Separate opinion of Judge Sepúlveda-Amor

Document Number
150-20110308-ORD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
150-20110308-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

35

SEPARATE OPINION
OF JUDGE SEPúLVEDA-AMOR

Agreement to provide interim measures of protection — Need to clearly define
“plausibility” for the purposes of interim protection under Articl▯41 of the
Statute — Disagreement with the second provisional measure — Unsatisfactory
treatment of the risk of irreparable prejudice to possible Costa Rican rights and to
the “caño” — The Court should have entrusted to both Parties the responsibility
for any measures required to prevent irreparable prejudice to the enviro▯nment in
Isla Portillos.

1. I agree that interim measures of protection should be afforded by
the Court in the present case. Although it would appear rather obvious, f
it is worth recalling, as the Order does, that the Court has the power tfo
indicate any provisional measure it may deem necessary in order to pre -
serve the respective rights of either party, and that the measures indicfated

may be different, in whole or in part, from those originally requestedf.
Additionally, I do not find it futile to reaffirm, as the Court does onf this
occasion, that an Order on the indication of provisional measures has a f
binding effect and that the Parties to the case must comply with any ifnter -
national obligation arising under the Order.

2. In its Order, the Court addresses an important concern : the devel-
opment of criminal activity in the disputed territory. The Court has
decided, and rightly so, to give each Party the responsibility for policfing
the area over which it unquestionably has sovereignty. It is only to be f
hoped that the effectiveness of the bilateral collaboration required wfill be

sufficient to keep the operation of organized crime away from this tranfsi-
tory no-man’s land.
3. On a different note, I believe the Court should have seized the
opportunity to elucidate further the “plausibility requirement” fofr the
purposes of Article 41 of the Statute. The indeterminacy surrounding the

concept of plausibility in the Order could prove problematic in future
Requests for the indication of provisional measures, as will be shown inf
this opinion.
4. Although I concur with the need to grant measures of interim pro -
tection in the present case, I do not subscribe to the second paragraph fof

the operative clause of the Order, nor do I share some of the reasons
adduced in it as a basis for the Court’s decision. I consider insuffifcient
and unsatisfactory the treatment given by the Court in the Order to the f
imminent risk of irreparable prejudice to the possible rights of Costa
Rica. I am of the view that the provisional measures indicated fall far f

3336 certain activities (sfep. op. sepúlveda-amor)f

short of what is needed to properly preserve and protect the Humedal
Caribe Noreste. It must be recalled that the Humedal is intimately linkefd
to both the Refugio de Vida Silvestre Corredor Fronterizo and the Refu -
gio de Vida Silvestre Río San Juan Ramsar site. The fact that these wfet -
lands are interconnected means that their environmental protection
requires a wider bilateral collaboration and the full assistance of the f

Ramsar Secretariat.

I. “Plausibility” as a Pref-condition for the Indifcation
of Provisional Measuresf

5. In its jurisprudence, the Court has consistently underscored that

decisions in incidental proceedings on interim protection in no way pre -
judge any questions relating to the merits of a dispute submitted to it ffor
consideration. It has repeatedly recalled that, in the exercise of its pfowers
under Article 41 of the Statute, it

“cannot make definitive findings of fact or of imputability, and the f
right of each Party to dispute the facts alleged against it, to challengfe
the attribution to it of responsibility for those facts, and to submit

arguments in respect of the merits, must remain unaffected by the
Court’s decision” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v.
Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order
of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 22, para. 44 ; Land and Mari ‑

time Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria),
Provisional Measures, Order of 15March 1996, I.C.J. Reports 1996(I),
p. 23, para. 43; Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Dem ‑
ocratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Provisional Measures,
Order of 1 July 2000, I.C.J. Reports 2000, pp. 127-128, para. 41).

6. A slightly different issue — and one which the Court has only
recently started to address — is whether, when called upon to rule on a
Request for the indication of provisional measures, it is appropriate fofr

the Court to make a preliminary assessment of the merits of the rights
asserted by the party seeking interim protection (and, if so, to what
extent).
7. It is widely held that, in the exercise of its powers under Article 41
of the Statute, the Court should proceed on the assumption that the

claimed rights do in fact exist, and confine its inquiry to ascertainingf
whether those rights are liable to suffer irreparable injury pending tfhe final
judgment on the merits, in the absence of measures for their prote-
ction.
8. The Court has entertained numerous cases in which the respondent

has objected to the request for interim protection filed by the applicanft on

3437 certain activities (sfep. op. sepúlveda-amor)f

the grounds that the rights asserted by the claimant do not exist, thus finvit -
ing the Court to look at the merits of the case, albeit provisionally, sfo as to
1
establish whether to exercise its powers under Article 41 of the Statutef .
9. Only in its recent decision in the case concerning Questions relating
to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) has the

Court openly taken a position on this matter and ruled, for the first tifme,
that “the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures should fbe
exercised only if the Court is satisfied that the rights asserted by a pfarty
2
are at least plausible” .
10. The present Order confirms the stance taken by the Court in Bel ‑
gium v. Senegal and goes a step further by appearing to make the “plau -

sibility” of rights a definite requirement for interim protection undfer
Article 41 of the Statute.

11. Whereas I take no issue with the rationale underlying the Court’s
ruling, there is, in my view, an urgent need to define with greater precfi -
sion the applicable legal standard for the present purposes. Firstly, “fplau-

sible” and “plausibility” are not terms of art, and their ordinfary meaning
is of limited assistance when it comes to explaining what is legally reqfuired

by way of a prima3facie demonstration of rights in the context of Articlf4 e1
of the Statute .
12. Are States which request the indication of provisional measures

expected to show prima facie the validity of their claims on the merits,f or
is fumus non mali juris sufficient, i.e., is it enough to ascertain that the
claimed rights are not patently non-existent according to the informatiofn
4
available to the Court? Does it suffice to demonstrate the possibility or
reasonableness of the existence of a right , or is probability the relevant
standard?

1 See, for instance, case concerning Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v.

Denmark), Provisional Measures, Order of 29 July 1991, I.C.J. Reports 1991, p. 12 ; case
concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Provisional Measures,
Order of 13 July 2006, I.C.J. Reports 2006,p. 113; case concerning Questions relating to the
Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Provisional Measures, Order of
28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 139.
2 Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 151, para. 57.
3 This is the case in English at least. According to the Oxford English Dictionary
Online, “plausible” may have any of the following meanings : acceptable, agreeable, plea

sing, gratifying; winning public approval, popular (1.a.); Expressing applause or approba-
tion; plausive, applausive (2); Deserving of applause or approval ; praiseworthy, laudable,
commendable (3) ; Of an argument, an idea, a statement, etc. : seeming reasonable,
probable, or truthful; convincing, believable; (formerly) spec. having a false appearance of
reason or veracity; specious (4.a.).

4 Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Provisional Measures,

Order of 13 July 2006, I.C.J. Reports 2006, separate opinion of Judge Abraham, p. 140,
par5. 10.
Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark), Provisional Measures, Order of
29 July 1991, I.C.J. Reports 1991, separate opinion of Judge Shahabuddeen, p 31.

3538 certain activities (sfep. op. sepúlveda-amor)f

13. These are not academic subtleties. The answers are likely to have
direct implications on how Requests for provisional measures will be
pleaded in the future and on the degree to which the Court considers thef
merits of the case in the course of the incidental proceedings on interim
protection.

14. The Court should have seized the opportunity to clarify these mat -
ters, inter alia, by refining the language used to describe the “plausibility
requirement”. To this effect, it would have been preferable to avoifd the
perpetuation of indeterminate terminology which, arguably, only adds

confusion to an already complex topic.
15. I fear that the imprecision surrounding the “plausibility require -
ment” and the unwarranted emphasis placed upon that in this Order
might ultimately encourage States seeking interim protection to over-
address the substance of the dispute at an early stage and, as a result,f

overburden proceedings under Article 41 of the Statute with matters that
should actually be dealt with by the Court when adjudicating on the
merits.
16. This Order should not be read as introducing a new requirement
under Article 41 of the Statute, or interpreted as signalling a departure

from the Court’s jurisprudence on provisional measures. Rather, as I fsee
it, it should be understood as an attempt on the part of the Court to
“name” or “label” a requirement already implicit in the Courft’s case law.
As already noted, greater definition is required in order to ensure thatf

consideration of the merits remains within the strict limits called for in
proceedings under Article 41 of the Statute.

II. Risk of Irreparable Prefjudice in Relation
to the Environmental Cofnsequences of the caño

17. Overall, the “irreparable prejudice” requirement should have been

the object of closer examination and more thorough analysis on the part
of the Court. Notwithstanding the importance of this issue in the oral pfro-
ceedings, and in contrast to the prominence accorded to the question of
“plausibility”, this matter has been only cursorily addressed in this Order.

18. And yet the crucial question in this case is whether, as claimed by
Costa Rica, the now navigable caño connecting the San Juan River to the
Harbor Head Lagoon poses a risk of irreparable prejudice to its rights bfy
reason of the possible threat of irreparable environmental damage to a
portion of territory which the Court may ultimately adjudge to belong tof

the Applicant in its decision on the merits.
19. In its final submissions, Costa Rica requested the Court to indicate
provisional measures ordering Nicaragua not to undertake, inter alia, any
of the following activities in the area comprising the entirety of Isla fPor -
tillos (Order, para. 73):

3639 certain activities (sfep. op. sepúlveda-amor)f

(i) engage in the construction or enlargement of a canal ;
(ii) fell trees or remove vegetation or soil ;
(iii)dump sediment.

20. At the hearings, it became apparent that the “cleaning and clearing
operations” conducted by Nicaragua in the disputed area were over and
finished. Consequently, Nicaragua observed that the issue of the fellingf of
trees and the dumping of sediment in certain areas along the caño “no
longer arises” (Order, para. 71).

21. The fact that the very situation that Costa Rica had sought to avert
with its Request for interim protection has materialized prior to the
Court’s Order does not render the indication of provisional measures f
without object, if the Court considers that such measures are still requfired
in order to preserve the rights at issue.

22. It is well established that the Court is not bound by the Parties’
requests and “Article 75, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court recognizes
the power of the Court, when a request for provisional measures has beenf
made, to indicate measures that are in whole or in part other than thosef
requested” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish ‑
ment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia

(Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 13 September
1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 347, para. 47; see also Armed Activities on
the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo v. Uganda),
Provisional Measures, Order of 1 July 2000, I.C.J. Reports 2000, p. 128,
para. 43 ;Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of

All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Pro‑
visional Measures, Order of 15 October 2008, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 397,
para. 145).
23. Whether, as asserted by the Applicant, Nicaragua has constructed
an artificial canal within Costa Rican territory or, as claimed by the

Respondent, Nicaragua has limited itself to clearing a pre-existing canafl
connecting the San Juan River to the Harbor Head Lagoon, is something
to be decided in the merits phase, and has no bearing on the Court’s frul -
ing on Costa Rica’s request at this stage of the proceedings.
24. The important question, and the one on which the Parties funda -

mentally disagree, is whether the mere existence of the caño as a navigable
channel across Isla Portillos poses a risk of irreparable environmental f
damage, taking into consideration that the disputed territory is part off
the “Humedal Caribe Noreste” wetland, which Costa Rica designated ffor
inclusion on the List of Wetlands of International Importance in 1996, ifn
accordance with Article 2 of the Convention on Wetlands of 1971

(“Ramsar Convention”), to which Nicaragua is also a Contracting fParty.

25. In my view, the evidence before the Court supports the conclusion
that even in its current state — i.e., even if Nicaragua does not pursue any
further “clearing activities” or other works in the area — the caño poses

an imminent risk of irreparable damage to the ecological characteristicsf

3740 certain activities (sfep. op. sepúlveda-amor)f

of Isla Portillos and, therefore, provisional measures are required in ofrder
to prevent the materialization of such a risk.
26. This is not tantamount to saying that the clearing or construction
of the caño has already caused irreparable environmental damage to Isla
Portillos. For the purposes of interim protection under Article 41 of the
Statute, irreparable prejudice does not have to be established, just thef risk

thereof.
27. Of particular importance in this regard are the findings of the
report prepared by the Ramsar Advisory Mission on the basis of Arti -
cle 3 (2) of the Ramsar Convention (hereinafter the “Ramsar Report”)f,
and submitted to the Court in the course of the proceedings.
28. Firstly, the Report identifies a threat of damage to the ecology of

the wetland in the medium and long term, including through a loss of
habitat for terrestrial fauna, progressive erosion and changes in the
groundwater aquifer recharge beneath the wetland.

29. Moreover, it points out that the ecology of the Harbor Head

Lagoon, which is not part of the disputed territory and is located in
another Ramsar wetland of international importance, namely the Refu -
gio Vida Silvestre Río San Juan in Nicaragua, is most at risk as a refsult
of the hydraulic connection made between the San Juan River and the
lagoon by the clearing or construction of the caño. In particular, it is esti -
mated that “the sandbank currently separating [the Harbor Head Lagoon]

from the Caribbean Sea is in danger of being breached due to the change f
in hydrodynamic balance that maintains it between the flow of the San f
Juan River and the tidal limit” (Ramsar Report, at paragraph 32). As a
result, the Harbor Head Lagoon could be partially or completely lost
within six to twelve months.
30. The foregoing underscores the interconnectedness between the pro -

tection of the environment in Isla Portillos, on the one hand, and the
protection of the adjacent wetland located in what is indisputably Nicara -
guan territory, on the other.
31. According to the Report,

“[d]ue to its geographical location and dynamics closely linked to thfe
Refugio de Vida Silvestre Corredor Fronterizo and to the Refugio de
Vida Silvestre Río San Juan Ramsar site, the preservation of Humedal f
Caribe Noreste calls for substantial cooperation and collaboration

between the two bordering countries of both Ramsar sites” (Ramsar
Report, p. 35).

32. Significantly, the Court falls short of declaring the existence of an
imminent risk of irreparable prejudice to Costa Rica’s rights in connfec -
tion with the clearing or construction of the caño. And yet the Applicant
alone is allowed to dispatch civilian personnel to “avoid irreparablef prej -
udice being caused to” the wetland in the disputed area, without the f
Court having first established that there is indeed a risk that such a preju -

dice may actually occur.

3841 certain activities (sfep. op. sepúlveda-amor)f

33. In the light of the first provisional measure, designed to exclude the
presence of both Parties in the disputed territory, it is difficult to fdiscern
the rationale behind the second measure indicated by the Court. One is
left to wonder whether the Court may not in fact have assessed the “pflau -
sibility” of the Parties’ claims (both the Applicant’s and the Respondent’s)
in far broader terms than those advanced in paragraphs 53 to 62 of the

Order and, as a result, anticipated a decision on the merits in favour off
Costa Rica. This, it is submitted, is not the proper role of “plausibfility”
in the context of Article 41 of the Statute.

34. To conclude, the Court should have acknowledged that there is
indeed an imminent risk of irreparable prejudice to Costa Rica’s possfible

rights by reason of the clearing or construction of the caño. However,
given the interconnectedness between the Humedal Caribe Noreste and
the Refugio de Vida Silvestre Río San Juan, the Court should have
entrusted to both Parties, in consultation with the Ramsar Secretariat, f
the responsibility for taking the necessary measures to avoid irreparablfe

prejudice being caused in the disputed territory.

(Signed) Bernardo Sepúlveda-Amor.

39

Bilingual Content

35

SEPARATE OPINION
OF JUDGE SEPúLVEDA-AMOR

Agreement to provide interim measures of protection — Need to clearly define
“plausibility” for the purposes of interim protection under Articl▯41 of the
Statute — Disagreement with the second provisional measure — Unsatisfactory
treatment of the risk of irreparable prejudice to possible Costa Rican rights and to
the “caño” — The Court should have entrusted to both Parties the responsibility
for any measures required to prevent irreparable prejudice to the enviro▯nment in
Isla Portillos.

1. I agree that interim measures of protection should be afforded by
the Court in the present case. Although it would appear rather obvious, f
it is worth recalling, as the Order does, that the Court has the power tfo
indicate any provisional measure it may deem necessary in order to pre -
serve the respective rights of either party, and that the measures indicfated

may be different, in whole or in part, from those originally requestedf.
Additionally, I do not find it futile to reaffirm, as the Court does onf this
occasion, that an Order on the indication of provisional measures has a f
binding effect and that the Parties to the case must comply with any ifnter -
national obligation arising under the Order.

2. In its Order, the Court addresses an important concern : the devel-
opment of criminal activity in the disputed territory. The Court has
decided, and rightly so, to give each Party the responsibility for policfing
the area over which it unquestionably has sovereignty. It is only to be f
hoped that the effectiveness of the bilateral collaboration required wfill be

sufficient to keep the operation of organized crime away from this tranfsi-
tory no-man’s land.
3. On a different note, I believe the Court should have seized the
opportunity to elucidate further the “plausibility requirement” fofr the
purposes of Article 41 of the Statute. The indeterminacy surrounding the

concept of plausibility in the Order could prove problematic in future
Requests for the indication of provisional measures, as will be shown inf
this opinion.
4. Although I concur with the need to grant measures of interim pro -
tection in the present case, I do not subscribe to the second paragraph fof

the operative clause of the Order, nor do I share some of the reasons
adduced in it as a basis for the Court’s decision. I consider insuffifcient
and unsatisfactory the treatment given by the Court in the Order to the f
imminent risk of irreparable prejudice to the possible rights of Costa
Rica. I am of the view that the provisional measures indicated fall far f

33 35

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE

DE M. LE JUGE SEPúLVEDA-AMOR

[Traduction]

Accord avec la décision prise par la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conser—atoires
Nécessité de définir clairement le critère plausibilité» devant être respectée
aux fins de permettre à la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires en vertu de
l’article 41 du Statut — Désaccord au sujet de la deuxième mesure conservatoire—
Risque de préjudice irréparable à d’éventuels droits du Costa Rica et au caño
insuffisamment pris en compte — Fait que la Cour aurait dû confier aux deux
Parties la responsabilité de toute mesure requise pour empêcher qu’un préjudice

irréparable ne soit causé à l’environnement sur Isla Portillos.

1. La Cour devait effectivement indiquer des mesures conservatoires en
la présente espèce. Même si cela peut paraître aller de soi,f il n’est pas
inutile de rappeler — comme le fait l’ordonnance — que la Cour a le pou-

voir d’indiquer quelles mesures conservatoires du droit de chacun elle
estime devoir être prises à titre provisoire, ces mesures pouvant fêtre tota-
lement ou partiellement différentes de celles initialement demandéfes. En
outre, il ne me paraît pas vain de réaffirmer, comme la Cour le ffait ici,
que, une ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires ayant un

caractère obligatoire, les Parties à l’instance sont tenues de respecter toute
obligation internationale qui en découle.
2. Dans son ordonnance, la Cour répond à une préoccupation impor -
tante: le développement d’activités criminelles sur le territoire enf litige.

Elle a décidé — à juste titre — de confier à chacune des Parties la respon -
sabilité de maintenir l’ordre dans la zone sur laquelle sa souverafineté est
incontestable. L’on ne peut qu’espérer que la collaboration bilfatérale
requise sera suffisamment efficace pour empêcher la criminalité forganisée
de sévir dans ce no man’s land provisoire.

3. Dans un autre ordre d’idées, j’estime cependant que la Cour aurfait
dû saisir l’occasion qui lui était offerte de préciser le « critère de plausibi-
lité» auquel il doit être satisfait aux fins de l’article 41 du Statut. L’impré-
cision qui entoure la notion de plausibilité dans l’ordonnance pourrait se

révéler problématique lors de futures demandes en indication de mesures
conservatoires, ainsi que je le montrerai dans la présente opinion.
4. Bien que je convienne de la nécessité d’indiquer des mesures conser -
vatoires en la présente espèce, je ne souscris pas au deuxième fpoint du
dispositif de l’ordonnance et ne puis m’associer à certaines defs raisons

avancées pour fonder la décision de la Cour. Je considère que lfaisse à
désirer la manière dont cette dernière traite, dans son ordonnance, le
risque imminent de préjudice irréparable aux droits éventuels dfu
Costa Rica, les mesures conservatoires indiquées étant très en deçfà de ce

3336 certain activities (sfep. op. sepúlveda-amor)f

short of what is needed to properly preserve and protect the Humedal
Caribe Noreste. It must be recalled that the Humedal is intimately linkefd
to both the Refugio de Vida Silvestre Corredor Fronterizo and the Refu -
gio de Vida Silvestre Río San Juan Ramsar site. The fact that these wfet -
lands are interconnected means that their environmental protection
requires a wider bilateral collaboration and the full assistance of the f

Ramsar Secretariat.

I. “Plausibility” as a Pref-condition for the Indifcation
of Provisional Measuresf

5. In its jurisprudence, the Court has consistently underscored that

decisions in incidental proceedings on interim protection in no way pre -
judge any questions relating to the merits of a dispute submitted to it ffor
consideration. It has repeatedly recalled that, in the exercise of its pfowers
under Article 41 of the Statute, it

“cannot make definitive findings of fact or of imputability, and the f
right of each Party to dispute the facts alleged against it, to challengfe
the attribution to it of responsibility for those facts, and to submit

arguments in respect of the merits, must remain unaffected by the
Court’s decision” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v.
Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order
of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 22, para. 44 ; Land and Mari ‑

time Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria),
Provisional Measures, Order of 15March 1996, I.C.J. Reports 1996(I),
p. 23, para. 43; Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Dem ‑
ocratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Provisional Measures,
Order of 1 July 2000, I.C.J. Reports 2000, pp. 127-128, para. 41).

6. A slightly different issue — and one which the Court has only
recently started to address — is whether, when called upon to rule on a
Request for the indication of provisional measures, it is appropriate fofr

the Court to make a preliminary assessment of the merits of the rights
asserted by the party seeking interim protection (and, if so, to what
extent).
7. It is widely held that, in the exercise of its powers under Article 41
of the Statute, the Court should proceed on the assumption that the

claimed rights do in fact exist, and confine its inquiry to ascertainingf
whether those rights are liable to suffer irreparable injury pending tfhe final
judgment on the merits, in the absence of measures for their prote-
ction.
8. The Court has entertained numerous cases in which the respondent

has objected to the request for interim protection filed by the applicanft on

34 certaines activités f(op. ind. sepúlveda-amofr) 36

qui serait nécessaire pour préserver et protéger comme il se dofit le Hume-
dal Caribe Noreste. Il convient de rappeler l’interdépendance qui exisfte
entre celui-ci, d’une part, et, d’autre part, le Refugio de Vida Silvestre
Corredor Fronterizo et le Refugio de Vida Silvestre Río San Juan, ce f
dernier étant un site Ramsar. Du fait de cette interdépendance, unfe colla-

boration bilatérale plus étendue et la pleine assistance du Secréftariat de la
convention de Ramsar auraient été nécessaires pour assurer la protection
de l’environnement de ces zones humides.

I. La «plausibilité» comme condition préfalable
à l’indication de mesfures conservatoires

5. Dans sa jurisprudence, la Cour a toujours souligné que les décisiofns
prises dans le cadre de procédures incidentes relatives à l’indfication de
mesures conservatoires ne sauraient préjuger aucune question relativef au
fond. Elle a maintes fois rappelé que, dans l’exercice des pouvoirfs que lui
confère l’article 41 du Statut, elle n’était

«pas habilitée à conclure définitivement sur les faits ou leur ifmputabi -

lité et que sa décision d[evait] laisser intact le droit de chacunfe des
[p]arties de contester les faits allégués contre elle, ainsi que lfa respon-sa
bilité qui lui [était] imputée quant à ces faits et de fairef valoir ses moyens
sur le fond» (Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répres‑
sion du crime de génocide (Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie (Ser ▯ bie et

Monténégro)), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 8 avril 1993,▯
C.I.J. Recueil 1993,p. 22, par. 44; Frontière terrestre et maritime entre
le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), mesures conserva ‑
toires, ordonnance du 15 mars 1996, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (I), p. 23,
par. 43 ;Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (République démo ▯ ‑

certique du Congo c. Ouganda), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
1 juillet 2000, C.I.J. Recueil 2000, p. 127-128, par.41).

6. Ce n’est toutefois que récemment que la Cour a entrepris de se penf-
cher sur une question légèrement différente : celle de savoir si (et, le cas
échéant, dans quelle mesure) il est opportun pour elle, lorsqu’felle est
appelée à se prononcer sur une demande en indication de mesures cofnser-

vatoires, de formuler une appréciation préliminaire sur les droitsf allégués
par la partie à l’origine de cette demande.
7. Il est communément admis que, dans l’exercice des pouvoirs qu’eflle
tient de l’article 41 du Statut, la Cour devrait partir du principe que les
droits revendiqués existent bien, et se borner à tenter de déterminer si, en

l’absence de mesures tendant à les protéger, ces droits pourraifent subir un
dommage irréparable avant qu’elle ne se soit prononcée de manièfre défi -
nitive sur le fond.
8. La Cour a examiné nombre d’affaires dans lesquelles le défendeur, en
contestant la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires présentfée

3437 certain activities (sfep. op. sepúlveda-amor)f

the grounds that the rights asserted by the claimant do not exist, thus finvit -
ing the Court to look at the merits of the case, albeit provisionally, sfo as to
1
establish whether to exercise its powers under Article 41 of the Statutef .
9. Only in its recent decision in the case concerning Questions relating
to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) has the

Court openly taken a position on this matter and ruled, for the first tifme,
that “the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures should fbe
exercised only if the Court is satisfied that the rights asserted by a pfarty
2
are at least plausible” .
10. The present Order confirms the stance taken by the Court in Bel ‑
gium v. Senegal and goes a step further by appearing to make the “plau -

sibility” of rights a definite requirement for interim protection undfer
Article 41 of the Statute.

11. Whereas I take no issue with the rationale underlying the Court’s
ruling, there is, in my view, an urgent need to define with greater precfi -
sion the applicable legal standard for the present purposes. Firstly, “fplau-

sible” and “plausibility” are not terms of art, and their ordinfary meaning
is of limited assistance when it comes to explaining what is legally reqfuired

by way of a prima3facie demonstration of rights in the context of Articlf4 e1
of the Statute .
12. Are States which request the indication of provisional measures

expected to show prima facie the validity of their claims on the merits,f or
is fumus non mali juris sufficient, i.e., is it enough to ascertain that the
claimed rights are not patently non-existent according to the informatiofn
4
available to the Court? Does it suffice to demonstrate the possibility or
reasonableness of the existence of a right , or is probability the relevant
standard?

1 See, for instance, case concerning Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v.

Denmark), Provisional Measures, Order of 29 July 1991, I.C.J. Reports 1991, p. 12 ; case
concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Provisional Measures,
Order of 13 July 2006, I.C.J. Reports 2006,p. 113; case concerning Questions relating to the
Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Provisional Measures, Order of
28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 139.
2 Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 151, para. 57.
3 This is the case in English at least. According to the Oxford English Dictionary
Online, “plausible” may have any of the following meanings : acceptable, agreeable, plea

sing, gratifying; winning public approval, popular (1.a.); Expressing applause or approba-
tion; plausive, applausive (2); Deserving of applause or approval ; praiseworthy, laudable,
commendable (3) ; Of an argument, an idea, a statement, etc. : seeming reasonable,
probable, or truthful; convincing, believable; (formerly) spec. having a false appearance of
reason or veracity; specious (4.a.).

4 Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Provisional Measures,

Order of 13 July 2006, I.C.J. Reports 2006, separate opinion of Judge Abraham, p. 140,
par5. 10.
Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark), Provisional Measures, Order of
29 July 1991, I.C.J. Reports 1991, separate opinion of Judge Shahabuddeen, p 31.

35 certaines activités f(op. ind. sepúlveda-amofr) 37

par le requérant au motif que les droits allégués par celui-ci n’existaient pas,
l’a invitée à toucher au fond —quoique à titre provisoire— pour décider de
1
l’opportunité d’exercer les pouvoirs que lui confère l’arftic4 le1 du Statut .
9. Ce n’est que dans la décision qu’elle a récemment rendue en fl’affaire
relative à des Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader

(Belgique c. Sénégal) que la Cour s’est ouvertement prononcée sur ce
point, jugeant, pour la première fois, que son « pouvoir … d’indiquer des
mesures conservatoires ne dev[ait] être exercé que si les droits afllégués par
2
une partie apparaiss[aient] au moins plausibles » .
10. Dans la présente ordonnance, la Cour non seulement confirme la
position adoptée dans l’affaire Belgique c. Sénégal mais va même un peu

plus loin, puisqu’elle semble faire de la « plausibilité» des droits une
condition expresse de l’indication de mesures conservatoires au titref de
l’article 41 du Statut.

11. Si je ne suis pas en désaccord avec le raisonnement sous-tendant la
décision de la Cour, il m’apparaît néanmoins nécessaire eft urgent, aux
fins de la présente espèce, de préciser le critère juridique applicable. Pour

commencer, les mots « plausible» et « plausibilité» ne sont pas des termes
de l’art, et leur sens ordinaire n’aide guère à cerner les cfonditions juri -

diques qu’une partie doit remplir pour établir 3prima facie l’existence de
droits dans le contexte de l’article 41 du Statut .
12. Les Etats demandant l’indication de mesures conservatoires sont-ils

censés établir prima facie le bien-fondé de leurs prétentions sur le fond, ou
le critère fumus non mali juris est-il suffisant — autrement dit, la Cour
peut-elle se contenter de s’assurer que les droits revendiqués ne sont fpas
4
manifestement inexistants en l’état des informations dont elle disfpose ?
Suffit-il de démontrer la possibilité de l’existence d’un droit, le caractère
raisonnable de l’affirmation de l’existence d’un droit 5, ou bien le critère

pertinent est-il celui de la probabilité ?

1 Voir, par exemple, les affaires suivantes: Passage par le Grand‑Belt (Finlande c. Dane‑

mark), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 29 juillet 1991, C.I.J. Recueil 1991, p. 12;
Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c. Uruguay), mesures conserva ‑
toires, ordonnance du 13 juillet 2006, C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 113; Questions concernant l’obli‑
gation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 28 mai 2009, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 139.
2 Mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 28 mai 2009, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 151, par. 57.
3 Tel est du moins le cas en anglais. Selon l’Oxford English Dictionary Online, « plau -
sible», en anglais, peut avoir les sens suivants : acceptable, agréable, plaisant, gratifiant ;

recueillant l’approbation du public, apprécié (1.a) ; saluant par des applaudissements,
marquant son approbation (2) ; digne d’applaudissements ou d’approbation ; digne
d’éloges, louable, dont on peut se féliciter (3) ; à propos d’un argument, d’une idée, d’une
déclaration, etc. : qui semble raisonnable, probable ou véridique ; convaincant, crédible ;
(ancien sens) spécialement : donnant une apparence fallacieuse de raison ou de véracité ;
spécieux (4.a).
4 Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c. Urugu▯ay), mesures

conservatoires, ordonnance du 13 juillet 2006, C.I.J. Recueil 2006, opinion individuelle du
jug5 Abraham, p. 140, par. 10.
Passage par le Grand‑Belt (Finlande c. Danemark), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 29 juillet 1991, C.I.J. Recueil 1991, opinion individuelle du juge Shahabuddeen, p. 31.

3538 certain activities (sfep. op. sepúlveda-amor)f

13. These are not academic subtleties. The answers are likely to have
direct implications on how Requests for provisional measures will be
pleaded in the future and on the degree to which the Court considers thef
merits of the case in the course of the incidental proceedings on interim
protection.

14. The Court should have seized the opportunity to clarify these mat -
ters, inter alia, by refining the language used to describe the “plausibility
requirement”. To this effect, it would have been preferable to avoifd the
perpetuation of indeterminate terminology which, arguably, only adds

confusion to an already complex topic.
15. I fear that the imprecision surrounding the “plausibility require -
ment” and the unwarranted emphasis placed upon that in this Order
might ultimately encourage States seeking interim protection to over-
address the substance of the dispute at an early stage and, as a result,f

overburden proceedings under Article 41 of the Statute with matters that
should actually be dealt with by the Court when adjudicating on the
merits.
16. This Order should not be read as introducing a new requirement
under Article 41 of the Statute, or interpreted as signalling a departure

from the Court’s jurisprudence on provisional measures. Rather, as I fsee
it, it should be understood as an attempt on the part of the Court to
“name” or “label” a requirement already implicit in the Courft’s case law.
As already noted, greater definition is required in order to ensure thatf

consideration of the merits remains within the strict limits called for in
proceedings under Article 41 of the Statute.

II. Risk of Irreparable Prefjudice in Relation
to the Environmental Cofnsequences of the caño

17. Overall, the “irreparable prejudice” requirement should have been

the object of closer examination and more thorough analysis on the part
of the Court. Notwithstanding the importance of this issue in the oral pfro-
ceedings, and in contrast to the prominence accorded to the question of
“plausibility”, this matter has been only cursorily addressed in this Order.

18. And yet the crucial question in this case is whether, as claimed by
Costa Rica, the now navigable caño connecting the San Juan River to the
Harbor Head Lagoon poses a risk of irreparable prejudice to its rights bfy
reason of the possible threat of irreparable environmental damage to a
portion of territory which the Court may ultimately adjudge to belong tof

the Applicant in its decision on the merits.
19. In its final submissions, Costa Rica requested the Court to indicate
provisional measures ordering Nicaragua not to undertake, inter alia, any
of the following activities in the area comprising the entirety of Isla fPor -
tillos (Order, para. 73):

36 certaines activités f(op. ind. sepúlveda-amofr) 38

13. Ce ne sont pas là pures subtilités théoriques. Les réponses qui
seront apportées auront sans doute une incidence directe sur la manièfre
dont les demandes en indication de mesures conservatoires seront plai -
dées à l’avenir, et sur la mesure dans laquelle la Cour aborderfa le fond au
stade des procédures incidentes relatives à l’indication de telfles mesures.

14. La Cour aurait dû saisir l’occasion qui lui était offerte d’éclaircir
ces points, notamment en affinant les termes utilisés pour formuler fson
«critère de plausibilité ». Dans cette optique, il eût été préférable d’éviter
de reprendre une terminologie vague dont on peut estimer qu’elle ne ffait
qu’ajouter à la confusion entourant une question déjà fort cfomplexe.
15. Je crains que l’imprécision du « critère de plausibilité » et l’impor -

tance injustifiée accordée à celui-ci dans la présente ordonnance n’encou -
ragent en définitive les Etats demandant l’indication de mesures
conservatoires à trop entrer, très en amont, dans le fond du différend,
grevant ainsi la procédure prévue à l’article 41 du Statut de questions que
la Cour devrait en réalité examiner au stade du fond.

16. Selon moi, cette ordonnance de la Cour ne doit pas être comprise
comme introduisant une nouvelle exigence quant à l’article 41 du Statut,
ou comme marquant un revirement de jurisprudence en matière de
mesures conservatoires; j’y vois une simple tentative de « nommer» ou de

«qualifier» une prescription déjà implicitement contenue dans cette jurisf-
prudence. Or, ainsi que je l’ai déjà relevé, une définition plus précise s’im -
pose, afin de veiller à ce que l’examen au fond demeure dans les lfimites de
ce qui est strictement nécessaire aux fins de la procédure viséfe à l’article41
du Statut.

II. Risque de préjudice irrféparable en rapport
avec les conséquencesf écologiques liées au caño

17. Globalement, l’exigence relative au « préjudice irréparable » aurait
dû faire l’objet d’un examen plus attentif et d’une analyse fplus métho -
dique: la Cour n’a que sommairement traité ce point, en dépit de l’fimpor-
tance qui lui avait été accordée à l’audience, et en net fcontraste avec la

place que la question de la « plausibilité» occupe dans l’ordonnance.
18. Or, la question cruciale, en l’espèce, est celle de savoir si, comfme le
prétend le Costa Rica, le caño, aujourd’hui navigable, qui relie le fleuve
San Juan à la lagune de Harbor Head fait peser sur ses droits un risque de
préjudice irréparable, un dommage irréversible étant susceptfible d’être

causé à l’environnement d’une partie d’un territoire dontf la Cour pour -
rait, dans sa décision sur le fond, juger qu’il lui revient.
19. Dans ses conclusions finales, le Costa Rica a prié la Cour d’indi -
quer des mesures conservatoires prescrivant au Nicaragua, entre autres, f
de n’entreprendre dans la zone comprenant l’entièreté de Islfa Portillos

(ordonnance, par. 73) aucune des activités suivantes :

3639 certain activities (sfep. op. sepúlveda-amor)f

(i) engage in the construction or enlargement of a canal ;
(ii) fell trees or remove vegetation or soil ;
(iii)dump sediment.

20. At the hearings, it became apparent that the “cleaning and clearing
operations” conducted by Nicaragua in the disputed area were over and
finished. Consequently, Nicaragua observed that the issue of the fellingf of
trees and the dumping of sediment in certain areas along the caño “no
longer arises” (Order, para. 71).

21. The fact that the very situation that Costa Rica had sought to avert
with its Request for interim protection has materialized prior to the
Court’s Order does not render the indication of provisional measures f
without object, if the Court considers that such measures are still requfired
in order to preserve the rights at issue.

22. It is well established that the Court is not bound by the Parties’
requests and “Article 75, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court recognizes
the power of the Court, when a request for provisional measures has beenf
made, to indicate measures that are in whole or in part other than thosef
requested” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish ‑
ment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia

(Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 13 September
1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 347, para. 47; see also Armed Activities on
the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo v. Uganda),
Provisional Measures, Order of 1 July 2000, I.C.J. Reports 2000, p. 128,
para. 43 ;Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of

All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Pro‑
visional Measures, Order of 15 October 2008, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 397,
para. 145).
23. Whether, as asserted by the Applicant, Nicaragua has constructed
an artificial canal within Costa Rican territory or, as claimed by the

Respondent, Nicaragua has limited itself to clearing a pre-existing canafl
connecting the San Juan River to the Harbor Head Lagoon, is something
to be decided in the merits phase, and has no bearing on the Court’s frul -
ing on Costa Rica’s request at this stage of the proceedings.
24. The important question, and the one on which the Parties funda -

mentally disagree, is whether the mere existence of the caño as a navigable
channel across Isla Portillos poses a risk of irreparable environmental f
damage, taking into consideration that the disputed territory is part off
the “Humedal Caribe Noreste” wetland, which Costa Rica designated ffor
inclusion on the List of Wetlands of International Importance in 1996, ifn
accordance with Article 2 of the Convention on Wetlands of 1971

(“Ramsar Convention”), to which Nicaragua is also a Contracting fParty.

25. In my view, the evidence before the Court supports the conclusion
that even in its current state — i.e., even if Nicaragua does not pursue any
further “clearing activities” or other works in the area — the caño poses

an imminent risk of irreparable damage to the ecological characteristicsf

37 certaines activités f(op. ind. sepúlveda-amofr) 39

i) creusement ou élargissement d’un canal ;
ii) abattage d’arbres ou enlèvement de végétation ou de terre ;
iii) déversement de sédiments.

20. A l’audience, il est apparu que les « opérations de nettoyage et de
dégagement du caño » menées par le Nicaragua dans la zone en litige
étaient terminées. Aussi le Nicaragua a-t-il observé que la question de
l’abattage d’arbres et du dépôt de sédiments dans certainfes zones le long

du caño «ne se pos[ait] plus » (ordonnance, par. 71).
21. Que la situation même dont le Costa Rica a cherché à empêcher la
survenance par sa demande en indication de mesures conservatoires se
soit matérialisée avant le prononcé de l’ordonnance ne rend fpas sans
objet l’indication de telles mesures, dès lors que la Cour considèfre que

celles-ci restent nécessaires aux fins de sauvegarder les droits en cause.
22. Il est bien établi que la Cour n’est pas liée par les demandes fdes
parties et que « le paragraphe 2 de l’article 75 du Règlement [lui] recon -
naît, … lorsqu’une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires lui a

été présentée, le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures totalemefnt ou partielle -
ment différentes de celles qui sont sollicitées » (Application de la conven ‑
tion pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (▯Bosnie‑
Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténégro)), mesures ▯conservatoires,
ordonnance du 13 septembre 1993, C.I.J. Recueil 1993, p. 347, par. 47; voir

aussi Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (République dém▯ocratiere
du Congo c. Ouganda), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 1 juil‑
let 2000, C.I.J. Recueil 2000, p. 128, par. 43 ; Application de la convention
internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimin▯ation raciale
(Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), mesures conservatoires, or▯donnance du

15 octobre 2008, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 397, par. 145).
23. Savoir si, comme l’affirme le demandeur, le Nicaragua a construit
un canal artificiel sur le territoire costa-ricien ou si, comme le prétend le
défendeur, il s’est contenté de dégager un chenal préexisftant reliant le
fleuve San Juan à la lagune de Harbor Head est une question qui devra

être tranchée au fond ; elle est, à ce stade de la procédure, sans incidence
sur la décision de la Cour concernant la demande du Costa Rica.
24. Ce qui importe ici — et c’est là une question sur laquelle les Parties
sont foncièrement en désaccord —, c’est de savoir si la simple présence du
caño en tant que chenal navigable traversant Isla Portillos constitue un

risque de dommage écologique irréparable, sachant que le territoirfe en
litige fait partie de la zone humide « Humedal Caribe Noreste », désignée
par le Costa Rica pour inscription sur la liste des zones humides d’impor -
tance internationale de 1996 en application de l’article 2 de la convention
de 1971 relative aux zones humides d’importance internationale (ou

«convention de Ramsar »), à laquelle le Nicaragua est également partie.
25. Selon moi, les éléments de preuve soumis à la Cour confirment qfue,
même en l’état actuel — c’est-à-dire même si le Nicaragua ne poursuivait
pas ses « activités de dégagement » ou autres travaux dans la zone —, le
caño fait peser sur les caractéristiques écologiques de Isla Portillos un

3740 certain activities (sfep. op. sepúlveda-amor)f

of Isla Portillos and, therefore, provisional measures are required in ofrder
to prevent the materialization of such a risk.
26. This is not tantamount to saying that the clearing or construction
of the caño has already caused irreparable environmental damage to Isla
Portillos. For the purposes of interim protection under Article 41 of the
Statute, irreparable prejudice does not have to be established, just thef risk

thereof.
27. Of particular importance in this regard are the findings of the
report prepared by the Ramsar Advisory Mission on the basis of Arti -
cle 3 (2) of the Ramsar Convention (hereinafter the “Ramsar Report”)f,
and submitted to the Court in the course of the proceedings.
28. Firstly, the Report identifies a threat of damage to the ecology of

the wetland in the medium and long term, including through a loss of
habitat for terrestrial fauna, progressive erosion and changes in the
groundwater aquifer recharge beneath the wetland.

29. Moreover, it points out that the ecology of the Harbor Head

Lagoon, which is not part of the disputed territory and is located in
another Ramsar wetland of international importance, namely the Refu -
gio Vida Silvestre Río San Juan in Nicaragua, is most at risk as a refsult
of the hydraulic connection made between the San Juan River and the
lagoon by the clearing or construction of the caño. In particular, it is esti -
mated that “the sandbank currently separating [the Harbor Head Lagoon]

from the Caribbean Sea is in danger of being breached due to the change f
in hydrodynamic balance that maintains it between the flow of the San f
Juan River and the tidal limit” (Ramsar Report, at paragraph 32). As a
result, the Harbor Head Lagoon could be partially or completely lost
within six to twelve months.
30. The foregoing underscores the interconnectedness between the pro -

tection of the environment in Isla Portillos, on the one hand, and the
protection of the adjacent wetland located in what is indisputably Nicara -
guan territory, on the other.
31. According to the Report,

“[d]ue to its geographical location and dynamics closely linked to thfe
Refugio de Vida Silvestre Corredor Fronterizo and to the Refugio de
Vida Silvestre Río San Juan Ramsar site, the preservation of Humedal f
Caribe Noreste calls for substantial cooperation and collaboration

between the two bordering countries of both Ramsar sites” (Ramsar
Report, p. 35).

32. Significantly, the Court falls short of declaring the existence of an
imminent risk of irreparable prejudice to Costa Rica’s rights in connfec -
tion with the clearing or construction of the caño. And yet the Applicant
alone is allowed to dispatch civilian personnel to “avoid irreparablef prej -
udice being caused to” the wetland in the disputed area, without the f
Court having first established that there is indeed a risk that such a preju -

dice may actually occur.

38 certaines activités f(op. ind. sepúlveda-amofr) 40

risque imminent de dommage irréparable et que, partant, des mesures
conservatoires s’imposent pour éviter que ce risque ne se matérfialise.
26. Cela ne revient pas à affirmer que le dégagement, ou le creusement,
du caño a déjà causé un dommage irréparable à l’environnement de
Isla Portillos. Aux fins de l’indication de mesures conservatoires prévue à
l’article 41 du Statut, point n’est besoin d’établir qu’un préjudicfe irrépa -

rable a été causé — il suffit d’établir qu’il risque de l’être.
27. A cet égard, revêtent une importance particulière les conclusiofns
du rapport établi par la mission consultative en application du para -
graphe 2 de l’article 3 de la convention de Ramsar (ci-après le « rapport
Ramsar»), soumis à la Cour pendant le déroulement de la procéduref.
28. Pour commencer, le rapport met en évidence un risque de dom -

mage à l’environnement de la zone humide à moyen et à long tferme, pre-
nant notamment la forme d’une disparition d’habitats pour la faunef
terrestre, d’une érosion progressive et d’une altération de fl’alimentation
de nappes souterraines.
29. En outre, il montre que l’environnement de la lagune de Har -

bor Head, qui ne fait pas partie du territoire en litige et se trouve situéfe
dans une autre zone humide d’importance internationale inscrite sur lfa
liste Ramsar, à savoir le Refugio de Vida Silvestre Río San Juan, fau Nica -
ragua, se trouve tout particulièrement menacé du fait de la liaisofn hydro-
graphique entre le San Juan et la lagune résultant du dégagement ofu du
creusement du caño. Il estime notamment que «le banc de sable qui sépare

actuellement la lagune de Harbor Head de la mer des Caraïbes est menafcé
de destruction par la modification de l’équilibre hydrodynamique qfui le
maintient entre les eaux du fleuve San Juan et la laisse de haute mer »
(rapport Ramsar, par. 32). La lagune de Harbor Head pourrait ainsi en
partie, voire totalement, disparaître d’ici six à douze mois.
30. Ces éléments font apparaître l’interconnexion existant entref, d’une

part, la protection de l’environnement sur Isla Portillos et, d’autre part, la
protection de la zone humide adjacente située sur ce qui est incontesftable -
ment le sol nicaraguayen.
31. D’après le rapport,

«le Humedal Caribe Noreste présentant une situation géographique etf
une dynamique étroitement liées à celles du Refugio de Vida Silfvestre
Corredor Fronterizo et du Refugio de Vida Silvestre Río San Juan, qui
est un site Ramsar, sa préservation requiert une coopération et une

collaboration substantielles entre les deux pays à la frontière defsquels
se trouvent les deux sites Ramsar» (rapport Ramsar, p. 35).

32. Fait notable, la Cour ne va pas jusqu’à affirmer l’existence df’un
risque imminent de préjudice irréparable aux droits du Costa Rica lié au
dégagement ou au creusement du caño. Pour autant, seul le demandeur
est autorisé à envoyer des agents civils pour « éviter qu’un préjudice irré -
parable ne soit causé » à la zone humide dans le territoire en litige, et ce,
sans que la Cour ait au préalable établi que ce préjudice risqufait effective-

ment de se concrétiser.

3841 certain activities (sfep. op. sepúlveda-amor)f

33. In the light of the first provisional measure, designed to exclude the
presence of both Parties in the disputed territory, it is difficult to fdiscern
the rationale behind the second measure indicated by the Court. One is
left to wonder whether the Court may not in fact have assessed the “pflau -
sibility” of the Parties’ claims (both the Applicant’s and the Respondent’s)
in far broader terms than those advanced in paragraphs 53 to 62 of the

Order and, as a result, anticipated a decision on the merits in favour off
Costa Rica. This, it is submitted, is not the proper role of “plausibfility”
in the context of Article 41 of the Statute.

34. To conclude, the Court should have acknowledged that there is
indeed an imminent risk of irreparable prejudice to Costa Rica’s possfible

rights by reason of the clearing or construction of the caño. However,
given the interconnectedness between the Humedal Caribe Noreste and
the Refugio de Vida Silvestre Río San Juan, the Court should have
entrusted to both Parties, in consultation with the Ramsar Secretariat, f
the responsibility for taking the necessary measures to avoid irreparablfe

prejudice being caused in the disputed territory.

(Signed) Bernardo Sepúlveda-Amor.

39 certaines activités f(op. ind. sepúlveda-amofr) 41

33. La première mesure conservatoire visant à exclure la présence dfes
deux Parties sur le territoire en litige, la raison d’être de la dfeuxième
mesure indiquée par la Cour n’apparaît pas clairement. On en vient à se
demander si, en définitive, celle-ci ne se serait pas livrée à une évaluation
bien plus générale de la «plausibilité» des prétentions des Parties (à la fois
celles du demandeur et celles du défendeur) qu’elle n’affirme l’avoir fait

aux paragraphes 53 à 62 de l’ordonnance, et n’aurait pas anticipé en
conséquence une décision au fond favorable au Costa Rica. Or, telle n’est
pas, selon moi, la finalité du recours à la notion de « plausibilité» dans le
contexte de l’article 41 du Statut.
34. Pour conclure, la Cour aurait dû reconnaître qu’il existe efffective -
ment un risque imminent de préjudice irréparable aux droits éventuels du

Costa Rica, lié au dégagement ou au creusement du caño ; toutefois, étant
donné l’interconnexion qui existe entre le Humedal Caribe Noreste et le
Refugio de Vida Silvestre Río San Juan, c’est aux deux Parties qu’elle
aurait dû confier la responsabilité de prendre, en concertation avfec le
Secrétariat Ramsar, les mesures nécessaires pour éviter qu’un préjudice

irréparable ne soit causé au territoire en litige.

(Signé) Bernardo Sepúlveda-Amor.

39

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge Sepúlveda-Amor

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