Declaration of Judge Abraham

Document Number
139-20090119-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
139-20090119-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE ABRAHAM

[Translation]

I have voted in favour of all but one of the points in the operative

clause of the present Judgment.
The point in question is the third one, on which, much to my regret, I
have had to stand apart from all my colleagues.
I believe it necessary to explain why in a few lines.
In point (3) of the operative clause the Court

“[r]eaffirms the continuing binding character of the obligations of
the United States of America under paragraph 153 (9) of the Avena
Judgment and takes note of the undertakings given by the United

States of America in these proceedings”.
I do not of course contest either the validity of the first statement or

the significance of the second.
It is self-evident that the obligations arising under point (9) of the
operative clause in the Avena Judgment, i.e., the obligation to provide
review and reconsideration of the convictions and sentences of all 51 Mexi-
can nationals referred to in that Judgment, continue to be binding on the
United States; nor, moreover, has there been any dispute between the

Parties as to this. The case of José Ernesto Medellín Rojas apart, his
execution having now rendered this obligation moot in his regard, it is
clear that the United States remains under an obligation in respect of the
convicted Mexican nationals to comply with the Court’s Judgment, save
in so far as it may have done so already in some of their cases, this last
question being one which the Court was not called upon to decide and

did not seek to decide. It is also true that the United States, speaking
throughitsauthorizedrepresentativesbeforetheCourt,reaffirmeditsunder-
taking to take all necessary steps to ensure prompt receipt of the
“appropriate reparation” defined in point (9) of the operative clause in
the Avena Judgment by those convicted Mexican nationals who have not

yet obtained it, and the Court clearly cannot but so note with interest.
Thus, my motive in voting against point (3) of the operative clause was
not any disagreement with its content. It was that the statements made
there are patently beyond the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction under
Article 60 of the Statute, which is what it is exercising, or supposed to
exercise, in the present case. This jurisdiction has as its sole subject-

matter the interpretation of the Judgment previously rendered and it cannot
extend to any question of compliance, past or future, with that Judg-
ment.
This is moreover just what the Court says in dismissing Mexico’s claim
asking the Court to declare that the United States breached the Avena

28Judgment by executing Medellín. In paragraph 56 of the Judgment, the
limits on the jurisdiction conferred on the Court by Article 60 are

described, leading to the conclusion that the Court cannot uphold this
claim. Yet, as a matter of logic, it can be inferred from point (2) of the
operative clause, in which Medellín’s execution is found to be a violation
of the Court’s Order of 16 July 2008 indicating provisional measures,
that the United States violated the Avena Judgment by taking the action

in question. The Court has seen fit to grant Mexico’s request for a finding
that the Order has been violated: this is because the title of jurisdiction
here exercised by the Court incidentally covers the question of compli-
ance with the provisional measures ordered by the Court, as the Order
was “issued in the same proceedings” (for interpretation) (paragraph 51).

On the other hand, the Court refuses, and rightly so, to uphold the claim
asking it to find that the same action (executing Medellín) constituted a
violation of the Avena Judgment as well — even though, logically, the
two propositions must simultaneously both hold true — because this
claim cannot be brought, either directly or incidentally, within the juris-
diction vested in the Court under Article 60.

The same logic should have led the Court to refrain from incorporat-
ing in the operative clause of the Judgment such observations — incon-
trovertible though they may be — as those appearing in point (3).
It is one thing to include in the reasoning of a judgment legally super-
fluous comments, observations or propositions apparently beyond the

scope proper of the jurisdiction exercised by the Court. This is never par-
ticularly advisable, but the Court may on occasion have reasons for
doing so by way of explanation. Where done judiciously and in modera-
tion (as, for example, in paragraphs 54 and 55 here), this can be accept-
able.

It is in any case another to include in the operative clause of a judg-
ment observations falling outside the scope of the jurisdiction being exer-
cised by the Court. The reason for this is that, while superabundant
elements in the reasoning have no force as res judicata, everything in the
operative clause of a judgment is in principle res judicata. Superfluous

points in the reasoning may be permissible; superfluous statements in the
operative clause are not. It follows that each and every part of the opera-
tive clause must fall strictly within the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction.
That is not true in respect of point (3). There the Court is not respond-
ing to a request for an interpretation of the Avena Judgment, neither
Party having ever raised any issue concerning the Judgment’s effects over

time and calling for an interpretation.
In fact, point (3) appears instead to be a preamble, as it were, to
point (4), in which the Court declines Mexico’s request that the United
States be ordered to provide guarantees of non-repetition (of the viola-
tion of the Avena Judgment). It is in the light of the observations made in

point (3) (“in these circumstances”) that the Court in the following sub-
paragraph declines this request.
But, in my view, what justifies the denial of the submission rightly

29rejected by the Court in point (4) of the operative clause is not the fact

that the United States has given an undertaking henceforth to comply
fully with the Avena Judgment, but rather that this submission itself is
extrinsic to the jurisdiction deriving from Article 60 of the Statute, the
only jurisdiction invoked by Mexico in the present case.
While I voted against point (3), for the reasons just set out, I did not

feel the need to vote against point (4) too, even though it contains what
I think is an unfortunate cross-reference to the preceding point. In my
view, what is important is that point (4) rejects the request, which the
Court was in no position to grant.

I shall add in conclusion that the preceding comments do not cast any
doubt on my agreement with the crux of the Judgment just delivered by
the Court, which, to my thinking, is found in paragraphs 29 to 46 of the
reasoning and point (1) of the operative clause.

(Signed) Ronny A BRAHAM .

30

Bilingual Content

DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE ABRAHAM

J’ai voté en faveur de tous les points du dispositif du présent arrêt, sauf

un.
Il s’agit du point 3), à propos duquel j’ai dû, à mon grand regret, me
singulariser, en ne rejoignant pas l’ensemble de mes collègues.
Je crois devoir expliquer pourquoi, en quelques lignes.
Dans le point 3) du dispositif, la Cour

«[r]éaffirme que les obligations énoncées au point 9) du paragra-
phe 153 de l’arrêt Avena continuent de s’imposer aux Etats-Unis
d’Amérique et prend acte des engagements pris par les Etats-Unis

d’Amérique en la présente instance».
Naturellement, je ne conteste ni le bien-fondé de la première de ces

deux propositions ni l’intérêt de la seconde.
Que les obligations découlant du point 9) du dispositif de l’arrêt Avena,
à savoir l’obligation d’assurer le réexamen et la revision des condamna-
tions prononcées à l’égard de chacun des cinquante et un ressortissants
mexicains visés par l’arrêt, continuent de s’imposer aux Etats-Unis, voilà
qui est évident et qui n’a d’ailleurs pas fait l’objet de la moindre contesta-

tion entre les Parties. Si l’on met à part le cas de José Ernesto Medellín
Rojas, dont l’exécution capitale rend à présent sans objet cette obligation
en ce qui le concerne, il est clair que pour les autres condamnés les Etats-
Unis restent tenus de se conformer à l’arrêt de la Cour, pour autant qu’ils
ne s’y seraient pas déjà conformés dans le cas de certains d’entre eux,
question que la Cour n’était pas appelée à trancher et n’a pas entendu

trancher. Par ailleurs, il est exact que les Etats-Unis, par la voix de leurs
représentants qualifiés devant la Cour, ont réaffirmé leur engagement à
tout mettre en Œuvre pour que ceux des condamnés qui n’ont pas encore
reçu la «réparation appropriée» définie au point 9) du dispositif de
l’arrêt Avena en bénéficient dans les meilleurs délais, et il n’y a pas de

doute que la Cour ne peut qu’en prendre note avec intérêt.
Ce n’est donc pas parce que je serais en désaccord avec le contenu des
propositions qui figurent au point 3) que j’ai voté contre. C’est parce que
ces énoncés outrepassent manifestement les limites de la compétence que
la Cour tient de l’article 60 du Statut, et qu’elle exerce, ou est supposée
exercer, en la présente espèce. Cette compétence a pour seul objet l’inter-

prétation de l’arrêt précédemment rendu, et ne saurait englober quelque
question que ce soit se rapportant à l’exécution dudit arrêt, soit pour le
passé, soit pour l’avenir.
C’est d’ailleurs bien ce que dit la Cour lorsqu’elle rejette la demande du
Mexique tendant à ce qu’elle constate que les Etats-Unis ont violé l’arrêt

28 DECLARATION OF JUDGE ABRAHAM

[Translation]

I have voted in favour of all but one of the points in the operative

clause of the present Judgment.
The point in question is the third one, on which, much to my regret, I
have had to stand apart from all my colleagues.
I believe it necessary to explain why in a few lines.
In point (3) of the operative clause the Court

“[r]eaffirms the continuing binding character of the obligations of
the United States of America under paragraph 153 (9) of the Avena
Judgment and takes note of the undertakings given by the United

States of America in these proceedings”.
I do not of course contest either the validity of the first statement or

the significance of the second.
It is self-evident that the obligations arising under point (9) of the
operative clause in the Avena Judgment, i.e., the obligation to provide
review and reconsideration of the convictions and sentences of all 51 Mexi-
can nationals referred to in that Judgment, continue to be binding on the
United States; nor, moreover, has there been any dispute between the

Parties as to this. The case of José Ernesto Medellín Rojas apart, his
execution having now rendered this obligation moot in his regard, it is
clear that the United States remains under an obligation in respect of the
convicted Mexican nationals to comply with the Court’s Judgment, save
in so far as it may have done so already in some of their cases, this last
question being one which the Court was not called upon to decide and

did not seek to decide. It is also true that the United States, speaking
throughitsauthorizedrepresentativesbeforetheCourt,reaffirmeditsunder-
taking to take all necessary steps to ensure prompt receipt of the
“appropriate reparation” defined in point (9) of the operative clause in
the Avena Judgment by those convicted Mexican nationals who have not

yet obtained it, and the Court clearly cannot but so note with interest.
Thus, my motive in voting against point (3) of the operative clause was
not any disagreement with its content. It was that the statements made
there are patently beyond the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction under
Article 60 of the Statute, which is what it is exercising, or supposed to
exercise, in the present case. This jurisdiction has as its sole subject-

matter the interpretation of the Judgment previously rendered and it cannot
extend to any question of compliance, past or future, with that Judg-
ment.
This is moreover just what the Court says in dismissing Mexico’s claim
asking the Court to declare that the United States breached the Avena

28Avena en exécutant Medellín. Au paragraphe 56, l’arrêt rappelle les
limites de la compétence que l’article 60 confère à la Cour et en déduit

que celle-ci ne saurait accueillir ce chef de conclusions. Pourtant, que les
Etats-Unis aient violé l’arrêt Avena par le comportement en cause peut se
déduire logiquement du point 2) du dispositif, qui constate que l’exécu-
tion de Medellín a violé l’ordonnance de la Cour du 16 juillet 2008 por-
tant mesures conservatoires. La Cour a accepté de faire droit à la demande

du Mexique tendant à ce qu’elle constate la violation de son ordonnance,
car, celle-ci ayant été rendue «dans le cadre de la même instance» (en
interprétation), le titre de compétence que met en Œuvre la Cour en
l’espèce englobe, incidemment, la question du respect des mesures conser-
vatoires ordonnées par elle (par. 51). En revanche, la Cour refuse, à bon

droit, d’accueillir la demande tendant à ce qu’elle constate que le même
comportement (l’exécution de Medellín) constitue également une viola-
tion de l’arrêt Avena — alors même que logiquement les deux proposi-
tions ne peuvent être que simultanément vraies — parce que cette demande
ne saurait se rattacher, ni directement ni incidemment, à la compétence
qu’elle tient de l’article 60.

Le même raisonnement aurait dû conduire la Cour à s’abstenir d’intro-
duire dans le dispositif de l’arrêt des constatations — aussi indiscutables
soient-elles — telles que celles qui figurent au point 3).
Une chose est de faire figurer dans les motifs d’un arrêt des remarques,
constatations ou propositions juridiquement superfétatoires et pouvant

apparaître comme dépassant les strictes limites de la compétence qu’exerce
la Cour. Ce n’est jamais de très bonne méthode, mais il se peut que la
Cour trouve parfois des raisons d’ordre pédagogique de procéder ainsi.
Cela peut être acceptable, à condition que ce soit fait avec modération et
discernement (comme ici, par exemple, aux paragraphes 54 et 55).

Autre chose, en tout cas, est de faire figurer dans le dispositif d’un arrêt
des constatations outrepassant les limites de la compétence que la Cour
met en Œuvre. Car, alors que ceux des motifs qui présentent un caractère
surabondant sont dépourvus de l’autorité de la chose jugée, tout ce qui
figure dans le dispositif d’un arrêt est en principe res judicata. Il peut y

avoir des motifs surabondants, il ne devrait pas y avoir de mention sura-
bondante dans un dispositif. Par suite, tout ce qui figure au dispositif doit
se tenir strictement dans les limites de la compétence de la Cour.
Tel n’est pas le cas du point 3). La Cour n’y répond aucunement à une
demande d’interprétation de l’arrêt Avena, aucune des Parties n’ayant
jamais évoqué la moindre contestation relative aux effets dans le temps

dudit arrêt, qui pût appeler une interprétation.
En réalité, le point 3) apparaît plutôt comme une sorte de préambule
au point 4), par lequel la Cour rejette la demande mexicaine tendant à ce
que soient exigées des Etats-Unis des garanties de non-répétition (de la
violation de l’arrêt Avena). C’est à la lumière des constatations du

point 3) («dans ces conditions») que la Cour rejette cette demande au
point suivant.
Mais, à mon avis, ce qui justifie le rejet du chef de conclusions que la

29Judgment by executing Medellín. In paragraph 56 of the Judgment, the
limits on the jurisdiction conferred on the Court by Article 60 are

described, leading to the conclusion that the Court cannot uphold this
claim. Yet, as a matter of logic, it can be inferred from point (2) of the
operative clause, in which Medellín’s execution is found to be a violation
of the Court’s Order of 16 July 2008 indicating provisional measures,
that the United States violated the Avena Judgment by taking the action

in question. The Court has seen fit to grant Mexico’s request for a finding
that the Order has been violated: this is because the title of jurisdiction
here exercised by the Court incidentally covers the question of compli-
ance with the provisional measures ordered by the Court, as the Order
was “issued in the same proceedings” (for interpretation) (paragraph 51).

On the other hand, the Court refuses, and rightly so, to uphold the claim
asking it to find that the same action (executing Medellín) constituted a
violation of the Avena Judgment as well — even though, logically, the
two propositions must simultaneously both hold true — because this
claim cannot be brought, either directly or incidentally, within the juris-
diction vested in the Court under Article 60.

The same logic should have led the Court to refrain from incorporat-
ing in the operative clause of the Judgment such observations — incon-
trovertible though they may be — as those appearing in point (3).
It is one thing to include in the reasoning of a judgment legally super-
fluous comments, observations or propositions apparently beyond the

scope proper of the jurisdiction exercised by the Court. This is never par-
ticularly advisable, but the Court may on occasion have reasons for
doing so by way of explanation. Where done judiciously and in modera-
tion (as, for example, in paragraphs 54 and 55 here), this can be accept-
able.

It is in any case another to include in the operative clause of a judg-
ment observations falling outside the scope of the jurisdiction being exer-
cised by the Court. The reason for this is that, while superabundant
elements in the reasoning have no force as res judicata, everything in the
operative clause of a judgment is in principle res judicata. Superfluous

points in the reasoning may be permissible; superfluous statements in the
operative clause are not. It follows that each and every part of the opera-
tive clause must fall strictly within the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction.
That is not true in respect of point (3). There the Court is not respond-
ing to a request for an interpretation of the Avena Judgment, neither
Party having ever raised any issue concerning the Judgment’s effects over

time and calling for an interpretation.
In fact, point (3) appears instead to be a preamble, as it were, to
point (4), in which the Court declines Mexico’s request that the United
States be ordered to provide guarantees of non-repetition (of the viola-
tion of the Avena Judgment). It is in the light of the observations made in

point (3) (“in these circumstances”) that the Court in the following sub-
paragraph declines this request.
But, in my view, what justifies the denial of the submission rightly

29Cour écarte, à juste titre, au point 4) du dispositif, ce n’est pas que les

Etats-Unis aient pris l’engagement de se conformer pleinement, désor-
mais, à l’arrêt Avena, c’est que ce chef de conclusions est lui-même étran-
ger à la compétence découlant de l’article 60 du Statut, la seule invoquée
en l’espèce par le Mexique.

Ayant voté contre le point 3), pour les raisons que je viens d’exposer, je
n’ai cependant pas cru devoir voter aussi contre le point 4), bien qu’il
comporte à mes yeux un renvoi fâcheux au point précédent; l’essentiel
étant, pour moi, qu’il rejette la demande que la Cour ne pouvait accueillir.

J’ajouterai, pour conclure, que les observations qui précèdent ne met-
tent nullement en cause mon adhésion à l’essentiel de l’arrêt que la Cour
vient de rendre et qui se trouve, selon moi, aux paragraphes 29 à 46 des

motifs, et au point 1) du dispositif.

(Signé) Ronny A BRAHAM .

30rejected by the Court in point (4) of the operative clause is not the fact

that the United States has given an undertaking henceforth to comply
fully with the Avena Judgment, but rather that this submission itself is
extrinsic to the jurisdiction deriving from Article 60 of the Statute, the
only jurisdiction invoked by Mexico in the present case.
While I voted against point (3), for the reasons just set out, I did not

feel the need to vote against point (4) too, even though it contains what
I think is an unfortunate cross-reference to the preceding point. In my
view, what is important is that point (4) rejects the request, which the
Court was in no position to grant.

I shall add in conclusion that the preceding comments do not cast any
doubt on my agreement with the crux of the Judgment just delivered by
the Court, which, to my thinking, is found in paragraphs 29 to 46 of the
reasoning and point (1) of the operative clause.

(Signed) Ronny A BRAHAM .

30

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Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Abraham

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