Dissenting Opinion of Judge Thierry (translation)

Document Number
082-19911112-JUD-01-09-EN
Parent Document Number
082-19911112-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE THIERRY

[Translation]

To my deep regret 1 am unable to associate myself with the Court's
decision in the present caseconcerningthe ArbitralAwardof31July1989.
1hereby give the reasons for my dissent, which essentially relate to the
legalconsequences ofthe fact,explicitlyrecognizedby theCourt,thatthat
Award: "has not brought about a complete delimitation of the maritime
areas appertaining respectively to Guinea-Bissau and Senegal" (para-
graph 66of the Judgment of the Court).

It followsthatthe disputehasnotbeen fullysettled and the Court notes
that there are "elements of thedispute that werenot settled bythe Arbitral
Award" (para. 68).
The omission isnonetheless seenasascribable to thePartiesrather than
to the Tribunal inasmuch as, according to the Judgment :"that result is
due to the wording of Article 2 of the Arbitration Agreement" (para. 66).

Accordingly, and in spite ofthat "result", the Award isfound tobevalid
and binding forthe Parties and the submissions ofGuinea-Bissauare con-
sequentlyrejected.
It seems to me, on the contrary, that

(1) what the Court refers to as "elements of the dispute that were not
settled bythe. . Award" were infacttheessential part ofthat dispute.
Having failed to bring about a comprehensivesettlement of the dis-
pute submitted to it, relating to the determination of the maritime
boundary between Senegal and Guinea-Bissau, theTribunal failed to
accomplish itsjurisdictional mission - as can be seen from the fact
thatthat maritimeboundary has stillnot beendelimited.The Tribunal
did not do itsjob and it is that failure which should, in my opinion,
haveled theCourt to find theAward tobe nul1and void;
(2) contrary to the line of argument developed by the Court, that failure
was not justified by the terms of Article 2 of the Arbitration Agree-
ment. That provision did not stand in the way of a comprehensive
settlement ofthe dispute provided itwasinterpreted in itscontext and
in the light oftheobject and purpose ofthe Arbitration Agreement,in
application of the rules of international law relatingto the interpreta-
tion of treatiesthat have their origin in thejurisprudence of the Court
itself. Thismeans that the dispute could - and thus should - have
been completely and comprehensively settled in accordance with
the common willof the Parties,as expressed in the Arbitration Agree-
ment,and withtheessential purpose ofthe institution ofarbitration ;
(3) paragraphs 66 and 67 of the Court's Judgment should, on the other hand, be approved,asthey open the waytothe necessary settlement of
the long-standing dispute between Senegal and Guinea-Bissau, for
which there isstillnoequitable solution,relating to the determination
oftheirmaritimeboundary.

The Tribunal, constituted under the Arbitration Agreement between
Senegaland Guinea-Bissau dated 12March 1985,was, ascanbe seenfrom
the first page of the Award, officially entitled in Frenc:Tribunalarbitral
pour la déterminationde la frontièremaritime, Guinée-Bissau/Sénégal
["Arbitration Tribunal for the Determination of the Maritime Boundary :
Guinea-Bissau/Senegal"] (and in Portuguese : Tribunalarbitral para a
detenninaçüodafronteira maritima, Guiné-Bissau/Senegal)T . he mission
of that Tribunal, like every judicial body, was to settle the dispute sub-
mitted to it. The subject of that dispute followed from the name given
totheTribunal,but alsofromthe Préambletothe Arbitration Agreement,
which expressed the intention and the purpose of the Parties, by
virtue of which that Agreement had been reached. That Preamble
Statesthat :

"The Government ofthe Republic of Senegaland the Government
of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau,
Recognizing that they have been unable to settle by means of
diplornatic negotiation the dispute relating to the determination of
their maritime boundary,
Desirous,in view of their friendly relations, to reach a settlement
of that disputeassoonaspossible and, to thatend, having decidedto

resort to arbitration,
Have agreed as follows ..."
These terms are perfectly clear.The dispute submitted to the Tribunal
by the two States was the dispute "relating to the determination of their
maritime boundary". (Theterm "determination" is significant and does

not mean the same thing as "delimitation", which occursmorefrequently
in the Judgment of the Court. The word "determination" applies to a
boundary line that is not yet known and which remains to be defined.
"Delimitation" applies to known areas, whose extent needs to be speci-
fied.)
However, the Arbitration Agreement did not merely define the dispute
in that way; it alsoprovided guidelinesfor the ways in which it wasto be
settled by the Tribunal. In relation to the determination of the maritime
boundary, it was stated that this should be effected by the definition of a
"boundary line", i.e.,by a singleline. Article 2, paragraph 2,of the Arbi-
tration Agreement refers in that regard to: "thelinedelimitingthe mari-
time territories appertaining to the Republic of Guinea-Bissau and the
Republic of Senegalrespectively". Need one stress that, in this text, the "maritime territories" are in the
plural and the word "line" is singular, and that it is therefore one single
line, ratherthan several,that is contemplated?
In thesame way,Article 9, paragraph 2, of the Arbitration Agreement,
which provides that the Award "shall include the drawing of the boun-
day lineon a map", is fully explicit both with respect to the obligation
implied by the word "shall" and with respect to the concept of theboun-
dary line.
There was therefore no uncertainty surrounding the mission of the
Tribunal as defined by the Arbitration Agreement. It was required, not to
delimit this or that maritime areaappertainingto the Parties respectively,
but to bring about a comprehensive settlement of their dispute by the
determination of their maritime boundary.
Thisisthe mission that the Tribunal hasnot accomplished. Asweknow,
it confined itself to finding that the Franco-Portuguese Agreement of
26 April 1960,concluded prior to the independence of the two litigant

States, "has the force of law" in the relationsbetween them. Byso doing,
theTribunalapplied,to the maritime areas,the principleknown as utipos-
sidetijuris or, inother words, the principle of respect for frontiers inher-
ited from the colonial period. The Tribunal nonetheless specified that
that Agreement related exclusively to the only areas that existed in inter-
national law atthe time of its conclusion and that,as a consequence, only
those areas had beendelimited, i.e.,the territorial sea, the contiguouszone
and the continental shelf. What is more the Award, in its statement of
reasoning, makes the paradoxical suggestion that :"it may be concluded
that the Franco-Portuguese Agreement delimits the continental shelf
betweenthe Parties overthe whole extentofthat maritime space asdefined
at present" (text quoted in paragraph 16of the Judgment).
The vagueness ofthisstatement derives from the words "it may be con-
cluded" and the paradox results from the reference to the continental
shelf as defined at present, i.e., to its definition on the day on which the
Award washanded down,although the Tribunal had accepted, in accord-
ance with the "principles of intertemporal law", that the Agreement of
1960shouldbe interpreted in the light ofthe law in force at the time of its

conclusion. The definition of the extent of the continental shelf did of
course evolve verymarkedlybetween 1960and 1989,because ofthe devel-
opment of the means whereby its resources could be exploited and as a
result of the work done at the Third United Nations Conference on the
Law of the Sea.
However, having made that finding on the applicability of the
1960Award, theTribunal did not pass on the delimitation ofthe exclusive
economiczone, which wasnot covered bythat Agreement, asthat concept
wasnotincorporatedinto international lawuntila later date,in relation to
the work of the Third United Nations Conference onthe Law of the Sea.

Nor didthe Tribunal determine the single maritime boundary delimit-
ing the whole of the maritime areas (including the exclusive economiczone) that appertained to the two States; it did not even sketch out the
process of that determination. Nor did it include in its decision a map
showing the course of the maritime boundary, as it was obliged to do by
virtue ofArticle9, paragraph 2,ofthe Arbitration Agreement. In fact,that
omission was the consequence of the Tribunal's failure to accomplish its
mission with respect to the determination of the maritime boundary. As
that linehad notbeen determined, itwasclearlyimpossible to showit on a
map included in the decision of the Tribunal !There was thus a cumula-
tion of failures by the Tribunal to fulfil its obligations.

Theresult of these failures wasthattheTribunal did not accomplishits
mission. In that regard, the Court has accepted - as 1 said at the very
beginning of this opinion - that "the Award has not brought about a
complete delimitation of the maritime areas appertaining respectively
to Guinea-Bissau and to Senegal".
1tnonetheless appearsthat, because of itsfailure to settlethe dispute in
a complete and above al1comprehensive manner, the Tribunal did not
settle it atil, seeing that it related to the determination of a maritime
boundary, Le.,a single boundary line.The delimitation of certain mari-
time areas by virtue ofthe provisions of the 1960Agreement and by refer-
encetothat Agreement,does not constitute apartial settlementneeding to
be completed bythe delimitation ofother areas and, moreparticularly, by
that of the economiczone - leading, by successive strokes, to a plurality
of lines.Seeingthat thedelimitation ofthe maritime areas appertaining to
each ofthe twoStates wasto lead tothe determination of asinglemaritime

boundary, in accordance with the common will of the Parties, it is clear
that the course ofthatboundary depended upon the taking into consider-
ation of the extent of al1the maritime areas, not just some of them. The
Tribunal had therefore to take account of the delimitation of the econ-
omic zone, to the same extent as that of the other areas, in order to deter-
mine the maritime boundary.
It is as well to point out, in that regard, that the Parties' desire for a
single maritime boundary, as expressed in the Arbitration Agreement,
corresponds to the development of the law and the practice in relation to
delimitation. Professor Weil has pointed out that the Judgment of a
Chamber ofthe Courtin the Delimitation oftheMaritimeBoundaryinthe
GulfofMaine Areacase(Judgment of 12October 1984)made

"a significant contribution to the trend towards a single boundary,
determined bythe application ofthe same 'neutral'criteria ofcoastal
geography and recourse to the same 'neutral' geometric methods"
(Perspectivesdu droit de la délimitation maritime,Pedone, 1988,
p. 135).

Inthe current legalsituation resultingfromthe Court's validation ofthe
Award of 31 July 1989,the boundaries of certain maritime areas are
legally established by virtue of the 1960Agreement and with reference to
it,but the maritime boundary betweenthe two States,asreferred to in the1985Arbitration Agreement,remains undetermined. That uncertainty is
naturally detrimental to good neighbourly relations between the two
States.
In other words, the "elements of the dispute that were not settled"
which feature in the Judgment ofthe Court arethe essence ofthedispute,
itstrue subject. The incomplete settlement ofthe dispute istantamount to
an absence of a settlement. It is a proverbial truth that doing things by
halves isthe same asnot doing them at all.
It is that omission and the corresponding failure of the Tribunal to
accomplishitsjudicial mission, thatshould haveledthe Court tofindthat
the Award was nuIl and void. Byso doing,the Court wouldnot in any way
have acted as a court of appeal in relation to the Tribunal, and would not
havesubjected the Award to a réformationI.twouldnot haveexceededits
jurisdiction as explained in itsJudgment in the case concerning the Arbi-
tralAwardMade by the Kingof Spain on23 December1906,of which the

relevant passage is quoted in paragraph 25of the Court's decision in the
present case. Itwould, on the contrary, have pointed to the derelictions of
the Tribunal, as those derelictions together constituted the "excèsdepou-
voirVeventhoughthat expression, generallyemployed to designate cases
in which a court exceeds itsjurisdiction and, by so doing, decides ultra
petita,is rather inappropriate in the context of this case. It is nonetheless
generally accepted that an excèsdepouvoirmay result both from a situa-
tion in which ajudicial body exceeds its mission and from any failure to
accomplish that mission. However, those terminological considerations
apart, an award which does not achieve the settlement of the dispute
should be found tobe nul1and void, by virtue of a well-establishedjuris-
prudence from which the Judgment of the Court does not depart.
For by saying that

"It has simply to ascertain whether by rendering the disputed
Awardthe Tribunal acted in manifest breach ofthe competence con-
ferred on it by the Arbitration Agreement, either by deciding in
excess of, or by failing to exercise,itsjurisdiction" (para.),

the Court admitsthat an award incompatible with the agreement for the
arbitration should be annulled. However, in the present case, the Court
has found that the Award wascompatible withthe Arbitration Agreement
although inmyopinion,basedupon the reasons 1have given,itisincompat-
ible with it.
Was the Court concerned to preserve the institution of international
arbitration by validating the Award of 31 July 1989,even though that
Awardleavesthe dispute essentially unsettled? Not to encourage States to
contest awardsforno good reason is, of course, a legitimateconcern, and
it isunderstandable that the Court should be affected by it. However, one
may also fear that such an important and respectable institution as arbi-
tration may suffer from ajurisprudence too exclusively inspired by that
concern, leading to the confirmation of awards that are seriouslyflawed.
Ifthe presumption ofvalidity of awards,which isin itselflegitimate,wereeverto assume the character of an irrefutable presumption because ofthe
line of conduct followed by the Court, States - and in particular those
with no more than a limited experience of international procedures -
would, in the absence of any appropriate recourse or safeguard against
excèsdepouvoir or deficiencies of arbitration tribunals, be discouraged
from referring their disputes to those tribunals.
In the present case, the Court displays a very perceptible inclination
towards a very strong and very absolute presumption of validity of
awards. This can be seen from what 1havejust said, and is also apparent

from its reasoning on the interpretation of Article 2 of the Arbitration
Agreement,wherebythe Tribunal's failure to accomplish its mission was
nonetheless found to be compatible with the terms of that Agreement.

1sitatenable view,on the lines ofthe Court's reasoning, thattheTribu-
nal's approach, and accordinglythe incomplete nature of the Award, was
justified by the terms of Article2of the Arbitration Agreement?
Argumentbefore the Court centred on this provision and itwas funda-
mentally on it that the Court based its conclusion that the Award is con-
sistent with that Agreement. It is, on the contrary, my opinion that
Article 2 did not prevent the Tribunal from accomplishing the mission
whichwasits raisond'êtreand the purpose ofitsestablishment, and, there-
fore, from fulfillingthe Tribunal's primary, primordial obligation to per-
form itstask with respect to the determination of the maritime boundary
between the two States.
Thetext of this Article 2,which setsout the questions the Tribunal was
to decide with a viewto a settlement of the dispute, is as follows :

"The Tribunal isrequested to decide in accordance with the noms
of international law onthe followingquestions :

1. Does the Agreement concluded by an exchange of letters on
26April 1960,and which relates to the maritime boundary, havethe
force of law in the relations betweenthe Republic of Guinea-Bissau
and the Republic of Senegal?
2. In theevent ofanegativeanswer tothe firstquestion,what isthe
course of the line delimitingthe maritime territoriesappertaining to
the Republic of Guinea-Bissau and the Republic of Senegal respec-
tively?"

The history of the negotiations that led to this provision has been out-
lined by the Court in support of its opinionthat it was not the Tribunal's
task in anyeventtodelimit the whole ofthe twoStates'maritime areas bya
singleline. 1haveset out above the reasons,based on the provisions ofthe
Arbitration Agreement,forwhich 1feelthat this viewisnot wellfounded;butthe history ofthe negotiations, asoutlined bythe Court, shedslight on
the language of Article 2 and, particularly, the way its two paragraphs
mesh.

Asthe Court has pointed out (paras. 53 etseq.of the Judgment), in the
course ofthe negotiation ofthe Arbitration Agreement,Senegallaid parti-
cular emphasis on the Franco-Portuguese Agreement of 1960,which was
advantageous to it, and wanted the line laid down by this Agreement (a
straight line at40")tobeperpetuated so that itwould constitute the sole

delimitation for al1the maritime areas, present and future, overwhich the
two Stateswould respectively be called upon to exerciseexclusiverights.
Senegal therefore expected that recognition of the validity of the
1960Agreementwould suffice for the complete settlement of the dispute
in such a way that the singlemaritime boundary would be the 240" line.
On the other hand Guinea-Bissau, which considered itself disadvantaged
by the 1960Agreement (which is indeed the case, as is abundantly clear
fromthe most cursoryinspection ofthe map - not produced bythe Tribu-
nal - showing the 240" line) wanted an ex novodelimitation taking
account of the evolution of the law of the sea,particularly as regards the
continental shelfand the exclusiveeconomiczone.However, both Parties
were agreed as to the need fora singleline, although it was not the same
line they had in mind.
Thus, the language of the Arbitration Agreement was, as is often the
case,the result of a compromise (i.e.,an intermediate solution accepted at

the price of mutual concessions). Article 2 set forth two questions, one
reflectingthe wishes of Senegalas tothe applicability of the 1960Agree-
ment and a second one reflecting those ofGuinea-Bissau,whichstrove for
an ex novodelimitation of the boundary line. That the second question
was to be subordinated to the first was nevertheless accepted and made
clear by the phrase "In the event of a negative answer to the first ques-
tion", atthe beginning ofthesecond question. Butboth Partiesconsidered
that in any event the dispute would be completely settled whatever the
reply oftheTribunal to the first question (whether an affirmativereply to
iteffected a complete settlementof the dispute, or a negative one enabled
the Tribunal to deal with the second question). Moreover, both Parties,
Senegal as well as Guinea-Bissau, referred, throughout the proceedings
before the Tribunal,toa singleline and therefore toa global settlement of
the dispute, as can be seen from the final submissions of Senegal formu-
lated at the close of those proceedings. (Annexes to the Memorial of

Guinea-Bissau, Book IV, Part 2, Hearing of 29 March 1988(afternoon),
p. 281.)

But it was not possible to meet the common desire of the Parties by
answering only the first question once the Tribunal, being bound by the
principle of intertemporal law,had held thatthe 1960Agreement applied
to certainareas (territorial sea,contiguouszone and continental shelf)but
not to others and particularly not tothe economiczone. Thus the principleof intertemporal law prevented an affirmativeanswer to thefirstquestion
of Article 2 of the Arbitration Agreement from being sufficient for the
settlement of the dispute.
TheTribunal wasthereforefaced withthe followingalternatives : either
itwouldnot gobeyond a literalinterpretation ofArticle 2,and thus refrain
from answering the second question and hence from determining the
frontier line,therebyfailingto settle the dispute and leavingunperformed
the mission entrusted to it by the Arbitration Agreement; or, on the con-
trary,the Tribunal mightseektointerpret Article2inthe lightofthe object
and purposes oftheArbitration Agreement and, byansweringthesecond
question, perform its jurisdictional mission by determining, in keeping
with that mission, the maritimeboundary between the two States.
It was the former of the two solutionsthat the Tribunal adopted, with-
out taking steps to justify its decision, except implicitly, and without

stating its choice in the operative part ofthe Award. The decisiontaken by
the Tribunal in this connection appears only in the statement of reason-
ing, and the Tribunal's grounds are set out in four lines (paragraph 87of
the Award,quoted in paragraph 17oftheCourt's Judgment). It wasthese
defects, dueno doubt to the chaotic character of proceedings that lasted
four years (1985-1989)and to the very pronounced disagreements that
arose withintheTribunal(and wererevealedbythe declaration ofits Pres-
ident and the dissenting opinion of Mr. Bedjaoui), which prompted the
Court to state that "the structure of the Award is, in that respect,open to
criticism" (para. 41)and that "this reasoning isbrief, and could doubtless
have been developed further", but that the statement of reasoning, while
succinct, "is clear and precise" (para. 43). These expressions were no
doubt carefully chosen, but the Court's Judgment appears tobe, in anum-
ber of respects, a collection of euphemisms :elements of the disputethat
were not settled; award so structured astobe open to criticism;reasoning
that was brief but ...!
However,the reasoning that ledthe Court to declare the Award valid is,
fortunately, more fully worked out than that of the Tribunal. The Court
held that, given the language of Article 2,it wasnot the Tribunal's task to

delimitthe whole ofthe maritimespaces appertaining tothe two States,by
a single line, in any event. The Parties had only "expressed in general
terms inthe Preamble ofthe Arbitration Agreement their desire to reach a
settlement oftheirdispute" but "theirconsentthereto had onlybeen given
in the terms laid down by Article 2" (para. 56).
That provision - Article 2- wasaccordinglythe onlyone inwhich the
will of the Parties had been manifested, since the Preamble was merely
optative and Article 9 was subordinated to Article 2.
As a result, since the comprehensivesettlement of the dispute was not
seen bythe Court asthe primary task ofthe Tribunal,there wasnothing to
stand in the way of a literal interpretation of paragraph 2 of the Arbitra-
tion Agreement and that interpretation was the one most consistent with
the rules ofinterpretation oftreaties. Byanswering the firstquestion inthe
affirmative and deciding,though implicitly, not to answer the second, the ARBITRAL AWARD (DISS. OP. THIERRY) 183

Tribunal had, in the opinion of the Court, in no way failed to exercise
jurisdiction. Moreover,there would have been no need to produce the
map required by Article 9 of the Arbitration Agreement, given the Tribu-
nal's decision not to answer the second question and, in any event, that
omission could not "constitute such an irregularity as would render the

Award invalid" (para. 64).
Thus the Court's conclusions rest essentially on the premise that the
Tribunal was not necessarilyrequired to determine the boundary line.

The reasoning of the Court can be analysed as a syllogism having the
following form :
(1) the Tribunal was not under an obligation to settle the dispute com-

pletely inanyevent;
(2) theTribunal settledthe disputein part;
(3) the Award istherefore valid.
1have, earlierin this opinion, challenged the premise of this syllogism,
showingthat,onthecontrary, itwasclearfrom the Arbitration Agreement
(from its Preamble,from Article 2,fromArticle 9, paragraph 2),and also
from the history of the negotiations that led to the conclusion of this

instrument, as outlined by the Court, as well as from the submissions of
the Parties inthe proceedingsbeforetheTribunal, thatthe common desire
of the Parties was to bring about the delimitation of a single maritime
boundary and that such wasthe essentialtaskthey entrusted to the Tribu-
nal.
Now if,as 1believe isthe case, the premise of the Court's reasoning is
incorrect, it necessarilyfollows thatthe conclusion is alsoincorrect.
But in order to refute the reasoning of the Court fully, it is also neces-
sary to show that the Tribunal could answerthe second question without
committing an excèsdepouvoir - in the more usual meaning ofthe term,
Le.,without exceeding its competence under the Arbitration Agreement.

The Court hasrecalled two fundamental rules of interpretation oftrea-
ties, applicable to the interpretation of the Arbitration Agreement; the
first, known as that "of the ordinary meaning of terms", was formulated,

for example, inthe Court's opinion inthecaseconcerningthe Competence
of theGeneralAssembly for theAdmissionofaStatetotheUnitedNations,in
which the Court made the followingobservations :
"the first duty of a tribunal which is called upon to interpret and
apply the provisions of atreaty, isto endeavour to giveeffecttothem
in their natural and ordinary meaning in the context in which they

occur. If the relevant words in their natural and ordinary meaning
make sense in their context, that is the end of the matter." (Advisory
Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 8, quoted in paragraph 48 of the
present Judgment.)
The second rule is the one requiring the object and the purpose of thetreaty to be taken into account. This rule, often applied by the Permanent
Court of International Justice (Polish Postal Service in Danzig, 1925,
P.C.I.J.,Series B. No. II, p. 39; Znterpretationof the Conventionof 1919
conceming Employmentof Womenduring the Night, 1932,P.C.I.J.,Series
A/B, No.50,p. 373),has been formulated in the following terms :

"Where such amethod ofinterpretation [theonebased onthe ordi-
nary meaning of terms] results in a meaning incompatible with the
spirit, purpose and context of the clause or instrument in which the
words are contained, no reliance can be validly placed on it." (South
West Africa, Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports1962,
p. 336.)

This implies that whenever the result isincompatible withthe object ofthe
agreement (in the present case the Arbitration Agreement) that object
should be taken into account for purposes of interpretation.
Article 31of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which, as
the Court has obsewed, can be regarded as a codification of existing
customary law, provides in this respect that:
"A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the

ordinary meaning to be giventothe terms ofthe treaty intheircontext
andinthelight ofits objectandpurpose."
If,asthe Court States,theTribunal wasnotboundto arrive at acompre-
hensive and complete settlement of the dispute submitted to it, it is con-
ceivable that a Iiteral interpretation of Article 2 would have been appro-
priate, although it would also have been necessary to take account of
the context, that is, of the definition of the dispute in the Preamble and
Article 9.
If,on the other hand, as1maintain, the Tribunal was bound to settlethe

dispute by determining a boundary line, it is clear that the "ordinary
meaning" method led to a result incompatible with the spirit and the
object of the Arbitration Agreement, as well as with the context of
Article 2, since failure to reply to the second question resulted in the
dispute not being settled.
In other words, it was fortheTribunalto takeinto account, inaccord-
ance with the jurisprudence of the Permanent Court of International Jus-
tice and ofthis Court with regard tothe interpretation oftreaties, thespirit
ofthe Arbitration Agreement and above a11itsobject, which wasto ensure
the settlement of thedispute by the determination of aboundary line. The
Tribunal would thus have concluded that the terms of Article 2 only pre-
vented the second question from being answered ifthe answer to the first
one allowed thedisputeto besettled. Asthis wasnot the case,theTribunal
was to answer the second question to the full extent that its answer to the
first one left the dispute virtually unresolved. No excèsdepouvoirwould
have been committed since this interpretation of Article 2 would have
been not only consistent with the provisions of the Arbitration Agreement
but required in the light of its object. Accordingly, in conclusion, theCourt should have held that the Tribunal had not accomplished its task
eventhoughno legalobstacleprevented itfromsodoing, and should have
drawn the appropriate consequences from this shortcoming.

III

In paragraphs 66to 68 of its Judgment, the Court, after observing that
the Award "has not brought about a complete delimitation of the mari-
time areas appertaining respectively to Guinea-Bissau and to Senegal",
took note of the fact that Guinea-Bissau had filed in the Registry of the
Court a second Application requesting the Court to adjudge and declare
"what should be ...the line (to be drawn on a map) delimiting al1the
maritime territories appertaining respectively to Guinea-Bissau and
Senegal". It also took note of the declaration made by the Agent of
Senegal that one solution :

"would betonegotiate with Senegal,whichhas no objection tothis, a
boundary for the exclusiveeconomiczone or,should itproveimpos-
sible to reach an agreement, to bring the matter before the Court".

TheCourt, finally, considered it
"highly desirable that the elements of the dispute that were not
settled by the Arbitral Award of 31July 1989be resolved as soon as
possible,as both Parties desire".

This observation corresponds to the interest of both countriesand one
should associate oneself with it. But it is also necessary to arrive at an
understanding on the meaning of the phrase "the elements of the dispute
that were not settled by the Arbitral Award of 31July 1989".In my opin-
ion, as expressed above, these unsettled elements of the dispute are its
essential part, thatis to say the determination of the maritime boundary
betweenthe two States,delimitingthe whole ofthe maritime areas apper-
tainingrespectively to each ofthem, aboundary whichwillfa11tobedeter-
mined equitably in accordance with the principles and noms of interna-
tional law accepted by Senegal and Guinea-Bissau.

(Signed) Hubert THIERRY.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. THIERRY

Je ne peux pas,a mon grand regret, m'associer a la décisionde la Cour
dans la présente affairerelative la Sentencearbitraledu 31juillet 1989et
je donne icilesraisons de mon dissentimentqui porte essentiellement sur
les conséquencesjuridiques du fait, explicitementreconnu par la Cour,
que cette sentence «n'a pas abouti a une délimitation complète des
espacesmaritimes qui relèventrespectivement de la Guinée-Bissauetdu
Sénégal » (paragraphe 66de l'arrêtde la Cour).

Le différendn'a donc pas été pleinement réglé et laCour fait état des
((éléments du différend nonréglés par la sentence» (par. 68).

Lemanquementseraittoutefoisimputabledavantageaux Partiesqu'au
Tribunal dans la mesure ou selon les termes de l'arrêtce résultattrouve
son origine dans la rédaction retenue à l'article 2 du compromis))
(par. 66).
Ainsi et en dépitde ce ((résultata sentenceest-elledéclaréevalideet
obligatoire pour les Parties, les conclusions de la Guinée-Bissauétant en
conséquencerejetées.
Il m'apparaît au contrair:

que ce que la Cour désignecomme étant«les éléments du différend
non réglés par la sentence» étaitla partieessentielle de celui-ci.Faute
d'avoir régléglobalement le différend quilui était soumisportant sur
la déterminationde lafrontièremaritimeentre le Sénégaletla Guinée-
Bissau le Tribunal a manqué à sa mission juridictionnelle. La preuve
en est que cette frontière maritime n'est toujours pas déterminée.Le
Tribunal n'apasaccompli satâche etc'estcettecarencequiaurait dû, a
monavis,conduirela Cour adéclarerlasentence nulle;

2) que ce manquement n'étaitpas justifié - contrairement à l'argumen-
tation développée par la Cour - par les termes de l'article 2 du
compromis. Cette disposition ne faisait pas obstacle au règlement
global du différend pour autant qu'elle fut interprétée,dans son
contexte et àla lumière du but et de l'objet du compromis,en faisant
application desrèglesdu droitinternational relativesa l'interprétation
des traités qui procèdent de la jurisprudence de la Cour elle-même.
Ainsiledifférendpouvait-il - etdevait-il donc- êtreréglécomplète-
ment etglobalementconformément à lavolontécommunedes Parties,
expriméedans le compromis, et àla finalitéessentiellede l'institution
de l'arbitrage;
3) que les paragraphes 66et 67de l'arrêtde la Cour doivent en revanche DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE THIERRY

[Translation]

To my deep regret 1 am unable to associate myself with the Court's
decision in the present caseconcerningthe ArbitralAwardof31July1989.
1hereby give the reasons for my dissent, which essentially relate to the
legalconsequences ofthe fact,explicitlyrecognizedby theCourt,thatthat
Award: "has not brought about a complete delimitation of the maritime
areas appertaining respectively to Guinea-Bissau and Senegal" (para-
graph 66of the Judgment of the Court).

It followsthatthe disputehasnotbeen fullysettled and the Court notes
that there are "elements of thedispute that werenot settled bythe Arbitral
Award" (para. 68).
The omission isnonetheless seenasascribable to thePartiesrather than
to the Tribunal inasmuch as, according to the Judgment :"that result is
due to the wording of Article 2 of the Arbitration Agreement" (para. 66).

Accordingly, and in spite ofthat "result", the Award isfound tobevalid
and binding forthe Parties and the submissions ofGuinea-Bissauare con-
sequentlyrejected.
It seems to me, on the contrary, that

(1) what the Court refers to as "elements of the dispute that were not
settled bythe. . Award" were infacttheessential part ofthat dispute.
Having failed to bring about a comprehensivesettlement of the dis-
pute submitted to it, relating to the determination of the maritime
boundary between Senegal and Guinea-Bissau, theTribunal failed to
accomplish itsjurisdictional mission - as can be seen from the fact
thatthat maritimeboundary has stillnot beendelimited.The Tribunal
did not do itsjob and it is that failure which should, in my opinion,
haveled theCourt to find theAward tobe nul1and void;
(2) contrary to the line of argument developed by the Court, that failure
was not justified by the terms of Article 2 of the Arbitration Agree-
ment. That provision did not stand in the way of a comprehensive
settlement ofthe dispute provided itwasinterpreted in itscontext and
in the light oftheobject and purpose ofthe Arbitration Agreement,in
application of the rules of international law relatingto the interpreta-
tion of treatiesthat have their origin in thejurisprudence of the Court
itself. Thismeans that the dispute could - and thus should - have
been completely and comprehensively settled in accordance with
the common willof the Parties,as expressed in the Arbitration Agree-
ment,and withtheessential purpose ofthe institution ofarbitration ;
(3) paragraphs 66 and 67 of the Court's Judgment should, on the other être approuvésdans la mesure ou ils ouvrent la voie au nécessaire
règlement du différend, relatif a la détermination de leur frontière
maritime, qui oppose de longue date le Sénégae lt la Guinée-Bissau
maisquidemeureencore jusqu'a présentprivé desolutionéquitable.

Le Tribunal, constituéen vertu du compromis d'arbitrage du 12mars
1985 conclu entre le Sénégal etla Guinée-Bissau, était officiellement
dénommé,comme cela apparaît sur la première page de la sentence:
((Tribunal arbitral pour la détermination de la frontière maritime,
Guinée-Bissau/Sénégal»(en portugais :Tribunalarbitralparaa determi-
naçiïoda fronteira maritima, Guiné-Bissau/Senegal)L . a mission de ce
Tribunal était, comme il en va pour toutes les juridictions, de réglerle
différendqui luiétaitsoumis.L'objetde cedifférend découlaitde ladéno-
mination du Tribunal mais tout autant du préambuledu compromis qui
exprime l'intention etlebut des Parties en vertu desquels cet accord a été

conclu. Ce préambuleporte que :

((LeGouvernement de la Républiquedu Sénégaletle Gouverne-
ment de la Républiquede Guinée-Bissau,

Reconnaissant qu'ils n'ont pu résoudrepar voie de négociation
diplomatique le différendrelatif a la déterminationde leur frontière
maritime,
Désirant,étantdonnéleurs relations amicales, parvenir au règle-
ment de ce différenddans les meilleurs délais, et à cet effet ayant
décidéde recourir à un arbitrage,
Sont convenus de ce qui suit ..))

Ces termes sont parfaitement clairs. Le différend soumisau Tribunal
par les deux Etats était le différend ((relatif a ladétermination de leur
frontière maritime ».(Le terme de ((détermination» a son importance et
n'a pas le même sensque celui de ((délimitation)),plus fréquemment
employédans l'arrêtde la Cour. La déterminations'applique a une ligne
frontièreque l'onneconnaîtpasencore et qui reste à définir.Ladélimita-
tion s'applique àdes espaces connus, dont ils'agitde préciser l'étendue.)

Mais le compromis ne s'est pas bornéà définirainsi le différend, il
formulait des directives quant aux modalités de son règlement par le
Tribunal. S'agissantde la déterminationde la frontièremaritime celle-ci

devait êtreassuréepar la définition d'une «ligne frontière » et doncpar
une ligne unique. L'article2,paragraphe 2, du compromis se réfèreà cet
égarda la lignedélimitantlesterritoires maritimes qui relèvent respecti-
vement de la Républiquede Guinée-Bissau etde la Républiquedu Séné-
gal». hand, be approved,asthey open the waytothe necessary settlement of
the long-standing dispute between Senegal and Guinea-Bissau, for
which there isstillnoequitable solution,relating to the determination
oftheirmaritimeboundary.

The Tribunal, constituted under the Arbitration Agreement between
Senegaland Guinea-Bissau dated 12March 1985,was, ascanbe seenfrom
the first page of the Award, officially entitled in Frenc:Tribunalarbitral
pour la déterminationde la frontièremaritime, Guinée-Bissau/Sénégal
["Arbitration Tribunal for the Determination of the Maritime Boundary :
Guinea-Bissau/Senegal"] (and in Portuguese : Tribunalarbitral para a
detenninaçüodafronteira maritima, Guiné-Bissau/Senegal)T . he mission
of that Tribunal, like every judicial body, was to settle the dispute sub-
mitted to it. The subject of that dispute followed from the name given
totheTribunal,but alsofromthe Préambletothe Arbitration Agreement,
which expressed the intention and the purpose of the Parties, by
virtue of which that Agreement had been reached. That Preamble
Statesthat :

"The Government ofthe Republic of Senegaland the Government
of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau,
Recognizing that they have been unable to settle by means of
diplornatic negotiation the dispute relating to the determination of
their maritime boundary,
Desirous,in view of their friendly relations, to reach a settlement
of that disputeassoonaspossible and, to thatend, having decidedto

resort to arbitration,
Have agreed as follows ..."
These terms are perfectly clear.The dispute submitted to the Tribunal
by the two States was the dispute "relating to the determination of their
maritime boundary". (Theterm "determination" is significant and does

not mean the same thing as "delimitation", which occursmorefrequently
in the Judgment of the Court. The word "determination" applies to a
boundary line that is not yet known and which remains to be defined.
"Delimitation" applies to known areas, whose extent needs to be speci-
fied.)
However, the Arbitration Agreement did not merely define the dispute
in that way; it alsoprovided guidelinesfor the ways in which it wasto be
settled by the Tribunal. In relation to the determination of the maritime
boundary, it was stated that this should be effected by the definition of a
"boundary line", i.e.,by a singleline. Article 2, paragraph 2,of the Arbi-
tration Agreement refers in that regard to: "thelinedelimitingthe mari-
time territories appertaining to the Republic of Guinea-Bissau and the
Republic of Senegalrespectively". Est-ilbesoin de souligner que dans cetexte les ((territoires maritimes »
sont au pluriel et le mot «ligne » au singulier et qu'il s'agitdonc d'une
seule ligne et non pas de plusieurs
De mêmel'article 9, paragraphe 2,du compromis qui porte que la
sentence :«doitcomprendre letracéde la lignefrontièresurune carte» est
tout àfait expliciteaussi bien quanà l'obligation que le mot «doit »im-
plique quequant au concept de ligne frontière.

Ainsi n'y avait-il aucun doute quant à la mission du Tribunal telle
qu'elle était définieparle compromis. LeTribunal était appelé nonpasà

délimitertelle ou telle zonemaritime relevant respectivement des Parties,
mais à fournirune solutionglobale de leurdifférendpar la détermination
de leur frontière maritime.
C'estcette mission que leTribunal n'a pasremplie.Commeon lesait le
Tribunal s'est borné à juger que l'accord franco-portugais du 26 avril
1960,conclu antérieurement àl'indépendance des deux Etats en litige,
«fait droitdans lesrelationsentreeux.Cefaisant leTribunal aappliqué
auxespacesmaritimes leprincipe dit de I'utipossidetisjuris,c'est-à-dire le
principe du respectdesfrontièreshéritéesde la colonisation. LeTribunal
a toutefois préciséque cet accord ne concernait que les seules zones qui
existaient en droit international l'époquede sa conclusion et qu'en
conséquenceseulesceszonesavaient été délimitées,à savoirla mer terri-
toriale, lazonecontiguë et leplateau continental. La sentence suggère,en
outre, de façon paradoxale dans ses motifs, qu'«on peut conclure que
l'accord franco-portugais délimite leplateau continental entre les Parties

dans toute l'étendue de la définition actuelle de cet espace maritime))
(texte citédans l'arrêtde la Courau paragraphe 16).

Le caractère incertain de ces termes procède des mots «on peut
conclure »et leparadoxe résultede la référenceàla définitionactuelledu
plateau continental,c'est-à-diresadéfinitionaujour du prononcé dela
sentence,alors que le Tribunal avait admis selon les ((principesdu droit
intertemporel »que l'accord de 1960devaitêtreinterprétéà la lumièredu
droit en vigueurà l'époquede sa conclusion. On sait que la définition de
l'étenduedu plateau continental abeaucoup évolué entre 1960et 1989en
raison du développement des moyens d'exploiter ses ressources et des
travaux de la troisième conférencedes Nations Unies sur le droit de la
mer.

Mais s'étant ainsi prononcésur I'applicabilitéde l'accord de 1960,le
Tribunal ne s'estpas prononcésur la délimitationde lazoneéconomique
exclusive,non comprise dans cet accord,parce qu'ellen'apris place dans
le droit international que postérieurement à celui-ci, en fonction des
travaux de la troisième conférence des Nations Unies sur le droit de la
mer.
Pas davantage, le Tribunal n'a-t-il déterminé la frontière maritime
unique délimitant l'ensemble des espaces maritimes, y compris la zone Need one stress that, in this text, the "maritime territories" are in the
plural and the word "line" is singular, and that it is therefore one single
line, ratherthan several,that is contemplated?
In thesame way,Article 9, paragraph 2, of the Arbitration Agreement,
which provides that the Award "shall include the drawing of the boun-
day lineon a map", is fully explicit both with respect to the obligation
implied by the word "shall" and with respect to the concept of theboun-
dary line.
There was therefore no uncertainty surrounding the mission of the
Tribunal as defined by the Arbitration Agreement. It was required, not to
delimit this or that maritime areaappertainingto the Parties respectively,
but to bring about a comprehensive settlement of their dispute by the
determination of their maritime boundary.
Thisisthe mission that the Tribunal hasnot accomplished. Asweknow,
it confined itself to finding that the Franco-Portuguese Agreement of
26 April 1960,concluded prior to the independence of the two litigant

States, "has the force of law" in the relationsbetween them. Byso doing,
theTribunalapplied,to the maritime areas,the principleknown as utipos-
sidetijuris or, inother words, the principle of respect for frontiers inher-
ited from the colonial period. The Tribunal nonetheless specified that
that Agreement related exclusively to the only areas that existed in inter-
national law atthe time of its conclusion and that,as a consequence, only
those areas had beendelimited, i.e.,the territorial sea, the contiguouszone
and the continental shelf. What is more the Award, in its statement of
reasoning, makes the paradoxical suggestion that :"it may be concluded
that the Franco-Portuguese Agreement delimits the continental shelf
betweenthe Parties overthe whole extentofthat maritime space asdefined
at present" (text quoted in paragraph 16of the Judgment).
The vagueness ofthisstatement derives from the words "it may be con-
cluded" and the paradox results from the reference to the continental
shelf as defined at present, i.e., to its definition on the day on which the
Award washanded down,although the Tribunal had accepted, in accord-
ance with the "principles of intertemporal law", that the Agreement of
1960shouldbe interpreted in the light ofthe law in force at the time of its

conclusion. The definition of the extent of the continental shelf did of
course evolve verymarkedlybetween 1960and 1989,because ofthe devel-
opment of the means whereby its resources could be exploited and as a
result of the work done at the Third United Nations Conference on the
Law of the Sea.
However, having made that finding on the applicability of the
1960Award, theTribunal did not pass on the delimitation ofthe exclusive
economiczone, which wasnot covered bythat Agreement, asthat concept
wasnotincorporatedinto international lawuntila later date,in relation to
the work of the Third United Nations Conference onthe Law of the Sea.

Nor didthe Tribunal determine the single maritime boundary delimit-
ing the whole of the maritime areas (including the exclusive economicéconomique exclusive, relevant des deux Etats ni même esquissé le
processus de cette détermination.Pas davantageenfin leTribunal n'a-t-il
compris dans sa décisionune carte figurant le tracéde la frontièremari-
time, comme il en avait l'obligation en vertu de l'article 9, paragraphe 2,
du compromis. De fait, cette omission était la conséquencedu manque-
ment du Tribunal a sa mission quant àla déterminationde la ligne fron-
tière.Faute que cette ligne ait étédéterminée,il n'étaitévidemment pas
possible de la faire figurer sur une carte comprise dans la décisiondu
Tribunal! Ainsi les manquements du Tribunal à ses obligations ont-ils
revêtuun caractère cumulatif.
Du fait de ces manquements le Tribunal n'a pas rempli sa mission. La
Cour a admis, à cet égard, commeje l'ai indiqué dèsle débutde cette

opinion, que «la sentence n'apas abouti àune délimitation complètedes
espaces maritimes qui relèvent respectivement de la Guinée-Bissau etdu
Sénégal ».
11apparaît néanmoinsque faute d'avoir réglé ld eifférend complète-
mentmaissurtout globalement, leTribunal nel'apasréglé du toutdèslors
qu'il portait sur la détermination d'une frontière maritime, c'est-à-dire
d'une ligne frontière unique. La délimitation de certaines zones mari-
times, en vertu des dispositions de l'accord de 1960et par référence à
celles-ci,ne constitue pas un règlementpartiel appelà êtrecomplété par
la délimitation d'autres zones etparticulièrementde lazone économique,
aboutissant, par touches successives, une pluralitéde lignes.Dèslorsen
effet que la délimitation des espaces maritimes relevant de chacun des
deux Etats devait conduire a la détermination d'une frontière maritime
unique, conformément àlavolontécommunedes Parties, ilestclairque le

tracéde cettefrontièredépendaitde laprise enconsidérationde l'étendue
de toutes les zones maritimes et non pas seulement de certaines d'entre
elles.Ainsi,leTribunal devait-iltenir compte de ladélimitationde lazone
économiqueautantque de celle des autres espaces afin de déterminer la
frontièremaritime.
Il n'estpas inutile de remarqueà,cet égard,que lavolonté desParties
exprimée dans le compromis de bénéficier d'une frontière maritime
unique correspond à l'évolutiondu droit et de la pratique en matière de
délimitation.M.Weila notéa ce sujet que l'arrêtrendu par une chambre
de la Cour dans l'affairede laélimitationdelafrontièremaritimedansla
régiondugolfedu Maine (arrêtdu 12octobre 1984)apporte

une contribution précieuse àl'évolution versune frontièreunique
déterminéepar l'application des mêmescritères ((neutres » de la
géographie côtière et le recoursaux mêmesméthodes«neutres )>de
caractèregéométrique »(Perspectivesdudroitde ladélimitationmari-
time,Pedone, 1988,p. 135).

Dans la situationjuridique actuelle résultant de la validation par la
Courde la sentence du 3 1juillet 1989,les limitesde certaines zones mari-
times sontjuridiquement établiesen vertude l'accord de 1960et par réfé-
rence a celui-ci mais la frontièremaritime entre les deux Etats, a laquellezone) that appertained to the two States; it did not even sketch out the
process of that determination. Nor did it include in its decision a map
showing the course of the maritime boundary, as it was obliged to do by
virtue ofArticle9, paragraph 2,ofthe Arbitration Agreement. In fact,that
omission was the consequence of the Tribunal's failure to accomplish its
mission with respect to the determination of the maritime boundary. As
that linehad notbeen determined, itwasclearlyimpossible to showit on a
map included in the decision of the Tribunal !There was thus a cumula-
tion of failures by the Tribunal to fulfil its obligations.

Theresult of these failures wasthattheTribunal did not accomplishits
mission. In that regard, the Court has accepted - as 1 said at the very
beginning of this opinion - that "the Award has not brought about a
complete delimitation of the maritime areas appertaining respectively
to Guinea-Bissau and to Senegal".
1tnonetheless appearsthat, because of itsfailure to settlethe dispute in
a complete and above al1comprehensive manner, the Tribunal did not
settle it atil, seeing that it related to the determination of a maritime
boundary, Le.,a single boundary line.The delimitation of certain mari-
time areas by virtue ofthe provisions of the 1960Agreement and by refer-
encetothat Agreement,does not constitute apartial settlementneeding to
be completed bythe delimitation ofother areas and, moreparticularly, by
that of the economiczone - leading, by successive strokes, to a plurality
of lines.Seeingthat thedelimitation ofthe maritime areas appertaining to
each ofthe twoStates wasto lead tothe determination of asinglemaritime

boundary, in accordance with the common will of the Parties, it is clear
that the course ofthatboundary depended upon the taking into consider-
ation of the extent of al1the maritime areas, not just some of them. The
Tribunal had therefore to take account of the delimitation of the econ-
omic zone, to the same extent as that of the other areas, in order to deter-
mine the maritime boundary.
It is as well to point out, in that regard, that the Parties' desire for a
single maritime boundary, as expressed in the Arbitration Agreement,
corresponds to the development of the law and the practice in relation to
delimitation. Professor Weil has pointed out that the Judgment of a
Chamber ofthe Courtin the Delimitation oftheMaritimeBoundaryinthe
GulfofMaine Areacase(Judgment of 12October 1984)made

"a significant contribution to the trend towards a single boundary,
determined bythe application ofthe same 'neutral'criteria ofcoastal
geography and recourse to the same 'neutral' geometric methods"
(Perspectivesdu droit de la délimitation maritime,Pedone, 1988,
p. 135).

Inthe current legalsituation resultingfromthe Court's validation ofthe
Award of 31 July 1989,the boundaries of certain maritime areas are
legally established by virtue of the 1960Agreement and with reference to
it,but the maritime boundary betweenthe two States,asreferred to in the 179 SENTENCEARBITRALE(OP. DISS. THIERRY)

le compromis de 1985se réfère,demeure indéterminée.Cetteincertitude
est naturellement préjudiciable aux bonnes relations de voisinage entre
les deux Etats.
C'est dire que les ((élémentsnonréglés du différend»,dont la Cour a
fait état,sont l'essentiel, son objet véritable. Le règlement incomplet du
différendéquivaut àl'absencede règlement.Leproverbedit vrai quefaire
les choses àmoitién'est pas les faire du tout.

C'est cette absence, et parà mêmele manquement du Tribunal à sa
mission juridictionnelle, qui aurait dû conduire la Cour a déclarer la

sentence nulle. Ce faisant la Cour n'aurait, en aucune façon, agi comme
une cour d'appel a l'égarddu Tribunal. Elle n'aurait pas réforméla
sentence. Elle n'aurait pas outrepassé sa compétence enla matièretelle
qu'elle a étépréciséedans son arrêtdans l'affaire de laentencearbitrale
renduepar leroid'Espagnele 23décembre 1906, dont le passage pertinent
estcitéau paragraphe 25deladécisionde laCour dans laprésenteaffaire.
La Cour aurait en revanche constaté la défaillancedu Tribunal; cette
défaillance étant constitutive de ((l'excèsde pouvoir)) bien que cette
expression,généralementemployéepour désignerles casoù unejuridic-
tion va au-delà de sa compétence et statue ainsi ultra petita, soit, en
l'occurrence, peu adéquate. Il est toutefois généralement admis que
l'excèsdepouvoirpeutrésulteraussi bien dudépassementpar untribunal
de samission quedu manquement à celle-ci.Mais quoiqu'il ensoit de ces
considérations terminologiques, une sentence qui n'assure pas le règle-
ment du litige doit être considéréceomme nulle en vertu d'une jurispru-

dence bien établiedont l'arrêt de laCour ne s'écarte pas.

En disanten effet qu'elle doit
((seulementrechercher sileTribunal, en rendant la sentencecontes-
tée,amanifestementméconnulacompétencequiluiavaitétédonnée
par lecompromis,enoutrepassant sacompétenceouennel'exerçant
pas »(par.47),

la Cour admet qu'une sentenceincompatible avecle compromisdoit être
annulée.En l'occurrence toutefois, la Cour a jugéque la sentence était
compatible avec le compromis alors que, selon mon opinion fondée sur
les raisons ci-dessus exprimées,elle est incompatible avec celui-ci.

LaCour a-t-elleeulesouci de préserverl'institution de l'arbitrageinter-
national, en validant la sentencedu31juillet 1989bien que celle-cilaisse

pour l'essentiel le différend sanssolution? Le souci de ne pas inciter les
Etats à contester abusivement les sentences est certes légitime et l'on
conçoit que la Cour en soitpréoccupée.Mais on peut redouter également
que l'institution si importante et respectable de l'arbitrage ne souffre
d'unejurisprudence trop exclusivement inspiréepar cesouci,aboutissant
à la confirmation de sentencesgravementdéfectueuses. S'ilapparaissait
en effet que la présomptionde validité des sentences,qui est en soilégi-1985Arbitration Agreement,remains undetermined. That uncertainty is
naturally detrimental to good neighbourly relations between the two
States.
In other words, the "elements of the dispute that were not settled"
which feature in the Judgment ofthe Court arethe essence ofthedispute,
itstrue subject. The incomplete settlement ofthe dispute istantamount to
an absence of a settlement. It is a proverbial truth that doing things by
halves isthe same asnot doing them at all.
It is that omission and the corresponding failure of the Tribunal to
accomplishitsjudicial mission, thatshould haveledthe Court tofindthat
the Award was nuIl and void. Byso doing,the Court wouldnot in any way
have acted as a court of appeal in relation to the Tribunal, and would not
havesubjected the Award to a réformationI.twouldnot haveexceededits
jurisdiction as explained in itsJudgment in the case concerning the Arbi-
tralAwardMade by the Kingof Spain on23 December1906,of which the

relevant passage is quoted in paragraph 25of the Court's decision in the
present case. Itwould, on the contrary, have pointed to the derelictions of
the Tribunal, as those derelictions together constituted the "excèsdepou-
voirVeventhoughthat expression, generallyemployed to designate cases
in which a court exceeds itsjurisdiction and, by so doing, decides ultra
petita,is rather inappropriate in the context of this case. It is nonetheless
generally accepted that an excèsdepouvoirmay result both from a situa-
tion in which ajudicial body exceeds its mission and from any failure to
accomplish that mission. However, those terminological considerations
apart, an award which does not achieve the settlement of the dispute
should be found tobe nul1and void, by virtue of a well-establishedjuris-
prudence from which the Judgment of the Court does not depart.
For by saying that

"It has simply to ascertain whether by rendering the disputed
Awardthe Tribunal acted in manifest breach ofthe competence con-
ferred on it by the Arbitration Agreement, either by deciding in
excess of, or by failing to exercise,itsjurisdiction" (para.),

the Court admitsthat an award incompatible with the agreement for the
arbitration should be annulled. However, in the present case, the Court
has found that the Award wascompatible withthe Arbitration Agreement
although inmyopinion,basedupon the reasons 1have given,itisincompat-
ible with it.
Was the Court concerned to preserve the institution of international
arbitration by validating the Award of 31 July 1989,even though that
Awardleavesthe dispute essentially unsettled? Not to encourage States to
contest awardsforno good reason is, of course, a legitimateconcern, and
it isunderstandable that the Court should be affected by it. However, one
may also fear that such an important and respectable institution as arbi-
tration may suffer from ajurisprudence too exclusively inspired by that
concern, leading to the confirmation of awards that are seriouslyflawed.
Ifthe presumption ofvalidity of awards,which isin itselflegitimate,weretime,revêtait,en fait, en raison de la ligne de conduite suiviepar la Cour,
le caractèred'une présomption irréfragable,les Etats, et particulièrement
ceux qui n'ont qu'une faible expérience des procédures internationales,
seraient, en l'absencedetout recoursutile, detoutegarantiecontre l'excès
de pouvoir ou la carencedesjuridictions arbitrales,découragés de porter
les différendsdevant cesjuridictions.
La Cour manifestedans la présente affaireuneinclinationtrèssensible
dans le sensd'une présomption très forte,trèsabsoluequant à la validité
des sentences. C'est cequi résultede ce qui a étéexposé ci-dessusmais
aussi de son raisonnement quant à l'interprétation de l'article 2 du
compromis,par lequel lemanquementduTribunal à sa mission a étjugé
néanmoins compatibleavec lestermes du compromis.

Peut-on admettre, en suivant le raisonnement de la Cour, que la
démarchedu Tribunal, etdonc lecaractèreincomplet de la sentence,était
justifiée parlestermes de l'articledu compromis?

C'est autour de cettedisposition que les débats devant la Cour ont été
principalement ordonnés et c'estessentiellementsurcettedispositionque
la Cour s'estappuyéeafinde conclureque lasentence estcompatible avec
lecompromis. A mon avis,au contraire,l'article 2ne faisait pas obstaàle
I'accomplissementpar leTribunal delamissionqui étaitsaraisond'être et
pour laquelle ilavait ététabli,et donc de l'obligationprioritaire, primor-
diale, de mener à bien sa tâche quant àla détermination de la frontière
maritime entre les deux Etats.
Le texte de cet article2, qui formule les questions sur lesquelles le
Tribunal était appelé àstatuer en vue du règlementdu différend,est le
suivant :

«Il estdemandéauTribunal de statuerconformémentaux normes
du droit international sur les questionssuivantes
1. L'accord conclu par un échange de lettres, le 26 avril 1960,et
relatif la frontière en mer, fait-il droit dans les relations entre la

Républiquede Guinée-Bissauet la République du Sénégal?

2. En cas de réponsenégative à la première question, quel est le
tracé de la ligne délimitant les territoires maritimes qui relèvent
respectivement de la République de Guinée-Bissauet de la Répu-
blique du Sénégal? »
L'histoire des négociationsdont cettedisposition est issue a rappe-

léepar la Cour àl'appui desonopinion, selonlaquelle leTribunal n'avait
pas pour tâche, en tout étatde cause, de délimiterl'ensembledesespaces
maritimes relevant respectivement des deux Etats par une ligne unique.
J'ai exposé ci-dessusles raisons, tiréesdes dispositions du compromis,everto assume the character of an irrefutable presumption because ofthe
line of conduct followed by the Court, States - and in particular those
with no more than a limited experience of international procedures -
would, in the absence of any appropriate recourse or safeguard against
excèsdepouvoir or deficiencies of arbitration tribunals, be discouraged
from referring their disputes to those tribunals.
In the present case, the Court displays a very perceptible inclination
towards a very strong and very absolute presumption of validity of
awards. This can be seen from what 1havejust said, and is also apparent

from its reasoning on the interpretation of Article 2 of the Arbitration
Agreement,wherebythe Tribunal's failure to accomplish its mission was
nonetheless found to be compatible with the terms of that Agreement.

1sitatenable view,on the lines ofthe Court's reasoning, thattheTribu-
nal's approach, and accordinglythe incomplete nature of the Award, was
justified by the terms of Article2of the Arbitration Agreement?
Argumentbefore the Court centred on this provision and itwas funda-
mentally on it that the Court based its conclusion that the Award is con-
sistent with that Agreement. It is, on the contrary, my opinion that
Article 2 did not prevent the Tribunal from accomplishing the mission
whichwasits raisond'êtreand the purpose ofitsestablishment, and, there-
fore, from fulfillingthe Tribunal's primary, primordial obligation to per-
form itstask with respect to the determination of the maritime boundary
between the two States.
Thetext of this Article 2,which setsout the questions the Tribunal was
to decide with a viewto a settlement of the dispute, is as follows :

"The Tribunal isrequested to decide in accordance with the noms
of international law onthe followingquestions :

1. Does the Agreement concluded by an exchange of letters on
26April 1960,and which relates to the maritime boundary, havethe
force of law in the relations betweenthe Republic of Guinea-Bissau
and the Republic of Senegal?
2. In theevent ofanegativeanswer tothe firstquestion,what isthe
course of the line delimitingthe maritime territoriesappertaining to
the Republic of Guinea-Bissau and the Republic of Senegal respec-
tively?"

The history of the negotiations that led to this provision has been out-
lined by the Court in support of its opinionthat it was not the Tribunal's
task in anyeventtodelimit the whole ofthe twoStates'maritime areas bya
singleline. 1haveset out above the reasons,based on the provisions ofthe
Arbitration Agreement,forwhich 1feelthat this viewisnot wellfounded;pour lesquellescette opinion ne me paraît pas fondée,mais l'historique
des négociationstel qu'il a étémis en valeur par la Cour est en revanche
éclairantquant à larédactionde l'article2etparticulièrement àl'articula-
tion des deux paragraphes qu'il comporte.
Comme la Cour l'arappelé (arrêt,par. 53et suiv.)le Sénégala,u cours
de la négociation du compromis, mettait l'accent sur l'accord franco-
portugais de 1960dont iltirait avantage et souhaitaitque la lignedétermi-
néepar cet accord (ligne droite de240") soitpérenniséeet serve donc de
délimitationunique pourtous lesespacesmaritimesprésents etfuturssur
lesquels les deux Etats seraient respectivement appelés à exercer des
droits exclusifs.Le Sénégasl'attendait donà ceque lareconnaissance de
la validitéde l'accord de 1960suffiseàréglerle différend complètement

de telle façon que la frontière maritime unique soit la ligne des".La
Guinée-Bissau,au contraire, qui se considéraitcomme étant désavanta-
géepar l'accord de 1960(et qui l'esteffectivementcomme cela apparaît à
l'évidencepour peu que l'onregarde lacarte figurant lalignedes 240°,qui
n'a pas été produitepar le Tribunal), souhaitait qu'il soit procédéne
délimitation exnovocomptetenu de l'évolutiondu droit de la mer, parti-
culièrementquant au plateau continental et àla zoneéconomiqueexclu-
sive.Mais lesdeux Partiesétaientainsienaccordquant à l'exigenced'une
ligneunique, bien que cenefût pas lamêmequi étaitsouhaitéeparl'une et
par l'autre.
Aussi, la rédaction de l'accord d'arbitrage a-t-elle été,comme c'est
souvent le cas, le fruit d'un compromis (au sens, ici,de solution moyenne
acceptéeau prix de concessions mutuelles). L'article 2 a comporté deux
questions,l'une correspondant aux vŒuxdu Sénégaslur l'applicabilitéde
l'accord de 1960etla seconde àceux de la Guinée-Bissaudemandant que

soittracéeexnovoune lignefrontière. Une relation de subordination de la
secondequestion à lapremièrefuttoutefoisacceptéeetmanifestéeparles
termes : Encasde réponsenégative à lapremièrequestion »,par lesquels
le libelléde la seconde question débute. Mais les deux Parties considé-
raient qu'en tout étatde cause le différend serait pleinement réquelle
que fût la réponse donnée par le Tribunal à la première question (soit
qu'une réponsepositive à celle-ci assure le règlementcomplet du diffé-
rend, soit qu'une réponse négativepermette d'aborder la seconde ques-
tion). Au surplus, lesdeuxParties, leSénégalutant que laGuinée-Bissau,
se sont constamment référéesa,u cours de la procédure devant le Tri-
bunal, à une ligne unique et donc, au règlement global du différend,
comme cela apparaît au demeurant dans les conclusions finalesdu Séné-
gal au terme de cette procédure (annexes au mémoire de la Guinée-
Bissau,livre IV,deuxièmepartie, audience du 29mars 1988,après-midi,
p. 281).

Mais la volontécommunedes Parties ne pouvaitpas êtrerespectéepar
la seuleréponse à la premièrequestion, dèslors que leTribunal, tenu par
le principe du droit intertemporel, a estiméque l'accord de 1960s'appli-
quait àcertaines zones (merterritoriale, zonecontiguë,plateau continen-
tal) mais pas à d'autres et particulièrement pasà la zone économique.butthe history ofthe negotiations, asoutlined bythe Court, shedslight on
the language of Article 2 and, particularly, the way its two paragraphs
mesh.

Asthe Court has pointed out (paras. 53 etseq.of the Judgment), in the
course ofthe negotiation ofthe Arbitration Agreement,Senegallaid parti-
cular emphasis on the Franco-Portuguese Agreement of 1960,which was
advantageous to it, and wanted the line laid down by this Agreement (a
straight line at40")tobeperpetuated so that itwould constitute the sole

delimitation for al1the maritime areas, present and future, overwhich the
two Stateswould respectively be called upon to exerciseexclusiverights.
Senegal therefore expected that recognition of the validity of the
1960Agreementwould suffice for the complete settlement of the dispute
in such a way that the singlemaritime boundary would be the 240" line.
On the other hand Guinea-Bissau, which considered itself disadvantaged
by the 1960Agreement (which is indeed the case, as is abundantly clear
fromthe most cursoryinspection ofthe map - not produced bythe Tribu-
nal - showing the 240" line) wanted an ex novodelimitation taking
account of the evolution of the law of the sea,particularly as regards the
continental shelfand the exclusiveeconomiczone.However, both Parties
were agreed as to the need fora singleline, although it was not the same
line they had in mind.
Thus, the language of the Arbitration Agreement was, as is often the
case,the result of a compromise (i.e.,an intermediate solution accepted at

the price of mutual concessions). Article 2 set forth two questions, one
reflectingthe wishes of Senegalas tothe applicability of the 1960Agree-
ment and a second one reflecting those ofGuinea-Bissau,whichstrove for
an ex novodelimitation of the boundary line. That the second question
was to be subordinated to the first was nevertheless accepted and made
clear by the phrase "In the event of a negative answer to the first ques-
tion", atthe beginning ofthesecond question. Butboth Partiesconsidered
that in any event the dispute would be completely settled whatever the
reply oftheTribunal to the first question (whether an affirmativereply to
iteffected a complete settlementof the dispute, or a negative one enabled
the Tribunal to deal with the second question). Moreover, both Parties,
Senegal as well as Guinea-Bissau, referred, throughout the proceedings
before the Tribunal,toa singleline and therefore toa global settlement of
the dispute, as can be seen from the final submissions of Senegal formu-
lated at the close of those proceedings. (Annexes to the Memorial of

Guinea-Bissau, Book IV, Part 2, Hearing of 29 March 1988(afternoon),
p. 281.)

But it was not possible to meet the common desire of the Parties by
answering only the first question once the Tribunal, being bound by the
principle of intertemporal law,had held thatthe 1960Agreement applied
to certainareas (territorial sea,contiguouszone and continental shelf)but
not to others and particularly not tothe economiczone. Thus the principleAinsileprincipe du droitintertemporelinterdisait-ilqu'une réponseposi-
tiveà lapremièrequestionformuléepar l'article2du compromissuffise à
assurer le règlementdu différend.
Le Tribunal a donc été placé devanlte choix suivant. Ou bien il s'en
tenaità une interprétation littéraledel'article 2qui le conduisaàne pas
répondre àla seconde question et donc à ne pas déterminerla ligne fron-
tièreet àne pas réglerle différenden renonçant ainsi à la mission qui lui
était impartiepar le compromis. Ou bien, au contraire, leTribunal s'atta-
chait àinterpréter l'articleàla lumièredesbuts et de l'objetdu compro-

mis et,répondant àla seconde question,menait àbien sa missionjuridic-
tionnelle en déterminant conformément à celle-ci la frontière maritime
entre les deux Etats.
C'est lapremièrede cesdeuxsolutionsqui a été adoptéeparleTribunal
sans qu'il ait pris soin de lajustifier autrement que de façon implicite et
sans énoncer ce choix dans le dispositif de la sentence. La décisiondu
Tribunal àce sujet figure seulement dans les motifs de la sentence et est
motivéeen quatre lignes (paragraphe 87 de la sentence citéau para-
graphe 17de l'arrêtde la Cour). Ce sont ces malfaçons,imputables sans
doute au caractère chaotique de la procédure étaléesur quatre années
(1985-1989)et aux divergences de vues très accuséesau sein du Tribunal

(révéléepsar ladéclaration de sonprésidentetpar l'opinion dissidente de
M. Bedjaoui),qui ont fait direà la Cour que :((lasentence est de cepoint
de vue construite d'une manière qui pourrait donner prise à la critique »
(par. 41)ou encoreque «la motivationainsiretenue estbrève etaurait pu
être plus développée » mais que ((bien que ramassée» elle est ((claire et
précise»(par. 43).Cesexpressionsontété, à n'enpas douter, choisiesavec
soin mais l'arrêtde la Cour apparaît ainsi, bien des égards,comme une
anthologie de l'euphémisme :éléments du différend non réglés;sentence
construite d'une manière qui pourrait donner prise à la critique; motiva-
tion, bien que ramassée..!
Mais le raisonnement de la Cour afin de parvenir à la validation de la
sentence est heureusementplus élaboré quecelui du Tribunal. La Coura

estiméqu'en raison des termes de l'article2 le Tribunal n'avait pas pour
tâche,entout étatde cause, de délimiterl'ensembledesespacesmaritimes
relevant des deux Etats par une ligne unique. Les Parties auraient seule-
ment (exprimé de manière générale, dansle préambule du compromis,
leurdésirdeparvenir à un règlementde leurdifférend »,mais n'yauraient
consentique dans lestermes prévus à l'article 2»(par. 56).
Ainsicettedisposition - l'article2- eût-elleétélaseulepar laquellela
volonté des Parties se serait manifestée,le préambule étantde l'ordre du
désiret I'article9 étantsubordonné à l'article 2.
En conséquence,le règlementglobal du différend n'étant pas, selonla
Cour, la tâche prioritaire du Tribunal, l'interprétation littérale dupara-
graphe 2 du compromis ne se heurtait à aucun obstacle et était la plus

conformeaux règlesde l'interprétationdestraités.Enrépondantpositive-
ment à lapremièrequestion etendécidant,fût-cede façonimplicite, de ne
pas répondre à la seconde, le Tribunal n'aurait, selon la Cour, commisof intertemporal law prevented an affirmativeanswer to thefirstquestion
of Article 2 of the Arbitration Agreement from being sufficient for the
settlement of the dispute.
TheTribunal wasthereforefaced withthe followingalternatives : either
itwouldnot gobeyond a literalinterpretation ofArticle 2,and thus refrain
from answering the second question and hence from determining the
frontier line,therebyfailingto settle the dispute and leavingunperformed
the mission entrusted to it by the Arbitration Agreement; or, on the con-
trary,the Tribunal mightseektointerpret Article2inthe lightofthe object
and purposes oftheArbitration Agreement and, byansweringthesecond
question, perform its jurisdictional mission by determining, in keeping
with that mission, the maritimeboundary between the two States.
It was the former of the two solutionsthat the Tribunal adopted, with-
out taking steps to justify its decision, except implicitly, and without

stating its choice in the operative part ofthe Award. The decisiontaken by
the Tribunal in this connection appears only in the statement of reason-
ing, and the Tribunal's grounds are set out in four lines (paragraph 87of
the Award,quoted in paragraph 17oftheCourt's Judgment). It wasthese
defects, dueno doubt to the chaotic character of proceedings that lasted
four years (1985-1989)and to the very pronounced disagreements that
arose withintheTribunal(and wererevealedbythe declaration ofits Pres-
ident and the dissenting opinion of Mr. Bedjaoui), which prompted the
Court to state that "the structure of the Award is, in that respect,open to
criticism" (para. 41)and that "this reasoning isbrief, and could doubtless
have been developed further", but that the statement of reasoning, while
succinct, "is clear and precise" (para. 43). These expressions were no
doubt carefully chosen, but the Court's Judgment appears tobe, in anum-
ber of respects, a collection of euphemisms :elements of the disputethat
were not settled; award so structured astobe open to criticism;reasoning
that was brief but ...!
However,the reasoning that ledthe Court to declare the Award valid is,
fortunately, more fully worked out than that of the Tribunal. The Court
held that, given the language of Article 2,it wasnot the Tribunal's task to

delimitthe whole ofthe maritimespaces appertaining tothe two States,by
a single line, in any event. The Parties had only "expressed in general
terms inthe Preamble ofthe Arbitration Agreement their desire to reach a
settlement oftheirdispute" but "theirconsentthereto had onlybeen given
in the terms laid down by Article 2" (para. 56).
That provision - Article 2- wasaccordinglythe onlyone inwhich the
will of the Parties had been manifested, since the Preamble was merely
optative and Article 9 was subordinated to Article 2.
As a result, since the comprehensivesettlement of the dispute was not
seen bythe Court asthe primary task ofthe Tribunal,there wasnothing to
stand in the way of a literal interpretation of paragraph 2 of the Arbitra-
tion Agreement and that interpretation was the one most consistent with
the rules ofinterpretation oftreaties. Byanswering the firstquestion inthe
affirmative and deciding,though implicitly, not to answer the second, the183 SENTENCE ARBITRALE (OP. DISSTHIERRY)

aucune omission de statuer. En outre la production de la carte exigéepar
l'articledu compromis eût étéinutileenconséquence du choix dene pas
répondre à la seconde question et cette omission, en tout étatde cause,
«ne saurait constituer dans les circonstances de l'espèce une irrégularité
de nature à entacher la sentencearbitrale d'invalidi»é(par. 64).

Ainsi les conclusions de la Cour reposent-ellesessentiellement sur la
prémisseselon laquelle le Tribunal n'étaitpas nécessairement tenu de
déterminer laligne frontière.

Le raisonnement de la Cour peut être analysécomme un syllogisme
correspondant au schémasuivant :
1) le Tribunal n'étaitpas tenu entout état de cause de réglerle différend
complètement;
2) leTribunal aréglé ledifférendpartiellement;

3) donc la sentence estvalide.
C'est la prémissede ce syllogisme que j'ai, ci-dessus, contestée en
montrant qu'il résultait,au contraire, clairement du compromis (de son
préambule,de l'article 2, du paragraphe 2 de l'articl9),et aussibien de
l'histoire des négociationsde cet instrument telle qu'elle a étérapportée
par la Cour ou encore des conclusions des Parties lors de la procédure

devant leTribunal, que lavolontécommunedesPartiesétaitdeparvenir à
la détermination d'une frontière maritime unique et que telle était la
mission essentielle confiéeau Tribunal.

Or si, comme je le pense, la prémissedu raisonnement de la Cour est
inexacte,la conclusion l'estégalementpar voie de conséquence.
Maispour que leraisonnement de laCour soitpleinementréfuté,ilfaut
encore montrer que le Tribunal pouvait répondre à la seconde question
sans commettreun «excès de pouvoir »,cette fois au sens leplus habituel
de cetteexpression,c'est-à-direen n'allant pas au-delà de sa compétence
aux termes du compromis.

La Cour a rappelé deux règlesfondamentales de I'interprétation des
traités, applicablesà I'interprétation du compromis: la première dite
«règle du sens ordinaire des mots » a été formulée par exemple dans
l'affaire de laCompétencede IAssembléegénérale pour l'admissiond'un
Etat aux Nations Uniesdans lestermes suivants citéspar la Cour:

«le premier devoir d'un tribunal, appeléà interpréteretà appliquer
les dispositions d'un traité,est de s'efforcer de donner effet, selon
leur sens naturel et ordinaire,à ces dispositions prises dans leur
contexte.Silesmotspertinents,lorsqu'on leurattribue leursignifica-
tion naturelle et ordinaire, ont un sens dans leur contexte, l'examen
doit s'arrêter là.(Avis consultatiJ;C.Z.J.Recueil1950,p. 8, cité au
paragraphe 48 du présent arrêt.)

La seconde estcellequi exigequ'ilsoittenu compte de l'objet etdu but ARBITRAL AWARD (DISS. OP. THIERRY) 183

Tribunal had, in the opinion of the Court, in no way failed to exercise
jurisdiction. Moreover,there would have been no need to produce the
map required by Article 9 of the Arbitration Agreement, given the Tribu-
nal's decision not to answer the second question and, in any event, that
omission could not "constitute such an irregularity as would render the

Award invalid" (para. 64).
Thus the Court's conclusions rest essentially on the premise that the
Tribunal was not necessarilyrequired to determine the boundary line.

The reasoning of the Court can be analysed as a syllogism having the
following form :
(1) the Tribunal was not under an obligation to settle the dispute com-

pletely inanyevent;
(2) theTribunal settledthe disputein part;
(3) the Award istherefore valid.
1have, earlierin this opinion, challenged the premise of this syllogism,
showingthat,onthecontrary, itwasclearfrom the Arbitration Agreement
(from its Preamble,from Article 2,fromArticle 9, paragraph 2),and also
from the history of the negotiations that led to the conclusion of this

instrument, as outlined by the Court, as well as from the submissions of
the Parties inthe proceedingsbeforetheTribunal, thatthe common desire
of the Parties was to bring about the delimitation of a single maritime
boundary and that such wasthe essentialtaskthey entrusted to the Tribu-
nal.
Now if,as 1believe isthe case, the premise of the Court's reasoning is
incorrect, it necessarilyfollows thatthe conclusion is alsoincorrect.
But in order to refute the reasoning of the Court fully, it is also neces-
sary to show that the Tribunal could answerthe second question without
committing an excèsdepouvoir - in the more usual meaning ofthe term,
Le.,without exceeding its competence under the Arbitration Agreement.

The Court hasrecalled two fundamental rules of interpretation oftrea-
ties, applicable to the interpretation of the Arbitration Agreement; the
first, known as that "of the ordinary meaning of terms", was formulated,

for example, inthe Court's opinion inthecaseconcerningthe Competence
of theGeneralAssembly for theAdmissionofaStatetotheUnitedNations,in
which the Court made the followingobservations :
"the first duty of a tribunal which is called upon to interpret and
apply the provisions of atreaty, isto endeavour to giveeffecttothem
in their natural and ordinary meaning in the context in which they

occur. If the relevant words in their natural and ordinary meaning
make sense in their context, that is the end of the matter." (Advisory
Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 8, quoted in paragraph 48 of the
present Judgment.)
The second rule is the one requiring the object and the purpose of the184 SENTENCE ARBITRALE (OP. DISS. THIERRY)

du traité. Souventmiseen Œuvrepar la Courpermanente deJusticeinter-
nationale (Servicepostal polonaisà Dantzig, 1925,C.P.J.I.sérieB # Il,
p. 39; Interprétationde la conventionde 1919 concernantle travailde nuit
desfemmes, 1932,C.P.J.Zs .érieA/B no50,p.373),elleesténoncée,dansles
termessuivants :

«Lorsque cetteméthode d'interprétation[cellede l'interprétation
selon le sens ordinaire des mots] aboutit un résultat incompatible
avec l'esprit, I'objet et le contexte de la clause ou de l'acte où les
termesfigurent, on ne saurait valablement ..accorder crédit[àcette
méthode]. » (Sud-Ouest africain, exceptions préliminaires,arrêt,
C.I.J.Recueil 1962,p. 336.)

Cela implique que lorsque le résultatest incompatible avec l'objet de
l'accord (enl'occurrence le compromis) ily a lieu de tenir compte de cet
objet pour l'interpréter.
L'article31de la convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités,dont la
Cour dit qu'ilpeut êtreconsidérécommeune codification du droitcoutu-
mier existant,porte a ce sujet qu:

«Un traité doit être interprétéde bonne foi suivant le sens ordi-
naireà attribuer auxtermesdu traité dansleurcontexteet à la lumière
de sonobjet etde sonbut.»
Si,selonl'affirmation de la Cour, leTribunal n'étaitpas tenu de régler

globalementet complètementledifférend qui luiétaitsoumis,on conçoit
que I'interprétation littéralede l'article étéappropriée,bien qu'ileût
été aussinécessairede tenir compte du contexte,c'est-à-dire de la défini-
tion du différend dansle préambuleet de l'article 9du compromis.

Si au contraire, comme je le pense, le Tribunal était tenu de réglerle
différend par la détermination d'une ligne frontière, il est clair que la
méthodedu sens ordinaire aboutissait à un résultat incompatible avec
l'esprit et l'objetdu compromis et aveclecontexte de l'articlel'absence
de réponse à la seconde question faisant en sorteque le différendne soit
pas réglé.
C'estdire qu'ilappartenaitau Tribunal detenircompte,conformément
à lajurisprudence delaCour permanente deJusticeinternationale etdela
Cour en matière d'interprétation des traités,de l'esprit du compromis et
surtout de son objet qui était d'assurer le règlementdu différend par la

détermination d'une ligne frontière. Cela aurait conduit le Tribunal à
considérer que les termes de I'article 2 ne s'opposaient à ce qu'une
réponse à la secondequestion soitdonnée que sila réponsea la première
permettait de réglerle différend. Cela n'étant pasle cas il lui appartenait
de répondre à la secondequestion dans toute la mesureoù la réponse à la
première laissait le différend sans véritable solution. Aucun excès de
pouvoir n'aurait été commis dèslorsque cette interprétationde l'article
eût éténon pas seulementcompatible aveclesdispositions du compromis
mais exigéepar la considération de sonobjet. Ainsi,doit-onconclure quetreaty to be taken into account. This rule, often applied by the Permanent
Court of International Justice (Polish Postal Service in Danzig, 1925,
P.C.I.J.,Series B. No. II, p. 39; Znterpretationof the Conventionof 1919
conceming Employmentof Womenduring the Night, 1932,P.C.I.J.,Series
A/B, No.50,p. 373),has been formulated in the following terms :

"Where such amethod ofinterpretation [theonebased onthe ordi-
nary meaning of terms] results in a meaning incompatible with the
spirit, purpose and context of the clause or instrument in which the
words are contained, no reliance can be validly placed on it." (South
West Africa, Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports1962,
p. 336.)

This implies that whenever the result isincompatible withthe object ofthe
agreement (in the present case the Arbitration Agreement) that object
should be taken into account for purposes of interpretation.
Article 31of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which, as
the Court has obsewed, can be regarded as a codification of existing
customary law, provides in this respect that:
"A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the

ordinary meaning to be giventothe terms ofthe treaty intheircontext
andinthelight ofits objectandpurpose."
If,asthe Court States,theTribunal wasnotboundto arrive at acompre-
hensive and complete settlement of the dispute submitted to it, it is con-
ceivable that a Iiteral interpretation of Article 2 would have been appro-
priate, although it would also have been necessary to take account of
the context, that is, of the definition of the dispute in the Preamble and
Article 9.
If,on the other hand, as1maintain, the Tribunal was bound to settlethe

dispute by determining a boundary line, it is clear that the "ordinary
meaning" method led to a result incompatible with the spirit and the
object of the Arbitration Agreement, as well as with the context of
Article 2, since failure to reply to the second question resulted in the
dispute not being settled.
In other words, it was fortheTribunalto takeinto account, inaccord-
ance with the jurisprudence of the Permanent Court of International Jus-
tice and ofthis Court with regard tothe interpretation oftreaties, thespirit
ofthe Arbitration Agreement and above a11itsobject, which wasto ensure
the settlement of thedispute by the determination of aboundary line. The
Tribunal would thus have concluded that the terms of Article 2 only pre-
vented the second question from being answered ifthe answer to the first
one allowed thedisputeto besettled. Asthis wasnot the case,theTribunal
was to answer the second question to the full extent that its answer to the
first one left the dispute virtually unresolved. No excèsdepouvoirwould
have been committed since this interpretation of Article 2 would have
been not only consistent with the provisions of the Arbitration Agreement
but required in the light of its object. Accordingly, in conclusion, the185 SENTENCE ARBITRALE(OP. DISS. THIERRY)

la Cour se devait de constater que le Tribunal n'avait pas accompli sa
tâche alors qu'aucun obstacle juridique ne s'y opposait et de tirer les
conséquencesde cette carence.

III

Dans lesparagraphes 66 à68de sonarrêt,laCour,après avoirconstaté

que la sentence «n'a pas abouti àune délimitation complète des espaces
maritimes qui relèvent respectivement de la Guinée-Bissau etdu Séné-
gal», a pris note du fait que la Guinée-Bissau adéposéau Greffe de la
Cour une seconde requêtedemandant àla Cour de dire «quel doit êtr...
le tracé (figurésur une carte) délimitantl'ensemble des territoires mari-
times relevant respectivement de la Guinée-Bissauet du Sénégal ».Elle a
égalementpris note de la déclarationde l'agentdu Sénégas lelonlaquelle
une

((solution serait de négocier avec leSénégal,ui ne s'yoppose pas,
une frontièredela zone économiqueexclusiveou, siun accord n'est
pas possible, de porter l'affaire devant la Cour
La Cour enfin estime :

qu'ilseraitéminemment souhaitable que leséléments du différend
non réglés par la sentence arbitrale du1juillet 1989puissent l'être
dans lesmeilleurs délais, ainsique lesdeux Parties en ont expriméle
désir» (arrêt,par. 68).

Cette considération correspond àl'intérêt dedseux pays etilya lieu de
s'y associer. Mais il faut aussi s'entendre sur le sens des termes «les
élémentsdu différend non régléspar la sentence arbitrale du 31 juillet
1989)).Selon l'opinion ci-dessus exprimée,ces élémentsnon réglésdu
différend formentsapartie essentielle,qui estla déterminationde la fron-
tière maritime entre les deux Etats, délimitant I'ensembledes territoires
maritimes relevant respectivement de chacun d'entre eux, appelée àêtre
déterminée équitablement selonlesprincipeset lesnormes du droit inter-
national acceptéspar le Sénégal elta Guinée-Bissau.

(Signé)Hubert THIERRY.Court should have held that the Tribunal had not accomplished its task
eventhoughno legalobstacleprevented itfromsodoing, and should have
drawn the appropriate consequences from this shortcoming.

III

In paragraphs 66to 68 of its Judgment, the Court, after observing that
the Award "has not brought about a complete delimitation of the mari-
time areas appertaining respectively to Guinea-Bissau and to Senegal",
took note of the fact that Guinea-Bissau had filed in the Registry of the
Court a second Application requesting the Court to adjudge and declare
"what should be ...the line (to be drawn on a map) delimiting al1the
maritime territories appertaining respectively to Guinea-Bissau and
Senegal". It also took note of the declaration made by the Agent of
Senegal that one solution :

"would betonegotiate with Senegal,whichhas no objection tothis, a
boundary for the exclusiveeconomiczone or,should itproveimpos-
sible to reach an agreement, to bring the matter before the Court".

TheCourt, finally, considered it
"highly desirable that the elements of the dispute that were not
settled by the Arbitral Award of 31July 1989be resolved as soon as
possible,as both Parties desire".

This observation corresponds to the interest of both countriesand one
should associate oneself with it. But it is also necessary to arrive at an
understanding on the meaning of the phrase "the elements of the dispute
that were not settled by the Arbitral Award of 31July 1989".In my opin-
ion, as expressed above, these unsettled elements of the dispute are its
essential part, thatis to say the determination of the maritime boundary
betweenthe two States,delimitingthe whole ofthe maritime areas apper-
tainingrespectively to each ofthem, aboundary whichwillfa11tobedeter-
mined equitably in accordance with the principles and noms of interna-
tional law accepted by Senegal and Guinea-Bissau.

(Signed) Hubert THIERRY.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Thierry (translation)

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