Dissenting opinion of Judge Gros

Document Number
053-19710621-ADV-01-09-EN
Parent Document Number
053-19710621-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE GROS
[Translation]

To my regret, 1am unable to concur in the Advisory Opinion, whether
in regard to the substance or inregard to certainproblems of a preliminary
character, and 1propose to explain my disagreement below.
1. By way of preliminary decision, the Court made four Orders on
questions concerning itscomposition, and as 1voted against two of them
I should givemy reasons for doing so.The first concerned is Order No. 3
of 26 January 1971, which, having regard to Article 48 of the Statute,
rejected by 10 votes to 4 an objection raised against a Member of the
Court, but gave no reasons. The second Order on which 1have to com-
ment is that of 29 January 1971,which, having regard to Articles 3 1and
68 of the Statute and Article 83 of the Rdes of Court, rejected by 10
votes to 5 a request by the Government of South Africa for the appoint-
ment of a judge adhoc; it likewise gave no reasons, and it was accom-
panied by two joint declarations, one made by three and the other by
two Members of theCourt.

2. The Court has said: "The Court itself, and not the parties, must be
the guardian of the Court'sjudicial integrity" (I.C.J. Reports 1963,p. 29).
Even if one of the Governments represented in the proceedings had not
raised the problem decided by Order No. 3 of 26 January 1971,the Court
would have been obliged to examine it in the application of its Statute.
The observance of the provisions of its own Statute is a strict obligation,
asthe Court's 1963 decision emphasizes.
3. At the meeting of the Security Council on 4 March 1968, the
representative of Fakistan, speaking on behalf of the CO-sponsorsof
draft resolution SI8429 on Namibia, which was to become Security
Councilresolution 246(1968),stated :

"The seven CO-sponsorsacknowledge with gratitude the construc-
tive CO-operationextended to them by Mr. ... and Mr. ... and the
great contribution which they made to the formulation of the
draft resolution"(S/PV. 1395,p. 32).

The first person mentianed has since become a Member of the Court;
now, resolution 246 (1968) of 14March 1968,in its preamble, takes into
account the General Assembly resolution, 2145 (XXI), "by which the
General Assembly of the United Nations terminated the Mandate of
South Africa over South West Africa and assumed direct responsibility
for the territoryuntil its independence" (14 March 1968, S/PV. 1397,
pp. 6-10). The records likewise contain summaries of severai speeches, some of them lengthy, which that same person made on the substantive
problem now decided by the Court (see S/PV. 1387, pp. 61-66; S/PV.
1395,pp. 41 and 43-45; S/PV. 1397,pp. 16-20).
4. Such are the facts. Hitherto it has been the practice of the Court to
determine in each case of this kind whether Article 17of the Statute was
applicable and to ascertain whether there had been any active partici-
pation on the part of a Member, before his election, in a question laid
before the Court (cf. Stauffenberg, Statut et Règlementde la Cour per-
manente de Justice internationale, 1934,p. 76, citing a decision of the
Permanent Court, taken at its twentieth session in which the material
point was that a Member had not glayed an "active part" in the treat-

ment of the question by the Council of the League). It was in application
of that principle that one Member of the Court decided not to sit in the
case concerning the Anglo-ZranianOil Companybecause he had represen-
ted his country in the Security Council when it had been considering a
matter arising out of the claim of the United Kingdom against Iran, and
that the Court expressed its agreement with that decision (Z.C.J. Yearbook
1963-1964,p. 100).
No reader of the records 1have cited in paragraph 3 can be left in any
doubt as to the character and substance of the positions adopted by the
then representative, now ajudge, on the question of the revocation of the
Mandate by the effect of resolution 2145 (XXI). Yet that resolution is
the fundamental problem of the present proceedings, inasmuch as they
are concerned with the determination of its legal consequences. It must
therefore be noted that Order No. 3 of 26 January 1971marked a change
in practice, and that the Court has discarded the criterion of active

participation.
It was indeed, in the present case, no participation in the drafting of a
general convention that had to be considered, but the expression of
opinion on the international status of the Mandate after and in function
of the declaration of revocation by resolution 2145 (XXI), which is the
underlying legal point of the proceedings. Thus we see that the represen-
tative in the Security Council pronounced upon the substance of the
case after the critical date of October 1966. There is therefore no com-
parison with certain precedents cited in the Advisory Opinion (para. 9),
which are instances ofjudges having contributed to the drafting of inter-
national treaties applicable in cases which arose much later and in which
they had taken no part.
The Court's decision contradicts the principle, to which Article 17 of
the Statute lends formal expression, that a Member must not participate
in thedecision of any case in which he has previously taken part in some
other capacity. This Article, moreover, is an application of a generally

accepted principle of judicial organization deriving from an obvious
concern for justice. The new interpretation which has been placed upon
it cannot, therefore, bejustified.
5. 1have now to explain why 1consider that Article 68 of the Statute and Articles 82 and 83 of the Rules ought to have been given a different

application from the one chosen by the Court in adopting the Order of
29January 1971.
The Order of 29 January 1971rejecting the request for a judge ad hoc
was made after a closed hearing, held on 27 January, at which the obser-
vations of the South African Government were heard. Judge Sir Gerald
Fitzmaurice, Judge Petrénand I reserved the right to make known the
reasons forOurdissent, which, inasmuch as they concerned the substance
from certain aspects, could not be disclosed at the moment when the
Order which discounted them was issued. The Court gave definitive
shape to its interpretation of the relevant articles of theute and Rules
by refusing the appointment of a judge ad hoc-a question which it thus
made irreversible-without, however, disclosing any reasons for the
Order embodying the decision. In that this was an interpretation of rules
which are binding on the Court, it is necessary to examine the reasons
for it.
The refusal of ajudge ad hoc isjustified only if the legal conditions for

the exercise of the faculty to requestuch an appointment have not been
satisfied.TheCourt has not, in effect,any freedom of choice in the matter
for Article 83 of the Rules expressly provides that if "a legal question
actually pending between two or more States" is involved in proceedings
on a request for advisory opinion, the Court is to appIy Article 31 of the
Statute, which concerns the appointment of ajudge ad hocon the appli-
cation of a State not represented on the Bench. Furthermore, the Court
ought to have pronounced upon this legal problem "avant tout" ["above
all"] (Rules, Art. 82), but this it failed to do, not treating the question
as a preliminary one to be thrashed out in full cognizance of al1 the
factors concerned, including those related to questions of substance.
Needless to say, the idea of a preliminary question is nothing new in
advisory procedure, and it would have been natural, in view of the par-
ticular circumstances of the case, to adopt on this point an approach
analogous to that of contentious procedure, as is recommended by
Article 68 oftheStatute. This is a point with which theCourt had to deal,

for example, in connection with its Advisory Opinion on Judgments of
the Administrative Tribunal of the IL0 upon CornplaintsMade against
Unesco (I.C.J. Reports 1956); Poland's objection to the Court's juris-
diction in International Status of South West Africa (Pleadings, p. 153,
in para. 2) was of a preliminary nature, as was also that raised in Inter-
pretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania by the
Government of Czechoslovakia, which specifically relied on Article 68
of the Statute and Article 82 of the Rules in requesting the Court to
apply preliminary objection procedure (Pleadings, p. 204). (Note also
the Permanent Court's Order of 20 July 1931 on the appointment of
judges ad hoc in Customs Régimebetween Germany and Austria, ruling
by way of preliminary decision on the applicability of Article 71 of its
Rules (Art. 82 in those of the present Court) and Article 31 of theStatute: P.C.I.J., SeriesAIB, No.41, p. 89; seealso the Advisory Opinion
on the Consistency of Certain Danzig Legislative Decrees withthe Con-
stitution of the Free City, 1935, P.C.I.J. Series AIB, No. 65, p. 69, and
the explanation of it given by my colleague Judge Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice

in his dissenting opinion, Annex, para. 24.) A thorough preliminary
examination would not have resulted in any delay, as the deliberation
would only have required a few meetings and the interval separating
the Order from the oral argument on that point, which was two days,
would scarcely have been lengthened. To deal with the problem by a
rejection not giving reasons, and without adequate examination, is to
confuse the preliminary with the prima facie. A preliminary question is
the subidct of exhaustive treatment and final decision: a , .cima facie
examination can never, by definition, be thoroughgoing, and can never
lead but to a provisional decision. Articles 82 and 83 entai1 irrevocable
decisions, ashas been seenin the present proceedings.

6. The fact that the Court did not avant tout consider whether the
request related to a pending legal question constitutes a refusa1to .apply
a categorical provision of the Rules touching a problem with regard to
the Court's composition. It is no reply to argue (para. 36 of the Opinion)
that, in any case, the decision to refuse a judge ad hoc left the question
of the Court's competence on the points of substance open; what Article
82 prohibits, in requiring an examination avant tout of the point of law,
is to fix the composition of the Court otherwise than as provided by
Article 83, and it is only subsequent to that point's being decided for
sound reasons after a thorough legal examination that any refusa1 of a
judge adhocmay ensue-and notthe reverse.

7. The manner in which the problem was decided therefore constitutes,
in my judgment, a violation of the general system laid down in the
Statute and Rules, whatever view one may hold of the idea of a legal
question actuallypending. Moreover, 1consider that the present proceed-
ings are in fact related to a legal question actually pending (see paras.
37-45 below), and this ought to have occasioned a deliberation as to
the appointment of ajudge adhocor, possibly,judges adhocin the plural.
The Advisory Opinion affirmsthe existence of a legal obligation on the
part of States which have never ceased to affirm that that obligation did
not exist. The existence or non-existence of legal obligations for States is
the question put to the Court; it was eventhe subject of livelycontroversy

during the discussions in the General Assembly andthe SecurityCouncil,
according to the documentation in the present proceedings (cf. paras.
20 et seq. below). Judging by the declarations made on behalf of States,
there was a conflictof viewsand much hesitation asto the h:w applicable.
8. The Court finds in its Opinion that the question is not a dispute
between States, nor even one between the Organization and a State. That
isapurely forma1viewof the facts of the casewhich does not, to my mind,
correspond to realities. While it is true that an advisory opinion is given
to the organ entitled to request it, and not to States (Interpretation ofPeace Treaties, First Phase, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 71), the present
request has been so framed as to seek an opinion on "the legal conse-
quences for States", a formulation which the Court in its reply has not
sought to modify despite its ambiguity in relation to the rule stressed
by the Court in Interpretation of Peace Treaties. The course taken by
the oral proceedings before the Court, as also the text of the Court's
present Opinion, have placed South Africa in the position of respondent
in a manner difficult to distinguish from contentious proceedings. (See
paras. 133, 118and 129,which are framed like judicial pronouncements
in theform of decisions.)
9. The Court observed in its Judgment of 21 December 1962:

"A mere assertion is not sufficient to prove the existence of a
dispute any more than a mere denial of the existence of the dis-
pute proves its non-existence" (I.C.J. Reports 1962,p. 328).

One need only substitute "iegal question actually pending" for "dispute"
to establish that the Court had an obligation to treat the matter in depth
and take it beyond the mere assertion that, while questions did lie in
dispute between States. this represented, as in the case of the 1950, 1955
and 1956Opinions, a divergence of viewson points of law, as in nearly al1
advisory proceedings (para. 34).
10. Rather than generalizations, it is necessary to apply to the present
proceedings the test adopted by the Court in 1950, when it stated that
theapplication of the provisions of the Statute which apply in contentious
cases "depends on the particular circurnstances of each case and that the
Court possesses a large amount of discretion in the matter" (I.C.J.
Reports 1950,p. 72).
What then aretheparticular circumstances ofthe casewhich might have
led the Court to exercise that "large amount of discretion"? The request
for an advisory opinion relates to a substantive problem over which
South Africa and other States are opposed; the existence of slight diver-

gences of view on some points among those other States is immaterial,
the basic legal question for al1 of them without exception being that of
the revocation of the Mandate with which, as a binding decision, certain
States confront South Africa, but which gives rise to doubts and hesita-
tions on the part of others; the purpose of the Advisory Opinion is to
apprise the international community of the present legal position of the
Territory of Namibia (South West Africa), and thus to determine the
purport of a certain international status. It is another way of putting
afresh the question laid before the Court in 1950:"What is the interna-
tional status of the territory?"That, with the addition of "since General
Assembly resolution 2145 (XXI)", could in fact have been the request.
Kowever, any reply purporting to apprise States of the extent of their
obligations subsequent to resolution 2145 (XXI) must connote not only
the disposa1 of the conflict of views between the holder of the revokedMandate and the States which instigated and eventually pronounced the
revocation,but also the imposition on al1States of acertainline of conduct.
11. It is not enough to describe the problem as a "situation" for the
difficulties to cease. As the Court said in respect of disputes, "a mere
assertion is not sufficient". From the viewpoint of law the description
"situation" used by the Security Council has no effectso far asthe Court
is concerned. Without denying that the Namibia affair is and remains
for the Security Council a situation, the Court, in order to determine its
own competence, had to enquire whether, quite apart from what the
Security Council may have thought, the request of 29 July 1970did or did
not relate to a legal question actually pending between States, within the
meaning of the Rules of Court (as the Court did in its Opinion on the
Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania,
FirstPhase,I.C.J. Reports 1950,pp. 72-74). Any other viewwould confer

on the political organs of the United Nations the right to interpret,
subject to no appeal, the Rules of Court.
12. The Court was faced with a legal question with pronounced
political features, which is often the case, but which is not enough to
overrule the argument thatthe issueis, at bottom, a legal one. The subject
of the dispute is the conflict of views between, on the one hand, those
States which, through the procedures available to the United Nations,
have sought and procured the revocation of South Africa's Mandate for
the Territory of South WestAfrica and, on the other hand, South Africa,
which attacks that revocation and such effects as it might have. The way
in which the request was framed adds to this basic question that of the
effects foral1States, that is to Sayeven for States which have not taken
any active part in the development of the action proceeded with in the
United Nations; but this relates to consequences, as the request itself
says, and not to the essential legal question. Al1this emerges strikingly
from the written and oral proceedings, in which the Government of
South Africa behaved like a respondent, replying to veritable claims and

submissions presented by other Governments (with the exception of the
French Government, whose written statement is more in the nature of an
intervention by an amicuscuriae).
13. There is, said the Court in 1962, a "conflict of legal views and
intere-s-between the respondent on the one hand, and the other
Members of the United Nations ... on the other hand" (South West
Africa, Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 345);
and this observation was not modified in the Judgment of 1966,which
dismissed the Applications not on the ground that there was no dispute,
but solely in regard to the question whether the Applicants had a legal
interest in the carrying-out of the "conduct" clauses of the Mandate.
It is therefore impossible to deduce therefrom any refusa1 on the part
of the Court to pronounce in any circumstances on whether there had
been breaches of the Mandate (on the contrary, one might note the
allusion in paras. 11 and 12 of the 1966 Judgment to Article 5 of the Mandatefor South West Africa and to the right of every League member
to take action to secure its observance, which connotes recognition of a
legalinterest in the proving of certain breaches of the Mandate). The
Advisory Opinion, as is apparent from its contents, meets the concern,
expressed during the discussions in the Security Council preceding its
request, for proof that the Mandate was lawfully revoked; and this, by
the Opinion's own admission, comprises a legal question rooted in the
very origins of the Mandate, one which at al1events, as we shall seebelow
(para.25), made its appearance before the Court as long ago as 1950.

TheCourt might perhaps have been encouraged to admit the existence
of a genuine dispute between States if it had taken note of the fact that
the General Assembly itself, in its resolution 1565(XV) of 18 December
1960,made a pronouncement on "the dispute which has arisen between
Ethiopia,Liberiaand othermember States, onthe one hand, and the Union
of South A.frica on the other" (my emphasis). Need one do more than
recall this fact and raise the question as to whether, in the words of the
Court's Advisory Opinion of 30 March 1950 on the Interpretation of
Peace Treaties, "the legal position of the parties. ..cannot be in any
way compromised by the answers that the Court may giveto the question
put to it" (I.C.J. Reports 19.550p , . 72)? Judge Koretsky had a similar
point in mind when, in what was in many respects a comparable case,
he observed that the Court, in its Advisory Opinion, would be giving
"some kind of judgment as if it had before it a concrete case" (Certain
Expenses of zhe UnitedNations (Article 17, paragraph 2, of the Charter),
dissenting opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1962,p. 254).
14. The fact that a political organ of the United Nations places a
situation on its agenda cannot have the legal effect ofthe disappearance

of a dispute between two or more States interested in the maintenance or
modification of the situation. These are two different and parallel planes;
one is the manifestation of the United Nations' political interest in
facilitating settlement of a situation of generalconcern forthe community
of States, the other isthedetermination of the existenceasbetween certain
States of opposed legal interests which givethem a specialposition in the
appraisal of the situation of generalconcern. Naturally, the fact that there
is a divergence of views on the law does not rob the Security Council or
the General Assembly of the rights they derive from the Charter to
consider the situation as it presents itself. But in the same way it is
impossible to admit that the mere calling-in of a general situation by the
politicalorgans of theUnitedNations couldbring aboutthe disappearance
of the element of a dispute between States if there existssuch an element
uaderlying the general situation, when such a case is in fact provided for
in the Rules of Court. This is why, in each case, the question arises of
whether one is or is not confronted with what is really a dispute. Articles
82and 83of the Rules of Court would otherwise have no meaning, where-

as their purpose is to reassure States that, if an advisory opinion be
requested in relation to a legal question over which they are divided,they will enjoy the right to present their views in the same way and with
the same safeguards as in contentious procedure, more particularly
where the composition of the Court isconcerned.
15. To conclude in regard to this point, to Say, as the Opinion does,
that there is no dispute, and that the question of the application of
Articles 82and 83of the Rules does not arise, is to suppose that theCourt
was, on the very first day of the proceedings, able to resolve the substan-
tive question, namely the existence of a power in the United Nations, as
an international organization, to revoke the Mandate. But on the day
the Order of 29 January 1971 was made, before any discussion or delib-
eration of the substantive issues, the least that can be said is that this
was still a point which remained to be proved. This is a question which
was so important for al1the subsequent examination of the case that the

Court ought to have resolved it ''avan ttout"b,ut this it failedto do. The
argument that it was the Order of 29 January 1971 which established
that there was no legal question pending between South Africa and other
States, but merely an opinion to be given to a political organ on the
consequences and repercussions of its decisions, is equivalent to an
assertion that, before any oral proceedings on the substance of the case,
the Court could havejudicially decided the substantive problem to which
the request for an advisory opinion related. To refuse the judge adhoc
applied for by South Africa before settling this basic question was t8
pre.iudge it irremediably. The questions whether a dispute existed, what
it consisted of and who the parties might be werel1disposed of inlimine
liti by the mere effect of the dismissal of the application for a judge ad
hoc, for it was thereafter impossible to go back and modify that refusal,
even if the examination of the substantive issues had eventually led the
Court to conclude that there was in facta legal question pending between
States. The fact that the Court has confirmed the decision to refuse a

judge adhocin its consideration of the substance does not exonerate it
from the charge of having failed toonsider the point of law "avanttout".
16. 1 would add that, even if the Court, after thorough preliminary
examination of the point of law, had decided that Article 83 did not
oblige it to accept the application for the appointment of ajudgedhoc,
Article 68 of the Statute left it the power to do so, and on this poin1
would refer to the declaration of my colleagues Judges Onyeama and
Dillard.appended to the Order of 29 January 1971.When it is a matter
of deciding whether a legal title has lawfully been withdrawn from a
State and determining the legal consequences of that revocation, it is in
the compelling interest of the Court that it should apply that clause of
itsStatute which provides for the closer approximation of advisory to
contentious procedure. 1am unable to accept thecontention in paragraph
39 of the Opinion, to the effect that the circumstances contemplated in
Article 83 of theRules are the only ones in which the Court may agree
to the appointment of a judge adhocin advisorjr proceedings (cf. the
reasoning of Judge Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice in paragraph 25 of the Annexto his dissenting opinion, and that of Judge Onyeama in his separate
opinion).
17. The two decisions of the Court concerning its composition affect
the constantly followed rule that the Court, when it gives an advisory
opinion, is exercising a judicial function (Constitution of the Maritime
Safety Committee of the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative
Organization, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1960,p. 153 :"The Court
as a judicial body is ...bound in the exarcise of its advisory function to
remain faithful to the requirements of its judicial character"; a formula
reiterated in Northern Cameroons, I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 30). For it is
certain that while advisoryjudgments and advisory opinions are for the
Court two different forms of decision, they are always the expression of
its confirmed view as a tribunal on rules of international law. There are
no two ways of declaring the law. For the reasons 1have set down in the

foregoing paragraphs, Order No. 3 of 26 January 1971and the Order of
29 January 1971do not appear to me to satisfy the requirements of that
good administration ofjustice which it is the purpose of the Statute and
Rules to secure.

18. Another deviation from the line of the Court's case-law is to be
observed in the way in which the Court has hesitated to examine the
lawfulness of the legal step which gave rise to the question upon which
the Court is asked to pronounce, i.e., General Assembly resolution 2145
(XXI). In paragraphs 88 and 89 of the Opinion the Court declares that
the question of the validity or the conformity with the Charter of resolu-
tion 2145 (XXI), or of the Security Council resolutions, did not form the
subject of the request for advisory opinion. It used not to be the Court's
habit to takefor grantedthe premises of a legalsituationthe consequences

of which it has been asked to state; in the case concerning Certain
Expenses of the United Nations it declared that:
"The rejection of the French amendment does not constitute a
directive to the Court to exclude from its consideration the question
whether certain expenditure were 'decided on in conformity with
the Charter', if the Court found such consideration appropriate. It
is not assumed that the General Assembly would seek to hamper or
fetter the Court in the discharge of its judicial functions; the Court

must have full liberty to consider al1relevant data available to it in
forming an opinion on aquestionposed to itfor an advisory opinion."
(I.C.J.Reports 1962, p. 157.)
The situation in the two cases is parallel; in Certain Expenses of the
UnitedNations, as in the present case, there was some question as to the
desirability of stating that the Court should examine the whole of the
legal situation and in particular the validity of the acts of the General Assembly. But, unlike what has occurred inthe present case, and although
the General Assembly eschewed placing the Court's terms of reference
on the broadest basis when it rejected the amendment of France sub-
mitted for that purpose, the Court nevertheless, on that occasion, found
that it had cornpetence and was bound to conduct that thorough exam-
ination in order to acquit itself fully of its judicative task. How indeed
can a court deduce any obligation from a given situation without first
having tested the lawfulness of the origins of that situation? Between
the Court's decision in 1962and the present Opinion a change of attitude
is manifest.
19. In the present case, in which the Court has based its Opinion on
an interpretation of Articles 24 and 25 of the Charter as to the powers of
the Security Council, and on an interpretation of the legal nature of the

powers of the General Assembly, it would have seemed particularly
appropriate to have exercised unambiguously the Court's power to
interpret the Charter, which the General Assembly itself, in resolution
171 (II) of 14November 1947, formally recognized that it possesses.
That resolution recommends the reference to the Court of points of
law "relating to the interpretation of the Charter".
20. 1 rnust therefore briefly indicate the reasons why 1 disagree with
the Court with regard to the legal nature of resolution 2145 (XXI) and
its effects.
It is the content of resolution 2145 (XXI) which determines the scope
of that decision; itcontains various declarations:

(a) as to the right of the peoples of South West Africa to freedom and
independence, based on the Charter, General Assembly resolution
1514 (XV), and its previous resolutions concerning the Territory
(first and seventh paragraphs of the preamble, para. 1 of resolution
2145 (XXI));
(b) recalling the obligations under the Mandate and the supervisory
powers of the United Nations as the successor to the League of
Nations (second paragraph of preamble, para. 2 of the,resolution);
(c) as to the administration of the Territory in a manner regarded as
contrary to theMandate, the Charter, and the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights (fifth paragraph of preamble, para. 3 of resolu-
tion);

(.l,as to condemnation of auartheid and racial discrimination as
constituting a crime against humanity (sixth paragraph ofpreamble);
(e) as to the right to take over the administration of the mandated
territory (eleventh paragraph of preamble; paras. 4, 5, 6 and 7 of
resolution).
21. It is also important to recall that underneath the quasi-unanimity
which is often urged in favour of resolution 2145 (XXI) having certain
legal effectsthere lieserious differences of view. (a) The Soviet Union and nine other States (Albania, Byelorussia,

Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Ukraine,
Yugoslavia) expressed reservations (see Secretary-General's second
written statement, paras. 30 to 39) with regard to the setting-up of
a United Nations organism for the administration of the Territory
of Namibia, which is one of the essential objects of resolution 2145
(XXI) (cf. last paragraph of preamble and paras. 4 and 5 of the
resolution).
(b) Australia and Japan drew attention to the complexity of the legal
problems involved and reminded the General Assembly that it
"must keep strictly within the framework of the Charter and of
international law" (ibid., Australia: para. 49; Japan: para. 57).

(c) Canada said that "the General Assembly was not called upon to
make a juridical judgment as to whether in one respect or another
the government in charge of the Mandate had been delinquent in
carrying out the Mandate entrusted to it.. ." (ibid.,para. 50),
whereas, as we have seen in paragraph 20 above, the fifth and sixth
paragraphs of the preamble and paragraph 3 of the resolution make
forma1 declarations on that subject.
(d) The representative of Belgium explained "that his delegation's
support of the text [resolution 2145 (XXI)] for which he had voted
did not, in any way, imply that the delegation approved it without

doubts or reservations. His delegation would have preferred the
point of law of the General Assembly's competence to be clarified
as fully as possible" (ibid., para. 40).
In the same way, Brazil declared that the decision for the Man-
date to be revoked and the United Nations to take over direct
responsibility fortheTerritory "would be based on doubtful juridical
grounds" and "expressed a series of reservations". For example:
"it was not ... !egitimate for the General Assembly to decide to
revoke the Mandate" (ibid., para. 60).
(e) Italy and the Netherlands formally reserved their position with
regard to paragraph 4, concerning an essential point of resolution
2145 (XXI): the assumption by the United Nations of direct re-
sponsibility for Namibia (ibid., paras. 45 et seq.). New Zealand re-
served its position with regard to the methods of implementation.
(Jï Israel considered "that the political aspect of the question of South
West Africa outweighed the possible legal problems, and that even
the most scrupulous concern for legal niceties might at this juncture
cede its place to the political wisdom of the majority of the General
Assembly" (ibid., para. 51).
(g) Tt will be recalled that two States voted against resolution 2145
(XXI) and that three abstained, while al1indicating definite reserva-
tions. 22. Thus there were 24 States which, in one way or another, expressed
opposition, reservations or doubt. The fact that 19 of these States voted
for resolution2145 (XXI) does not in any way diminish the effect of the
observations and reservations they made upon the text, for in voting for
it the States in question did not withdraw them; thus their votes signified
acceptance of a political solution of which some features remained, for
each of them, the subject of the opinions expressed. Resolution 2145
(XXI), therefore, was not voted with quasi-unanimity of intention; it
was voted by a large majority, clearly under the strong impression that
law was not being made.
It was argued before the Court on behalf of the Secretary-General

that the concept of reservations was not applicable to the votjng of
decisions in organs of the United Nations (hearing of 8 March 1971).
As the Opinion makes no pronouncement on that point, suffice it to
recall that the practice is a constant one, necessitated through the need
to provide States wishing to dissociate themselves from a course of
action with a means of making their attitude manifest (on the usefulness
and meaning of such reservations, see the opinion of Judge Koretsky in
Certain Expenses of the United Nations, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 279).
The consequence of the rejection OSthis practice and its effects would be
to treat the political organs of the United Nations as organs of decision
similar to those of a State or of a super-State, which, as the Court once
declared in an oft-quoted phrase, is what the United Nations isnot. For
if a minority of States which are not in agreement with a proposed
decision are to be bound, however they vote, and whatever their reserva-
tions may be, the General Assembly would be a federal parliament. As
for the Security Council, to affirm the non-existence of the rights of

making reservations and of abstention would, for the permanent mem-
bers, be a simple encouragement to use the veto. The everyday operation
of the United Nations would be deprived of al1 the flexibility made
possible by statements of reservation and by abstention; as Judge
Koretsky put it :

"Abstention from the vote on the resolutions on these or those
measures proposed by the Organization should rather be considered
as an expression of unwillingness to participate in these measures
(and eventually in their financing as well) and as unwillingness to
hamper the implementation of those measures by those who voted
'in favour' of them." (I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 279.)

23. Resolution 2145 (XXI) is a recommendation of the General
Assembly concerning a mandated territory. With certain exceptions,
recommendations have no binding force on member States of the Orga-
nization. It is therefore either in the law of mandates or in the Charter

that justification for an exception must be discovered.
24. First, let us re-examine the question of revocation under the man- NAMIBIA (s.w. AFRICA) (DISS. OP. GROS) 335

dates system as it was originally established. The international status of
the mandated territory was defined by the Court's Opinion of 1950,
and "it is in accordance with sound principles of interpretation that the
Court should safeguard the operation of its Opinion of II July 1950
not merely with regard to its individual clauses but in relation to its
major purpose" (separate opinion of Judge Sir Hersch Lauterpacht
annexed to Opinion of 1 June 1956,I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 45). Ttis in

this spirit that enquiry must be made whether the power of revocation of
the Mandate was, either in the 1950 Opinion which is the broadest
account of the principles governing the matter, or in the proceedings
and arguments preceding that Opinion, regarded as being an element of
the international status defined by the Court.
25. It will be recalled that the question put by poin(c) of the request
for opinion contained in the General Assembly resolution of 6 December
1949ran as follows:

"Has the Union of South Africa the competence to modify the
international status of the territory of South West Africa, or, in the
event of a negative reply, where does competence rest to determine
and modify the international status of the territory?"

This question was put in a sufficiently general way for it to have been
possible, either in the Opinion of the Court, or in the separate and dis-
senting opinions, to raise the question of unilateral modification of the
status of the Territory by the United Nations; competence "to determine
and modify the status" is the widest kind of competence, since it enables
the existing obligations both to be defined, and their limits stated, and
also to be "modified". Ttis therefore important to observe that the only

statement by the Court on point (c), to be found in identical terms in the
reasoning and in the reply itself, was:
"that competence to determine and modify the international status

of South West Africa rests with the Union of South Africa acting
with the consent of the United Nations".
While it is true that the Court's conclusion replied, at the time, to a
claim by the Mandatory to modify the status of the Territory unilateraliy,
the formula used in the Opinion is absolute, and does not contain any

suggestion of exceptions, as for example the case of uriilateral revocation
of the Mandate, or of any partial, less substantial, modification of the
status by the United Nations. It must be recognized that neither the
Court nor any judge who took part in the 1950 proceedings was ready
to admit the existence of a power of revocation appertaining to the
United Nations in case of violation of the Mandatory's obligations.
This was not, however, because the problem was not raised before
the Court at the time.The written statement of the United States Govern-
ment touched on the question (I.C.J. Pleadings, International Status of South West Africa, pp. 137-139)and the Secretary-General, in his oral
statement, attributed sufficient importance to it to make it one of his
conclusions :
"Fourth, the possibility of revocation in the event of a serious

breach of obligation by a mandatory was not completely precluded.
It was suggested that in the event of an exceptional circumstance of
this kind it would be for the Council orfor thePermanent Court orfor
both to decide" (ibid., p. 234).
Then the statement went on to discuss the notion of "a solution agreed
between the United Nations and the mandatory Power" (ibid., p. 236,
italics in theorig'inal), which was to be confirmed by the Court in its

reply to question (c). On this point, the statement ended as follows:
"Could not the International Court of Justice be put into a
position to play a constructive role?" [for the interpretation and
application of the Mandate] (ibid., p. 237).

Without seeking to base a decisive argument on these facts, they do
nevertheless make it impossible to advance the contrary argument that
the reason why the question of unilateral revocation of the Mandate was
not mentioned in the Court's reply to question (c) was because the
problem had not been mentioned during the proceedings. As is apparent,
it had been raised by the United States and by the Secretary-General.
26. As early as 14December 1946,the General Assembly had adopted
resolution 65 (I), inviting the Union of South Africa to propose a trustee-
ship agreement for the consideration of the General Assembly. And from
that time on, invitations to negotiate followed each other; resolution 141
(II) of 1November 1947,resolution of 26 November 1948,and so on up
to the request for advisory opinion of 6December 1949.After the Opinion

of 11 July 1950, the General Assembly continued its efforts towards
negotiation with tlie Union of South Africa (resolution 449 A (V) of
13December 1950;resolution 570 A (VI) of 19January 1952,inwhich the
Assembly: "Appeals solemnly to the Government of South Africa to
reconsider its position, and urges it to resume negotiations .. .for the
purpose ofconcluding an agreementproviding forthe full implementation
of the advisory opinion"; resolution 651 (VII) of 20 December 1952,
which maintained the instructions to negotiate given to the Ad Hoc
Committee of Five by resolution 570 A (VI) of 19January 1952,resolu-
tion 749 A (VIII) of 28 November 1953, etc.). Up to the time of the
Eleventh Session, in 1957,the General Assembly does not seem to have
conceived of any other means of solution of the problem of South West
Africa than that of negotiation, and it was only in resolution 1060(XI)
of 26 February 1957 that the Committee on South West Africa was
instructed to examine the legal means at the disposa1of the organs of the
United Nations, the Members of the United Nations, or the formerwhen he supposes that the Mandatory had over-stepped "the impercep-
tible line between impropriety and illegality, between discretion and
arbitrariness, between the exercise of the legal right to disregard the
recommendation and abuse of that right" (p. 120), Judge Lauterpacht
does not pronounce on the possible legal sanctions, and makes no
mention .of the idea of revocation for violation of the obligation of the
Mandatory to act in good faith. The purpose of his argument is the
affirmation of the legal nature of that obligation, the idea of sanction
only being relied on asa confirmation thereof.
29. The conclusion to be drawn from the conduct of the United
Nations and of the States most directly concerned by solution of the
problem of South West Africa is that the power of revocation is not a

feature of the mandates system as it was originally established. Ttis not
consistent with any reasonable interpretation of the powers of the
General Assembly in the field of mandates to discover today that it has
had for 25 years what the Council of the League of Nations had never
claimed, and thus has not merely means to revoke the Mandate, but also,
merely by drawing attention to such power, the possibility of obliging
the Mandatory to render account to it, which is an argument that was
never employed.
30. The system described in the Opinion of 11 July 1950, which did
not go so far as to affirm the existence of a legal obligation to negotiate
a trusteeship agreement, did not entail, even implicitly, the concept of
unilateral revocation, the accent being laid exclusively on the idea of
negotiation between the United Nations and the Mandatory. As the
Judgment of 21December 1962inthe Sokth WestAfricacasessubsequently
explained, "the Council could not impose its own view on the mandatory
... and the mandatory could continue to turn a deaf ear to the Council's

admonitions" (I.C.J. Reports 1962,p. 337); the 1950Advisory Opinion
on the InternationalStatus of South West Africa had said that "the degree
of supervision to be exercised by the General Assembly should not there-
fore exceed that which applied under the mandates system . . ."(I.C.J.
Reports 1950,p. 138).
The existence in the mandates system of a power of revocation has not
been proved.
31. The second justification presented to support the revocation of
the Mtindate refers to a special power of the United Nations to take a
decision to revoke it, even if such power did not exist with regard to
mandates originally, by a sort of transposition of a general rule relating
to violation of treaties. It sought to justify resolution 2145 (XXI), with
regard to its effects, by an appeal to the general theory of the violation
of treaty obligations, and by affirmation of the existence of a right for the
United Nations, as a party to a treaty, namely the Mandate, to put an

end to that treaty by way of sanction for the refusal of the other party,
the Mandatory, to fulfilits obligations.
In the first place, the idea that the mandates system is a treaty or NAMIBIA (s.w. AFRICA )DISS. OP.GROS) 339

results from a treaty is not historically correct, as was recalled by Judge
Basdevant :

"The Court has felt able to rely on what it recognizes as the treaty
character of the Mandate established by the decision of the Council
of the League of Nations of 17December 1920. 1 do not subscribe
to this interpretation. 1 adhere to the character of the instrument
made by the Council of the League of Nations on 17December 1920
...1 have not found anything to indicate that at that time the par-
ticular character of the Council's instrument was disputed" (I.C.J.

Reports 1962,p. 462; emphasis supplied).

It must be added that, even if one concedes that the Mandate is a
treaty, there is no rule in the law of treaties enabling one party at its
discretion to put an end to a treaty in a case in which it alleges that the
other party has committed a violation of the treaty. An examination of
the rival contentions is necessary, and the one cannot prevail over the
other until there has been a decision of a third party, a conciliator, an
arbitrator or atribunal.
32. The mandates system having been established on the international
level, it became binding subject to the conditions on which it was estab-
lished, that is to say without the inclusion therein of any power of
revocation. To modify any international status of an objective kind,
there must be applied thereto the rules which are proper to it. The

argument for the unilateral power of revocation of the mandate by the
General Assembly has no basis but the idea of necessity, however it may
be clothed. And, as Judge Koretsky recalled in 1962, the end does not
justify the means (I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 268). To say that a power is
necessary, that it logically results from a certain situation, is to admit the
non-existance of any legal justification. Necessity knows no law, it is
said; and indeed to invoke necessityisto step outside the law.
33. In these circumstances, for me the problem of the legal consequen-
ces of resolution 2145(XXI), and of the related resolutions of the Security
Council, arises in a way very different from that adopted by the Court.
As Judge Lauterpacht said in 1955,and as JudgeKoretsky said in 1962,
1consider that the recommendations of the General Assembly, "although

on proper occasions they provide a legal authorization for Members
determined to act upon them individually or collectively, ...do not create
a legal obiigation to comply with them" (I.C.J. Reports 1955, p. 115).
In the present case, in the absence of a power of revocation in the man-
dates system, neither the General Assembly nor even the Security
Council can cause such a power to come to birth ex nihilo.Thus we have
here recommendations which are eminently worthy of respect, but which
do not bind member States legally to any action, collective or individual.
This classic view was laid before the Court by the representative of the
USSR in the case concerning Certain Expenses of the United Nations(written statement, I.C.J. Pleadings,p. 273; oralstatement, ibid.,pp. 411f.).
In 1962 and in 1970, France also argued that the United Nations could
not, by way of recommendation, legislate so as to bind member States
(I.C.J. Pleadings, Certain Expenses of the United Nations, pp. 133 f.;
written statement of France in the present case,Pleadings,Vol. 1,pp. 365-
368, with the reminder of frequently expressed reservations, ibid., p. 368,
note; see also the declaration of the United States Government on the
attitude of certain States following the Opinion on Certain Expenses of
the UnitedNations, in particular on the problem of the double standard
obtainingamong member States : UN doc. A/AC. 121/SR.15.Corr. 1).
Resolution 2145(XXI) is a recommendation with considerable political

impact, but the member States of the United Nations, even including
those which voted for its adoption, are under no legal obligation to act
in conformity with its provisions, and remain free to determine their
own course of action.
34. There is still to be considered the argument that the Security
Council has, if need be, "confirmed" resolution 2145 (XXI) (cf. the
statements made in this sense on behalf of the United States Government
by Mr. Stevenson, hearing of 9 March 1971). But how can an irregular
act be rendered legitimate by an organ which has declared only to have
"taken note" of it or "taken it into account"? To regularize an act
connotes the power of doing oneself what the first organ could not
properly do. And the Security Council has no more power to revoke
the Mandate than the General Assembly, if no such power of revocation
was embodied in the mandates system. Hence the problem remains.
As for the contention that the Security Council was entitled under
Articles 24 and 25 of the Charter to intervene directly in the revocation

of the Mandate and take decisions binding on States because the situation
was being dealt with under the head of the maintenance of international
peace and security, that is another attempt to modify the principles of
the Charter as regards the powers vested by States in the organs they
instituted. To assert that a matter may have a distant repercussion on
the maintenance of peace is not enough to turn the Security Council into
a world government. The Court has well defined the conditions of the
Charter:

"That is not the sanie thing as saying that [the United Nations]
is a State, which it certainly is not, or that its legal personality and
rights and duties are the same as those of a State. Still less is it the
same thingas saying that it isa 'super-State', whateverthat expression
may mean." (1C.J. Reports 1949,p. 179.)

35. There is not a single example of a matter laid before the Security
Council in which some member State could not have claimed that the
continuance of a given situation represented an immediate or remotethreat to the maintenance of peace. But the Charter was drawn up with

too much precaution for the disturbance of its balance to be permitted.
Here again the words used before the Court in 1962bythe Sovietrepresen-
tative areapposite:
"The opposing of the effectivenessofthe United Nations Organiza-
tion to the observance of the principles of the United Nations
Charter is legally groundless and dangerous. It is clear to everyone
that the observance of the principles of the United Nations Charter
is the necessary condition of the effectivenessof the United Nations.

The experience of the United Nations clearly showsthat only on the
basis of the strict observance of the principles of the United Nations
Charter can the Organization becorne an effectiveinstrument for the
maintenance of international peace and security and the development
of friendly relations among States." (I.C.J. Pleadings, Certain
Expensesof the United Nations (Article 17,paragraph2, of the Char-
ter), pp. 411f.;see also the French Government's written statement
in thesame case, ibid.,p. 134,and cf. the parliamentary statement of
H.M. Government on the legal nature of obligations arising out of
Security Council recommendations: Hansard, Vol. 812, No. 96,
3 Marcb 1971,pp. 1763ff.)

The same point was stressed by the delegates of several States in
Security Council discussions of the matter with which the Court is now
concerned. They pointed out that the only way of laying States under
obligation would be for the Council to take a decision based on Chapter
VI1of the Charter after proceeding to effectthe requisite determinations,
a method which the Council chose not to adopt.
The degree of solidarity accepted in an international organization is
fixed by its constitution. It cannot be subsequently modified through an
interpretation based on purposes and principles which are always very
broadly defined, such as international CO-operation or the maintenance

of peace. Otherwise an association of States created with a view to inter-
national CO-operation would be indistinguishable from a federation. It
would be precisely the "super-State" which the United Nations is not.
36. There are therefore no other consequences for States than the
obligation of considering in good faith the implementation of the
recommendations made by the General Assembly and the Security
Council concerning the situation in Namibia (cf. oral statement on be-
half of the United States,hearing of 9 March 1971,section IV injine).

37. Nevertheless, considering the importance of the humanitarian
interests at stakeand of the question of principle raised before the Court
for over 20 years, one cannot, 1 feel, merely record these legalfindings and leave the matter there. It would be regrettable not to indicate
means of pursuing what the Court established in 1950. It was in my
view open to the Court to adopt towards the question put by the Security
Council a different approach, one which would not only have been more
in conformity with itstraditions but also have offered the United Nations
some prospects of a solution, instead of an impasse. However, as that

approach was not adopted, 1cannot do more than outline it.
What is essential in the case of a request for advisory opinion, as in
that of a contentious application, is its actual subject, not the reasoning
advanced in the course of the proceedings. A court seised of a matter
must judge that matter and not another (cf. SociétéCommerciale de
Belgique,P.C.I.J., Series AIB, No. 78, p. 173; Fisheries, I.C.J. Reports
1951, p. 126 concerning "des élémentsqui. . .pourraient fournir les
motifs de l'arrêe tt nonen constituer l'objetl";similarly, in the Minquiers
and Ecrehos Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1953,p. 52,the Court distinguished
between the reasons advanced and the requests made). The request made
to the Court was thnt it should define the present legal status of Namibia,

and the opposing contentions of States were no more than explanations
pro-posedto the Court, some holding that the revocation of the Mandate
was final, others that it was dubious or illegal. But this is veritably a
request that the Court declare what has become of the Mandate and what
are the legal consequences of various actions, whether on the part of the
Mandatory or on the part of the United Nations. The Court was at
liberty to reply to that request with reference to other reasons than
those advanced before it, and by another system of argument, on one
condition, that it did not reply to another request than that formulated
and that it thus avoided transforming the case "into another dispute
which is different in character"(P.C.I.J., Series AIB, No. 78, p. 173; my
emphasis).
38. The 1950 Advisory Opinion defines South West Africa as "a

territory under the international Mandate assumed by the Union of
South Africa on December 17th 1920" (I.C.J. Reports 1950,p. 143).Thus
there exists an international mandatory régime whichremains in force
for so long as it has not been ended by a procedure legally opposable
to al1 States concerned. The principle of the protection of peoples not
yet fully capable of governing themselves, constituting "a sacred trust of
civilization" concretized in the mandate status of 1920, still holds good.
The Court had in 1950shown the legal path to follow in order to modify
and, if so desired, terminate that status.It was that path which ought to
have been followed.
39. The Advisory Opinion of 11July 1950did not, to be sure, impose
upon South Africa, as a legal obligation, the conclusion of a trusteeship

l The English text of the Judgment does not render so clearly as the French,
which is the autho'ritative text, the distinction between reasons (motifs) and subject-
matter (objet).
330 found that South Africa was under no legal obligation to bring the
Territory within the trusteeship system, the Assembly took manyfurther
initiatives to which paragraph 84 of the present Opinion alludes (see also
para. 26 above).
43. The conflict of standpoints can be roughly summarized as follows:
The aim of the United Nations was to arrive at the negotiation of a
trusteeship agreement, whereas South Africa did not want to convert the
Mandate into a trusteeship. It is necessary to determine which party has
been misusing its legal position in this controversy on the extent of the
obligation to negotiate. The difference in the appreciation of the legal
problem as between 1950and today bears solely on that point. In 1950

the Court was unable, in its Opinion, to envisage the hypothesis that
difficulties might arise over the implementation of the obligation to
observe a certain line of conduct which it found incumbent on South
Africa in declaring that an agreement for the modification of the Man-
date should be concluded; hence its silence on that point. But the general
rules concerning the obligation to negotiate suffice. If negotiations had
been begun in good faith and if, at a given juncture, it had been found
impossible to reach agreement on certain precise, objectively debatable
points, then it might be argued that the Opinion of 1950, finding as it
had that there was no obligation to place the Territory under trusteeship
prevented taking the matter further, inasmuch as the Mandatory's
refusal to accept a draft trusteeship agreement could in that case reason-
ably be deemed justified: "No party can impose its terms on the other
party" (I.C.J. Reports 1950,p. 139).But the facts are otherwise: negotia-
tions for the conclusion of a trusteeship agreement never began, and for
that South Africa was responsible. The rule of law infringed herein is the

obligation to negotiate in good faith. To assert that the United Nations
ought to have accepted the negotiation of anything other than a trustee-
ship agreement on bases proposed by South Africa, that, coming from
the Government of South Africa, is to interpret the 1950 Advisory
Opinion contrary to its meaning and to misuse the position of being the
party qualified to modify the Mandate. In seeking to impose on the
United Nations its own conception of the object of the negotiations for
the modification and transformation of the Mandate, South Africa has
failed to comply with the obligation established by the 1950Opinion to
observe a certain line of conduct.
The United Nations, on the other hand, was by no means misusing its
legal position when it refused to negotiate with any other end in view
than the conclusion of a trusteeship agreement, for such indeed was the
goal acknowledged by the 1950 Opinion and already envisaged by the
League of Nations resolution of 18 April 1946. "It obviously was the
intention to safeguard the rights of States and peoples under al1circum-

stances and in al1respects, until each territory should be placed under the
Trusteeship System" (I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 134). It would have been NAMIBIA(s.w. AFRICA) (DISS. OP. GROS) 345
legitimate for the United Nations to have taken note of the deadlock
and demanded South Africa's compliance with its obligation to negotiate.
44. This view is reinforced by South Africa's consistent interpretation

of its own powers, whether it be its pretention to the incorporation of the
Territory-something essentially incompatiblewith the mandaterégime-
or its contentions with regard to its legal titles apart from the Mandate.
The legal position of Mandatory formally recognized by the Court in
1950 gave South Africa the right to negotiate the conditions for the
transformation of the Mandate into a trusteeship; since 1950 that
position has been used to obstruct the very principle of such transfor-
mation.
45. An analysis on these lines, ifcarried out by the Court and based on
a judicial finding that there had been a breach of the obligation to
transform the Mandate by negotiation as the 1950Opinion prescribed,

would have had legal consequences in respect of the continued presence
of South Africa in the mandated territory.consider that, in that context,
the legal consequences concerned would have been founded upon solid
legal reasons.

(Signed )ndré GROS.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. GROS

Je regrette de ne pouvoir me rallier àl'avis de la Cour, tant en ce qui
concerne certains problèmes de caractère préliminaire que sur le fond
et j'indiquerai les motifs de ce désaccord.
1. La Cour a rendu quatre ordonnances, de manière préliminaire, sur
des questions concernant la composition de la Cour; ayant votécontre
deux de ces ordonnances, je dois exposer les raisons de ce vote. Il s'agit
en premier lieu d'une ordonnance no 3 du 26janvier 1971visant l'article
48 du Statut et rejetant une objection soulevéecontre un membre de la
Cour, par dix voix contre quatre, sans indication de motifs. La deuxième

ordonnance sur laquelle je ferai des observations est celle du 29 janvier
1971,visant les articles 31 et 68 du Statut et l'article 83 du Règlement
et rejetant une demande de désignation dejuge ad hoc par le Gouverne-
ment sud-africain, par dix voix contre cinq, sans indication de motifs et
accompagnéede deux déclarations communes, l'une detrois juges, l'autre
de deux juges.
2. La Cour a dit: «c'est à la Cour elle-mêmeet non aux Parties qu'il
appartient de veiller à l'intégritéde la fonction judiciaire de la Cour »
(C.I.J. Recueil 1963,p. 29). Mêmesi l'un des gouvernements représentés
dans la procédure n'avait pas soulevéle problème tranché par I'ordon-
nance no3 du 26janvier 1971, l'application de son Statut eût obligéla
Cour à l'examiner. Le respect desdispositions de son propre Statut est une
obligation rigoureuse, comme le souligne la décisionde la Cour en 1963.

3. A la séancedu Conseil de sécuritédu 4 mars 1968 (S/PV. 1395), le
représentant du Pakistan, parlant au nom des coauteurs du projet de
résolution SI8429 concernant la Namibie, qui devint la résolution 246
(1968) du Conseil de sécurité,a déclaré:
« Les sept coauteurs reconnaissant avec gratitude la coopération
constructive qui leur a étéaccordéepar les ambassadeurs ...et ...

l'importante contribution qu'ils ont fournie à l'élaboration de ce
projet de résolution.»(P. 33-35.)
La première personne mentionnée est devenue depuis membre de la
Cour; or, la résolution246 (1968)du 14mars 1968,dans son préambule,
tient compte de la résolution 2145 (XXI) de l'Assembléegénérale«par

laquelle l'Assembléegénéraledes Nations Unies a mis fin au Mandat de
l'Afrique du Sud sur le Sud-Ouest africain et a assuméla responsabilité
directe au (sic) Territoire jusqu'à son indépendance ))(S/PV. 1397du 14
mars 1968,p. 6-10). Les procès-verbaux contiennent égalementdes résu- DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE GROS
[Translation]

To my regret, 1am unable to concur in the Advisory Opinion, whether
in regard to the substance or inregard to certainproblems of a preliminary
character, and 1propose to explain my disagreement below.
1. By way of preliminary decision, the Court made four Orders on
questions concerning itscomposition, and as 1voted against two of them
I should givemy reasons for doing so.The first concerned is Order No. 3
of 26 January 1971, which, having regard to Article 48 of the Statute,
rejected by 10 votes to 4 an objection raised against a Member of the
Court, but gave no reasons. The second Order on which 1have to com-
ment is that of 29 January 1971,which, having regard to Articles 3 1and
68 of the Statute and Article 83 of the Rdes of Court, rejected by 10
votes to 5 a request by the Government of South Africa for the appoint-
ment of a judge adhoc; it likewise gave no reasons, and it was accom-
panied by two joint declarations, one made by three and the other by
two Members of theCourt.

2. The Court has said: "The Court itself, and not the parties, must be
the guardian of the Court'sjudicial integrity" (I.C.J. Reports 1963,p. 29).
Even if one of the Governments represented in the proceedings had not
raised the problem decided by Order No. 3 of 26 January 1971,the Court
would have been obliged to examine it in the application of its Statute.
The observance of the provisions of its own Statute is a strict obligation,
asthe Court's 1963 decision emphasizes.
3. At the meeting of the Security Council on 4 March 1968, the
representative of Fakistan, speaking on behalf of the CO-sponsorsof
draft resolution SI8429 on Namibia, which was to become Security
Councilresolution 246(1968),stated :

"The seven CO-sponsorsacknowledge with gratitude the construc-
tive CO-operationextended to them by Mr. ... and Mr. ... and the
great contribution which they made to the formulation of the
draft resolution"(S/PV. 1395,p. 32).

The first person mentianed has since become a Member of the Court;
now, resolution 246 (1968) of 14March 1968,in its preamble, takes into
account the General Assembly resolution, 2145 (XXI), "by which the
General Assembly of the United Nations terminated the Mandate of
South Africa over South West Africa and assumed direct responsibility
for the territoryuntil its independence" (14 March 1968, S/PV. 1397,
pp. 6-10). The records likewise contain summaries of severai speeches, mésde plusieurs interventions de cette mêmepersonne, certaines fort
développées,sur le problème de fond aujourd'hui réglé par la Cour (voir
S/PV. 1387,p. 61 à 67; S/PV. 1395,p. 43 et 47; S/PV. 1397, p. 16-20).
4. Tels sont lesfaits. Lapratique de la Cour était,jusqu'alors, d'exami-
ner dans chaque cas de ce genre si l'article 17du Statut était applicable
et de rechercher s'il s'agissait d'une participation active d'un juge, avant
son élection,dans une question dont la Cour étaitsaisie (cf. Stauffenberg,
Statut et Règlement dela Courpermanente de Justiceinternationale, 1934,
p. 76, qui cite une décisionde la Cour, à sa vingtième session,retenant

qu'un juge n'avait pas pris une ((part active a au traitement de l'affaire
par le Conseil de la SdN). C'est en application de ce principe qu'un juge
décidade ne pas siégerdans l'affaire Anglo-lranian Oil Co., ayant repré-
senté son paysau Conseil de sécuritélorsque celui-ci avait étésaisi de la
réclamation du Royaume-Uni contre l'Iran, et que la Cour s'estdéclarée
d'accord sur cette décision(C.I.J. Annuaire 1963-1964,p. 100).

La lecture des procès-verbaux citésau paragraphe 3 ci-dessus ne laisse
aucun doute sur le caractère et le fond des positions prises par le re-
présentant aujourd'hui juge quant à la révocationdu mandat du fait de
la résolution2145(XXI); or cette résolution est laquestion fondamentale

de la présente affaire puisqu'il s'agitd'en déterminerles conséquences
juridiques. 11faut donc constater que la pratique a étéchangéepar I'or-
donnance no 3 du 26 janvier 1971 et que le critère de la participation
active n'est plus retenu par la Cour.

Dans la présenteaffaire il s'agit en effet,non pas de participatioà la
rédactiond'un texteconventionnelde portéegénérale mais de l'expression
d'opinion sur le statut international du mandat aprèset en fonction de la
révocationprononcé dans la résolution 2145 (XXI), ce qui est le point
de droit à la base de la présenteaffaire. Ainsi le représentant au Conseil
de sécurités'est prononcé sur le fond de l'affaire après la date critique
d'octobre 1966. Il n'y a donc aucun rapport avec des précédents cités
dans l'avis(par. 9) où desjuges avaient contribué à la rédactionde traités

internationaux applicables dans des affaires néesbien ultérieurement et
auxquelles ils n'avaient pris aucune part.

La décisionde la Cour contredit leprincipe formellement exprimédans
l'article 17 du Statut selon lequel le juge ne doit pas prendre part au
règlement d'une affaire dans laquelle il est antérieurement intervenu à
un autre titre. Cet article applique d'ailleurs un principe généralement
admis del'organisation judiciaire qui répond àun souci évidentde bonne
justice. La nouvelle interprétation qui lui a été donnéen'est donc pas
justifiable.
5. Je dois exposer maintenant les raisons pour lesquellesj'estime que some of them lengthy, which that same person made on the substantive
problem now decided by the Court (see S/PV. 1387, pp. 61-66; S/PV.
1395,pp. 41 and 43-45; S/PV. 1397,pp. 16-20).
4. Such are the facts. Hitherto it has been the practice of the Court to
determine in each case of this kind whether Article 17of the Statute was
applicable and to ascertain whether there had been any active partici-
pation on the part of a Member, before his election, in a question laid
before the Court (cf. Stauffenberg, Statut et Règlementde la Cour per-
manente de Justice internationale, 1934,p. 76, citing a decision of the
Permanent Court, taken at its twentieth session in which the material
point was that a Member had not glayed an "active part" in the treat-

ment of the question by the Council of the League). It was in application
of that principle that one Member of the Court decided not to sit in the
case concerning the Anglo-ZranianOil Companybecause he had represen-
ted his country in the Security Council when it had been considering a
matter arising out of the claim of the United Kingdom against Iran, and
that the Court expressed its agreement with that decision (Z.C.J. Yearbook
1963-1964,p. 100).
No reader of the records 1have cited in paragraph 3 can be left in any
doubt as to the character and substance of the positions adopted by the
then representative, now ajudge, on the question of the revocation of the
Mandate by the effect of resolution 2145 (XXI). Yet that resolution is
the fundamental problem of the present proceedings, inasmuch as they
are concerned with the determination of its legal consequences. It must
therefore be noted that Order No. 3 of 26 January 1971marked a change
in practice, and that the Court has discarded the criterion of active

participation.
It was indeed, in the present case, no participation in the drafting of a
general convention that had to be considered, but the expression of
opinion on the international status of the Mandate after and in function
of the declaration of revocation by resolution 2145 (XXI), which is the
underlying legal point of the proceedings. Thus we see that the represen-
tative in the Security Council pronounced upon the substance of the
case after the critical date of October 1966. There is therefore no com-
parison with certain precedents cited in the Advisory Opinion (para. 9),
which are instances ofjudges having contributed to the drafting of inter-
national treaties applicable in cases which arose much later and in which
they had taken no part.
The Court's decision contradicts the principle, to which Article 17 of
the Statute lends formal expression, that a Member must not participate
in thedecision of any case in which he has previously taken part in some
other capacity. This Article, moreover, is an application of a generally

accepted principle of judicial organization deriving from an obvious
concern for justice. The new interpretation which has been placed upon
it cannot, therefore, bejustified.
5. 1have now to explain why 1consider that Article 68 of the Statute325 NAMIBIE (S.-O.AFRICAIN () P.DISS.GROS)
l'article 68du Statut et les articles 82 et 83 du Règlementauraient dû être
appliqués d'une manièredifférentede celle que la Cour a adoptée dans

son ordonnance du 29janvier 1971.
L'ordonnance du 29 janvier 1971rejetant la demande de juge ad hoc
fut rendue après une audience à huis clos tenue le 27janvier, où les ob-
servations du Gouvernement sud-africain furent entendues. Avec mes
collègues sir Gerald Fitzmaurice et M. Petrén, j'avais réservé le droit
d'exposer les raisons de notre dissentiment qui, touchant le fond sous
certains aspects, ne pouvaient êtreindiquéesau moment où étaitpubliée
l'ordonnance qui n'en avait pas tenu compte. La Cour a définitivement,
le 29 janvier 1971, matérialiséson interprétation des articles pertinents
du Statut et du Règlement par le refus de juge ad hoc, question sur la-
quelle il n'étaitplus dèslorspossiblederevenir, maissansfaire connaître de

motivation pour l'ordonnance de rejet. Il est nécessaire, s'agissantd'une
interprétation de règles obligatoires pour la Cour, d'en examiner les
motifs.
Un refus de juge ad hoc n'est justifiéque si les conditions juridiques
mises à l'exercicede la facultéde demander une telle désignationne sont
pas réunies.La Cour n'a pas en effet, en cette matière, une liberté de
choix et l'article 83du Règlement estformel; s'ily a, dans une procédure,
d'avis consultatif, question juridique actuellement pendante entre deux
ou plusieurs Etats ))la Cour doit appliquer l'article 31 du Statut con-
cernant la désignationd'unjuge adhocdemandépar un Etat non représen-

tésur le siège.Et la Cour devait (avant tout (art. 82) seprononcer sur
ce problème juridique, ce qui n'a pas étéfait, la question n'ayant pas été
traitée commeune question préliminaire à débattre et à trancher dans la
pleine connaissance de tous ses éléments,y compris ceux qui se rat-
tachaient à des questions de fond. 11suffira de rappeler que la notion de
question préliminaire n'estpas nouvelle dans la procédure consultative et
qu'ileûtété naturel, vulescirconstancesparticulièresdel'affaire,d'adopter
sur ce point une approche analogue àcelle de la procédurecontentieuse,
recommandée par l'article 68 du Statut. C'est un point que la Cour a
rencontré notamment dans l'avis sur les Jugements du Tribunal adminis-
tratif de l'OIT sur requête contrel'Unesco (C.I.J. Recueil 1956, p. 77);

l'objectionà la juridiction de la Cour soulevéepar la Pologne dans I'af-
faire du Statut international du Sud-Ouest africain (C.I.J. Mémoires,
p. 153,par. 2) avait un caractère préliminairecomme celle de la Tchéco-
slovaquie dans l'affaire del'Interprétationdes traitésde paix conclusavec
la Bulgarie, la Hongrieet la Roumanie (C.I.J. Mémoires, p. 204), où le
Gouvernement tchécoslovaque invoque précisément l'article68 du
Statut et l'article 82 du Règlementpour demander à la Cour d'appliquer
la procédure des exceptions préliminaires. (Voir l'ordonnance de la
Cour permanente de Justice internationale en date du 20juillet 1931sur
la désignationdejuges adhoc dans l'affairedu Régimedouanierentrel'Al-
lemagneet l'Autriche, décidant de façonpréliminairesur l'application de

l'article 71 du Règlement de la Cour permanente (actuellement art. 82) and Articles 82 and 83 of the Rules ought to have been given a different

application from the one chosen by the Court in adopting the Order of
29January 1971.
The Order of 29 January 1971rejecting the request for a judge ad hoc
was made after a closed hearing, held on 27 January, at which the obser-
vations of the South African Government were heard. Judge Sir Gerald
Fitzmaurice, Judge Petrénand I reserved the right to make known the
reasons forOurdissent, which, inasmuch as they concerned the substance
from certain aspects, could not be disclosed at the moment when the
Order which discounted them was issued. The Court gave definitive
shape to its interpretation of the relevant articles of theute and Rules
by refusing the appointment of a judge ad hoc-a question which it thus
made irreversible-without, however, disclosing any reasons for the
Order embodying the decision. In that this was an interpretation of rules
which are binding on the Court, it is necessary to examine the reasons
for it.
The refusal of ajudge ad hoc isjustified only if the legal conditions for

the exercise of the faculty to requestuch an appointment have not been
satisfied.TheCourt has not, in effect,any freedom of choice in the matter
for Article 83 of the Rules expressly provides that if "a legal question
actually pending between two or more States" is involved in proceedings
on a request for advisory opinion, the Court is to appIy Article 31 of the
Statute, which concerns the appointment of ajudge ad hocon the appli-
cation of a State not represented on the Bench. Furthermore, the Court
ought to have pronounced upon this legal problem "avant tout" ["above
all"] (Rules, Art. 82), but this it failed to do, not treating the question
as a preliminary one to be thrashed out in full cognizance of al1 the
factors concerned, including those related to questions of substance.
Needless to say, the idea of a preliminary question is nothing new in
advisory procedure, and it would have been natural, in view of the par-
ticular circumstances of the case, to adopt on this point an approach
analogous to that of contentious procedure, as is recommended by
Article 68 oftheStatute. This is a point with which theCourt had to deal,

for example, in connection with its Advisory Opinion on Judgments of
the Administrative Tribunal of the IL0 upon CornplaintsMade against
Unesco (I.C.J. Reports 1956); Poland's objection to the Court's juris-
diction in International Status of South West Africa (Pleadings, p. 153,
in para. 2) was of a preliminary nature, as was also that raised in Inter-
pretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania by the
Government of Czechoslovakia, which specifically relied on Article 68
of the Statute and Article 82 of the Rules in requesting the Court to
apply preliminary objection procedure (Pleadings, p. 204). (Note also
the Permanent Court's Order of 20 July 1931 on the appointment of
judges ad hoc in Customs Régimebetween Germany and Austria, ruling
by way of preliminary decision on the applicability of Article 71 of its
Rules (Art. 82 in those of the present Court) and Article 31 of the et de l'article 31 du Statut, C.P.J.Z.sérieAIBno41,p. 89; ainsi que l'avis
consultatif sur la Compatibilitéde certains décrets-lois dantzikoisavec la
constitution de la Ville libre,1935, C.P.J.I. sérieAIB no 65, p. 69, et
l'explication qu'endonne mon collègue sirGerald Fitzmaurice dans son
opinion dissidente, annexe, par. 24). Aucun retard n'eût résultéd'un
examen préliminaire complet de la question, le délibéré pouvant se faire
en quelques séanceset le délaiqui eût séparél'ordonnance de la plai-

doirie sur cepoint, qui fut de deuxjours, n'eût guèreétéprolongé.Traiter
le problème par ce rejet non motivéet sans l'examen adéquat est con-
fondre la notion de préliminaire et celle de prima facie. Une question
préliminaireest l'objet d'un examen complet et d'une décisionfinale; un
examenprimafacie n'estjamais approfondi, par définition,et n'estl'objet
que d'une décision provisoire. Lesarticles 82 et 83 entraînent des déci-
sions irrévocables, commeon le voit dans la présenteaffaire.

6. Le fait que la Cour n'ait pas avant tout-recherchés'il y avait ou
non question juridique pendante constitue un refus d'application d'une
disposition formelle du Règlementsur un problèmede composition de la

Cour. Ce n'est pas une réponsede soutenir (par. 36 de l'avis) que, de
toute manière, la décisionde refus de juge ad hoc réservaitla question
de compétencede la Cour sur les points de fond; ce que l'article 82inter-
dit de faire, en exigeant l'examen (avant tout » du point de droit, est de
fixer la composition de la Cour autrement que l'article 83 le prévoitet ce
n'est qu'entranchant le point de droit par un examen juridique et une
motivation adéquate qu'il peut s'ensuivre un refus de juge ad hoc; non
pas l'inverse.
7. La manière dont le problème a été tranchéconstitue donc, à mon
sens, une violation du système généraé l tablidans le Statut et le Règle-
ment, quel que soit l'avis qu'on puisse avoir sur la notion de question

juridique actuellement pendante. Mais je considère, en plus, que la pré-
sente affaire porte sur une question juridique actuellement pendante
(voir par. 37-45 infra), ce qui aurait dû ouvrir une délibérationsur la
désignation d'unjuge ad hoc - ou éventuellementde plusieurs.
L'avisaffirmel'existenced'une obligationjuridique àl'égardd'Etats qui
n'ont jamais cesséd'affirmer que cette obligation n'existait pas. L'exis-
tence ou l'inexistenced'obligationsjuridiquespour lesEtats est la question
posée à la Cour; ce fut l'objet mêmede vives contestations dans les
débats à l'Assemblée généraleet au Conseil de sécuritéd , 'aprèsle dossier
de cette affaire (cf. par. 20-21injia). D'après les déclarations des Etats
on constate qu'il y avait opposition de vues et forte hésitation sur le

droit applicable.
8. La Cour considère,dans l'avis,que la question n'estpas un différend
entre des Etats ni mêmeentre l'organisation et un Etat. C'est une vue
purement formelle des faits de lacause qui ne meparaîtpas conformeaux
réalités. S'il est vriu'un avis est donné à l'organe qui a qualitépour le
demander et non pas aux Etats (Interprétation destraitésde paix, pre-Statute: P.C.I.J., SeriesAIB, No.41, p. 89; seealso the Advisory Opinion
on the Consistency of Certain Danzig Legislative Decrees withthe Con-
stitution of the Free City, 1935, P.C.I.J. Series AIB, No. 65, p. 69, and
the explanation of it given by my colleague Judge Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice

in his dissenting opinion, Annex, para. 24.) A thorough preliminary
examination would not have resulted in any delay, as the deliberation
would only have required a few meetings and the interval separating
the Order from the oral argument on that point, which was two days,
would scarcely have been lengthened. To deal with the problem by a
rejection not giving reasons, and without adequate examination, is to
confuse the preliminary with the prima facie. A preliminary question is
the subidct of exhaustive treatment and final decision: a , .cima facie
examination can never, by definition, be thoroughgoing, and can never
lead but to a provisional decision. Articles 82 and 83 entai1 irrevocable
decisions, ashas been seenin the present proceedings.

6. The fact that the Court did not avant tout consider whether the
request related to a pending legal question constitutes a refusa1to .apply
a categorical provision of the Rules touching a problem with regard to
the Court's composition. It is no reply to argue (para. 36 of the Opinion)
that, in any case, the decision to refuse a judge ad hoc left the question
of the Court's competence on the points of substance open; what Article
82 prohibits, in requiring an examination avant tout of the point of law,
is to fix the composition of the Court otherwise than as provided by
Article 83, and it is only subsequent to that point's being decided for
sound reasons after a thorough legal examination that any refusa1 of a
judge adhocmay ensue-and notthe reverse.

7. The manner in which the problem was decided therefore constitutes,
in my judgment, a violation of the general system laid down in the
Statute and Rules, whatever view one may hold of the idea of a legal
question actuallypending. Moreover, 1consider that the present proceed-
ings are in fact related to a legal question actually pending (see paras.
37-45 below), and this ought to have occasioned a deliberation as to
the appointment of ajudge adhocor, possibly,judges adhocin the plural.
The Advisory Opinion affirmsthe existence of a legal obligation on the
part of States which have never ceased to affirm that that obligation did
not exist. The existence or non-existence of legal obligations for States is
the question put to the Court; it was eventhe subject of livelycontroversy

during the discussions in the General Assembly andthe SecurityCouncil,
according to the documentation in the present proceedings (cf. paras.
20 et seq. below). Judging by the declarations made on behalf of States,
there was a conflictof viewsand much hesitation asto the h:w applicable.
8. The Court finds in its Opinion that the question is not a dispute
between States, nor even one between the Organization and a State. That
isapurely forma1viewof the facts of the casewhich does not, to my mind,
correspond to realities. While it is true that an advisory opinion is given
to the organ entitled to request it, and not to States (Interpretation ofmièrephase, C.I.J. Recueil 1950,p. 71), la présentedemande d'avis a été

rédigéede telle manière qu'on demandait un avis sur ((lesconséquences
juridiques pour les Etats )et dans la réponsequ'elle apporte la Cour n'a
pas cherché à modifier cette formule, malgréson ambiguïtépar rapport à
la règleindiquéepar laCour dans l'avis ci-dessusrappelé.Le déroulement
du débat oral devant la Cour comme le texte de l'avis de la Cour placent
l'Afrique du Sud dans la position de défendeur d'une manièredifficile à
distinguer d'une procédure contentieuse. (Voir par. 133, sous-par. 1, et

les par. 118et 129rédigéscomme des prononcésjudiciaires en forme de
décision.)
9. La Cour a ditdans son arrêt du21 décembre1962:

((La simple affirmation ne suffitpas pour prouver l'existenced'un
différend,tout comme le simple fait que l'existenced'un différend est
contestéene prouve pas que cedifférend n'existepas. )(C.1.J.Recueil
1962,p. 328.)

11suffitdemettre, à la place de ((différen», ((questionjuridique actuelle-
ment pendante )pour établirquela Cour avait l'obligation d'approfondir
la question au-delà de la seule affirmation que les questions litigieuses
mettent bien en cause des Etats mais qu'il s'agitcomme dans les avis de
1950,1955et 1956,de divergencesde vues sur despoints de droit, comme
dans presque toutes les procédures consultatives (par. 34).

10. Plutôt que des généralisations, il faut appliquer à la présente
affaire le critère adopté par la Cour en 1950 lorsqu'elle a déclaréque
l'application des dispositions du Statut relatives à la procédure conten-
tieuse à une procédure consultative tdépenddes circonstances particu-
lièresà chaque espèceet quela Cour possède à cetégardun large pouvoir
d'appréciation ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1950,p. 72).
Quellessontdonc lescirconstances particulièresde l'espècequiauraient

pu déterminerla Cour à exercer ce ((largepouvoir d'appréciation »? La
demande d'avis porte sur un problème de fond sur lequel s'opposent
l'Afrique du Sud et d'autres Etats; le fait que, parmi ces autres Etats, il
ait desnuances sur certains points est sanspertinence, laquestionjuridique
fondamentale pour tous, sans exception, étantla révocation du mandat,
opposéeen tant que décisionobligatoire à l'Afrique du Sud par certains
Etats, objet d'hésitationset de doutes pour d'autres; le but de la demande

d'avis-est de faire connaîtreà la communautéinternationale quelle est la
situation juridique actuelle du territoire de la Namibie (Sud-Ouest
africain), donc de déterminerle contenu d'un certain statut international.
C'est une autre façon de poser à nouveau la question portée devant la
Cour en 1950: «Quel est le statut international du territoire?)) Telle
aurait pu êtrela demande, en précisant ((aprèsla résolution2145 (XXI)
de l'Assemblée généra l.

Or toute réponsequi donne connaissance - aux Etats - de l'étendue
de leurs obligations à la suite de la résolution 2145 (XXI) règle non
seulement l'opposition de vues qui existe entre le titulaire du mandatPeace Treaties, First Phase, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 71), the present
request has been so framed as to seek an opinion on "the legal conse-
quences for States", a formulation which the Court in its reply has not
sought to modify despite its ambiguity in relation to the rule stressed
by the Court in Interpretation of Peace Treaties. The course taken by
the oral proceedings before the Court, as also the text of the Court's
present Opinion, have placed South Africa in the position of respondent
in a manner difficult to distinguish from contentious proceedings. (See
paras. 133, 118and 129,which are framed like judicial pronouncements
in theform of decisions.)
9. The Court observed in its Judgment of 21 December 1962:

"A mere assertion is not sufficient to prove the existence of a
dispute any more than a mere denial of the existence of the dis-
pute proves its non-existence" (I.C.J. Reports 1962,p. 328).

One need only substitute "iegal question actually pending" for "dispute"
to establish that the Court had an obligation to treat the matter in depth
and take it beyond the mere assertion that, while questions did lie in
dispute between States. this represented, as in the case of the 1950, 1955
and 1956Opinions, a divergence of viewson points of law, as in nearly al1
advisory proceedings (para. 34).
10. Rather than generalizations, it is necessary to apply to the present
proceedings the test adopted by the Court in 1950, when it stated that
theapplication of the provisions of the Statute which apply in contentious
cases "depends on the particular circurnstances of each case and that the
Court possesses a large amount of discretion in the matter" (I.C.J.
Reports 1950,p. 72).
What then aretheparticular circumstances ofthe casewhich might have
led the Court to exercise that "large amount of discretion"? The request
for an advisory opinion relates to a substantive problem over which
South Africa and other States are opposed; the existence of slight diver-

gences of view on some points among those other States is immaterial,
the basic legal question for al1 of them without exception being that of
the revocation of the Mandate with which, as a binding decision, certain
States confront South Africa, but which gives rise to doubts and hesita-
tions on the part of others; the purpose of the Advisory Opinion is to
apprise the international community of the present legal position of the
Territory of Namibia (South West Africa), and thus to determine the
purport of a certain international status. It is another way of putting
afresh the question laid before the Court in 1950:"What is the interna-
tional status of the territory?"That, with the addition of "since General
Assembly resolution 2145 (XXI)", could in fact have been the request.
Kowever, any reply purporting to apprise States of the extent of their
obligations subsequent to resolution 2145 (XXI) must connote not only
the disposa1 of the conflict of views between the holder of the revokedrévoquéet les Etats qui ont provoqué, puis prononcé cette révocation,
mais elle tend à imposer certaine conduite à tous les Etats.
11. Il ne suffitpas que leproblème soitqualifiéde «situation »pour que
les difficultéscessent.Comme la Cour l'a dit pour le différend,«la simple
affirmation ne suffit pas ».En droit, la qualification Isituation» par le
Conseil de sécurité est sans effetpour la Cour. Sanscontester que l'affaire

de la Namibie soit et demeure pour le Conseil de sécurité unesituation,
la Cour devait rechercher, pour déciderde sa propre compétence si, en
dehors de ce qu'en a pensé le Conseilde sécurité,la demande d'avis du
29 juillet 1970porte sur une question juridique actuellement pendante
entre Etats, ou non, au sens du Règlement de la Cour (ce que la Cour
avait fait dans son avis surl'Interprétationdes traitésdepaix conclusavec
laBulgarie,laHongrieet laRoumanie,premièrephase, C.I.J.Recueil1950,
p. 72-74). Toute autre thèse ferait des organes politiques des Nations
Unies l'interprète, sans appel, du Règlementde la Cour.

12. La Cour étaiten présenced'une questionjuridique, àforte configu-
ration politique, ce qui est fréquent maisne suffitpaspour écarter l'argu-
ment que le débatest fondamentalement juridique. L'objet du différend
est l'opposition de vues entre les Etats qui, par les procédures ouvertes
aux Nations Unies, ont poursuivi et ont obtenu la révocationdu mandat
de l'Afrique du Sud sur le territoire du Sud-Ouest africain, d'une part,
et l'Afrique du Sud, d'autre part, qui s'oppose à cette révocation et aux
effets qu'elle pourrait avoir. La manière dont la demande d'avis a été
formuléeajoute à cette question fondamentale celle des effets pour tous

les Etats, c'est-à-dire mêmepour des Etats qui n'ont pas pris une part
active au développementde l'action au sein des Nations Unies; mais il
s'agit là de conséquences, comme ledit la demande, non de la question
juridique essentielle.Ceciapparaît de manièrefrappantedans laprocédure
écrite et orale où le Gouvernement sud-africain a agi en défendeur,
répondant à des demandes et à de véritables conclusions présentéep sar
d'autres gouvernements (àl'exception de l'exposéécritdu Gouvernement
français qui s'apparente à une intervention d'amicuscuriae).

13. Il existe une ((opposition de thèsesjuridiques et d'intérêts entrle

défendeur etles autres Membres des Nations Unies ...»disait la Cour en
1962 (affaires du Sud-Ouest africain,arrêtdu 21 décembre 1962, C.I.J.
Recueil 1962,p. 345) et cette constatation n'est pas modifiéedans l'arrêt
de 1966qui n'a pas rejeté lesrequêtespar le motif qu'il n'yaurait pas de
différend, mais uniquement sur la question de l'intérêjturidique des
demandeurs en matièrede dispositions du mandat Irelativesàla gestion».
Il est donc impossible d'en déduire unrefus de la Cour de seprononcer en
aucun cas sur des violations du mandat (on pourrait, au contraire,
remarquer l'allusion faite dans l'arrêt de1966, paragraphes 11 et 12, à

l'article 5 du mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain et au droitpour chaque
Etat Membre de la Société desNations d'agir pour en obtenir le respect,Mandate and the States which instigated and eventually pronounced the
revocation,but also the imposition on al1States of acertainline of conduct.
11. It is not enough to describe the problem as a "situation" for the
difficulties to cease. As the Court said in respect of disputes, "a mere
assertion is not sufficient". From the viewpoint of law the description
"situation" used by the Security Council has no effectso far asthe Court
is concerned. Without denying that the Namibia affair is and remains
for the Security Council a situation, the Court, in order to determine its
own competence, had to enquire whether, quite apart from what the
Security Council may have thought, the request of 29 July 1970did or did
not relate to a legal question actually pending between States, within the
meaning of the Rules of Court (as the Court did in its Opinion on the
Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania,
FirstPhase,I.C.J. Reports 1950,pp. 72-74). Any other viewwould confer

on the political organs of the United Nations the right to interpret,
subject to no appeal, the Rules of Court.
12. The Court was faced with a legal question with pronounced
political features, which is often the case, but which is not enough to
overrule the argument thatthe issueis, at bottom, a legal one. The subject
of the dispute is the conflict of views between, on the one hand, those
States which, through the procedures available to the United Nations,
have sought and procured the revocation of South Africa's Mandate for
the Territory of South WestAfrica and, on the other hand, South Africa,
which attacks that revocation and such effects as it might have. The way
in which the request was framed adds to this basic question that of the
effects foral1States, that is to Sayeven for States which have not taken
any active part in the development of the action proceeded with in the
United Nations; but this relates to consequences, as the request itself
says, and not to the essential legal question. Al1this emerges strikingly
from the written and oral proceedings, in which the Government of
South Africa behaved like a respondent, replying to veritable claims and

submissions presented by other Governments (with the exception of the
French Government, whose written statement is more in the nature of an
intervention by an amicuscuriae).
13. There is, said the Court in 1962, a "conflict of legal views and
intere-s-between the respondent on the one hand, and the other
Members of the United Nations ... on the other hand" (South West
Africa, Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 345);
and this observation was not modified in the Judgment of 1966,which
dismissed the Applications not on the ground that there was no dispute,
but solely in regard to the question whether the Applicants had a legal
interest in the carrying-out of the "conduct" clauses of the Mandate.
It is therefore impossible to deduce therefrom any refusa1 on the part
of the Court to pronounce in any circumstances on whether there had
been breaches of the Mandate (on the contrary, one might note the
allusion in paras. 11 and 12 of the 1966 Judgment to Article 5 of thece qui reconnaît un intérêt juridique à prouver certaines violations du
mandat). L'avis répond, comme cela est montré par son contenu, au
souci exprimé,dans les débatsau Conseil de sécurité précédant la de-
mande d'avis,deprouver que le mandat a étélégalement révoqué, c'est-
à-dire, selon l'avis, une question juridique remontant aux origines du
mandat, apparue en tout cas devant la Cour dès1950comme nousle ver-
rons plus loin (infra,par. 25).

La Cour aurait pu êtreencouragée à admettre l'existenced'un véritable

différendentre Etats par la constatation que l'Assemblée générale elle-
même s'esp trononcéedans sa résolution1565 (XV)du 18décembre1960
sur«ledifférendqui opposeI'Ethiopie,leLibériaetd'autresEtats Membres
à l'Union sud-africaine» (c'est moi qui souligne). Ne suffit-il pas en re-
prenant cette constatation de se demander, selon la formule de la Cour
dans l'avis du 30 mars 1950sur l'Interprétation destraités depaix, si la
positionjuridique des Parties «ne sauraità aucun degréêtrecompromise
par les réponsesque la Cour pourrait faire aux questions qui lui sont
posées)) (C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 72)? Dans le même sens, M.Koretsky
disait dans l'affaire de Certaines dépenses desNations Unies, à bien des

égards comparable, que c'était ((uneespèced'arrêt,comme si [la Cour]
étaitsaisied'un casconcret ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1962,p. 254).

14. Le fait qu'un organe politique des Nations Unies se saisit d'une
situation ne peut avoir pour effetjuridique la disparition d'un différend
entre deux ou plusieurs Etats intéresséau maintien ou à la modification
de la situation. Ce sont deux plans différentset parallèles; l'un est la
manifestation d'un intérêt politiquesdes Nations Unies à faciliter le
règlement d'unesituation d'intérêgténérap lour la communautédesEtats,

l'autre est la constatation de l'existence entre certains Etats d'intérêts
juridiques opposésqui leur donnent une place particulière dans I'appré-
ciation de la situation d'intérêt générN al.turellement le fait qu'il y ait
une opposition de vues juridiques ne dessaisit jamais le Conseil de
sé-curitou l'Assemblée générale dd eroits qu'ilstiennent de la Charte de
prendre en considération la situation telle qu'elleseprésente. Mais,de la
mêmemanière,il est impossible d'admettre que la seule évocationd'une
situation généralepar les organes politiques des Nations Unies fasse
disparaître l'élément-différenedntre Etats, s'il en existe un la base de
cette situation générale,alors précisémentque ce cas est prévu par le
Règlement de la Cour. C'est pourquoi, dans chaque cas, se pose la

question de savoir sil'on est en présenceou non d'un véritable différend.
Sinon l'article 82et l'article 83 du Règlement sont dépourvusde sens,
alors que leur but est d'assurer les Etats que, si un avis est demandé à
propos d'une questionjuridique lesopposant, ilsbénéficierond tu droit de Mandatefor South West Africa and to the right of every League member
to take action to secure its observance, which connotes recognition of a
legalinterest in the proving of certain breaches of the Mandate). The
Advisory Opinion, as is apparent from its contents, meets the concern,
expressed during the discussions in the Security Council preceding its
request, for proof that the Mandate was lawfully revoked; and this, by
the Opinion's own admission, comprises a legal question rooted in the
very origins of the Mandate, one which at al1events, as we shall seebelow
(para.25), made its appearance before the Court as long ago as 1950.

TheCourt might perhaps have been encouraged to admit the existence
of a genuine dispute between States if it had taken note of the fact that
the General Assembly itself, in its resolution 1565(XV) of 18 December
1960,made a pronouncement on "the dispute which has arisen between
Ethiopia,Liberiaand othermember States, onthe one hand, and the Union
of South A.frica on the other" (my emphasis). Need one do more than
recall this fact and raise the question as to whether, in the words of the
Court's Advisory Opinion of 30 March 1950 on the Interpretation of
Peace Treaties, "the legal position of the parties. ..cannot be in any
way compromised by the answers that the Court may giveto the question
put to it" (I.C.J. Reports 19.550p , . 72)? Judge Koretsky had a similar
point in mind when, in what was in many respects a comparable case,
he observed that the Court, in its Advisory Opinion, would be giving
"some kind of judgment as if it had before it a concrete case" (Certain
Expenses of zhe UnitedNations (Article 17, paragraph 2, of the Charter),
dissenting opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1962,p. 254).
14. The fact that a political organ of the United Nations places a
situation on its agenda cannot have the legal effect ofthe disappearance

of a dispute between two or more States interested in the maintenance or
modification of the situation. These are two different and parallel planes;
one is the manifestation of the United Nations' political interest in
facilitating settlement of a situation of generalconcern forthe community
of States, the other isthedetermination of the existenceasbetween certain
States of opposed legal interests which givethem a specialposition in the
appraisal of the situation of generalconcern. Naturally, the fact that there
is a divergence of views on the law does not rob the Security Council or
the General Assembly of the rights they derive from the Charter to
consider the situation as it presents itself. But in the same way it is
impossible to admit that the mere calling-in of a general situation by the
politicalorgans of theUnitedNations couldbring aboutthe disappearance
of the element of a dispute between States if there existssuch an element
uaderlying the general situation, when such a case is in fact provided for
in the Rules of Court. This is why, in each case, the question arises of
whether one is or is not confronted with what is really a dispute. Articles
82and 83of the Rules of Court would otherwise have no meaning, where-

as their purpose is to reassure States that, if an advisory opinion be
requested in relation to a legal question over which they are divided, présenter leursvues dans les mêmesconditions et avec les mêmesgaran-
ties que dans une procédurecontentieuse, notamment quant à la compo-
sition de la Cour.
15. Enconclusion sur cepoint, direcomme lefaitl'avis, qu'iln'yapasde
différendet que l'application des articles 82et 83du Règlementne sepose
pas, c'est supposer que la Cour a pu résoudre, dès le premier jour du
procès, la question de fond, c'est-à-dire l'existencede la compétencedes
Nations Unies pour révoquerle mandat, en tant qu'organisation inter-
nationale. Or, le moins qu'on ait pu dire, lejour de I'ordonnance du 29
janvier 1971,avant tout débat et délibéré sur le fond, est que cela était
encore un point à établir.C'est une question si importante pour toute la

suite de l'examende l'affaireque la Cour devait la tranche«avant tout N,
ce qu'elle n'a pas fait. L'argument selon lequel ce serait l'ordonnance du
29 janvier 1971 qui a établi qu'il n'y avait pas de question juridique
pendante entre l'Afrique du Sud et d'autres Etats mais simplement un
avis à donner à un organe politique sur les conséquenceset les incidences
de ses décisions revientà dire que, avant tout débat oral sur le fond, la
Cour a pu judiciairement décider le problème de fond sur lequel la
demande d'avis porte. Refuser le juge ad hoc demandépar l'Afrique du
Sud avant d'avoir élucidé cette question de fond c'étaitirrémédiablement
préjuge1celle-cl. Les questions d'existence,de consistance d'un différend,
de parties intéressées,tout a étérésoluin limine litis par le seul effet du
rejet de la demande de juge ad hoc, car il étaitdésormais impossible de
revenir en arrière et de modifier ce refus, mêmedans l'hypothèse où

l'examen du fond aurait amené laCour à conclure qu'il y avait bien une
question juridique pendante entre plusieurs Etats. Le fait que la Cour
ait confirméla décisionde refus dejuge adhoc dans l'étudedu fond ne la
relèvepas du grief de ne pas avoir étudilepoint de droit ((avanttout».

16. J'ajouterai que, mêmesi la Cour n'avait pas admis, après examen
préliminaire et complet du point de droit, que l'article 83 luifaisait
obligation d'accepter la demande de désignation dejuge ad hoc, l'article
68du Statut lui en laissait la facultéetje me réfèrela déclaration demes
collègues M. Onyeama et M. Dillard à ce sujet sur I'ordonnance du

29 janvier 1971. Lorsqu'il s'agit de décidersi un Etat a légalement été
déchud'un titre juridique et de déterminerles conséquencesjuridiques de
cette révocation,la Cour a intérêtàappliquer la disposition de son Statut
qui prévoit le rapprochement de la procédure consultative et de la
procédure contentieuse. La thèse soutenue au paragraphe 39 de l'avis
selon laquelle la seule hypothèseoù la Cour peut accepter un juge ad hoc
dans une procédureconsultative est celle de l'article 83 du Règlement ne
me semble pas acceptable (cf. l'argumentation de sir Gerald Fitzmaurice,
opinion dissidente, annexe, par. 25, et de M. Onyeama, opinion indivi-
duelle).they will enjoy the right to present their views in the same way and with
the same safeguards as in contentious procedure, more particularly
where the composition of the Court isconcerned.
15. To conclude in regard to this point, to Say, as the Opinion does,
that there is no dispute, and that the question of the application of
Articles 82and 83of the Rules does not arise, is to suppose that theCourt
was, on the very first day of the proceedings, able to resolve the substan-
tive question, namely the existence of a power in the United Nations, as
an international organization, to revoke the Mandate. But on the day
the Order of 29 January 1971 was made, before any discussion or delib-
eration of the substantive issues, the least that can be said is that this
was still a point which remained to be proved. This is a question which
was so important for al1the subsequent examination of the case that the

Court ought to have resolved it ''avan ttout"b,ut this it failedto do. The
argument that it was the Order of 29 January 1971 which established
that there was no legal question pending between South Africa and other
States, but merely an opinion to be given to a political organ on the
consequences and repercussions of its decisions, is equivalent to an
assertion that, before any oral proceedings on the substance of the case,
the Court could havejudicially decided the substantive problem to which
the request for an advisory opinion related. To refuse the judge adhoc
applied for by South Africa before settling this basic question was t8
pre.iudge it irremediably. The questions whether a dispute existed, what
it consisted of and who the parties might be werel1disposed of inlimine
liti by the mere effect of the dismissal of the application for a judge ad
hoc, for it was thereafter impossible to go back and modify that refusal,
even if the examination of the substantive issues had eventually led the
Court to conclude that there was in facta legal question pending between
States. The fact that the Court has confirmed the decision to refuse a

judge adhocin its consideration of the substance does not exonerate it
from the charge of having failed toonsider the point of law "avanttout".
16. 1 would add that, even if the Court, after thorough preliminary
examination of the point of law, had decided that Article 83 did not
oblige it to accept the application for the appointment of ajudgedhoc,
Article 68 of the Statute left it the power to do so, and on this poin1
would refer to the declaration of my colleagues Judges Onyeama and
Dillard.appended to the Order of 29 January 1971.When it is a matter
of deciding whether a legal title has lawfully been withdrawn from a
State and determining the legal consequences of that revocation, it is in
the compelling interest of the Court that it should apply that clause of
itsStatute which provides for the closer approximation of advisory to
contentious procedure. 1am unable to accept thecontention in paragraph
39 of the Opinion, to the effect that the circumstances contemplated in
Article 83 of theRules are the only ones in which the Court may agree
to the appointment of a judge adhocin advisorjr proceedings (cf. the
reasoning of Judge Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice in paragraph 25 of the Annex 17. Les deux décisions dela Cour concernant sa composition affectent
la règle,constamment suivie, selon laquelle la Cour, lorsqu'elle donne un
avis, exerce une fonction judiciaire (Composition du Comitéde la sécurité

maritime de l'Organisationintergouvernementale consultative de la naviga-
tian maritime, C.Z.J. Recueil 1960, p. 153: «en tant que corps judiciaire,
la Cour doit dans l'exercicede sa fonction consultative rester fidèleaux
exigencesde son caractèrejudiciaire »; formule reprise dans l'affaire du
Cameroun septentrional, C.Z.J.Recueil 1963,p. 30). Il est certain en effet
que, si les arrêtset les avis constituent deux formes de décisionpour la
Cour, ils sont toujours l'expression de la conviction du juge sur des
règlesdedroit international. 11n'y a pas deux façons de dire le droit. Pour
les motifs exposésdans les paragraphes précédents,les ordonnances du

26 janvier 1971no 3 et du 29 janvier 1971ne me paraissent pas remplir
les exigencesd'une bonne administration de lajustice que les dispositions
statutaires et réglementairesontpourbut d'assurer.

18. Un autre revirement dejurisprudence de la Cour est notable dans la
manière dont la Cour hésite à examinerla légaiité del'actejuridique qui

a provoquéla question sur laquelle il lui est demandéde se prononcer, à
savoir la résolution 2145 (XXI) de l'Assembléegénérale.Dans les para-
graphes 88et 89 de l'avis,la Cour déclare quela demande d'avis ne porte
pas sur la validité dela résolution2145 (XXI) ou des résolutionsdu Con-
seil de sécurité, nisur leur conformité avec la Charte. Ce n'étaitpas
l'habitude de la Cour de tenir pour acquises lesprémissesd'une situation
juridique dont on lui demandait de dire lesconséquences;dans l'affairede
Certainesdépenses desNations Unies,la Cour a déclaré:

«Le rejet de l'amendement français ne constitue pas une injonction
pour la Cour d'avoir à écarterl'examen de la question de savoir si
certaines dépensesont été Idécidéec sonformémentaux dispositions

de la Charte ))si la Cour croit opportun de l'aborder. On ne doit pas
supposer que l'Assembléegénéraleait ainsi entendu lier ou gêner
laCourdans l'exercicede sesfonctionsjudiciaires; la Cour doit avoir
la pleine liberté d'examiner tous les élémentspertinents dont elle
dispose pour se faire une opinion sur une question qui lui est posée
en vue d'un avis consultatif. » (C.I.J. Recueil 1962,p. 157.)

La situation est semblable dans les deux affaires; dans Certainesdépenses
des Nations Unies, comme dans l'affaire actuelle, on s'étaitdemandés'il
convenait de préciserque la Cour devait examiner l'ensemblede la situa-
tion juridique et notamment la validitéd'actes de l'Assembléegénérale.to his dissenting opinion, and that of Judge Onyeama in his separate
opinion).
17. The two decisions of the Court concerning its composition affect
the constantly followed rule that the Court, when it gives an advisory
opinion, is exercising a judicial function (Constitution of the Maritime
Safety Committee of the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative
Organization, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1960,p. 153 :"The Court
as a judicial body is ...bound in the exarcise of its advisory function to
remain faithful to the requirements of its judicial character"; a formula
reiterated in Northern Cameroons, I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 30). For it is
certain that while advisoryjudgments and advisory opinions are for the
Court two different forms of decision, they are always the expression of
its confirmed view as a tribunal on rules of international law. There are
no two ways of declaring the law. For the reasons 1have set down in the

foregoing paragraphs, Order No. 3 of 26 January 1971and the Order of
29 January 1971do not appear to me to satisfy the requirements of that
good administration ofjustice which it is the purpose of the Statute and
Rules to secure.

18. Another deviation from the line of the Court's case-law is to be
observed in the way in which the Court has hesitated to examine the
lawfulness of the legal step which gave rise to the question upon which
the Court is asked to pronounce, i.e., General Assembly resolution 2145
(XXI). In paragraphs 88 and 89 of the Opinion the Court declares that
the question of the validity or the conformity with the Charter of resolu-
tion 2145 (XXI), or of the Security Council resolutions, did not form the
subject of the request for advisory opinion. It used not to be the Court's
habit to takefor grantedthe premises of a legalsituationthe consequences

of which it has been asked to state; in the case concerning Certain
Expenses of the United Nations it declared that:
"The rejection of the French amendment does not constitute a
directive to the Court to exclude from its consideration the question
whether certain expenditure were 'decided on in conformity with
the Charter', if the Court found such consideration appropriate. It
is not assumed that the General Assembly would seek to hamper or
fetter the Court in the discharge of its judicial functions; the Court

must have full liberty to consider al1relevant data available to it in
forming an opinion on aquestionposed to itfor an advisory opinion."
(I.C.J.Reports 1962, p. 157.)
The situation in the two cases is parallel; in Certain Expenses of the
UnitedNations, as in the present case, there was some question as to the
desirability of stating that the Court should examine the whole of the
legal situation and in particular the validity of the acts of the General Mais, à la différencede l'affaire actuelle, et bien que la thèsede l'examen
le plus large ait étérejetéepar l'Assembléegénéraleavec un amendement
français présenté à cet effet, la Cour avait alors estiméde sa compétence
et de son devoir de faire cet examen, pour remplir pleinement sa tâche
dejuge. Comment, en effet, un juge peut-il déduire une obligation d'une
situation quelconque sans avoir d'abord éclaircila question de la légalité
des origines de cette situation? Entre le prononcéde la Cour en 1962et

le présentavis ily a changement d'attitude.

19. Dans la présente affaire où la Cour a fondé son avis sur une
interprétation des articles 24 et 25 de la Charte sur les pouvoirs du
Conseil de sécuritéaussi bien que sur une interprétation de la nature
juridique des pouvoirs de l'Assembléegénérale,il eût sembléparticu-
lièrement opportun d'exercer sans ambiguïté le pouvoir de la Cour
d'interpréter la Charte que l'Assembléegénéraleelle-même luia for-
mellement reconnu dans la résolution 171 (II) du 14 novembre 1947.
Cette résolution recommande le renvoi à la Cour des points de dïoit

« relatifà l'interprétation de la Charte)).
20. Je dois donc indiquer brièvement les raisons pour lesquelles je
suis en désaccordavec la Cour en ce qui concerne la nature juridique
de la résolution2145 (XXI) et ses effets.
C'est le contenu de la résolution 2145 (XXI) qui détermine la portée
de cet acte; il comporte divers énoncés:

a) sur le droit du peuple du Sud-Ouest africain àla libertéetà I'indépen-
dance, fondé sur la Charte, la résolution 1514 (XV) de l'Assemblée
généraleet ses résolutions antérieuresconcernant le territoire (par.
1et 7 du préambule,par. 1de la résolution 2145 (XXI));

b) sur le rappel des obligations du mandat et des pouvoirs de contrôle
des Nations Unies, en tant que successeur dela SdN (par. 2 du préam-
bule, par. 2 de la résolution);
c) sur l'administration du territoire considérée commecontraire au
mandat, àla Charte et àla Déclaration des droits de l'homme (par. 5

du préambule,par. 3 de la résolution);

d) sur la condamnation de l'apartheid et de la discrimination raciale
comme crime contre l'humanité (par. 6 du préambule);
e) sur le droit de reprendre l'administration du territoire sous mandat
(par. 11du préambule,par. 4, 5, 6 et 7 de la résolution).

21. Il est important égalementde rappeler que la quasi-unanimité in-
voquée fréquemment commeun argument en faveur de certains effets
juridiques à reconnaître àla résolution2145 (XXI) recouvre de sérieuses
divergences de vues. Assembly. But, unlike what has occurred inthe present case, and although
the General Assembly eschewed placing the Court's terms of reference
on the broadest basis when it rejected the amendment of France sub-
mitted for that purpose, the Court nevertheless, on that occasion, found
that it had cornpetence and was bound to conduct that thorough exam-
ination in order to acquit itself fully of its judicative task. How indeed
can a court deduce any obligation from a given situation without first
having tested the lawfulness of the origins of that situation? Between
the Court's decision in 1962and the present Opinion a change of attitude
is manifest.
19. In the present case, in which the Court has based its Opinion on
an interpretation of Articles 24 and 25 of the Charter as to the powers of
the Security Council, and on an interpretation of the legal nature of the

powers of the General Assembly, it would have seemed particularly
appropriate to have exercised unambiguously the Court's power to
interpret the Charter, which the General Assembly itself, in resolution
171 (II) of 14November 1947, formally recognized that it possesses.
That resolution recommends the reference to the Court of points of
law "relating to the interpretation of the Charter".
20. 1 rnust therefore briefly indicate the reasons why 1 disagree with
the Court with regard to the legal nature of resolution 2145 (XXI) and
its effects.
It is the content of resolution 2145 (XXI) which determines the scope
of that decision; itcontains various declarations:

(a) as to the right of the peoples of South West Africa to freedom and
independence, based on the Charter, General Assembly resolution
1514 (XV), and its previous resolutions concerning the Territory
(first and seventh paragraphs of the preamble, para. 1 of resolution
2145 (XXI));
(b) recalling the obligations under the Mandate and the supervisory
powers of the United Nations as the successor to the League of
Nations (second paragraph of preamble, para. 2 of the,resolution);
(c) as to the administration of the Territory in a manner regarded as
contrary to theMandate, the Charter, and the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights (fifth paragraph of preamble, para. 3 of resolu-
tion);

(.l,as to condemnation of auartheid and racial discrimination as
constituting a crime against humanity (sixth paragraph ofpreamble);
(e) as to the right to take over the administration of the mandated
territory (eleventh paragraph of preamble; paras. 4, 5, 6 and 7 of
resolution).
21. It is also important to recall that underneath the quasi-unanimity
which is often urged in favour of resolution 2145 (XXI) having certain
legal effectsthere lieserious differences of view. a) L'URSS et neuf autres Etats (Albanie, Biélorussie,Cuba, Hongrie,
Pologne, Roumanie, Tchécoslovaquie, Ukraine, Yougoslavie) ont
exprimé des réserves (voir second exposé écritdu Secrétaire général,
par. 30-39) sur la constitution d'un organisme des Nations Unies
pour administrer le territoire de la Namibie, qui est l'un des objets
essentiels de la résolution 2145 (XXI) (cf. dernier par. du préambule

et par. 4 et 5 de la résolution).

b) L'Australie et le Japon ont fait état des problèmes juridiques com-
plexes en cause et rappelé la nécessitépour 1'Assembliegénéralede
« s'entenir strictement aux limites aue lui tracent la Charte et le droit
international » (même exposé écrit,par. 49 pour l'Australie et par. 57

pour le Japon).
c) Le Canada a dit que ((l'Assemblée générale n'était pas appelée à
trancher sur le plan juridique la question de savoir si, d'une façon ou
d'une autre, le Gouvernement sud-africain avait failli aux obligations
découlant du mandat ...1)(eod. loc., par. 50), alors que, on l'a vu au
paragraphe 20 ci-dessus, les paragraphes 5 et 6 du préambule et le
paragraphe 3 de la résolutionseprononcent formellement sur cesujet.

d) La Belgique a expliquéque (cl'adhésionde la délégationbelge [à la
résolution 2145 (XXI)] n'impliquait pas pour autant qu'elle l'ap-
prouvait sans nuances ni réserves 1).La délégationbelge eût préféré
que cle point de droit relatifà la compétencede l'Assemblée générale
eût étéclarifié avectoute la précisionsouhaitable » (eod.loc.,par. 40).

Le Brésila de mêmedéclaréque la décisionde révocationdu man-
dat et de prise d'une responsabilité directe des Nations Unies pour
le territoire ((reposerait sur des bases juridiques contestables )et il a
((exprimé uncertain nombre de réserves 1)Par exemple: «l'Assemblée
généralen'avait pas le droit de déciderde révoquerle Mandat 1)(eod.
loc:, par. 60).

e) L'Italie et les Pays-Bas ont formellement réservéleur position sur le
paragraphe 4 concernant cepoint essentiel de la résolution2145(XXI)
qu'est la prise de responsabilité directe de l'ONU en Namibie (eod.
loc., par. 45 et 46). La Nouvelle-Zélandea réservésa position sur les
modalitésd'exécution.

f) Israël a estiméque cl'aspect politique de la question du Sud-Ouest
africain l'emportait sur les éventuelsproblèmes juridiques et que le
respect le plus scrupuleux des subtilités juridiques pouvait en l'oc-
currence céder lepas à la sagesse politique de la majorité de l'As-
sembléegénérale »(eod. loc., par. 51).
g) On sait que deux Etats ont votécontre la résolution 2145 (XXI) et
que trois se sont abstenus en manifestant dans chaque cas leurs

réserves formelles. (a) The Soviet Union and nine other States (Albania, Byelorussia,

Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Ukraine,
Yugoslavia) expressed reservations (see Secretary-General's second
written statement, paras. 30 to 39) with regard to the setting-up of
a United Nations organism for the administration of the Territory
of Namibia, which is one of the essential objects of resolution 2145
(XXI) (cf. last paragraph of preamble and paras. 4 and 5 of the
resolution).
(b) Australia and Japan drew attention to the complexity of the legal
problems involved and reminded the General Assembly that it
"must keep strictly within the framework of the Charter and of
international law" (ibid., Australia: para. 49; Japan: para. 57).

(c) Canada said that "the General Assembly was not called upon to
make a juridical judgment as to whether in one respect or another
the government in charge of the Mandate had been delinquent in
carrying out the Mandate entrusted to it.. ." (ibid.,para. 50),
whereas, as we have seen in paragraph 20 above, the fifth and sixth
paragraphs of the preamble and paragraph 3 of the resolution make
forma1 declarations on that subject.
(d) The representative of Belgium explained "that his delegation's
support of the text [resolution 2145 (XXI)] for which he had voted
did not, in any way, imply that the delegation approved it without

doubts or reservations. His delegation would have preferred the
point of law of the General Assembly's competence to be clarified
as fully as possible" (ibid., para. 40).
In the same way, Brazil declared that the decision for the Man-
date to be revoked and the United Nations to take over direct
responsibility fortheTerritory "would be based on doubtful juridical
grounds" and "expressed a series of reservations". For example:
"it was not ... !egitimate for the General Assembly to decide to
revoke the Mandate" (ibid., para. 60).
(e) Italy and the Netherlands formally reserved their position with
regard to paragraph 4, concerning an essential point of resolution
2145 (XXI): the assumption by the United Nations of direct re-
sponsibility for Namibia (ibid., paras. 45 et seq.). New Zealand re-
served its position with regard to the methods of implementation.
(Jï Israel considered "that the political aspect of the question of South
West Africa outweighed the possible legal problems, and that even
the most scrupulous concern for legal niceties might at this juncture
cede its place to the political wisdom of the majority of the General
Assembly" (ibid., para. 51).
(g) Tt will be recalled that two States voted against resolution 2145
(XXI) and that three abstained, while al1indicating definite reserva-
tions.334 NAMIBIE (S.-O.AFRICAIN () P.DISS.GROS)

22. Ainsi, ce sont vingt-quatre Etats qui, d'une manièreou d'une autre,
ont formulé opposition, réserve ou doute. Le fait que dix-neuf de ces
Etats aient votépour la résolution2145(XXI) n'enlève rien àla portéede
leurs observations et réserves faitessur ce texte car, en le votant, ces
Etats ne les retiraient pas; leur vote avait donc la signification d'une ac-
ceptation d'une solution politique dont certains caractères demeuraient,
pour chacun d'eux, l'objet des opinions exprimées. Ce n'estdonc pas
dans une quasi-unanimité d'intentions que la résolution 2145 (XXI) fut

votée,mais à une trèsforte majorité,visiblement dominéepar le sentiment
qu'on ne faisait pas du droit.
Le Secrétaire généraa l exposé à la Cour que la notion de réserveétait
inapplicableau vote des actes des organes des Nations Unies (audience du
8 mars 1971).Comme l'avis ne s'est pas prononcé sur ce point, il suffira
de rappeler que la pratique est constante et qu'elle a étérendue nicessaire
par la nécessitépour des Etats qui veulent se désolidariserd'une certaine
action de manifester clairement leur attitude (sur l'utilitéet le sens de ces
réserves, voir l'opinion de M. Koretsky dans Certaines dépenses des
Nations Unies,C.I.J. Recueil 1962,p. 279). Le refus de cettepratique etde

ses effetsaurait pour conséquence de présenterles organes politiques des
Nations Unies comme des organes de décision, semblables à ceux d'un
Etat ou d'un super-Etat, ce que les Nations Unies ne sont pas, comme la
Cour l'a déclarédans une formule souvent citée. Si, en effet,une minorité
d'Etats qui ne sont pas d'accord avec un acte proposé devaientêtreliés,
quels que soient leur vote et leurs réserves, l'Assemblée générasle erait
un parlement fédéral. Quant au Conseil de sécurité,l'affirmation de
l'inexistencedu droit deréserveou d'abstention serait, pour les membres
permanents, un simple encouragement à l'exercicedu veto. Toute la sou-
plesse permise par l'énoncéde réserveset par l'abstention serait retirée
dans la vie quotidienne des Nations Unies, comme le disait M. Koretsky:

(L'abstention au cours du vote de résolutions relativesà telles ou
telles mesures proposéespar l'organisation doit plutôt être considé-
réecomme l'expression d'un désirde ne pas participer àl'exécution
de ces mesures (ni éventuellement à leur financement) en même
temps que de ne pas empêcher leurmise en Œuvrepar ceux qui ont
votépour. )(C.I.J. Recueil 1962,p. 279.)

23. La résolution 2145 (XXI) est une recommandation de l'Assemblée
généraleconcernant un territoire sous mandat. Sauf exception, les re-
commandations n'ont pas de force obligatoire à l'égard desEtats Mem-
bres de l'organisation. C'est donc, soit dans le droit des mandats, soit
dans la Charte qu'il faut découvrirla justification de l'exception.
24. Reprenons en premier lieu la question de la révocation dans 22. Thus there were 24 States which, in one way or another, expressed
opposition, reservations or doubt. The fact that 19 of these States voted
for resolution2145 (XXI) does not in any way diminish the effect of the
observations and reservations they made upon the text, for in voting for
it the States in question did not withdraw them; thus their votes signified
acceptance of a political solution of which some features remained, for
each of them, the subject of the opinions expressed. Resolution 2145
(XXI), therefore, was not voted with quasi-unanimity of intention; it
was voted by a large majority, clearly under the strong impression that
law was not being made.
It was argued before the Court on behalf of the Secretary-General

that the concept of reservations was not applicable to the votjng of
decisions in organs of the United Nations (hearing of 8 March 1971).
As the Opinion makes no pronouncement on that point, suffice it to
recall that the practice is a constant one, necessitated through the need
to provide States wishing to dissociate themselves from a course of
action with a means of making their attitude manifest (on the usefulness
and meaning of such reservations, see the opinion of Judge Koretsky in
Certain Expenses of the United Nations, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 279).
The consequence of the rejection OSthis practice and its effects would be
to treat the political organs of the United Nations as organs of decision
similar to those of a State or of a super-State, which, as the Court once
declared in an oft-quoted phrase, is what the United Nations isnot. For
if a minority of States which are not in agreement with a proposed
decision are to be bound, however they vote, and whatever their reserva-
tions may be, the General Assembly would be a federal parliament. As
for the Security Council, to affirm the non-existence of the rights of

making reservations and of abstention would, for the permanent mem-
bers, be a simple encouragement to use the veto. The everyday operation
of the United Nations would be deprived of al1 the flexibility made
possible by statements of reservation and by abstention; as Judge
Koretsky put it :

"Abstention from the vote on the resolutions on these or those
measures proposed by the Organization should rather be considered
as an expression of unwillingness to participate in these measures
(and eventually in their financing as well) and as unwillingness to
hamper the implementation of those measures by those who voted
'in favour' of them." (I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 279.)

23. Resolution 2145 (XXI) is a recommendation of the General
Assembly concerning a mandated territory. With certain exceptions,
recommendations have no binding force on member States of the Orga-
nization. It is therefore either in the law of mandates or in the Charter

that justification for an exception must be discovered.
24. First, let us re-examine the question of revocation under the man-lesystèmedesmandats telqu'ilfut établi à l'origine. Lestatut international

du territoire sous mandat a étédéfinipar l'avis de la Cour en 1950 et
«il est conforme aux principes d'une saine interprétation que la Cour
protège la mise en Œuvrede son avis du Il juillet 1950, non seulement
dans sesclauses individuellesmais encore par rapport àson but principal ))
(opinion individuelle de sir Hersch Lauterpacht, avis du 1" juin 1956,
C.I.J. Recueil 1956,p. 45). C'est dans cet esprit qu'il faut rechercher si le
pouvoir de révocationdu mandat a été considérc éomme un élémentdu
statut international définipar la Cour, soit dans l'avis de 1950qui cons-
titue le plus large exposé desprincipes en la matière, soitdans la procé-

dure et les débatsannexes à cet avis.

25. 11faut rappeler letexte de la demande d'avisfaite dans la résolution
du 6 décembre1949de l'Assembléegénérale,sur le point c) :

((L'Union sud-africaine a-t-elle compétencepour modifierlestatut
international du Territoire du Sud-Ouest africain ou, dans le cas
d'une réponsenégative,qui a compétencepour déterminer et modi-
fier le statut international du Territoire?)

La question étaitposéede façon assezgénérale pour que, soit dans l'avis,
soit dans les opinions, leproblème dela modification unilatéraledu statut

par les Nations Unies ait pu être évoqué; ((détermineret modifier le
statuts est la compétencela plus large, puisqu'elle permet à la fois de
définir et délimiterles obligations actuelles, et aussi de les modifier ».
Il est donc important de constater que le seul prononcé de la Cour, en
termes identiques dans la motivation et dans la réponse à la demande
d'avis sur le point c), aété:

«que la compétencepour détermineret modifier le statut internatio-
nal du territoire du Sud-Ouest africain appartient à l'Union sud-
africaine agissant avec le consentement des Nations Unies )).

Si la conclusion de la Cour répondait, à l'époque, à une prétention du
mandataire de modifier unilatéralement le statut, la formule de l'avis
est absolue et elle ne comporte aucune indication visant des exceptions
pour le cas de révocation unilatéraledu mandat, ou de modification

partielle, moins importante, du statut par les Nations Unies. Il faut re-
connaître que ni la Cour, ni aucun juge participant à la procédure de
1950n'ont envisagé l'existenced'un pouvoir de révocation appartenant
aux Nations Unies en cas de violation des obligations du mandataire.

Ce n'est pas, cependant, que le problème n'ait pas été soulevédevant
la Cour à l'époque.Le mémoiredu Gouvernement des Etats-Unis avait
abordé la question (Statut international du Sud-Ouest africain, C.I.J. NAMIBIA (s.w. AFRICA) (DISS. OP. GROS) 335

dates system as it was originally established. The international status of
the mandated territory was defined by the Court's Opinion of 1950,
and "it is in accordance with sound principles of interpretation that the
Court should safeguard the operation of its Opinion of II July 1950
not merely with regard to its individual clauses but in relation to its
major purpose" (separate opinion of Judge Sir Hersch Lauterpacht
annexed to Opinion of 1 June 1956,I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 45). Ttis in

this spirit that enquiry must be made whether the power of revocation of
the Mandate was, either in the 1950 Opinion which is the broadest
account of the principles governing the matter, or in the proceedings
and arguments preceding that Opinion, regarded as being an element of
the international status defined by the Court.
25. It will be recalled that the question put by poin(c) of the request
for opinion contained in the General Assembly resolution of 6 December
1949ran as follows:

"Has the Union of South Africa the competence to modify the
international status of the territory of South West Africa, or, in the
event of a negative reply, where does competence rest to determine
and modify the international status of the territory?"

This question was put in a sufficiently general way for it to have been
possible, either in the Opinion of the Court, or in the separate and dis-
senting opinions, to raise the question of unilateral modification of the
status of the Territory by the United Nations; competence "to determine
and modify the status" is the widest kind of competence, since it enables
the existing obligations both to be defined, and their limits stated, and
also to be "modified". Ttis therefore important to observe that the only

statement by the Court on point (c), to be found in identical terms in the
reasoning and in the reply itself, was:
"that competence to determine and modify the international status

of South West Africa rests with the Union of South Africa acting
with the consent of the United Nations".
While it is true that the Court's conclusion replied, at the time, to a
claim by the Mandatory to modify the status of the Territory unilateraliy,
the formula used in the Opinion is absolute, and does not contain any

suggestion of exceptions, as for example the case of uriilateral revocation
of the Mandate, or of any partial, less substantial, modification of the
status by the United Nations. It must be recognized that neither the
Court nor any judge who took part in the 1950 proceedings was ready
to admit the existence of a power of revocation appertaining to the
United Nations in case of violation of the Mandatory's obligations.
This was not, however, because the problem was not raised before
the Court at the time.The written statement of the United States Govern-
ment touched on the question (I.C.J. Pleadings, International Status of 336 NAMIBIE (S.-O.AFRICAIN ()P. DISS.GROS)

Mémoires,p. 137-139) et le Secrétaire générald ,ans son exposéoral, lui
avait donné assez d'importance pour en faire l'une de ses conclusions:

((Quatrièmement, la possibilité d'une révocationen cas de viola-
tion grave de ses obligations par un Mandataire n'étaitpas complète-
ment exclue. On avait suggéréque, dans une circonstance excep-
tionnelle decette nature, c'était auConseil, ouàla Cour permanente,

ou aux deux, qu'il appartiendrait de décider. 1)(Ibid., p. 234.)
Puis l'exposédéveloppait la thèse d7((ne solution d'accord entre les Na-
tions Unieset leMandataire )(ibid., p. 236, en italiques dans le texte) qui
sera confirméepar la Cour dans sa réponse à la question c). L'exposésur

ce point se terminait par:
((La Cour internationale de Justice ne pourrait-elle êtremise à
mêmede remplir un rôle constructif? ))[pour l'interprétation et I'ap-

plication du mandat] (ibid., p. 237).
Sans tirer un argument décisifde ces faits, ils interdisent cependant
de prétendre, àl'inverse, que la question de la révocation unilatéraledu
mandat est exclue de la réponse dela Cour à la question c) parce que le

problème n'avait pas étémentionné dans la procédure. Comme on le
voit, il avait été pospar les Etats-Unis et par le Secrétaire général.

26. Dès le 14décembre 1946, l'Assembléegénérale avaitadopté une
résolution 65 (1) invitant l'Union sud-africaine à proposer un accord de
tutelleà l'examen de l'Assembléegénérale.Et, depuis lors, se succèdent
Ics invitations à négocier, résolution 141 (II) du 1" novembre 1947,
résolutiondu 26 novembre 1948, jusqu'à la demande d'avis du 6 décem-

bre 1949.Après l'avisdu I1juillet 1950,l'Assembléegénérale a poursuivi
ses efforts pour une négociation avec l'Union sud-africaine (résolution
449 A (V) du 13décembre1950;résolution570 A (VI) du 19janvier 1952
où l'on trouve: (Fait solennellementappel au Gouvernement de l'Afrique
du Sud pour qu'il reconsidère sa position et le presse de reprendre des
négociations ...en vue de conclure un accord pour le complète exécution
de l'avis consultatif)); résolution 651 (VII) du 20 décembre 1952 qui

maintient les instructions de négocier données au Comité spécial des
Cinq par les résolutions 570 A (VI) du 19janvier 1952, 749 A (VIII) du
28 novembre 1953,etc.) Jusqu'à la onzième session en 1957,l'Assemblée
généralene semble pas avoir conçu d'autre voie de solution pour le Sud-
Ouest africain que celle de la négociationet ce n'est que dans une résolu-
tion 1060(XI) du 26 février1957que le Comitédu Sud-Ouest africain fut
chargéde rechercher les moyens juridiques à la disposition des organes
des Nations Unies, des Membres des Nations Unies ou des anciens mem-

bresde la Société desNations; c'estde là que vint l'initiativededeux Etats
Membres des Nations Unies et anciens membres de la SdN aboutissant South West Africa, pp. 137-139)and the Secretary-General, in his oral
statement, attributed sufficient importance to it to make it one of his
conclusions :
"Fourth, the possibility of revocation in the event of a serious

breach of obligation by a mandatory was not completely precluded.
It was suggested that in the event of an exceptional circumstance of
this kind it would be for the Council orfor thePermanent Court orfor
both to decide" (ibid., p. 234).
Then the statement went on to discuss the notion of "a solution agreed
between the United Nations and the mandatory Power" (ibid., p. 236,
italics in theorig'inal), which was to be confirmed by the Court in its

reply to question (c). On this point, the statement ended as follows:
"Could not the International Court of Justice be put into a
position to play a constructive role?" [for the interpretation and
application of the Mandate] (ibid., p. 237).

Without seeking to base a decisive argument on these facts, they do
nevertheless make it impossible to advance the contrary argument that
the reason why the question of unilateral revocation of the Mandate was
not mentioned in the Court's reply to question (c) was because the
problem had not been mentioned during the proceedings. As is apparent,
it had been raised by the United States and by the Secretary-General.
26. As early as 14December 1946,the General Assembly had adopted
resolution 65 (I), inviting the Union of South Africa to propose a trustee-
ship agreement for the consideration of the General Assembly. And from
that time on, invitations to negotiate followed each other; resolution 141
(II) of 1November 1947,resolution of 26 November 1948,and so on up
to the request for advisory opinion of 6December 1949.After the Opinion

of 11 July 1950, the General Assembly continued its efforts towards
negotiation with tlie Union of South Africa (resolution 449 A (V) of
13December 1950;resolution 570 A (VI) of 19January 1952,inwhich the
Assembly: "Appeals solemnly to the Government of South Africa to
reconsider its position, and urges it to resume negotiations .. .for the
purpose ofconcluding an agreementproviding forthe full implementation
of the advisory opinion"; resolution 651 (VII) of 20 December 1952,
which maintained the instructions to negotiate given to the Ad Hoc
Committee of Five by resolution 570 A (VI) of 19January 1952,resolu-
tion 749 A (VIII) of 28 November 1953, etc.). Up to the time of the
Eleventh Session, in 1957,the General Assembly does not seem to have
conceived of any other means of solution of the problem of South West
Africa than that of negotiation, and it was only in resolution 1060(XI)
of 26 February 1957 that the Committee on South West Africa was
instructed to examine the legal means at the disposa1of the organs of the
United Nations, the Members of the United Nations, or the former aux arrêtsde la Cour de 1962et 1966. La question poséeau Comitédu
Sud-Ouest africain était:

«Quelle est l'actionjuridique dont disposent les organes del'Orga-
nisation des Nations Unies, les Membres de l'ONU ou les anciens
membres de la SdN ...pour assurer que l'Union sud-africaine
s'acquitte des obligations qu'ellea assuméesen vertu du Mandat ..?))
(C'estmoi qui souligne.)

La ligne généraleadoptéepar les Nations Unies était donc d'engager
l'Afrique du Sud à négocierun accord de tutelle, avec certainestentatives
d'aménagement d'un statut international d'attente comme le rappelle
l'avisdans son paragraphe 84.
27. Il suffira de constater que, entre 1950et 1960,date des requêtes de
1'Ethiopieet du Libéria,lorsqu'il s'agissaitde poursuivre l'Œuvre accom-
plie par la Cour dans son avis du Il juillet 1950,personne n'a soutenu
q;'il existait un pouvoir de révocation du mandat par les organes des

Nations Unies, ou mêmeunpouvoir de modification des règlesdu mandat
par cette voie unilatérale.Et la preuve se trouve dans les faits; il était
connu en 1960 qu'une procédure contentieuse devant la Cour serait
longue et comporterait des risques alors que, selon l'avis de la Cour
aujourd'hui, il a toujours existé unpouvoir unilatéral de révocation du
mandat par l'Assemblée générale, depuils e refus de l'Afrique du Sud de
se soumettre à surveillance et de présenter des rapports sur son admi-
nistration du territoire. Le moins qu'on puisse dire est que l'Assemblée
généralen'étaitcertes pas consciente d'avoir ce pouvoir en 1960, lors-
qu'ellesecontentade féliciter1'EthiopieetleLibériadeleur initiative (réso-
lution 1565 (XV) du 18 décembre 1960), et que les Etats opposésaux

prétentions de l'Afrique du Sud n'en étaientpas plus avertis car, ainsi
qu'on l'a vu en octobre 1966, il eût étéinfiniment plus simple et plus
rapide de «modifier 1)le mandat par action unilatérale dès 1960, même
aprèsconsultation dela Coursur laméthode à employer, par une demande
d'avis telle que celle à laquelle la Cour a maintenant répondu ex post
facto. Or cela ne fut jamais envisagéavant la révocation prononcée en
octobre 1966,tellement l'idéed'un pouvoir unilatéral de révocationdu
mandat apparaissait fragile.
28. En 1955, lors de l'avis sur la Procédure de vote applicableaux
questions touchant les rapportset pétitionsrelatifs au Territoire du Sud-

Ouest africain(avis du 7 juin 1955, C.I.J. Recueil 1955, p. 67 et suiv.),
M. Lauterpacht étudia de manièreexhaustivetous lesproblèmes soulevés
par la mise en Œuvrede l'avis du 11juillet 1950et,parmi ceux-ci,celuide
la situation juridique du mandatairequi refuserait systématiquement de
tenir compte des recommandations qui lui sont adressées(cf. opinion
individuelle, p. 118, 120-121et 122).Il est important de noter que, même338 NAMIBIE (S.-O. AFRICAIN) (OP. DISS. GROS)

lorsqu'il suppose atteinte ((la limite imperceptible entre l'impropriétéet
l'illégalité,ntre la discrétion etl'arbitraire, entre l'exercice de la faculté
juridique de ne pas tenir compte de la recommandation et l'abus de cette
faculté))(p. 120), M. Lauterpacht ne se prononce pas sur la sanction
juridique possible et passe sous silence l'idéede révocationpour violation
de l'obligation du mandataire d'agir de bonne foi. Le but de sa démons-
tration est l'affirmation du caractèrejuridique de cette obligation, l'idée

desanctionn'étantinvoquéequecomme une confirmation de ce caractère.

29. Laconclusion à tirer de la conduite des Nations Unies et des Etats
les plus directement intéressés à la solution du problème du Sud-Ouest
africain est que le pouvoir de révocation n'est pas un élément dusystème
des mandats tel qu'il fut établi à l'origine. Il n'est pas conforme à une
interprétation raisonnable des pouvoirs de l'Assemblée généraleen
matière de mandats de découvriraujourd'hui qu'elle avait, depuis vingt-
cinq ans, ce que le Conseil de la SdN n'avait pas revendiquépour lui-

mêmeet ainsi, non seulement le moyen de révoquer le mandat mais, par
la simple évocation de cette compétence,la possibilitéde contraindre le
mandataire àlui rendre compte,argument qui ne futjamais employé.

30. Le système décrit dans l'avis du 1l juillet 1950, qui n'allait pas
jusqu'à I'affirmation d'une obligationjuridique de négocierun accord de
tutelle, ne comportait pas, mêmeimplicitement, la notion de révocation
unilatérale, l'accentayant étémis de manière exclusivesur l'idéedenégo-
ciation entre Nations Unies et mandataire. Comme l'arrêtdu 21décembre
1962 (affaires du Sud-Ouest africain) l'a exposé ensuite, (le Conseil ne

pouvait imposer ses vues au Mandataire ...et le Mandataire pouvait
demeurer sourd aux admonestations du Conseil » (C.Z.J. Recueil 1962,
p. 337); l'avis de 1950 (Statut international du Sud-Ouest africain) avait
dit que cle degréde surveillance à exercer par l'Assembléegénéralene
saurait donc dépassercelui qui a été appliquésous le régime desMan-
dats ...)(C.Z.J.Recueil 1950, p. 138).

La preuve de l'existenced'un pouvoir de révocation dans le régime des
mandats n'a pas étéfaite.

31. La seconde justification présentée à l'appui de la révocation du
mandat se réfère à un pouvoir particulier des Nations Unies de déciderla
révocation,mêmesice pouvoir n'existait pas à l'origine pour les mandats,
par une sorte de transposition d'une règle généralesur la violation des
traités.On tente de justifier la résolution 2145(XXI) dans ses effets, par
uri appel àla théoriegénéralede la violation des obligations convention-
nelles, en affirmant l'existenced'un droit pour les Nations Unies, comme
partie à un traité, le mandat, de dénoncer ce traité comme sanction du
refus par l'autre partie, le mandataire, d'exécuterses obligations.

En premier lieu, l'idéeque le régimedu mandat est un traité ou résultewhen he supposes that the Mandatory had over-stepped "the impercep-
tible line between impropriety and illegality, between discretion and
arbitrariness, between the exercise of the legal right to disregard the
recommendation and abuse of that right" (p. 120), Judge Lauterpacht
does not pronounce on the possible legal sanctions, and makes no
mention .of the idea of revocation for violation of the obligation of the
Mandatory to act in good faith. The purpose of his argument is the
affirmation of the legal nature of that obligation, the idea of sanction
only being relied on asa confirmation thereof.
29. The conclusion to be drawn from the conduct of the United
Nations and of the States most directly concerned by solution of the
problem of South West Africa is that the power of revocation is not a

feature of the mandates system as it was originally established. Ttis not
consistent with any reasonable interpretation of the powers of the
General Assembly in the field of mandates to discover today that it has
had for 25 years what the Council of the League of Nations had never
claimed, and thus has not merely means to revoke the Mandate, but also,
merely by drawing attention to such power, the possibility of obliging
the Mandatory to render account to it, which is an argument that was
never employed.
30. The system described in the Opinion of 11 July 1950, which did
not go so far as to affirm the existence of a legal obligation to negotiate
a trusteeship agreement, did not entail, even implicitly, the concept of
unilateral revocation, the accent being laid exclusively on the idea of
negotiation between the United Nations and the Mandatory. As the
Judgment of 21December 1962inthe Sokth WestAfricacasessubsequently
explained, "the Council could not impose its own view on the mandatory
... and the mandatory could continue to turn a deaf ear to the Council's

admonitions" (I.C.J. Reports 1962,p. 337); the 1950Advisory Opinion
on the InternationalStatus of South West Africa had said that "the degree
of supervision to be exercised by the General Assembly should not there-
fore exceed that which applied under the mandates system . . ."(I.C.J.
Reports 1950,p. 138).
The existence in the mandates system of a power of revocation has not
been proved.
31. The second justification presented to support the revocation of
the Mtindate refers to a special power of the United Nations to take a
decision to revoke it, even if such power did not exist with regard to
mandates originally, by a sort of transposition of a general rule relating
to violation of treaties. It sought to justify resolution 2145 (XXI), with
regard to its effects, by an appeal to the general theory of the violation
of treaty obligations, and by affirmation of the existence of a right for the
United Nations, as a party to a treaty, namely the Mandate, to put an

end to that treaty by way of sanction for the refusal of the other party,
the Mandatory, to fulfilits obligations.
In the first place, the idea that the mandates system is a treaty ord'un traitén'est pas historiquement exacte, comme lerappelait M. Basde-
vant :

(La Cour a cru pouvoir sefonder sur lecaractèrede traité reconnu
par elle au Mandat établipar la décisiondu Conseil de la SdN du
17décembre1920.Je ne souscris pas à cette interprétation. Je m'en
tiens au caractère de l'acte accompli par le Conseil de laSdN le 17
décembre1920 ...Il ne m'estpas apparu qu'àcetteépoquelecaractère

propre de cet acte du Conseil ait étécontesté.» (C.I.J. Recueil 1962,
p. 462; c'estmoi qui souligne.)

Il faut ajouter que, mêmesi l'on admet que le mandat est un traité, il
n'y a pas dans le droit des traités de règlepermettant à une partie de
mettre fin discrétionnairement à un traité au cas où elle soutient que
l'autre partie a commis une violation du traité. Il faut un examen des
prétentions contradictoires et l'une ne prévaut pas sur l'autre avant la
décisiond'un tiers, conciliateur, arbitre oujuge.

32. Le rég"me du mandat avant étéinternationalement établi est
devenu obligatoiredans les conditions où il a étéétabli,c'est-à-dire sans
qu'un pouvoir de révocation yait été inclus.Pour modifier tout statut
international de caractère objectif, il faut lui appliquer les règlesqui lui
sont propres. La thèse de la compétenceunilatérale de révocation du
mandat par l'Assembléegénérale n'esf tondée que surl'idéedela nécessi-
té,quelque apparencequ'on lui donne. Et la fin nejustifie pas lesmoyens,
comme le rappelait M. Koretsky en 1962 (C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 268).
Dire qu'un pouvoir est nécessaire, qu'il découle logiquement d'une
certaine situation, est l'aveu de l'inexistenced'unejustification juridique.
Nécessité n'a pasde loi,dit-on; c'esten effetqu'on sort du droitorsqu'on

invoque la nécessité.
33. Dans cesconditions, leproblèmedes conséquencesjuridiques de la
résolution2145 (XXI) et des résolutionsconnexes du Conseil de sécurité
sepose pour moid'une manièretrèsdifférentede celleque laCour adopte.
Comme l'ont dit M. Lauterpacht en 1955 et M. Koretsky en 1962,je
considèreque les recommandations de l'Assembléegénérale ne créenptas
((d'obligation juridique de passer à exécution, bien qu'en certaines
circonstances elles constituent une autorisation légalepour les membres
décidés à s'yconformer soit individuellement soit collectivement »(C.I.J.
Recueil1955,p. 115).Enlaprésenteaffaire,fautede pouvoir derévocation

dans lerégimedu mandat, ni l'Assembléegénéralen , i mêmele Conseilde
sécuriténe peuvent faire naître ce pouvoir ex nihilo. Il y a donc des re-
commandations, hautement respectables, mais qui n'obligent pas juridi-
quement les Etats Membres à une action communautaire ou individuelle.
Cette thèse classiquefut exposée àla Cour par le représentantde l'URSS
dans l'affaire de Certaines dépensesdes Nations Unies(exposéécrit, C.I.J. NAMIBIA (s.w. AFRICA )DISS. OP.GROS) 339

results from a treaty is not historically correct, as was recalled by Judge
Basdevant :

"The Court has felt able to rely on what it recognizes as the treaty
character of the Mandate established by the decision of the Council
of the League of Nations of 17December 1920. 1 do not subscribe
to this interpretation. 1 adhere to the character of the instrument
made by the Council of the League of Nations on 17December 1920
...1 have not found anything to indicate that at that time the par-
ticular character of the Council's instrument was disputed" (I.C.J.

Reports 1962,p. 462; emphasis supplied).

It must be added that, even if one concedes that the Mandate is a
treaty, there is no rule in the law of treaties enabling one party at its
discretion to put an end to a treaty in a case in which it alleges that the
other party has committed a violation of the treaty. An examination of
the rival contentions is necessary, and the one cannot prevail over the
other until there has been a decision of a third party, a conciliator, an
arbitrator or atribunal.
32. The mandates system having been established on the international
level, it became binding subject to the conditions on which it was estab-
lished, that is to say without the inclusion therein of any power of
revocation. To modify any international status of an objective kind,
there must be applied thereto the rules which are proper to it. The

argument for the unilateral power of revocation of the mandate by the
General Assembly has no basis but the idea of necessity, however it may
be clothed. And, as Judge Koretsky recalled in 1962, the end does not
justify the means (I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 268). To say that a power is
necessary, that it logically results from a certain situation, is to admit the
non-existance of any legal justification. Necessity knows no law, it is
said; and indeed to invoke necessityisto step outside the law.
33. In these circumstances, for me the problem of the legal consequen-
ces of resolution 2145(XXI), and of the related resolutions of the Security
Council, arises in a way very different from that adopted by the Court.
As Judge Lauterpacht said in 1955,and as JudgeKoretsky said in 1962,
1consider that the recommendations of the General Assembly, "although

on proper occasions they provide a legal authorization for Members
determined to act upon them individually or collectively, ...do not create
a legal obiigation to comply with them" (I.C.J. Reports 1955, p. 115).
In the present case, in the absence of a power of revocation in the man-
dates system, neither the General Assembly nor even the Security
Council can cause such a power to come to birth ex nihilo.Thus we have
here recommendations which are eminently worthy of respect, but which
do not bind member States legally to any action, collective or individual.
This classic view was laid before the Court by the representative of the
USSR in the case concerning Certain Expenses of the United Nations 340 NAMIBIE(S.-O. AFRICAIN) (OP. DISS. GROS)

Mémoires,p. 273; exposéoral, ibid., p. 411-412). En 1962et en 1970,la
France a égalementsoutenu que les Nations Unies ne pouvaient, par la
voie des recommandations, légiféreret contraindre les Etats Membres
(C.I.J. Mémoires,CertainesdépensesdesNations Unies,p. 133-134;exposé
écritdans la présenteaffaire, C.I.J. Mémoires,vol. 1,p. 365-368,avec le

rappel des réservesfaites «maintes fois »,ibid., p. 368, note 1; voir aussi
la déclarationdu Gouvernement des Etats-Unis à propos de l'attitude de
certains Etats après l'avis sur Certaines dépenses desNations Unies,
notamment sur leproblèmedu doublestandard parmi les Etats Membres,
Nations Unies, doc. A/AC. 121/SR.I5.Corr.l).
La résolution 2145 (XXI) est une recommandation dont la portée
politique est considérable mais les Etats Membres des Nations Unies,

même ceuxqui l'ont votée, nesont pas tenus par une obligation juridique
d'agir conformément à ses dispositions et ils demeurent libres de déter-
miner leur action.
34. 11reste à examiner l'argument que le Conseil de sécuritéa, s'il en
étaitbesoin, ((confirmé )la résolution2145 (XXI) (cf. en ce sens l'exposé
oral du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis, audience du 9 mars 1971).Mais
comment un acte irrégulier peut-ilêtre rendulégitimepar un organe qui

n'a déclaré qu'en cprendre acte 1)ou en «tenir compte ))?Régulariserun
acte signifiele pouvoir de faire soi-mêmece que lepremier organe n'a pu
faire valablement. Et leConseil de sécuritén'a pas, par lui-même, plusde
pouvoir de révoquerle mandat que l'Assembléegénérales ,i cepouvoir de
révocation n'existait pas dans le système des mandats. Le problème
demeure.
Quant à la thèse selon laquelle lesarticles 24 et 25 de la Charte per-

mettent au Conseilde sécurité d'intervenir directementdans la révocation
du mandat et de prendre des décisionsobligatoires pour lesEtats parceque
la situation a ététraitéeen relation avec le maintien de la paix et de la
sécurité internationales,c'est une nouvelle tentative pour modifier les
principes de la Charte sur les pouvoirs reconnus par les Etats aux organes
qu'ilsinstituèrent. II ne suffitpas de dire qu'une affaire a un écho )sur le
maintien de la paix pour que le Conseil de sécuritése transforme en
gouvernement mondial. La Cour a bien défini lesconditions de la Charte:

((Ceci n'équivaut pas à dire que l'organisation soit un Etat, ce
qu'elle n'est certainement pas, ou que sa personnalitéjuridique, ses
droits et ses devoirs soient les mêmesque ceux d'un Etat. Encore
moins celaéquivaut-il à dire que l'organisation soit un ((super-Etat )),
quel que soit le sens de cette expression. ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1949,

p. 179.)

35. 11n'y a pas d'exempled'affaireportéedevant le Conseil de sécurité
où l'un des Etats Membres ne puisse prétendre que la persistance d'une
certaine situation porte atteinte, immédiateou lointaine, au maintien de(written statement, I.C.J. Pleadings,p. 273; oralstatement, ibid.,pp. 411f.).
In 1962 and in 1970, France also argued that the United Nations could
not, by way of recommendation, legislate so as to bind member States
(I.C.J. Pleadings, Certain Expenses of the United Nations, pp. 133 f.;
written statement of France in the present case,Pleadings,Vol. 1,pp. 365-
368, with the reminder of frequently expressed reservations, ibid., p. 368,
note; see also the declaration of the United States Government on the
attitude of certain States following the Opinion on Certain Expenses of
the UnitedNations, in particular on the problem of the double standard
obtainingamong member States : UN doc. A/AC. 121/SR.15.Corr. 1).
Resolution 2145(XXI) is a recommendation with considerable political

impact, but the member States of the United Nations, even including
those which voted for its adoption, are under no legal obligation to act
in conformity with its provisions, and remain free to determine their
own course of action.
34. There is still to be considered the argument that the Security
Council has, if need be, "confirmed" resolution 2145 (XXI) (cf. the
statements made in this sense on behalf of the United States Government
by Mr. Stevenson, hearing of 9 March 1971). But how can an irregular
act be rendered legitimate by an organ which has declared only to have
"taken note" of it or "taken it into account"? To regularize an act
connotes the power of doing oneself what the first organ could not
properly do. And the Security Council has no more power to revoke
the Mandate than the General Assembly, if no such power of revocation
was embodied in the mandates system. Hence the problem remains.
As for the contention that the Security Council was entitled under
Articles 24 and 25 of the Charter to intervene directly in the revocation

of the Mandate and take decisions binding on States because the situation
was being dealt with under the head of the maintenance of international
peace and security, that is another attempt to modify the principles of
the Charter as regards the powers vested by States in the organs they
instituted. To assert that a matter may have a distant repercussion on
the maintenance of peace is not enough to turn the Security Council into
a world government. The Court has well defined the conditions of the
Charter:

"That is not the sanie thing as saying that [the United Nations]
is a State, which it certainly is not, or that its legal personality and
rights and duties are the same as those of a State. Still less is it the
same thingas saying that it isa 'super-State', whateverthat expression
may mean." (1C.J. Reports 1949,p. 179.)

35. There is not a single example of a matter laid before the Security
Council in which some member State could not have claimed that the
continuance of a given situation represented an immediate or remote341 NAMIBIE (S.-O.AFRICAIN () P.DISS.GROS)

la paix. La Charte a été établiavec trop de précautions pour en laisser
détruirel'équilibre. Iciencore on peut rappeler les formules du représen-
tant de l'URSS devant la Cour en 1962:

.(Le fait d'opposer l'efficacitéde l'organisation des Nations Unies
à l'observation des principes de la Charte des Nations Unies est
juridiquement dépourvu de tout fondement, tout comme il est
dangereux. Il est évidentpour tous que le respect des principes de la
Charte des Nations Unies est la condition nécessairede l'efficacité
desNations Unies. L'expérience desNations Unies prouve clairement
que c'est seulement en se fondant sur la stricte observation des
Principes de la Charte des Nations Unies que l'organisation peut
devenir un instrument efficacedu maintien de la paix et de la sécurité
internationales et du développement de relations amicales entre
Etats.» (C.Z.J. Mémoires, Certainesdépensesdes Nations Unies
(article7, paragraphe 2, de la Charte), p. 411-412, traduction du
Greffe; voir aussi l'exposéécrit du Gouvernement français dans la

même affaire, eod. loc., p. 134;cf. la déclaration faite au Parlement
au nom du ouv verne mu Roytaume-Uni sur la nature juridique
de l'obligation résultant de recommandations du Conseil de sécurité
dans Hansard,vol. 812, no96, 3 mars 1971,p. 1763et suiv.)
C'est ce qu'avaient bien marqué dans le débat sur la présente affaire
les déléguédse plusieurs Etats au Conseil de sécuri, ui indiquèrent que
la seule façon d'obliger les Etats eût été de prendreen Conseil une
décisionfondéesur le chapitre VI1de la Charte, après avoir procédé aux

constatations nécessaires, méthode que le Conseil choisit de ne pas
adopter.
La mesuredela solidaritéacceptéedans une organisation internationale
est fixéepar l'acte constitutif. On ne peut la modifier ultérieurementpar
uneinterprétation fondéesurdesbuts et principes toujours très largement
énoncés, telsla coopération internationale ou le maintien de la paix.
Sinon, une associationd'Etats crééepour assurer une coopération inter-
nationale ne se différencieraiten rien d'une fédération. Ce seraitprécisé-
ment le (super-Etat» que les Nations Unies ne sont pas.
36. Il n'ya donc pas d'autres conséquencespour les Etats que l'obliga-
tion d'examiner de bonne foi la mise en Œuvre des recommandations
faites par l'Assemblée générale et le Conseile sécurité sur lasituationde
la Namibie (cf. déclaration oraledes Etats-Unis, par. IVnfine, audience
du 9 mars 1971).

37. II me paraît impossible cependant de s'arrêteà ces seules consta-
tations juridiques, vu l'importance des intérêts humanitaires encause et
celle de la question de principe poséedevant la Cour depuis plus de vingtthreat to the maintenance of peace. But the Charter was drawn up with

too much precaution for the disturbance of its balance to be permitted.
Here again the words used before the Court in 1962bythe Sovietrepresen-
tative areapposite:
"The opposing of the effectivenessofthe United Nations Organiza-
tion to the observance of the principles of the United Nations
Charter is legally groundless and dangerous. It is clear to everyone
that the observance of the principles of the United Nations Charter
is the necessary condition of the effectivenessof the United Nations.

The experience of the United Nations clearly showsthat only on the
basis of the strict observance of the principles of the United Nations
Charter can the Organization becorne an effectiveinstrument for the
maintenance of international peace and security and the development
of friendly relations among States." (I.C.J. Pleadings, Certain
Expensesof the United Nations (Article 17,paragraph2, of the Char-
ter), pp. 411f.;see also the French Government's written statement
in thesame case, ibid.,p. 134,and cf. the parliamentary statement of
H.M. Government on the legal nature of obligations arising out of
Security Council recommendations: Hansard, Vol. 812, No. 96,
3 Marcb 1971,pp. 1763ff.)

The same point was stressed by the delegates of several States in
Security Council discussions of the matter with which the Court is now
concerned. They pointed out that the only way of laying States under
obligation would be for the Council to take a decision based on Chapter
VI1of the Charter after proceeding to effectthe requisite determinations,
a method which the Council chose not to adopt.
The degree of solidarity accepted in an international organization is
fixed by its constitution. It cannot be subsequently modified through an
interpretation based on purposes and principles which are always very
broadly defined, such as international CO-operation or the maintenance

of peace. Otherwise an association of States created with a view to inter-
national CO-operation would be indistinguishable from a federation. It
would be precisely the "super-State" which the United Nations is not.
36. There are therefore no other consequences for States than the
obligation of considering in good faith the implementation of the
recommendations made by the General Assembly and the Security
Council concerning the situation in Namibia (cf. oral statement on be-
half of the United States,hearing of 9 March 1971,section IV injine).

37. Nevertheless, considering the importance of the humanitarian
interests at stakeand of the question of principle raised before the Court
for over 20 years, one cannot, 1 feel, merely record these legal ans. Il serait regrettable de ne pas indiquer les moyens de poursuivre
l'Œuvrede la Cour de 1950.J'estime que la Cour pouvait approcher la
question poséepar le Conseil de sécuritéd'une manière différente,plus

conforme à ses traditions, et qui eût ouvert aux Nations Unies des pers-
pectives de solution au lieu d'une impasse. Cette approche n'ayant pas
étéretenue,je ne puis qu'en indiquer lesgrandes lignes.

Ce qui est essentiel dans une deriîande d'avis, comme dans une requête
contentieuse, c'est son objet, non les motivations présentéesau cours de
la procédure. Le juge saisi d'une affaire doit juger cette affaire et non

une autre (cf. Sociétécomrnercialede Belgique, C.P.J.I. sérieAIB no78,
p. 173; Pêcheries,C.I.J. Recueil 1951, p. 126 sur «des élémentsqui ...
pourraient fournir les motifs de l'arrêtet non en constituer l'objet 1)l;de
même,dans l'arrêtdes Minquiers et Ecréhous,la Cour distingue entre les
raisons invoquées etlesdemandes, C.I.J. Recueil 1953,p. 52).La demande
faite àla Cour étaitde définirle statut juridique actuel de la Namibie, les
prétentionscontradictoires des Etats n'étantque des explications propo-

sées à la Cour, les uns tenant que la révocationdu mandat est définitive,
les autres qu'elle estdouteuse ou illégale.Mais la demande est véritable.
ment de faire déclarer par la Cour ce qu'il est advenu du mandat et
quelles sont les conséquencesjuridiques de diverses actions, soit du
mandataire, soit des Nations Unies. La Cour pouvait répondre à cette
demande par d'autres motifs que ceux qui furent invoquésdevant elle et
par un autre systèmede raisonnement, à la seule condition de ne pas
à une autre demande que celle qui fut formulée,évitantainsi de
répondre
transformer l'affaire «en un autre différenddont le caractèrene seraitpas
le même 1)(C.P.J.I. sérieA/B no78,p. 173;c'est rnoiqui souligne).

38. L'avis de 1950définit leSud-Ouest africain comme ((un territoire
soumis au Mandat international assumé par l'Union sud-africaine le
17décembre1920 )(C.I.J. Recueil 1950,p. 143).II existe donc un régime

international demandat, en vigueur tant qu'il n'y a pas étémis finpar un
procédéopposablejuridiquement à tous les Etats intéressés.La protec-
tion des peuples non encore pleinement capables de se gouverner eux-
mêmesconstituant ((une mission sacrée de civilisation ))réaliséedans le
statut de mandat en 1920,a continuéde porter effet. La Cour, en 1950,
avait montréla voiejuridique ô suivre pour modifier et, éventuellement,
terminer le statut. C'estcette voie qu'ilfallait suivre.

39. Certes l'avis consultatif du Il juillet 1950n'a pas imposé à 1'Afri-
que du Sud, comme une obligation juridique, la conclusion d'un accord

motifs et objet, mais c'est letexte françaist foi.lairement la distinction entre

330findings and leave the matter there. It would be regrettable not to indicate
means of pursuing what the Court established in 1950. It was in my
view open to the Court to adopt towards the question put by the Security
Council a different approach, one which would not only have been more
in conformity with itstraditions but also have offered the United Nations
some prospects of a solution, instead of an impasse. However, as that

approach was not adopted, 1cannot do more than outline it.
What is essential in the case of a request for advisory opinion, as in
that of a contentious application, is its actual subject, not the reasoning
advanced in the course of the proceedings. A court seised of a matter
must judge that matter and not another (cf. SociétéCommerciale de
Belgique,P.C.I.J., Series AIB, No. 78, p. 173; Fisheries, I.C.J. Reports
1951, p. 126 concerning "des élémentsqui. . .pourraient fournir les
motifs de l'arrêe tt nonen constituer l'objetl";similarly, in the Minquiers
and Ecrehos Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1953,p. 52,the Court distinguished
between the reasons advanced and the requests made). The request made
to the Court was thnt it should define the present legal status of Namibia,

and the opposing contentions of States were no more than explanations
pro-posedto the Court, some holding that the revocation of the Mandate
was final, others that it was dubious or illegal. But this is veritably a
request that the Court declare what has become of the Mandate and what
are the legal consequences of various actions, whether on the part of the
Mandatory or on the part of the United Nations. The Court was at
liberty to reply to that request with reference to other reasons than
those advanced before it, and by another system of argument, on one
condition, that it did not reply to another request than that formulated
and that it thus avoided transforming the case "into another dispute
which is different in character"(P.C.I.J., Series AIB, No. 78, p. 173; my
emphasis).
38. The 1950 Advisory Opinion defines South West Africa as "a

territory under the international Mandate assumed by the Union of
South Africa on December 17th 1920" (I.C.J. Reports 1950,p. 143).Thus
there exists an international mandatory régime whichremains in force
for so long as it has not been ended by a procedure legally opposable
to al1 States concerned. The principle of the protection of peoples not
yet fully capable of governing themselves, constituting "a sacred trust of
civilization" concretized in the mandate status of 1920, still holds good.
The Court had in 1950shown the legal path to follow in order to modify
and, if so desired, terminate that status.It was that path which ought to
have been followed.
39. The Advisory Opinion of 11July 1950did not, to be sure, impose
upon South Africa, as a legal obligation, the conclusion of a trusteeship

l The English text of the Judgment does not render so clearly as the French,
which is the autho'ritative text, the distinction between reasons (motifs) and subject-
matter (objet).
330de tutelle. En n'allant pas jusqu'à l'extrêmelogique de la position de
principe qu'elleprenait en disant: (Rien nepermet de conserver lesdroits
dérivésdu Mandat, tout en répudiant les obligations qui en découlent »
(C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 133), la Cour refusait de dire qu'il y avait une

obligation de transformer le mandat en tutelle, parmi lesobligations du
mandataire. Mais la discussion ne s'arrête paslà, comme le montre la
suggestion faite par M. Charles De Visscher, dans des écritspostérieurs
complétantles vues expriméesdans son opinion de 1950sur la portéede
l'obligation de négocier(C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 186 et suiv.) ainsi que
l'examendu problèmepar M. Lauterpacht en 1955(par. 28, supra).
40. J'estime que la Cour devait reprendre les observations de ces deux
juges et les mettre en Œuvredans son avis. Dans son arrêt du 20 février
1969 (affaires du Plateau continentalde la mer du Nord, C.I.J. Recueil

1969,p. 48), la Cour a rappeléle contenu de toute obligation de négocier,
déjàdéfiniedans l'avisconsultatif sur le Traficferroviaire entrelaLithuanie
et laPologne: l'obligation (n'estpas seulementd'entamerdesnégociations,
mais encore de les poursuivre autant que possible, en vue d'arriver à des
accords )(C.P.J.I. sérieA/B no42, p. 116)et, en ce qui concernel'arrêt de
1969, la Cour disait que les négociations menéesdans les affaires du
Plateau continentalde lamer du Nord n'avaient pas satisfait à ces condi-
tions.
41. Rappelons brièvementla thèsedu Gouvernement de l'Afrique du

Sud sur l'impossibilitéoù il s'est trouvé de négocier avecles Nations
Unies aprèsl'avisdu 11juillet 1950:cette thèseest exposéedefaçon fort
claire dans le contre-mémoire sud-africain et la plaidoirie du 11octobre
1962(C.I.J. Mémoires,Sud-Ouest africain,vol. II, p. 86-95, et vol. VII,
p. 241-250).Selon cegouvernement, le Comitéspécialétabli en1950et le
Comitédu Sud-Ouest africain en 1953avaient comme mission de recher-
cher lesmoyens de mettre en Œuvre l'avisconsultatif; demême,le Comité
des bons officesétabli en1957devait rechercher un accord qui conserve-
rait au territoire pris dans son ensemble un statut international et qui soit

conforme aux buts des Nations Unies. L'argument de l'Afrique du Sud
est fondésur ces termes de référence préciest en fait la cause de l'absence
de négociationpour la mise en Œuvrede l'avis de 1950.C'est ainsi que
l'Afriquedu Sud offrit en 1959 d'centrer en discussion avecun organisme
ad hoc des Nations Unies qui pourrait être constitué après consultation
avecIeGouvernement de l'Union et qui aurait toute possibilitéd'aborder
sa mission de façon constructive, permettant les plus amples discussions
et l'examende toutes lespossibilités ))cette déclaiationfut repriseen 1960
en termes identiques (eod. loc., vol. 1, p. 83, mémoire de 1'Ethiopie;

vol. II, p. 91, contre-mémoire sud-africain).

42. De son côté, l'Assemblée gknérale,déjàavant l'avis de 1950, en
1946,1947et 1948,par trois résolutionssuccessives,avait invitél'Afrique
du Sud ànégocierun accord de tutelle. Après que la Cour eut déclaré que l'Afrique du Sud n'avait pas l'obligation juridique de placer le territoire
sous le régime de tutelle, de nombreuses tentatives furent faites par
l'Assemblée,que le présent avis rappelle dans le paragraphe 84 (voir
aussi par. 26, supra).
43. On peut résumer,trèssommairement, l'opposition des thèses dela
manière suivante. Les Nations Unies cherchaient àaboutir àla négocia-
tion d'un accord de tutelle; l'Afrique du Sud ne voulait pas transformer

le mandat en tutelle.l faut rechercher qui a abuséde sapositionjuridique
dans cette controverse sur l'étendue de I'obligationde négocier. La
différencedans l'appréciation du problème juridique en 1950 et au-
jourd'hui porte uniquement sur ce point. En 1950 la Cour ne pouvait
envisager dans son avis l'hypothèse que l'obligation de comportement
reconnue par elleà l'égardde l'Afrique du Sud en déclarantqu'un accord
devrait êtreconclu pour modifier le mandat rencontrerait des difficultés
d'application; d'où le silence sur ce point. Mais les règles généralesur
I'obligation de négocier suffisent.Si une négociation avait éentaméede
bonne foi et si, un moment donné,sur des points précisobjectivement
discutables, l'accord n'avait pu se faire, on pourrait soutenir que l'avisde

1950 sur l'inexistence d'une obligation juridique de mettre le territoire
sous tutelle empêche d'allerplus loin, parce que, dans cette hypothèse,
le refus d'acceptation d'un projet d'accord de tutelle par le mandataire
pourrait êtrejugéraisonnablement justifié. «Nulle partie ne peut préten-
dre imposer sesconditions à l'autre)(C.I.J. Recueil1950p,. 139).Mais les
faits sont différents:il n'yajamais eu decommencement de la négociation
pour un accord de tutelle par le fiit de l'Afrique du Sud. La violation de
la règlede droit en l'espèceest la violation de l'obligation de négocierde
bonne foi. Dire que les Nations Unies devaient accepter la négociation
d'un accord autre qu'un accord de tutelle selon les bases proposéespar
l'Afrique du Sud est de la part de ce gouvernement interpréter l'avis de

1950contrairement à son sens et abuser de sa qualité de partie qualifiée
pour modifier le mandat. En voulant imposer aux Nations Unies sa
propre conception de l'objet de la négociationpour la modification et la
transformation du mandat, l'Afrique du Sud n'a pas rempli I'obligation
de comportement instituéepar l'avisde 1950.

Par contre les Nations Unies n'abusaient aucunement de leur situation
.juridique en refusant toute autre négociation que celle qui aboutirait à
un accord de tutelle, car tel étaitbien le but reconnu par l'avisde 1950et

déjàenvisagépar la résolutionde la Société des Nations du 18avril 1946.
((L'intention a évidemment été de sauvegarder les droits des Etats et des
peuples en toutes circonstances et à tous égards, jusqu'à ce que chaque
territoiresoit placésousleRégimede Tutelle »(C.I.J. Recueil1950p ,. 134).
Les Nations Unies auraient pu légitimement constater cette situation found that South Africa was under no legal obligation to bring the
Territory within the trusteeship system, the Assembly took manyfurther
initiatives to which paragraph 84 of the present Opinion alludes (see also
para. 26 above).
43. The conflict of standpoints can be roughly summarized as follows:
The aim of the United Nations was to arrive at the negotiation of a
trusteeship agreement, whereas South Africa did not want to convert the
Mandate into a trusteeship. It is necessary to determine which party has
been misusing its legal position in this controversy on the extent of the
obligation to negotiate. The difference in the appreciation of the legal
problem as between 1950and today bears solely on that point. In 1950

the Court was unable, in its Opinion, to envisage the hypothesis that
difficulties might arise over the implementation of the obligation to
observe a certain line of conduct which it found incumbent on South
Africa in declaring that an agreement for the modification of the Man-
date should be concluded; hence its silence on that point. But the general
rules concerning the obligation to negotiate suffice. If negotiations had
been begun in good faith and if, at a given juncture, it had been found
impossible to reach agreement on certain precise, objectively debatable
points, then it might be argued that the Opinion of 1950, finding as it
had that there was no obligation to place the Territory under trusteeship
prevented taking the matter further, inasmuch as the Mandatory's
refusal to accept a draft trusteeship agreement could in that case reason-
ably be deemed justified: "No party can impose its terms on the other
party" (I.C.J. Reports 1950,p. 139).But the facts are otherwise: negotia-
tions for the conclusion of a trusteeship agreement never began, and for
that South Africa was responsible. The rule of law infringed herein is the

obligation to negotiate in good faith. To assert that the United Nations
ought to have accepted the negotiation of anything other than a trustee-
ship agreement on bases proposed by South Africa, that, coming from
the Government of South Africa, is to interpret the 1950 Advisory
Opinion contrary to its meaning and to misuse the position of being the
party qualified to modify the Mandate. In seeking to impose on the
United Nations its own conception of the object of the negotiations for
the modification and transformation of the Mandate, South Africa has
failed to comply with the obligation established by the 1950Opinion to
observe a certain line of conduct.
The United Nations, on the other hand, was by no means misusing its
legal position when it refused to negotiate with any other end in view
than the conclusion of a trusteeship agreement, for such indeed was the
goal acknowledged by the 1950 Opinion and already envisaged by the
League of Nations resolution of 18 April 1946. "It obviously was the
intention to safeguard the rights of States and peoples under al1circum-

stances and in al1respects, until each territory should be placed under the
Trusteeship System" (I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 134). It would have beend'impassedans la négociationet mettre en demeure l'Afrique du Sud de
remplir sonobligation denégocier.

44. Cette vue des choses est renforcéepar la constante interprétation
donnéepar l'Afrique du Sud de sespropres pouvoirs, qu'il s'agissede la
prétention à l'incorporation du territoire, essentiellement contraire au
régimedu mandat, ou de sa thèsesur les titres juridiques de l'Afrique du
Sudautresque le mandat. La situation juridique du mandataire reconnue
formellement par la Cour en 1950donnait le droità l'Afrique du Sud de,
négocierlesconditions de la transformation du mandat en tutelle; depuis
1950cette situation a étutiliséepour faire obstacle au principe mêmede
la transformation.
45. Une telle analyse faite par la Cour et fondée sur laconstatation
judiciaire d'uneviolation de l'obligation de transformer le mandat par la
négociation,comme le prescrivait l'avis de 1950, aurait eu des consé-
quences juridiques en ce qui concerne le maintien de la présencede
l'Afriquedu Suddans le territoire sous mandat. J'estime que, dans cette
perspective, cesconséquencesjuridiques auraient étéfermement motivées
en droit.

(Signé A)ndréGROS. NAMIBIA(s.w. AFRICA) (DISS. OP. GROS) 345
legitimate for the United Nations to have taken note of the deadlock
and demanded South Africa's compliance with its obligation to negotiate.
44. This view is reinforced by South Africa's consistent interpretation

of its own powers, whether it be its pretention to the incorporation of the
Territory-something essentially incompatiblewith the mandaterégime-
or its contentions with regard to its legal titles apart from the Mandate.
The legal position of Mandatory formally recognized by the Court in
1950 gave South Africa the right to negotiate the conditions for the
transformation of the Mandate into a trusteeship; since 1950 that
position has been used to obstruct the very principle of such transfor-
mation.
45. An analysis on these lines, ifcarried out by the Court and based on
a judicial finding that there had been a breach of the obligation to
transform the Mandate by negotiation as the 1950Opinion prescribed,

would have had legal consequences in respect of the continued presence
of South Africa in the mandated territory.consider that, in that context,
the legal consequences concerned would have been founded upon solid
legal reasons.

(Signed )ndré GROS.

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Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion of Judge Gros

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