Separate Opinion of Judge Elias

Document Number
072-19870527-ADV-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
072-19870527-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ELIAS

1agreewiththe majority AdvisoryOpinion inanswering inthe negative
the two questions put to the Court but 1wish to add some three or four

points of difference of emphasis and interpretation on a number of im-
portant issues raised in dealing with the answers.

It seemsthat the Court has nowreached astage at which itshouldbring
to the attention ofthe General Assemblyand ofthe United Nations Orga-
nization as a whole the need to reconsider the scheme of referring to this
Court cases from the Administrative Tribunal for review in accordance
with the present procedure established in 1955.

The Statute of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal was
adopted by the General Assembly on 24 November 1949,amended on
9 December 1953and further amended on 8 November 1955; it estab-
lished the Tribunal with competence "to hear and passjudgement upon
applications alleging non-observance of contracts of employment of staff
members of the Secretariat of the United Nations or of the terms of

appointment of such staff members". Article 3 of the Statute provides
that itshould consist ofsevenmembers, no two ofwhom maybenationals
of the same State and that the quorum of three must sit in any particular
case.There isno stipulation aboutthe qualifications of members, who are
appointed by the General Assembly for three years; for instance, they
are not required to have legal qualifications. Article 11 of the Statute
is crucial; paragraph 1 stipulates that if a member State, the Secretary-
General or the person in respect ofwhom ajudgement has been rendered
by the Tribunal, or the successor to such a person's rights on his death,
objects to thejudgement on theground (i)that the Tribunal has exceeded
itsjurisdiction or competence or (ii)that the Tribunalhas failed toexer-
cisejurisdiction vested in it, or (iii)that it has erred on a question of law
relating tothe provisions ofthe Charter ofthe United Nations, or (iv)has
committed a fundamental error in procedure which has occasioned a
failure ofjustice, any one ofese three maywithin 30daysmakea written

application to the Committee established under paragraph 4 of the same
article asking the Committee, called the Committeeon Applicationsfor
Review of Administrative Tribunal Judgements, to request an advisory
opinion ofthe International Court ofJustice onthe matter. The Commit-
tee isrequired to decide whether or not there is a substantial basis for the
application to request an advisory opinion ofthe Court, in which case the
Secretary-General must arrange to transmit the views of the person
concerned to the Court. In accordance with Article Il, paragraph 4, of the Statute oftheTribunaltheCommittee isrequired tomeet atthe United
Nations Headquarters, and has the power to establish its own rules. If
no application to the Committee is made or if no decision to request an
advisory opinion has been taken by the Committee, the Tribunal's deci-
sion would be final. Whenever,however, a request has been made for an
advisory opinion the Secretary-General must either give effect to the
opinion of the Court or request the Tribunal to convene specially in
order to confirm its original judgement, or give a new judgement, in
conformity with the opinion of theCourt.
In EffectofAwardsofCompensationMadebytheUnitedNationsAdmin-

istrativeribunal(1.C.JR. eports 1954,p.47),the Court held thatthe Tribu-
nal was an independent and trulyjudicial bodypronouncing final judge-
ments without appeal within the limited field of its functions and not
merely an advisory or subordinateorgan, andthat the Court must givean
advisory opinion within the limits set in the case as asked bytheommit-
tee. In Applicationfor Review ofJudgement No. 158 of the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal where the staff member applied for the review
of the Tribunal's ruling to the Committee on Applications for Review
requesting the Court to give an advisory opinion on two questions, the
Court decided to comply with the Committee's requestand took the view
thatthe Tribunalhad not failedto exercisethejurisdiction vested in itand
had not committed a fundamental error in procedure which had occa-
sioned a failure ofjustice. The Court observed that

"although [it]does not consider the review procedure provided by
Article 11as free from difficulty, it has no doubt that, in the circum-
stances of that case, it should comply with the request by the Com-
mittee on Applications" (I.C.J.Reports 1973p , . 183,para. 40);

the Committee isin fact called uponto discharge a duty normallygivento
a legal body (ibid.,p. 176,para. 25).Similarly,in Applicationfor Review of
JudgementNo. 273 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunta h,e
United States Government addressed an application for review of the
judgement of the Tribunal tothe Committee on Applications for Review
of Administrative Tribunal Judgements, and the Committee decided
to request an advisory opinion of the Court on the correctness of the
decision in question. TheCourt, after pointing outthat a number of pro-
cedural and substantive irregularities had been committed, decided
nevertheless to comply with the Committee's request, which was refor-
mulated bytheCourt and interpreted asreally seekinga determination as
to whether the Administrative Tribunal had erred on a question of law
relating to provisions of the United Nations Charter or had exceeded
itsjurisdiction or competence. The Court pointed outthat itsproper role
was not to retry the case already dealt with by the Tribunal, and that it
need not involve itself in the question of the proper interpretation of
United Nations Staff Regulations and Rules further than was strictly necessary in order to judge whether the interpretation adopted by the
Tribunal had been in contradiction with the provisions of the Charter.
The Court finally found that the Tribunal had not erred on a question of
law relating to the provisions of the Charter, and also considered that
the Tribunal's jurisdiction included the scope of Staff Regulations and
Rules, and that it hadnot exceeded itsjurisdiction or competence.
We may also recall that Article 65, paragraph 1,of the Statute of the
Court provides that itmay givean advisory opinion on any legal question

at the request of whatever body may be authorized by or in accordance
withthe Charter ofthe United Nations to make such arequest. Ithas been
said on many occasions by the Court that, in giving its reply to a request
for an advisory opinion, the Court is, by doing so, participating in the
activities of the United Nations and that, in principle, the Court should
not refuse a request; it is entirely aatter of discretion for it whether or
notto reply to a request.
It isclear thattheCourt may sometimes find itself in astrait- jacket ifit
follows closelythe limit setin Article 11 ;nevertheless, to allow the Court
to raise any legal issue analogous, but not strictly relevant, to the ones
specifically asked of it bythe Committee might not always give satisfac-
tion.A flexibleprocedure is,therefore, called for which enables theCourt
to raise al1legalissuesconsidered by ittobe relevant and necessary forthe
proper disposa1of the problem at issue, so long as it satisfies the require-
ment of the judicial process.

A sensible way out will be for the preliminary problems arising in a
givencase to be dealt with firstby atribunal of first instance and then for
legal issues to be raisedlater on appealto the Administrative Tribunal in

the normal system of adjudication, which the latter would be obliged to
deal with as a court ofappeal. The whole questionwould then turn on the
judicial rather than on the present almost non-judicial manner of the
Committee on Applications for Review. The political overtone of the
Committee's deliberations would be minimized, if not completely elimi-
nated, because the present composition of the Committee does not lend
itself to strictly legal adjudications of issues. At present, the framing of
questions to be put to the Court is often tinged with meta-legal concep-
tions of particular State Members of the Committee, which are often
reflected in themanner of the categorization ofthe questions to be asked
of the Court. The result has often been to make the question in the end
eitherirrelevant or patently obscure. The Court has accordingly been put
to the trouble of having to find out what the Committee did in fact mean
by the questions as put to it, thereby wasting judges' time and effort,
before coming round to the real issues involved in a particular case. The
new procedure of using a tribunal of first instance would entai1a recast
ofthe present Statute ofthe Administrative Tribunal, interalia,to require
its members to possess legal qualifications. The present Article II would

in particular need to be modified. The bodyoperatingat this levelshould
do so as a court. For the purpose the General Assembly might establish a study group to submit necessary changes, which must allow appeals to
the Administrative Tribunal, the functions of which might have to be
suitably modified.

A second aspect regarding the powers of the Court in dealing with a
request for an advisory opinion isthat relating to itspower in proper cases
to determine the realmeaning ofthe question ithas to answer. In Interpre-
tationof theAgreementof25 March 1951betweenthe WHOand Egypt,the
Court pointed out that

"if itsto remain faithful to the requirements of itsjudicial character
in the exercise of its advisory jurisdiction, it must ascertain what
are the legal questions really in issue in questions formulated in a
request" (I.C.J.Reports 1980,p. 88,para. 35).

Inthat case,the Courtfound it necessaryto reformulate the question sub-
mitted for advisory opinion but insisted that such reformulation must
remain within any limit set on the powers of the requesting body since
the Court could not, by reformulating the question put, respond to a

question which that body could not have submitted if,for example, it was
not on a legal question "arising within the scope of the activities of the
requesting body". It will be recalled that, in Application for Reviewof
Judgement No. 273 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, the
Court in reformulating the question put by the Committee, emphasized
that its "jurisdictionunder Article 11of the Tribunal's Statute is limited
to the four specific grounds of objection there specified" and pointed to
its previous dictum (in Application for Reviewof Judgement No. 158 of
the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 184,
para. 41)that

"Consequently, the Committee is authorized to request, and the
Courtto give,an advisory opinion onlyon legalquestions which may
properly be considered as falling within the terms of oneor more of
those four 'grounds'".

Where necessary,the Court must ofcourse haveregard totheintentions of
the requesting body as they emerge from the records leading up to the
decision to request the opinion in question. This was done by the Court
itself in thenterpretationof theAgreement of 25 March 1951 betweenthe
WHO and Egypt (I.C.J. Reports 1980,pp. 85-88, paras. 28-34). In the
present case, the Court decided, after due consideration, that it was not
open to it to enter into al1four of the grounds mentioned in Article 11
of the Statute, by reformulating the question put to it or othenvise,
because it could not be said that the Committee intended to ask the
Court to give its opinion on such points for the proper determination
of the case. The Court has emphasized, aspreviously noted above in this

separate opinion,that itsproper role in reviewproceedings is not to retry 80 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (SEP. OP. ELIAS)

the case "and to attempt to substitute its own opinion on the merits for
that of the Tribunal", but has neverthelessaid that it

"does not mean that in an appropriate case,wherethejudgement has
been challenged on the ground of an error on a question of law re-
lating to the provisions of the Charter,the Court may not be called
upon to review the actual substance of the decision" (Z.C.J.Reports
1973,p. 188,para. 48).
In itsAdvisoryOpinion onthe Applicationfor ReviewofJudgementNo.273

of theUnitedNationsAdministrativeTribunal(I.C.J.Reports 1982, p. 355,
para. 57),the Court reiterated that the answerto thequestion must depend
"not only upon the termsofArticle 11,but also upon several other factors
including, first of all, the Court'satute, the case-law of the Court, the
general requirements for the exercise of the judicial function" as well as
"upon the termsof the particular question askedof the Court bythe Com-
mittee". In this last passage, the Court made it abundantly clear that the
several qualifications surrounding the application of Article 11 of the
Statute for proper judicial purpose are overwhelming. It argues well for
the reform of the Statute as a whole as suggested above in this separate
opinion.

Another issuerequiring comment inthe present AdvisoryOpinion con-
cernsthe criticismthat the Secretary-General hasnot given "everyreason-
able consideration" thought to be necessary to the case of the Applicant
before the decision was taken not to renew his contract. A good deal has
been said in the statements submitted bythe United States and by Italy on
this issue; but very careful reflection on what resolution 37/126 of the
General Assembly requires shows that it does not go as far asthe critics
would insist upon or suggest. It is absolutely clear that the resolution in
question does not prescribe a particular procedure which the Secretary-
General must follow in order to show that he has in fact given everycon-
sideration to the Applicant. There is no requirement of statute or other
regulation that the Secretary-General should follow a particular course,
nor has that particular course been ignored or deviated from. There

is,however, abundant evidence frommore than fivelettersexchanged on
the subject between the Secretary-General and the Applicant showing
that the Secretary-General told him expressis verbis and almost ad
nauseamthat the Applicant's contract would not be renewed or in any
way extended beyond the five-year period. Neither the Applicant nor
any one else in the whole war of words has even suggested that the non-
renewal of the Applicant's employment has not been made sufficiently
clear by the Secretary-General and any of his officials. We need to
ponder over paragraphs 10 to 17 of the present Advisory Opinion for
the bulk of the correspondence dealing with this matter. One cannot
but endorse the Tribunal's conclusion, quoted in paragraph 37 of theOpinion, regarding reasonable consideration having been given by the
Secretary-General to the Applicant's repeated requests in dealing with
the case :
"In the present case, the Respondent had the sole authority to

decide what constituted 'reasonable consideration' and whether
the Applicant could be given a probationary appointment. He
apparently decided, in the background of secondment of the
Applicant during the period of one year from 27 December 1982to
26 December 1983,that the Applicant could not be given a pro-
bationary appointment. He thus exercised his discretion properly,
but he should have stated explicitly before 26 December 1983that
he had given 'every reasonable consideration' to the Applicant's
career appointment." (Para. XVIII of the Judgement of the Admini-
strative Tribunal.)

Nothing isgained by the further argument as to whether the Secretary-
General or one of his officials has by necessary implication claimed that
the non-renewal of the appointment has been based on a "legal impedi-
ment". Even the further argument that the Secretary-General had been
induced to reach his decision not to renew by the intervention, direct or
otherwise, of the Soviet Union, has been shown to be utterly insuppor-
table and groundless. There is no shred of evidence to support this
suspicion onthepart of the critics.
It is strange that the whole argument about the existence of any legal
impediment has been erected as a legal dogma which somehow has the

force oflaw not yetspecified or evenhinted at.Al1wehave isthe assevera-
tion thatthe Secretary-Generalmustnot,even through any ofhis officials,
have been led to refuse the Applicant the renewal of his employment by
the supposed existence of a legal impediment. Whether or not this has
operated on the mind of the Secretary-General when he made it clear
oftentimes that he would not in any case renew the Applicant's contract,
does not affect the question. He told the Applicant in no uncertain terms
that he had given careful consideration to his case and that hisemploy-
ment had come to an end.

A third question is the sterile argument about whether the Applicant

wason asecondment from the SovietGovernment and about whatindeed
constitutesa "secondment". What wasbeyond a shadow ofdoubt wasthat
the Applicant came as a govemment servant from the Soviet Union, and
not as aprivate individual joining the United Nations by his own effort or
act; and the extensionsgranted were undertaken by the Secretary-Gene-
ral withreference tothe SovietGovernment up toand including the termi- nation of his employment withthe United Nations. It seemsclear that the
issue ofsecondment, which has been over-argued in thestatements of the
critics, sounds like an argument of semantics, like the contention that to
give "reasonable consideration" must mean only calling the Applicant
and telling him in precise woids that his appointment would not be
renewed.

A fourth contention is that the Administrative Tribunal erred in law
for not substituting its own discretionfor that of the Secretary-General
when his decision was taken that the Applicant's employment would
not be renewed. In this matter of the exercise of discretion vested in the
Secretary-General there can be no doubtat al1that noone elseexcept the
Secretary-General has indubitable rights to take the final decision
whether or not to employ the Applicant. There can be no doubt that
neither this Court northe Administrative Tribunal can substitute its own

discretion in thismatter for that of the Secretary-General. We may con-
sider that the discretion should have been exercised in a particular way
different from that adopted by the Secretary-General. There is no doubt
that he has the prerogative to do it in his own way. There is no rule
of law for him to follow apart from the one consideration of justice and
fair play which the situation requires, and which no one has suggested
to be unfair. The criticism therefore is not judicial; it is only a matter of
opinion.
One can hardly escapethe feeling that the criticism that the Adminis-
trative Tribunal has too easily accepted the decision of the Secretary-
Generalinapproving the exercise of hisdiscretion seemsto implythatthe
Tribunal, and even this Court, should substitute its own discretion
for that of the Secretary-General in concluding that the Applicant's
employment should not be renewed. This would of course amount to
requiring theCourtto gointo the merits ofthe entire case under the guise
ofthe reviewasked of itunder the present Statute. Aswehave pointed out
earlier in this opinion the Court should not do that. In Applicationfor
Reviewof Judgement No. 273 of the United Nations AdministrativeTribu-
nal(1.C.J.Reports1982,p. 356,para. 58),the Court warns against the pro-
cedure when it said that itsproper role inthe reviewproceedings isnot to

retry the case or "to attempt to substitute its own opinion on the merits
for that of the Tribunal".

TheCourt, therefore, has no other choice than to affirm thejudgement
ofthe Administrative Tribunal and to answerthetwo questions put to itby
the Committee in the negative.

(Signed)T. O. ELIAS.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ELIAS

1agreewiththe majority AdvisoryOpinion inanswering inthe negative
the two questions put to the Court but 1wish to add some three or four

points of difference of emphasis and interpretation on a number of im-
portant issues raised in dealing with the answers.

It seemsthat the Court has nowreached astage at which itshouldbring
to the attention ofthe General Assemblyand ofthe United Nations Orga-
nization as a whole the need to reconsider the scheme of referring to this
Court cases from the Administrative Tribunal for review in accordance
with the present procedure established in 1955.

The Statute of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal was
adopted by the General Assembly on 24 November 1949,amended on
9 December 1953and further amended on 8 November 1955; it estab-
lished the Tribunal with competence "to hear and passjudgement upon
applications alleging non-observance of contracts of employment of staff
members of the Secretariat of the United Nations or of the terms of

appointment of such staff members". Article 3 of the Statute provides
that itshould consist ofsevenmembers, no two ofwhom maybenationals
of the same State and that the quorum of three must sit in any particular
case.There isno stipulation aboutthe qualifications of members, who are
appointed by the General Assembly for three years; for instance, they
are not required to have legal qualifications. Article 11 of the Statute
is crucial; paragraph 1 stipulates that if a member State, the Secretary-
General or the person in respect ofwhom ajudgement has been rendered
by the Tribunal, or the successor to such a person's rights on his death,
objects to thejudgement on theground (i)that the Tribunal has exceeded
itsjurisdiction or competence or (ii)that the Tribunalhas failed toexer-
cisejurisdiction vested in it, or (iii)that it has erred on a question of law
relating tothe provisions ofthe Charter ofthe United Nations, or (iv)has
committed a fundamental error in procedure which has occasioned a
failure ofjustice, any one ofese three maywithin 30daysmakea written

application to the Committee established under paragraph 4 of the same
article asking the Committee, called the Committeeon Applicationsfor
Review of Administrative Tribunal Judgements, to request an advisory
opinion ofthe International Court ofJustice onthe matter. The Commit-
tee isrequired to decide whether or not there is a substantial basis for the
application to request an advisory opinion ofthe Court, in which case the
Secretary-General must arrange to transmit the views of the person
concerned to the Court. In accordance with Article Il, paragraph 4, of OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. ELIAS

[Traduction]

Je souscrisà l'avisconsultatif quelaCour,danssa majorité, adonnéen
répondantpar la négativeaux deux questions qui lui avaient étéposées,
mais je tiensà apporter quelques nuances, notamment d'interprétation,
surun certainnombre de problèmesimportants qui sesont poséslorsqu'il
s'est agide répondreà cesquestions.
Il sembleque lemoment soitvenu pourla Cour d'appeler l'attentionde

l'Assembléegénérale ed t el'Organisation des Nations Unies dansson en-
semble sur la nécessitde réexaminerlemécanismepar lequel lesaffaires
jugéespar le Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies peuvent êtresou-
mises à la Courpour réformation conformément à la procédureactuelle
établieen 1955.
Le statut du Tribunal administratif a adoptépar l'Assembléegéné-
rale le 24novembre 1949;ila étéamendéle9décembre1953puis le 8no-
vembre 1955. Il porte créationdu Tribunal, lequel est compétent«pour
connaître des requêtesinvoquant l'inobservation du contrat d'enga-
gement des fonctionnaires du Secrétariat des Nations Unies ou des
conditions d'emploi de ces fonctionnaires, et pour statuer sur lesdites
requêtes)).L'article 3 du statut dispose que le Tribunal se compose
de sept membres, tous de nationalitédifférente, etque trois d'entre eux
doivent siégerdans chaque espèce. Rien n'est dit des qualifications des
membres, qui sont désignéspour trois ans par l'Assembléegénérale;

c'est ainsi qu'il n'estpas exigé qu'ilsaient des compétences juridiques.
L'article 11du statut est fondamental; selon sonparagraphe 1,siun Etat
Membre, le Secrétaire générao lu la personne qui até l'objet d'un juge-
ment rendu par le Tribunal, ou une personne ayant succédémortis causa
à ses droits, conteste lejugement en alléguant i) que le Tribunal a outre-
passésa juridiction ou sa compétence,ii) qu'il n'apas exercésajuridic-
tion, iii)qu'ila commis une erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de
laCharte desNations Unies, ou iv)qu'ilacommis, dans laprocédure,une
erreur essentielle qui a provoquéun mal-jugé, l'unquelconque d'entre
eux peut, dans un délaide trente jours, demander par écritàun comité
(leComitédes demandes de réformation dejugements du Tribunaladmi-
nistratifdes Nations Unies)crééen vertu du paragraphe 4 dudit article
de prier la Cour internationale de Justice de donner un avis consultatif
sur la auestion. Le Comité doit décidersi la demande visantobtenir un
avis consultatif de la Cour repose sur des bases sérieuses,auquel cas le

Secrétairegénérad loit prendre les dispositions voulues pour transmettre
à la Cour l'opinion de la personne concernée. Conformément à I'ar-
ticle 11,paragraphe 4, du statut du Tribunal, le Comitéseréunitau Siège
de l'organisation desNations Unies etpeut établirson propre règlement. the Statute oftheTribunaltheCommittee isrequired tomeet atthe United
Nations Headquarters, and has the power to establish its own rules. If
no application to the Committee is made or if no decision to request an
advisory opinion has been taken by the Committee, the Tribunal's deci-
sion would be final. Whenever,however, a request has been made for an
advisory opinion the Secretary-General must either give effect to the
opinion of the Court or request the Tribunal to convene specially in
order to confirm its original judgement, or give a new judgement, in
conformity with the opinion of theCourt.
In EffectofAwardsofCompensationMadebytheUnitedNationsAdmin-

istrativeribunal(1.C.JR. eports 1954,p.47),the Court held thatthe Tribu-
nal was an independent and trulyjudicial bodypronouncing final judge-
ments without appeal within the limited field of its functions and not
merely an advisory or subordinateorgan, andthat the Court must givean
advisory opinion within the limits set in the case as asked bytheommit-
tee. In Applicationfor Review ofJudgement No. 158 of the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal where the staff member applied for the review
of the Tribunal's ruling to the Committee on Applications for Review
requesting the Court to give an advisory opinion on two questions, the
Court decided to comply with the Committee's requestand took the view
thatthe Tribunalhad not failedto exercisethejurisdiction vested in itand
had not committed a fundamental error in procedure which had occa-
sioned a failure ofjustice. The Court observed that

"although [it]does not consider the review procedure provided by
Article 11as free from difficulty, it has no doubt that, in the circum-
stances of that case, it should comply with the request by the Com-
mittee on Applications" (I.C.J.Reports 1973p , . 183,para. 40);

the Committee isin fact called uponto discharge a duty normallygivento
a legal body (ibid.,p. 176,para. 25).Similarly,in Applicationfor Review of
JudgementNo. 273 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunta h,e
United States Government addressed an application for review of the
judgement of the Tribunal tothe Committee on Applications for Review
of Administrative Tribunal Judgements, and the Committee decided
to request an advisory opinion of the Court on the correctness of the
decision in question. TheCourt, after pointing outthat a number of pro-
cedural and substantive irregularities had been committed, decided
nevertheless to comply with the Committee's request, which was refor-
mulated bytheCourt and interpreted asreally seekinga determination as
to whether the Administrative Tribunal had erred on a question of law
relating to provisions of the United Nations Charter or had exceeded
itsjurisdiction or competence. The Court pointed outthat itsproper role
was not to retry the case already dealt with by the Tribunal, and that it
need not involve itself in the question of the proper interpretation of
United Nations Staff Regulations and Rules further than was strictly DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION (OP. IND. ELIAS) 77

Si aucune demande n'est adresséeau Comité ou si celui-ci ne décide
pas de demander un avis consultatif, le jugement du Tribunal devient
définif.Chaque fois que la Cour est priée dedonner un avis consultatif,
le Secrétaire général doit oubien donner effet à l'avis de la Cour, ou
bien prier le Tribunal de se réunir spécialement pour confirmer son
jugement initial ou rendre un nouveau jugement conformément à l'avis
de la Cour.

Dans son avisconcernant l'Effetdejugementsdu Tribunaladministratif
desNations Uniesaccordant indemnit(é C.I.J.Recueil1954, p. 47),la Cour

a déclaréque le Tribunal était un corps indépendant et véritablementju-
diciaire,prononçant des jugements définitifset sans appel dans le cadre
limitéde ses fonctions et non un simple organe consultatif ou subor-
donné;la Coura ajouté qu'elle devaitdonner un avis consultatifdans les
limites de la questionposéeenl'espècepar le Comité.Dans l'affairede la
Demandede réformation dujugementno158du Tribunaladministratifdes
Nations Unies,lefonctionnaireconcerné a demandéau Comitédeprier la
Cour de donner un avis consultatif sur deux questions; la Cour a décidé
de donner suite à la demande du Comitéet a été d'avis que le Tribunal
n'avait pas omis d'exercer sa juridiction et n'avait pas commis, dans la
procédure,une erreur essentielle ayant provoqué un mal-jugé. Ellea dé-

claré:
«tout en considérant que la procédurede réformation établie à l'ar-
ticle 11n'estpas exempte de difficulté,laCour n'estimepas douteux
que, dans les circonstances de l'espèce,elle doit donner suitea re-
quêtepour avis consultatif présentéepar le Comité des demandes
de réformation de jugements du Tribunal administratif)) (C.I.J.

Recueil1973, p. 183,par. 40);
le Comitéest en faitappelé a remplirdes fonctionsqui sont normalement
exercéespar un organejuridique (ibid.,p. 176,par. 25). De même,dans
l'affaire de lamandederéformation dujugementno273du Tribunalad-
ministratifdes Nations Unies,le Couvemement des Etats-Unis d'Amé-

rique a présentéau Comitéune demande de réformation d'unjugement
du Tribunal et le Comitéa décidéde prier la Cour de donner un avis
consultatif sur le bien-fondéde cejugement. La Cour, après avoir relevé
qu'un certain nombre d'irrégularités touchant la procédureet le fond
avaient étécommises, a néanmoins décidé de donner suiteà la demande
du Comité,demande qu'ellea reformuléeet interprétée commevisanten
réalitéàfaire établirsi le Tribunal administratif avait commis une erreur
de droit concernant les dispositions de la Charte des Nations Unies ou
avait outrepassé sajuridiction ou sa compétence. La Cour a fait observer
que son rôle n'était pasde refaire le procès qui s'était déroulé devanlte
Tribunal et qu'elle nedevait aborder la question de l'interprétation cor-
rectedu statut etdu règlementdupersonnel del'OrganisationdesNations

Unies que dans la mesure strictement nécessaire pour déterminersi l'in- necessary in order to judge whether the interpretation adopted by the
Tribunal had been in contradiction with the provisions of the Charter.
The Court finally found that the Tribunal had not erred on a question of
law relating to the provisions of the Charter, and also considered that
the Tribunal's jurisdiction included the scope of Staff Regulations and
Rules, and that it hadnot exceeded itsjurisdiction or competence.
We may also recall that Article 65, paragraph 1,of the Statute of the
Court provides that itmay givean advisory opinion on any legal question

at the request of whatever body may be authorized by or in accordance
withthe Charter ofthe United Nations to make such arequest. Ithas been
said on many occasions by the Court that, in giving its reply to a request
for an advisory opinion, the Court is, by doing so, participating in the
activities of the United Nations and that, in principle, the Court should
not refuse a request; it is entirely aatter of discretion for it whether or
notto reply to a request.
It isclear thattheCourt may sometimes find itself in astrait- jacket ifit
follows closelythe limit setin Article 11 ;nevertheless, to allow the Court
to raise any legal issue analogous, but not strictly relevant, to the ones
specifically asked of it bythe Committee might not always give satisfac-
tion.A flexibleprocedure is,therefore, called for which enables theCourt
to raise al1legalissuesconsidered by ittobe relevant and necessary forthe
proper disposa1of the problem at issue, so long as it satisfies the require-
ment of the judicial process.

A sensible way out will be for the preliminary problems arising in a
givencase to be dealt with firstby atribunal of first instance and then for
legal issues to be raisedlater on appealto the Administrative Tribunal in

the normal system of adjudication, which the latter would be obliged to
deal with as a court ofappeal. The whole questionwould then turn on the
judicial rather than on the present almost non-judicial manner of the
Committee on Applications for Review. The political overtone of the
Committee's deliberations would be minimized, if not completely elimi-
nated, because the present composition of the Committee does not lend
itself to strictly legal adjudications of issues. At present, the framing of
questions to be put to the Court is often tinged with meta-legal concep-
tions of particular State Members of the Committee, which are often
reflected in themanner of the categorization ofthe questions to be asked
of the Court. The result has often been to make the question in the end
eitherirrelevant or patently obscure. The Court has accordingly been put
to the trouble of having to find out what the Committee did in fact mean
by the questions as put to it, thereby wasting judges' time and effort,
before coming round to the real issues involved in a particular case. The
new procedure of using a tribunal of first instance would entai1a recast
ofthe present Statute ofthe Administrative Tribunal, interalia,to require
its members to possess legal qualifications. The present Article II would

in particular need to be modified. The bodyoperatingat this levelshould
do so as a court. For the purpose the General Assembly might establishterpétation qu'en avaitdonnéele Tribunal était en contradiction avec les
dispositions de la Charte. La Cour a finalement conclu que le Tribunal
n'avait pas commis d'erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de la
Charte; elle a estiméque lajuridiction duTribunal s'étendaitau statut et
au règlement du personnel et que le Tribunal n'avait pas outrepassé sa

juridiction ou sa compétence.
Onpeut égalementrappeler quel'article 65,paragraphe 1,du Statut de
la Cour dispose que la Cour peut donner un avis consultatif sur toute
questionjuridique, àla demande de tout organe ou institution qui a été
autorisépar la Charte des Nations Unies ou conformément à sesdisposi-
tionsà demander cetavis.LaCoura maintesfoisdéclaréqu'enrépondant
à une demande d'avis consultatif elle participe aux activitésdes Nations
Unies, et qu'elle ne devraitpas en principe refuser dedonner suite une
telle requête;elle est entièrementlibre d'ydonner suiteou non.

Il est clair que sila Cour secantonne étroitementdans leslimitesfixées
à l'article 11elle risque de se trouver parfois prise dans un carcan; lui
permettre de soulevern'importe quelle questionjuridique s'apparentant
à cellesquilui sontspécifiquement poséespar le Comité,sansêtrevérita-

blement pertinente, ne serait peut-êtrepas toujours satisfaisant.l faut
donc une procédure souplequipermette à la Courde soulever toutesques-
tionsjuridiques qu'elle considèrecomme pertinentes et nécessairespour
trancher adéquatement le problème qui lui est posé,dans le respect des
exigences d'une bonne administration de lajustice.
On pourrait setirer d'embarras si lesproblèmespréliminairesque pré-
sente une affaire étaient examinés d'abord par un tribunal de première
instance et si des questionsjuridiques pouvaient ensuite être portées en
appel devant leTribunal administratif,lequeldevrait lesexamineren tant
que juridiction d'appel, comme cela est normalement le cas en matière
judiciaire. Tout le processus serait dès lors judiciaire alors qu'il repose
actuellement sur le Comité,organe presque non judiciaire. Les connota-
tions politiques des délibérations du Comité en seraient atténuées,voire
entièrement supprimées; la composition actuelle du Comité ne se prête

pas, eneffet, au règlementstrictementjuridique desproblèmes. Al'heure
actuelle, la formulation desquestionsàposer à la Cour seressentsouvent
des conceptions parajuridiques de tel ou tel Etat membre du Comitéet il
n'est pas rare que ces conceptions influent sur la catégorisation de ces
questions.Fréquemment, ilestarrivéqu'endéfinitiveune question ne soit
pas pertinente ou qu'elle soitmanifestementobscure. La Cour a alors dû
rechercher le sens réeldes questions que le Comité lui posait, ce qui a
coûtédu temps et de la peine aux juges, avant d'en arriver aux questions
qui étaient véritablementsoulevéesen l'espèce.La procédure nouvelle,
qui ferait intervenir un tribunal de première instance, nécessiterait une
refonte du statut actuel du Tribunal administratif; il faudrait notamment
que lesmembres du Tribunal administratifaient des compétencesjuridi-
ques.L'article11du statutdevraitenparticulier êtremodifié.C'estentant

que tribunal qu'un organe devrait intervenir à ce degréde juridiction. a study group to submit necessary changes, which must allow appeals to
the Administrative Tribunal, the functions of which might have to be
suitably modified.

A second aspect regarding the powers of the Court in dealing with a
request for an advisory opinion isthat relating to itspower in proper cases
to determine the realmeaning ofthe question ithas to answer. In Interpre-
tationof theAgreementof25 March 1951betweenthe WHOand Egypt,the
Court pointed out that

"if itsto remain faithful to the requirements of itsjudicial character
in the exercise of its advisory jurisdiction, it must ascertain what
are the legal questions really in issue in questions formulated in a
request" (I.C.J.Reports 1980,p. 88,para. 35).

Inthat case,the Courtfound it necessaryto reformulate the question sub-
mitted for advisory opinion but insisted that such reformulation must
remain within any limit set on the powers of the requesting body since
the Court could not, by reformulating the question put, respond to a

question which that body could not have submitted if,for example, it was
not on a legal question "arising within the scope of the activities of the
requesting body". It will be recalled that, in Application for Reviewof
Judgement No. 273 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, the
Court in reformulating the question put by the Committee, emphasized
that its "jurisdictionunder Article 11of the Tribunal's Statute is limited
to the four specific grounds of objection there specified" and pointed to
its previous dictum (in Application for Reviewof Judgement No. 158 of
the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 184,
para. 41)that

"Consequently, the Committee is authorized to request, and the
Courtto give,an advisory opinion onlyon legalquestions which may
properly be considered as falling within the terms of oneor more of
those four 'grounds'".

Where necessary,the Court must ofcourse haveregard totheintentions of
the requesting body as they emerge from the records leading up to the
decision to request the opinion in question. This was done by the Court
itself in thenterpretationof theAgreement of 25 March 1951 betweenthe
WHO and Egypt (I.C.J. Reports 1980,pp. 85-88, paras. 28-34). In the
present case, the Court decided, after due consideration, that it was not
open to it to enter into al1four of the grounds mentioned in Article 11
of the Statute, by reformulating the question put to it or othenvise,
because it could not be said that the Committee intended to ask the
Court to give its opinion on such points for the proper determination
of the case. The Court has emphasized, aspreviously noted above in this

separate opinion,that itsproper role in reviewproceedings is not to retryL'Assembléegénéralepourrait créerungrouped'étude chargéd'indiquer
quelschangementsseraientnécessaires pour qu'ilsoitpossible de former
des recours devant le Tribunal administratif; les fonctions de ce dernier
devraientalors être dûment modifiées.
Leproblème despouvoirs dont disposela Cour enmatièreconsultative

présenteun secondaspect: ellepeut, s'ilya lieu,déterminerlavraie signi-
fication de la question laquelle elledoitrépondre. Dans l'affaire de l'ln-
terprétatiodel'accorddu 25mars 1951entreI'OMSetI'Egypte,la Cour a
soulignéque

«pour rester fidèle aux exigences de son caractèrejudiciaire dans
l'exercicede sa compétenceconsultative,elledoitrechercherquelles
sont véritablement les questions juridiques que soulèvent les de-
mandes formulées dans une requête)) (C.I.J. Recueil 1980,p. 88,
par. 35).

Dans cetteaffaire,la Cour ajugénécessairede reformulerla questionsur
laquelle un avis consultatif lui était demandémais a préciséqu'une telle
reformulation doit resterdans les limites des pouvoirs de l'organe qui de-
mande l'avispuisque la Cour ne peut pas, en reformulant la question qui
lui est posée, répondreà une question que cet organe n'aurait pas pu lui
poser, par exempleparcequ'il nes'agitpasd'une questionjuridique qui se
pose «dans le cadre de [l']activité dudit organe. On se souviendra que,
dans l'affaire de lamande deréformatiod nujugement no273du Tribunal
administratifdesNations Unies, la Cour a reformuléla questionposéepar
le Comitéet souligné que «sa compétence sur la base de l'article 11du
statut duTribunal estlimitéeauxquatre motifsprécisde contestationspé-
cifiésdans cet article; ellea rappelé qu'elle avaitdéclaréprécédemment

(Demandede réformation dujugement no158du Tribunaladministratifdes
Nations Unies,C.Z.J.Recueil1973, p. 184,par. 41:
«Il s'ensuit que le Comitén'est autoriséà demander, et la Cour à

donner,un avis consultatif quesur les questionsjuridiques qui peu-
vent légitimementêtreconsidérée csommese rattachant àun ou plu-
sieurs de ces quatre motifs.

Au besoin,la Cour doit bien entendu tenir comptedes intentions de l'or-
gane demandeur tellesqu'elles sedégagentdescomptesrendusdesdébats
qui ont conduit àla décisionde demander l'avisen question. C'estce que
la Coura fait dans l'affaire de'InterprétatiodeI'accorddu 25 mars1951
entre I'OMSet I'Egypte(C.I.J. Recueil1980,p. 85-88,par. 28-34).Dans la
présente affaire,laCoura décidé,toutbienconsidéré q,u'il neluiétaitpas
loisible d'examiner les quatre motifs mentionnés à l'article 11du statut,
que ce soitenreformulant la questionqui luiétaitposéeou de toute autre
manière ;eneffet,onnepouvait pas dire que leComitéaiteul'intentionde
demander l'avisde la Cour sur ces points aux fins du règlementde l'af-
faire. La Coura souligné,comme il estindiqué plushaut dans laprésente
opinion individuelle, qu'ellen'apaspour rôle, enmatièrede réformation, 80 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (SEP. OP. ELIAS)

the case "and to attempt to substitute its own opinion on the merits for
that of the Tribunal", but has neverthelessaid that it

"does not mean that in an appropriate case,wherethejudgement has
been challenged on the ground of an error on a question of law re-
lating to the provisions of the Charter,the Court may not be called
upon to review the actual substance of the decision" (Z.C.J.Reports
1973,p. 188,para. 48).
In itsAdvisoryOpinion onthe Applicationfor ReviewofJudgementNo.273

of theUnitedNationsAdministrativeTribunal(I.C.J.Reports 1982, p. 355,
para. 57),the Court reiterated that the answerto thequestion must depend
"not only upon the termsofArticle 11,but also upon several other factors
including, first of all, the Court'satute, the case-law of the Court, the
general requirements for the exercise of the judicial function" as well as
"upon the termsof the particular question askedof the Court bythe Com-
mittee". In this last passage, the Court made it abundantly clear that the
several qualifications surrounding the application of Article 11 of the
Statute for proper judicial purpose are overwhelming. It argues well for
the reform of the Statute as a whole as suggested above in this separate
opinion.

Another issuerequiring comment inthe present AdvisoryOpinion con-
cernsthe criticismthat the Secretary-General hasnot given "everyreason-
able consideration" thought to be necessary to the case of the Applicant
before the decision was taken not to renew his contract. A good deal has
been said in the statements submitted bythe United States and by Italy on
this issue; but very careful reflection on what resolution 37/126 of the
General Assembly requires shows that it does not go as far asthe critics
would insist upon or suggest. It is absolutely clear that the resolution in
question does not prescribe a particular procedure which the Secretary-
General must follow in order to show that he has in fact given everycon-
sideration to the Applicant. There is no requirement of statute or other
regulation that the Secretary-General should follow a particular course,
nor has that particular course been ignored or deviated from. There

is,however, abundant evidence frommore than fivelettersexchanged on
the subject between the Secretary-General and the Applicant showing
that the Secretary-General told him expressis verbis and almost ad
nauseamthat the Applicant's contract would not be renewed or in any
way extended beyond the five-year period. Neither the Applicant nor
any one else in the whole war of words has even suggested that the non-
renewal of the Applicant's employment has not been made sufficiently
clear by the Secretary-General and any of his officials. We need to
ponder over paragraphs 10 to 17 of the present Advisory Opinion for
the bulk of the correspondence dealing with this matter. One cannot
but endorse the Tribunal's conclusion, quoted in paragraph 37 of thede refaire le procès «ni d'essayer de substituer son opinion sur le àond
celle du Tribunal »,mais elle a aussidéclaréque

«cela ne veut pas dire que, le cas échéant,si un jugement était
contesté en raison d'une erreur de droit concernant les dispositions
de la Charte, la Cour ne pourrait pas êtreappeléexaminerla déci-
sion au fond »(C.Z.J.Recueil1973,p. 188,par. 48).

Dans l'avisconsultatif qu'elleadonnéenl'affaire dela Demandederéfor-
mation dujugement no273 du Tribunaladministratifdes Nations Unies
(C.Z. RJe.ueil1982,p. 355,par. 57),la Cour a répété qulea réponseà la
question dépendnécessairement «non seulement du libellédel'article 11,
mais aussi d'autres facteurs et tout d'abord du Statut de la Cour, de sa
jurisprudence et de tout ce qu'exige en général l'exercicede la fonction
judiciaire»ainsi que «du libelléde la questionparticulière que leComité
pose en l'espèce».Dans cedernier passage, la Cour a bien préciséque les
diverses restrictions dont est assortiel'application de l'article 11du statut
aux fins de la bonne administration de lajustice s'imposent. C'està un
bon argument en faveur d'une réforme de l'ensemble du statut dans le

sens suggéré dans la présente opinion individuelle.

Leprésentavis consultatifappelle desobservations sur un autrepoint:
ilestreprochéau Secrétairegénérad le n'avoirpaspris lecasdu requérant
((équitablementen considération», comme il l'aurait fallu, avant de dé-
cider de ne pas renouveler son contrat. Les exposés présentéspar les
Etats-Unis d'Amérique et par l'Italie contiennent de longs développe-
ments sur ce point; or, si l'on réfléchitbien à ce qu'exige la résolu-
tion 37/126 de l'Assembléegénérale,on constate qu'elle resteen deçàde
ce qu'exigent ou laissent entendre ces reproches. est parfaitement clair
que cetterésolutionneprescritpas deprocédure particulièreque leSecré-
tairegénéraldevraitsuivrepour établirqu'ilabien pris lecasdu requérant
équitablement en considération. Ni le statut ni aucun autre texte régle-

mentaire n'exigedu Secrétairegénéraq lu'ilsuiveune procédure particu-
lière;etu~neproeédurede ce genre nla étéignorée ou écartéeM. ais il
ressortà1~éwi.deu~eBa~moins cinq lettxeséchangéessurce sujetentre le
Secrétairegénëraletlerequérant quelepremier afaitsavoirexpressément
et presque àsatiétéau second que son contrat neserait pas renouveléou
prolongé sousaucune forme au-delàde la période de cinq ans. Ni le re-
quérant ni personne d'autre n'a mêmelaissé entendre, tout au long de
cettebataille verbale, que le non-renouvellement de l'engagement du re-
quérantn'avaitpas étéannoncé assezclairement par le Secrétairegénéral
et ses porte-parole. On se reportera aux paragraphes10à 17du présent
avisconsultatif pour mesurerl'ampleur delacorrespondance quitraite de
la question. On ne peut que faire sienne la conclusion, citéeau para-
graphe 37du présentavis,que le Tribunal tire quant laprise en considé-Opinion, regarding reasonable consideration having been given by the
Secretary-General to the Applicant's repeated requests in dealing with
the case :
"In the present case, the Respondent had the sole authority to

decide what constituted 'reasonable consideration' and whether
the Applicant could be given a probationary appointment. He
apparently decided, in the background of secondment of the
Applicant during the period of one year from 27 December 1982to
26 December 1983,that the Applicant could not be given a pro-
bationary appointment. He thus exercised his discretion properly,
but he should have stated explicitly before 26 December 1983that
he had given 'every reasonable consideration' to the Applicant's
career appointment." (Para. XVIII of the Judgement of the Admini-
strative Tribunal.)

Nothing isgained by the further argument as to whether the Secretary-
General or one of his officials has by necessary implication claimed that
the non-renewal of the appointment has been based on a "legal impedi-
ment". Even the further argument that the Secretary-General had been
induced to reach his decision not to renew by the intervention, direct or
otherwise, of the Soviet Union, has been shown to be utterly insuppor-
table and groundless. There is no shred of evidence to support this
suspicion onthepart of the critics.
It is strange that the whole argument about the existence of any legal
impediment has been erected as a legal dogma which somehow has the

force oflaw not yetspecified or evenhinted at.Al1wehave isthe assevera-
tion thatthe Secretary-Generalmustnot,even through any ofhis officials,
have been led to refuse the Applicant the renewal of his employment by
the supposed existence of a legal impediment. Whether or not this has
operated on the mind of the Secretary-General when he made it clear
oftentimes that he would not in any case renew the Applicant's contract,
does not affect the question. He told the Applicant in no uncertain terms
that he had given careful consideration to his case and that hisemploy-
ment had come to an end.

A third question is the sterile argument about whether the Applicant

wason asecondment from the SovietGovernment and about whatindeed
constitutesa "secondment". What wasbeyond a shadow ofdoubt wasthat
the Applicant came as a govemment servant from the Soviet Union, and
not as aprivate individual joining the United Nations by his own effort or
act; and the extensionsgranted were undertaken by the Secretary-Gene-
ral withreference tothe SovietGovernment up toand including the termi-ration équitablepar le Secrétaire général des différentedsemandes du
requérant :

«Dans le casprésent, ledéfendeuravaitlepouvoir exclusif de dé-
cider ce qui constituaitne prise en considération équitable»et de
déterminers'il était possible d'offrir au requérant une nomination
pour une période de stage. Il semble que le défendeur ait décidé,
compte tenu du fait que lerequérantétaitdétachépendant lapériode
d'un an allant du 27décembre1982au 26décembre1983,qu'il n'était
pas possible d'offrir ce dernier une nomination pour une période
de stage. Le défendeuradonc exercéson pouvoir discrétionnaire de
façon régulière, maisil aurait dû explicitement indiquer avant le
26décembre1983qu'ilavait «pris équitablement en considération »
le cas du requérant aux fins d'une nomination de carrière.» (Para-

graphe XVIII du jugement du Tribunal administratif.)
Inutile d'invoquer l'argument selon lequelle Secrétairegénéral ou l'un
de ses représentantsen aurait déduitque le non-renouvellement de I'en-
gagement découlait d'un((obstaclejuridique ». Mêmel'argument selon
lequel l'Union soviétique, en intervenant directement ou indirecte-
ment, aurait amené le Secrétairegénéral à déciderde ne pas renouveler

l'engagement s'estavérétotalementindéfendableet dénuéde tout fonde-
ment. Absolument rien n'étaie les soupçons de ceux qui ont avancécet
argument.
Il estcurieuxquetoute l'argumentation relativeà l'existence d'un quel-
conque obstaclejuridique ait étéérigée enun dogm jeridique quiaurait
en quelque sorte force de loi mais qu'on n'aurait pas encore précisé et
auquel on n'aurait mêmepas encore fait allusion. Il est simplement af-
firméque le Secrétaire général ne doit pas, mêmepar l'intermédiairede
ses représentants, avoir étconduit àrefuser de renouveler l'engagement
du requérant en raison de l'existence supposéed'un obstacle juridique.
Peu importe que cette considération ait été présente ouon àl'esprit du
Secrétairegénéral lorsqu'ial annoncé à plusieurs reprises qu'en tout état
de cause ilnerenouvellerait paslecontrat du requérant.Il a ditclairement
au requérantqu'il avait soigneusement examiné son cas et que son enga-

gement avaitpris fin.

J'enviens à un troisièmepoint, àsavoir la vaine discussion sur la ques-
tion de savoirsilerequérant étaitdétachéde l'admnistration soviétiqueet
en quoi consiste exactement un «détachement». Ce qui ne faisait pas
l'ombre d'un doute, c'est que le requérantn'était pasentréà l'organisa-
tion des Nations Unies àtitre individuel etpar lui-même,maisentant que
fonctionnaire del'Union soviétique,etque le Secrétairegénérala,vant de
prolonger ses engagements, y compris son dernier emploi à l'organisa- nation of his employment withthe United Nations. It seemsclear that the
issue ofsecondment, which has been over-argued in thestatements of the
critics, sounds like an argument of semantics, like the contention that to
give "reasonable consideration" must mean only calling the Applicant
and telling him in precise woids that his appointment would not be
renewed.

A fourth contention is that the Administrative Tribunal erred in law
for not substituting its own discretionfor that of the Secretary-General
when his decision was taken that the Applicant's employment would
not be renewed. In this matter of the exercise of discretion vested in the
Secretary-General there can be no doubtat al1that noone elseexcept the
Secretary-General has indubitable rights to take the final decision
whether or not to employ the Applicant. There can be no doubt that
neither this Court northe Administrative Tribunal can substitute its own

discretion in thismatter for that of the Secretary-General. We may con-
sider that the discretion should have been exercised in a particular way
different from that adopted by the Secretary-General. There is no doubt
that he has the prerogative to do it in his own way. There is no rule
of law for him to follow apart from the one consideration of justice and
fair play which the situation requires, and which no one has suggested
to be unfair. The criticism therefore is not judicial; it is only a matter of
opinion.
One can hardly escapethe feeling that the criticism that the Adminis-
trative Tribunal has too easily accepted the decision of the Secretary-
Generalinapproving the exercise of hisdiscretion seemsto implythatthe
Tribunal, and even this Court, should substitute its own discretion
for that of the Secretary-General in concluding that the Applicant's
employment should not be renewed. This would of course amount to
requiring theCourtto gointo the merits ofthe entire case under the guise
ofthe reviewasked of itunder the present Statute. Aswehave pointed out
earlier in this opinion the Court should not do that. In Applicationfor
Reviewof Judgement No. 273 of the United Nations AdministrativeTribu-
nal(1.C.J.Reports1982,p. 356,para. 58),the Court warns against the pro-
cedure when it said that itsproper role inthe reviewproceedings isnot to

retry the case or "to attempt to substitute its own opinion on the merits
for that of the Tribunal".

TheCourt, therefore, has no other choice than to affirm thejudgement
ofthe Administrative Tribunal and to answerthetwo questions put to itby
the Committee in the negative.

(Signed)T. O. ELIAS.tion, en avait réféau Gouvernementsoviétique.Cettequestion de déta-
chement,qui aoccupéuneplaceexagérée dans lescritiques, apparaît clai-
rementcomme une question demots; ilen va de mêmelorsqu'on prétend
que, pour que lecasdu requérantpuisse avoirétépris ((équitablementen

considération)),il faut que celui-ci ait été convoqet qu'on lui ait dit
expressémentque son engagement ne serait pas renouvelé.

En quatrième lieu, il a étésoutenu que le Tribunal administratif avait
commis une erreur de droit en ne substituant pas son propreouvoirdis-
crétionnaireàceluique le Secrétairegénéralavaitxercéendécidantdene
pas renouveler l'engagement du requérant. S'agissant de l'exercice du
pouvoir discrétionnaire du Secrétaire général,il n'est pas douteux que
celui-ciestseulhabilité seprononcer endernierressort surl'engagement
du requérant.Il n'estpas douteux que ni la Cour ni le Tribunal adminis-
tratif ne peuventsubstituerleurpropre pouvoir discrétionnairecelui du
Secrétairegénéralen la matière.Onpeut êtred'avisque cepouvoirdiscré-

tionnaire aurait dû êtreexercéd'une manière différentede celle dont le
Secrétaire générall'a exercé. Mais il ne fait aucun doute qu'il peut
l'exercer comme il l'entend.l n'est tenu par aucune règlede droit, sous
réserve desconsidérationsde justice et d'impartialité que requièrentles
circonstances;d'ailleurs personne n'alaisséentendre qu'ily avaiteu par-
tialité.La critique émise n'estdonc pas justiciable; elle est simplement
affaire d'appréciation.
On ne peut s'empêcherde penser que ceux qui reprochent au Tribunal
administratif d'avoir trop facilement entériné la décisiondu Secrétaire
général en approuvantl'exercice que celui-ci a fait de son pouvoir dis-
crétionnaire veulent dire que le Tribunal et mêmela Cour devraient
substituer leur pouvoir discrétionnaireà celui du Secrétaire général,
lequel a conclu que l'engagement du requérantne pouvait pas êtrerenou-
velé.Cela reviendrait évidemment à demander à la Cour d'examiner

l'affaireau fond sous le couvert de la demandede réformationdont ellea
étésaisie envertu du Statut.Comme je l'aidéjà soulignédans la présente
opinion, la Cour ne devait pas le faire. Dans l'affaire de landede
réformationdu jugement no 273 du Tribunaladministratifdes Nations
Unies (C.Z. R e.ueil1982,p. 356,par.58),la Cour a formuléune mise en
garde contre la procédure lorsqu'elledéclaré qu'ellen'a pas pour rôle,
dans une instance de réformation, de refaire le procès «ni d'essayer
de substituer son opinion sur le fondcelle du TribunaD.
Dès lors la Cour ne pouvait que confirmer le jugement du Tribunal
administratif et que répondre par la négativeaux deux questions que le
Comitélui avaitposées.

(Signé)T. O. ELIAS.

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Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Elias

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