Dissenting Opinion of Judge Shahabuddeen

Document Number
093-19960708-ADV-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
093-19960708-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SHAHABUDDEEN

The reason for mv dissent is that. in mv reswectful view. the Court's
decision proceeds on a mistaken appreciation of the question presented by

the World Health Organization (WHO). In the result, due effect has not
been given to the distinctionbetween preliminary issuesand the merits, as
the distinction applies in relation to the question which has been asked:
the ground of the Court's preliminary holding which led to its decision
not to give the requested advisory opinion belongs to the merits. That
ground is less a reason for not answering the question than an answer to
it; no further finding needs to be made in order to provide an answer.

First, as to the meaning of the WHO's question. Contrary to an

impression which could be created by the title of the case, it has not been
contended that it is "within the scope of [its]activities", within the mean-
ing of Article 96, paragraph 2, of the Charter, for the Organization to
address the question of the legality of the use of nuclear weapons as a
matter standing by itself, or, as the Court puts it, to seek "an opinion on
the legality of the use of nuclear weapons in general" (Advisory Opinion,
para. 28). The reference in the question to "international law" does not
suffice to suggest an intention to raise an issue unconnected with the
responsibilities of the WHO.
The Court could, 1 think, place a more reasonable interpretation on
the question. As is indicated by the opening reference to "the health and
environmental effects", the WHO is not asking whether the use by a State

of nuclear weawons inwar or other armed conflict would be a breach of
its obligationsbnder some branch of international law unrelated to the
scope of the Organization's activities, but only whether such use would
be a breach of the obligations of the State under international law in so
far as it would also be a breach of its obligationsunder the Constitution
of the Organization. The Court has, 1 think, too lightly dismissed the
references in the question to "the health and environmental effects" and
to "the WHO Constitution".

In essence, the WHO's question is grounded in the specific issue

whether the use of nuclear weapons by a member State would give rise to
a breach of its obligations both under international law and under the
Constitution of the WHO, and not, as the Court considers, in the more
general issue of the legality of the use of nuclear weapons consideredapart from the question whether such use would also constitute a breach

of the State's obligations under the Constitution of the WHO.

Second, as to the competence of the WHO to ask for an advisory
opinion as to whether some specifiedconduct of a member State (in this
case, the use of nuclear weapons) would breach its obligations under the
Constitution of the WHO.

The Court correctly holds that the duties of the WHO in relation to
any situation do not depend on the legality of the causes producing that
situation.Thus, in order to determine what are its functions in relation to
a given situation, the WHO is not justified in requesting an advisory
opinion on the subject of the legality of the causes which produced the
situation. The WHO would have to deal with the resulting situation
regardless of whether or not the State which produced it did so in breach

of its obligationsunder the Constitution of the Organization. A different
question is whether, in order to determine what are the rights and obli-
gations between itself and a member State, the WHO has competence to
request an advisory opinion as to whether, in producing a situation call-
ing for action by the WHO, that member State may have breached its
obligations under the Constitution of the WHO. 1sthe WHO competent
to request an advisory opinion as to whether there is such a breach?
In the course of carrying out its activities, the WHOcan be confronted
with the constraining effects of the conduct of a member State. If that
conduct constitutes a breach by that State of its obligations under the
Constitution of the WHO, the latter could take or initiate appropriate
remedial measures to remove any resulting impediment to the carrying
out of its activities. Hence, aegal question as to whether there has been
such a breach can arise "within the scope of [WHO'S]activities".

The WHO can consequently present a question to the Court, as it is
doing, as to whether some specified conduct of a State (in this case, the
use of nuclear weapons) would be a breach of its obligations under the

Constitution of the Organization.

Third, as to the proposition that the Court's holding concerns the
merits.
A question whether some specified conduct of a State would be a
breach of its obligations under the Constitution of the WHO raises two
issues: (i)oes the obligation exist? (ii) If the obligation exists, does the
specified conduct constitute a breach of it? If the obligation exists, the answer to the question will be in the
affirmative or in the negative depending on whether the specifiedconduct
is or is not found to be a breach of the obligation.
However, if the Court finds that the obligation itself does not exist,
then ex hypothesi the specifiedconduct could not be a breach of any obli-
gation under the Constitution of the WHO. This alone sufficesto yield an
answer to the question - a negative answer, but an answer al1the same.

From its analysis of the Constitution of the WHO, the Court con-
cludes that the Organization has no competence to address the question
of the legality of the use of nuclear weapons. That implies a finding that,
under the Constitution of the WHO, a member State has no obligation

not to use weapons, such as nuclear weapons, which could result in
health and environmental effects, for, if a member State had such an obli-
gation, the WHO would have had some competence to address a ques-
tion of the legality of a use of weapons which might have occurred in
breach of that constitutional obligation.
If a member State has no obïigation under the Constitution of the
WHO not to use weapons (such as nuclear weapons) which could result
in health and environmental effects, it follows that, in using such
weapons, it is not in breach of any obligation under that Constitution.
This is an answer to the WHO'Squestion. The Court's holding therefore
concerns the merits of the question which is actually asked.

Obviously, this approach is based on a certain view of the distinction
between merits and preliminary issues. What might be a general criterion
for identifying the merits? To borrow from the field of contentious litiga-
tion,
"the merits of a dispute consist of the issues of fact and law which

give rise to a cause of action, and which an applicant State must
establish in order to be entitled to the relief claimed" (A~zglo-Irn~zinn
Oil Co., Preli17zinnryObjection, Judgnzent, I.C.J. Reports 1952,
p. 148,Judge Read, dissenting).
The case at bar is, of course, a case within the Court's advisory juris-
diction, and caution is appropriate; but that basic approach appears

transposable. It is implicit in paragraph 16of the Court's decision. This,
in my opinion, recognizes that to give an affirmative answer to the ques-
tion in this case the Court would have to be satisfied that, as a inatter of
law, member States have an obligation under the WHO Constitution not
to create health and environmental effects through the use of weapons in
war or other armed conflict, and that, as a matter of fact, the use of
nuclear weapons would create such effects. The issue whether a State has
such an obligation would therefore form part of the merits (see the gen-eral reasoning in Electricity Company of Sojîu und Bulgaria, Judgment,

1939, P. C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 77, pp. 82-83; Barcelona Traction, Liglzt
and Power Cornpany,Limited, Preliminary Objections,Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1964, pp. 44-46, and Judge Morelli, dissenting, at pp. 110-112;
Barcelona Traction, Light and PopverCompany, Limited, Second Phase,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970, pp. 226 ff., Judge Morelli, concurring;
and South West Afiica, Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1966,
p. 19, para. 7).

The conclusion reached above is that the WHO can present a question
to the Court, as it is doing, as to whether some specified conduct of a
State would be a breach of its obligations under the Constitution of the
Organization. The suggested obligations may not exist and thus there
may not be a breach of any obligations. This would mean that, on the
merits, the answer to the question is "No"; but this would not affect the
competence of the WHO to ask the question.

The implication of the Court's decision is that member States do not
have ail obligation under the Constitution of the WHO not to use nuclear
weapons. Iïfollows that the use of such weapons by a member State
would not "be a breach of its obligations under international law includ-
ing the WHO Constitution", to use the terms of the question as con-
strued above.
This means that the Court is giving an answer to the question asked by
the WHO; it is not really declining to answer the question. The reader of
the Court's decision would not think that the Court needs to do anything
more in order to provide an answer. Whether the Court answers in the
negative or in the affirmative, expressly or impliedly, correctly orincor-
rectly, it can only answer by presupposing that the WHO has the com-
petence to ask the question. This is what the Court denies. 1am respect-
fully of another view.

(Signed) Mohamed SHAHABUDDEEN.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SHAHABUDDEEN

The reason for mv dissent is that. in mv reswectful view. the Court's
decision proceeds on a mistaken appreciation of the question presented by

the World Health Organization (WHO). In the result, due effect has not
been given to the distinctionbetween preliminary issuesand the merits, as
the distinction applies in relation to the question which has been asked:
the ground of the Court's preliminary holding which led to its decision
not to give the requested advisory opinion belongs to the merits. That
ground is less a reason for not answering the question than an answer to
it; no further finding needs to be made in order to provide an answer.

First, as to the meaning of the WHO's question. Contrary to an

impression which could be created by the title of the case, it has not been
contended that it is "within the scope of [its]activities", within the mean-
ing of Article 96, paragraph 2, of the Charter, for the Organization to
address the question of the legality of the use of nuclear weapons as a
matter standing by itself, or, as the Court puts it, to seek "an opinion on
the legality of the use of nuclear weapons in general" (Advisory Opinion,
para. 28). The reference in the question to "international law" does not
suffice to suggest an intention to raise an issue unconnected with the
responsibilities of the WHO.
The Court could, 1 think, place a more reasonable interpretation on
the question. As is indicated by the opening reference to "the health and
environmental effects", the WHO is not asking whether the use by a State

of nuclear weawons inwar or other armed conflict would be a breach of
its obligationsbnder some branch of international law unrelated to the
scope of the Organization's activities, but only whether such use would
be a breach of the obligations of the State under international law in so
far as it would also be a breach of its obligationsunder the Constitution
of the Organization. The Court has, 1 think, too lightly dismissed the
references in the question to "the health and environmental effects" and
to "the WHO Constitution".

In essence, the WHO's question is grounded in the specific issue

whether the use of nuclear weapons by a member State would give rise to
a breach of its obligations both under international law and under the
Constitution of the WHO, and not, as the Court considers, in the more
general issue of the legality of the use of nuclear weapons considered OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. SHAHABUDDEEN

La raison de mon dissentiment tient, qu'il me soit permis de le dire,
ce que la décisionde la Cour procède d'une appréciation erronéede la
question poséepar l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS). Il en
résulteque l'on n'a pas attaché l'importance qu'il fallaàtla distinction

entre points préliminaireset fond, telle que cette distinction se présente
par rapport à la question posée: le motif de la décisionpréliminaire dela
Cour qui l'a amenée àne pas donner l'avis demandérelèvedu fond. C'est
moins un motif pour ne pas répondre qu'une réponse à la question; il
n'est pas nécessaire d'aller plus loinpour fournir une réponse.

Quel est, en premier lieu, le sens de la question poséepar l'OMS?
Contrairement à ce que pourrait donner à penser l'intitulé de l'affaire,
nul n'a soutenu qu'il entrait «dans le cadre de [l']activité»de'OMS, au
sens de l'article6, paragraphe 2, de la Charte, de présenterla question
de la licéitde l'utilisation des armes nucléairescomme se suffisant elle-

mêmeou, comme le dit la Cour, de demander «un avis sur la licéitéde
l'utilisation des armes nucléairesen général))(avis consultatif, par.8).
Il n'est pas possible de déduire d'uneréférenceau «droit international))
dans la question que l'on a eu l'intention de soulever un problème sans
rapport avec les attributions de l'OMS.
La Cour pourrait, je crois, interpréter plus raisonnablement la ques-
tion. Comme l'indique la mention qui figure au débutde cette question et
concerne les «effets des armes nucléaires sur la santé et l'environne-
ment». l'OMS ne demande vas si l'utilisation d'armes nucléairesvar un
Etat au cours d'une guerre ou d'un autre conflit arméconstituerait une
violation de ses obligations au regard d'un domaine du droit internatio-
nal sans lien avec les activitésde l'organisation; elle demande seulement
si cette utilisation constituerait une violation des obligations deatau
regard du droit international dans la mesure où elle constituerait aussi

une violation de ses obligations au regard de la Constitution de l'OMS.
La Cour a, je crois, écartétrop légèrementles référencesque contient la
question aux «effets des armes nucléaires sur la santé et l'environne-
ment» et à la «Constitution de l'OMS».
La question de l'OMS porte essentiellement sur le point de savoir si
l'utilisation d'armes nucléairespar un Etat membre constituerait une vio-
lation de ses obligations tant au regard du droit international qu'au
regard de la Constitution de l'OMS et non pas, comme la Cour l'estime,
sur le problème généralde la licéité de l'emploid'armes nucléaires envi-apart from the question whether such use would also constitute a breach

of the State's obligations under the Constitution of the WHO.

Second, as to the competence of the WHO to ask for an advisory
opinion as to whether some specifiedconduct of a member State (in this
case, the use of nuclear weapons) would breach its obligations under the
Constitution of the WHO.

The Court correctly holds that the duties of the WHO in relation to
any situation do not depend on the legality of the causes producing that
situation.Thus, in order to determine what are its functions in relation to
a given situation, the WHO is not justified in requesting an advisory
opinion on the subject of the legality of the causes which produced the
situation. The WHO would have to deal with the resulting situation
regardless of whether or not the State which produced it did so in breach

of its obligationsunder the Constitution of the Organization. A different
question is whether, in order to determine what are the rights and obli-
gations between itself and a member State, the WHO has competence to
request an advisory opinion as to whether, in producing a situation call-
ing for action by the WHO, that member State may have breached its
obligations under the Constitution of the WHO. 1sthe WHO competent
to request an advisory opinion as to whether there is such a breach?
In the course of carrying out its activities, the WHOcan be confronted
with the constraining effects of the conduct of a member State. If that
conduct constitutes a breach by that State of its obligations under the
Constitution of the WHO, the latter could take or initiate appropriate
remedial measures to remove any resulting impediment to the carrying
out of its activities. Hence, aegal question as to whether there has been
such a breach can arise "within the scope of [WHO'S]activities".

The WHO can consequently present a question to the Court, as it is
doing, as to whether some specified conduct of a State (in this case, the
use of nuclear weapons) would be a breach of its obligations under the

Constitution of the Organization.

Third, as to the proposition that the Court's holding concerns the
merits.
A question whether some specified conduct of a State would be a
breach of its obligations under the Constitution of the WHO raises two
issues: (i)oes the obligation exist? (ii) If the obligation exists, does the
specified conduct constitute a breach of it?sagéindépendamment dela question de savoir si cet emploi constituerait
une violation des obligations de 1'Etat au regard de la Constitution de
l'OMS.

J'en viens, en deuxième lieu, la compétence de l'OMSrelativement à
une demande d'avis consultatif sur le point de savoir si un certain com-
portement de la part d'un Etat membre (en l'espècel'utilisation d'armes

nucléaires)contreviendrait aux obligations que la Constitution de l'OMS
impose à cet Etat.
La Cour dit à juste titre que les mesures que doit prendre l'OMS dans
une situation donnée ne dépendentpas de la licéité des causesqui sont à
l'origine de cette situation. Ainsi, pour déterminerquelles doivent êtreses
fonctions dans une certaine situation,I'OMS n'est pas fondée à deman-
der un avis consultatif sur la licéité des causesqui sont'origine de cette
situation.11lui incomberait de faire faceàcette situation sans rechercher
si1'Etatqui l'a provoquée avioléou non les obligations qui découlent de
la Constitution de l'OMS. Une autre question qui se pose est la suivante:
s'agissant dedéterminerles droits et obligations respectifs de7Organisa-
tion et d'un Etat membre, l'OMS peut-elle demander un avis consultatif
pour savoir si, en causant une situation qui contraint l'organisation à

intervenir, cet Etat membre a contrevenu aux obligations que lui impose
la Constitution de l'OMS? L'OMS a-t-elle compétencepour solliciter un
avis consultatif sur le point de savoir s'il eu ou non violation?
Dans le cours de ses activités, I'OMS peut se voir confrontée aux
conséquencesdifficiles du comportement d'un Etat membre. Si ce com-
portement constitue une violation des obligations de cet Etat au regard
de la Constitution de l'OMS, celle-ci pourrait prendre ou adopter les
mesures de redressement voulues pour éliminertout obstacle éventuel à
l'exercice de ses activités.11en résultequ'une question juridique sur le
point de savoir s'il a eu ou non violation peut seposer «dans le cadre de
[l']activité»de l'OMS.
L'OMS peut par conséquent poser à la Cour, comme elle le fait, une
question relative au point de savoir si un certain comportement de la part
d'un Etat (en l'espècel'utilisation d'armes nucléaires)constituerait une

violation des obligations de cet Etat au regard de la Constitution de
l'organisation.

Je vais examiner en troisième lieu la proposition d'après laquelle la
décisionde la Cour concerne le fond.
La question de savoir si un certain comportement d'un Etat constitue-
rait une violation de ses obligations au regard de la Constitution de
l'OMS soulève deuxproblèmes: i) L'obligation existe-t-elle? ii) Si l'obli-
gation existe, le comportement dont il s'agit constitue-t-il une violation? If the obligation exists, the answer to the question will be in the
affirmative or in the negative depending on whether the specifiedconduct
is or is not found to be a breach of the obligation.
However, if the Court finds that the obligation itself does not exist,
then ex hypothesi the specifiedconduct could not be a breach of any obli-
gation under the Constitution of the WHO. This alone sufficesto yield an
answer to the question - a negative answer, but an answer al1the same.

From its analysis of the Constitution of the WHO, the Court con-
cludes that the Organization has no competence to address the question
of the legality of the use of nuclear weapons. That implies a finding that,
under the Constitution of the WHO, a member State has no obligation

not to use weapons, such as nuclear weapons, which could result in
health and environmental effects, for, if a member State had such an obli-
gation, the WHO would have had some competence to address a ques-
tion of the legality of a use of weapons which might have occurred in
breach of that constitutional obligation.
If a member State has no obïigation under the Constitution of the
WHO not to use weapons (such as nuclear weapons) which could result
in health and environmental effects, it follows that, in using such
weapons, it is not in breach of any obligation under that Constitution.
This is an answer to the WHO'Squestion. The Court's holding therefore
concerns the merits of the question which is actually asked.

Obviously, this approach is based on a certain view of the distinction
between merits and preliminary issues. What might be a general criterion
for identifying the merits? To borrow from the field of contentious litiga-
tion,
"the merits of a dispute consist of the issues of fact and law which

give rise to a cause of action, and which an applicant State must
establish in order to be entitled to the relief claimed" (A~zglo-Irn~zinn
Oil Co., Preli17zinnryObjection, Judgnzent, I.C.J. Reports 1952,
p. 148,Judge Read, dissenting).
The case at bar is, of course, a case within the Court's advisory juris-
diction, and caution is appropriate; but that basic approach appears

transposable. It is implicit in paragraph 16of the Court's decision. This,
in my opinion, recognizes that to give an affirmative answer to the ques-
tion in this case the Court would have to be satisfied that, as a inatter of
law, member States have an obligation under the WHO Constitution not
to create health and environmental effects through the use of weapons in
war or other armed conflict, and that, as a matter of fact, the use of
nuclear weapons would create such effects. The issue whether a State has
such an obligation would therefore form part of the merits (see the gen- UTILISATION DES ARMES NUCLÉAIRES (OP.DISS.SHAHABUDDEEN) 99

Si l'obligation existe bien, la réponsàla question sera affirmative ou
négative selon que le comportement de 1'Etat sera ou non considéré
comme une violation.
En revanche, si la Cour estime que l'obligation elle-même n'existepas,
il en résultepar hypothèse que le comportement dont il s'agit ne saurait

constituer une violation au regard de la Constitution de'OMS. Cela suf-
fit pour qu'une réponsesoit fournieà la question- une réponsenégative
mais une réponse tout de même.
Ayant analyséla Constitution de l'OMS, la Cour conclut que I'Orga-
nisation n'a pas compétence pour poser la question de la licéitéde
l'utilisation desarmes nucléaires. Cela revient dire que la Constitution
de l'OMSn'imposepasauxEtats membres l'obligation de nepas employer
des armes, comme les armes nucléaires,pouvant avoir des effets sur la
santéet l'environnement car, si les Etats membres avaient cette obliga-
tion, l'OMS aurait été habilitéeà poser une question sur la licéitéd'une
utilisation d'armes ayant éventuellement contrevenu à cette obligation

constitutionnelle.
Si, aux termes de la Constitution de l'OMS, un Etat membre n'a pas
l'obligation de ne pas recouriràdes armes (comme les armes nucléaires)
pouvant avoir des effets sur la santéet l'environnement, il en résulteque
l'utilisation de ces armes ne viole aucune obligation imposéepar cette
Constitution. C'est là une réponse à la question poséepar l'OMS. La
décision de la Cour concerne donc le fond de la question qui lui est
adressée.

Cette approche se fonde manifestement sur une certaine conception de

la distinctionàfaire entre le fond et les points préliminaires. Quelcritère
généraladopter pour définirce qu'est le fond? Pour reprendre une for-
mule tiréedu domaine contentieux:
«le fond d'un différendcomprend les points de fait et de droit qui
donnent lieu à une cause d'action et qu'un Etat demandeur doit
établirpour avoir droit à la réparation demandée))(Anglo-Iïanian

Oil Co., exception prélinzinairearrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1952, opinion
dissidente de M. Read, p. 148).
L'affaire en cause relève certes de la compétence consultative de la
Cour et il convient d'êtreprudent, mais cette conception de base paraît
transposable. Cela résulte implicitementdu paragraphe 16de la décision

de la Cour. Celui-ci, d'après moi, reconnaît que, pour répondre affirma-
tivement à la question posée en l'espèce, laCour devrait constater qu'en
droit les Etatsmembres ont l'obligation, imposéepar la Constitution de
l'OMS, de ne pas utiliser au cours d'une guerre ou d'un autre conflit armé
des armes pouvant avoir des effets sur la santé et l'environnement et
qu'en fait l'emploi d'armes nucléairesentraînerait de tels effets. Le pro-
blèmede savoir si un Etat est bien tenu par une telle obligation relèveraiteral reasoning in Electricity Company of Sojîu und Bulgaria, Judgment,

1939, P. C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 77, pp. 82-83; Barcelona Traction, Liglzt
and Power Cornpany,Limited, Preliminary Objections,Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1964, pp. 44-46, and Judge Morelli, dissenting, at pp. 110-112;
Barcelona Traction, Light and PopverCompany, Limited, Second Phase,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970, pp. 226 ff., Judge Morelli, concurring;
and South West Afiica, Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1966,
p. 19, para. 7).

The conclusion reached above is that the WHO can present a question
to the Court, as it is doing, as to whether some specified conduct of a
State would be a breach of its obligations under the Constitution of the
Organization. The suggested obligations may not exist and thus there
may not be a breach of any obligations. This would mean that, on the
merits, the answer to the question is "No"; but this would not affect the
competence of the WHO to ask the question.

The implication of the Court's decision is that member States do not
have ail obligation under the Constitution of the WHO not to use nuclear
weapons. Iïfollows that the use of such weapons by a member State
would not "be a breach of its obligations under international law includ-
ing the WHO Constitution", to use the terms of the question as con-
strued above.
This means that the Court is giving an answer to the question asked by
the WHO; it is not really declining to answer the question. The reader of
the Court's decision would not think that the Court needs to do anything
more in order to provide an answer. Whether the Court answers in the
negative or in the affirmative, expressly or impliedly, correctly orincor-
rectly, it can only answer by presupposing that the WHO has the com-
petence to ask the question. This is what the Court denies. 1am respect-
fully of another view.

(Signed) Mohamed SHAHABUDDEEN.donc du fond (voir le raisonnement exposédans Compagnie d'électricité
de Sofia et de Bulgarie, arrêt, 1939,C.P.J.I. sérieA/B no 77, p. 82-83 ;
Burcelonu Tr.action, Light and Power Company, Lin~ited, exceptions
préliminaires,arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1964, p. 44-46, et opinion dissidente
de M. Morelli, p. 110-112; Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Com-
pany, Limited, deuxième phase, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1970, opinion indi-
viduelle de M. Morelli, p. 226 et suiv., et Sud-Ouest africain, deuxième

phase, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1966, p. 19, par. 7).

La conclusion à laquelle on est parvenu plus haut est que l'OMS peut
poser à la Cour, comme elle le fait, une question sur le point de savoir si
un certain comportement de la part d'un Etat constituerait une violation
des obligations de cet Etat au regard de la Constitution de l'OMS. Il se
peut que ces obligations n'existent pas et qu'elles ne puissent donc pas
êtreviolées.Cela signifierait que, sur le fond, la réponse à la question
serait «non», mais cela serait sans influence sur l'aptitude de l'OMS à
poser la question.
La décisionde la Cour implique que la Constitution de l'OMS n'impose

pas aux Etats membres l'obligation de ne pas recourir aux armes nu-
cléaires.Il en résulteque l'utilisation de telles armes par un Etat membre
ne constituerait pas «une violation de ses obligations au regard du droit
international,y compris la Constitution de l'OMS», pour reprendre les
termes de la question telle qu'elle estinterprétéeplus haut.
Cela signifie que la Cour répond à la question que l'OMS lui a
adressée,qu'elle ne refuse pas réellement d'yrépondre. Le lecteur de la
décisionde la Cour n'ira pas penser que la Cour doive faire autre chose
pour apporter une réponse.Que la Cour répondepar l'affirmative ou par
la négative, expressémentou implicitement, correctement ou erronément,
ellene peut répondreque sielleprésume que l'OMS a la compétencevou-
lue pour poser la question. Or c'est ce que la Cour dénie.Je me permets
d'avoir un autre avis.

(Signé) Mohammed SHAHABUDDEEN.

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Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Shahabuddeen

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