Declaration of Judge Kooijmans

Document Number
126-20060203-JUD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
126-20060203-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

73

DECLARATION OF JUDGE KOOIJMANS

Compromissory clause of Article 29, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women — Condition of
prior diplomatic negotiations — Complaints by DRC in multilateral context as
attempts to negotiate — Explicit reference to Convention necessary? — Posi-
tion of the Court unduly restrictive.

1. I subscribe to the finding of the Court that it has no jurisdiction to
entertain the DRC’s Application. I have serious doubts, however, as to
the appropriateness of one of the elements of the Court’s conclusion that
it lacks jurisdiction under Article 29, paragraph 1, of the Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Since in

my view this issue transcends the scope of the present case, I wish to give
expression to my concerns in this respect.

2. Article 29, paragraph 1, of the Convention reads as follows:

“Any dispute between two or more States concerning the interpre-
tation or application of the present Convention which is not settled
by negotiation shall, at the request of one of them, be submitted to
arbitration. If within six months from the date of the request for

arbitration the parties are unable to agree on the organization of
the arbitration, any one of those parties may refer the dispute to
the International Court of Justice by request in conformity with the
Statute of the Court.”

3. In the Judgment the Court observes that the Convention subjects its
jurisdiction to the following conditions: firstly, an unsuccessful attempt
must have been made to settle the dispute through negotiation; secondly,
a request for arbitration must have been submitted; and finally, a period
of six months must have elapsed from the date of that request (Judgment,

para. 87).
4. As for the first condition, the Court finds that
“[t]he evidence has not satisfied the Court that the DRC in fact

sought to commence negotiations in respect of the interpretation or
application of the Convention” (Judgment, para. 91).

5. The Court evidently accepts the DRC’s argument that such nego-
tiations do not necessarily have to take the form of bilateral negotiations
but can also take place in a multilateral context and be initiated on the
basis of protests or complaints brought to the attention of international

7174 ARMED ACTIVITIES (DECL .KOOIJMANS )

institutions. In this respect the DRC has cited the complaint it referred

on 24 February 1999 to the African Commission on Human and Peoples’
Rights and its many complaints, inter alia, about human rights viola-
tions, to the Security Council. The Court’s position in this respect is in
line with its previous pronouncement:

“[D]iplomacy by conference or parliamentary diplomacy has come
to be recognized in the past four or five decades as one of the estab-

lished modes of international negotiation.” (South West Africa
(Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962 , p. 346.)

6. In the view of the Court, these complaints are, however, unfit to be
considered as attempts to settle the dispute by negotiation in the sense of
Article 29, paragraph 1, of the Convention merely by virtue of the fact

that the DRC failed to refer explicitly to the Convention on Discrimina-
tion against Women in them.
7. I am of the view that this position of the Court is unrealistic, in par-
ticular in the case of a multifaceted conflict like the present one. In its
complaints to the Security Council the DRC alleged violations by Rwanda

of a wide variety of legal norms dealing with the use of force, humani-
tarian law and human rights law. In view of the character and mandate
of the international institutions to which these grievances were addressed,
the complaints could not be expected to itemize on a treaty-by-treaty
basis the provisions allegedly breached. By requiring the complainant

nevertheless to do so, the Court in actual fact makes it virtually impos-
sible to characterize such protests in a multilateral context as attempts to
negotiate as required by, inter alia, the compromissory clause in the Con-
vention on Discrimination against Women.

8. In this respect it deserves mentioning that specific concern about the
rights of women was expressed by the international community. Resolu-
tion 2002/14 of 19 April 2002 of the United Nations Commission on
Human Rights, for instance, urged all parties to the conflict in the Demo-

cratic Republic of Congo to respect, in particular, the rights of women
and children.

9. Moreover, in the White Books it published during the years of the
armed conflict (1998-2002) the DRC had regularly complained of the vio-

lation of a wide range of norms of international humanitarian and
human rights law. A number of specific examples of atrocities committed
by Rwandese troops against women were cited there. Rwanda, therefore,
cannot have been unaware that it was accused of the breach of multiple
treaty-based human rights norms, including norms providing for the pro-

tection of women.

7275 ARMED ACTIVITIES (DECL . KOOIJMANS )

10. In this respect the present case resembles that concerning Military

and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua , in which the Court
in its Judgment on issues of jurisdiction and admissibility stated its view
that

“it does not necessarily follow that, because a State has not expressly
referred in negotiations with another State to a particular treaty as
having been violated by conduct of that other State, it is debarred
from invoking a compromissory clause in that treaty. The United

States was well aware that Nicaragua alleged that its conduct was a
breach of international law before the present case was instituted;
and it is now aware that specific articles of the 1956 Treaty are
alleged to have been violated.” (I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 428, para. 83.)

11. I therefore disagree with the Court when it finds that the DRC

cannot be deemed to have sought to commence negotiations in respect of
the interpretation or application of the Convention, particularly in view
of the fact that the attempts to negotiate in this more general, multilateral
context did not lead to any positive response by the other party. I find the
Court’s position unduly restrictive and not in line with its previous case

law, which reflects a certain flexibility with regard to the requirement of
prior negotiations.
12. It is quite another matter whether the alleged breaches of the Con-
vention on Discrimination against Women are capable of falling within
the provisions of that instrument and whether, therefore, the dispute is

one which the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain pur-
suant to Article 29, paragraph 1, of the Convention. In the present case
Rwanda has submitted no arguments in this respect and the Court has
made no finding on this matter.
13. The foregoing observations hold good even more in light of the

fact that the second condition laid down in Article 29, paragraph 1 — the
request for arbitration — would have compelled the complainant to iden-
tify the specific character of the dispute. A request for arbitration under
Article 29 necessarily implies the specification of the treaty provision
allegedly breached.

14. It is this requirement — that an attempt has been made to settle by
arbitration — which is the key element of Article 29, paragraph 1. The
Court has no jurisdiction unless this condition has been met (see Ques-
tions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention
Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jama-

hiriya v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1998, p. 17, para. 21). Since the Court found no evidence that the
DRC attempted to initiate arbitration proceedings (Judgment, para. 92),
it could not but conclude that it has no jurisdiction under Article 29,
paragraph 1, of the Convention.

15. It may be regrettable that the threshold for bringing complaints to
the Court’s attention by States parties about alleged breaches of human

7376 ARMED ACTIVITIES (DECL. KOOIJMANS )

rights conventions by other States parties is set rather high by the
requirement that a number of preconditions must be met. This is true in

particular when a convention with a compromissory clause (like the
present one) does not contain a (parallel) procedure for State complaints
to a body established under that treaty. Yet the Court has no choice but
to ascertain whether a precondition, explicitly laid down by the Contract-

ing States, is met and to decline jurisdiction if it is not. The Convention
does not, however, set out any specific criteria for the element of “not
settled by negotiation”. It leaves sufficient room to allow full considera-
tion to be given to the context of such (attempted) negotiations. The
words “any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of the

present Convention” in Article 29, paragraph 1, refer in a direct sense
only to the precondition of arbitration and thus only become relevant
when negotiations, in whatever form they have been conducted, have
proved fruitless.

(Signed) P. H. K OOIJMANS .

74

Bilingual Content

73

DECLARATION OF JUDGE KOOIJMANS

Compromissory clause of Article 29, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women — Condition of
prior diplomatic negotiations — Complaints by DRC in multilateral context as
attempts to negotiate — Explicit reference to Convention necessary? — Posi-
tion of the Court unduly restrictive.

1. I subscribe to the finding of the Court that it has no jurisdiction to
entertain the DRC’s Application. I have serious doubts, however, as to
the appropriateness of one of the elements of the Court’s conclusion that
it lacks jurisdiction under Article 29, paragraph 1, of the Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Since in

my view this issue transcends the scope of the present case, I wish to give
expression to my concerns in this respect.

2. Article 29, paragraph 1, of the Convention reads as follows:

“Any dispute between two or more States concerning the interpre-
tation or application of the present Convention which is not settled
by negotiation shall, at the request of one of them, be submitted to
arbitration. If within six months from the date of the request for

arbitration the parties are unable to agree on the organization of
the arbitration, any one of those parties may refer the dispute to
the International Court of Justice by request in conformity with the
Statute of the Court.”

3. In the Judgment the Court observes that the Convention subjects its
jurisdiction to the following conditions: firstly, an unsuccessful attempt
must have been made to settle the dispute through negotiation; secondly,
a request for arbitration must have been submitted; and finally, a period
of six months must have elapsed from the date of that request (Judgment,

para. 87).
4. As for the first condition, the Court finds that
“[t]he evidence has not satisfied the Court that the DRC in fact

sought to commence negotiations in respect of the interpretation or
application of the Convention” (Judgment, para. 91).

5. The Court evidently accepts the DRC’s argument that such nego-
tiations do not necessarily have to take the form of bilateral negotiations
but can also take place in a multilateral context and be initiated on the
basis of protests or complaints brought to the attention of international

71 73

DEuCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE KOOIJMANS

[Traduction]

Clause compromissoire du paragraphe 1 de l’article 29 de la convention sur
l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes —
Condition de négociations diplomatiques préalables — Plaintes de la RDC dans
un contexte multilatéral, comme tentatives de négociation — Une référence
explicite à la convention est-elle nécessaire? — La position de la Cour est exa-

gérément restrictive.

1. Je souscris au prononcé de la Cour selon lequel elle n’a pas compé-
tence pour connaître de la requête de la RDC. J’éprouve cependant de
sérieux doutes quant à la pertinence d’un des éléments de la conclusion
par laquelle elle se déclare incompétente sur le fondement du paragra-
phe 1 de l’article 29 de la convention sur l’élimination de toutes les for-

mes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes. Comme la portée de cette
question dépasse à mon avis le champ de la présente affaire, je voudrais
exposer à cet égard mes préoccupations.
2. Le paragraphe 1 de l’article 29 de la convention est libellé comme suit:

«Tout différend entre deux ou plusieurs Etats parties concernant
l’interprétation ou l’application de la présente convention qui n’est
pas réglé par voie de négociation est soumis à l’arbitrage, à la
demande de l’un d’entre eux. Si, dans les six mois qui suivent la date

de la demande d’arbitrage, les parties ne parviennent pas à se mettre
d’accord sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage, l’une quelconque d’entre
elles peut soumettre le différend à la Cour internationale de Justice,
en déposant une requête conformément au Statut de la Cour.»

3. Dans l’arrêt, la Cour relève que la convention subordonne sa com-
pétence aux conditions suivantes: premièrement, qu’une tentative ait été
faite, sans succès, de régler le différend par la négociation; deuxième-
ment, qu’une demande d’arbitrage ait été présentée; et, enfin, qu’un délai
de six mois se soit écoulé à compter de la date de cette demande (arrêt,

par. 87).
4. En ce qui concerne la première condition, la Cour conclut que
«[l]es éléments de preuve présentés à la Cour n’ont pas permis d’éta-

blir à sa satisfaction que la RDC ait en fait cherché à entamer des
négociations relatives à l’interprétation ou l’application de la conven-
tion» (arrêt, par. 91).

5. La Cour admet manifestement la validité de l’argument de la RDC
selon lequel de telles négociations ne doivent pas nécessairement prendre
la forme de négociations bilatérales mais peuvent aussi se situer dans un
contexte multilatéral et avoir pour point de départ des protestations ou

7174 ARMED ACTIVITIES (DECL .KOOIJMANS )

institutions. In this respect the DRC has cited the complaint it referred

on 24 February 1999 to the African Commission on Human and Peoples’
Rights and its many complaints, inter alia, about human rights viola-
tions, to the Security Council. The Court’s position in this respect is in
line with its previous pronouncement:

“[D]iplomacy by conference or parliamentary diplomacy has come
to be recognized in the past four or five decades as one of the estab-

lished modes of international negotiation.” (South West Africa
(Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962 , p. 346.)

6. In the view of the Court, these complaints are, however, unfit to be
considered as attempts to settle the dispute by negotiation in the sense of
Article 29, paragraph 1, of the Convention merely by virtue of the fact

that the DRC failed to refer explicitly to the Convention on Discrimina-
tion against Women in them.
7. I am of the view that this position of the Court is unrealistic, in par-
ticular in the case of a multifaceted conflict like the present one. In its
complaints to the Security Council the DRC alleged violations by Rwanda

of a wide variety of legal norms dealing with the use of force, humani-
tarian law and human rights law. In view of the character and mandate
of the international institutions to which these grievances were addressed,
the complaints could not be expected to itemize on a treaty-by-treaty
basis the provisions allegedly breached. By requiring the complainant

nevertheless to do so, the Court in actual fact makes it virtually impos-
sible to characterize such protests in a multilateral context as attempts to
negotiate as required by, inter alia, the compromissory clause in the Con-
vention on Discrimination against Women.

8. In this respect it deserves mentioning that specific concern about the
rights of women was expressed by the international community. Resolu-
tion 2002/14 of 19 April 2002 of the United Nations Commission on
Human Rights, for instance, urged all parties to the conflict in the Demo-

cratic Republic of Congo to respect, in particular, the rights of women
and children.

9. Moreover, in the White Books it published during the years of the
armed conflict (1998-2002) the DRC had regularly complained of the vio-

lation of a wide range of norms of international humanitarian and
human rights law. A number of specific examples of atrocities committed
by Rwandese troops against women were cited there. Rwanda, therefore,
cannot have been unaware that it was accused of the breach of multiple
treaty-based human rights norms, including norms providing for the pro-

tection of women.

72 ACTIVITÉS ARMÉES (DÉCL . KOOIJMANS ) 74

des plaintes portées à l’attention d’institutions internationales. La RDC a

cité à cet égard la plainte dont elle a saisi le 24 février 1999 la Commis-
sion africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples ainsi que les nom-
breuses plaintes, concernant notamment des violations des droits de
l’homme, qu’elle a soumises au Conseil de sécurité. La position de la
Cour sur ce point est conforme à son prononcé antérieur:

«[D]epuis quarante ou cinquante ans, la diplomatie pratiquée au sein
des conférences ou diplomatie parlementaire s’est fait reconnaître comme

l’un des moyens établis de conduire des négociations internationales.»
(Sud-Ouest africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud; Libéria c. Afrique du
Sud), exceptions préliminaires, C.I.J. Recueil 196,2p. 346.)

6. Cependant, la Cour n’estime pas que ces plaintes puissent être qua-
lifiées de tentatives de règlement du différend par voie de négociation au
sens du paragraphe 1 de l’article 29 de la convention, au simple motif que

la RDC ne faisait pas explicitement référence à la convention sur la dis-
crimination à l’égard des femmes.
7. Cette position de la Cour m’apparaît irréaliste, surtout dans le cas
d’un conflit qui, comme en l’espèce, présente de multiples aspects. Dans
les plaintes qu’elle a soumises au Conseil de sécurité, la RDC a allégué

des violations par le Rwanda de normes juridiques très diverses, touchant
à l’emploi de la force, au droit humanitaire et au droit des droits de
l’homme. Compte tenu du caractère et du mandat des institutions inter-
nationales à l’attention desquelles ces griefs ont été portés, on ne pouvait
s’attendre à ce que les plaintes détaillent traité par traité les dispositions

auxquelles les violations alléguées contrevenaient. En imposant néan-
moins au plaignant une telle exigence, la Cour, en fait, exclut pratique-
ment toute possibilité de qualifier de telles protestations, élevées dans un
contexte multilatéral, de tentative de négocier comme l’exige, notam-
ment, la clause compromissoire de la convention sur la discrimination à

l’égard des femmes.
8. A cet égard, le fait qu’une préoccupation particulière a bien été
exprimée par la communauté internationale à propos des droits des
femmes mérite d’être mentionné. La résolution 2002/14 en date du
19 avril 2002 de la Commission des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation

des Nations Unies, par exemple, demandait instamment à toutes les
parties au conflit en République démocratique du Congo de respecter, en
particulier, les droits des femmes et des enfants.
9. En outre, dans les Livres blancs qu’elle a publiés pendant la période
du conflit armé (1998-2002), la RDC s’était plainte régulièrement de la

violation de normes très diverses du droit international humanitaire et du
droit international de droits de l’homme. Ces plaintes citaient de nom-
breux exemples précis d’atrocités commises par les troupes rwandaises à
l’encontre des femmes. Le Rwanda, par conséquent, ne pouvait ignorer
qu’il était accusé d’infractions à de multiples normes conventionnelles

relatives aux droits de l’homme, y compris des normes concernant la pro-
tection des femmes.

7275 ARMED ACTIVITIES (DECL . KOOIJMANS )

10. In this respect the present case resembles that concerning Military

and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua , in which the Court
in its Judgment on issues of jurisdiction and admissibility stated its view
that

“it does not necessarily follow that, because a State has not expressly
referred in negotiations with another State to a particular treaty as
having been violated by conduct of that other State, it is debarred
from invoking a compromissory clause in that treaty. The United

States was well aware that Nicaragua alleged that its conduct was a
breach of international law before the present case was instituted;
and it is now aware that specific articles of the 1956 Treaty are
alleged to have been violated.” (I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 428, para. 83.)

11. I therefore disagree with the Court when it finds that the DRC

cannot be deemed to have sought to commence negotiations in respect of
the interpretation or application of the Convention, particularly in view
of the fact that the attempts to negotiate in this more general, multilateral
context did not lead to any positive response by the other party. I find the
Court’s position unduly restrictive and not in line with its previous case

law, which reflects a certain flexibility with regard to the requirement of
prior negotiations.
12. It is quite another matter whether the alleged breaches of the Con-
vention on Discrimination against Women are capable of falling within
the provisions of that instrument and whether, therefore, the dispute is

one which the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain pur-
suant to Article 29, paragraph 1, of the Convention. In the present case
Rwanda has submitted no arguments in this respect and the Court has
made no finding on this matter.
13. The foregoing observations hold good even more in light of the

fact that the second condition laid down in Article 29, paragraph 1 — the
request for arbitration — would have compelled the complainant to iden-
tify the specific character of the dispute. A request for arbitration under
Article 29 necessarily implies the specification of the treaty provision
allegedly breached.

14. It is this requirement — that an attempt has been made to settle by
arbitration — which is the key element of Article 29, paragraph 1. The
Court has no jurisdiction unless this condition has been met (see Ques-
tions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention
Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jama-

hiriya v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1998, p. 17, para. 21). Since the Court found no evidence that the
DRC attempted to initiate arbitration proceedings (Judgment, para. 92),
it could not but conclude that it has no jurisdiction under Article 29,
paragraph 1, of the Convention.

15. It may be regrettable that the threshold for bringing complaints to
the Court’s attention by States parties about alleged breaches of human

73 ACTIVITÉS ARMÉES (DÉCL .KOOIJMANS ) 75

10. A cet égard, la présente affaire ressemble à celle des Activités mili-

taires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et contre celui-ci , dans laquelle la
Cour, en son arrêt sur la compétence et la recevabilité, a dit qu’à son avis

«parce qu’un Etat ne s’est pas expressément référé, dans des négo-
ciations avec un autre Etat, à un traité particulier qui aurait été violé
par la conduite de celui-ci, il n’en découle pas nécessairement que le
premier ne serait pas admis à invoquer la clause compromissoire

dudit traité. Les Etats-Unis savaient avant l’introduction de la pré-
sente instance que le Nicaragua affirmait que leur comportement
constituait une violation de leurs obligations internationales; ils
savent maintenant qu’il leur est reproché d’avoir violé des articles

précis du traité de 1956.» (C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 428, par. 83.)
11. Je ne suis donc pas d’accord avec la Cour quand elle conclut que la

RDC ne peut pas être considérée comme ayant cherché à entamer des
négociations relatives à l’interprétation ou l’application de la convention,
d’autant que les tentatives qu’elle a faites pour négocier dans ce contexte
multilatéral plus général n’ont amené aucune réaction positive de la part
de l’autre partie. J’estime que la position prise par la Cour est exagéré-

ment restrictive et s’écarte de sa jurisprudence antérieure, qui traduisait
une certaine souplesse quant à l’exigence de négociations préalables.
12. Bien différente est la question de savoir si les violations alléguées
de la convention sur la discrimination à l’égard des femmes peuvent
entrer dans le cadre des dispositions de cet instrument et si, par consé-

quent, la Cour est compétente ratione materiae pour connaître du diffé-
rend en application du paragraphe 1 de l’article 29 de la convention. En
l’espèce, le Rwanda n’a fait valoir à cet égard aucun moyen et la Cour n’a
pas statué sur ce point.
13. Les observations qui précèdent sont d’autant plus pertinentes que

la deuxième condition posée au paragraphe 1 de l’article 29 — la demande
d’arbitrage — aurait obligé le plaignant à spécifier le caractère du diffé-
rend. Une demande d’arbitrage au titre de l’article 29 suppose nécessai-
rement que soit précisée la disposition conventionnelle dont la violation
est alléguée.

14. C’est cette exigence d’une tentative de règlement par arbitrage qui
est l’élément clé du paragraphe 1 de l’article 29. La Cour ne peut être
compétente que si cette condition est remplie (voir Questions d’interpré-
tation et d’application de la convention de Montréal de 1971 résultant de
l’incident aérien de Lockerbie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne c. Royaume-

Uni), C.I.J. Recueil 1998 , p. 17, par. 21). La Cour n’ayant trouvé aucun
élément établissant que la RDC ait tenté d’engager une procédure d’arbi-
trage (arrêt, par. 92), elle ne pouvait faire autrement que conclure à son
incompétence au titre du paragraphe 1 de l’article 29 de la convention.

15. On peut regretter que le seuil à partir duquel des Etats parties
peuvent porter à l’attention de la Cour des plaintes alléguant la violation

7376 ARMED ACTIVITIES (DECL. KOOIJMANS )

rights conventions by other States parties is set rather high by the
requirement that a number of preconditions must be met. This is true in

particular when a convention with a compromissory clause (like the
present one) does not contain a (parallel) procedure for State complaints
to a body established under that treaty. Yet the Court has no choice but
to ascertain whether a precondition, explicitly laid down by the Contract-

ing States, is met and to decline jurisdiction if it is not. The Convention
does not, however, set out any specific criteria for the element of “not
settled by negotiation”. It leaves sufficient room to allow full considera-
tion to be given to the context of such (attempted) negotiations. The
words “any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of the

present Convention” in Article 29, paragraph 1, refer in a direct sense
only to the precondition of arbitration and thus only become relevant
when negotiations, in whatever form they have been conducted, have
proved fruitless.

(Signed) P. H. K OOIJMANS .

74 ACTIVITÉS ARMÉES (DÉCL. KOOIJMANS ) 76

par d’autres Etats parties de conventions relatives aux droits de l’homme
soit plutôt élevé, du fait de diverses conditions préalables à remplir. Cela

est particulièrement vrai quand une convention contenant une clause
compromissoire (comme celle dont il s’agit ici) ne prévoit pas de procé-
dure (parallèle) permettant aux Etats de porter leur plainte devant un
organe institué par cet instrument. Mais la Cour n’a pas d’autre choix

que de vérifier si une condition préalable explicitement posée par les Etats
contractants est remplie et, si elle ne l’est pas, de se déclarer incompé-
tente. La convention, toutefois, ne fixe pas de critère précis pour appré-
cier l’élément du «non-règlement par voie de négociation». Elle laisse
suffisamment de latitude pour que l’on puisse prendre pleinement en

considération le contexte de la négociation (ou de la tentative de négocia-
tion). Les mots «[t]out différend concernant l’interprétation ou l’appli-
cation de la présente convention», au paragraphe 1 de l’article 29, ne
renvoient directement qu’à la condition préalable de l’arbitrage et

n’acquièrent donc de pertinence que lorsque les négociations, sous
quelque forme qu’elles aient été conduites, se sont révélées vaines.

(Signé) P. H. K OOIJMANS .

74

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Declaration of Judge Kooijmans

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