Declaration of Judge Koroma

Document Number
139-20090119-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
139-20090119-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE KOROMA

Article 60 of the Statute — Existence of a dispute concerning whether review
and reconsideration must be effective — Existence of a dispute as to whether
obligation imposed by Avena paragraph 153 (9) is subject to domestic imple-

mentation — Court’s Judgment should be interpreted to mean that the subject-
matter of these disputes is not addressed in Avena paragraph 153 (9) — Avena
Judgment remains binding under Article 94 of the Charter.

1. While I have voted in favour of the operative part of the Judgment,
in my view the basis on which the Court has reached its conclusion needs
to be clarified. It is for this reason that I have decided to append this
declaration, in order to elucidate my understanding as to the application

of Article 60 of the Statute regarding this matter.
2. Article 60 provides: “The judgment is final and without appeal. In
the event of dispute as to the meaning or scope of the judgment, the
Court shall construe it upon the request of any party.”
3. According to its jurisprudence, the Court will apply Article 60 of

the Statute when two parties hold opposite views with regard to the scope
and meaning of a judgment. The Court has further elaborated on this by
stating that the existence of a dispute under Article 60 is

“limited to whether the difference of views between the Parties which
has manifested itself before the Court is ‘a difference of opinion
between the Parties as to those points in the judgment in question
which have been decided with binding force’, including ‘A difference
of opinion as to whether a particular point has or has not been

decided with binding force’ (Interpretation of Judgments Nos. 7
and 8 (Factory at Chorzów), Judgment No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J.,
Series A, No. 13, pp. 11-12)” (Application for Revision and Inter-
pretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concern-
ing the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tuni-

sia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985 ,
p. 218).
4. On the basis of these criteria, there are at least two differences

between the Mexican and United States positions that could be consid-
ered a “dispute” under the terms of Article 60. First, Mexico appears to
take the position that the United States has only met its obligations
under Avena if its efforts to assure review and reconsideration are effec-
tive; whereas the United States believes that those efforts are to be pri-

24oritized among the “many other pressing priorities” of government. Second,
Mexico argues that the obligation of result imposed by Avena

paragraph 153 (9) automatically and directly “reach[es] all organs, includ-
ing the federal and state judiciaries”; whereas the United States believes
that that obligation is subject to domestic implementation according to
domestic law. This is, indeed, very similar to the dispute identified by the
Permanent Court of International Justice in the Interpretation of Judg-

ments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at Chorzów) (Judgment No. 11, 1927,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13, pp. 9-15 (finding that a dispute as to interpre-
tation did exist by virtue of the States’ differing views regarding the role
of Polish law in implementing Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 of the Permanent

Court)).

5. The Court in this Judgment states in paragraph 43 that:

“The Parties’ different stated perspectives on the existence of a
dispute reveal also different contentions as to whether paragraph

153 (9) of the Avena Judgment envisages that a direct effect is
to be given to the obligation contained therein.”

In my view, this paragraph is not entirely clear. It should have been
clearly stated that the Request for interpretation is not admissible because
the issues in dispute are not within the scope of paragraph 153 (9) of that
Judgment, which requires the United States “to provide, by means of its

own choosing, review and reconsideration of the convictions and sen-
tences of the Mexican nationals” mentioned therein. In this regard, the
Court should have concluded that paragraph 153 (9) does not address
whether review and reconsideration should lead to a specific result; and
that paragraph 153 (9) also does not directly address whether the obliga-

tion of result it imposes directly reaches all organs, including federal and
state judiciaries, or whether it is subject to domestic implementation
according to domestic law. It is because neither of these points is clearly
within the scope of paragraph 153 (9) that I have voted in favour of the
operative paragraph.

6. On the other hand, applying the criteria stated above and for con-
sistency of jurisprudence, the Court could have found the request for
interpretation admissible on the basis of either of the two disputes iden-
tified above. With respect to the first, concerning whether efforts to

assure review and reconsideration must be effective, the Court’s jurispru-
dence provides that the subject of dispute may also relate to the Court’s
reasoning to the extent that that reasoning is “inseparable from the
operative part” (Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of

11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary

25Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I) ,
p. 35, para. 10). Taking this principle into account, the Court could very

well have found the request for interpretation admissible as to this dis-
pute (see Avena, p. 65, para. 138 (emphasizing that review and reconsid-
eration must be “effective”)).

7. Likewise, with regard to the second dispute concerning the question

of domestic implementation, the Court could have found this issue to lie
within the scope of paragraph 153 (9), because the phrase “by means of
its own choosing” could be considered to address the issue of domestic
implementation. The Court therefore could have found Mexico’s Request

for interpretation admissible and proceeded to interpret that paragraph,
examining the relatively narrow question of whether paragraph 153 (9) of
Avena creates a direct obligation on state and local officials in the United
States to provide review and reconsideration, or whether it creates an
international obligation which is subject to domestic implementation in

the United States according to United States law.

8. Furthermore, in interpreting the first dispute, the Court could have
agreed that the efforts to carry out review and reconsideration must be
effective in order to be in compliance with Avena. Indeed, even without

reaching the interpretation, the Court does recall in its Judgment that,
contrary to what has at times been implied by the United States,

“the United States itself acknowledged, until all of the Mexican
nationals referred to in subparagraphs (4), (5), (6) and (7) of para-
graph 153 of the Avena Judgment have had their convictions and
sentences reviewed and reconsidered, by taking account of Article 36

of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and paragraphs 138
to 141 of the Avena Judgment, the United States has not complied
with the obligation incumbent upon it” (para. 55).

The Court has found that the obligation will only be met when the
United States, by means of its own choosing, has in fact carried out
review and reconsideration of the convictions at issue in Avena, and that

the United States has not yet met its obligations under the Judgment.

9. With regard to the second dispute, the Court could have reached
the conclusion that the obligation of result imposed by paragraph 153 (9)
is subject to domestic implementation, as the Court had indicated that

the United States should carry out review and reconsideration “by means
of its own choosing”. This necessarily implies that the United States has
a choice of means as to how to implement its obligation under the Judg-
ment.

10. In the light of the above considerations, in this case where the
question of whether a dispute exists regarding the scope and meaning of

26paragraph 153 (9) of Avena, and based on the Court’s jurisprudence, the
Court could have found a dispute to exist between the Parties. However,

the Court has found that the Application itself is not predicated on a
matter which it had previously decided. Be that as it may, the Judgment,
by reiterating the obligation of the Respondent in respect of the indivi-
duals named in Avena, has upheld the object and purpose of Article 60 of

the Statute. First, as stated clearly at the conclusion of the Judgment, the
“Avena Judgment remains binding and . . . the United States continues to
be under an obligation fully to implement it” (para. 60). Second, as
stated at paragraph 55 of the Judgment and mentioned above, the United
States will not have complied with the obligation incumbent upon it

under Avena until all the Mexican nationals mentioned therein “have had
their convictions and sentences reviewed and reconsidered, by taking
account of Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations
and paragraphs 138 to 141 of the Avena Judgment”.

11. Thus, while the Court may not be in a position to interpret its
Avena Judgment, the binding force of that Judgment remains, and cer-
tain obligations in that Judgment have not yet been met. Under Arti-

cle 94 of the Charter — and in this case also fundamental principles of
human rights — international law demands nothing less than the full and
timely compliance with the Avena Judgment for all the Mexican nation-
als mentioned therein.

(Signed) Abdul G. K OROMA .

27

Bilingual Content

DECLARATION OF JUDGE KOROMA

Article 60 of the Statute — Existence of a dispute concerning whether review
and reconsideration must be effective — Existence of a dispute as to whether
obligation imposed by Avena paragraph 153 (9) is subject to domestic imple-

mentation — Court’s Judgment should be interpreted to mean that the subject-
matter of these disputes is not addressed in Avena paragraph 153 (9) — Avena
Judgment remains binding under Article 94 of the Charter.

1. While I have voted in favour of the operative part of the Judgment,
in my view the basis on which the Court has reached its conclusion needs
to be clarified. It is for this reason that I have decided to append this
declaration, in order to elucidate my understanding as to the application

of Article 60 of the Statute regarding this matter.
2. Article 60 provides: “The judgment is final and without appeal. In
the event of dispute as to the meaning or scope of the judgment, the
Court shall construe it upon the request of any party.”
3. According to its jurisprudence, the Court will apply Article 60 of

the Statute when two parties hold opposite views with regard to the scope
and meaning of a judgment. The Court has further elaborated on this by
stating that the existence of a dispute under Article 60 is

“limited to whether the difference of views between the Parties which
has manifested itself before the Court is ‘a difference of opinion
between the Parties as to those points in the judgment in question
which have been decided with binding force’, including ‘A difference
of opinion as to whether a particular point has or has not been

decided with binding force’ (Interpretation of Judgments Nos. 7
and 8 (Factory at Chorzów), Judgment No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J.,
Series A, No. 13, pp. 11-12)” (Application for Revision and Inter-
pretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concern-
ing the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tuni-

sia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985 ,
p. 218).
4. On the basis of these criteria, there are at least two differences

between the Mexican and United States positions that could be consid-
ered a “dispute” under the terms of Article 60. First, Mexico appears to
take the position that the United States has only met its obligations
under Avena if its efforts to assure review and reconsideration are effec-
tive; whereas the United States believes that those efforts are to be pri-

24 DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE KOROMA

[Traduction]

Article 60 du Statut — Existence d’une contestation portant sur la question
de savoir si le réexamen et la revision prescrits doivent être effectifs — Exis-
tence d’une contestation sur la question de savoir si l’obligation découlant du
point 9) du paragraphe 153 de l’arrêt Avena s’impose aux juridictions internes
— L’arrêt de la Cour devrait être interprété comme signifiant que l’objet de ces
contestations n’est pas abordé au point 9) du paragraphe 153 de l’arrêt Avena
— L’arrêt Avena continue à avoir force obligatoire en vertu de l’article 94 de la
Charte.

1. Si j’ai voté en faveur du dispositif de l’arrêt, j’estime toutefois qu’il

faut préciser la base sur laquelle la Cour est parvenue à sa conclusion.
C’est pour cette raison que j’ai décidé de joindre la présente déclaration,
afin d’expliciter la manière dont je conçois l’application de l’article 60 du
Statut en l’espèce.

2. Aux termes de l’article 60, «[l]’arrêt est définitif et sans recours. En
cas de contestation sur le sens et la portée de l’arrêt, il appartient à la
Cour de l’interpréter, à la demande de toute partie».
3. Il ressort de la jurisprudence de la Cour que celle-ci applique l’ar-
ticle 60 de son Statut quand deux parties expriment des opinions diver-

gentes sur la portée et le sens d’un arrêt. La Cour a approfondi ce point
en affirmant que la question de l’existence d’une contestation au sens
de l’article 60 est

«donc uniquement de savoir si le désaccord entre les Parties qui s’est
manifesté devant la Cour constitue une «divergence entre les Parties
sur ce qui, dans l’arrêt en question, a été tranché avec force obli-
gatoire», y compris une «divergence de vues, si tel ou tel point a
os
été décidé avec force obligatoire» oInterprétation des arrêts n o 7
et 8 (usine de Chorzów), arrêt n 11, 1927, C.P.J.I. série A n 13,
p. 11-12)» (Demande en revision et en interprétation de l’arrêt du
24 février 1982 en l’affaire du Plateau continental (Tunisie/Jamahi-
riya arabe libyenne) (Tunisie c. Jamahiriya arabe libyenne), arrêt,

C.I.J. Recueil 1985, p. 218).

4. Sur la base de ces critères, il existe au moins deux divergences entre
les positions mexicaine et américaine qui pourraient être considérées
comme donnant matière à «contestation» au sens de l’article 60. En pre-
mier lieu, le Mexique semble être d’avis que les Etats-Unis ne se seront

pas acquittés de l’obligation que leur impose l’arrêt Avena tant que les
efforts déployés pour assurer le réexamen et la revision prescrits ne seront

24oritized among the “many other pressing priorities” of government. Second,
Mexico argues that the obligation of result imposed by Avena

paragraph 153 (9) automatically and directly “reach[es] all organs, includ-
ing the federal and state judiciaries”; whereas the United States believes
that that obligation is subject to domestic implementation according to
domestic law. This is, indeed, very similar to the dispute identified by the
Permanent Court of International Justice in the Interpretation of Judg-

ments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at Chorzów) (Judgment No. 11, 1927,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13, pp. 9-15 (finding that a dispute as to interpre-
tation did exist by virtue of the States’ differing views regarding the role
of Polish law in implementing Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 of the Permanent

Court)).

5. The Court in this Judgment states in paragraph 43 that:

“The Parties’ different stated perspectives on the existence of a
dispute reveal also different contentions as to whether paragraph

153 (9) of the Avena Judgment envisages that a direct effect is
to be given to the obligation contained therein.”

In my view, this paragraph is not entirely clear. It should have been
clearly stated that the Request for interpretation is not admissible because
the issues in dispute are not within the scope of paragraph 153 (9) of that
Judgment, which requires the United States “to provide, by means of its

own choosing, review and reconsideration of the convictions and sen-
tences of the Mexican nationals” mentioned therein. In this regard, the
Court should have concluded that paragraph 153 (9) does not address
whether review and reconsideration should lead to a specific result; and
that paragraph 153 (9) also does not directly address whether the obliga-

tion of result it imposes directly reaches all organs, including federal and
state judiciaries, or whether it is subject to domestic implementation
according to domestic law. It is because neither of these points is clearly
within the scope of paragraph 153 (9) that I have voted in favour of the
operative paragraph.

6. On the other hand, applying the criteria stated above and for con-
sistency of jurisprudence, the Court could have found the request for
interpretation admissible on the basis of either of the two disputes iden-
tified above. With respect to the first, concerning whether efforts to

assure review and reconsideration must be effective, the Court’s jurispru-
dence provides that the subject of dispute may also relate to the Court’s
reasoning to the extent that that reasoning is “inseparable from the
operative part” (Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of

11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary

25pas effectifs, alors que les Etats-Unis estiment que le degré de priorité à

donner à ces efforts dépend des «nombreuses autres questions pres-
santes» dont le gouvernement est saisi. En deuxième lieu, le Mexique
fait valoir que l’obligation de résultat imposée par le point 9) du para-
graphe 153 de l’arrêt Avena «vis[e] [automatiquement et directement]
tous les organes du gouvernement, y compris les organes judiciaires à

l’échelon fédéral et au niveau des Etats», alors que les Etats-Unis pen-
sent que l’exécution de cette obligation par les juridictions internes doit
s’effectuer selon le droit interne. Il s’agit bien là d’un cas très semblable
à celui de la contestation identifiée par la Cour permanente de Justice
os
internationale dans l’aofaire de l’Interprétation des orrêts n 7 et 8 (usine
de Chorzów) (arrêt n 11, 1927, C.P.J.I. série A n 13, p. 9-15 (la Cour
permanente ayant conclu à l’existence d’une contestation en raison de
divergences d’opinions entre les Etats au sujet du rôle de la loi polonaise
os
dans l’application de ses arrêts n 7 et 8)).
5. Au paragraphe 43 de l’arrêt, la Cour affirme que

«les différents points de vue exprimés par les Parties sur l’exis-
tence d’une contestation font apparaître des opinions divergentes sur
la question de savoir si le point 9) du paragraphe 153 de l’arrêt
Avena prévoit qu’un effet direct soit donné à l’obligation qu’il

énonce».

Je trouve que ce paragraphe n’est pas particulièrement limpide. La Cour
aurait dû dire clairement que la demande en interprétation est irrecevable
car les questions en litige sortent du cadre du point 9) du paragraphe 153
dudit arrêt, qui demande aux Etats-Unis «d’assurer, par les moyens de
leur choix, le réexamen et la revision des verdicts de culpabilité rendus et

des peines prononcées contre les ressortissants mexicains» mentionnés
dans l’arrêt. A cet égard, la Cour aurait dû conclure que le point 9) du
paragraphe 153 ne concerne pas la question de savoir si l’examen et la
revision prescrits devraient conduire à un résultat précis, ni directement

celle de savoir si l’obligation de résultat y énoncée lie directement tous les
organes du gouvernement, y compris les organes judiciaires à l’échelon
fédéral et au niveau des Etats ou si son exécution sur le plan interne doit
être régie par le droit interne. C’est parce qu’aucun de ces points ne relève

clairement du champ d’application du point 9) du paragraphe 153 que
j’ai voté en faveur du dispositif de l’arrêt.
6. Par ailleurs, en appliquant les critères énoncés plus haut et pour res-
ter conforme à sa jurisprudence, la Cour aurait pu juger la demande en

interprétation recevable sur la base de l’une ou l’autre des divergences
donnant matière à contestation mentionnées plus haut. Pour ce qui est de
la première, qui porte sur la question de savoir si les efforts tendant à
assurer le réexamen et la revision prescrits doivent être effectifs, il ressort
de la jurisprudence de la Cour que l’objet de la contestation peut aussi

concerner les motifs dans la mesure où ces motifs sont «inséparables ... du
dispositif» (Demande en interprétation de l’arrêt du 11 juin 1998 en
l’affaire de la Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le

25Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I) ,
p. 35, para. 10). Taking this principle into account, the Court could very

well have found the request for interpretation admissible as to this dis-
pute (see Avena, p. 65, para. 138 (emphasizing that review and reconsid-
eration must be “effective”)).

7. Likewise, with regard to the second dispute concerning the question

of domestic implementation, the Court could have found this issue to lie
within the scope of paragraph 153 (9), because the phrase “by means of
its own choosing” could be considered to address the issue of domestic
implementation. The Court therefore could have found Mexico’s Request

for interpretation admissible and proceeded to interpret that paragraph,
examining the relatively narrow question of whether paragraph 153 (9) of
Avena creates a direct obligation on state and local officials in the United
States to provide review and reconsideration, or whether it creates an
international obligation which is subject to domestic implementation in

the United States according to United States law.

8. Furthermore, in interpreting the first dispute, the Court could have
agreed that the efforts to carry out review and reconsideration must be
effective in order to be in compliance with Avena. Indeed, even without

reaching the interpretation, the Court does recall in its Judgment that,
contrary to what has at times been implied by the United States,

“the United States itself acknowledged, until all of the Mexican
nationals referred to in subparagraphs (4), (5), (6) and (7) of para-
graph 153 of the Avena Judgment have had their convictions and
sentences reviewed and reconsidered, by taking account of Article 36

of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and paragraphs 138
to 141 of the Avena Judgment, the United States has not complied
with the obligation incumbent upon it” (para. 55).

The Court has found that the obligation will only be met when the
United States, by means of its own choosing, has in fact carried out
review and reconsideration of the convictions at issue in Avena, and that

the United States has not yet met its obligations under the Judgment.

9. With regard to the second dispute, the Court could have reached
the conclusion that the obligation of result imposed by paragraph 153 (9)
is subject to domestic implementation, as the Court had indicated that

the United States should carry out review and reconsideration “by means
of its own choosing”. This necessarily implies that the United States has
a choice of means as to how to implement its obligation under the Judg-
ment.

10. In the light of the above considerations, in this case where the
question of whether a dispute exists regarding the scope and meaning of

26Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions préliminaires (Nigéria
c. Cameroun), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I) , p. 35, par. 10). Compte

tenu de ce principe, la Cour aurait très bien pu conclure que la demande
en interprétation était recevable pour ce qui est de ce premier chef de
contestation (voir Avena, p. 65, par. 138, où la Cour souligne que le
réexamen et la revision prescrits doivent être «effectifs»).
7. De même, pour ce qui est de la seconde divergence, qui porte sur

l’exécution de l’arrêt par les juridictions internes, la Cour aurait pu
conclure que cette question, dont on peut considérer qu’elle est visée par
l’expression «par les moyens de leur choix», entrait dans le cadre du
point 9) du paragraphe 153. La Cour aurait pu ainsi conclure que la

demande en interprétation présentée par le Mexique était recevable et
procéder à l’interprétation de ce paragraphe, en examinant la question
relativement restreinte de savoir si le point 9) crée une obligation directe
pour les autorités étatiques et locales des Etats-Unis d’assurer le réexa-
men et la revision prescrits, ou s’il crée une obligation internationale dont

l’exécution par des juridictions internes doit s’effectuer selon le droit des
Etats-Unis.
8. En outre, en se livrant à une interprétation sur la base du premier
chef de contestation, la Cour aurait pu admettre que les efforts visant à
assurer le réexamen et la revision prescrits doivent être effectifs pour que

l’arrêt Avena soit respecté. En effet, sans même en arriver à l’interpréta-
tion, la Cour rappelle dans son arrêt que, contrairement à ce qu’ils ont
parfois laissé entendre et

«ainsi qu’ils l’ont eux-mêmes reconnu, les Etats-Unis ne se seront
pas acquittés de l’obligation qui leur incombe tant qu’ils n’auront
pas assuré le réexamen et la revision des verdicts de culpabilité ren-
dus et des peines prononcées contre tous les ressortissants mexicains

visés aux points 4), 5), 6) et 7) du paragraphe 153 de l’arrêt Avena,
en tenant compte à la fois des dispositions de l’article 36 de la
convention de Vienne sur les relations consulaires et des paragra-
phes 138 à 141 dudit arrêt» (par. 55).

La Cour a conclu qu’il ne sera satisfait à l’obligation en cause que si les
Etats-Unis assurent effectivement, par les moyens de leur choix, le réexa-
men et la revision des verdicts de culpabilité en litige dans l’arrêt Avena,

et que les Etats-Unis n’ont pas encore honoré les obligations que leur
impose cet arrêt.
9. S’agissant de la seconde divergence, la Cour aurait pu conclure que
l’obligation de résultat énoncée au point 9) du paragraphe 153 s’impose
aux juridictions internes, étant donné qu’elle avait indiqué que les Etats-

Unis devaient assurer, «par les moyens de leur choix», le réexamen et la
revision prescrits. Cette conclusion implique nécessairement que les Etats-
Unis ont le choix des moyens leur permettant de respecter l’obligation
que leur impose l’arrêt Avena.

10. Compte tenu des considérations qui précèdent, dans la présente
affaire où se pose la question de l’existence d’une contestation sur la por-

26paragraph 153 (9) of Avena, and based on the Court’s jurisprudence, the
Court could have found a dispute to exist between the Parties. However,

the Court has found that the Application itself is not predicated on a
matter which it had previously decided. Be that as it may, the Judgment,
by reiterating the obligation of the Respondent in respect of the indivi-
duals named in Avena, has upheld the object and purpose of Article 60 of

the Statute. First, as stated clearly at the conclusion of the Judgment, the
“Avena Judgment remains binding and . . . the United States continues to
be under an obligation fully to implement it” (para. 60). Second, as
stated at paragraph 55 of the Judgment and mentioned above, the United
States will not have complied with the obligation incumbent upon it

under Avena until all the Mexican nationals mentioned therein “have had
their convictions and sentences reviewed and reconsidered, by taking
account of Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations
and paragraphs 138 to 141 of the Avena Judgment”.

11. Thus, while the Court may not be in a position to interpret its
Avena Judgment, the binding force of that Judgment remains, and cer-
tain obligations in that Judgment have not yet been met. Under Arti-

cle 94 of the Charter — and in this case also fundamental principles of
human rights — international law demands nothing less than the full and
timely compliance with the Avena Judgment for all the Mexican nation-
als mentioned therein.

(Signed) Abdul G. K OROMA .

27tée et le sens du point 9) du paragraphe 153 de l’arrêt Avena, la Cour
aurait pu, sur la base de sa jurisprudence, répondre par l’affirmative à

cette question. Or, elle a conclu que la requête elle-même ne portait pas
sur une question qu’elle avait déjà tranchée. Quoi qu’il en soit, en réaf-
firmant l’obligation du défendeur à l’égard des personnes nommément
désignées dans l’arrêt Avena, l’arrêt a confirmé l’objet et le but de l’ar-

ticle 60 du Statut. Premièrement, ainsi qu’il est clairement indiqué dans la
conclusion du présent arrêt, «l’arrêt ... rendu en l’affaire Avena reste obli-
gatoire et ... les Etats-Unis sont toujours tenus de l’appliquer pleine-
ment» (par. 60). Deuxièmement, comme il est indiqué au paragraphe 55
du présent arrêt, et comme il est rappelé plus haut, les Etats-Unis ne se

seront pas acquittés de l’obligation qui leur incombe en vertu de l’arrêt
Avena «tant qu’ils n’auront pas assuré le réexamen et la revision des ver-
dicts de culpabilité rendus et des peines prononcées» contre tous les res-
sortissants mexicains visés, «en tenant compte à la fois des dispositions

de l’article 36 de la convention de Vienne sur les relations consulaires et
des paragraphes 138 à 141 dudit arrêt».
11. Ainsi, alors que la Cour n’est peut-être pas en mesure d’interpréter
son arrêt Avena, celui-ci continue à avoir force obligatoire, et certaines
obligations qui y sont énoncées n’ont pas encore été honorées. Selon

l’article 94 de la Charte, et aussi, en l’espèce, selon les principes fonda-
mentaux des droits de l’homme, le droit international exige tout simple-
ment le respect intégral et en temps utile de l’arrêt Avena pour tous les
ressortissants mexicains qui y sont mentionnés.

(Signé) Abdul G. K OROMA .

27

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Koroma

Links