Separate Opinion of Judge Sir Hersch Lauterpacht

Document Number
034-19571024-ORD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
034-19571024-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINIOX OF JGDGE
SIR HERSCH LAUTERPACHT

In its Order the Court has assumed jurisdiction with regard to
the request of the Swiss Government, made under Article 41 of the
Statute of the Court, to indicate interim measures of protection
with a view to safeguarding the rights of that Government. Acting
under Article 41 of the Statute, the Court has found that, in the
circumstances now obtaining, there is no need to indicate the
interim measures of protection as requested by the Swiss Govern-
ment. By necessary implication it has left open the possibility of
indicating such measures, at a renewed request of the Swiss Govern-
ment, at some future date if circumstances should so require-for

instance, if the proceedings now pending before the Supreme Court
of theCnited States of America were to terminate in a way enabling
the Government of the Vnited States of America to proceed with
the measures which form the subject-matter of the Swiss request.
In my view-so long as the Government of the Vnited States of
America continues to determine that the object of the request of
the Swiss Government pertains to a matter which is essentiallj-
within the domestic jurisdiction of the Cnited States of America-
the Court has no power to assume jurisdiction with regard to
interim measures of protection and to proceed under Article 41 of
the Statute by either granting or declining the request.
In its Declaration of Acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Court
of 4th April 1946 the Government of the Vnited States excluded
from its Acceptance "disputes with regard to matters which are
essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of the United States
of America as determined by the Lnited States of America". In

its request for an indication of interim measures of protection of
3rd October 1957 the Government of S\vitzerland, referring to its
Application of 1st October 1957, asked the Court to indicate, inter
alia, that "the Government of the Cnited States is requested not
to sel1the shares of the General Aniline and Film Corporation ...
so long as the proceedings in this dispute are pending". On
11th October 1957 the Government of the Cnited States of America
filed, in conformity with Article 62, paragraph 1, of the Rules
of the Court, a Preliminary Objection in which it informed the
Court that it had determined that the sale or disposition of the
shares in the Corporation in question is amatter essentially within
its domestic jurisdiction.
In reliance on the Preliminary Objection thus filed, the Govern-
ment of the United Stateshas asserted that the Preliminary Objec-
tion removed the basis for any assumption of a prima facie juris-

16diction of the Court on the merits of the dispute and that the Court
therefore lacked the power to exercise jurisdiction under Articl41
of the Statute. That contention 1 consider to be well founded. In
my view, having regard to the determination made by the Govern-

ment of the United States under the terms of its Declaration of
Acceptance, the Court possesses no such power.
In deciding whether it is competent to assume jurisdiction with
regard to a request made under Article 41 of the Statute the Court
need not satisfy itself-either proprio motu or in response to a
Preliminary Objection-that it is competent with regard to the
merits of the dispute. The Court has stated on a number of occasions
that an Order indicating, or refusing to indicate, interim measures
of protection is independent of the affirmation of its jurisdiction
on the merits and that it does not prejudge the question of the
Court's jurisdiction on the merits (Case concerning the Polish
--lgrarian Reform and the GernzanMinority, Series A/B, No. j8,
p. 178; Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Case, I.C.J. Reports I9j1,
p. 93). Any contrary rule would not be in accordance with the
nature of the request for measures of interim protection and the

factor of urgency inherent in the procedure under Article41 of the
Statute. However, it is one thing to say that action of the Court
under Article 41 of the Statute does not in any way prejudge the
question of its competence on the merits and that the Court need
not at that stage satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction on the merits
or even that its jurisdiction is probable; it is another thing to affirm
that the Court can act under Article 41 without any regard to the
prospects ofits jurisdiction on the merits and that the latter question
does not arise at al1in connection with a request for interim measures
of protection. Governments which are Parties to the Statute or
which have undertaken in some form or other commitments
relating to the obligatory jurisdiction of the Court have the right
to expect that the Court will not act under Article 41 in cases in
which absence of jurisdiction on the merits is manifest. Govern-
ments ought not to be discouraged from undertaking, or continuing
to undertake, the obligations of judicial settlement as the result

of any justifiable apprehension that by accepting them they may
become exposed to the embarrassment, vexation and loss, possibly
following upon interim measures, in cases in which there is no
reasonable possibility, prima facie ascertained by the Court, of
jurisdiction on the merits. Accordingly, the Court cannot, in
relation to a request for indication of interim measures, disregard
altogether the question of its competence on the merits. The correct
principle which emerges from these apparently conflicting consider-
ations and which has been uniformly adopted in international
arbitral and judicial practice is as foIlows: The Court may properly
act under the terms of Article41 provided that there is in existence
an instrument such as a Declaration of Acceptance of the Optional
Clause, enanating from the Parties to the dispute, which primafacie confers jurisdiction upon the Court and which incorporates no
reservations obviously excluding its jurisdiction. These conditions
do not exist in the case now before the Court.
Vnless and until the peremptory reservation included in the
Declaration of Acceptance made by the Government of the United
States of America and now formally invoked by that Government
is declared invalid in appropriate proceedings before the Court, it

inust be deemed to exclude the jurisdiction of the Court on the
merits with regard to the claim of the Government of Switzerland
for the restitution of the property of the Corporation in question-a
claim which is directly related to the request for interim measures
with regard to the sale and the disposition of the shares of that
Corporation. If the Court subsequently holds that reservation to be
valid, that will automatically terminate its jurisdiction with
regard to the sale of the shares. Should, on the other hand, the
Court eventually declare the reservation in question to be invalid,
such invalidity may well entai1 the invalidity of the Declaration
of Acceptance as a whole and thus render impossible altogether the
jurisdiction of the Court. While 1 do not wish to prejudge the even-
tua1 decision of the Court on these questions it is apparent that, on
either alternative, the Court will be without jurisdiction to enter-
tain the Application so far as it relates to the sale and disposition
of the shares. 1 do consider that the third possibility-namely,

that the Court may declare the reservation to be invalid and
nevertheless uphold the validity of the Declaration of Acceptance
as. a whole-is sufficiently remote to permit ifs exclusio~~as a
factorin the firivta facie appreciation of the possibility of the Court's
jurisdiction on the merits. Rloreover, quite irrespective of any
future decision of the Court on the question of the validity of the
reservation in question, the latter must, so long as it remains a
valid expression of the will of the Government of the United States,
be given full and unqualified effect. Vnlike in other similar cases,
there is no question here of any uncertainty or controversy as to
whether the subject of the dispute is covered by the reservation.
That reservation must be deemed to embrace al1 aspects of the
procedure of the Court under its Statute. The Court is legally not
in a position, at any stage of the procedure, to exercise jurisdiction
-whether by granting the request for an indication of interim

measures or by declining it-unless in conformity with the terms
of the Declaration of Acceptance. In the matter of its jurisdiction
there is no other legal basis forits action under the Statute.

It might be said that as the Government of the United States of
America has invoked what may be described as the "automatic
reservations" only in respect of the sale or other disposition of the
shares, there is nothing to prevent the Court from acting under
Article 41 with respect to other aspects of the request of the Swiss
Government. This may be SO. However, the Swiss request for
18 interim measures of protection covers primarily the question of
sale and disposition of the shares. The present Order of the Court is
concerned exclusively with that aspect of the request as being the
only one which fulfils the requirements of Article 61, paragraph 1, of
the Rules of the Court. In its Order the Court has assumed juris-
diction with regard to the request thus defined. It has declined to
grant it. As already stated, by clear implication it leaves open the
possibility of affirmative action should circumstances undergo a
change. In both respects the Order is, in my opinion, contrary to a
conclusive condition under which the jurisdiction of the Court has
been accepted.
In my view it is not open in the present case to the Court to find
either that there is a need or that there is no need for interim
measures of protection on the basis of Article 41. The Court ought
to declare that it is without jurisdiction to entertain the request.

For these reasons, while 1 am in agreement with the operative
part of the present Order, 1 cannot otherwise subscribe to it.

1 have refrained from referring to or elaborating the additional,
and no less decisive, reason why, in my view, the Court is without
jurisdiction to entertain the request for interim measures filed by
- the Swiss Government. In my Separate Opinion in the case of
Certain Norwegian Loans (I.C.J. Reports 1957, pp. 43-66) 1 came
to the conclusion that a reservation of the kind as now before the
Court is invalid and that its invalidity entails the invalidity of the
Declaration of Acceptance as a whole. If that is so, the Govern-
ment of the Cnited States cannot validly become either a plaintiff
or a defendant under its Declaration of Acceptance-although it
is open to it, in respect of any claim brought against it in reliance

on its Declaration of Acceptance, to submit to the jurisdiction of
the Court on some other basis. However, 1 have abstained from
.adopting that view as a ground of the present Opinion seeing that
the question of the validity of the above reservation of the Cnited
States of America is not now ~eforethe Court and that it may, with
the possible participation of other Signatories of the Optional
Clause intervening by virtue of Article 63 of the Statute, form the
subject-matter of a decision of the Court at a subsequent stage of
the proceedings.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINIOX OF JGDGE
SIR HERSCH LAUTERPACHT

In its Order the Court has assumed jurisdiction with regard to
the request of the Swiss Government, made under Article 41 of the
Statute of the Court, to indicate interim measures of protection
with a view to safeguarding the rights of that Government. Acting
under Article 41 of the Statute, the Court has found that, in the
circumstances now obtaining, there is no need to indicate the
interim measures of protection as requested by the Swiss Govern-
ment. By necessary implication it has left open the possibility of
indicating such measures, at a renewed request of the Swiss Govern-
ment, at some future date if circumstances should so require-for

instance, if the proceedings now pending before the Supreme Court
of theCnited States of America were to terminate in a way enabling
the Government of the Vnited States of America to proceed with
the measures which form the subject-matter of the Swiss request.
In my view-so long as the Government of the Vnited States of
America continues to determine that the object of the request of
the Swiss Government pertains to a matter which is essentiallj-
within the domestic jurisdiction of the Cnited States of America-
the Court has no power to assume jurisdiction with regard to
interim measures of protection and to proceed under Article 41 of
the Statute by either granting or declining the request.
In its Declaration of Acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Court
of 4th April 1946 the Government of the Vnited States excluded
from its Acceptance "disputes with regard to matters which are
essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of the United States
of America as determined by the Lnited States of America". In

its request for an indication of interim measures of protection of
3rd October 1957 the Government of S\vitzerland, referring to its
Application of 1st October 1957, asked the Court to indicate, inter
alia, that "the Government of the Cnited States is requested not
to sel1the shares of the General Aniline and Film Corporation ...
so long as the proceedings in this dispute are pending". On
11th October 1957 the Government of the Cnited States of America
filed, in conformity with Article 62, paragraph 1, of the Rules
of the Court, a Preliminary Objection in which it informed the
Court that it had determined that the sale or disposition of the
shares in the Corporation in question is amatter essentially within
its domestic jurisdiction.
In reliance on the Preliminary Objection thus filed, the Govern-
ment of the United Stateshas asserted that the Preliminary Objec-
tion removed the basis for any assumption of a prima facie juris-

16 OPINION INDIVIDCELLE DE
SIR HERSCH LAL-TERPACHT

[Traduction]
En son ordonnance la Cour décide d'exercer sa compétence au
sujet de la demande du Gouvernement suisse, présentéeen appli-
cation de l'article41 du Statut de la Cour, afin d'indication de
mesures conservatoires en vue de sauvegarder les droits de ce
Gouvernement. Agissant en vertu de l'article 41 du Statut, la
Cour a décidéque, dans les circonstances actuelles, il n'y a pas
lieu d'indiquer les mesures conservatoires deqandées par le Gou-

vernement suisse. On doit en déduire qu'elle a laissé ouverte la
possibilité d'indiquer de telles mesures, au cas où le Gouvernement
suisse renouvellerait dans l'avenir sa demande si les circonstances
le rendaient nécessaire- par exemple si la procédure actuellement
pendante devant la Cour suprême des État~-~ni~ d'Amérique
devait se terminer d'une façon permettant au Gouvernement des
Etats-LTnis d'Amérique d'agir en prenant les mesures qui font
l'objet de la demande suisse. Selon moi - aussi longtemps que le
Gouvernement des Etats-Vnis d'Amérique continue à décider que
l'objet de la demande du Gouvernement suisse touche une question
qui relève essentiellement de la compétence nationale des Etats-

Vnis d'Amérique -, la Cour ne peut exercer sa compétence au
sujet des mesures conservatoires, ni agir en application de l'art41le
du Statut, soit en accueillant, soit en déclinant la demande.
Dans sa déclaration d'acceptation de la comp$tence de la Cour
en date du 4 avril 1946, le Gouvernement des Etats-Vnis d'Amé-
rique a écartéde cette acceptation les ((différendsrelatifs à des
questions relevant essentiellement de la compétence nationale des
ÉtatsXnis d'Amérique, telle qu'elle est fixée par les États-Vnis
d'Amérique 1)Dans sa demande en indication de mesures conser-
vatoires présentéele 3 octobre 1957, le Gouvernement suisse, visant
sa requête du
octobre 195,~~prie la Cour d'indiquer notamment
que (le Gouvernement des Etats-Vnis d'Amérique est invité à ne
pas procéder à la vente des actions de la GeneralAniline and Film
Corporation ...tant que la procédure relative à ce différend est
pendante D. Le II octobre 1957, le Gouvernement des Etats-Vnis
d'Amérique a déposé, conformémentà l'article 62,paragraphe 1,
du Règlement, une exception préliminaire dans laquelle il a fait
savoir à la Cour qu'il avait décidéque la vente ou la disposition
des actions de la société enquestion relevait essentiellement de sa
compétence nationale.
Invoquant, l'exception préliminaire ainsi déposée,le Gouver-
nement des Etats-Vnis affirme que l'exception préliminaire enlève
toute base à l'exercice par la Cour de sa compétence prima facie

I6diction of the Court on the merits of the dispute and that the Court
therefore lacked the power to exercise jurisdiction under Articl41
of the Statute. That contention 1 consider to be well founded. In
my view, having regard to the determination made by the Govern-

ment of the United States under the terms of its Declaration of
Acceptance, the Court possesses no such power.
In deciding whether it is competent to assume jurisdiction with
regard to a request made under Article 41 of the Statute the Court
need not satisfy itself-either proprio motu or in response to a
Preliminary Objection-that it is competent with regard to the
merits of the dispute. The Court has stated on a number of occasions
that an Order indicating, or refusing to indicate, interim measures
of protection is independent of the affirmation of its jurisdiction
on the merits and that it does not prejudge the question of the
Court's jurisdiction on the merits (Case concerning the Polish
--lgrarian Reform and the GernzanMinority, Series A/B, No. j8,
p. 178; Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Case, I.C.J. Reports I9j1,
p. 93). Any contrary rule would not be in accordance with the
nature of the request for measures of interim protection and the

factor of urgency inherent in the procedure under Article41 of the
Statute. However, it is one thing to say that action of the Court
under Article 41 of the Statute does not in any way prejudge the
question of its competence on the merits and that the Court need
not at that stage satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction on the merits
or even that its jurisdiction is probable; it is another thing to affirm
that the Court can act under Article 41 without any regard to the
prospects ofits jurisdiction on the merits and that the latter question
does not arise at al1in connection with a request for interim measures
of protection. Governments which are Parties to the Statute or
which have undertaken in some form or other commitments
relating to the obligatory jurisdiction of the Court have the right
to expect that the Court will not act under Article 41 in cases in
which absence of jurisdiction on the merits is manifest. Govern-
ments ought not to be discouraged from undertaking, or continuing
to undertake, the obligations of judicial settlement as the result

of any justifiable apprehension that by accepting them they may
become exposed to the embarrassment, vexation and loss, possibly
following upon interim measures, in cases in which there is no
reasonable possibility, prima facie ascertained by the Court, of
jurisdiction on the merits. Accordingly, the Court cannot, in
relation to a request for indication of interim measures, disregard
altogether the question of its competence on the merits. The correct
principle which emerges from these apparently conflicting consider-
ations and which has been uniformly adopted in international
arbitral and judicial practice is as foIlows: The Court may properly
act under the terms of Article41 provided that there is in existence
an instrument such as a Declaration of Acceptance of the Optional
Clause, enanating from the Parties to the dispute, which primasur le fond du différend, et que la Cour, par conséquent, n'a pas
le pouvoir d'exercer sa compétence aux termes de l'article 41 du
Statut. Cette proposition me paraît bien fondée. A mon sens, eu
égard à la décision prise par le Gouvernement des Etats-L7nis
d'Amérique aux termes de sa déclaration d'acceptation, la Cour
n'est pas douée d'un pouvoir de ce genre.
En décidant si elle est compétente pour exercer sa juridiction
en vertu d'une demande présentéeen application de l'article 41

du Statut, la Cour n'a pas à vérifier- soit proprio motu, soit en
réponse à une exception préliminaire - si elle est compétente pour
connaître du fond du différend. A plusieurs reprises la Cour a
déclaréqu'une ordonnance indiquant ou refusant d'indiquer des
mesures conservatoires est indépendante de l'affirmation de sa
compétence au fond et qu'elle ne préjuge pas la question de la
compétence de la Cour sur le fond (Afaire concernant la réforme
agraire polonaise et la minoritéllenzande,Série A/B, no 58,p. 178;
affaire de l'Angle-Iranian Oil Co., C. I. J. Recueil 1951, p. 193).
Toute règle contraire ne serait pas conforme à la nature d'une
demande de mesures conservatoires et au facteur d'urgence inhérent
à la procédure en vertu de l'article 41 du Statut. Toutefois, c'est
une chose de dire que les mesures prises par la Cour en vertu de
l'article 41 du Statut ne préjugent en rien la question de sa com-
pétence au fond et que la Cour n'a pas, au stade actuel, à s'assurer
qu'elle a compétencesur le fond ou que sa compétenceest probable;

et c'est une autre chose que d'affirmer que la Cour peut agir en
vertu de l'article41, sans tenir compte des possibilités de sa com-
pétence au fond, et que cette dernière question ne se pose aucune-
ment à propos d'une demande en indication de mesures conser-
vatoires. Les gouvernements parties au Statut, ou qui ont pris,
sous une forme ou sous une autre, des engagements se rapportant
à la compétence obligatoire de la Cour, ont le droit d'escompter
que celle-ci n'agira pas en vertu de l'article 41 lorsque l'absence
de compétence au fond est manifeste. Il convient de ne pas décou-
rager les gouvernements d'accepter ou de continuer d'accepter les
obligations du règlement judiciaire, en raison de la crainte justifiée
qu'en les acceptant ils risqueraient de s'exposer à la gêne,aux
vexations et aux pertes pouvant résulter de mesures conservatoires
dans le cas où il n'existe aucune possibilité raisonnable de compé-
tence au fond vérifiéepar la Cour prima facie. Par conséquent, la

Cour ne peut, à propos d'une demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, négligercomplètement la question de sa compétence
au fond. Le principe exact qui se dégage de ces considérations
apparemment contradictoires et qui a été adoptéuniformément
par la pratique arbitraleet judiciaire internationale est le suivant:
La Cour peut légitimement agir en application de l'article 41,
pourvu qu'il existe un instrument, tel qu'une déclaration d'accep-
tation de la disposition facultative, émanant des Parties au dif-
férend, conférant à la Cour compétence prima facie et ne contenant

17facie confers jurisdiction upon the Court and which incorporates no
reservations obviously excluding its jurisdiction. These conditions
do not exist in the case now before the Court.
Vnless and until the peremptory reservation included in the
Declaration of Acceptance made by the Government of the United
States of America and now formally invoked by that Government
is declared invalid in appropriate proceedings before the Court, it

inust be deemed to exclude the jurisdiction of the Court on the
merits with regard to the claim of the Government of Switzerland
for the restitution of the property of the Corporation in question-a
claim which is directly related to the request for interim measures
with regard to the sale and the disposition of the shares of that
Corporation. If the Court subsequently holds that reservation to be
valid, that will automatically terminate its jurisdiction with
regard to the sale of the shares. Should, on the other hand, the
Court eventually declare the reservation in question to be invalid,
such invalidity may well entai1 the invalidity of the Declaration
of Acceptance as a whole and thus render impossible altogether the
jurisdiction of the Court. While 1 do not wish to prejudge the even-
tua1 decision of the Court on these questions it is apparent that, on
either alternative, the Court will be without jurisdiction to enter-
tain the Application so far as it relates to the sale and disposition
of the shares. 1 do consider that the third possibility-namely,

that the Court may declare the reservation to be invalid and
nevertheless uphold the validity of the Declaration of Acceptance
as. a whole-is sufficiently remote to permit ifs exclusio~~as a
factorin the firivta facie appreciation of the possibility of the Court's
jurisdiction on the merits. Rloreover, quite irrespective of any
future decision of the Court on the question of the validity of the
reservation in question, the latter must, so long as it remains a
valid expression of the will of the Government of the United States,
be given full and unqualified effect. Vnlike in other similar cases,
there is no question here of any uncertainty or controversy as to
whether the subject of the dispute is covered by the reservation.
That reservation must be deemed to embrace al1 aspects of the
procedure of the Court under its Statute. The Court is legally not
in a position, at any stage of the procedure, to exercise jurisdiction
-whether by granting the request for an indication of interim

measures or by declining it-unless in conformity with the terms
of the Declaration of Acceptance. In the matter of its jurisdiction
there is no other legal basis forits action under the Statute.

It might be said that as the Government of the United States of
America has invoked what may be described as the "automatic
reservations" only in respect of the sale or other disposition of the
shares, there is nothing to prevent the Court from acting under
Article 41 with respect to other aspects of the request of the Swiss
Government. This may be SO. However, the Swiss request for
18 IXTERHANDEL (OP.INDIV. SIR HERSCH LAUTERPACHT)
119
aucune réserve excluant manifestement cette compétence. Ces
conditions n'existent pas dans l'affaire actuellement soumise à
la Cour.
Tant que la réserve péremptoire dont est assortie la déclaration
d'acceptation du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amérique, et qui

est formellement invoquée en l'espècepar ce Gouvernement, n'aura
pas étédéclarée nulleau cours d'une procédure appropriée devant
la Cour, on doit considérer qu'elle exclut la compétence de la Cour
au fond en ce qui concerne la réclamation du Gouvernement suisse
tendant à restitution des biens de la Société enquestion - récla-
mation qui se rapporte directement à la demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires relatives à la vente et à la disposition
des actions de cette Société.Si la Cour décide par la suite que
cette réserve est valable, cela mettra automatiquement fin à sa
compétence en matière de vente des actions. Par contre, si, le
moment venu, la Cour proclame la nullité de ladife réserve, cette
nullité peut fort bien entraîner celle de la déclaration d'acceptation

dans son ensemble, et exclure ainsi complètement la compétence
de la Cour. Sans vouloir préjuger une éventuelle décision de la
Cour sur ces questions, il me semble que, dans l'un et l'autre cas,
la Cour est sans compétence pour connaître de la requête, en tant
qu'elle vise la vente et la disposition des actions. Je considère que
la troisième hypothèse - à savoir, que la Cour déclare la réserve
nulle, tout en retenant néanmoins la validité de la déclaration
d'acceptation dans son ensemble - est assez improbable pour
qu'on puisse l'exclure en tant qu'élémentd'affirmation prima fccie
de la possibilité de la compétence de la Cour sur le fond. Au surplus,
indépendamment de toute future décisionde la Cour surla question
de la validité de la réserve en cause, cette dernière doit porter effet

pleinement et sans restriction, tant qu'elle ,demeure l'expression
valable de la volonté du Gouvernement des Etats-Vnis. Contraire-
ment à ce qui s'est passé dans d'autres affaires similaires, il n'est
pas question en l'espèce d'incertitude ou de contestation sur le
point de savoir si l'objet du différend est couvert par la réserve.
Cette réserve doit êtreconsidéréecomme englobant tous les aspects
de la procédure de la Cour aux termes de son Statut. La Cour n'est
juridiquement en mesure d'exercer sa compétence à tous les stades
de la procédure - que ce soit pour accéder à la demande en indi-
cation de mesures conservatoires ou pour la rejeter - que confor-
mément aux termes de la déclaration d'acceptation. En matière
de compétence, il ne saurait y avoir d'autre fondement juridique

à son action en application du Statut.
On pourrait faire observer que, puisque le Gouvernement des
États-~nis d'Amérique n'a invoqué ce que l'on peut appeler la
((réserve automatique 1)qu'en ce qui concerne la vente ou la
disposition des actions, rien n'empêchela Cour d'agir en application
de l'article41 en ce qui concerne les autres aspects de la demande
du Gouvernement suisse. Il se peut qu'il en soit ainsi. Toutefois,
18 interim measures of protection covers primarily the question of
sale and disposition of the shares. The present Order of the Court is
concerned exclusively with that aspect of the request as being the
only one which fulfils the requirements of Article 61, paragraph 1, of
the Rules of the Court. In its Order the Court has assumed juris-
diction with regard to the request thus defined. It has declined to
grant it. As already stated, by clear implication it leaves open the
possibility of affirmative action should circumstances undergo a
change. In both respects the Order is, in my opinion, contrary to a
conclusive condition under which the jurisdiction of the Court has
been accepted.
In my view it is not open in the present case to the Court to find
either that there is a need or that there is no need for interim
measures of protection on the basis of Article 41. The Court ought
to declare that it is without jurisdiction to entertain the request.

For these reasons, while 1 am in agreement with the operative
part of the present Order, 1 cannot otherwise subscribe to it.

1 have refrained from referring to or elaborating the additional,
and no less decisive, reason why, in my view, the Court is without
jurisdiction to entertain the request for interim measures filed by
- the Swiss Government. In my Separate Opinion in the case of
Certain Norwegian Loans (I.C.J. Reports 1957, pp. 43-66) 1 came
to the conclusion that a reservation of the kind as now before the
Court is invalid and that its invalidity entails the invalidity of the
Declaration of Acceptance as a whole. If that is so, the Govern-
ment of the Cnited States cannot validly become either a plaintiff
or a defendant under its Declaration of Acceptance-although it
is open to it, in respect of any claim brought against it in reliance

on its Declaration of Acceptance, to submit to the jurisdiction of
the Court on some other basis. However, 1 have abstained from
.adopting that view as a ground of the present Opinion seeing that
the question of the validity of the above reservation of the Cnited
States of America is not now ~eforethe Court and that it may, with
the possible participation of other Signatories of the Optional
Clause intervening by virtue of Article 63 of the Statute, form the
subject-matter of a decision of the Court at a subsequent stage of
the proceedings.la demande suisse en indication de mesures conservatoires vise
principalement la question de la vente et de la disposition des
actions. La présente ordonnance de la Cour concerne exclusivement
cet aspect de la demande, comme étant le seul qui satisfasse aux

prescriptions de l'article 61, paragraphe 1, du Règlement. Dans
son ordonnance, la Cour se déclare compétente à l'égard de la
demande ainsi définie. Elle refuse d'y accéder. Ainsi que je l'ai
déjà souligné, on doit clairement en déduire qu'elle admet la
possibilité d'une réponse affirmative si les circonstances venaient
à changer. Sur ces deux plans, l'ordonnance est, à mon avis,
contraire à une condition décisivesous laquelle la juridiction de la
Cour a étéacceptée. A mon avis, la Cour n'a pas, en la présente
espèce, à dire s'ily a lieu ou s'il n'y a pas lieu d'indiquer des mesures
conservatoires aux termes de l'article 41. La Cour doit dire qu'elle
est sans compétence pour connaître de la demande.
Tels sont les motifs pour lesquels, tout en étant d'accord avec
le dispositif de l'ordonnance, je ne puis par ailleurs m'y rallier.

.,e me suis abstenu de mentionner ou de dévelo~IIrla raison
supplémentaire, et non moins concluante, pour laquelle j'estime
que la Cour est sans compétence pour connaître de la demande
en indication de mesures conservatoires déposéepar le Gouver-
nement suisse. Dans mon opinion individuelle en l'affaire relative
à Certains Emprz~ntsnorz~égien(sC. I. J. Recueil 19.57,pp. 43-66),
je suis parvenu à la conclusion qu'une réserve telle que celle qui
se présente à la Cour en l'espèceest nulle et que sa nullité entraîne
la nullité de la déclaration d'acceptation dans son ensemble. S'il
en est ainsi, le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis ne saurait valablement

paraître comme demandeur ou défendeur en vertu de cette décla-
ration d'acceptation -- bien qu'il puisseà l'égardde toute demande
formulée contre lui sur la base de sa déclaration d'acceptation,
se soumettre à la compétence de la Cour sur une autre base. Je
me suis toutefois abstenu de prendre ce point de vue comme base
de la présente opinion, considérant que la question de la validité
de ladite réservedes États-~nis d'Amériquen'est pas actuellement
soumise à la Cour et qu'elle peut, avec l'éventuelle participation
d'autres signataires de la disposition facultative intervenant en
vertu de l'article 63 du Statut, faire l'objet d'une décision de la
Cour à un stade ultérieur de la procédure.

(Signé)HERSCHLAUTERPACHT.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Sir Hersch Lauterpacht

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