Declaration of Judge Xue

Document Number
124-20121119-JUD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
124-20121119-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

746

DECLARATION OF JUDGE XUE

The aim of achieving an equitable result — Delimitation methodology cannot be

pre‑determined — Adjustment on the basis of a provisional median line is superficial▯
and inappropriate given the geographic features and relevant circumstanc▯es of the
present case — Concurrent use of different methods in the northern and southern
sections is justified as long as an equitable solution can be achieved.

The interest of third States in the south — Potentially the maritime entitlements
of three or even four States may overlap — The principle res inter alios acta and
Article 59 of the Statute are not sufficient to protect the interest of third St▯ates —
The Court could have rested the boundary at Point 8 with an arrow pointing
eastward consistent with its jurisprudence — Extent of Nicaraguan coastal

projection depends on the maritime delimitation between Nicaragua and it▯s
adjacent neighbours — The consideration of the public order and stable legal
relations — The boundary line in the south virtually invalidates the existing
maritime agreements in the area — The Court could just point out the direction of
the boundary between the Parties in this area, allowing enough space for the States
concerned to first draw up their respective boundaries and then readjust▯ their
maritime relations.

1. In regard to the maritime boundary between Nicaragua and Colom-
bia (Part V of the Judgment), I have voted for the operative paragraphx 4
on the single maritime delimitation of the continental shelf and the exclu -
sive economic zones between the Parties because, in my view, the delimi -

tation line on the whole has achieved the object of reaching an equitablxe
solution to the disputes between the Parties in the case. This position is
taken, however, with two reservations.
2. My first reservation relates to the three-stage methodology applied

by the Court. Although in recent years, the Court, as well as other tribxu -
nals, have tried to develop a certain approach to provide for legal cer -
tainty and predictability for the process of delimitation, the guiding
principle for maritime delimitation as laid down in Articles 74 and 83 of

the Convention on the Law of the Sea has not been changed by this
development; with the aim to achieve an equitable solution, whatever
methodology that is used should be “capable of ensuring, with regard to
the geographic configuration of the area and other relevant circumstanxces,

an equitable result” (Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of
Maine Area (Canada/United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1984, p. 300, para. 112). In other words, in order to ensure an equitable
solution, it is the geographic features and relevant circumstances that x

determine the selection of method(s) for the delimitation. Methodology
cannot be pre-determined. As the Court pointed out in the Continental
Shelf case,

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6 CIJ1034.indb 248 7/01/14 12:43 747 territorial and marixtime dispute (decl. xuex)

“[a] finding by the Court in favour of a delimitation by an equidisx -
tance line could only be based on considerations derived from an

evaluation and balancing up of all relevant circumstances, since equi-
distance is not, in the view of the Court, either a mandatory legal
principle, or a method having some privileged status in relation to
other methods” (Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 79, para. 110).

3. In the Judgment, the Court refers to the recent jurisprudence espe -
cially that laid out in the Black Sea case on the method of delimitation,

according to which

“the methodology which [the Court] will normally employ when
called upon to effect a delimitation between overlapping continental
shelf and exclusive economic zone entitlements involves proceeding
in three stages (Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985, p. 46, para. 60; Maritime Delimitation

in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2009, p. 101, paras. 115-116)” (Judgment, para. 190).

The first stage of that method is to construct a provisional median lixne between
the opposite or adjacent territories of the parties, unless there are coxmpelling
reasons as a result of which the establishment of such a line is not feaxsible.
With regard to such exceptional situations, the Court refers to the casex bet-
ween Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Territorial and Maritime

Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua
v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 745, para. 281).
4. Apparently the geographic features and the relevant circumstances
of the present case are considerably incomparable to those of the cases,x
particularly the Black Sea case, where the three-stage methodology is

applied. Having ascertained the scope of the relevant area that extends to
the east side of the Colombian islands to the 200-nautical-mile line mea -
sured from the baselines of Nicaragua’s territorial sea, the Court shxould
have seen that, even though there indeed exist opposite coasts between
the Parties, it is not appropriate and feasible to delimit the entire rexlevant

area on the basis of “a median line” located to the west of the Coxlombian
islands. Any subsequent “adjustment or shifting”, however substantxial, of
the provisional median line in the western part would not be able to ovexr -
come the gross disproportion in the lengths of the coasts and the ratio xof
the relevant area between the Parties as determined by the Court, hence

unable to achieve an equitable result. Despite its recognition of the
unusual circumstances in the coastal relations between the Parties, the x
Court nevertheless proceeds to use the “standard method” by drawinxg up
a provisional median line.

5. The provisional median line proves superficial and inappropriate in

the delimitation process. The Court constructs the provisional median
line from two sets of base points chosen from the opposite islands of the

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Parties (see sketch-map No. 8 : Construction of the provisional median
line, p. 701). Considering the disparity in the lengths of the relevant coasts

and the overall geographical context, the Court decides to construct thex
line by giving a weighting of one to each of the Colombian base points
and a weighting of three to each of the Nicaraguan base points. As a
consequence, the effect of some base points on the Nicaraguan side is
“superseded”. This line is further adjusted to the east, identifixed as a sim -

plified weighted line (Judgment, paras. 234-235). This raises the question
whether this is a shifting of the provisional median line or rather a rexcon -
struction of a new line by 3:1 ratio between the base points of the Parties.

6. I agree that the provisional median line as constructed, if applicable

for the western part of the relevant area, should be adjusted and shiftexd
eastward, given the evident disparity in the lengths of the relevant coaxsts.
Nevertheless, such adjustment or shifting should have been made on the
basis of the provisional median line, for instance, giving it half or a xquar -
ter effect. The Court’s approach is arguably an adjustment to the pxrovi -

sional median line. The Court may have directly selected a couple of
outermost base points by equal number from each side of the Parties as
the controlling points and drawn up the line by 3:1 ratio. The result woxuld
be just the same. The rationale of the 3:1 ratio method is based on the x
delimitation principle — to achieve an equitable solution. This methoxd

stands in its own right ; it does not have to be mixed up with the provi -
sional median line.

7. In order to avoid any cut-off effect to Nicaragua and in light of thxe

remaining significant disparity in the shares of the relevant area betxween
the Parties, the Court decides to adopt different techniques for the dxelim -
itation of the remaining area. In the northern part, it uses the parallel of
latitude passing through the northernmost point on the 12-nautical-mile x
envelope of arc around Roncador, while enclaving Quitasueño and Ser -

rana. In the southern part, the boundary runs along the 12-nautical-milex
arcs drawn around the South Cay of Alburquerque Cays and East-South -
east Cays till its easternmost point and then continues its course alongx the
parallel of latitude till the 200-nautical-mile limit of Nicaragua.

8. The boundary in these two sections is apparently drawn by different
methods — enclaving and latitude line. It is hard to justify them as
“adjustment of” or “shifting from” the provisional median line”, if the
latter does not mean total departure.

9. Of course, by no means do I disapprove of the concurrent use of

these methods by the Court. On the contrary, they are justified as lonxg as
an equitable solution can be so achieved. The reservation I have is whetxher

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it is necessary for the Court to proceed with the three-stage method in xthe
present case simply for the sake of standardization of methodology.

Although one may argue that in the western part the provisional median
line is plausible between the opposite coasts of the Parties, the Court x
could have followed its reasoning by adjusting the provisional median
line rather than replacing it by the simplified weighted line based onx 3:1
ratio. I see an inconsistency there.

10. Notwithstanding the approach taken, the actual use of various meth -
ods by the Court throughout the whole process of delimitation in the prex -s
ent case, in my view, reaffirms the established jurisprudence as pronouxnced
by the Court and other tribunals in the maritime delimitation that

“The method of delimitation to be used can have no other purpose
than to divide maritime areas into territories appertaining to differexnt
States, while doing everything possible to apply objective factors
offering the possibility of arriving at an equitable result. Such an

approach excludes any recourse to a method chosen beforehand.”
(Arbitration Tribunal for the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary
between Guinea and Guinea‑Bissau, Award of 14 February 1985,
25 ILM 252 (1986), p. 294 ; see also North Sea Continental Shelf
(Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark ; Federal Republic of

Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969, pp. 49-50 ;
and Judgment by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
in the Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary
between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh/
Myanmar), Judgment of 14 March 2012, ITLOS, p. 75, para. 235.)

11. My second reservation relating to the interest of third States is
more serious in nature. It should be recognized that the Court has gone x
to great length in its reasoning to address the interest of third Parties in

the region, both in the north and the south. In the light of the overallx
geographical context, I agree with the Court’s reasoning and delimitation
in the north, but have concern with the boundary in the south. In my
view, the boundary should stop at Point 8 with an arrow pointing east -
ward. My consideration is three-fold.

12. In the first place, from Point 8 to further east, the boundary line
will enter into the area where potentially the maritime entitlements of x
three or even four States may overlap, as coastal projections of Nicara -
gua and Colombia, as well as those of Costa Rica and Panama, all extend x
to that area. Regardless of being mainland coasts or islands, they all

enjoy full and the same maritime entitlements under general internationaxl
law. That Colombian entitlements do not go beyond the treaty boundar -
ies with third States does not mean third States do not have interest
against Nicaragua in that relevant area above the treaty boundaries.
Costa Rica made that point clear in its request for permission to inter -
vene. Even though Panama did not intervene, the same claim could also

be made. It is up to the Court to take care of that concern.

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13. Therefore, the coastal relationship between the Parties and the third
States in the southern area requires special consideration. By restrictixng

the coastal projections of Colombian islands against those of the Nicarax -
guan coast, the Court also unduly restricts the coastal projections of
Colombian islands against those of the other two third States which, in x
my opinion, has gone beyond the jurisdiction of the Court in this case. x
The principle res inter alios acta and Article 59 of the Statute do not help

in the present situation. The Court could have avoided that effect by rest -
ing the boundary at Point 8 with an arrow pointing eastward for the time
being, a technique that the Court normally employs in the maritime
delimitation for the protection of the interest of third States.
14. Secondly, in regard to the cut-off effect, one of the two consider -
ations upon which the Court delimits the boundary in the north and the

south, the coastal relationship between the three adjacent coastal Statexs
and Colombia in the south of the Caribbean Sea, as stated above, is a
complicated one. To what extent the Nicaraguan mainland coast can
project eastward against the coastal projections of Costa Rica and possix -
bly those of Panama depends on the maritime delimitation between Nica-

ragua and its adjacent neighbour(s). Once that is decided, it would bex
more proper to determine how far the boundary between the Parties in
the present case will run eastward from Point 8. This approach would
better protect the interest of the third States.

15. Lastly, the consideration of the public order and stable legal rela -
tions should apply to the southern area as well. As is stated in the Judg -
ment, the Court has to bear in mind that the delimitation has to be “xboth
equitable and as practically satisfactory as possible, while at the samex
time in keeping with the requirement of achieving a stable legal outcomex”
(Arbitration between Barbados and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago,

Tribunal Award of 11 April 2006, RIAA, Vol. XXVII, p. 215, para. 244).
The boundary line in the south would virtually produce the effect of
invalidating the existing agreements on maritime delimitation that Colom -
bia has concluded with Panama and Costa Rica respectively and drasti -
cally changing the maritime relations in the area. Even supposing that

these agreements might have indeed infringed upon the maritime entitle -
ments of Nicaragua in the area, it would be much better off for the maxin-
tenance of regional stability and public order if the Court just pointedx out
the direction of the boundary between the Parties in this area, allowingx
enough space for the States concerned to first draw up their respectivxe

boundaries and then readjust their maritime relations. I regret that thex
Court does not take that course.

(Signed) Xue Hanqin.

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Bilingual Content

746

DECLARATION OF JUDGE XUE

The aim of achieving an equitable result — Delimitation methodology cannot be

pre‑determined — Adjustment on the basis of a provisional median line is superficial▯
and inappropriate given the geographic features and relevant circumstanc▯es of the
present case — Concurrent use of different methods in the northern and southern
sections is justified as long as an equitable solution can be achieved.

The interest of third States in the south — Potentially the maritime entitlements
of three or even four States may overlap — The principle res inter alios acta and
Article 59 of the Statute are not sufficient to protect the interest of third St▯ates —
The Court could have rested the boundary at Point 8 with an arrow pointing
eastward consistent with its jurisprudence — Extent of Nicaraguan coastal

projection depends on the maritime delimitation between Nicaragua and it▯s
adjacent neighbours — The consideration of the public order and stable legal
relations — The boundary line in the south virtually invalidates the existing
maritime agreements in the area — The Court could just point out the direction of
the boundary between the Parties in this area, allowing enough space for the States
concerned to first draw up their respective boundaries and then readjust▯ their
maritime relations.

1. In regard to the maritime boundary between Nicaragua and Colom-
bia (Part V of the Judgment), I have voted for the operative paragraphx 4
on the single maritime delimitation of the continental shelf and the exclu -
sive economic zones between the Parties because, in my view, the delimi -

tation line on the whole has achieved the object of reaching an equitablxe
solution to the disputes between the Parties in the case. This position is
taken, however, with two reservations.
2. My first reservation relates to the three-stage methodology applied

by the Court. Although in recent years, the Court, as well as other tribxu -
nals, have tried to develop a certain approach to provide for legal cer -
tainty and predictability for the process of delimitation, the guiding
principle for maritime delimitation as laid down in Articles 74 and 83 of

the Convention on the Law of the Sea has not been changed by this
development; with the aim to achieve an equitable solution, whatever
methodology that is used should be “capable of ensuring, with regard to
the geographic configuration of the area and other relevant circumstanxces,

an equitable result” (Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of
Maine Area (Canada/United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1984, p. 300, para. 112). In other words, in order to ensure an equitable
solution, it is the geographic features and relevant circumstances that x

determine the selection of method(s) for the delimitation. Methodology
cannot be pre-determined. As the Court pointed out in the Continental
Shelf case,

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me
DÉCLARATION DE M LA JUGE XUE

[Traduction]

Objectif consistant à assurer un résultat équitable — Délimitation ne pouvant

être effectuée selon une méthode déterminée a priori — Semblant d’ajustement
réalisé sur la base d’une ligne médiane provisoire et ne se ▯justifiant de toute façon
pas compte tenu des formations géographiques et des circonstances pertinentes de
la présente espèce — Utilisation de méthodes différentes pour les segments nord et▯
sud se justifiant dès lors qu’elle permet d’aboutir à une so▯lution équitable.
Les intérêts d’Etats tiers au sud — Chevauchement potentiel des droits à des
espaces maritimes de trois voire quatre Etats — Principe res inter alios acta et
article 59 du Statut ne protégeant pas suffisamment les intérêts d’Et▯ ats tiers —
Possibilité qu’avait la Cour, en suivant sa jurisprudence, de ▯ s’achever la frontière
au point 8 par une flèche pointant vers l’est — Etendue de la projection côtière du

Nicaragua tributaire de la délimitation maritime entre celui‑ci et les Etats voisins
limitrophes — Prise en compte de la gestion ordonnée des océans et de la s▯ bilité
des relations juridiques — Ligne frontière tracée au sud ayant pratiquement pour
effet d’invalider les accords maritimes existant dans la zone— Possibilité qu’avait la
Cour de se contenter d’indiquer la direction de la frontière entre▯ les Parties dans
cette zone, en laissant aux Etats concernés le loisir, d’abord, de▯ tracer leurs frontières
respectives, puis d’adapter en conséquence leurs relations mariti▯ s.

1. En ce qui concerne la frontière maritime entre le Nicaragua et la
Colombie (partie V de l’arrêt), j’ai voté en faveur du point 4 du dispositif
sur la frontière maritime unique délimitant le plateau continentalx et les
zones économiques exclusives des deux pays parce qu’il me semble que,

globalement, la ligne ainsi tracée a permis d’atteindre l’objecxtif consistant
à résoudre de manière équitable les divergences opposant lesx Parties en la
présente affaire. Il me faut toutefois exprimer deux réserves.
2. La première a trait à la méthode en trois étapes appliquéxe par la

Cour. Si, à l’instar d’autres juridictions, celle-ci a, au fil des ans, tenté de
mettre en œuvre une technique constante afin d’assurer la sécxurité juri -
dique du processus de délimitation, le principe devant présider àx toute
délimitation maritime, tel qu’énoncé aux articles 74 et 83 de la convention

sur le droit de la mer, ne s’en est pas pour autant trouvé modifixé: l’objec -
tif étant d’aboutir à une solution équitable, toute méthoxde employée doit
être «apt[e] à assurer, compte tenu de la configuration géographique dxe la
région et des autres circonstances pertinentes de l’espèce, un xrésultat équi -

table » (Délimitation de la frontière maritime dans la région du golfe d▯u
Maine (Canada/Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 300,
par. 112). En d’autres termes, afin de parvenir à une solution éqxuitable, ce
sont les formations géographiques et les circonstances pertinentes quxi dic -

teront le choix de la ou des méthodes de délimitation. Celle-ci ne saurait
être opérée suivant une méthode déterminée a priori. La Cour a ainsi
relevé, dans l’affaire du Plateau continental, que,

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“[a] finding by the Court in favour of a delimitation by an equidisx -
tance line could only be based on considerations derived from an

evaluation and balancing up of all relevant circumstances, since equi-
distance is not, in the view of the Court, either a mandatory legal
principle, or a method having some privileged status in relation to
other methods” (Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 79, para. 110).

3. In the Judgment, the Court refers to the recent jurisprudence espe -
cially that laid out in the Black Sea case on the method of delimitation,

according to which

“the methodology which [the Court] will normally employ when
called upon to effect a delimitation between overlapping continental
shelf and exclusive economic zone entitlements involves proceeding
in three stages (Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985, p. 46, para. 60; Maritime Delimitation

in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2009, p. 101, paras. 115-116)” (Judgment, para. 190).

The first stage of that method is to construct a provisional median lixne between
the opposite or adjacent territories of the parties, unless there are coxmpelling
reasons as a result of which the establishment of such a line is not feaxsible.
With regard to such exceptional situations, the Court refers to the casex bet-
ween Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Territorial and Maritime

Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua
v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 745, para. 281).
4. Apparently the geographic features and the relevant circumstances
of the present case are considerably incomparable to those of the cases,x
particularly the Black Sea case, where the three-stage methodology is

applied. Having ascertained the scope of the relevant area that extends to
the east side of the Colombian islands to the 200-nautical-mile line mea -
sured from the baselines of Nicaragua’s territorial sea, the Court shxould
have seen that, even though there indeed exist opposite coasts between
the Parties, it is not appropriate and feasible to delimit the entire rexlevant

area on the basis of “a median line” located to the west of the Coxlombian
islands. Any subsequent “adjustment or shifting”, however substantxial, of
the provisional median line in the western part would not be able to ovexr -
come the gross disproportion in the lengths of the coasts and the ratio xof
the relevant area between the Parties as determined by the Court, hence

unable to achieve an equitable result. Despite its recognition of the
unusual circumstances in the coastal relations between the Parties, the x
Court nevertheless proceeds to use the “standard method” by drawinxg up
a provisional median line.

5. The provisional median line proves superficial and inappropriate in

the delimitation process. The Court constructs the provisional median
line from two sets of base points chosen from the opposite islands of the

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«[p]our pouvoir conclure en faveur d’une délimitation reposant sur x
une ligne d’équidistance, il lui faudrait partir de considératixons tirées

d’une évaluation et d’une pondération de toutes les circonstances
pertinentes, l’équidistance n’étant pas à ses yeux un prixncipe juri -
dique obligatoire ni une méthode qui serait en quelque sorte priviléx-
giée par rapport à d’autres» (Plateau continental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya
arabe libyenne), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1982, p. 79, par. 110).

3. Dans le présent arrêt, la Cour renvoie à sa jurisprudence réxcente
relative à la méthode de délimitation, en particulier celle qu’xelle a établie

en l’affaire de la Mer Noire, où elle a indiqué que,

«en cas de chevauchement de droits à un plateau continental et à unxe
zone économique exclusive, la méthode de délimitation qu’ellxe enten -
dait employer normalement comportait trois étapes (Plateau conti ‑
nental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 198▯5,
p. 46, par. 60 ; Délimitation maritime en mer Noire (Roumanie

c. Ukraine), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 101, par. 115-116) » (arrêt,
par. 190).

La première de ces étapes consiste à construire une ligne méxdiane provisoire
entre les territoires des parties dont les côtes sont adjacentes ou sxe font face,
à moins que des raisons impérieuses ne s’y opposent. Comme exemxple de
telles circonstances exceptionnelles, la Cour renvoie à l’affaire ayant opposé
le Nicaragua au Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes (Différend territorial et

maritime entre le Nicaragua et le Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes (N ▯ ica‑
ragua c. Honduras), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II), p. 745, par. 281).
4. Or, il apparaît que les formations géographiques et les circonstanxces
pertinentes de la présente espèce diffèrent considérablemexnt de celles
propres à ces précédents, et en particulier à l’affairex de la Mer Noire, dans

laquelle la Cour a appliqué sa méthode en trois étapes. Ayant déterminé
l’étendue de la zone pertinente allant de la côte est des îles colombiennes
jusqu’à la ligne de 200 milles marins mesurée à partir des lignes de base de
la mer territoriale du Nicaragua, la Cour aurait dû voir que, mêmex si,
effectivement, les Parties sont dotées de côtes se faisant face, il n’était ni

opportun ni possible de délimiter l’intégralité de cette zonxe sur la base
d’une «ligne médiane» située à l’ouest desdites îles puisque aucun « ajus-
tement ou déplacement » ultérieur, si marqué fût-il, dans la partie occi -
dentale de la zone pertinente n’allait permettre de remédier à la
disproportion flagrante entre les longueurs des côtes et le rapport de

superficie des parts de cette zone attribuées par la Cour à chacxune des
Parties et, ainsi, d’assurer un résultat équitable. Tout en recxonnaissant le
caractère inhabituel des circonstances propres aux relations côtièxres entre
les Parties, la Cour n’en a pas moins fait appel à la « méthode standard»,
en procédant au tracé d’une ligne médiane provisoire.
5. Or cette ligne médiane provisoire, en réalité, n’en est une xqu’en

apparence, et n’a pas lieu d’être aux fins de la présente xdélimitation. La
Cour l’a tracée en partant de deux ensembles de points de base choisis sur

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Parties (see sketch-map No. 8 : Construction of the provisional median
line, p. 701). Considering the disparity in the lengths of the relevant coasts

and the overall geographical context, the Court decides to construct thex
line by giving a weighting of one to each of the Colombian base points
and a weighting of three to each of the Nicaraguan base points. As a
consequence, the effect of some base points on the Nicaraguan side is
“superseded”. This line is further adjusted to the east, identifixed as a sim -

plified weighted line (Judgment, paras. 234-235). This raises the question
whether this is a shifting of the provisional median line or rather a rexcon -
struction of a new line by 3:1 ratio between the base points of the Parties.

6. I agree that the provisional median line as constructed, if applicable

for the western part of the relevant area, should be adjusted and shiftexd
eastward, given the evident disparity in the lengths of the relevant coaxsts.
Nevertheless, such adjustment or shifting should have been made on the
basis of the provisional median line, for instance, giving it half or a xquar -
ter effect. The Court’s approach is arguably an adjustment to the pxrovi -

sional median line. The Court may have directly selected a couple of
outermost base points by equal number from each side of the Parties as
the controlling points and drawn up the line by 3:1 ratio. The result woxuld
be just the same. The rationale of the 3:1 ratio method is based on the x
delimitation principle — to achieve an equitable solution. This methoxd

stands in its own right ; it does not have to be mixed up with the provi -
sional median line.

7. In order to avoid any cut-off effect to Nicaragua and in light of thxe

remaining significant disparity in the shares of the relevant area betxween
the Parties, the Court decides to adopt different techniques for the dxelim -
itation of the remaining area. In the northern part, it uses the parallel of
latitude passing through the northernmost point on the 12-nautical-mile x
envelope of arc around Roncador, while enclaving Quitasueño and Ser -

rana. In the southern part, the boundary runs along the 12-nautical-milex
arcs drawn around the South Cay of Alburquerque Cays and East-South -
east Cays till its easternmost point and then continues its course alongx the
parallel of latitude till the 200-nautical-mile limit of Nicaragua.

8. The boundary in these two sections is apparently drawn by different
methods — enclaving and latitude line. It is hard to justify them as
“adjustment of” or “shifting from” the provisional median line”, if the
latter does not mean total departure.

9. Of course, by no means do I disapprove of the concurrent use of

these methods by the Court. On the contrary, they are justified as lonxg as
an equitable solution can be so achieved. The reservation I have is whetxher

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des îles des Parties se faisant face (voir croquis n o 8 : Construction de la

ligne médiane provisoire, p. 701). Compte tenu de la disparité entre les
longueurs des côtes pertinentes et du contexte géographique globalx, la
Cour a choisi de la construire en accordant une valeur unitaire à chacun
des points de base colombiens et une valeur triple à chacun des points de
base nicaraguayens, en conséquence de quoi l’effet de certains axutres

points de base nicaraguayens se trouve réduit à néant. Au termex d’un
ajustement supplémentaire réalisé à l’est, une « ligne pondérée simplifiée »
a été créée (arrêt, par. 234-235). Se pose dès lors la question de savoir si,
au lieu d’un déplacement de la ligne médiane provisoire, il n’xa pas en
réalité été procédé à la construction d’une nouvxelle ligne sur la base d’un

rapport de 3 à 1 entre les points de base des deux Parties.
6. Je suis d’accord pour dire que la ligne médiane provisoire telle qxue
construite, pour être applicable à la partie occidentale de la zonxe perti -
nente, doit être ajustée et déplacée vers l’est, compte txenu de la disparité
manifeste entre les longueurs des côtes pertinentes. Dans ce cas, néxan -

moins, il aurait convenu de partir d’une véritable ligne médianxe provi -
soire pour procéder ensuite à cet ajustement ou à ce déplacexment en
conférant par exemple aux îles un demi-effet ou un quart d’effet. Certes,
l’on pourrait voir dans l’opération de la Cour l’ajustement d’une telle
ligne. Mais la Cour aurait pu directement choisir, à l’extrémitxé du terri -

toire des Parties, un nombre égal de points de base servant à déxterminer
le tracé de la ligne, et établir celle-ci suivant un rapport de 3 à 1, sans que
le résultat s’en trouve d’aucune façon modifié. La logixque sous-tendant
l’application d’un rapport de 3 à 1 est fondée sur le principe régissant la
délimitation, à savoir la nécessité d’aboutir à une soxlution équitable. Cette

dernière méthode se justifie de plein droit ; point n’est besoin de l’associer
à celle de la ligne médiane provisoire.
7. Pour éviter au Nicaragua tout effet d’amputation et compte tenu xde
l’importante disparité persistant entre les portions de la zone pexrtinente
devant être attribuées à chacune des Parties, la Cour a choisi xd’adopter

une méthode différente pour délimiter le restant de la zone. xDans la partie
septentrionale, elle a utilisé le parallèle de latitude passant par le point le
plus au nord de la ligne composée d’arcs de cercle (l’« enveloppe d’arcs»)
tracée à 12 milles marins de Roncador, en enclavant Quitasueño et Ser -
rana. Dans la partie méridionale, la frontière suit l’enveloppex d’arcs tra -

cée à 12 milles marins de South Cay, l’une des cayes d’Alburquerque, et
des cayes de l’Est-Sud-Est jusqu’à son point le plus oriental, puis longe le
parallèle jusqu’à la limite de 200 milles marins du Nicaragua.
8. La frontière, sur ces deux segments, est apparemment tracée sur lax
base de méthodes différentes — l’enclavement et le parallèle de latitude. Il

est difficile d’y voir un « ajustement» ou un « déplacement» de la ligne
médiane provisoire, à moins que ce dernier terme n’implique de s’écarter
radicalement de cette ligne.
9. Bien sûr, je ne suis nullement hostile à l’utilisation concomitante de
ces méthodes par la Cour. Bien au contraire, celle-ci se justifie dès lors

qu’elle permet d’aboutir à une solution équitable. Ma résxerve tient plutôt

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it is necessary for the Court to proceed with the three-stage method in xthe
present case simply for the sake of standardization of methodology.

Although one may argue that in the western part the provisional median
line is plausible between the opposite coasts of the Parties, the Court x
could have followed its reasoning by adjusting the provisional median
line rather than replacing it by the simplified weighted line based onx 3:1
ratio. I see an inconsistency there.

10. Notwithstanding the approach taken, the actual use of various meth -
ods by the Court throughout the whole process of delimitation in the prex -s
ent case, in my view, reaffirms the established jurisprudence as pronouxnced
by the Court and other tribunals in the maritime delimitation that

“The method of delimitation to be used can have no other purpose
than to divide maritime areas into territories appertaining to differexnt
States, while doing everything possible to apply objective factors
offering the possibility of arriving at an equitable result. Such an

approach excludes any recourse to a method chosen beforehand.”
(Arbitration Tribunal for the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary
between Guinea and Guinea‑Bissau, Award of 14 February 1985,
25 ILM 252 (1986), p. 294 ; see also North Sea Continental Shelf
(Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark ; Federal Republic of

Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969, pp. 49-50 ;
and Judgment by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
in the Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary
between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh/
Myanmar), Judgment of 14 March 2012, ITLOS, p. 75, para. 235.)

11. My second reservation relating to the interest of third States is
more serious in nature. It should be recognized that the Court has gone x
to great length in its reasoning to address the interest of third Parties in

the region, both in the north and the south. In the light of the overallx
geographical context, I agree with the Court’s reasoning and delimitation
in the north, but have concern with the boundary in the south. In my
view, the boundary should stop at Point 8 with an arrow pointing east -
ward. My consideration is three-fold.

12. In the first place, from Point 8 to further east, the boundary line
will enter into the area where potentially the maritime entitlements of x
three or even four States may overlap, as coastal projections of Nicara -
gua and Colombia, as well as those of Costa Rica and Panama, all extend x
to that area. Regardless of being mainland coasts or islands, they all

enjoy full and the same maritime entitlements under general internationaxl
law. That Colombian entitlements do not go beyond the treaty boundar -
ies with third States does not mean third States do not have interest
against Nicaragua in that relevant area above the treaty boundaries.
Costa Rica made that point clear in its request for permission to inter -
vene. Even though Panama did not intervene, the same claim could also

be made. It is up to the Court to take care of that concern.

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à la question de savoir s’il était nécessaire pour la Cour dxe suivre en l’es -
pèce une méthode en trois étapes dans le seul intérêt de xla continuité

méthodologique. S’il est loisible de soutenir que, dans la partie xocciden -
tale, le tracé d’une ligne médiane provisoire se justifiait entre les côtes
opposées des Parties, la Cour aurait pu suivre cette logique en ajustxant
cette ligne plutôt qu’en lui substituant la ligne pondérée sximplifiée fondée
sur un rapport de 3 à 1. Je vois là une incohérence.

10. Pourtant, en dépit de l’approche qu’elle a observée, la Cour, en
utilisant différentes méthodes tout au long du processus de déxlimitation
en la présence espèce, a selon moi réaffirmé sa jurisprudenxce et celle
d’autres juridictions en matière de délimitation maritime, àx savoir que

«[l]a méthode de délimitation à utiliser ne saurait avoir d’axutre objet
que de diviser des espaces maritimes en territoires relevant d’Etats
différents, en s’attachant à appliquer des facteurs objectifsx pouvant
permettre d’aboutir à un résultat équitable. Une telle déxmarche

exclut tout recours à une méthode choisie a priori. » (Délimitation de
la frontière maritime entre la Guinée et la Guinée‑Bissau, sent▯ence du
14 février 1985, Recueil des sentences arbitrales (RSA), vol. XIX,
p. 186; voir aussi Plateau continental de la mer du Nord (République
fédérale d’Allemagne/Danemark ; République fédérale d’Allemagne/

Pays‑Bas), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1969, p. 49-50, et l’arrêt rendu par le
Tribunal international du droit de la mer en l’affaire du Différend
relatif à la délimitation de la frontière maritime entre le Bangladesh et
le Myanmar dans le golfe du Bengale (Bangladesh/Myanmar), arrêt
du 14 mars 2012, TIDM, p. 77, par. 235.)

11. Ma seconde réserve, relative aux intérêts d’Etats tiers, estx de nature
plus sérieuse. Force est de constater que, dans son raisonnement, la xCour
a fait grand cas des intérêts de tierces parties dans la régionx, tant au nord

qu’au sud. Compte tenu du contexte géographique global, je souscrixs à
son raisonnement en ce qui concerne le nord et à la délimitation qxu’elle y
opère, mais nourris certaines préoccupations en ce qui concerne lex sud.
Selon moi, la Cour aurait dû, au point 8, terminer sa ligne par une flèche
pointant en direction de l’est, et ce pour trois raisons.

12. Premièrement, à l’est du point 8, la ligne frontière pénètre dans une
zone de chevauchement potentiel des droits à des espaces maritimes dex trois
— voire quatre — Etats, puisque les projections côtières du Nicaragua et de
la Colombie, ainsi que celles du CostaRica et du Panama, s’étendent toutes
jusqu’à cette zone. Or, que les côtes de ces Etats soient contixnentales ou

insulaires, en droit international général, toutes ouvrent les mêxmes droits à
des espaces maritimes. Le fait que les espaces revenant à la Colombiex soient
délimités par des frontières convenues avec des Etats tiers parx voie de traité
n’empêche pas ces Etats tiers d’avoir, au-delà desdites frontières, des prét-
entions entrant en concurrence avec celles du Nicaragua dans la zone
pertinente. Le Costa Rica l’a clairement indiqué dans sa requête à fin d’in -

tervention et le Panama, même s’il n’est pas intervenu, pourraixt en dire
autant. La Cour aurait dû prendre en compte cette préoccupation.

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13. Therefore, the coastal relationship between the Parties and the third
States in the southern area requires special consideration. By restrictixng

the coastal projections of Colombian islands against those of the Nicarax -
guan coast, the Court also unduly restricts the coastal projections of
Colombian islands against those of the other two third States which, in x
my opinion, has gone beyond the jurisdiction of the Court in this case. x
The principle res inter alios acta and Article 59 of the Statute do not help

in the present situation. The Court could have avoided that effect by rest -
ing the boundary at Point 8 with an arrow pointing eastward for the time
being, a technique that the Court normally employs in the maritime
delimitation for the protection of the interest of third States.
14. Secondly, in regard to the cut-off effect, one of the two consider -
ations upon which the Court delimits the boundary in the north and the

south, the coastal relationship between the three adjacent coastal Statexs
and Colombia in the south of the Caribbean Sea, as stated above, is a
complicated one. To what extent the Nicaraguan mainland coast can
project eastward against the coastal projections of Costa Rica and possix -
bly those of Panama depends on the maritime delimitation between Nica-

ragua and its adjacent neighbour(s). Once that is decided, it would bex
more proper to determine how far the boundary between the Parties in
the present case will run eastward from Point 8. This approach would
better protect the interest of the third States.

15. Lastly, the consideration of the public order and stable legal rela -
tions should apply to the southern area as well. As is stated in the Judg -
ment, the Court has to bear in mind that the delimitation has to be “xboth
equitable and as practically satisfactory as possible, while at the samex
time in keeping with the requirement of achieving a stable legal outcomex”
(Arbitration between Barbados and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago,

Tribunal Award of 11 April 2006, RIAA, Vol. XXVII, p. 215, para. 244).
The boundary line in the south would virtually produce the effect of
invalidating the existing agreements on maritime delimitation that Colom -
bia has concluded with Panama and Costa Rica respectively and drasti -
cally changing the maritime relations in the area. Even supposing that

these agreements might have indeed infringed upon the maritime entitle -
ments of Nicaragua in the area, it would be much better off for the maxin-
tenance of regional stability and public order if the Court just pointedx out
the direction of the boundary between the Parties in this area, allowingx
enough space for the States concerned to first draw up their respectivxe

boundaries and then readjust their maritime relations. I regret that thex
Court does not take that course.

(Signed) Xue Hanqin.

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13. La relation côtière entre les Parties et les Etats tiers dans la pxartie
méridionale méritait donc une attention spéciale. En limitant lxes projec -

tions côtières des îles colombiennes par rapport à celles de la côte nicara -
guayenne, la Cour a également limité, de manière injustifiéxe, les projections
côtières des îles colombiennes par rapport à celles des deuxx autres Etats
tiers, ce qui, selon moi, excède sa compétence en l’espèce. Le principe
res inter alios acta et l’article 59 du Statut ne sont en l’occurrence d’au -

cune aide. La Cour aurait pu éviter cet écueil en arrêtant la fxrontière au
point 8 et en la faisant s’achever, pour l’heure, par une flèche poxintant
vers l’est, suivant le procédé qu’elle a coutume d’employer en matière de
délimitation maritime afin de préserver les intérêts d’xEtats tiers.
14. Deuxièmement, en ce qui concerne l’effet d’amputation — l’une
des deux considérations prises en compte par la Cour dans sa délimxitation

de la frontière au nord et au sud —, les relations côtières entre les
trois Etats adjacents et la Colombie sont, dans cette partie sud de la mer
des Caraïbes, particulièrement complexes. Ainsi, l’étendue dxes projections
côtières de la masse continentale du Nicaragua vers l’est par rxapport aux
projections côtières du Costa Rica, voire du Panama, dépendra de la déli -

mitation maritime ente le Nicaragua et ses pays voisins limitrophes. Il x
aurait été opportun d’attendre que cette délimitation soit opérée avant de
déterminer jusqu’où la frontière entre les deux Etats partiexs à la présente
affaire devait se prolonger à l’est du point 8. Une telle manière de procé -
der eût été mieux à même de protéger les intérêtxs d’Etats tiers.

15. Troisièmement, enfin, l’exigence de gestion ordonnée des océans et
de stabilité des relations juridiques aurait également dû s’xappliquer à la
partie sud de la zone délimitée par la Cour. Comme elle le rappellxe dans
son arrêt, la Cour doit garder présent à l’esprit le fait quxe la délimitation
doit être « à la fois équitable et aussi satisfaisante que possible sur le plaxn
pratique, compte tenu de la nécessité de parvenir à un résulxtat stable sur

le plan juridique » (Arbitrage entre la Barbade et la République de Trinité‑
et‑Tobago, sentence arbitrale du 11 avril 2006, RSA, vol. XXVII, p. 215,
par. 244). Or, au sud, la ligne frontière aura pratiquement pour effet xd’in -
valider les accords de délimitation maritime conclus par la Colombie x
avec, respectivement, le Panama et le Costa Rica et, ce faisant, de trans -

former de manière radicale les relations maritimes dans la région.x Même
à supposer que ces accords aient pu effectivement empiéter sur lxes droits
à des espaces maritimes du Nicaragua dans la région, il aurait éxté nette -
ment préférable, en vue du maintien de la stabilité régionalxe et de la ges -
tion ordonnée des océans, que la Cour se contente d’indiquer lax direction

de la frontière entre les Parties dans cette zone, en laissant aux Etxats
concernés la possibilité, dans un premier temps, de tracer leurs fxrontières
respectives puis, dans un second, d’adapter en conséquence leurs rxelations
maritimes. Je regrette que la Cour en ait décidé autrement.

(Signé) Xue Hanqin.

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Document file FR
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Declaration of Judge Xue

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