Declaration of Judge Skotnikov

Document Number
140-20110401-JUD-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
140-20110401-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

235

dECLARATION OF JUdgE SKOTNIKOv

I have voted in favour of the Court’s overall conclusion that it has p
no jurisdiction to entertain the Application filed by georgia on
12 August 2008. I fully concur with the Court’s decision to uphold the
second preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation. However, p
for the reasons given below, I am unable to support the Court’s decispion

to reject the first preliminary objection raised by Russia.

1. I agree with the Court’s conclusion that “georgia has not . . . cited
any document or statement made before it became party to CERd in
July 1999 which provides support for its contention that ‘the dispute withp

Russia over ethnic cleansing is long-standing and legitimate and not of
recent invention’” (Judgment, para. 64). I equally support the Court’s
determination that “no legal dispute arose between georgia and the Rus -
sian Federation during [the] period [between 1999 and July 2008] with
respect to the Russian Federation’s compliance with its obligations upnder
CERd” (ibid., para. 105).

2. The Court has arrived at the above conclusions after painstakingly
considering all the relevant facts within their proper context.
3. Regrettably, the Court has not applied the same yardstick of rigor -
ous contextual examination in forming the conclusion that a dispute
with respect to the interpretation and application of CERd emerged on

9 August 2008 in the course of the armed conflict which started on the
night of 7 to 8 August 2008 and that, consequently, there was a legal dis -
pute between georgia and the Russian Federation about the latter’s com-
pliance with its obligations under CERd at the date on which georgia
filed its Application, 12 August 2008 (ibid., para. 113).
4. As the Court has stated on many occasions “[o]ne situation may

contain disputes which relate to more than one body of law and which
are subject to different dispute settlement procedures” (ibid., para. 32).
The Court observes throughout the Judgment that in the situation which
preceded the outbreak of hostilities on 7/8 August 2008 there were dis -
putes involving a range of different matters, but not the question of pthe

interpretation or application of CERd.

5. The Court is under a duty to determine whether or not the
August 2008 dispute was about compliance with CERd, rather than with
the provisions of the United Nations Charter relating to the non-use of
force or with the rules of international humanitarian law. This task is p

admittedly not an easy one. Indeed, some acts prohibited by internationapl

169236 convention on racialp discrimination (decpl. skotnikov)

humanitarian law may also be capable of contravening rights provided
by CERd. In order to determine the existence of a dispute under CERd,
the Court must nevertheless satisfy itself that an alleged dispute relatpes
to establishing a “distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference basped
on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin” (Art. 1, CERd).

6. given this difficulty, it may not always be possible for the Court to
make a determination as to the existence of a CERd dispute in a situa -
tion of armed conflict at the preliminary stage of the proceedings. Hopw -
ever, the Court always has the option of declaring that the objection as to
the existence of a dispute does not possess, in the circumstances of thep

case, an exclusively preliminary character (Art. 79, para. 9, of the Rules
of Court). Had the Court resorted to that option in the present case, ipt
would have found itself on much safer ground.
7. It is striking that the Court’s decision to reject the first preliminpary
objection in so far as the period starting on 9 August 2008 is concerned is

based solely on various pronouncements by the parties.
A contextual analysis would have shown that those pronouncements
do not constitute sufficient evidence of the existence of a dispute witph
respect to the interpretation or application of CERd.
8. The Court begins its consideration of that period of August 2008 by
quoting the Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding mis -

sion on the Conflict in georgia, established by the Council of the Euro -
pean Union, to the effect that on the night of 7 to 8 August :

“a sustained georgian artillery attack struck the town of Tskhinvali.
Other movements of the georgian armed forces targeting Tskhinvali
and the surrounding areas were under way, and soon the fighting
involved Russian, South Ossetian and Abkhaz military units and
armed elements. It did not take long, however, before the georgian

advance into South Ossetia was stopped. In a counter-movement,
Russian armed forces, covered by air strikes and by elements of its
Black Sea fleet, penetrated deep into georgia, cutting across the coun -
try’s main east-west road, reaching the port of poti and stopping short
of georgia’s capital city, Tbilisi. The confrontation developed into a

combined inter-state and intra-state conflict, opposing georgian and
Russian forces at one level of confrontation as well as South Ossetians p
together with Abkhaz fighters and the georgians at another.” (Report,
vol. I, para. 2 ; preliminary Objections of the Russian Federation,
vol. II, Ann. 75 ; see Judgment, para. 106.)

I think it would have been useful to consider at least two more observa-

tions contained in the mission’s Report :
“There is the question of whether the use of force by georgia in

South Ossetia, beginning with the shelling of Tskhinvali during the

170237 convention on racialp discrimination (decpl. skotnikov)

night of 7/8 August 2008, was justifiable under international law. It
was not.” (Report, vol. I, para. 19.)
“At least as far as the initial phase of the conflict is concerned,p an
additional legal question is whether the georgian use of force against

Russian peacekeeping forces on georgian territory, i.e. in South Osse -
tia, might have been justified. Again the answer is in the negative . . .
There is . . . no evidence to support any claims that Russian peace -
keeping units in South Ossetia were in flagrant breach of their obli -
gations under relevant international agreements such as the Sochi
Agreement and thus may have forfeited their international legal sta -

tus. Consequently, the use of force bygeorgia against Russian peace-
keeping forces in Tskhinvali in the night of 7/8 August 2008 was
contrary to international law.” (Ibid., para. 20.)

9. The factual context emerging from the Report is quite clear : it
appears highly unlikely, to say the least, that the Russian response to

georgia’s attack was in contravention of CERd. The majority which
voted to reject the first preliminary objection unfortunately lost sightp of
this rather obvious proposition.
10. The Court, in addressing the exchange of accusations by the par-
ties, should have assessed them within the context of the armed conflipct in
progress when those accusations were made. Whenever the Court deals

with a situation of armed conflict and the issue of compliance with
CERd, it has to distinguish between wartime propaganda, on the one
hand, and statements which may indeed point to the emergence and crys -
tallization of a dispute under CERd, on the other. This may not be easy,
but the Court is perceptive enough to handle this task. For example, onep

could have concluded without any difficulty that georgia’s claim that
Russia’s intention was “to erase georgian statehood and to exterminate
the georgian people” (Judgment, para. 109) belongs in the category of
war rhetoric and thus is of no probative value as to the existence of a p
dispute under CERd. The same is true of georgia’s claims that “there is
an ethnic cleansing of whole ethnic georgian population of Abkhazia

taking place by Russian troops” (ibid., para. 111) or that “Russian
troops . . . expelled the whole ethnically georgian population of South
Ossetia” (ibid., para. 109). Incidentally, it is quite clear from the Report
of the Fact-Finding mission that all the above accusations were mani -
festly unfounded.

11. The Court puts much emphasis on what it terms “the response on
12 August by the Russian Foreign minister” to “the claims made by the
georgian president on 9 and 11 August” (ibid., para. 113). However, the
remark of the Russian minister for Foreign Affairs quoted in para -
graph 112 of the Judgment is not at all a response to the claims made by
mr. Saakashvili. mr. Lavrov said at a press conference :

171238 convention on racialp discrimination (decpl. skotnikov)

“A couple of days after [US Secretary of State] Rice had urgently
asked me not to use such expressions, mr. Saakashvili . . . claimed
hysterically that the Russian side wanted to annex the whole of geor -
gia and, in general, he did not feel shy of using the term ethnic cleans-p
ings, although, true, it was Russia that he accused of carrying out
those ethnic cleansings.” (Judgment, para. 112.)

Then he adds (this sentence is omitted from the above quotation) : “I
assume that Rice, having spoken to me, didn’t have time to address thpe

same request to mr. Saakashvili.” (Written Statement of georgia on pre -
liminary Objections, vol. Iv, Ann. 187.) It is clear that mr. Lavrov is
addressing Secretary Rice, rather than the georgian president, expressing
his view that she should perhaps have asked both sides to tone down their
language.
12. georgia made no credible claim which could have been positively

opposed by the Russian Federation in the sense of the Court’s establipshed
jurisprudence (see most recently Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Ger -
many), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 19,
para. 25). The exchange of accusations by the parties, given the context
of the armed conflict, simply cannot be sufficient in determining thep exis -
tence of a legal dispute with respect to the interpretation or applicatipon of

CERd.

(Signed) Leonid Skotnikov.

172

Bilingual Content

235

dECLARATION OF JUdgE SKOTNIKOv

I have voted in favour of the Court’s overall conclusion that it has p
no jurisdiction to entertain the Application filed by georgia on
12 August 2008. I fully concur with the Court’s decision to uphold the
second preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation. However, p
for the reasons given below, I am unable to support the Court’s decispion

to reject the first preliminary objection raised by Russia.

1. I agree with the Court’s conclusion that “georgia has not . . . cited
any document or statement made before it became party to CERd in
July 1999 which provides support for its contention that ‘the dispute withp

Russia over ethnic cleansing is long-standing and legitimate and not of
recent invention’” (Judgment, para. 64). I equally support the Court’s
determination that “no legal dispute arose between georgia and the Rus -
sian Federation during [the] period [between 1999 and July 2008] with
respect to the Russian Federation’s compliance with its obligations upnder
CERd” (ibid., para. 105).

2. The Court has arrived at the above conclusions after painstakingly
considering all the relevant facts within their proper context.
3. Regrettably, the Court has not applied the same yardstick of rigor -
ous contextual examination in forming the conclusion that a dispute
with respect to the interpretation and application of CERd emerged on

9 August 2008 in the course of the armed conflict which started on the
night of 7 to 8 August 2008 and that, consequently, there was a legal dis -
pute between georgia and the Russian Federation about the latter’s com-
pliance with its obligations under CERd at the date on which georgia
filed its Application, 12 August 2008 (ibid., para. 113).
4. As the Court has stated on many occasions “[o]ne situation may

contain disputes which relate to more than one body of law and which
are subject to different dispute settlement procedures” (ibid., para. 32).
The Court observes throughout the Judgment that in the situation which
preceded the outbreak of hostilities on 7/8 August 2008 there were dis -
putes involving a range of different matters, but not the question of pthe

interpretation or application of CERd.

5. The Court is under a duty to determine whether or not the
August 2008 dispute was about compliance with CERd, rather than with
the provisions of the United Nations Charter relating to the non-use of
force or with the rules of international humanitarian law. This task is p

admittedly not an easy one. Indeed, some acts prohibited by internationapl

169 235

dÉCLARATION dE m. LE JUgE SKOTNIKOv

[Traduction]

J’ai voté en faveur de la conclusion générale de la Cour selon laquelle
celle-ci n’a pas compétence pour connaître de la requête déposée par la
géorgie le 12 août 2008. Je souscris pleinement à la décision de la Cour
de retenir la deuxième exception préliminaire soulevée par la Fpédération
de Russie. Cependant, pour les raisons énoncées ci-dessous, je ne peux

être d’accord avec sa décision de rejeter la première exceptpion prélimi -
naire soulevée par cette dernière.
1. Je fais mienne la conclusion de la Cour selon laquelle «la géorgie ne
s’est référée à aucun document ou déclaration antérieur à la date à
laquelle elle est devenue partie à la CIEdR (juillet 1999) et attestant,

comme elle l’affirme, que « le différend avec la Russie au sujet du net -
toyage ethnique existe depuis longtemps, qu’il est fondé et qu’pil ne s’agit
pas d’une invention récente »» (arrêt, par. 64). de même, je conclus,
comme la Cour, qu’« il n’existait aucun différend d’ordre juridique entre
la géorgie et la Fédération de Russie au sujet du respect par cellep-ci de ses
obligations en vertu de la CIEdR [pendant la période allant de 1999 à

juillet 2008]» (ibid., par. 105).
2. La Cour est parvenue aux conclusions ci-dessus après un examen
minutieux des faits pertinents dans le contexte qui était le leur.
3. malheureusement, la Cour n’a pas appliqué le critère de l’exapmen
contextuel avec la même rigueur avant de parvenir à la conclusion qu’un
différend touchant l’interprétation et l’application de lap CIEdR est

apparu le 9 août 2008 au cours du conflit armé qui s’est déclenché pen -
dant la nuit du 7 au 8 août 2008 et que, par conséquent, il existait un
différend relatif au respect par la Fédération de Russie de spes obligations
en vertu de la CIEdR le jour où la géorgie a déposé sa requête, soit le
12 août 2008 (ibid., par. 113).
4. Comme la Cour l’a indiqué à maintes reprises, « une situation

donnée peut englober des différends ayant trait à plusieurs corpus juri -
diques et ne relevant pas des mêmes procédures de règlement » (ibid.,
par. 32). Tout au long de l’arrêt, la Cour relève que, dans la situpation
précédant le déclenchement des hostilités pendant la nuit dup 7 au
8 août 2008, il existait des différends concernant une série de

questions, mais pas celle de l’interprétation ou de l’applicatipon de la
CIEdR.
5. La Cour a le devoir d’établir si le différend d’août 2008 portait ou
non sur le respect de la CIEdR, et non sur celui des dispositions de la
Charte des Nations Unies relatives au non-emploi de la force ou des
règles du droit international humanitaire. Cette tâche n’est ceprtes pas

facile. En effet, certains actes proscrits par le droit international phumani-

169236 convention on racialp discrimination (decpl. skotnikov)

humanitarian law may also be capable of contravening rights provided
by CERd. In order to determine the existence of a dispute under CERd,
the Court must nevertheless satisfy itself that an alleged dispute relatpes
to establishing a “distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference basped
on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin” (Art. 1, CERd).

6. given this difficulty, it may not always be possible for the Court to
make a determination as to the existence of a CERd dispute in a situa -
tion of armed conflict at the preliminary stage of the proceedings. Hopw -
ever, the Court always has the option of declaring that the objection as to
the existence of a dispute does not possess, in the circumstances of thep

case, an exclusively preliminary character (Art. 79, para. 9, of the Rules
of Court). Had the Court resorted to that option in the present case, ipt
would have found itself on much safer ground.
7. It is striking that the Court’s decision to reject the first preliminpary
objection in so far as the period starting on 9 August 2008 is concerned is

based solely on various pronouncements by the parties.
A contextual analysis would have shown that those pronouncements
do not constitute sufficient evidence of the existence of a dispute witph
respect to the interpretation or application of CERd.
8. The Court begins its consideration of that period of August 2008 by
quoting the Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding mis -

sion on the Conflict in georgia, established by the Council of the Euro -
pean Union, to the effect that on the night of 7 to 8 August :

“a sustained georgian artillery attack struck the town of Tskhinvali.
Other movements of the georgian armed forces targeting Tskhinvali
and the surrounding areas were under way, and soon the fighting
involved Russian, South Ossetian and Abkhaz military units and
armed elements. It did not take long, however, before the georgian

advance into South Ossetia was stopped. In a counter-movement,
Russian armed forces, covered by air strikes and by elements of its
Black Sea fleet, penetrated deep into georgia, cutting across the coun -
try’s main east-west road, reaching the port of poti and stopping short
of georgia’s capital city, Tbilisi. The confrontation developed into a

combined inter-state and intra-state conflict, opposing georgian and
Russian forces at one level of confrontation as well as South Ossetians p
together with Abkhaz fighters and the georgians at another.” (Report,
vol. I, para. 2 ; preliminary Objections of the Russian Federation,
vol. II, Ann. 75 ; see Judgment, para. 106.)

I think it would have been useful to consider at least two more observa-

tions contained in the mission’s Report :
“There is the question of whether the use of force by georgia in

South Ossetia, beginning with the shelling of Tskhinvali during the

170 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (décl. skotnikov)236

taire peuvent aussi être de nature à violer des droits énoncés dans la
CIEdR. pour établir l’existence d’un différend relevant de la Convention,
la Cour doit néanmoins s’assurer que le différend alléguép concerne l’ins -
tauration d’une « distinction, exclusion, restriction ou préférence fondée
sur la race, la couleur, l’ascendance ou l’origine nationale ou ethnique »
(CIEdR, art. 1).

6. En raison de cette difficulté, la Cour n’est sans doute pas toujopurs à
même d’établir, au stade préliminaire de l’instance, l’pexistence d’un diffé -
rend relevant de la CIEdR dans une situation de conflit armé. Toutefois,
elle a toujours la possibilité de déclarer que l’exception soulpevée quant à
l’existence d’un différend n’a pas dans les circonstances pde l’espèce un

caractère exclusivement préliminaire (Règlement de la Cour, art. 79,
par. 9). Il aurait été beaucoup plus prudent que la Cour emprunte cettpe
voie dans la présente affaire.
7. Il est frappant que la Cour ait décidé de rejeter la première excep -
tion préliminaire pour ce qui concerne la période commençant lep

9 août 2008 sur la seule base de diverses déclarations des parties.
Une analyse contextuelle aurait montré que ces déclarations ne conpsti -
tuent pas des preuves suffisantes de l’existence d’un différpend touchant
l’interprétation ou l’application de la CIEdR.
8. La Cour commence l’examen de cette période d’août 2008 en citant
le rapport de la mission d’enquête internationale indépendante psur le

conflit en géorgie créée par le Conseil de l’Union européenne, selon p
lequel, pendant la nuit du 7 au 8 août :

«la géorgie lança une attaque à l’artillerie lourde sur la ville pde
Tskhinvali. d’autres mouvements des forces armées géorgiennes
visant Tskhinvali et les régions environnantes étaient en cours, ept des
unités militaires et éléments armés russes, sud-ossètes et abkhazes
prirent rapidement part aux combats. Toutefois, il ne fallut pas long -

temps pour que l’avancée des troupes géorgiennes en Ossétie pdu Sud
soit stoppée. dans une contre-offensive, les forces armées russes,
couvertes par des frappes aériennes et par des éléments de la flpotte
russe basée en mer Noire, pénétrèrent très avant en terriptoire géor -
gien, coupant la principale voie qui traverse le pays d’est en ouest,p

atteignant le port de poti et s’arrêtant à quelques kilomètres de la
capitale de la géorgie, Tbilissi. Les affrontements se transformèrent
en un conflit à la fois externe et interne opposant, d’une part,p les
forces géorgiennes aux forces russes et, d’autre part, les combattpants
sud-ossètes et abkhazes aux géorgiens. » (Rapport, vol. I, par. 2 ;
exceptions préliminaires de la Fédération de Russie, vol. II,

annexe 75; voir arrêt, par. 106.)
Il aurait été utile à mon sens de tenir compte d’au moins deux autres

observations qui figurent dans le rapport de la mission :
«La question se pose de savoir si l’emploi de la force par lagéorgie

en Ossétie du Sud, qui a commencé par le bombardement de Tskhin -

170237 convention on racialp discrimination (decpl. skotnikov)

night of 7/8 August 2008, was justifiable under international law. It
was not.” (Report, vol. I, para. 19.)
“At least as far as the initial phase of the conflict is concerned,p an
additional legal question is whether the georgian use of force against

Russian peacekeeping forces on georgian territory, i.e. in South Osse -
tia, might have been justified. Again the answer is in the negative . . .
There is . . . no evidence to support any claims that Russian peace -
keeping units in South Ossetia were in flagrant breach of their obli -
gations under relevant international agreements such as the Sochi
Agreement and thus may have forfeited their international legal sta -

tus. Consequently, the use of force bygeorgia against Russian peace-
keeping forces in Tskhinvali in the night of 7/8 August 2008 was
contrary to international law.” (Ibid., para. 20.)

9. The factual context emerging from the Report is quite clear : it
appears highly unlikely, to say the least, that the Russian response to

georgia’s attack was in contravention of CERd. The majority which
voted to reject the first preliminary objection unfortunately lost sightp of
this rather obvious proposition.
10. The Court, in addressing the exchange of accusations by the par-
ties, should have assessed them within the context of the armed conflipct in
progress when those accusations were made. Whenever the Court deals

with a situation of armed conflict and the issue of compliance with
CERd, it has to distinguish between wartime propaganda, on the one
hand, and statements which may indeed point to the emergence and crys -
tallization of a dispute under CERd, on the other. This may not be easy,
but the Court is perceptive enough to handle this task. For example, onep

could have concluded without any difficulty that georgia’s claim that
Russia’s intention was “to erase georgian statehood and to exterminate
the georgian people” (Judgment, para. 109) belongs in the category of
war rhetoric and thus is of no probative value as to the existence of a p
dispute under CERd. The same is true of georgia’s claims that “there is
an ethnic cleansing of whole ethnic georgian population of Abkhazia

taking place by Russian troops” (ibid., para. 111) or that “Russian
troops . . . expelled the whole ethnically georgian population of South
Ossetia” (ibid., para. 109). Incidentally, it is quite clear from the Report
of the Fact-Finding mission that all the above accusations were mani -
festly unfounded.

11. The Court puts much emphasis on what it terms “the response on
12 August by the Russian Foreign minister” to “the claims made by the
georgian president on 9 and 11 August” (ibid., para. 113). However, the
remark of the Russian minister for Foreign Affairs quoted in para -
graph 112 of the Judgment is not at all a response to the claims made by
mr. Saakashvili. mr. Lavrov said at a press conference :

171 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (décl. skotnikov)237

vali dans la nuit du 7 au 8 août 2008, pouvait trouver une justification
en droit international. Tel n’était pas le cas. (Rapport, vol. I, par. 19.)
«Une autre question d’ordre juridique qui se pose, au moins en ce
qui concerne la phase initiale du conflit, est de savoir si le recours à

la force par la géorgie à l’encontre des forces de maintien de la paix
russes sur le territoire géorgien, c’est-à-dire en Ossétie du Sud, pour -
rait avoir été justifié. Là encore, la réponse est non…p Rien ne per -
met … d’affirmer que les forces russes de maintien de la paix
stationnées en Ossétie du Sud manquaient de façon flagrante apux
obligations qu’elles tenaient des accords internationaux pertinents, p

comme l’accord de Sotchi, et qu’elles étaient donc déchues dpe leur
statut juridique international. En conséquence, l’emploi que la géor-
gie a fait de la force contre les forces russes de maintien de la paix àp
Tskhinvali dans la nuit du 7 au 8 août 2008 était contraire au droit
international. » (Ibid., par. 20.)

9. Le contexte factuel qui ressort de ce rapport est tout à fait clair : il
apparaît pour le moins improbable que la réaction russe à l’pattaque de la

géorgie ait constitué une violation de la CIEdR. La majorité qui a voté
contre la première exception préliminaire a malheureusement perdu pde
vue cette évidence.
10. En examinant les accusations échangées par les parties, la Cour
aurait dû les évaluer dans le contexte du conflit armé qui était en cours
lorsqu’elles ont été formulées. Lorsqu’elle traite d’upne situation de conflit

armée et de la question du respect de la CIEdR, la Cour doit faire la
distinction entre, d’une part, la propagande de guerre et, d’autrep part, les
déclarations qui peuvent effectivement révéler l’apparition et la cristallisa-
tion d’un différend relevant de cet instrument. Ce n’est sansp doute pas
facile, mais elle est assez perspicace pour y parvenir. Ainsi, il n’était pas

difficile de conclure que l’affirmation de la géorgie selon laquelle la Rus -
sie avait pour intention d’« éliminer l’Etat géorgien et [d’]exterminer sa
population» (arrêt, par. 109) relève de la rhétorique de guerre et est donc
dénuée de valeur probante quant à l’existence d’un diffpérend relevant de
la CIEdR. de même lorsque la géorgie prétend que «toute la population
abkhaze de souche géorgienne est victime d’un nettoyage ethnique mpené

par les troupes russes » (ibid., par. 111) ou que « les soldats … russes [ont]
expulsé l’ensemble de la population de souche géorgienne de la prégion
[l’Ossétie du Sud] » (ibid., par. 109). Soit dit en passant, le rapport de la
mission d’enquête montre très clairement que toutes les accusatpions
ci-dessus étaient manifestement dénuées de fondement.

11. La Cour met fortement l’accent sur ce qu’elle appelle «la réponse …
donnée le 12 août par le ministre russe des affaires étrangères» aux «accu-
sations formulées les 9 et 11 août par le président de la géorgie » (ibid.,
par. 113). mais les observations du ministre russe des affaires étrangères
citées au paragraphe 112 de l’arrêt ne représentent en rien une réponse
aux accusations portées par m. Saakachvili. voici ce qu’a dit m. Lavrov

lors d’une conférence de presse :

171238 convention on racialp discrimination (decpl. skotnikov)

“A couple of days after [US Secretary of State] Rice had urgently
asked me not to use such expressions, mr. Saakashvili . . . claimed
hysterically that the Russian side wanted to annex the whole of geor -
gia and, in general, he did not feel shy of using the term ethnic cleans-p
ings, although, true, it was Russia that he accused of carrying out
those ethnic cleansings.” (Judgment, para. 112.)

Then he adds (this sentence is omitted from the above quotation) : “I
assume that Rice, having spoken to me, didn’t have time to address thpe

same request to mr. Saakashvili.” (Written Statement of georgia on pre -
liminary Objections, vol. Iv, Ann. 187.) It is clear that mr. Lavrov is
addressing Secretary Rice, rather than the georgian president, expressing
his view that she should perhaps have asked both sides to tone down their
language.
12. georgia made no credible claim which could have been positively

opposed by the Russian Federation in the sense of the Court’s establipshed
jurisprudence (see most recently Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Ger -
many), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 19,
para. 25). The exchange of accusations by the parties, given the context
of the armed conflict, simply cannot be sufficient in determining thep exis -
tence of a legal dispute with respect to the interpretation or applicatipon of

CERd.

(Signed) Leonid Skotnikov.

172 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (décl. skotnikov)238

«deux jours après que [la secrétaire d’Etat des Etats-Unis d’Amé -
rique] m me Rice m’a exhorté à ne pas employer de telles expressions,
m. Saakachvili … a proféré des propos hystériques, accusant la par -
tie russe de chercher à annexer l’ensemble de la géorgie, sans hésiter

à employer le terme de nettoyage ethnique ; mais il est vrai que c’est
la Russie qu’il accusait de tels actes. » (Arrêt, par. 112.)

puis ilmejoute (cette phrase est omise de la citation ci-dessus) : « Je suppose
que m Rice, après m’avoir parlé, n’a pas eu le temps d’adresserp la même
recommandation à m. Saakachvili. » (Observations écrites de la géorgie
sur les exceptions préliminaires, vol. Iv, annexe 187.) m. Lavrov s’adresse
manifestement à m me Rice, plutôt qu’au président de la géorgie, estimant

qu’elle aurait peut-être dû demander aux deux parties de modérer leurs
propos.
12. La géorgie n’a formulé aucune réclamation crédible qui eûtp été
susceptible de se heurter à l’opposition manifeste de la Fédépration de
Russie, au sens de la jurisprudence établie de la Cour (voir trèsp récem -

ment Certains biens (Liechtenstein c. Allemagne), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2005, p. 19, par. 25). Un échange d’accusations entre
les parties, eu égard au contexte de conflit armé, n’est tout simpplement
pas suffisant pour établir l’existence d’un différend jurpidique touchant

l’interprétation ou l’application de la CIEdR.

(Signé) Leonid Skotnikov.

172

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Declaration of Judge Skotnikov

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