Joint Dissenting Opinion of Judges Aguilar Mawdsley and Ranjeva (translation)

Document Number
082-19911112-JUD-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
082-19911112-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

JOINT DISSENTING OPINION
OF JUDGES AGUILAR MAWDSLEY AND RANJEVA

[Translation]

1. While endorsing the decisions and analysis of the Court with
respect to both inexistence and the "abuse of legal process", we feel we
should explain Ourdisagreement with the interpretation that the Court,
by the vote of the rriajority of its Members, is giving to the mles of law
whose application has occasioned the dismissal of the Application
alleging the nullity of the contested Award. We are convinced that
the Court should have declared the contested Award of 31 July 1989
to be an absolute nullity, as shown by our vote on paragraph 2 of the
Operative Part of the Judgment in this case. But since the Court did not
share this conviction, nothing stood in the way of an affirmative or a
negative vote on pa.ragraph 3, concerning the effects of the validity of
the Award.
2. The case is of,aparticular significance because of the problems of
judicial and arbitral rnethodthat itaises. Itpresentssome particular diffi-
culties as it isthe kiridof casein which the solution adopted by the Court
depends upon the Wrayin which the problems are tackled. An approach
based upon primarily technical considerations will be bound to prove
unsatisfactory in soCarasit does not enable one to resolvethe permanent

interactions between the nom and the methods of interpretation of that
nom. Indeed, an examination ofthe nullity/validity or eveninvalidity of
an arbitral award involvesadecision onthe epistemologicalvalidity ofthe
interpretation adopted by the arbitration tribunal.

3. In the present case, it willbeenfromthe outset that, whilevalidat-
ing the Arbitral Award, the Court has quite rightly shown no hesitation
about stressing the1;acunaeand weaknesses ofthat Award.Moreover, the
Parties to the dispute, goingbeyond their declarations of principle, have
announced that they were disposed to makejudicial and/or conventional
arrangements to cope with the effects of any finding of nullity of the con-
tested Award. Guinea-Bissau has filed a new Application on the merits
the submissions of 7whichhave been reproduced in the text of the Judg-
ment, whereas Senegal declares that it isready to envisageeither negotia-
tions or recourse tot.hisCourt. Thisconvergent willofthe Parties to arrive
at a definitive solution of the whole of the dispute, on the basis of law,
shouldbe approved and given full support. However,from a strictly legal
standpoint, one caninotbe certain of a definitive solution of the dispute
between Guinea-Bissau and Senegal, in spite of proceedings that have

already proved unduly lengthy, very complex and excessively costly forStates whose econoimies,particularly in the case of the Applicant- -re
dependent upon maritime resources l.
4. Because of the nature of the Court's jurisdiction, the present pro-
ceedings being neither an appeal nor application for cassation but an
application forannulment, weshallabstainfromcriticizingthe substance
ofthe findings ofthe ArbitrationTribunal which arethe collective respon-
sibility of that Tribunal. Moreover, because of the new Application filed
by Guinea-Bissau, certain questions must, in petto, be seen as pending
before the Court.

5. However,the Iilternational Court ofJustice, asthe principaljudicial
organ of the international community,has in our view a specific mission,
that ofsecuring the promotion ofinternational peace and security and the
development of frieridlyrelationsbetweenStates - or,in otherwords, the
peaceful settlement, byjudicial means among others, of such disputes as
arise between the States. On that score, the Court is naturally inclined,
because ofthe wayin whichjudges arerecruited and the representation of
the principal legal systems, to lend support to arbitral solutions, even
though it may be led to cast a critical eyeupon arbitral awards,oncethere

has been any questi~onabout the arbitrators' respect for procedural law,
andto prove exacting with respect to the evidentcharacter of authority of
an award.This is tht:price of providing a sounder basis for legal security
in international relations and of consolidatingthe trust placed by States,
moreparticularly bydevelopingStates, inthis mode ofdisputesettlement.

6. Three points linked to the problem of the authority of the Arbitral
Award of 31July 1989lead us to make some critical comments :

1. The authority oftheArbitral Award of31July 1989and resjudicata;

II. The question of the definitivesettlement of the whole of the dispute

between Guineia-Bissauand Senegal;
III. Theshortcomirigs oftheArbitrationTribunal and excèsdepouvoir.

7. The failure to resortto the legal concept of resjudicata is worthy of
note. Indeed, the irrebuttablepresumption of legal truth that attachesto a
judicial decision once it has become final is an institution common to al1
systems of law and serves as a basis for the binding character of judicial

'Areferenceto Article33,paragraph1,oftheCharterofthe United Nationsbyana-
logy with Article279 o,fthe United Nations Convention othe Lawof the Sea,would
havebeenwelcome.decisions. In our preliminary observations, we mentioned that the Court
hascriticized the Award. Moreover,the arbitralproceedings were punctu-
ated by various regrettable facts. We refer, in particular, to the method
and excessivelylengthy duration of the arbitral proceedings, the Tribu-
nal'stechnique ofwork,the unjustified absence ofone arbitrator, the dec-
laration made by the President of the Tribunal, and the incomplete
character of the delimitationafter the Tribunal had done its work. Taken
separately, these criticisms may not suffice tojustify, in strict law, a find-
ing of nullity. However, if considered cumulatively, those objections do
constitute a setoffac:tswhich, on theonehand,are such asto giveriseto a

very serious doubt directlyaffecting the intrinsicvalue of ajudicial deci-
sion while, on the other hand, producing effects that undermine the very
authority of the Award and its capacity to serve as a basis for dispute
settlement.

8.As a matter of legal technique, the Court would have had no diffi-
culty in rejecting the Applicant's request by invoking against it,firstly,the
provisions of Article:10ofthe Arbitration Agreement and, secondly,the
rule of resjudicata vrithits consequences in law. Such a response would
have been acceptable from the standpoint of legal formalism and would
havehad the virtue alfsimplicity. However,the approachadopted isopen
to criticism onthegrcmndsthat the Court, havingobserved thatthe Tribu-
nal had correctly acc:omplishedits mission, then proceeds to its own ana-
lysis of the nature of the relationship between the first and second
questions in Article:2of the Arbitration Agreement.
In our view, the Court should have followed up on that approach by
giving prominence t~othe interaction between the complaints against the

Award and its attendant circumstances,on theonehand, andthe author-
ity of resjudicata,011the other. Indeed, the value of the Tribunal's deci-
sion does not depend solely upon the intrinsic qualities of its arguments;
account must also be taken of the whole set of elementssurrounding the
contested Award.
9. Wewould maintain that the concept of resjudicata which underlies
the very authority of anyjudicial decision,goesbeyond the framework of
the axiomaticbases ofthe law.It isaconsequence ofawhole setof pheno-
mena(acts, rules, coinduct,attendant circumstances .. .which have to be
taken into consideration as they contribute to the reinforcement of the
convictiojuris. The judicial approach and technique should not be
exposedto criticism derived from a strategy conditioned by mistrust. We
accordingly consideuitnecessary for an arbitration tribunal, whileadopt-
ingaspecificform ofprocedure, touse,in order to develop itsreasoning, a
number of different,techniques of argumentso asto support and validate
its own method and conclusions. In the absence of an enforcement
mechanism,judicial conclusions can onlycommandintellectual support,
convictiojuris, ifhe:yrely at once upon what is likely, what is plausible,

and what is probable. Indeed, in a different sphere, logic was able to
undergo a significarit development when, abandoning purely scholastictechniques, it resorte:dto other methods of demonstration and argument
and, more particularly, to mathematics.
10. Ajudicialdisc:ussionisin fact a confrontation between two forma1

systems of logic, wi1.ha view to showing that one's adversary's logic is
incompatible with thienorm and rule of law. Under those circumstances,
thejudge has to gobeyond the techniques of forma1logicin order to settle
the dispute, as that technique of argumentsbound to lead, in the end, to
"the ridiculous and itheterrifying". Only the intervention of factual con-
siderations such asthe experience of daily life,the sense ofthe uncertain,
provisional or aleatory, can break the vicious circle of this universe of
forms.This means that dialectical logicisinvaluableinjudicial argument,
as the solutionthus arrived at may more reasonably be accepted as the
least unsatisfactory of possible solutions, even if itnot the best. It is

indeed highly desirable that a judicial decision may be seen asreasonable
and just, thanks toa.pedagogical comprehension of the way in which it
hasbeen reached. Unfortunately it isunusual forforma1logicto respond
immediatelyto those considerations.
11. While an arbiitration tribunal is bound to act on that imperative
need of authority, account must also be taken of the parties' right to
expectjustice to beproperly administered. Indeed, international adjudi-
cation derives the whole of its authority from the trust placed in it by the
parties, and it is only fair that that trust should be neither shaken nor
impaired.

12. These conside:rationsaresources ofobligationsforthetribunal and
the arbitrators. Byway of an enunciation, some of them may be called to
mind inthe context ofthis case:Le.,courtesy ofthe members ofthetribu-
nal; transparency of thejudicial method adopted; reflexive and demon-
strative approach; definitive settlement of the whole of the dispute
submittedfor adjudication, in accordance with theterms, object and pur-
pose of the Arbitration Agreement;celerity of the deliberation.The arbi-
tration tribunal and its membersare imperativelyrequired to ensure that
the decision has the full authority ofjudicata.This is why we are con-
vinced that a decision whose authority is stronglyconiested loses a very
largemeasure ofitslegalvalue; itsbeing "called into question"eprives it

of the authority of#osudicata.

II. THEQUESTIO NF THE DEFINITIVSE ETTLEMEN OT THE WHOLE OF THE
DISPUTE BETWEEN GUINEA-BISSA AUD SENEGAL

13. Inparagraph 66ofthe Judgment,the Court makes apoint offunda-
mental importance forthe practice and the future ofarbitration.The exer-
cise of itsjurisdiction led the Tribunal to forgo a complete settlement of
the dispute that, at the time of signature of the Arbitration Agreement,

existedbetween the Parties with respect to the delimitation of the mari-
time areas appertaiining to each one of them. We shall not dwell on the
particularlyserious consequences of such a result for two developingcountries. The Arbitration Tribunal was under an obligation to settlethe
disputesubmitted toitdefinitively and completely, inaccordance withthe
terms of the Arbitration Agreement in general, of which Article 2 is no
more than one element. By way of a mere referenceto various national
legal systems, wewould mention the system known as that of procedural
economy, which is m~ore compelling.Thisprinciple requires thatjudges to
whom a problem haisbeen submitted should seek forthe means enabling
the whole of the disputetobe resolved, at the earliestpossibledate and at
the lowest possible cost to the parties. Given the very complexnature of
international litigation, it appears to us advisable that the international
judge should take these practical ideas into consideration.
14. Forthe Court the result ofthe Award contested isdirectly linked to
the drafting ofthe Arbitration Agreement. Webelieve that it is not forthe
Court to confirm or reject the reasoning of the Arbitration Tribunal as to

the quality ofthe dra.ftingofthe Agreementthe Partiesconcluded :itisthe
duty of the Court to ascertain that the Tribunal has made a correct and
satisfactoryapplication of the mles concerning the interpretation of trea-
ties, in this instance of the Arbitration Agreement. Consequently, the
question is whether an interpretation based exclusivelyon a literal analy-
sis of the prefatory words of the second question put to the Tribunal
suffices to bring out the content of the common will of the Parties. We
subscribefullyto the points made by Judge Weeramantry with respectto
the rules governingthe interpretation of international conventions. It is
incumbent on the court seised of a dispute to take simultaneously into
accountthethree constitutiveelements of aninternational agreement: the
letter, theobject and the purpose ofthe agreement.Thedifficultyinherent
in the interpretatiori of the Arbitration Agreement results from the dual
nature of this instrument: as a diplomatic act, that Agreement is an ele-
ment introducing new factors into the negotiations between the Parties;
but, as a legal act, it determines the elements structuring the object of
the dispute. For these reasons we consider a mere literal analysis to be
insufficient.

To recall to the Tribunal the mle of syncretic or symbiotic interpreta-
tion of the three arbove-mentioned elernents does not amount to an
attempt to give the Agreement another meaning; al1it does is to respect
fully the will of the Parties, a difficult exercise if everthere was one.
15. Inthe present:caseofthe ArbitralAward,the Court notes, asdidthe
President of the ArlbitrationTribunal, Mr. Barberis, that the Award did
not delimit the who'leof the maritime areas appertaining respectively to
Guinea-Bissau and Senegal. Moreover, the Court accepted the line of
argument ofthe Tribunal whereby itreducedtheterms ofthe problem to a
question of State suiccession :maintenance in force of the Franco-Portu-
guese Exchange of Letters of 1960.To be sure, we have no difficulty in
subscribing to the p~rinciplethat there does not exist for the international
judge an obligationanalogousto that laiddown by Article 4ofthe French
Civil Code, a principle recalled by the Arbitral Tribunal set up by Egypt
and Israel in the Ta!ba case :"The Tribunal has not the task to determinethe course ofthe boundary from BP91to theshoreand beyond" (Interna-

tionalLegaIMaterialr;Vol.27,No. 4,p. 82).But,withouthaving to substi-
tute its own reasons for those of the Arbitration Tribunal,the Court has,
from our point ofview,an obligation totake intoaccountthe silenceofthe
Arbitration Tribunal over the obvious and immediate contradiction
between the resultsofthe Award and anumber ofobservations ofaliteral,
unquestionable nature, such as :

(1) The title of the Tribunal
TRIBUNALARBITRAL TRIBUNALARBITRAL
POURLA D~TERMINATION PARAA DETERMINAÇ~O
DE LAFRONTI~REMARITIME DA FRONTEIRAMAR~TIMA

(2) The Preamble of the Arbitration Agreement of 12March 1985 - the
purpose of the Treat:y:
"Recognizing that they have been unable to settle by means of
diplomatic negotiation the dispute relating to the determination of

their maritime boundary,
Desirous, in view of their friendly relations, to reach a settlement
ofthat dispute as soon aspossible and, tothat end, havingdecided to
resort to arbitration".

(3) The object of the dispute according to the Arbitration Tribunal in the
Award :
"27. The sole:object of the dispute submitted by the Parties to the
Tribunal accordingly relates to the determination of the maritime

boundary between the Republic of Senegal and the Republic of
Guinea-Bissau, a question whichtheyhavenot been ableto settle by
means of negotiiation."
The silencetheTribunal observed with regard to these simpleelements

is opento criticism alndone can without requiring another interpretation
of the convention cal1the Award into question over the validity of the
linear, and additionally unilateral mode of reasoning and its intrinsic co-
herence. Contrary tc~the view expressed by the Court in paragraph 55,
we consider that it iijthe conclusion that must be read in the light of the
title of the Tribunal, thepurpose of the treaty and the definition of the
dispute, not the othe:rway round.
16. Thatthe conditional proposition of Question 2 should have been a
source of difficulties for the interpretation of the conventionis perfectly
obvious; but the fat2 appears to have been forgotten that the prefatory

words are the diplomatic price paid for the settlement of the dispute by
arbitration.Furthennore, itwas incumbent upontheTribunal to ensure a
coherent presentation of al1the elements of the dispute within the frame-
work of a correct and complete interpretation of the treaty. Moreover, al1
that is required in order that the work of the Tribunal should result in afrontier line issaid and giveninthe Arbitration Agreement. The failure of
the Arbitration Tribuinal to perform its mission is a sufficientlyious
factor prejudicial to arbitration as an institution. We therefore consider
that the Court should have taken it upon itself to carry its analysis to its
conclusion by drawirig the appropriate legal conclusion from the omis-

sion and the failure of which ittook note.

III. THE SH~RTCOMIN GFTHE ARBITRATIO TNRIBUNAL
AND EXC~S DE POUVOIR

17. Contrary to the majority of the Members of the Court, we believe
that the Arbitration Tribunal was under a legal obligation to give an
explicitanswer, and t'odo so by a separate vote,to the second question of
Article 2 of the Arbiitration Agreement, on the basis of a full statement
of itsreasons.
18. The observatic~nsof the Court concerning the normal practice of
arbitral tribunals disregardthe legal nature ofthat practice by confiningit
within the area of facts. In law a judge seriously fails to perform his

mission whenever he decides not to answer a question. For the question
lays downthe terms cifthe difficulty that thejudge isasked to resolve; the
question thus constitutes the legal cause of the litigation, whether it be
judicial or arbitral. On the diplomatic plane the formulation of the ques-
tion underlines theimportance ofthe problem raised. Thedoctrinal posi-
tion isthat "the Tribunal mustadjudicateverypoint referredto inthe corn-
promis,evenif in itsopinion itdoes not anse to be considered" (cf.A.Bal-
asko, Causesde nulliléde la sentencearbitrale endroitinternationalpublic,
Paris,Pedone, 1938, p.200,whose opinion isshared byP.Fauchille, Traité
de droit international'public,Paris, 1926,Part,Vol. III, p. 548).This is
supported by the following observations of the International Court
of Justice in itsJudgrnent on the Merits in therfuChannelcase :

"In the first question ofthe SpecialAgreementthe Court isasked :

(i) 1s Albania under international law responsible for the explo-
sions and fcirthe damage and loss of human life which resulted
fromthem, and
(ii) isthere anylutyto pay compensation?

Thistext giveijrise to certain doubts. If point (i)isanswered in the
affirmative, it follows from the establishment of responsibility that
compensation is due, and it would be superfluous to add point (ii)
unless the Parties had something else in mind than a mere declar-
ation by the Court that compensation is due. It would indeed be
incompatible with the generally accepted rules of interpretation to
admit that a provision of this sort occurring in a special agreement
shouldbe devoid of purport or effect. In this connection, the Court
refers to the views expressed by the Permanent Court of Interna- ARBITRALAWARD (DISS .P. AGUILARMAWDSLEY AND RANJEVA) 127

tional Justice with regard to similar questions of interpretation. In
Advisory Opinion No. 13ofJuly 23rd, 1926,that Court said (SeriesB,
No.13, p. 19):'But,so far as concerns the specificquestion of compe-
tence now pendiing,itmay suffice to observe that the Court,in deter-
mining the nature and scope of a measure, must look to its practical
effect rather thaintothepredominant motive that may beconjectured
to have inspired it.' In its Order of August 19th, 1929,in the Free
Zones case, the (Courtsaid (SeriesA, No.22,p. 13) :'in caseof doubt,
the clausesof aspecialagreement bywhich adispute isreferred tothe
Court must ...be construed in a manner enabling the clauses them-
selves to have appropriate effects'." (Corfu Channel, Merits,
I.C.J.Reports 1949, pp. 23-24.)

This obligation to ;pivea reply to eachquestion put weighs,in Ourview,
more heavily on an arbitral tribunal than on a judicial one to the extent
that the latter issubjected to apre-codified procedural corpus,whereas the

arbitral judge is, on the contrary, bound body and sou1to the will of the
StatesParties to the dispute.
The observations made by the Court and the case-law it cites in para-
graph 50 of the Judgment are inadequate to justify the decision not to
reply to the second question, even though certain factual elements can be
considered to have a bearing on the present case :the existence of a condi-
tion precedent to thr: reply to a subsequent question. In the first place,
before deciding, in its Advisory Opinion on the Znterpretation of Peace
Treatieswith Bulgaricz,Hungaryand Romania,Second Phase,not to reply
to the second question, the Court noted a default; for it observed that it
would commit an excèsdepouvoirwere its decision to be substituted for
the willof the Parties.(I.C.J.Reports 1950,p. 230),while, in the case of the
Interpretationof the Greco-BulgarianAgreement of 9 December 1927,the
Permanent Court diclnot fail to note the possible incidence of a failure to
reply to the second question on the questionnaire before it, as a whole
(P.C.I.J.,Series A/B, No. 45,p. 87). Now we have noted lacunae of this
natureinthe Award :the possibility of there being, regard being had to the

reply to the firstquestion, an excèsdepouvoirin the event of a reply to the
second one, should have been the subject of explanatory comments by the
Tribunal, whereas the effects of the reply to the firstquestion onthe Arbi-
tration Agreement as a whole were passed over in silence by the arbitra-
tors, which wedo not.consider proper. But,in the second place, asregards
the obligation to answer each question, the case-law cited by theCourt is
of scant relevance. The three cases cited are advisory, not contentious
ones. Article 65ofthe Statute ofthe Court ispermissive. It givesthe Court
the power to examine whether the circumstances of the case are such as
should lead it to decline to answer the request (I.C.J.Reports 1950,p. 72),
and that in so far as '"theobject of the Request is ...more limited. It [the
Request] is directed :solelyto obtaining from theCourt certain clarifica-
tions of a legal nature ..." (ibid.,p. 70). This difference in nature makes ARBITRALAWAIZD (DISS OP. AGUILAR MAWDSLEYAND RANJEVA) 128

clearthe limits ofthetransposition ofthe advisoryprocedure into the set-
ting ofa contentious one,the object of which is to sanction a right.
19. Contrary to the position of the majority of the Members of the
Court, we are convinced that by deciding infrapetita and opting for not
replying to the second question, the Tribunal committed an excèsde
pouvoirthrough omission and did so withoutstatingitsreasons.
20. In exercising the compétencede la compétenced ,id the Tribunal,
which, in our opinion, failed to justify fully its refusa1 to reply to the
second question, eff'ectivelyperform, in a lawful manner, the mission
entmsted to it? The Court declares itself satisfied with the statement of
reasoning,succinctbutjudged to be sufficient, bywhich the Tribunal jus-
tified its decision.Concision and clarityareindeed rare qualities,but the

problem is not quantitative - it is not a question of appreciating the
length and the literary and artistic qualities of a line of reasoning -
but epistemological. What is the validity of recourse to the logical con-
clusionto justify the absence of a reply to the secondquestion, adecision
which did not take explicit shape in a vote or an express operative
provision?
21. The argumentbased on the logical conclusion isconceivable ifthe
causalrelationship between the two propositions isineluctable in nature.
But, in the presentcaLset,his isby no means clearly established. Taken in
isolation,the dissentingopinion ofthethird Arbitrator,as wellasthe dec-
laration of the President of the Tribunal, calls into question the conclu-
sions that may be dr,awnfrom the proposition adopted by the Tribunal.
For Mr. Barberis's tleclaration is in contradiction with the text of the
Award in so far as the declaration recognizes that the Tribunal failed to
exercise itsjurisdiction eventhough itwas under an obligation to perform

itstask fully.
22. Generally speiiking,the demonstrativevalue of the logical conclu-
sion iseasily conceivablein relationships of causality. But legal logic has
moreto do with relations ofimputability.Thisbeingsothe logicalconclu-
sion may appear to bepertinent whenever in lawtheobject isto ensure the
effectivity,the consolidation of arightalreadycreated. On the contrary, it
isaltogetherinsufficientto justify therejection ofan application that aims
to bring about respect for aright; in as much as it refusespurely and sim-
ply to pay due regard to other premises, it constitutes an affirmation of
principle and does not appear to be atechnique for demonstrating.In the
caseofthe rejection ofan application, the logical conclusion isthe equiva-
lent ofafailureto givereasons.This iswhyweconsider that theabsence of
a reply to Question 2 of the Arbitration Agreement and the refusa1 to

annex a map to the A.wardreflectan absence of reasons. Does this default
on thepart ofthe Tribunal constitute an excèsdepouvoirthrough omission?
23. Article 35of the Model Rules on Arbitral Procedureelaborated by
the International Law Commission brought to an end the theoretical
debate asto whether excèsdepouvoiron the part ofthetribunal constitutes
aground ofnullity of'an arbitral award.Toput the matter simply,the excès
depouvoir can be deijcribed as the transgression committed by acompe-tent tribunal ofthe legalframework ofitsmission. It"consistsinanyviola-
tion, any disregard, any overstepping of or non-cornpliance with the
provisions of theArtbitrationAgreement. .." (Balasko, op.cit.,p. 153).In
an arbitrationthe compromissets forth the decisions and acts that the tri-
bunal must take or decree. The provisions of the compromis,itspreamble
and its body, detemiine in a mandatory manner the jurisdiction of the
arbitral tribunal; onhe otherhand, the latterenjoysdiscretionary powers

to ascertain, in an explicit fashion, the modalities by which the arbitrator
reaches those decisions, and that in order to guard against any suspicion
which might impair the authority of the award. This being so, excèsde
pouvoir can be comxiitted by the arbitrators through acts or omissions. If
the tribunal fails to adjudicate on a point referred to in the compromis,
there is excèsde pouvoir infrapetita. The present case of the Award of
31July 1989involves one of these exceptional cases.
24. A contrario,we consider that it was incumbent on the Tribunal to
demonstrate how an excèsdepouvoircould result from its completion of
the determination of the single line of the maritime boundary between
Guinea-Bissau and Senegal,regard being had in this respect to the reply
to the first question put in Article2. This omission is, in Ouropinion, a
serious failure by the:Tribunal to perform itsmission.
25. The refusal to include a map manifestlyconstitutes another viola-
tion of theprovisionisof the Arbitration Agreement, for the same reasons
as in respect of the dec ci siont to reply to the second question. If the
Tribunal did in facl:consider it unnecessary to prepare a map in the
absence, on the one hand, of a reply to the second question and, on the
other, of a global d<:limitationof the maritime spaces as a whole by a
single boundary line, the Court should, in our opinion, having regard to
this omission,havecalled into question the soundness of the Award inas-
much as the necessiiry respect for the right of the Parties to a proper

administration of international justice was at stake.

(Signed) AndrésAGUILAM RAWDSLEY.
(Signed) Raymond RANJEVA.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE COMMUNE
DE MM. AGUILAR MAWDSLEYET RANJEVA

1. Tout en souscrivant aux décisions et à l'analyse de la Cour sur
l'inexistence et l'abusde procédure, noustenonsà expliquernotre désac-
cord sur l'interprétation que la Cour, par le vote de la majorité de ses
membres, donne aux règlesde droit dontl'application aaboutiau rejet de
la requêteen nullitéde la sentence attaquée. Nous sommesconvaincus
que la Cour devaitprononcer lanullitéabsolue de lasentence du 31juillet
1989attaquée, ainsi que l'a indiqué notre vote au paragraphe 2 du dis-
positif du présent arrêt.Mais dans la mesure où cette conviction n'a pas
été suiviepar la Cour,rien n'interdisait d'émettre un vote positif ou néga-
tif auparagraphe 3relatif aux effets de la validitéde la sentence.

2. L'affaire est d'une importance particulière en raison desproblèmes
de méthodejudiciaire et arbitrale qu'elle soulève.Elle présente desdiffi-
cultés particulièrescar il s'agit d'un de ces cas dans lesquels la solution
adoptée par la Cour dépend de la manière dont les problèmes sont
abordés. Une approche fondéesur une démarche principalement tech-
nique nepeut pas donner satisfactiondans lamesureoù ellenepermetpas
de résoudreles interactions permanentes entre la norme et les méthodes
d'interprétationde ladite norme. En effet l'examen de lanullité/validité
voire de l'invalidité d'une sentencearbitrale amènà se prononcer sur la
validité épistémologiquede l'interprétation retenue par la juridiction
arbitrale.
3. Dans le présent cas,on observeratout d'abord que,tout en validant
la sentence arbitrale, la Cour n'a pas,à juste titre, hésità mettre en
évidenceleslacunes et lesfaiblesses de celle-ci.Par ailleurs, les Parties au

litige, par-delà les déclarationsde principe, ont annoncéqu'elles étaient
disposées à aménager de manière judiciaire et/ou conventionnelle les
effets d'une nullité, éventuellementacquise,de la sentence attaquée. La
Guinée-Bissaua introduit une nouvellerequête au fond dont les conclu-
sions ont étéreportées dans le texte de l'arrêt, tandisque le Sénégal se
déclare prêt àenvisagersoit des négociations soit un recours devant la
Cour de céans. Cette volonté convergente des Parties en faveur d'une
solutiondéfinitivedel'ensembledu différendsurlabase du droitdoitêtre
approuvéeetpleinementappuyée.Toujours est-ilque,sur leplan du droit
strict,aucune certitude ne peut êtreétabliequant unesolutiondéfinitive
du différend opposant la Guinée-Bissau au Sénégalet ce malgréune
procédure déjàtrop longue, très complexe et excessivement onéreuse JOINT DISSENTING OPINION
OF JUDGES AGUILAR MAWDSLEY AND RANJEVA

[Translation]

1. While endorsing the decisions and analysis of the Court with
respect to both inexistence and the "abuse of legal process", we feel we
should explain Ourdisagreement with the interpretation that the Court,
by the vote of the rriajority of its Members, is giving to the mles of law
whose application has occasioned the dismissal of the Application
alleging the nullity of the contested Award. We are convinced that
the Court should have declared the contested Award of 31 July 1989
to be an absolute nullity, as shown by our vote on paragraph 2 of the
Operative Part of the Judgment in this case. But since the Court did not
share this conviction, nothing stood in the way of an affirmative or a
negative vote on pa.ragraph 3, concerning the effects of the validity of
the Award.
2. The case is of,aparticular significance because of the problems of
judicial and arbitral rnethodthat itaises. Itpresentssome particular diffi-
culties as it isthe kiridof casein which the solution adopted by the Court
depends upon the Wrayin which the problems are tackled. An approach
based upon primarily technical considerations will be bound to prove
unsatisfactory in soCarasit does not enable one to resolvethe permanent

interactions between the nom and the methods of interpretation of that
nom. Indeed, an examination ofthe nullity/validity or eveninvalidity of
an arbitral award involvesadecision onthe epistemologicalvalidity ofthe
interpretation adopted by the arbitration tribunal.

3. In the present case, it willbeenfromthe outset that, whilevalidat-
ing the Arbitral Award, the Court has quite rightly shown no hesitation
about stressing the1;acunaeand weaknesses ofthat Award.Moreover, the
Parties to the dispute, goingbeyond their declarations of principle, have
announced that they were disposed to makejudicial and/or conventional
arrangements to cope with the effects of any finding of nullity of the con-
tested Award. Guinea-Bissau has filed a new Application on the merits
the submissions of 7whichhave been reproduced in the text of the Judg-
ment, whereas Senegal declares that it isready to envisageeither negotia-
tions or recourse tot.hisCourt. Thisconvergent willofthe Parties to arrive
at a definitive solution of the whole of the dispute, on the basis of law,
shouldbe approved and given full support. However,from a strictly legal
standpoint, one caninotbe certain of a definitive solution of the dispute
between Guinea-Bissau and Senegal, in spite of proceedings that have

already proved unduly lengthy, very complex and excessively costly forpour des Etats dont leséconomies,principalement pour la Partiedeman-
deresse,sonttributaires des ressources de la mer '.
4. En raison de lanature de lacompétencede la Courinternationale de
Justice, dans la mesure où la présente procédurene relèveni de l'appel ni
de la cassation, mais d'un recoursen annulation, nous nous abstiendrons
de critiquer quant au fond les décisionsdu Tribunal arbitral qui relèvent
de la responsabilitécollégialede ce Tribunal. Par ailleurs,en raison de la
nouvelle requête introduite par la Guinée-Bissau, certaines questions

doivent être inpetto considéréescomme pendantes devantla Cour.
5. Mais,commeorganejudiciaire principal delacommunautéinterna-
tionale,la Cour internationale deJustice,à notre avis,aune missionspéci-
fique :assurerlapromotion de la paix etde lasécuritéinternationalesetle
développementdesrelationsamicalesentre lesEtats,c'est-à-dire lerègle-
mentpacifique,parla voiejuridictionnelle entreautres,desdifférendsqui
opposent les Etats. A ce titre, elle est naturellement incitée, en raison de
son recrutement et de la représentation des principaux systèmesjuridi-
ques, à soutenir les solutions arbitrales, même sielle peut être amenée à
porterun regard critique vis-à-visdessentencesarbitrales,dèslors qu'est
posée la question du respect par l'arbitre du droit processuel, et à se
montrerexigeante quant au caractèreévidentde l'autorité d'une sentence.
C'est à ce prix que pourra êtremieux assise la sécuritéjuridique dansles

relations internationales et que sera consolidéela confiance, placée par
les Etats,notamment les Etatsen développement,dans cemode de règle-
ment des différends.
6. Troispoints liésau problèmede l'autoritédelasentencearbitrale du
31juillet 1989soulèventde notre part desobservationscritiques :
1. L'autoritéde la sentencearbitrale du 31juillet 1989etl'autoritéde la
chosejugée;

II. La question de la solution définitive de l'ensemble du différend
opposant laGuinée-BissauetleSénégal;
III. Ladéfaillancedu Tribunal arbitral etl'excèsdepouvoir.

7. L'omissiondu recours au conceptjuridique de l'autorité dela chose
jugéemérited'êtrr eelevée.En effet,laprésomptionirréfragrabledevérité
légalequi est attachéeà une décisiondejustice devenuedéfinitiveestune
institution commune àtous les systèmesde droit et sert de fondement au

analogieàl'article279dela conventiondes NationsUniessurle droitdela mer,auraitr
étéla bienvenue.States whose econoimies,particularly in the case of the Applicant- -re
dependent upon maritime resources l.
4. Because of the nature of the Court's jurisdiction, the present pro-
ceedings being neither an appeal nor application for cassation but an
application forannulment, weshallabstainfromcriticizingthe substance
ofthe findings ofthe ArbitrationTribunal which arethe collective respon-
sibility of that Tribunal. Moreover, because of the new Application filed
by Guinea-Bissau, certain questions must, in petto, be seen as pending
before the Court.

5. However,the Iilternational Court ofJustice, asthe principaljudicial
organ of the international community,has in our view a specific mission,
that ofsecuring the promotion ofinternational peace and security and the
development of frieridlyrelationsbetweenStates - or,in otherwords, the
peaceful settlement, byjudicial means among others, of such disputes as
arise between the States. On that score, the Court is naturally inclined,
because ofthe wayin whichjudges arerecruited and the representation of
the principal legal systems, to lend support to arbitral solutions, even
though it may be led to cast a critical eyeupon arbitral awards,oncethere

has been any questi~onabout the arbitrators' respect for procedural law,
andto prove exacting with respect to the evidentcharacter of authority of
an award.This is tht:price of providing a sounder basis for legal security
in international relations and of consolidatingthe trust placed by States,
moreparticularly bydevelopingStates, inthis mode ofdisputesettlement.

6. Three points linked to the problem of the authority of the Arbitral
Award of 31July 1989lead us to make some critical comments :

1. The authority oftheArbitral Award of31July 1989and resjudicata;

II. The question of the definitivesettlement of the whole of the dispute

between Guineia-Bissauand Senegal;
III. Theshortcomirigs oftheArbitrationTribunal and excèsdepouvoir.

7. The failure to resortto the legal concept of resjudicata is worthy of
note. Indeed, the irrebuttablepresumption of legal truth that attachesto a
judicial decision once it has become final is an institution common to al1
systems of law and serves as a basis for the binding character of judicial

'Areferenceto Article33,paragraph1,oftheCharterofthe United Nationsbyana-
logy with Article279 o,fthe United Nations Convention othe Lawof the Sea,would
havebeenwelcome. 122 SENTENCE ARBITRALE(OP. DISS. AGUILARMAWDSLEYET RANJEVA)

caractère obligatoire des sentencesjuridictionnelles. Dans nos observa-
tionspréliminaires,nousavonsrappelé que la Coura critiquélasentence.
En outre, différents faits regrettables ont émailléla procédure arbitrale.
Nous relèverons notamment: la méthode et la durée excessivement
longue de la procédure arbitrale; la technique de travail du Tribunal;
l'absenceinjustifiéed'un arbitre;ladéclarationdu présidentduTribunal ;

le caractère inachevéde la délimitation apres les travaux du Tribunal
arbitral. Prises isolémentces critiques peuvent ne pas être suffisantes
pour justifier en droit strict la nullité de la sentence attaquée. Mais,
envisagéesde manièrecumulative, cesobjectionsconstituentun faisceau
de faitsqui,d'une part, sont de nature àfairenaître un doute trèssérieux
qui affectedirectementla valeur intrinsèque d'une décision dejustice et
qui, d'autre part, sont la cause d'effets destructeurs quant à l'autorité
mêmede la sentence, et de sa capacité à servir de base au règlementdu
différend.
8. Pour la Cour, sur le plan de la techniquejuridique, il n'y aurait eu
aucune difficulté à rejeter la requêtede la Partie demanderesse en lui
opposant, d'unepart, lesdispositions de l'article 10du compromisd'arbi-

trageet,d'autre part, la règlede I'autoritédelachosejugée avecsesconsé-
quences de droit. Une telle réponse aurait été acceptablesur le plan du
formalisme juridique et aurait eu le mérite de la simplicité. Mais la
démarche retenue est critiquable pour la raison suivante :la Cour, apres
avoirconstatéque leTribunal a accompli de façoncorrectesa mission,se
livreensuite àsapropre analyse de la nature dela relationqui existeentre
la premièreet la seconde question de l'article du compromisd'arbitrage.
A notre avis, la Cour aurait dû compléter cette démarche en mettant
bien enévidencel'interaction qui existe entre lesgriefsformuléscontre la
sentence et son environnement,d'une part, et I'autoritéde la chosejugée,
d'autre part. En effet la valeur de la décisiondu Tribunal ne dépend pas
uniquement des qualités intrinsèques de sa démonstration; il faut aussi

tenir compte de l'ensemble desélémentsqui constituentl'environnement
de la sentenceattaquée.
9. Pour notre part, I'autoritéde la chose jugée qui fonde I'autorité
mêmede toute décision judiciaire dépasse le cadre des bases axioma-
tiques du droit. Elle est une conséquence d'un faisceau de phénomènes
(actes, règles,comportement, environnement ...qui doivent être pris en
considération carils contribuent au renforcement de la convictiojuris. La
démarcheet la techniquejudiciaires ne doivent pas êtreexposées à une
critiquetiréede la ((stratégiedu soupçon >)Aussinousparaît-ilindispen-
sable que, tout en adoptant une démarche concrète,un tribunal arbitral
utilise aux fins de sa démonstration plusieurs et différentes techniques
d'argumentation de façon à étayeret à valider sa propre méthode et ses

conclusions. En l'absence de mécanismecontraignant, les conclusions
judiciaires ne peuvent obtenir l'adhésion de l'esprit,nvictiojuris, qu'en
faisant simultanément appel au vraisemblable, au plausible et au pro-
bable. En effet, dans un domaine différent, la logique a pu connaître un
développement important lorsque, renonçant aux seules techniquesdecisions. In our preliminary observations, we mentioned that the Court
hascriticized the Award. Moreover,the arbitralproceedings were punctu-
ated by various regrettable facts. We refer, in particular, to the method
and excessivelylengthy duration of the arbitral proceedings, the Tribu-
nal'stechnique ofwork,the unjustified absence ofone arbitrator, the dec-
laration made by the President of the Tribunal, and the incomplete
character of the delimitationafter the Tribunal had done its work. Taken
separately, these criticisms may not suffice tojustify, in strict law, a find-
ing of nullity. However, if considered cumulatively, those objections do
constitute a setoffac:tswhich, on theonehand,are such asto giveriseto a

very serious doubt directlyaffecting the intrinsicvalue of ajudicial deci-
sion while, on the other hand, producing effects that undermine the very
authority of the Award and its capacity to serve as a basis for dispute
settlement.

8.As a matter of legal technique, the Court would have had no diffi-
culty in rejecting the Applicant's request by invoking against it,firstly,the
provisions of Article:10ofthe Arbitration Agreement and, secondly,the
rule of resjudicata vrithits consequences in law. Such a response would
have been acceptable from the standpoint of legal formalism and would
havehad the virtue alfsimplicity. However,the approachadopted isopen
to criticism onthegrcmndsthat the Court, havingobserved thatthe Tribu-
nal had correctly acc:omplishedits mission, then proceeds to its own ana-
lysis of the nature of the relationship between the first and second
questions in Article:2of the Arbitration Agreement.
In our view, the Court should have followed up on that approach by
giving prominence t~othe interaction between the complaints against the

Award and its attendant circumstances,on theonehand, andthe author-
ity of resjudicata,011the other. Indeed, the value of the Tribunal's deci-
sion does not depend solely upon the intrinsic qualities of its arguments;
account must also be taken of the whole set of elementssurrounding the
contested Award.
9. Wewould maintain that the concept of resjudicata which underlies
the very authority of anyjudicial decision,goesbeyond the framework of
the axiomaticbases ofthe law.It isaconsequence ofawhole setof pheno-
mena(acts, rules, coinduct,attendant circumstances .. .which have to be
taken into consideration as they contribute to the reinforcement of the
convictiojuris. The judicial approach and technique should not be
exposedto criticism derived from a strategy conditioned by mistrust. We
accordingly consideuitnecessary for an arbitration tribunal, whileadopt-
ingaspecificform ofprocedure, touse,in order to develop itsreasoning, a
number of different,techniques of argumentso asto support and validate
its own method and conclusions. In the absence of an enforcement
mechanism,judicial conclusions can onlycommandintellectual support,
convictiojuris, ifhe:yrely at once upon what is likely, what is plausible,

and what is probable. Indeed, in a different sphere, logic was able to
undergo a significarit development when, abandoning purely scholasticscolastiques, ellea fait appàld'autres méthodesdémonstrativeset argu-
mentaires,notamment la mathématique.
10. Le débatjudiciaire est en effet une confrontation entre deux lo-
giques formelles dont l'objet est de démontrer l'incompatibilitéde la
logique de l'adversaire avecla norme et la règlede droit. Dans ces condi-
tions, lejuge doitdépasserlatechnique dela logiqueformellepour viderle

litige car«le ridicule et l'effrayant» représententl'ultime conséquence
de cette technique d'argumentation; or seule l'intervention de considéra-
tions de fait, telles que l'expériencequotidienne, lesens de l'incertain, du
provisoire ou de l'aléatoire,peut rompre le cercle vicieux de cet univers
des formes. Ainsi la logique dialectique, dans le débatjudiciaire, est
précieuse,car la solution ainsi dégagépourra êtreplus raisonnablement
acceptée commela moins mauvaise des possibles àdéfautd'êtrela meil-
leure. Il est en effet hautement souhaitable qu'une décisionjuridiction-
nelle apparaisse comme raisonnable etjuste grâce àune compréhension
pédagogique de la démarche du juge. Malheureusement, la logique
formelle répondrarement de façon immédiate àcesconsidérations.

Il. Si le tribunal arbitral est tenu de donner suità cette exigence
d'autorité,on ne peutignorer aussi ledroit desparties debénéficierd'une
bonne administration de lajustice. En effet, la justice internationale tire
toutesonautorité de la confiance que lesparties lui portent et iln'estque
justice que cette confiance ne puisse êtreébranléeu altérée.

12. Cesconsidérationssont sources d'obligations pour letribunal etles
arbitres;àtitre énonciatif,quelques-unespeuvent êtrerappelées à I'occa-
sion de cette affai:courtoisiedes membres du tribunal; transparence de
la méthode judiciaire observée; démarcheréflexive etdémonstrative;
règlementdéfinitifde l'ensembledu différendsoumis àlajustice selon les
termes, I'objet etlebut du compromis d'arbitrage; céléride la délibéra-

tion. Le tribunal arbitral et les membres ont l'obligation impérativede
veillerà ce que la plénitudede I'autorité soitconféréeà la chose jugée.
C'est laraison pour laquelle nous sommes convaincus qu'une décision
dont I'autoritéest fortement contestée perd une très large part de sa
valeur juridique; sa remise en cause ))la prive de I'autoritéde la chose
jugée.

11. LA QUESTION DE LA SOLUTION DÉFINITIVE DE L'ENSEMBLEDU DIFFÉREND
OPPOSANT LA GUINÉE-BISSA ETULESÉNÉGAL

13. Dans le paragraphe 66 de l'arrêt,la Cour établitun constat d'une
importance capitale pour la pratique et l'avenirde l'arbitrage. L'exercice
de la compétence aamenéle Tribunal à renoncer àrésoudre complète-
ment le différend qui, lors de la signature du compromis, opposait les
Parties en cequi concerne la délimitation des espacesmaritimes relevant
de chacune d'entre elles. Nous n'insisterons pas sur les conséquences
particulièrement lourdes pour deux Etats en développement d'un teltechniques, it resorte:dto other methods of demonstration and argument
and, more particularly, to mathematics.
10. Ajudicialdisc:ussionisin fact a confrontation between two forma1

systems of logic, wi1.ha view to showing that one's adversary's logic is
incompatible with thienorm and rule of law. Under those circumstances,
thejudge has to gobeyond the techniques of forma1logicin order to settle
the dispute, as that technique of argumentsbound to lead, in the end, to
"the ridiculous and itheterrifying". Only the intervention of factual con-
siderations such asthe experience of daily life,the sense ofthe uncertain,
provisional or aleatory, can break the vicious circle of this universe of
forms.This means that dialectical logicisinvaluableinjudicial argument,
as the solutionthus arrived at may more reasonably be accepted as the
least unsatisfactory of possible solutions, even if itnot the best. It is

indeed highly desirable that a judicial decision may be seen asreasonable
and just, thanks toa.pedagogical comprehension of the way in which it
hasbeen reached. Unfortunately it isunusual forforma1logicto respond
immediatelyto those considerations.
11. While an arbiitration tribunal is bound to act on that imperative
need of authority, account must also be taken of the parties' right to
expectjustice to beproperly administered. Indeed, international adjudi-
cation derives the whole of its authority from the trust placed in it by the
parties, and it is only fair that that trust should be neither shaken nor
impaired.

12. These conside:rationsaresources ofobligationsforthetribunal and
the arbitrators. Byway of an enunciation, some of them may be called to
mind inthe context ofthis case:Le.,courtesy ofthe members ofthetribu-
nal; transparency of thejudicial method adopted; reflexive and demon-
strative approach; definitive settlement of the whole of the dispute
submittedfor adjudication, in accordance with theterms, object and pur-
pose of the Arbitration Agreement;celerity of the deliberation.The arbi-
tration tribunal and its membersare imperativelyrequired to ensure that
the decision has the full authority ofjudicata.This is why we are con-
vinced that a decision whose authority is stronglyconiested loses a very
largemeasure ofitslegalvalue; itsbeing "called into question"eprives it

of the authority of#osudicata.

II. THEQUESTIO NF THE DEFINITIVSE ETTLEMEN OT THE WHOLE OF THE
DISPUTE BETWEEN GUINEA-BISSA AUD SENEGAL

13. Inparagraph 66ofthe Judgment,the Court makes apoint offunda-
mental importance forthe practice and the future ofarbitration.The exer-
cise of itsjurisdiction led the Tribunal to forgo a complete settlement of
the dispute that, at the time of signature of the Arbitration Agreement,

existedbetween the Parties with respect to the delimitation of the mari-
time areas appertaiining to each one of them. We shall not dwell on the
particularlyserious consequences of such a result for two developingrésultat.LeTribunal arbitral avaitl'obligation de réglerdéfinitivementet
complètement le différend qui lui était soumis, selon les termes du
compromisen général,dont l'article 2 n'estqu'un simpleélémentA . titre
de simple référence à différents systèmesjuridiques nationaux, nous
aimerions évoquerle systèmedit de l'économiede procédure quiestplus
contraignant. Selon ce principe, lesjuges saisis d'un problème ontl'obli-
gation de chercher les moyens qui permettent de vider l'ensemble d'un
différend,dans les meilleurs délaispossibles et au moindre coût pour les

parties. Il nous paraît souhaitable que le juge international prenne en
considérationces idéespratiques en raison de la nature très complexe du
contentieuxinternational.
14. Pourla Cour, lerésultatdelasentenceattaquéeestdirectement lié à
la rédactiondu compromisd'arbitrage. Nous pensons qu'il n'appartient
pas à la Cour de confirmer ou d'infirmer leraisonnement delajuridiction
arbitrale quant àla qualitéde la rédactiondu compromis que les Parties
ont conclu: la Cour a le devoir de vérifier que le Tribunal a fait une
correcteetsatisfaisanteapplication des règlesd'interprétationdestraités,
en l'occurrence du compromisd'arbitrage. Dans ces conditions,la ques-
tion est de déterminersiune interprétation fondéeexclusivement sur une
analyse littérale des neuf mots introductifs de la seconde question posée
au ~ribunal estsuffisante pour dégagerlecontenu delavolontécommune
des Parties.Noussouscrivonspleinementauxdéveloppementsconsacrés
par M.Weeramantryaux reglis qui régissentl'interpretation desconven-

tions internationales.Il appartientà lajuridiction saisie de tenir simulta-
nément compte destrois élémentsconstitutifsd'un accord international :
la lettre,l'objet et lebut de l'accord. La difficultéinhéreàl'interpréta-
tion du compromisd'arbitrage tient à la double nature de cet instrument:
acte diplomatique, le compromis est un élémentqui fournitde nouvelles
données aux négociations entre les Parties; mais, acte juridique, le
compromis détermine les éléments qui structurentl'objet du différend.
Aussi nous apparaît-il insuffisant de se limiterune simpleanalyselitté-
rale.
Rappeler au Tribunal la règle de l'interprétation syncrétique ou
symbiotique des trois éléments susmentionnésn'est pas rechercher une
autre signification de l'accord; c'est simplementrespecter dans toute sa
plénitude la volontédes Parties,exercice difficile s'ilen est.
15. Danslaprésenteaffairede lasentencearbitrale,laCour,rejoignant

en cela le président du Tribunal arbitral, M. Barberis, constate que la
sentence n'apas délimité l'ensembledesterritoiresmaritimesqui relèvent
respectivement delaGuinée-Bissauetdu SénégalE . n outre, elleaaccepté
la démarchedu Tribunal qui a réduitlestermes du problème à une ques-
tion de succession d'Etats :maintien en vigueur de l'échangede lettres
franco-portugais de 1960.Noussouscrivonscertessansdifficulté auprin-
cipe selon lequel n'existe pas pour le juge international une obligation
analogue à celle édictée par I'article4 du Code civil français, principe
rappelépar le Tribunal arbitral égypto-israéliendans l'affaire de Taba:
((The Tribunal has not the task to determinethe course of the boundarycountries. The Arbitration Tribunal was under an obligation to settlethe
disputesubmitted toitdefinitively and completely, inaccordance withthe
terms of the Arbitration Agreement in general, of which Article 2 is no
more than one element. By way of a mere referenceto various national
legal systems, wewould mention the system known as that of procedural
economy, which is m~ore compelling.Thisprinciple requires thatjudges to
whom a problem haisbeen submitted should seek forthe means enabling
the whole of the disputetobe resolved, at the earliestpossibledate and at
the lowest possible cost to the parties. Given the very complexnature of
international litigation, it appears to us advisable that the international
judge should take these practical ideas into consideration.
14. Forthe Court the result ofthe Award contested isdirectly linked to
the drafting ofthe Arbitration Agreement. Webelieve that it is not forthe
Court to confirm or reject the reasoning of the Arbitration Tribunal as to

the quality ofthe dra.ftingofthe Agreementthe Partiesconcluded :itisthe
duty of the Court to ascertain that the Tribunal has made a correct and
satisfactoryapplication of the mles concerning the interpretation of trea-
ties, in this instance of the Arbitration Agreement. Consequently, the
question is whether an interpretation based exclusivelyon a literal analy-
sis of the prefatory words of the second question put to the Tribunal
suffices to bring out the content of the common will of the Parties. We
subscribefullyto the points made by Judge Weeramantry with respectto
the rules governingthe interpretation of international conventions. It is
incumbent on the court seised of a dispute to take simultaneously into
accountthethree constitutiveelements of aninternational agreement: the
letter, theobject and the purpose ofthe agreement.Thedifficultyinherent
in the interpretatiori of the Arbitration Agreement results from the dual
nature of this instrument: as a diplomatic act, that Agreement is an ele-
ment introducing new factors into the negotiations between the Parties;
but, as a legal act, it determines the elements structuring the object of
the dispute. For these reasons we consider a mere literal analysis to be
insufficient.

To recall to the Tribunal the mle of syncretic or symbiotic interpreta-
tion of the three arbove-mentioned elernents does not amount to an
attempt to give the Agreement another meaning; al1it does is to respect
fully the will of the Parties, a difficult exercise if everthere was one.
15. Inthe present:caseofthe ArbitralAward,the Court notes, asdidthe
President of the ArlbitrationTribunal, Mr. Barberis, that the Award did
not delimit the who'leof the maritime areas appertaining respectively to
Guinea-Bissau and Senegal. Moreover, the Court accepted the line of
argument ofthe Tribunal whereby itreducedtheterms ofthe problem to a
question of State suiccession :maintenance in force of the Franco-Portu-
guese Exchange of Letters of 1960.To be sure, we have no difficulty in
subscribing to the p~rinciplethat there does not exist for the international
judge an obligationanalogousto that laiddown by Article 4ofthe French
Civil Code, a principle recalled by the Arbitral Tribunal set up by Egypt
and Israel in the Ta!ba case :"The Tribunal has not the task to determine125 SENTENCE ARBITRAL(E OP. DISS. AGUILAR MAWDSLEY ETRANJEVA)

from BP 91 to the shore and beyond.» (InternationalLegal Materials,
vol. 27,no4, p. 82.)Mais sans avoiràsubstituersespropres motivations à
celles du Tribunal arbitral, la Cour a, de notre point de vue, le devoir
d'évoquerle silence du Tribunal arbitral sur la contradiction évidente et
immédiate entre les résultats de la sentence et quelques observations de
caractèrelittéral,indiscutables,telles que

1) L'appellation du Tribunal :
TRIBUNALARBITRAL
TRIBUNALARBITRAL
POURLAD~TERMINATION PARAA DETERMINAÇAO
DELAFRONTIÈREMARITIME DA FRONTEIRAMAR~TIMA

2) Lepréambuledu compromis du 12mars 1985 - lebut du traité:

((Reconnaissantqu'ils n'ont pu résoudre parvoie de négociation
diplomatique le différendrelatifàla déterminationde leurfrontière
maritime,
Désirant, étantdonnéleurs relations amicales,parvenir au règle-
ment de ce différenddans les meilleurs délais,et à cet effet ayant
décidéde recourir à un arbitrage>).

3) L'objetdu différend selonle Tribunal arbitral dans la sentence:

«27. Leseulobjet du différend soumispar lesParties auTribunal
porte donc sur la détermination de la frontière maritime entre la
Républiquedu Sénégalelta Républiquede Guinée-Bissau,question
qu'elles n'ont purésoudre parvoie de négociation. »

Lesilencedu Tribunal arbitral surcesdonnéessimplesestcritiquable et

cen'estpas réclamerune interprétationautredelaconventionqued'inter-
peller la sentence sur la validité d'un raisonnement linéaire,au surplus
unilatéral,etsacohérenceintrinsèque.Contrairement à l'avisexprimépar
la Cour au paragraphe 55,nous pensons que c'estla conclusionqui doit
êtrelue àlalumièredutitre du Tribunal, du but dutraitéetde ladéfinition
du différendet non l'inverse.

16. Que la proposition conditionnelle de la question 2 soit source de
difficultéspour l'interprétationde la convention, c'est l'évidencemême,

mais sembleavoir été oubliéle fait que ces neuf mots introductifs repré-
sentent leprix diplomatique du règlementdu différendparvoie arbitrale.
Par ailleurs, il appartenait au Tribunal d'assurer une présentation cohé-
rentedetoutes lesdonnéesdu différenddans lecadred'une interprétation
correcte et complète du traité. Tout est par ailleurs dit et donné dans le
compromis pour quedestravaux duTribunal puisse sortir une ligne fron-the course ofthe boundary from BP91to theshoreand beyond" (Interna-

tionalLegaIMaterialr;Vol.27,No. 4,p. 82).But,withouthaving to substi-
tute its own reasons for those of the Arbitration Tribunal,the Court has,
from our point ofview,an obligation totake intoaccountthe silenceofthe
Arbitration Tribunal over the obvious and immediate contradiction
between the resultsofthe Award and anumber ofobservations ofaliteral,
unquestionable nature, such as :

(1) The title of the Tribunal
TRIBUNALARBITRAL TRIBUNALARBITRAL
POURLA D~TERMINATION PARAA DETERMINAÇ~O
DE LAFRONTI~REMARITIME DA FRONTEIRAMAR~TIMA

(2) The Preamble of the Arbitration Agreement of 12March 1985 - the
purpose of the Treat:y:
"Recognizing that they have been unable to settle by means of
diplomatic negotiation the dispute relating to the determination of

their maritime boundary,
Desirous, in view of their friendly relations, to reach a settlement
ofthat dispute as soon aspossible and, tothat end, havingdecided to
resort to arbitration".

(3) The object of the dispute according to the Arbitration Tribunal in the
Award :
"27. The sole:object of the dispute submitted by the Parties to the
Tribunal accordingly relates to the determination of the maritime

boundary between the Republic of Senegal and the Republic of
Guinea-Bissau, a question whichtheyhavenot been ableto settle by
means of negotiiation."
The silencetheTribunal observed with regard to these simpleelements

is opento criticism alndone can without requiring another interpretation
of the convention cal1the Award into question over the validity of the
linear, and additionally unilateral mode of reasoning and its intrinsic co-
herence. Contrary tc~the view expressed by the Court in paragraph 55,
we consider that it iijthe conclusion that must be read in the light of the
title of the Tribunal, thepurpose of the treaty and the definition of the
dispute, not the othe:rway round.
16. Thatthe conditional proposition of Question 2 should have been a
source of difficulties for the interpretation of the conventionis perfectly
obvious; but the fat2 appears to have been forgotten that the prefatory

words are the diplomatic price paid for the settlement of the dispute by
arbitration.Furthennore, itwas incumbent upontheTribunal to ensure a
coherent presentation of al1the elements of the dispute within the frame-
work of a correct and complete interpretation of the treaty. Moreover, al1
that is required in order that the work of the Tribunal should result in atière.L'échecdu Tribunal arbitral dans l'accomplissement de sa mission
est un facteur suffisamment grave qui porte préjudice l'institution arbi-
trale elle-même.Aussi estimons-nous que la Cour devait prendre la
responsabilité de poursuivrejusqu'a son terme son analyse en tirant la
conclusionjuridique de son constat de carence et d'échec.

III. LA DÉFAILLANCE DU TRIBUNA LRBITRAL

17. Contrairement à laposition delamajoritédesmembres de laCour,
nousestimonsque leTribunal arbitral avaitl'obligationjuridique defour-
nir une réponseexplicite, et par un vote spécifique,a la secondequestion
de l'article 2 du compromisd'arbitrage,sur la base d'une pleine motiva-
tion.
18. Lesobservations dela Cour rappelant lapratique normaledesjuri-
dictions arbitrales méconnaissent la naturejuridique de ces pratiques en

les reléguantau seul domaine des faits. En droit le juge manque grave-
ment àsa mission lorsqu'il décidede ne pas répondreà une question. En
effet, la question énonce les termes de la difficultédont la solution est
demandéeaujuge; la question constitue,dèslors, la causejuridique de la
procédurejuridictionnelle, qu'elle soitjudiciaire ou arbitrale.Sur le plan
diplomatique l'énoncé de la questionsoulignel'importance du problème
soulevé.La doctrine estime que «le Tribunal doit juger tout point prévu
au compromis, fût-il d'avis qu'il n'y a pas lieu de l'examiner)) (voir
Balasko, Causes de nullitéde la sentencearbitrale en droit international
public,Paris, Pedone, 1938,p. 200; en ce sens voir P. Fauchille, Traitéde
droit internationalpublic,aris, 1926,première partie, t. III, p. 548). A
l'appui de cetteidée,onpeut rappeler lajurisprudence delaCour interna-

tionale de Justicedans l'affaire duétroitde Corfou:
«Aux termes de la première question du compromis, la Cour est
invitéea répondre aux deux points suivants:

i) l'Albanie est-elle responsable, selon le droit international, des
explosions et des dommages et pertes humaines qui en seraient
suivis,et
ii) ya-t-illecasderéparationsà donner?
Cetexte afaitnaîtrecertainsdoutes. Silaréponseaupremierpoint
estaffirmative,ilen résultedéjàqueréparationestdue etilaurait été
superflu d'ajouter le deuxième point,à moins que dans l'esprit des
Parties ce point visât quelque chose de plus qu'une simple déclara-
tion, aux termes de laquelle la Cour constaterait que réparation est

due. Il serait en effet contraire aux règlesd'interprétation générale-
ment reconnues de considérerqu'une dispositiondecegenre,insérée
dansun compromis,soitune dispositionsans portée et sans effet. A
cet égard,la Cour se réfère l'opinion expriméeparla Cour perma-frontier line issaid and giveninthe Arbitration Agreement. The failure of
the Arbitration Tribuinal to perform its mission is a sufficientlyious
factor prejudicial to arbitration as an institution. We therefore consider
that the Court should have taken it upon itself to carry its analysis to its
conclusion by drawirig the appropriate legal conclusion from the omis-

sion and the failure of which ittook note.

III. THE SH~RTCOMIN GFTHE ARBITRATIO TNRIBUNAL
AND EXC~S DE POUVOIR

17. Contrary to the majority of the Members of the Court, we believe
that the Arbitration Tribunal was under a legal obligation to give an
explicitanswer, and t'odo so by a separate vote,to the second question of
Article 2 of the Arbiitration Agreement, on the basis of a full statement
of itsreasons.
18. The observatic~nsof the Court concerning the normal practice of
arbitral tribunals disregardthe legal nature ofthat practice by confiningit
within the area of facts. In law a judge seriously fails to perform his

mission whenever he decides not to answer a question. For the question
lays downthe terms cifthe difficulty that thejudge isasked to resolve; the
question thus constitutes the legal cause of the litigation, whether it be
judicial or arbitral. On the diplomatic plane the formulation of the ques-
tion underlines theimportance ofthe problem raised. Thedoctrinal posi-
tion isthat "the Tribunal mustadjudicateverypoint referredto inthe corn-
promis,evenif in itsopinion itdoes not anse to be considered" (cf.A.Bal-
asko, Causesde nulliléde la sentencearbitrale endroitinternationalpublic,
Paris,Pedone, 1938, p.200,whose opinion isshared byP.Fauchille, Traité
de droit international'public,Paris, 1926,Part,Vol. III, p. 548).This is
supported by the following observations of the International Court
of Justice in itsJudgrnent on the Merits in therfuChannelcase :

"In the first question ofthe SpecialAgreementthe Court isasked :

(i) 1s Albania under international law responsible for the explo-
sions and fcirthe damage and loss of human life which resulted
fromthem, and
(ii) isthere anylutyto pay compensation?

Thistext giveijrise to certain doubts. If point (i)isanswered in the
affirmative, it follows from the establishment of responsibility that
compensation is due, and it would be superfluous to add point (ii)
unless the Parties had something else in mind than a mere declar-
ation by the Court that compensation is due. It would indeed be
incompatible with the generally accepted rules of interpretation to
admit that a provision of this sort occurring in a special agreement
shouldbe devoid of purport or effect. In this connection, the Court
refers to the views expressed by the Permanent Court of Interna-127 SENTENCE ARBITRALE(OP. DISS .GUILAR MAWDSLEY ET RANJEVA)

nente de Justice internationaleà propos de questions d'interpréta-
tion semblables. Dans l'avis consultatifno 13en date du 23juillet
1926,cette Cour s'est expriméecomme suit (SérieB no13, p. 19):
«Mais, pour autant qu'il s'agitde la question spécifique de compé-
tence,actuellementdébattue, il peut suffire d'observer que la Cour,
en déterminant la nature et l'étendue d'une disposition,doitenvisa-
gerseseffetspratiques plutôtque lemotif prédominant parlequel on

lasupposeavoir été inspirée.»Danssonordonnance du 19août 1929
dans l'affaire desZones franches, la Cour a ditSérieA no22,p. 13)
que «dans ledoute, lesclausesd'un compromispar lequellaCour est
saisie d'un différend dcivent ...être interprétées d'une manière
permettant à ces clauses de déployer leurseffets utile>)(Détroitde
Corfou,fond, C.I.JR. ecueil949,p. 23-24.)

Cetteobligation de fournir une réponse àchaque question poséenous
paraît plus contraignantepour unejuridiction arbitraleque pour unejuri-
diction judiciaire, dans la mesure où celle-ci est soumise à un corpus
précodifiéde procédure,lejuge arbitralétantau contraire liécorps etâme

à la volontédes Etatsparties au différend.
Lesobservationsdela Cour etlajurisprudence qu'elleinvoquedans le
paragraphe 50 de l'arrêt nsont pas suffisantes pour justifier la décision
de non-réponse à la seconde question bien que des élémentsde fait puis-
sentêtrerapprochésdu présent cas :l'existenced'une condition préalable
à la réponse à la question suivante. En premier lieu, la décisionde non-
réponse à la secondequestion dans l'affaire del'interprétatiodes traités
depaixconclusaveclaBulgarie,la HongrieetlaRoumanie,deuxièmp ehase,
est précédée d'un constad te carence; car la Cour explique qu'il y aurait
commission d'un excèsde pouvoir si sa décisiondevaitse substituer à la
volonté des Parties(C.I.J.Recueil1950,p. 230),tandis que, dans l'affaire
de l'Interprétatiode l'accord gréco-bulgar deu 9 décembre1927,la Cour

permanente n'a pas manquéde relever l'incidence éventuellede la non-
réponse à la seconde question sur l'économie générale du questionnaire
administré à lajuridiction (C.P.J.I.sérieA/B no45,p. 87).Or nous avons
relevédes lacunes de cette nature dans la sentence: l'éventualité d'un
excèsde pouvoir en cas de réponse à la secondequestion,comptetenu de
la réponse àla première,méritaitune explication du Tribunal,tandis que
les effets de la réponse la premièrequestion sur l'économiegénéraledu
compromisont fait l'objet d'un silence des arbitres que nous critiquons.
Maisensecondlieu,enmatière d'obligation de fournirune réponseà chaque
question, lajurisprudence invoquée par la Cour est peu appropriée. En
effet,dans lestroiscascités,ils'agit d'avisconsultatifs etnon dedécisions
contentieuses.L'article 65du Statut de la Cour estpermissif. IIdonne la

Cour le pouvoir d'appréciersi les circonstances de l'espècesont telles
qu'elles doivent la déterminerà ne pas répondre à une demande d'avis
(C.I.J.Recueil1950,p.72)etcedans lamesureoù «la demande d'avisa un
objet...plus limité.Elletend exclusivementà obtenir de la Courcertaines
précisionsjuridiques..))(ibid.,p. 70).Cettedifférencede nature explique ARBITRALAWARD (DISS .P. AGUILARMAWDSLEY AND RANJEVA) 127

tional Justice with regard to similar questions of interpretation. In
Advisory Opinion No. 13ofJuly 23rd, 1926,that Court said (SeriesB,
No.13, p. 19):'But,so far as concerns the specificquestion of compe-
tence now pendiing,itmay suffice to observe that the Court,in deter-
mining the nature and scope of a measure, must look to its practical
effect rather thaintothepredominant motive that may beconjectured
to have inspired it.' In its Order of August 19th, 1929,in the Free
Zones case, the (Courtsaid (SeriesA, No.22,p. 13) :'in caseof doubt,
the clausesof aspecialagreement bywhich adispute isreferred tothe
Court must ...be construed in a manner enabling the clauses them-
selves to have appropriate effects'." (Corfu Channel, Merits,
I.C.J.Reports 1949, pp. 23-24.)

This obligation to ;pivea reply to eachquestion put weighs,in Ourview,
more heavily on an arbitral tribunal than on a judicial one to the extent
that the latter issubjected to apre-codified procedural corpus,whereas the

arbitral judge is, on the contrary, bound body and sou1to the will of the
StatesParties to the dispute.
The observations made by the Court and the case-law it cites in para-
graph 50 of the Judgment are inadequate to justify the decision not to
reply to the second question, even though certain factual elements can be
considered to have a bearing on the present case :the existence of a condi-
tion precedent to thr: reply to a subsequent question. In the first place,
before deciding, in its Advisory Opinion on the Znterpretation of Peace
Treatieswith Bulgaricz,Hungaryand Romania,Second Phase,not to reply
to the second question, the Court noted a default; for it observed that it
would commit an excèsdepouvoirwere its decision to be substituted for
the willof the Parties.(I.C.J.Reports 1950,p. 230),while, in the case of the
Interpretationof the Greco-BulgarianAgreement of 9 December 1927,the
Permanent Court diclnot fail to note the possible incidence of a failure to
reply to the second question on the questionnaire before it, as a whole
(P.C.I.J.,Series A/B, No. 45,p. 87). Now we have noted lacunae of this
natureinthe Award :the possibility of there being, regard being had to the

reply to the firstquestion, an excèsdepouvoirin the event of a reply to the
second one, should have been the subject of explanatory comments by the
Tribunal, whereas the effects of the reply to the firstquestion onthe Arbi-
tration Agreement as a whole were passed over in silence by the arbitra-
tors, which wedo not.consider proper. But,in the second place, asregards
the obligation to answer each question, the case-law cited by theCourt is
of scant relevance. The three cases cited are advisory, not contentious
ones. Article 65ofthe Statute ofthe Court ispermissive. It givesthe Court
the power to examine whether the circumstances of the case are such as
should lead it to decline to answer the request (I.C.J.Reports 1950,p. 72),
and that in so far as '"theobject of the Request is ...more limited. It [the
Request] is directed :solelyto obtaining from theCourt certain clarifica-
tions of a legal nature ..." (ibid.,p. 70). This difference in nature makesles limites de la transposition de la procédure consultativedans le cadre
d'une procédure contentieuse dont l'objet estla consécration d'un droit.
19. Contrairement à laposition de lamajoritédesmembresde laCour,

nous sommesconvaincusqu'en statuant infrapetitaet, en décidantde ne
pas répondre àla seconde question, le Tribunal a commis un excèsde
pouvoir par omission et ce sansmotivation.
20. En exerçant la compétencede la compétence,le Tribunal arbitral
a-t-il effectivement accompli de manière licite la mission qui lui était
dévolue,ennejustifiant pas de façon complète, à notre avis,sonrefus de
réponse a la seconde question? La Cour sedéclaresatisfaitede la motiva-
tion brève maisjugéesuffisante que leTribunal a utiliséepour justifier sa
décision.La concision et la clarté sonteffectivement des qualités rares,
mais le problème n'est pas d'ordre quantitatif - il ne s'agitpas d'appré-
cierla longueur et les qualités littéraireset artistiques d'un raisonnement
- mais d'ordre épistémologique. Quelleest la validitédu recours a la
conclusion logique pour justifier la non-réponse à la seconde question,

décision non consacrée explicitementni par un vote ni par un dispositif
exprès ?
21. L'argumentation tiréede la conclusion logique est concevable, si
les relations de causea effet entre les deux propositions ont un caractère
inéluctable.Or,dans le casprésent,cetrait de caractèren'est pasétablide
façonévidente.Prisesisolément,l'opinion dissidentedu troisièmearbitre
ainsi que la déclarationdu présidentdu Tribunal remettent en cause les
conclusionssusceptiblesd'être déduitesde la proposition retenue par le
Tribunal. En effet la déclarationde M.Barberis est encontradiction avec
le texte de la sentencedans la mesure où elle reconnaît que le Tribunal a
faillisacompétencealorsqu'ilavaitl'obligationd'accomplirjusqu'à son
terme sa mission.
22. D'une manière générale,la valeur démonstrative de la conclusion
logiqueseconçoitaisément dans lesrapportsde causalité.En revanchela

logiquejuridique relèveplus des relations d'imputabilité. La conclusion
logique, dans ces conditions,peut apparaître pertinente lorsqu'en droit il
s'agitd'assurer l'effectivité,la consolidationd'un droit déjà consacré.Au
contraire, elle est nettement insuffisante pour justifier le rejet d'une
requêtetendant a obtenir le respect d'un droit; en refusant purement et
simplement de prêter attention a d'autres prémisses, elleconstitue une
affirmation de principe et n'apparaît pas comme une technique démons-
trative. Dans le cas de rejet d'une demande, la conclusion logiqueéqui-
vaut a une absence de motifs. Pour ces raisons, nous estimons que la
non-réponse àla seconde question du compromis et le refus de joindre
une carte à la sentencetraduisent un défautde motivation.Cette défail-
lance du Tribunal est-elleconstitutive d'excèsde pouvoir par omission?
23. L'article35du modèlede règlessur la procédure arbitrale,élaboré
par la Commission du droit international, met un terme au débatthéo-

rique sur la consécrationde l'excèsde pouvoir du tribunal comme cause
de nullité d'une sentence arbitrale. De manière simple, on peut décrire
l'excèsde pouvoir commela transgressionparunejuridiction compétente ARBITRALAWAIZD (DISS OP. AGUILAR MAWDSLEYAND RANJEVA) 128

clearthe limits ofthetransposition ofthe advisoryprocedure into the set-
ting ofa contentious one,the object of which is to sanction a right.
19. Contrary to the position of the majority of the Members of the
Court, we are convinced that by deciding infrapetita and opting for not
replying to the second question, the Tribunal committed an excèsde
pouvoirthrough omission and did so withoutstatingitsreasons.
20. In exercising the compétencede la compétenced ,id the Tribunal,
which, in our opinion, failed to justify fully its refusa1 to reply to the
second question, eff'ectivelyperform, in a lawful manner, the mission
entmsted to it? The Court declares itself satisfied with the statement of
reasoning,succinctbutjudged to be sufficient, bywhich the Tribunal jus-
tified its decision.Concision and clarityareindeed rare qualities,but the

problem is not quantitative - it is not a question of appreciating the
length and the literary and artistic qualities of a line of reasoning -
but epistemological. What is the validity of recourse to the logical con-
clusionto justify the absence of a reply to the secondquestion, adecision
which did not take explicit shape in a vote or an express operative
provision?
21. The argumentbased on the logical conclusion isconceivable ifthe
causalrelationship between the two propositions isineluctable in nature.
But, in the presentcaLset,his isby no means clearly established. Taken in
isolation,the dissentingopinion ofthethird Arbitrator,as wellasthe dec-
laration of the President of the Tribunal, calls into question the conclu-
sions that may be dr,awnfrom the proposition adopted by the Tribunal.
For Mr. Barberis's tleclaration is in contradiction with the text of the
Award in so far as the declaration recognizes that the Tribunal failed to
exercise itsjurisdiction eventhough itwas under an obligation to perform

itstask fully.
22. Generally speiiking,the demonstrativevalue of the logical conclu-
sion iseasily conceivablein relationships of causality. But legal logic has
moreto do with relations ofimputability.Thisbeingsothe logicalconclu-
sion may appear to bepertinent whenever in lawtheobject isto ensure the
effectivity,the consolidation of arightalreadycreated. On the contrary, it
isaltogetherinsufficientto justify therejection ofan application that aims
to bring about respect for aright; in as much as it refusespurely and sim-
ply to pay due regard to other premises, it constitutes an affirmation of
principle and does not appear to be atechnique for demonstrating.In the
caseofthe rejection ofan application, the logical conclusion isthe equiva-
lent ofafailureto givereasons.This iswhyweconsider that theabsence of
a reply to Question 2 of the Arbitration Agreement and the refusa1 to

annex a map to the A.wardreflectan absence of reasons. Does this default
on thepart ofthe Tribunal constitute an excèsdepouvoirthrough omission?
23. Article 35of the Model Rules on Arbitral Procedureelaborated by
the International Law Commission brought to an end the theoretical
debate asto whether excèsdepouvoiron the part ofthetribunal constitutes
aground ofnullity of'an arbitral award.Toput the matter simply,the excès
depouvoir can be deijcribed as the transgression committed by acompe-du cadre juridique de sa mission. Il ((consiste en toute violation, toute
méconnaissance,tout dépassementoutoute omissiondesdispositions de
l'accord d'arbitrage.» (Balasko, op. cit., p. 153).Dans un arbitrage, le
compromisindique les décisionset les actes que le tribunal doit prendre

ou édicter.Les dispositions du compromis,préambule et corpus,lient de
façon impérative la compétence du tribunal arbitral; en revanche ce
dernierjouit d'une compétencediscrétionnairepour la détermination,de
manière explicite, des modalités par lesquelles l'arbitre parvient ces
décisionsetceafin d'écartertout soupçon de nature àaltérerl'autoritéde
la sentence.Dans ces conditions, l'excèsde pouvoir de l'arbitre peut être
commispar actionoupar omission.Fautepar letribunal de statuer sur un
point prévupar le compromis, il y a excèsde pouvoir infra petita. La
présente affairede la sentence du 31juillet 1989représente un deces cas
exceptionnels.
24. A contrario,nouspensons qu'ilappartenaitau Tribunal de démon-
trer en quoi pouvait représenter un excèsde pouvoir l'achèvementde la
détermination de la ligne unique de frontière maritime entre la Guinée-
Bissau et le Sénégal,t ce au regard de la réponse la premièrequestion
qu'énonçait l'article2. Cette omission, notre avis, est un manquement
grave du Tribunal a sa mission.
25. Le refus de joindre une carte constitue ouvertement une autre

violation des dispositions du compromis, pour les mêmes motifsque la
décisionde non-réponse a la secondequestion. Sieffectivementle Tribu-
nal a estiméinutile l'établissement d'une carte en l'absence d'une part
d'une réponse à la seconde question et d'autre part d'une délimitation
globale de l'ensemble des espaces maritimes par une ligne frontière
unique, laCour sedevait,à notre avis,comptetenu decettedéfaillance,de
contester lebien-fondé dela sentencedèslorsqu'était enjeu lerespect du
droit des Parties une bonne administration de lajustice internationale.

(Signé) AndrésAGUILAM RAWDSLEY.

(Signé)Raymond RANJEVA.tent tribunal ofthe legalframework ofitsmission. It"consistsinanyviola-
tion, any disregard, any overstepping of or non-cornpliance with the
provisions of theArtbitrationAgreement. .." (Balasko, op.cit.,p. 153).In
an arbitrationthe compromissets forth the decisions and acts that the tri-
bunal must take or decree. The provisions of the compromis,itspreamble
and its body, detemiine in a mandatory manner the jurisdiction of the
arbitral tribunal; onhe otherhand, the latterenjoysdiscretionary powers

to ascertain, in an explicit fashion, the modalities by which the arbitrator
reaches those decisions, and that in order to guard against any suspicion
which might impair the authority of the award. This being so, excèsde
pouvoir can be comxiitted by the arbitrators through acts or omissions. If
the tribunal fails to adjudicate on a point referred to in the compromis,
there is excèsde pouvoir infrapetita. The present case of the Award of
31July 1989involves one of these exceptional cases.
24. A contrario,we consider that it was incumbent on the Tribunal to
demonstrate how an excèsdepouvoircould result from its completion of
the determination of the single line of the maritime boundary between
Guinea-Bissau and Senegal,regard being had in this respect to the reply
to the first question put in Article2. This omission is, in Ouropinion, a
serious failure by the:Tribunal to perform itsmission.
25. The refusal to include a map manifestlyconstitutes another viola-
tion of theprovisionisof the Arbitration Agreement, for the same reasons
as in respect of the dec ci siont to reply to the second question. If the
Tribunal did in facl:consider it unnecessary to prepare a map in the
absence, on the one hand, of a reply to the second question and, on the
other, of a global d<:limitationof the maritime spaces as a whole by a
single boundary line, the Court should, in our opinion, having regard to
this omission,havecalled into question the soundness of the Award inas-
much as the necessiiry respect for the right of the Parties to a proper

administration of international justice was at stake.

(Signed) AndrésAGUILAM RAWDSLEY.
(Signed) Raymond RANJEVA.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Joint Dissenting Opinion of Judges Aguilar Mawdsley and Ranjeva (translation)

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