'est pas douteux que l'Assemblée généraleest pratiquement toute-
puissante dans ce domaine particulier, puisqu'elle détient lepouvoir sou-
verain de fixer lesconditions d'engagement desfonctionnaires et de régle-
menter leur emploi(art. 101,par. 1,delaCharte desNations Unies). On ne
saurait cependant prétendre que cette compétence de l'Assembléela
place au-dessus du droit : il est impossible en effet que l'Organisation
puisse paraître commettre une violation de contrat à l'encontre d'un
fonctionnaire. Le consentement est a la base des obligations internatio-
nales liant les Etats souverains eux-mêmes ;et lorsque le Secrétairegéné-

ral, agissant au nom de l'Organisation, et un fonctionnaire s'accordent
réciproquement sur certainesconditions d'engagement, aucun tribunal ne
peut acquiescer à la violation d'un tel accord, auquel les deux parties ont
librement et mutuellement consenti. J'estime que la Cour aurait pu faire
ressortir plus nettement cet élémentde l'affaire.
Au paragraphe 76 de l'avis, la Cour souligne avec raison que ni le
Tribunal administratif ni la Cour elle-mêmen'ont un pouvoir de contrôle
judiciaire sur lesdécisionsde l'Assemblée générale, surtou trsqu'ils'agit
du statut du personnel. Mais le fait que l'Assemblée généraln e'ait pas
juridiquement le pouvoir d'ignorer les obligations contractuelles est tout
aussifondamental. Amon avis,la Cour, aprèsavoir àjuste titre énoncé les
limites fixéesà la compétencedu Tribunal administratif, aurait dû égale-
ment faire valoir cet aspect de la question.

(Signé N)AGENDRA SINGH.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Nagendra Singh

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