Separate Opinion of Judge Lachs

Document Number
082-19911112-JUD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
082-19911112-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE LACHS

1would liketo stress at the outset that, despite the Court's dismissal of
the Applicant's submissions, there can be no suggestion that Guinea-
Bissau committed an abuse of procedure in challengingthe 1989Award
before this Court. It is the inherent right of any party to proceedings, let
alone a government with a nation's permanent interests to defend, to seek
to have the result declared a nullity if it is convinced that the decision
taken isbasicallyflawed.This isso even inrespect of decisionscharacter-
ized asfinal, inasmuch as adecision sovitiated canbe viewed asstillborn,
a mere semblance ofadecision or,to usethetermemployed bythepresent

Applicant, asinexistent. In anycaseGuinea-Bissaustressed, and Senegal
concurred, thatthe present proceedings had not been instituted by wayof
appeal.

The Court, in order to avoid any suggestion of acting like a court of
appeal, has limited itself to establishing whether there was any basis for
Guinea-Bissau's submissions, by taking the Applicant's specific criti-
cisms quite separately, one by one.
Yet an application asserting that a judgment or award is "inexistent" or
"absolutely nul1and void implies a claimthat al1the efforts of the court
or tribunal in question to administer justice and resolve a dispute have
cometo nothing. Sucha claimcan onlybe directed at somealleged flawor
flaws of a vital character,since it is no mere challenge to a decision, but
amountstoarepudiation ofthe entire processtraversed bythetribunal in
itsdeliberations. Assuch, it calls for exceptional scrutiny. ,

In this regard, the Court's exercise of its competence to deal with the
specific submissions did not, in my view, prevent it from proceeding to
closer analysis,without in any wayencroaching upon the substance ofthe
issues which it had been forthe Arbitration Tribunal alone to decide. A
complaint of nullity does not in itself debar the court dealing with it from
liftingthe veilon matters of competence and substance,provided they are
germane to the issue of validity, since the handling of such matters, as
distinctfromprocedural issues ofa purely forma1nature, may in factlie at
the heart of the complaint. The Court was not precluded from making
comments in keeping with its position as a guardian of the standards of
judicial decision-making, and thus perfonninga signalservicetothe sister
institution of arbitration.

Arnong the elements subjected to analysis is a document which the

Court found couldnot beignored,namelythe declaration ofthe President93 ARBITRAL AWARD (SEP. OP. LACHS)

of the Arbitration Tribunal. However correct it may be to conclude that
this declaration did not undo the vote by which President Barberis
enabled a majority to be created for the operative clause, it certainly
expresses an approach to the competence ofthe Tribunal which isat var-
iance withthat enshrined inthe Award itself.This approach iscouchedin
cautious terms of what the Tribunal "could" rather than "should" have
done, but the sole motive behind the negative corollary attached to the
Award's operativeprovisionin the President's reformulation was clearly
to convey his opinion that the Tribunal's competence had been broader

than the Award allowed.This isparticularly clearfrom the second half of
the declaration. One can only note that the Award does not disclose
whether any vote was taken on the important issues covered in para-
graph 87of the Award.

NowtheCourt couldenterintothescope oftheTribunal's competence
to theextent requiredtodeterminewhethertheTribunal's owninterpreta-
tion of it, as disclosed by the Award, was not manifestly untenable. For
that purpose ithad to relyon the wording ofthe Special Agreement and of
paragraph 87ofthe Award,there lyingthe focus ofthe matter. But,analy-
tically speaking,there is no doubt that, far from being manifestly unten-
able, what the Tribunal said contains nothing to sustain an assertion of
invalidity, even supposing that failure to exhaustjurisdiction would be
sufficient to justify a finding in thatnse.

Thedeclaration of President Barberis thereforecasts doubt onwhether
paragraph 87 really is "the opinion of the Tribunal". Had that para-
graph infact, rather than just formally,belonged exclusivelytothe reason-
ing of the Award, thiswould not have been a crucial matter: as instanced
bythe veryopinions appended tothepresentJudgment,there isno neces-
sityfor the member of atribunal to agree with everypart ofthe reasoning
before he can voteinfavour ofthe decision. Butparagraph 87undeniably
contains not merely reasoning but two decisions,including one of major
importance. Hence it is an understatement for the Court merely to have
pointed outthat the structure of the Award was "open to criticism".

By appending his declaration, Mr. Barberis ensured that he would
appear to the readerin two distinctpersonalities thearbitrator whovoted

for thedecision as it stood, and the arbitrator who would have preferred,
not an entirelydifferentdecision,buttheinclusion ofafurther decision or
decisions on matters concerning which the Award had remained silent.
Mr. Barberis wasconsequentlyfaced with a serious dilemma, and one can
sincerelysympathize with him inthat respect;but as a distinguishedjurist
he must have realized the difficultiesin store for him, and the risk of his
being, as a judge, in no position to justify himself if criticized. As was
wisely said some eightyyears ago : "The mouth of the judge is sealed; he is not permitted to deny or
refutethe allegationsmade against him,whatever rnaybetheirfalsity
or whatever hisreputation asajust and impartial judge .. !" (Stateof
Delawarev. Glascow,US District Court, 1912.)

(How incomparably more serious was the situation of a judge once
blamed - by some alleged authorities - not for what he had done, or
even forwhat hecould not have done, but simplyforthe policy ofthe then
govemment of his country! Faced with such an attack, a judge rnay be
helpless.)

Nevertheless, despite the unusual relationship betweenthe Award and
the presidential declaration, the fact remains that the latteris simply an

appendix added after the Award had come into being with the casting of
votes. It cannot be regarded as controlling or modifying the sense of the
Award. It is reasonable to assume that judicial declarations or opinions
rnay shed some light on aspects of the casesconsidered. They rnay some-
times help intheinterpretation ofthedecisionsto whichthey areattached.
However, while the appended text rnay prompt a doubt and even a chal-
lenge,it cannot undo the decision itself.

Thearguments ofGuinea-Bissaudisclose, however,a moregeneral dis-
satisfaction with the treatment given by the Tribunal to the dispute
between the Parties, and it isindeed difficult to avoid the impressionthat
the result was not commensurate with the time spent in arriving at it.The
expectations of Guinea-Bissau were clearly aroused by the presentation
of the Tribunal as one concemed to deal with "the determination of the
maritimeboundary", acomprehensiveexpressionencompassing, itmight
be thought, the whole scope of the dispute which had been the object of
negotiations between the two States for a considerable number of years.
Those negotiations havingfailed,theyproceeded to draw up the Arbitra-

tion Agreement. But it was in the drafting of this treaty that diplomacy
appears to have nodded, by conferring upon the tribunal to be formed a
competence which, in certain conditions, might not be found adequateto
the object and purpose of settlingthe whole dispute. Hence 1 agree with
thepresentJudgment infindingthat the germoftheproblem lay lessinthe
Award itself than in the Arbitration Agreement under which it wasgiven.

However, the way the reply was framed is open to serious objections.
The Court finds that the reasoning of the Award was "brief, and could
doubtlesshavebeen developed further". 1 would add, that whilebrevityis
a virtue, excessive brevity rnay suggest lack of adequate consideration,
hence the imperative need to explain the decision: it is not a flood of
words which iscalled forbut convincingreasoning and adequate explana-
tions. A clear exposition of the grounds of the decision constitutes an
indispensable part of any judgment or award. As has been pointed out,
once submitted to a court or to arbitration a dispute becomes a "persua-siveconflict", hence requires a 'persuasivedecision".Not necessarilyone
which willpersuade everybody, but one sufficientlyplausible.

Moreover,there is one other point to which 1wish to address myself,
namely the Applicant's claim that Article 9, paragraph 2, of the Arbitra-
tion Agreement imposed uponthe Tribunal an obligationin any circum-
stances to "include the drawing of a boundary line on a map".
The Tribunal was not, in my opinion, relieved of this obligation by its
decision not to reply to the secondquestionput to it.The language of the
Agreement isclear and imperative :theimplementation of Article9,para-
graph 1,isnot conditioned nor is itirrational. Ifthe possibility of limiting
the replytoonequestion onlywasenvisaged,it isdifficult to conclude that
this released the Tribunal from the obligation enshrined in the Article.
Admittedly,from a common-sense point of view, it isarguablethat, as "a
loxodromic line", the boundary was clear and required no graphic illus-
tration.1can thereforeagree withthe Judgmentthattheabsence ofa chart

did not constitute "such an irregularity as would render the Award
invalid". Yet it was not proper to belittle the obligation as the Tribunal
did. Elementarycourtesyrequired thatthe matter be dealt within adiffer-
ent way.
Arbitration as asecure means of settling with finalitydifficult disputes
hasfrom time immemorialenjoyedgreat prestige inthe setting ofmunici-
pal law. Long before the existence of any permanent international judi-
ciary, arbitration between States had likewise become one of the most
highly respected, valued and effective means for the peaceful settlement
of international disputes. Aheavy responsibility restsupon arbitral tribu-
nal~to contribute towards the maintenance of this status and assist the
institutionto developmore effectivelyina world where the changing rela-
tionship of States and the ever-increasing areas of contact between their
interests are bound to create new problems. Thus one cannot but regret
that the Tribunal did not succeed in producing a decision with the
cogency to command respect.

(Signed) Manfred LACHS.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE LACHS

1would liketo stress at the outset that, despite the Court's dismissal of
the Applicant's submissions, there can be no suggestion that Guinea-
Bissau committed an abuse of procedure in challengingthe 1989Award
before this Court. It is the inherent right of any party to proceedings, let
alone a government with a nation's permanent interests to defend, to seek
to have the result declared a nullity if it is convinced that the decision
taken isbasicallyflawed.This isso even inrespect of decisionscharacter-
ized asfinal, inasmuch as adecision sovitiated canbe viewed asstillborn,
a mere semblance ofadecision or,to usethetermemployed bythepresent

Applicant, asinexistent. In anycaseGuinea-Bissaustressed, and Senegal
concurred, thatthe present proceedings had not been instituted by wayof
appeal.

The Court, in order to avoid any suggestion of acting like a court of
appeal, has limited itself to establishing whether there was any basis for
Guinea-Bissau's submissions, by taking the Applicant's specific criti-
cisms quite separately, one by one.
Yet an application asserting that a judgment or award is "inexistent" or
"absolutely nul1and void implies a claimthat al1the efforts of the court
or tribunal in question to administer justice and resolve a dispute have
cometo nothing. Sucha claimcan onlybe directed at somealleged flawor
flaws of a vital character,since it is no mere challenge to a decision, but
amountstoarepudiation ofthe entire processtraversed bythetribunal in
itsdeliberations. Assuch, it calls for exceptional scrutiny. ,

In this regard, the Court's exercise of its competence to deal with the
specific submissions did not, in my view, prevent it from proceeding to
closer analysis,without in any wayencroaching upon the substance ofthe
issues which it had been forthe Arbitration Tribunal alone to decide. A
complaint of nullity does not in itself debar the court dealing with it from
liftingthe veilon matters of competence and substance,provided they are
germane to the issue of validity, since the handling of such matters, as
distinctfromprocedural issues ofa purely forma1nature, may in factlie at
the heart of the complaint. The Court was not precluded from making
comments in keeping with its position as a guardian of the standards of
judicial decision-making, and thus perfonninga signalservicetothe sister
institution of arbitration.

Arnong the elements subjected to analysis is a document which the

Court found couldnot beignored,namelythe declaration ofthe President OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. LACHS

[Traduction]

Je tiensà souligner tout d'abord que, malgré le rejetpar la Cour des
conclusions de larequérante,rien ne permet de dire que laGuinée-Bissau
s'estrendue coupabled'un abus de procédureencontestant lasentence de
1989devantla Cour. Eneffet,toute partie auneinstance, etplusencore un
gouvernement qui se doit de défendre les intérêts permanents d'une
nation, a le droit intrinsèque de chercheren faire annuler le résultatsi
elle estime que la dkcision prise est fondamentalemnent viciée.Cela est
vrai mêmedes décisions qualifiéesde définitives,car on peut voir dans
une décisionviciée .unmort-né, un simulacre de décision ou encore une
décision inexistante, pour reprendre l'expression utiliséepar la requé-
rante en cetteinstarice. En tout étatde cause, la Guinée-Bissau a insisté
que la présente instance ne constituait pas un appel, et le Sénégalen est
convenu avec elle.
La Cour, afin de ne pas donner l'impression qu'elle s'érigeait en cour

d'appel, s'estornéle àdéterminers'ily avait un fondement quelconque
aux conclusions de la Guinée-Bissau, en examinant l'une après l'autre
chacune des critiques spécifiques de la requérante.
Or,unerequêteaffirmantqu'un arrêtou une sentence est((inexistante
ou frappéede nullitéabsolue » supposeque tous leseffortsdéployéspar
la cour ou le tribunal en question pour rendre la justice et résoudreun
différend ont été vains. Une telle affirmation ne peut que viser un ou
plusieurs prétendus vices ayant un caractère essentiel, car elle ne se
contentepas de contester une décisionmais constitue bel et bien un rejet
de l'ensemble du processus qu'a suivi le tribunal dans ses délibérations.
En tant que telle,lle appelle un examendes plus approfondis.
A cet égard,l'exercice par la Cour de sa compétence à traiter des
conclusionstellesqzieformuléespar lesParties ne l'empêchait pas,àmon
avis,de procéder àiine analyseplus serrée,sans pour autant empiétersur

le fond des questions que seul le Tribunal arbitral pouvait trancher. Une
demande en annula.tion,en soi,n'interdit paàla cour qui en est saisie de
se pencher sur des; questions de compétence et de fond, à condition
qu'elles serapportentà la question de lavalidité,carletraitement réservé
à ces questions, pamopposition a des questions de procédure de pure
forme,peut constitiuerle cŒur même de la revendication.Il n'étaitnulle-
ment interdita la Cour de faire des commentairesconvenant à sa qualité
de garante des normes devant présider à l'élaboration des décisionsde
justice; elle auraitnsi pu rendre un insigne service a l'institution sŒur
qu'est l'arbitrage.
Au nombre des éléments à analyserfigure un document que la Cour a
estiméne pouvoir ignorer, à savoir la déclarationdu présidentdu Tribu-93 ARBITRAL AWARD (SEP. OP. LACHS)

of the Arbitration Tribunal. However correct it may be to conclude that
this declaration did not undo the vote by which President Barberis
enabled a majority to be created for the operative clause, it certainly
expresses an approach to the competence ofthe Tribunal which isat var-
iance withthat enshrined inthe Award itself.This approach iscouchedin
cautious terms of what the Tribunal "could" rather than "should" have
done, but the sole motive behind the negative corollary attached to the
Award's operativeprovisionin the President's reformulation was clearly
to convey his opinion that the Tribunal's competence had been broader

than the Award allowed.This isparticularly clearfrom the second half of
the declaration. One can only note that the Award does not disclose
whether any vote was taken on the important issues covered in para-
graph 87of the Award.

NowtheCourt couldenterintothescope oftheTribunal's competence
to theextent requiredtodeterminewhethertheTribunal's owninterpreta-
tion of it, as disclosed by the Award, was not manifestly untenable. For
that purpose ithad to relyon the wording ofthe Special Agreement and of
paragraph 87ofthe Award,there lyingthe focus ofthe matter. But,analy-
tically speaking,there is no doubt that, far from being manifestly unten-
able, what the Tribunal said contains nothing to sustain an assertion of
invalidity, even supposing that failure to exhaustjurisdiction would be
sufficient to justify a finding in thatnse.

Thedeclaration of President Barberis thereforecasts doubt onwhether
paragraph 87 really is "the opinion of the Tribunal". Had that para-
graph infact, rather than just formally,belonged exclusivelytothe reason-
ing of the Award, thiswould not have been a crucial matter: as instanced
bythe veryopinions appended tothepresentJudgment,there isno neces-
sityfor the member of atribunal to agree with everypart ofthe reasoning
before he can voteinfavour ofthe decision. Butparagraph 87undeniably
contains not merely reasoning but two decisions,including one of major
importance. Hence it is an understatement for the Court merely to have
pointed outthat the structure of the Award was "open to criticism".

By appending his declaration, Mr. Barberis ensured that he would
appear to the readerin two distinctpersonalities thearbitrator whovoted

for thedecision as it stood, and the arbitrator who would have preferred,
not an entirelydifferentdecision,buttheinclusion ofafurther decision or
decisions on matters concerning which the Award had remained silent.
Mr. Barberis wasconsequentlyfaced with a serious dilemma, and one can
sincerelysympathize with him inthat respect;but as a distinguishedjurist
he must have realized the difficultiesin store for him, and the risk of his
being, as a judge, in no position to justify himself if criticized. As was
wisely said some eightyyears ago : SENTENCE ARBITRALE (OP. [ND.LACHS) 93

na1 arbitral. Aussi juste que soit la conclusion que cette déclaration
n'a pas annulé le vote par lequel le présidentBarberis a permis au dis-
positif de faire l'objet d'une majorité, cette déclaration témoignede
toute évidence d'une approche de la compétence du Tribunal qui
diffère de celle que reflète la sentence elle-même.Cette approche est
traduite en termes prudents :il s'agit de ce que le Tribunal ((aurait pu »
et non ((aurait dû» faire, mais l'unique raison d'êtrede ce corollaire

négatifajoutéau dispositif de la sentence par la nouvelle formulation
du président était manifestementde faire savoirqu'a son avis la compé-
tence du Tribunal étaiten fait plus large que la sentence elle-même ne
le laissait entendre. Cela ressort tout particulièrement de la seconde
moitiéde la déclaration. On ne peut que noter que la sentencene précise
pas s'ily avait euun vote sur les questions importantes viséesau para-
graphe 87de la sentence.
Or, la Cour pouvait examinerl'étenduede la compétencedu Tribunal
dans la mesure nécessaire pour déterminersi l'interprétation faitepar le
Tribunal lui-mêmede sa compétence,telle qu'elle ressort de la sentence,
n'était pasmanifest'ementintenable. A cette fin, elle a dû se fonder sur
le libellédu compro~miset du paragraphe 87de la sentence,où réside le
fond du problème. Mais, du point de vue de l'analyse,il n'ya pas lieu de
douter que, loin d'être manifestementintenables,les propos du Tribunal
ne renferment aucun élémentpermettantde conclure àla nullité,même à

supposer que lefait denepas avoirépuisésacompétencesuffise àjustifier
une telle conclusion.
Ladéclarationdu président Barberis conduit donc àdouterque lepara-
graphe 87constitue.véritablement«l'avisduTribunal ».Sidans la réalité,
et non simplement à titre purement formel, ce paragraphe s'était inscrit
uniquement dans l'argumentation de la sentence,cela n'aurait guère eu
d'importance: comrneentémoignentlesopinionsjointes au présentarrêt,
un membred'un tribunal n'a pas àêtred'accord avecchaque moment du
raisonnement avant de pouvoir voter en faveurd'une décision.Mais il se
trouve que le paragraphe 87 non seulement s'inscrit dans le raisonne-
ment, mais encore,sans lemoindre doute,comporte deux décisions, dont
l'une est d'importance majeure. Ainsi, la Cour penche du côtéde la litote
en se contentant de constater que la sentencepeut «donner prise à la cri-
tique)).

Enjoignant sa declaration, M. Barberis a fait en sorte de projeter une
double image dans l'esprit du lecteur et a apparaître a la fois comme
l'arbitre qui avaitvotépour la décision telle qu'elle avait été priseet
commeceluiqui eûitpréférénon une décisiontotalement différente m, ais
l'inclusion d'une ou de plusieurs décisionsconcernant des questions sur
lesquelleslasentenceétaitdemeuréemuette. M.Barberis setrouvait donc
face a un grave dilemme auquel l'onpeut sincèrementêtresensible;mais,
éminentjuriste,ildevaitbiensavoir lesdifficultésque l'avenirluiréservait
et connaître les risques d'être, entantque juge, en position de ne pouvoir
se défendre face à des critiques. Comme l'a dit un sage il y a quelque
quatre-vingtsans : "The mouth of the judge is sealed; he is not permitted to deny or
refutethe allegationsmade against him,whatever rnaybetheirfalsity
or whatever hisreputation asajust and impartial judge .. !" (Stateof
Delawarev. Glascow,US District Court, 1912.)

(How incomparably more serious was the situation of a judge once
blamed - by some alleged authorities - not for what he had done, or
even forwhat hecould not have done, but simplyforthe policy ofthe then
govemment of his country! Faced with such an attack, a judge rnay be
helpless.)

Nevertheless, despite the unusual relationship betweenthe Award and
the presidential declaration, the fact remains that the latteris simply an

appendix added after the Award had come into being with the casting of
votes. It cannot be regarded as controlling or modifying the sense of the
Award. It is reasonable to assume that judicial declarations or opinions
rnay shed some light on aspects of the casesconsidered. They rnay some-
times help intheinterpretation ofthedecisionsto whichthey areattached.
However, while the appended text rnay prompt a doubt and even a chal-
lenge,it cannot undo the decision itself.

Thearguments ofGuinea-Bissaudisclose, however,a moregeneral dis-
satisfaction with the treatment given by the Tribunal to the dispute
between the Parties, and it isindeed difficult to avoid the impressionthat
the result was not commensurate with the time spent in arriving at it.The
expectations of Guinea-Bissau were clearly aroused by the presentation
of the Tribunal as one concemed to deal with "the determination of the
maritimeboundary", acomprehensiveexpressionencompassing, itmight
be thought, the whole scope of the dispute which had been the object of
negotiations between the two States for a considerable number of years.
Those negotiations havingfailed,theyproceeded to draw up the Arbitra-

tion Agreement. But it was in the drafting of this treaty that diplomacy
appears to have nodded, by conferring upon the tribunal to be formed a
competence which, in certain conditions, might not be found adequateto
the object and purpose of settlingthe whole dispute. Hence 1 agree with
thepresentJudgment infindingthat the germoftheproblem lay lessinthe
Award itself than in the Arbitration Agreement under which it wasgiven.

However, the way the reply was framed is open to serious objections.
The Court finds that the reasoning of the Award was "brief, and could
doubtlesshavebeen developed further". 1 would add, that whilebrevityis
a virtue, excessive brevity rnay suggest lack of adequate consideration,
hence the imperative need to explain the decision: it is not a flood of
words which iscalled forbut convincingreasoning and adequate explana-
tions. A clear exposition of the grounds of the decision constitutes an
indispensable part of any judgment or award. As has been pointed out,
once submitted to a court or to arbitration a dispute becomes a "persua- SENTENCEARBITRALE (OP.IND. LACHS) 94

«La bouche du juge est cousue; il ne saurait nier ou réfuter la
moindre chose dont on l'accuse, aussi injustifiée soit-elle ou quelle
que soit sa réputation de juge juste et impartial.!» (State of Dela-
ware v. Glascow:US District Court, 1912.)

(Incomparablement plus grave encore fut la situation d'un juge autrefois
blâmé - par certaines prétendues autorités - non pas pour avoir fait

ce qu'il avait fait, ni mêmepour n'avoir pas fait ce qu'il nepouvait faire,
mais simplement pour la politique du gouvernement en place dans
son pays à ce moment-là! Face à une telle attaque, lejuge peut êtreim-
puissant.)
Néanmoins, maigré la relation inhabituelle entre la sentence et la
déclaration du président, le fait est que cette déclaration est simple-
ment un appendice rajouté après que le scrutin a donné naissance à la
sentence. Onne peut;admettre que la déclarationprimesur lasentence ou
en modifie le sens. II est raisonnable de supposer que les déclarations ou
opinions d'un juge peuvent éclairer certains aspects des affaires aux-
quelles elles se rapportent. Elles peuvent quelquefois aider à inter-
préterles décisions auxquelles elles sontjointes. Cependant, si un texte

joint peut provoquer un doute, voire lancer un défi,il ne saurait annuler
la décisionelle-même.
L'argumentation de la Guinée-Bissau témoigne toutefois d'un mé-
contentement plus général face à la façon dont le Tribunal a traitéle
différend entre lesParties et, de fait, il est difficile de se défairede l'im-
pression que le résultatn'a pas été proportionnel au temps qui y avait
étéconsacré. Les espoirs de la Guinée-Bissau ont manifestement été
avivéspar l'intitulédu Tribunal, qui devait s'occuper de «la détermina-
tion de la frontière maritime)), expression globale dont il y avait lieu
de croire qu'elle engloberait l'ensemble du différend qui avait fait l'objet
de négociationsentre les deux Etats durant bon nombre d'années.Après

avoir constaté l'échecde ces négociations, les deux Etats ont procédé
à l'élaborationdu compromis d'arbitrage. Mais c'est lors de la rédac-
tion de ce traité que la diplomatie semble avoir failli en conférant au
futur tribunal une compétence qui, dans certaines conditions, pourrait
êtrejugéeinadéquateau regard de l'objetet de la finalitédu règlementde
l'ensemble du diffkrend. Je conviens donc avec le présent arrêtque
l'origine du problème résidait moins dans la sentence elle-mêmeque
dans le compromisd'arbitrage dont elle est issue.
Celadit, le libellémêmede la réponse soulèvede graves objections. La
Cour considèreque la motivation de la sentence «est brève,et aurait pu
être plus développéi» e. J'ajouterais que si la brièvetéest une vertu, son
excèspeut refléterl'insuffisancede l'analyse,d'oùlanécessité impérieuse
d'expliquer la décision:on ne s'attend pas à une logorrhée,mais à une

argumentation convaincante et àdes explications suffisantes. Un clair
exposé desmotifs constitue un élémentindispensablede tout arrêtou de
toute sentence. Cornme il a été dit, unefois qu'une cour ou un tribunal
arbitral en a été saisi,un différend devient un ((différendéloquent >)etsiveconflict", hence requires a 'persuasivedecision".Not necessarilyone
which willpersuade everybody, but one sufficientlyplausible.

Moreover,there is one other point to which 1wish to address myself,
namely the Applicant's claim that Article 9, paragraph 2, of the Arbitra-
tion Agreement imposed uponthe Tribunal an obligationin any circum-
stances to "include the drawing of a boundary line on a map".
The Tribunal was not, in my opinion, relieved of this obligation by its
decision not to reply to the secondquestionput to it.The language of the
Agreement isclear and imperative :theimplementation of Article9,para-
graph 1,isnot conditioned nor is itirrational. Ifthe possibility of limiting
the replytoonequestion onlywasenvisaged,it isdifficult to conclude that
this released the Tribunal from the obligation enshrined in the Article.
Admittedly,from a common-sense point of view, it isarguablethat, as "a
loxodromic line", the boundary was clear and required no graphic illus-
tration.1can thereforeagree withthe Judgmentthattheabsence ofa chart

did not constitute "such an irregularity as would render the Award
invalid". Yet it was not proper to belittle the obligation as the Tribunal
did. Elementarycourtesyrequired thatthe matter be dealt within adiffer-
ent way.
Arbitration as asecure means of settling with finalitydifficult disputes
hasfrom time immemorialenjoyedgreat prestige inthe setting ofmunici-
pal law. Long before the existence of any permanent international judi-
ciary, arbitration between States had likewise become one of the most
highly respected, valued and effective means for the peaceful settlement
of international disputes. Aheavy responsibility restsupon arbitral tribu-
nal~to contribute towards the maintenance of this status and assist the
institutionto developmore effectivelyina world where the changing rela-
tionship of States and the ever-increasing areas of contact between their
interests are bound to create new problems. Thus one cannot but regret
that the Tribunal did not succeed in producing a decision with the
cogency to command respect.

(Signed) Manfred LACHS.97 ARBITRALAWARD (SEP.OP. NI)

The declaration, however, diverges from the operative part of the
Award concerningthephrase "with regard solelytothe areas mentionedin
that Agreement,,namely the territorial sea, the contiguous zone and the
continental shelf" (emphasis added) in paragraph 88of the Award.This
impliesthatthe exclusiveeconomiczone isleftout.Accordingtothe view
expressed by Mr. Barberis in his declaration, to this phrase of the opera-
tive part of the Award there should have been added "but does not have
the force of law with respectto the waters of the exclusiveeconomiczone
or the fishery zone". In the view of Mr. Barberis,this "partially affirma-
tiveand partia1l:ynegativereply" would have enabled the Tribunal to deal
with the second question and thus settle "the wholeof the dispute" con-
cerningmaritime boundaries between the two States.
But at this point there arises the question whether the reply given to
Article 2,paragraph 1,ofthe compromis,either explicitlyorimpliedly, can
be characterized as a "partially affirmative and partially negative reply".

The question put in Article 2,paragraph 1,of the compromisis about the
validity ofthe 1!>60Agreement, which could only havereferred to the ter-
ritorial sea,the ~contiguousone and the continental shelf, the only mari-
time spaces thaitexisted at the time of the conclusion of the Agreement.
Therefore no question of exclusive economiczone or fisheryzone could
have arisen. mien the Tribunal answered the first question in Article 2,
paragraph 1,of the compromis,it could only give an answer in respect of
the territorial sea, the contiguous zone and the continental shelf, to the
exclusion of any other space. Byanswering that question in the affirma-
tive, the Triburial performed its task fully. The answer cannot be pre-
sented as a "partially affirmative and partially negative reply".

In paragraph 88of the Award the word "solely" is explanatory rather
than exclusiona~ry.It does not mean that when the validity of the 1960
Agreement was raised before the Tribunal for decision, the Tribunal
admittedthat the Agreement had the force of law with respectto theterri-
torial sea, the contiguous zone and the continental shelf, but denied its

having force of law with respect to the exclusive economic zone or the
fishery zone. Nor does it mean that the Tribunal gave an affirmative
answer with respect to the first three spaces,but a negativeanswer with
respect to thefourth, i.e.,the exclusiveeconomiczone or the fishery zone.
In making the A.ward,the Tribunal simplycouldnothave taken thisspace
into account, in.asmuchasthe concept ofexclusiveeconomiczonedid not
exist at the time of conclusion of the 1960Agreement. The validity or lack
of validity of the Agreement with respect to the exclusive economiczone
or fisheryzone constituted no part of the object of the arbitration. Since
the question of the exclusive economic zone or fishery zone was not
beforethe Tribunal, it stands to reason that it could not have been passed
upon by the Tribunal.

Such being the case, the Tribunal's answer to the first question in Ar-
ticle 2, paragraph 1,of the compromisis a reply in full, not a partial one.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Lachs

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