Joint Dissenting Opinion of Judges Bengzon and Jiménez de Aréchaga

Document Number
055-19720818-ORD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
055-19720818-ORD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

JOINT DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGES BENGZON AND
JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA

1. We voted against the first operative paragraph of the Order in
which the Court decides that the Memorial and Counter-Mernorial shall
be addressed to the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to entertain
the dispute.
In our view, the Court should have followed its normal procedure

in fixing time-limits for the Memorial and Counter-Memorial without
prescribing their contents or confining them to the jurisdictional issue.
This practice has been followed by the Court inevery case, evenwhen, as
occurs here, the Respondent had faiied or refused to appoint an Agent
at the time when the Order fixing tinie-limits for the Memorial and
Counter-Memorial was issued. (Anglo-lranian Oil Cu.case, 1.C.J.Repot-ts
1951, p. 100; Nottebohm case,I.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 10; Compagnie du
Port, des Quais et des Entrepots de Beyrouth case, I.C.J. Reports 1959,
p. 260.)
2. We fail to see any reasons or grounds to depart now from the
established practice. TheOrder does not invoke nor base itself on Article
53 of the Statute, and it could hardly do so since the conditions required
for a default under this provision are not fulfilled at the present stage
of the proceedings.

3. In the absence of such an application or invocation of Article 53,
it seems to us there are no grounds in the Statute or the Rules for instruct-
ing the Parties to address their Memorial and Counter-Memorial to
the jurisdictional issue.
The Memorial and Counter-Memorialare referred to in Article 43 (2).
of the Statute and their contentsare prescribed in Article 42 of the Rules,
which says:

''1.A memorial shall contain a statement of the relevant facts,
a statement of law, and the submissions.
2. A Counter-Memorial shall contain an admission or denial of
the faets stated in the Memorial; any additional facts, if necessary;
observations concerning the statement of law in the Memorial; a
statement of law in answer thereto; and the submissions."

4. In our view, the only basis under the Rules for asking the Applicant
to submit a pleading confined to jurisdiction would have been to consider
the letter of the Foreign,Minister of Iceland of 29 May 1972as raising
a preliminary objection against the Court's jurisdiction. The Court could185 FlSHERlES JURlSDlCTlON (JOINTDISS. OP.)

then have requested observations limited to the jurisdictional issue, in
accordance with Article 62, paragraph 3, of the Rules. This was done
in the Nottebohm case, the Court dealing with a telegram from the
Foreign Minister of Guatemala as though it had raised a preliminary
objection (I.C.J.Reports 1953, p. 7).

There are however important differences between these two commu-
nications, in particular as to the time of their presentation and this, in
our view, makes it impossible to consider the letter of the lcelandic
Foreign Minister as constituting a preliminary objection. A preliminary
objection must be filed within the time-limit assigned for the Counter-
Memorial, that is to Say, after the presentation of the Memorial, not

before it: itis only then that it may have the suspensive effeçts provided
for in Article 62, paragraph 3, of the Rules. Otherwise, a respondent
might be able to block the proceedings before the Memorial is filed.

5. The foregoing reasons, based on the Statute and the Rules, are not
the only ones which determined our negative votes. There are, in our
view, even stronger considerations of convenience and of the due pro-
tection of the interests of both Parties which niade it advisable inthis
case to request the Parties to submit a proper and complete Memorial
and Counter-Memorial.
There is a possibility that Article 53 may have to beapplied if the Court
finds itself competent and lceland fails to file a Counter-Memorial. If
that occurs, it is indispensable, in our view, that the Memorial should

contain a complete statement of the Applicant's claim, full supporting
arguments of fact and law and the submissions.
It is only in the presençe and in the light of such a complete Memorial
that (1) the respondent must take a final decision as to whether it shall
appear to defend its case or not, and (2) the Court must, in case of
default, base its final pronouncement as to whether it will "decide in
favour of [the applicant's] claim". For such a purpose the Court must
determine "that the claim is well founded in fact and in law".
How will this be done if the Memorial is defective in respect of the
facts or the law concerning the merits of the claim?
6. A possible answer could be that, in such an event, the applicant
would be asked to submit a further pleading-a Reply-with a full
development of the nierits of its case.
However, to allow the applicant to present new submissions and

develop its supporting arguments after the default has occurred would
be contrary to the general principles of law recognized in national legis-
lations concerning default proceedings.

The party which decides not to contest a case must know with precision
before taking this attitude which questions are going to be decided and
which precisely are the claims and grounds of law and fact the other
party invokes. Therefore the respondent, before the term expires for thedeposit of its Counter-Memorial, should have before it a complete
Memorial from the applicant and not one confined to jurisdiction.
We fear, therefore, that as a result of this decision, the Court, if it
reaches the stage of the merits, might be confronted with serious difficul-
ties in the event that Article 53 would need to be applied.
7. Finally, while we agree with the consideration that it may be con-
venient in this case to decide in the first instance the question of the
Court's jurisdiction, it seems to us to be asequiturto infer from such
consideration the consequence that the initial pleadings must therefore
be confined to jurisdictional questions.
The Court would be in a much better position to isolate and examine
the jurisdictional issue after receiving a proper Memorial andounter-
Memorial, dealing with both jurisdiction and merits.

A full explanation by the Parties ofal1aspects of the question would
seem to be particularly necessary in a case such as the present one,
where both jurisdiction and merits appear to be in many respects inter-
related.

(Signed) C. BENGZON.

(Signed) E. JIMÉNE ZE ARÉCHAGA.

Bilingual Content

JOINT DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGES BENGZON AND
JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA

1. We voted against the first operative paragraph of the Order in
which the Court decides that the Memorial and Counter-Mernorial shall
be addressed to the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to entertain
the dispute.
In our view, the Court should have followed its normal procedure

in fixing time-limits for the Memorial and Counter-Memorial without
prescribing their contents or confining them to the jurisdictional issue.
This practice has been followed by the Court inevery case, evenwhen, as
occurs here, the Respondent had faiied or refused to appoint an Agent
at the time when the Order fixing tinie-limits for the Memorial and
Counter-Memorial was issued. (Anglo-lranian Oil Cu.case, 1.C.J.Repot-ts
1951, p. 100; Nottebohm case,I.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 10; Compagnie du
Port, des Quais et des Entrepots de Beyrouth case, I.C.J. Reports 1959,
p. 260.)
2. We fail to see any reasons or grounds to depart now from the
established practice. TheOrder does not invoke nor base itself on Article
53 of the Statute, and it could hardly do so since the conditions required
for a default under this provision are not fulfilled at the present stage
of the proceedings.

3. In the absence of such an application or invocation of Article 53,
it seems to us there are no grounds in the Statute or the Rules for instruct-
ing the Parties to address their Memorial and Counter-Memorial to
the jurisdictional issue.
The Memorial and Counter-Memorialare referred to in Article 43 (2).
of the Statute and their contentsare prescribed in Article 42 of the Rules,
which says:

''1.A memorial shall contain a statement of the relevant facts,
a statement of law, and the submissions.
2. A Counter-Memorial shall contain an admission or denial of
the faets stated in the Memorial; any additional facts, if necessary;
observations concerning the statement of law in the Memorial; a
statement of law in answer thereto; and the submissions."

4. In our view, the only basis under the Rules for asking the Applicant
to submit a pleading confined to jurisdiction would have been to consider
the letter of the Foreign,Minister of Iceland of 29 May 1972as raising
a preliminary objection against the Court's jurisdiction. The Court could OPIIVION DISSIDENTE COMMUNE
DE MM. BE:NGZON ET JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA

[ Traduction]

1. Nous avons valtécontre le premier alinéa du dispositif de I'ordon-
nancc par lequel la Cour décideque le mémoireet le contre-mémoire
porteront sur la question de la compétencede la Cour pour connaître
du différend.
A notre avis, la Cour aurait dû suivre sa procédurenormale qui consiste
à fixer des délaisDour le dé~ôtdu mémoireet du contre-mémoire sans
prescrire lecontenü de cespiècesou lelimiter à la question de compétence.
La Cour a toujours suivi cette pratique, mêmelorsque - comme c'est
le cas en l'espèce -- le défendeur s'était abstenuou avait refusé de

désigner un agent au moment où était rendue l'ordonnance fixant les
délais pour le dépôt du mémoireet du contre-mémoire (Anglo-Iranian
Oil Co., C.I.J.Recueil 195/, p. 100;Notrebohm, C.I.J. Recueil 1952, p. 10;
Compagnie duport, des quais et des entrepôts de Beyrouth, C.I.J. Recueil
1959, p. 260).
2.Nous ne voyo8nsaucune raison ou aucun motif de nous écarter
maintenant de la pratique établie. L'ordonnance n'invoque pas l'article
53 du Statut et ne se fonde pas sur lui, ce qui serait d'ailleurs difficile
puisque les conditions requises pour qu'il y ait défaut aux termes de

cette disposition ne sont pas réuniesau stade actuel de la procédure.
3. L'article 53 n'titant ni appliquéni invoqué, ilnous semble que rien
dans le Statut ou le Règlement nejustifieque la Cour donne pour instruc-
tion aux Parties de limiter leur mémoire et leur contre-mémoire à la
seule question de la compétence.
Le mémoire et Ile contre-mémoire sont mentionnés à l'article 43,
paragraphe 2, du Statut et leur contenu est précisé encetermesà l'article
42 du Règlement:

((1. Le mémoire contient: un exposé des faits sur lesquels la
demande est fondée;un exposéde droit et les conclusions.
2. Le contre-mémoire contient: la reconnaissance ou la contesta-
tion des faits mentionnés dans le mémoire; le cas échéant,un
exposé additionnel des faits; des observations relatives à l'exposé
de droit contenu dans le mémoire, ainsiqu'un exposéde droit en

réponseet les conclusions. 1)
4. Selon nous, on n'aurait pu, sur la base du Règleil-ient,demander
au requérantde soumettre une piècede procédurelimitée à la compétence
que si l'on avait adlmisque la lettre du ministre des Affaires étrangères

d'Islande en date dlu 29 mai 1972 soulevait une exception préliminaire185 FlSHERlES JURlSDlCTlON (JOINTDISS. OP.)

then have requested observations limited to the jurisdictional issue, in
accordance with Article 62, paragraph 3, of the Rules. This was done
in the Nottebohm case, the Court dealing with a telegram from the
Foreign Minister of Guatemala as though it had raised a preliminary
objection (I.C.J.Reports 1953, p. 7).

There are however important differences between these two commu-
nications, in particular as to the time of their presentation and this, in
our view, makes it impossible to consider the letter of the lcelandic
Foreign Minister as constituting a preliminary objection. A preliminary
objection must be filed within the time-limit assigned for the Counter-
Memorial, that is to Say, after the presentation of the Memorial, not

before it: itis only then that it may have the suspensive effeçts provided
for in Article 62, paragraph 3, of the Rules. Otherwise, a respondent
might be able to block the proceedings before the Memorial is filed.

5. The foregoing reasons, based on the Statute and the Rules, are not
the only ones which determined our negative votes. There are, in our
view, even stronger considerations of convenience and of the due pro-
tection of the interests of both Parties which niade it advisable inthis
case to request the Parties to submit a proper and complete Memorial
and Counter-Memorial.
There is a possibility that Article 53 may have to beapplied if the Court
finds itself competent and lceland fails to file a Counter-Memorial. If
that occurs, it is indispensable, in our view, that the Memorial should

contain a complete statement of the Applicant's claim, full supporting
arguments of fact and law and the submissions.
It is only in the presençe and in the light of such a complete Memorial
that (1) the respondent must take a final decision as to whether it shall
appear to defend its case or not, and (2) the Court must, in case of
default, base its final pronouncement as to whether it will "decide in
favour of [the applicant's] claim". For such a purpose the Court must
determine "that the claim is well founded in fact and in law".
How will this be done if the Memorial is defective in respect of the
facts or the law concerning the merits of the claim?
6. A possible answer could be that, in such an event, the applicant
would be asked to submit a further pleading-a Reply-with a full
development of the nierits of its case.
However, to allow the applicant to present new submissions and

develop its supporting arguments after the default has occurred would
be contrary to the general principles of law recognized in national legis-
lations concerning default proceedings.

The party which decides not to contest a case must know with precision
before taking this attitude which questions are going to be decided and
which precisely are the claims and grounds of law and fact the other
party invokes. Therefore the respondent, before the term expires for thed'incompétence. Lar,Cour aurait pu alors demander au requérant de

présenter des observations portant uniquement sur la question de
juridiction, conformément à l'article 62, paragraphe 3, du Règlement.
C'est ce qui a étéfiiit dans l'affaire Nottebohm, où la Cour a considéré
qu'un télégrammedu ministre des Affaires étrangères du Guatemala
soulevait une exception préliminaire (C.I.J. Recueil 1953, p. 7).
II ya cependant entre ces deux communications d'importantes diffé-
rences, en particulier quant au moment de leur présentation, de sorte

qu'à notre sens il est impossible d'attribuer à la lettre du ministre des
Affaires étrangères d'Islande la valeur d'une exception préliminaire.
Une exception préliminaire doit êtredéposéedans le délai fixépour le
contre-mémoire, c'est-à-dire après la présentation du mémoire et non
pas avant: c'est seulement à ce moment qu'elle peut entraîner l'effet
suspensif prévu à l'article 62, paragraphe 3, du Règlement. Sinon,

un défendeur serait en mesure de paralyser la procédure avant le dépôt
du mémoire.
5. Les raisons exposéesprécédemment,qui sont tiréesdu Statutet du
Règlement, ne sont pas les seules qui nous ont amenésà voter négative-
ment. Des considérations encore plus fortes tenant à la commodité des
deux Parties et au souci de bien protéger leurs intérêtsconseillaient à

notre sens que l'on invite les Parties àprésenter un mémoireet un contre-
mémoire normaux letcomplets.
IIse peut que l'article 53 du Statut doive êtreappliqué si la Cour se
déclare compétente et si l'Islande s'abstient de déposer un contre-mé-
moire. Au cas où cela se produirait, ilest indispensable selon nous que
le mémoire contienne un exposé complet de la demande du requérant,
tous les arguments de fait et de droit invoquésàl'appui etdesconclusions.

Ce n'est qu'en pirésenceet compte tenu d'un mémoire complet de ce
genre 1)que le défendeur doit décider une fois pour toutes s'il fera valoir
ses moyens et 2) que la Cour doit, en cas de défaut, motiver sa décision
définitivesur le point de savoir si elle adjugera ses conclusions au requé-
rant. A cette fin, la Cour doit décider 1que les conclusions sont fondées
en fait et en droit ».

Comment pourra-t-elle le faire, si le mémoire traite incomplètement
des faits et du droit relatifs au fond de la deniande?
6. On pourrait rmépondre que dans ce cas le demandeur serait prié de
présenter une nouvelle écriture - une réplique - où ildévelopperait ses
arguments sur le fond.
Toutefois, autoriser le demandeur à prél-enter de nouvelles conclu-
sions et à développer ses arguments à l'appui après que le défaut s'est

matérialiséserait contraire aux principes généraux de droit reconnus
par les Iégislationii nationales en ce qui concerne la procédure par
défaut.
La partie qui dkcide de ne pas faire valoir ses moyens doit, avant
d'adopter cette atti.tude, connaître avec précision les questions qui seront
jugées ainsi que les conclusions et les motifs de droit et de fait invoqués

par l'autre partie. lPar conséqiient, avant l'expiration du délai fixépourdeposit of its Counter-Memorial, should have before it a complete
Memorial from the applicant and not one confined to jurisdiction.
We fear, therefore, that as a result of this decision, the Court, if it
reaches the stage of the merits, might be confronted with serious difficul-
ties in the event that Article 53 would need to be applied.
7. Finally, while we agree with the consideration that it may be con-
venient in this case to decide in the first instance the question of the
Court's jurisdiction, it seems to us to be asequiturto infer from such
consideration the consequence that the initial pleadings must therefore
be confined to jurisdictional questions.
The Court would be in a much better position to isolate and examine
the jurisdictional issue after receiving a proper Memorial andounter-
Memorial, dealing with both jurisdiction and merits.

A full explanation by the Parties ofal1aspects of the question would
seem to be particularly necessary in a case such as the present one,
where both jurisdiction and merits appear to be in many respects inter-
related.

(Signed) C. BENGZON.

(Signed) E. JIMÉNE ZE ARÉCHAGA.le dépôtdu contre-mémoire, le défendeur devrait disposer d'ün mémoire
complet du demandeur et non pas d'un mémoire limité à la compétence.
Nous craignons donc qu'à la suite de cette décision, la Cour, si elle
parvient au stade du fond, ne se heurteà de graves difficultés au cas où
l'articl53 devrait ktre appliqué.
7. Pour finir, si rious pouvons souscrire à l'idée qu'enl'espèceil peut

y avoir avantage à statuer d'abord sur la compétence de la Cour, il
nous parait illogiqu<:d'en déduire que les premières piècesde la procédure
écrite doivent forcémentne porter que sur cet aspect.

La Cour serait mieux à même d'isoler et d'examiner la question
juridictionnelle lorsqu'elle aurait reçu un mémoire et un contre-mémoire
normaux, traitant et de la compétence et du fond.

Un exposécomplet des Parties, portant sur tous les aspects du problème
serait, semble-t-il, particulièrement nécessaire dans une affaire comme
celle-ci, où la compétence et le fond paraissent, à bien des égards, étroi-
tement interdépendants.

(Signé) C. BENGZON.

(Signé) E. JIMÉNE DZEARÉCHAGA.

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Document Long Title

Joint Dissenting Opinion of Judges Bengzon and Jiménez de Aréchaga

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