Separate Opinion of Vice-President Oda

Document Number
082-19911112-JUD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
082-19911112-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF VICE-PRESIDENT ODA

1. 1 concur with the Court's decision to reject the submissions pre-
sented by Guinea-Bissau, but my reasons for rejection are much simpler
than those expounded by the Court at some length. In myview, Guinea-

Bissausimplymisinterpreted,first, the declaration appended bythe Presi-
dent of the Arbitration Tribunal to the Arbitral Award of 1989, in
connection with itsfirstsubmission thatthe Award should be held inexis-
tent; secondly, the Arbitration Agreement itself, in connection with its
second submission thatthe Award should be declared nuIl and void. Fur-
thermore, 1cannot but point out that the whole procedure employed to
settle the real issue in dispute in the mid-1980s between Guinea-Bissau
and Senegal (namely, the delimitation of the exclusive economic zones)
was, from the outset, ill-conceived.1take these points in order.

1. Is the 1989Arbitral Award Inexistent?

2. The ground upon which Guinea-Bissau contended that the
1989Award was "inexistent" consisted in the alleged fact that :

"One of the two arbitrators [Mr.Barberis, the President oftheTri-
bunal] making up the appearance of a majority in favour of the text
of the 'award'has, by a declaration appended to it, expressed a view
in contradiction with the one apparently adopted by the vote."(First
submission of Guinea-Bissau in the written proceedings, empha-
sis added.)
In fact, Mr. Barberis stated in the first paragraph of his declaration

that
"1feel thatthe reply givenby theTribunal to thefirst questionput
bythe Arbitration Agreement could have been more precise. 1would
have replied tothat question as follows :

'The[1960Franco-Portuguese] Agreement has the force of law
in the relationsbetween[Guinea-Bissau and Senegal]with respect
to theterritorial sea, the contiguouszone and the continental shelf,
but does not have the force of law with respect tothe waters of the
exclusive economic zone or the fishery zone'" (emphasis added),whilethe 1989Award itselfstated that the 1960Franco-Portuguese Agree-
ment

"has the force of law in the relations [between Guinea-Bissau and
Senegal]withregard solelytothe areas mentionedin that Agreement,
namely the territorial sea, the contiguous zone and the continental
shelf ..." (1989Award, para. 88).

The 1960Agreement reads as follows :

"As far as the outer limit of the territorial sea, the boundary shall
consist of a straight line drawn at 240" from the intersection of the
prolongation of the land frontier and the low-water mark, . . .As
regards the contiguous zones and the continental shelf, the delimita-
tion shall be constituted by the prolongation in a straight line, inthe
same direction, of the boundary of theterritorial seas."

3. What Mr. Barberis had to Sayin the above-quoted part of hisdeclar-
ation semed simply to affirm the conclusion reached by the Award and
did not depart from it. Asfaras concerns the first question put to the Tri-
bunal under Article 2, paragraph 1,of the 1985Arbitration Agreement
(that is, whether the 1960Agreement had "force of law" inthe relations
between Guinea-Bissau and Senegal) - a question decided bya majority
vote under paragraph 88of the Award - there is no ground for contend-
ing, as the first submission of Guinea-Bissau States,that Mr. Barberis
"expressed a viewin contradiction withthe oneapparently adoptedby the
vote" (emphasis added). Hence, though the Award came into existence

onlythanks to the votescastby Mr. Barberis and Mr.Gros,the contention
cannot be sustained that it at once became inexistent because Mr. Bar-
beris's declaration (allegedly) implied withdrawal of the agreement
signifiedby his vote.
4. Mr. Barberis continued to state in the second and third paragraphs
of his declaration :

"This partially affirmative and partially negative reply is, in my
view,the exact description of the legal position existingbetween the
Parties ...[Tlhisreply would have enabled the Tribunal to deal in its
Award with the second question put by the Arbitration Agree-
ment. ..
...the Tribunal would have been competent to delimit the waters
of the exclusive economic zone or the fishery zone between the two
countries ..."

Mr. Barberis thus seems to have construed the decision taken by the
majority vote ofthe Tribunal - asstated in paragraph 88ofthe Award -
as potentially implying a "partially affirmative and partially negative
reply" to the first question put to it, that is, the question whether the83 ARBITRALAWARD (SEP. OP.ODA)

1960Agreement had "force of law", and thisinterpretation ofhis own led
him to state that

"this replywould haveenabled theTribunalto deal in itsAward with
the secondquestionput bythe Arbitration Agreement [thatis,what is
the course of the line delimiting the maritime territories...?]".

It maythereforebe more convincinglyargued that Mr. Barberis did hold a
view different from what was stated in paragraph 87of the Award which
read :
"Bearing in mind the above conclusions reached by theTribunal

and the actual wording of Article 2 of the Arbitration Agreement,
in the opinion of the Tribunal it is not calleduponto reply to the
second question." (Emphasis added.)
This does not mean, however, that Mr. Barberis "expressed a viewin con-
tradiction with theone apparently adopted bythevote"(emphasis added),
as the Tribunal's decision adoptedby thevotewas onlyrelated to the first
question - Article 2, paragraph 1 - of the Arbitration Agreement (as
expressed in paragraph 88 of the Award) but notthe second question -
Article 2, paragraph 2 - which would have required the Tribunal to

decide the course of the delimitation line. In this respect, whatever
Mr. Barberis stated in the second paragraph of his declaration cannotbe
considered as"a viewin contradiction withtheone apparently adoptedby
thevote" (emphasis added),as claimed by Guinea-Bissau.

5. The contention that the Arbitral Award is inexistent for the reason
spelled out in the first submission of Guinea-Bissau is groundless since
Mr. Barberis, in his declaration, simply corroborated the view adoptedby
the vote of the Tribunal. In fact, even if the declaration hadcontradicted
thefinding for which President Barberis had voted(whichisnot the case),
it could at most have been regarded as an example of "second thoughts",
as a postfacto change of mind incapable of affecting the existence of the
collectivejudicial act to which he had given not only his vote but also his
signature.

2. Is the1989AwardNul1and Void ?

6. To turn to the second submission of Guinea-Bissau in the written
proceedings, that is, the subsidiary contention by which Guinea-Bissau
claims that the 1989Award is "absolutely nul1and void", Guinea-Bissau
givesthe following reasons, among others,that :

"the Tribunal failed to reply to the second question raised by the
Arbitration Agreement,whereas itsreplytothe firstquestion implied
a need for a reply to be given tothe second"and

"it did not comply with the provisions of the Arbitration Agreement
by which theTribunal was asked to decide on the delimitation of the
maritime areas as awhole, to do so by a singleline and to record that
line on a map".
It isofcourseafact thattheTribunaldidnot "reply tothe secondquestion
raised by the Arbitration Agreement". Nor did it "decide on the delimita-
tion ofthe maritime areas asawhole", or"[to]do sobyasinglelineand [to]

record that line on a map".
7. In its submissions to the Arbitration Tribunal, Guinea-Bissau
requested it to consider that :
"- The mles onthe succession of States in respect of treaties ...
do not permit Senegal to invoke against Guinea-Bissau [the
1960Franco-Portuguese Agreement]which in any case is absolutely
nul1and void and non-existent;
- The maritime delimitation between Senegaland Guinea-Bissau
has thus never been determined;
.............................

- For the delimitation of the continental shelves and exclusive
economiczones .. .the maritimedelimitation between the two States
should be fixedbetween [azimuths 264" and 270°]",

while Senegal, in its submissions,requested the Arbitration Tribunal to
declare and adjudge :
"That by the [1960 Agreement] France and Portugal . . .have
carried out the delimitation of a maritime frontier;

That this Agreement, confirmed bythe subsequent conduct ofthe
contracting Parties as well as by the conduct of the sovereign States
which succeeded to them, has the force of law in the relations
between [Guinea-Bissau and Senegal]."
In the light of the submissions of Guinea-Bissau presented to the
Arbitration Tribunal it is apparent that the Arbitration Agreement had
not been drafted along the lines which Guinea-Bissau found to be in its
interest.
8. The fundamental questions originally to be put to the Arbitration
Tribunal had been convertedinto those concerning the effectofatreaty in

a case of State succession, and the Tribunal was asked under Article 2,
paragraph 1,simply whether that 1960Agreement would "have the force
of law in the relations between [Guinea-Bissau and Senegal]".The Arbi-
tration Agreement simply required the Tribunal to define "the course of
the linedelimitingthe maritime territories" only "in the eventof a negative
answer" to the question of whether the 1960 Agreement concluded
between the two colonialStates,Portugal and France, had force of law in
the relations between Guinea-Bissau and Senegal. 1add "only" in thisinstance, because, though the word "only" does not appear inthe Arbitra-
tion Agreement, there isno escaping its having been implied, asthe Judg-

ment has fully expounded (para. 50). The meaning of Article 2, para-
graph 1,is so clear that thereoes not seem to be any cal1to refer for its
interpretation to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.

9. The Arbitration Tribunal, by ijmajority vote(including the vote of
Mr. Barberis),answered that questioncategorically and unequivocally in
the affirmative.Here ended the plaintask ofthe Tribunal, and this surely
cannot be subject to any doubt whatsoever. Theconsequences that would
ensue from the application of this Agreement were not within the Tribu-
nal'smandate. Evenso,the ArbitrationTribunal in 1989qualifiedits own
decision, and limited its scope, by stating that the "force of law" of the
1960Franco-Portuguese Agreement would be limited "solely to ...the
territorial sea, the contiguous zone and the continental shelf' and
Mr. Barberis, as 1 stated in paragraphs 3 and 4 above, affirmed and

strengthened the Tribunal's position by stating that the "force of law"
would not applyto "the waters ofthe exclusiveeconomiczone or the fish-
ery zone".
10. The Award could have beendeliveredwithouteither ofthephrases
as quoted above, thus leaving room for different interpretations. Yet the
Tribunal tried to avoidsuch ambiguity, and Mr. Barberis further spelled
out the already unequivocal decision of the Tribunal in his declaration.
Well may hehave argued therein for an interpretation whereby theTribu-
nal's replytothefirstquestion abovecouldbe seenas"partially negative".
The veryfactthat,to support thisargument, he had to rephrasethe Tribu-
nal'sfindings servesto underline the exclusively affirmativecharacter of
the actual reply. In any case, hisrsona1 interpretation could not have
affected the Tribunal's categoricaldecision,ken bythemajority vote(in
which Mr. Barberis's votewas naturallyincluded) on paragraph 88ofthe
Award. that the 1960 Agreement had "force of law" in the relations

betweek Guinea-Bissau and Senegal. In sum, the second submission of
Guinea-Bissau does not stand, because the Award fully responded in the
affirmative by the majority vote to the question concerning the "force
of law" of the 1960Franco-Portuguese Agreement, and no reply to the
secondquestion was thus calledfor.

II. ERROR N REFERRA OF THE DISPUTE TO THE
DISPUTE-SETTLEMP ERNOTCEDURE

11. From the outset, owing to inadequate handling by the diplomatic
authorities of Guinea-Bissau and Senegal ofthe real issues and problems

between these two countries, the whole procedure for bringingtheir dis- pute to the Arbitration Tribunalin 1985and then the present case before
, this Court in 1989was ill-starred.

1. Backgroundto theDispute
12. The delimitation of the exclusive economic zones, in view of the

fishery interests of both States, has been at issuecethe late 1970s.Sen-
egaland Guinea-Bissau had gainedindependence from France and Portu-
gal in 1960 and 1973 respectively. Senegal, by its Act of 2 July 1976,
establishinga seafishery codea, s amended bythe Law of8 February1985,
claimed "the right tofish...in an exclusiveeconomiczone of200nautical
miles in breadth, ...waters under Senegalesejurisdiction". On 19May
1978Guinea-Bissauenacted Law ontheextensionof theterritorialseaand
exclusive economiczone, under which the exclusive economic zone was
claimed as extending "within the national maritime borders to 200miles"
where Guinea-Bissau claimed "exclusive rights over exploration and
exploitation of the living and natural resources of the sea". The same
claim was restated by Guinea-Bissau in the Actof17May 1985concerning
thedelimitation ofthecontinentalshelJ:The line of the delimitation of the
exclusive economic zone with the neighbouring States was not specified
inthe domestic legislation ofeither State.Yet it wasclearthat the claimsof
Senegal and Guinea-Bissau to exclusive economic zones were over-
lapping in some areas, and various incidents involvingconflicts between
the fishery interests of the two Statesoccurred. Diplomatic negotiations
were continued between the two States.

2. TheInappropriateDrajïingof the1985ArbitrationAgreement

13. In March 1985Guinea-Bissau and Senegal, having been unable to
settletheir dispute bynegotiation, decided to refer to arbitration "the dis-
pute relating tothe determination oftheirmaritimeboundary" (Preamble
to the Arbitration Agreement). It isobviousthat both Parties, when refer-
ring to "the maritime boundary", meant to include in that definition the
delimitation of the exclusiveeconomic zones. Yetthe matter of the deter-
mination of maritime boundaries was not even referred to in the primary
and basic question which was actually asked of the Arbitration Tribuilal.
The Tribunal was in fact simply requested to decide, in accordance with
thenoms of international law, whether the 1960Agreement between the
colonial powers (Portugal and France) which related to the delimitation
ofthe territorialeas, the contiguouszones and the continental shelf had
force oflawinthe relations between thetwo Stateswhich had gained inde-
pendence. Only inthe event of a negative answer to that question wastheTribunal requested to decide what would bethe course ofthe linedelimit-
ing the maritime territories appertaining to both States respectively. In
view of the real issue in dispute between the two States, it is obvious that
the Agreement was drafted in an inappropriate manner. The Parties
should have askedaquestion to coverthe situation of a positive answerto
the first question being givenby the Arbitration Tribunal.
14. In the diplomatic negotiations between Guinea-Bissau and Sen-
egal, their representatives were certainly aware of the 1960Agreement
which, if it possessed force of law, had defined the delimitation of the
continental shelf as the 240" azimuth line. They seem also to have pro-
ceeded on the premise that there ought to be a single line of delimitation
for both the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf, a line
which might be called the maritime boundary. They must further have
taken forgranted, itwould appear, asecond premise :namelythat alineof
delimitation for the exclusive economiczones (a new concept of interna-

tional law)ought to coincide with any existingline of delimitation for the
continental shelf (a concept which had been in existence for several
decades). The combination of these two premises apparently induced
Guinea-Bissau to believe that, if it wished to secure a line of delimitation
forthe exclusiveeconomiczones withabearing between 270"and 264",it
had first to make sure that the 240" line stipulated in 1960wasprecluded
through negation ofthe 1960Franco-Portuguese Agreement. Senegal,on
the other hand, satisfied that the 240" line would also apply to a line of
delimitation for the exclusive economic zones, seems to have concluded
that it had simplyto depend on the force of law ofthat Agreement. It was
thus natural and inevitable forboth Parties to highlightthe question ofthe
validity of the 1960Agreement. But the actual terms of the Arbitration
Agreement onlymake senseonthe assumption that, whetheracontinental
shelflinealready existed or not, the above premises underlay - expressly
or implicitly - the two Governments' negotiating positions intended to
achieve the drawing of a delimitation line for the exclusive economic
zones.

15. In any event,whilehaving clearlyrenderedits Award inresponse to
the actualterms ofthe Arbitration Agreement,the Arbitration Tribunalin
1989did not settle the real issue between the two States. That isto say, it
did not define the course of the line delimiting the exclusive economic
zones appertaining to Guinea-Bissau and Senegal respectively.The fail-
ure of the Award to refer to this line should certainly not be held against
the Arbitration Tribunal. It would rather seem, in brief, that the deplor-
able aspects of the present case are traceable to the fact thatthe represen-
tatives of the two countries who were responsible for drafting the
Arbitration Agreement embarked upon their task without sufficient grasp
of what they had taken for granted as premises in the light of some essen-
tial concepts of the law of the sea, particularly those concerning the
interrelation between the exclusive economic zone and the continental ARBITRAL AWARD (SEP.OP.ODA)
88

shelf.They putto the Arbitration Tribunal a question which drifted away
from the genuine issues, which concerned the law of the sea, in order to
focus upon a narrow preliminary issue of treaty interpretation.

3. ZnsufJicienO t bjectof thePresentProceedings before thCeourt

16. Guinea-Bissau mayhave assumed too hastilythat itwas,ascounsel
for Guinea-Bissau defined it,the "losing party" at the Arbitration Tribu-
nal. In fact Guinea-Bissau was certainly not the "losing party", even
though itdid not, as itclearlywished to do,secure alinebetween the bear-
ings of 270" and 264" for the delimitation of the exclusive economic
zones; Senegal (certainly not to be considered the "winning party") was

not, for its part, assured thatthe40" line, as defined in the 1960Agree-
ment for the continental shelf, would apply to the exclusive economic
zone. Havingviewedthe Arbitral Award asan outright defeat, the compe-
tent authorities of Guinea-Bissau were further misguided in bringing a
case in 1989before this Court asking for a ruling on the validity of the
Award. Guinea-Bissau found itappropriateto put totheCourt aquestion
asto whether the 1989Award (which in any event did not settle the dis-
pute) was existent or not,valid or null and void. But whatever judgment
might have been given by the Court in the present case (in fact the sub-
missions of Guinea-Bissau are rejected in the present Judgment) - in
other words, even if the Court had declared the Arbitral Award non-
existent or null and void -, the positions of Guinea-Bissau and Senegal,
or their interests and rights relating to the boundary of the exclusive
economic zones, could not have been affected.

17. It seemsto metherefore that, fromthe timeofitspresentation tothe
present Court, this litigation lacked any meaningful object. The past six-
year period since the break-up of diplomatic negotiations for drawing a
line of delimitation of the exclusive economiczones, the object of which
had been primarily to settle the fishery disputes between them, seems to
have simply been wasted. The issues in dispute between these two neigh-
bouring States left unsettled were sent back to the starting point and
remain in 1991the same as they were in 1985.One should not, however,
overlookthe factthat onepositive elementwasclarified inthe Award,that
is,that there now existsbetween Guinea-Bissau and Senegala loxodromic
line of 240" azimuth forthe delimitation of the continental shelf and that
this point is upheld in the present Judgment. The present issue between
the two States, unlike the issue in 1985,should be concerned with the

drawing of a line of delimitation for the exclusive economic zones in a
situation where aline of240"forthe continental shelfhasbeenconfirmed
as already in existence. III. CONCLUSIONS

1. Dualism ofthe Exclusive EconomiZ coneandtheContinentalShelf

18. The new concept of the exclusive economic zone gives to the
coastal State
"sovereign rights forthe purpose of exploring and exploiting ...the
natural resources,whether livingor non-living . ..ofthe sea-bed and
itssubsoil" (1982United Nations Convention on the Lawof the Sea,
Art. 56,para. 1),

while under the already established existing concept of the continental
shelf, the coastal State exercises "sovereign rights for the purpose of
exploring [the continental shelfl and exploiting its natural resources"
(1958 Convention on the Continental Shelf, Art. 2, para. 1;
1982United Nations Convention, Art. 77,para. 1).Bearingin mind that
the subject (that is, the exploring of the sea-bed and ils subsoil and the
exploitation of its natural resources,covered by the concept of the conti-
nental shelf) isnow completelysuperseded byor evenabsorbed in the new
concept of the exclusive economiczone, a uniform maritime area for the
exclusiveeconomiczone and the continental shelf may certainly be desir-
able, and it is to be recommended that a single line of delimitation
between the neighbouring States be institutionalized in order to avoid
conflicts in the exercise ofjurisdiction by different coastal States overthe

same maritime area,dependingon whetherthis isthe exclusiveeconomic
zone or the continental shelf. However, the question concerning the
uniform régimefor the exclusiveeconomiczone and the continental shelf
certainly did not receivean affirmativeanswerin the 1982United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea, as reflected in the provisions of that
Convention allowingthe CO-existenceofthe parallel régimesofthe exclu-
siveeconomic zone and the continental shelf.It should be noted that the
Arbitration Tribunal constituted in 1985 byGuinea-Bissau and Senegal
preferred, as implied in the Arbitral Award and directly expressed in
Mr.Barberis'sdeclaration, not to depart fromthe basicconcept entertain-
ing parallel régimesforthe exclusive economiczone and the continental
shelf.

19. Much controversy still surrounds the question de legeferenda
whether the delimitation of exclusiveeconomiczones ought to be identi-
cal to that of the continental shelf or, more fundamentally, whether the
new concept ofthe exclusiveeconomiczone ought to take the place of or
to absorbthe traditional concept of the continental shelf (except forthe
offshore distance, it being impermissible for an exclusiveeconomiczone
to extend beyond 200milesfrom the shore,whereas a State's continental
shelf, dependingonthe interpretation of the famous "exploitability" cri-
terion in the 1958Convention on the Continental Shelf, may extend fur-ther), or whether the two régimesofthe exclusiveeconomiczone and the
continental shelfwouldremain existingin parallel betweenneighbouring
States,but with different lines of delimitation. Ifthe two régimesareto be
merged in a case where the régimeof the continental shelf has already
effectivelyexisted, afurther question willstillhaveto be answered, that is,
whether or not an existing line of delimitation for the continental shelf
should dictate the line for the newrégimeofthe exclusiveeconomiczone,
or a new line of delimitation to be agreed upon for exclusive economic
zones should automatically entai1reconsideration of the existingline for
the continental shelf. Auniform régimecoveringboth the exclusive econ-
omic zone and the continental shelf willremain to be settled.

20. Without taking any position on the question whether the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is already to be regarded as
existing international law or not, 1must point out that that Convention
separately provides practically identical provisions concerning the deli-
mitation ofthe areas concerned between the neighbouring States forboth
the exclusiveeconomiczone and the continental shelf in parallel, stating
that

"[tlhe delimitation of [the exclusive economic zone][thecontinental
shelfl between States with . .. adjacent coasts shall be effected
by agreement on the basis of international law, as referred to in
Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in
order to achieve an equitable solution" (United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea,Arts. 74and 83).

One is led to conclude that the delimitation of the line of the exclusive
economiczones or of the continental shelf between neighbouring States,
or both, is, in the first place, atter for negotiation between the States
concerned. Whatwould be an equitable solution may wellbe different for
the respective delimitations of the exclusive economic zones and of the
continental shelf.

2. AlternativesNowFacedby Guinea-BissauandSenegal

21. Guinea-Bissau and Senegal are certainly free to follow, as a basis
fortheir negotiations, thethesis (whichwasentertained inthe 1982United
Nations Convention and followedbythe 1989ArbitralAward) thata sep-
arate régimefortheexclusiveeconomiczone can existinparallel withthat
of the continental shelf, and that a line of delimitation for their exclusive
economiczones maybe drawn in the lightofvarious factors leading to an
equitable solution for that purpose, independently of the existingline of
240"azimuth for the continental shelf.

22. Yet they are also free jointly to prefer another thesis, namely that91 ARBITRAL AWARD (SEP.OP.ODA)

there should be a singleline forthe exclusiveeconomiczones andthe con-
tinental shelf. In that event, it should first be understood that, if a line to

delimit the exclusiveeconomic zones isto be identical to the existingline
for the continental shelf, there willemain little or no room for negotia-
tion. In the framework of this thesis, negotiation on a new line for the
exclusive economiczones would be meaningful only on the understand-
ing that the existing continental shelf line may be subject to alteration or
adjustment, depending onthe new lineagreed forthe exclusiveeconomic
zones. Guinea-Bissau and Senegal should be aware that they now face a
situation which isquite different from those in the NorthSea Continental
Shelfcases (1969)(in which "principles and mles of international law ...
applicable tothe delimitation asbetween [Germany andthe Netherlands;
Germany and Denmark] of the areas of the continental shelf . . ."
were sought) and the ContinentalShelf(Tunisia/LibyanArab Jamahiriya)
case(1982)(inwhichthe delimitation of"the area ofthe continental shelf'
between these two States was sought), or the situation in the case of Deli-
mitationof the Maritime Boundaryin the Gulfof MaineArea (1984)(in
which Canada andthe United States gave a Chamber of the Court carte
blancheto provide them with an equitable "course of the singlemaritime
boundary" where there did not exist any line of delimitation forthe con-
tinental shelf).

23. That being understood, and withoutprejudice to the interpretation
ofthe newApplication to the present Court of 12March 199 1,1hope that
Guinea-Bissau and Senegal eventually engage in a definitive attempt to
draw a line of delimitation of their respective exclusive econornic zones
with a clear picture ofeveryelement to betaken intoaccount, and bearing
in mind that the line forthe continental shelf already exists.To repeat, it

falls within the matters to be negotiated by the Parties whether parallel
régimesfor the exclusive economic zones and the continental shelf will
prevail,thus producing two CO-existentlines or,in the case of drawing a
singleline,whatinfluence upon itthe existinglineforthe continental shelf
should retain, or whether the latter should even be adjusted or renego-
tiated.

(Signed)Shigeru ODA.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF VICE-PRESIDENT ODA

1. 1 concur with the Court's decision to reject the submissions pre-
sented by Guinea-Bissau, but my reasons for rejection are much simpler
than those expounded by the Court at some length. In myview, Guinea-

Bissausimplymisinterpreted,first, the declaration appended bythe Presi-
dent of the Arbitration Tribunal to the Arbitral Award of 1989, in
connection with itsfirstsubmission thatthe Award should be held inexis-
tent; secondly, the Arbitration Agreement itself, in connection with its
second submission thatthe Award should be declared nuIl and void. Fur-
thermore, 1cannot but point out that the whole procedure employed to
settle the real issue in dispute in the mid-1980s between Guinea-Bissau
and Senegal (namely, the delimitation of the exclusive economic zones)
was, from the outset, ill-conceived.1take these points in order.

1. Is the 1989Arbitral Award Inexistent?

2. The ground upon which Guinea-Bissau contended that the
1989Award was "inexistent" consisted in the alleged fact that :

"One of the two arbitrators [Mr.Barberis, the President oftheTri-
bunal] making up the appearance of a majority in favour of the text
of the 'award'has, by a declaration appended to it, expressed a view
in contradiction with the one apparently adopted by the vote."(First
submission of Guinea-Bissau in the written proceedings, empha-
sis added.)
In fact, Mr. Barberis stated in the first paragraph of his declaration

that
"1feel thatthe reply givenby theTribunal to thefirst questionput
bythe Arbitration Agreement could have been more precise. 1would
have replied tothat question as follows :

'The[1960Franco-Portuguese] Agreement has the force of law
in the relationsbetween[Guinea-Bissau and Senegal]with respect
to theterritorial sea, the contiguouszone and the continental shelf,
but does not have the force of law with respect tothe waters of the
exclusive economic zone or the fishery zone'" (emphasis added), OPINION INDlIVIDUELLE DE M. ODA, VICE-PRÉSIDENT

[Traduction]

1. Je souscrià lardécisionde la Courde rejeter lesconclusions présen-
téespar la Guinée-Bissau, maismes raisons de les rejeter sont beaucoup

plus simples que celles qu'a exposéesla Cour de façon assez détaillée. A
mon avis, la Guinée:-Bissaua tout simplement mal interprété,d'abord, la
déclaration que le ]présidentdu Tribunal arbitral a jointe à la sentence
arbitrale de 1989,s'agissant de sa première conclusion, selon laquelle la
sentence arbitrale doit être considérée commefrappéed'inexistence, et,
deuxièmement,le compromis d'arbitrage lui-même,pour ce qui est de sa
deuxièmeconclusion selon laquelle la sentence doitêtredéclaréferappée
de nullité absolue. Enoutre, ilme paraît important de souligner que toute
la procédurequi a etésuiviepour réglerla question réellement controver-
séeau milieu des annéesquatre-vingt entre laGuinée-Bissau etle Sénégal
(àsavoirla délimitationdeszones économiquesexclusives)aétéd'emblée
mal avisée.J'examiiierai ces différents pointsl'un aprèsl'autre.

1.LA sentencearbitralede 1989est-ellefrappée d'inexistence?

2. Le motif invoqué par la Guinée-Bissau pour faire valoir que la
sentence de 1989est ((frappéed'inexistence »résidait selonelle dans le
fait que:

«Des deux arbitres ayant constituéenapparence une majoritéen
faveur du texte:de la «sentence», l'un [M.Barberis, président du
Tribunal] a, par une déclaration annexe, expriméune opinion en
contradictionavec celle apparemment votée . (Première conclusion
présentéepar la Guinée-Bissauau cours de la procédure écrite;les
italiques sont de moi.)

En fait, au premier paragraphe de cette déclaration,M. Barberis a dit ce
qui suit:
«J'estimeque laréponsedonnéeparleTribunal à lapremièreques-
tionposéepar le compromis arbitral aurait pu être plusprécise.En
effet,'aurais répondu à cette question de la façon suivante:

((L'accord [franco-portugais de 19601fait droit dans les rela-
tions [entre la Guinée-Bissau et le Sénégal]en ce qui concerne
la mer territoriale, la zone contiguë et le plateau continental,
mais il ne fait pas droit quant aux eaux de la zone économique
exclusive ou la zone de pêche » (les italiques sont de moi),whilethe 1989Award itselfstated that the 1960Franco-Portuguese Agree-
ment

"has the force of law in the relations [between Guinea-Bissau and
Senegal]withregard solelytothe areas mentionedin that Agreement,
namely the territorial sea, the contiguous zone and the continental
shelf ..." (1989Award, para. 88).

The 1960Agreement reads as follows :

"As far as the outer limit of the territorial sea, the boundary shall
consist of a straight line drawn at 240" from the intersection of the
prolongation of the land frontier and the low-water mark, . . .As
regards the contiguous zones and the continental shelf, the delimita-
tion shall be constituted by the prolongation in a straight line, inthe
same direction, of the boundary of theterritorial seas."

3. What Mr. Barberis had to Sayin the above-quoted part of hisdeclar-
ation semed simply to affirm the conclusion reached by the Award and
did not depart from it. Asfaras concerns the first question put to the Tri-
bunal under Article 2, paragraph 1,of the 1985Arbitration Agreement
(that is, whether the 1960Agreement had "force of law" inthe relations
between Guinea-Bissau and Senegal) - a question decided bya majority
vote under paragraph 88of the Award - there is no ground for contend-
ing, as the first submission of Guinea-Bissau States,that Mr. Barberis
"expressed a viewin contradiction withthe oneapparently adoptedby the
vote" (emphasis added). Hence, though the Award came into existence

onlythanks to the votescastby Mr. Barberis and Mr.Gros,the contention
cannot be sustained that it at once became inexistent because Mr. Bar-
beris's declaration (allegedly) implied withdrawal of the agreement
signifiedby his vote.
4. Mr. Barberis continued to state in the second and third paragraphs
of his declaration :

"This partially affirmative and partially negative reply is, in my
view,the exact description of the legal position existingbetween the
Parties ...[Tlhisreply would have enabled the Tribunal to deal in its
Award with the second question put by the Arbitration Agree-
ment. ..
...the Tribunal would have been competent to delimit the waters
of the exclusive economic zone or the fishery zone between the two
countries ..."

Mr. Barberis thus seems to have construed the decision taken by the
majority vote ofthe Tribunal - asstated in paragraph 88ofthe Award -
as potentially implying a "partially affirmative and partially negative
reply" to the first question put to it, that is, the question whether thetandis que la senterice de 1989elle-mêmestipulait que l'accord franco-
portugais de 1960

«fait droit dans lesrelations [entrela Guinée-Bissau etleSénégal]en
ce qui concerne les seules zones mentionnées dans cet accord, à
savoir la mer territoriale, la zone contiguë et le plateau continen-
tal..>)(Sentence de 1989,par. 88.)

L'accord de 1960se lit comme suit

«Jusqu'à la limite extérieure des mers territoriales, la frontière
serait définiepar une ligne droite, orientée à 240°, partant du point
d'intersection du prolongement de lafrontièreterrestre etde la laisse

de basse-mer ..En ce qui concerne les zones contiguës et le plateau
continental, la délimitation serait constituéepar le prolongement
rectiligne, dans la même direction,de la frontière des mers territo-
riales.»

3. Dans lepassageprécitéde sadéclaration,M.Barberis a simplement
voulu confirmer la conclusion énoncéedans la sentence et non s'enécar-
ter. Pour ce qui est idela première question poséeau Tribunal au para-
graphe 1de l'article 2 du compromis arbitral de 1985(l'accord de 1960
«fait-il droit>)dans les relations entre la Guinée-Bissau etle Sénégal?)
- question tranchéepar un vote a la majoritécomme indiqué au para-
graphe 88 de la sent'ence - rien ne permet de soutenir, comme le fait la
Guinée-Bissaudans sapremière conclusion,que M. Barberis a « exprimé
une opinion en contradiction aveccelleapparemment votée»(lesitaliques

sont de moi). Par conséquent, l'on ne peut pas soutenir que, alors même
que lasentencene dciitson existencequ'auxvoixexpriméespar M.Barbe-
ris et M.Gros, ellea&té immédiatementfrappéed'inexistenceparce que la
déclarationde M. Barberis aurait prétendument sous-entendu un retrait
de l'accord manifestlépar son vote.
4. Auxdeuxièmeettroisièmeparagraphes de sadéclaration, M.Barbe-
ris poursuit en disant:

«Cette réponse partiellement affirmative et partiellement néga-
tive est,à mon avis, la description exacte de la situationjuridique
existant entre les Parties..[CletteréponseauraithabilitéleTribunal
à traiter dans la sentence la deuxième question poséepar le compro-
mis arbitral...
..le Tribunal1aurait été compétent pourdélimiterles eaux de la

zone économique exclusive ou la zone de pêche entreles deux
pays ..O

M. Barberis semble par conséquentavoir interprétéla décision prisepar
le Tribunal à la suite d'un vote a la majorité - comme indiqué au para-
graphe 88de la sentence - comme pouvant sous-entendre une «réponse
partiellement affirm.ativeet partiellement négative» a la première ques-83 ARBITRALAWARD (SEP. OP.ODA)

1960Agreement had "force of law", and thisinterpretation ofhis own led
him to state that

"this replywould haveenabled theTribunalto deal in itsAward with
the secondquestionput bythe Arbitration Agreement [thatis,what is
the course of the line delimiting the maritime territories...?]".

It maythereforebe more convincinglyargued that Mr. Barberis did hold a
view different from what was stated in paragraph 87of the Award which
read :
"Bearing in mind the above conclusions reached by theTribunal

and the actual wording of Article 2 of the Arbitration Agreement,
in the opinion of the Tribunal it is not calleduponto reply to the
second question." (Emphasis added.)
This does not mean, however, that Mr. Barberis "expressed a viewin con-
tradiction with theone apparently adopted bythevote"(emphasis added),
as the Tribunal's decision adoptedby thevotewas onlyrelated to the first
question - Article 2, paragraph 1 - of the Arbitration Agreement (as
expressed in paragraph 88 of the Award) but notthe second question -
Article 2, paragraph 2 - which would have required the Tribunal to

decide the course of the delimitation line. In this respect, whatever
Mr. Barberis stated in the second paragraph of his declaration cannotbe
considered as"a viewin contradiction withtheone apparently adoptedby
thevote" (emphasis added),as claimed by Guinea-Bissau.

5. The contention that the Arbitral Award is inexistent for the reason
spelled out in the first submission of Guinea-Bissau is groundless since
Mr. Barberis, in his declaration, simply corroborated the view adoptedby
the vote of the Tribunal. In fact, even if the declaration hadcontradicted
thefinding for which President Barberis had voted(whichisnot the case),
it could at most have been regarded as an example of "second thoughts",
as a postfacto change of mind incapable of affecting the existence of the
collectivejudicial act to which he had given not only his vote but also his
signature.

2. Is the1989AwardNul1and Void ?

6. To turn to the second submission of Guinea-Bissau in the written
proceedings, that is, the subsidiary contention by which Guinea-Bissau
claims that the 1989Award is "absolutely nul1and void", Guinea-Bissau
givesthe following reasons, among others,that :

"the Tribunal failed to reply to the second question raised by the
Arbitration Agreement,whereas itsreplytothe firstquestion implied
a need for a reply to be given tothe second" SENTENCE ARBITRALE (OP.IND. ODA) 83

tion qui lui avait étp:osée, c'est-a-direla question de savoir si l'accord
de 1960 «fai[sai]tdroi», etcetteinterprétation,qui estlasiennepropre, l'a
conduit à dire que :
«cette réponse aurait habilitéleTribunal àtraiter dans la sentencela
deuxième question posée par le compromis arbitral [c'est-a-dire le

tracéde la lignedélimitant les territoires maritimes.D.
Il semblepar conséquent que l'on puisse soutenir de façon plus convain-
cante que M. Barberis a effectivement étéd'un avis différentde celui
expriméau paragrajphe 87de la sentence,qui se lit comme suit:

«En tenant comptedesconclusionsci-dessusauxquelles leTribu-
nal est parvenu.et du libelléde l'article du compromis arbitral, la
deuxièmequestion, del'avisduTribunal, n'appellepasune réponse de
sapart.» (Les italiquessont de moi.)

Cela ne signifiepas,cependant, que M. Barberis a ((expriméune opinion
en contradiction avec celle apparemment votée»(les italiques sont de
moi),étantdonné quieladécisionvotée par leTribunal avaittrait exclusive-
ment à la premièrequestion - poséeau paragraphe 1de l'article 2 - du
compromisarbitral ((telleque cettedécisionest reflétéau paragraphe 88
de la sentence) mai:;pas à la seconde question - paragraphe 2 de I'ar-
ticle 2- qui aurait amenéle Tribunal àstatuer sur le tracéde la ligne de
délimitation. A ce propos, rien de ce que M. Barberis a dit au deuxième
paragraphede sadéclarationne peut êtreconsidérécomme «une opinion
en contradiction avec celle apparemment votée))(les italiques sont de
moi), comme le soutient la Guinée-Bissau.
5. L'affirmation selon laquelle la sentence arbitrale est frappée

d'inexistence pour :lemotif exposé dans la première conclusion de la
Guinée-Bissauest diipourvue defondementétant donné queM. Barberis,
dans sa déclaration,isimplement corroborél'avisvotépar leTribunal. En
fait, mêmesi la dédaration avait effectivement étéen contradiction avec
la conclusion pour laquelle le président Barberis avait voté(ce qui n'est
pas lecas),sa déclarationauraittoutau plus pu êtreconsidéréceommeex-
primant un « tout bien réfléchi , comme un changement d'avis à poste-
riori ne pouvant affecter l'existencede l'actejudiciaireollectifqu'ilavait
non seulementappuyé de son vote mais encore revêtude sa signature.

2. La sentencede 1989est-ellefrappéede nullité?
6. Pour passer à la deuxième conclusion présentée par la Guinée-

Bissau lors de la procédure écrite, c'est-à-direle moyen subsidiaire par
lequel la Guinée-Bi:ssausoutient que la sentence de 1989est «frappée
de nullité absolue», la Guinée-Bissau invoque notamment les motifs
suivants :
«[le Tribunal a] négligde répondre à la seconde question posée par

lecompromis d',arbitrage,alorsque saréponseà lapremièrequestion
ouvrait la nécessitd'une réponse à la seconde»and

"it did not comply with the provisions of the Arbitration Agreement
by which theTribunal was asked to decide on the delimitation of the
maritime areas as awhole, to do so by a singleline and to record that
line on a map".
It isofcourseafact thattheTribunaldidnot "reply tothe secondquestion
raised by the Arbitration Agreement". Nor did it "decide on the delimita-
tion ofthe maritime areas asawhole", or"[to]do sobyasinglelineand [to]

record that line on a map".
7. In its submissions to the Arbitration Tribunal, Guinea-Bissau
requested it to consider that :
"- The mles onthe succession of States in respect of treaties ...
do not permit Senegal to invoke against Guinea-Bissau [the
1960Franco-Portuguese Agreement]which in any case is absolutely
nul1and void and non-existent;
- The maritime delimitation between Senegaland Guinea-Bissau
has thus never been determined;
.............................

- For the delimitation of the continental shelves and exclusive
economiczones .. .the maritimedelimitation between the two States
should be fixedbetween [azimuths 264" and 270°]",

while Senegal, in its submissions,requested the Arbitration Tribunal to
declare and adjudge :
"That by the [1960 Agreement] France and Portugal . . .have
carried out the delimitation of a maritime frontier;

That this Agreement, confirmed bythe subsequent conduct ofthe
contracting Parties as well as by the conduct of the sovereign States
which succeeded to them, has the force of law in the relations
between [Guinea-Bissau and Senegal]."
In the light of the submissions of Guinea-Bissau presented to the
Arbitration Tribunal it is apparent that the Arbitration Agreement had
not been drafted along the lines which Guinea-Bissau found to be in its
interest.
8. The fundamental questions originally to be put to the Arbitration
Tribunal had been convertedinto those concerning the effectofatreaty in

a case of State succession, and the Tribunal was asked under Article 2,
paragraph 1,simply whether that 1960Agreement would "have the force
of law in the relations between [Guinea-Bissau and Senegal]".The Arbi-
tration Agreement simply required the Tribunal to define "the course of
the linedelimitingthe maritime territories" only "in the eventof a negative
answer" to the question of whether the 1960 Agreement concluded
between the two colonialStates,Portugal and France, had force of law in
the relations between Guinea-Bissau and Senegal. 1add "only" in this SENTENCE ARBITRALE (OP.IND. ODA) 84

«[le Tribunal ries'est]pas conforméaux dispositions du compromis
arbitral par lesquelles il étaitdemandéau Tribunal de décidersur la
délimitationde l'ensemble desespacesmaritimes, de le faire par une
ligne unique et d'en porter letracésur une carte ».

Certes, ilestvraique leTribunal n'apas «répond[u] à la secondequestion
poséepar lecompromisd'arbitrage B. De mêmei,ln'apas «décid[és]ur la
délimitationde l'ensembledesespacesmaritimes ))etilne l'apas fait par
une ligne unique »e:nen portant letracésurune carte ».
7. Dans lesconclusionsqu'elle avaitprésentéesauTribunal arbitral, la
Guinée-Bissauavait demandé àcelui-ci de déciderque :

« - Les règlesde la succession d'Etats en matièrede traités ..ne
permettent pas;au Sénégal d'opposer à la Guinée-Bissau [l'accord
franco-portugais de 19601e,t qui estd'ailleursfrappéde nullitéabso-
lue et d'inexistence;
- Ainsi la délimitation maritime n'a jamais été fixée entrele
Sénégalet la Guinée-Bissau;

- Pour la délimitation des plateaux continentaux et des zones
économiques <:xclusives,...c'est entre ces deux lignes [les azi-
muts 264"et270"]que devraêtrefixéeladélimitationmaritimeentre
les deux Etats N,,

tandis que le Sénégald ,ans sespropres conclusions,avait priéleTribunal
arbitral de dire etu,ger:

«Que par l'raccord de 19601 ...la France et le Portugal ont ...
procédéa la délimitationd'une frontièreen mer;
Que cetaccord,confortépar lecomportementultérieur desparties
contractantes autant que par celui des Etats souverains qui leur ont
succédé, fait droitdans les rapports entre [la Guinée-Bissau et le
Sénégal]. »

Alalumièredesconclusions que laGuinée-Bissauasoumises auTribunal
arbitral,il apparaît que le compromis d'arbitrage n'avait pas été rédigé
dans lesensdont la Guinée-Bissaupensait qu'ilservirait lemieux sesinté-
rêts.
8. Les questions fondamentales qui devaient initialement être posées
au Tribunal arbitral avaientétéconvertiesen questionsconcernant l'effet

d'un traitéen casde ijuccessiond'Etats et,au paragraphe 1de l'article2,le
Tribunal a simplementétéprié de statuersur lepoint de savoir sil'accord
de 1960 «fai[sai]t diroitdans les relations entre [la Guinée-Bissau et le
Sénégal])).Aux termes du compromis d'arbitrage, le Tribunal était
simplement prié de définir «le tracé dela ligne délimitantles territoires
maritimes ))uniquement((en cas de réponsenégative ))a la question de
savoir si l'accord de 1960conclu entre les deux puissances coloniales, le
Portugal et la France, faisait droit dans les relations entre la Guinée-instance, because, though the word "only" does not appear inthe Arbitra-
tion Agreement, there isno escaping its having been implied, asthe Judg-

ment has fully expounded (para. 50). The meaning of Article 2, para-
graph 1,is so clear that thereoes not seem to be any cal1to refer for its
interpretation to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.

9. The Arbitration Tribunal, by ijmajority vote(including the vote of
Mr. Barberis),answered that questioncategorically and unequivocally in
the affirmative.Here ended the plaintask ofthe Tribunal, and this surely
cannot be subject to any doubt whatsoever. Theconsequences that would
ensue from the application of this Agreement were not within the Tribu-
nal'smandate. Evenso,the ArbitrationTribunal in 1989qualifiedits own
decision, and limited its scope, by stating that the "force of law" of the
1960Franco-Portuguese Agreement would be limited "solely to ...the
territorial sea, the contiguous zone and the continental shelf' and
Mr. Barberis, as 1 stated in paragraphs 3 and 4 above, affirmed and

strengthened the Tribunal's position by stating that the "force of law"
would not applyto "the waters ofthe exclusiveeconomiczone or the fish-
ery zone".
10. The Award could have beendeliveredwithouteither ofthephrases
as quoted above, thus leaving room for different interpretations. Yet the
Tribunal tried to avoidsuch ambiguity, and Mr. Barberis further spelled
out the already unequivocal decision of the Tribunal in his declaration.
Well may hehave argued therein for an interpretation whereby theTribu-
nal's replytothefirstquestion abovecouldbe seenas"partially negative".
The veryfactthat,to support thisargument, he had to rephrasethe Tribu-
nal'sfindings servesto underline the exclusively affirmativecharacter of
the actual reply. In any case, hisrsona1 interpretation could not have
affected the Tribunal's categoricaldecision,ken bythemajority vote(in
which Mr. Barberis's votewas naturallyincluded) on paragraph 88ofthe
Award. that the 1960 Agreement had "force of law" in the relations

betweek Guinea-Bissau and Senegal. In sum, the second submission of
Guinea-Bissau does not stand, because the Award fully responded in the
affirmative by the majority vote to the question concerning the "force
of law" of the 1960Franco-Portuguese Agreement, and no reply to the
secondquestion was thus calledfor.

II. ERROR N REFERRA OF THE DISPUTE TO THE
DISPUTE-SETTLEMP ERNOTCEDURE

11. From the outset, owing to inadequate handling by the diplomatic
authorities of Guinea-Bissau and Senegal ofthe real issues and problems

between these two countries, the whole procedure for bringingtheir dis- !SENTENCEARBITRALE (OP.IND. ODA) 85

Bissau et le Sénégall.ij'ajoute icile mot uniquement »,c'estparce que,
alors mêmequ'iln'apparaît pasdans lecompromisd'arbitrage, ilestindu-
bitable qu'il a étésous-entendu, comme l'arrêt l'a analysé en détail
(par. 50).Lasignification duparagraphe 1del'article2estsiclairequ'il ne
semble absolument: pas nécessaire, pour l'interpréter,de se référer la
convention de Vienne sur le droit destraités.

9. Le Tribunal arbitral, par un votea la majorité(y compris la voix de
M. Barberis), a répondu àcettequestion, de façoncatégoriqueet dépour-
vue d'ambiguïté, par l'affirmative. Là s'achevait la tâche clairement
confiéeau Tribunal, et cela ne peut en rien fairel'ombre d'un doute. Les
conséquencesqui découleraientde l'application de cetaccord n'entraient
pasdans lemandat tluTribunal. Etcependant, leTribunal arbitralen 1989
a nuancé sa propre décisionet en a limité laportée en déclarant que
l'accord franco-portugais de 1960«fai[sai]tdroit »«en cequi concern[ait]
les seuleszones meiltionnéesdans cet accord,à savoirla mer territoriale,
la zone contiguë et leplateau continentalet M. Barberis,comme je l'ai
dit aux paragraphes 3 et 4 ci-dessus, a confirméet renforcéla position du

Tribunal en déclarant que l'accordNne fai[sai]tpas droit quant aux eaux
de la zoneéconomi~que exclusive ouà la zone de pêche».
10. La sentence aurait pu être prononcée sansl'un ou l'autre des deux
membres de phrase citésci-dessus,laissantainsila possibilitéd'interpré-
tations différentes.Or,le Tribunal a tentéd'éviterune telle ambiguïté,et
M. Barberis a préciséencore plus la décisiondéjàsans équivoqueduTri-
bunal dans sa déclaration.Il aurait trèsbien pu soutenir dans sa déclara-
tion une interprétation selonlaquellela réponse donnéepar leTribunalà
la premièredesquestionssusmentionnéespouvaitêtreconsidéréecomme
partiellementnég,ative».Le fait mêmeque, pour étayer cet argument,

M.Barberis adû remanier lestermes employéspar leTribunal confirme le
caractère exclusivement affirmatif de la réponse effectivementdonnée à
cette question. En tout étatde cause, son interprétation personnelle n'a
pas pu affecterladécisioncatégoriquedu Tribunal,prise à lamajoritédes
voix (parmi lesquelles celle deBarberis était naturellement comprise)
au paragraphe 88de la sentence, à savoir que l'accord de 1960«fai[sai]t
droit »dans les relationsentrela Guinée-Bissau et le Sénéga. n résumé,
la deuxième concluisionde la Guinée-Bissaune tient pas parce que, dans
la sentence, le Tribunal a répondu pleinement par l'affirmative, par un

vote a la majoritéà la question de savoir si l'accord franco-portugais de
1960 «fai[sai]t droit» et que, par conséquent, aucune réponse à la
deuxièmequestion ines'imposait.

II. ERREURS COMMISESLORSQUE LE DIFFÉREND AÉTÉ SOUMIS
A LA PROCÉDURE DE RÈGLEMENT

11. Du fait que les autoritésdiplomatiques de la Guinée-Bissauet du
Sénégaln'ontpas pris en main comme il convientlesréellesdivergences
de vues et les réelsproblèmesentre ces deux pays, toute la procédure que pute to the Arbitration Tribunalin 1985and then the present case before
, this Court in 1989was ill-starred.

1. Backgroundto theDispute
12. The delimitation of the exclusive economic zones, in view of the

fishery interests of both States, has been at issuecethe late 1970s.Sen-
egaland Guinea-Bissau had gainedindependence from France and Portu-
gal in 1960 and 1973 respectively. Senegal, by its Act of 2 July 1976,
establishinga seafishery codea, s amended bythe Law of8 February1985,
claimed "the right tofish...in an exclusiveeconomiczone of200nautical
miles in breadth, ...waters under Senegalesejurisdiction". On 19May
1978Guinea-Bissauenacted Law ontheextensionof theterritorialseaand
exclusive economiczone, under which the exclusive economic zone was
claimed as extending "within the national maritime borders to 200miles"
where Guinea-Bissau claimed "exclusive rights over exploration and
exploitation of the living and natural resources of the sea". The same
claim was restated by Guinea-Bissau in the Actof17May 1985concerning
thedelimitation ofthecontinentalshelJ:The line of the delimitation of the
exclusive economic zone with the neighbouring States was not specified
inthe domestic legislation ofeither State.Yet it wasclearthat the claimsof
Senegal and Guinea-Bissau to exclusive economic zones were over-
lapping in some areas, and various incidents involvingconflicts between
the fishery interests of the two Statesoccurred. Diplomatic negotiations
were continued between the two States.

2. TheInappropriateDrajïingof the1985ArbitrationAgreement

13. In March 1985Guinea-Bissau and Senegal, having been unable to
settletheir dispute bynegotiation, decided to refer to arbitration "the dis-
pute relating tothe determination oftheirmaritimeboundary" (Preamble
to the Arbitration Agreement). It isobviousthat both Parties, when refer-
ring to "the maritime boundary", meant to include in that definition the
delimitation of the exclusiveeconomic zones. Yetthe matter of the deter-
mination of maritime boundaries was not even referred to in the primary
and basic question which was actually asked of the Arbitration Tribuilal.
The Tribunal was in fact simply requested to decide, in accordance with
thenoms of international law, whether the 1960Agreement between the
colonial powers (Portugal and France) which related to the delimitation
ofthe territorialeas, the contiguouszones and the continental shelf had
force oflawinthe relations between thetwo Stateswhich had gained inde-
pendence. Only inthe event of a negative answer to that question wasthe SENTENCE ARBITRALE (OP.IND. ODA) 86

ceux-ciont suiviepourporter leurdifférend devantle Tribunal arbitral en
1985puis laprésenteaffairedevant la Cour en 1989a d'embléeétévouée à
l'échec.

1. Historiquedu différend

12. Eu égardaux intérêts desdeux Etats en matière de pêcheries, la
délimitation des zones économiques exclusives a posé un problème
depuis la fin des années soixante-dix. Le Sénégalet la Guinée-Bissau
avaient obtenu leur indépendance de la France et du Portugal en 1960et
en 1973respectivennent. Le Sénégal,par une loi du 2juillet 1976portant
codedelapêche enmer,tellequ'elleaété modifiéepar laloidu8février 1985,
a revendiqué «le droit de pêche ..dans une zone économique exclusive
qui s'étendsur une largeur de 200 milles marins D,c'est-à-dire «dans les
eaux relevant de la juridiction du Sénégal)).Le 19mai 1978,la Guinée-
Bissau a promulguéune loirelative à l'étenduedela merterritorialeetde la
zone économique e.~clusive,dans laquelle cette dernière était déclarée

s'étendre «à l'intérieurdes frontières maritimes internationales jusqu'à
200 milles marins »,zone dans laquelle la Guinée-Bissau revendiquait
«des droits exclusifs d'exploration et d'exploitation des ressources biolo-
giques et des ressources naturelles de la mer. La mêmerevendication a
étéréaffirmépear la Guinée-Bissaudans la loidu 17mai 1985relative à la
délimitationdu plateau continental. La ligne de délimitation de la zone
économiqueexclusive à l'égarddes Etats voisinsn'étaitpasspécifiéedans
lalégislation interne:de l'unou l'autre Etat.Cependant, ilétaitclairque les
prétentions du Sénégalet celles de la Guinée-Bissau sur leurs zones
économiques excluisives se chevauchaient dans certains secteurs et
plusieursincidents motivéspar desconflits entre lesdeux Etats en matière
de pêcheries sesont produits. Lesdeux Etats ont poursuivi leurs négocia-

tions diplomatiques.

2. Les carencesdu libellédu compromisd'arbitragede 1985

13. En mars 1985,la Guinée-Bissauet le Sénégaln , 'ayant pu résoudre
leur différendpar voie de négociation,ont décidéde soumettre à l'arbi-
trage «le différendrelatifà la détermination de leur frontière maritime »
(préambuledu compromis d'arbitrage). Ilestévidentque lesdeux Parties,
en parlant de leur (frontière maritime », entendaient inclure dans cette
définitionla délimitation deszones économiques exclusives. Or, la ques-
tion de la délimitationdes frontièresmaritimes n'était mêmp eas évoquée

dans la question priimordiale et fondamentale qui a en fait étéposée au
Tribunal arbitral:leTribunal a simplementétépriéde statuer,conformé-
ment aux normes di1droit international, si l'accord de 1960conclu entre
lespuissances coloniales (le Portugal et la France) au sujet de la délimita-
tion des mers territoriales, des zones contiguës et du plateau continental
faisait droit dans les relations entre les deux Etats qui avaient depuis lors
accédé à l'indépendance. Ce n'était qu'en casde réponsenégativea cetteTribunal requested to decide what would bethe course ofthe linedelimit-
ing the maritime territories appertaining to both States respectively. In
view of the real issue in dispute between the two States, it is obvious that
the Agreement was drafted in an inappropriate manner. The Parties
should have askedaquestion to coverthe situation of a positive answerto
the first question being givenby the Arbitration Tribunal.
14. In the diplomatic negotiations between Guinea-Bissau and Sen-
egal, their representatives were certainly aware of the 1960Agreement
which, if it possessed force of law, had defined the delimitation of the
continental shelf as the 240" azimuth line. They seem also to have pro-
ceeded on the premise that there ought to be a single line of delimitation
for both the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf, a line
which might be called the maritime boundary. They must further have
taken forgranted, itwould appear, asecond premise :namelythat alineof
delimitation for the exclusive economiczones (a new concept of interna-

tional law)ought to coincide with any existingline of delimitation for the
continental shelf (a concept which had been in existence for several
decades). The combination of these two premises apparently induced
Guinea-Bissau to believe that, if it wished to secure a line of delimitation
forthe exclusiveeconomiczones withabearing between 270"and 264",it
had first to make sure that the 240" line stipulated in 1960wasprecluded
through negation ofthe 1960Franco-Portuguese Agreement. Senegal,on
the other hand, satisfied that the 240" line would also apply to a line of
delimitation for the exclusive economic zones, seems to have concluded
that it had simplyto depend on the force of law ofthat Agreement. It was
thus natural and inevitable forboth Parties to highlightthe question ofthe
validity of the 1960Agreement. But the actual terms of the Arbitration
Agreement onlymake senseonthe assumption that, whetheracontinental
shelflinealready existed or not, the above premises underlay - expressly
or implicitly - the two Governments' negotiating positions intended to
achieve the drawing of a delimitation line for the exclusive economic
zones.

15. In any event,whilehaving clearlyrenderedits Award inresponse to
the actualterms ofthe Arbitration Agreement,the Arbitration Tribunalin
1989did not settle the real issue between the two States. That isto say, it
did not define the course of the line delimiting the exclusive economic
zones appertaining to Guinea-Bissau and Senegal respectively.The fail-
ure of the Award to refer to this line should certainly not be held against
the Arbitration Tribunal. It would rather seem, in brief, that the deplor-
able aspects of the present case are traceable to the fact thatthe represen-
tatives of the two countries who were responsible for drafting the
Arbitration Agreement embarked upon their task without sufficient grasp
of what they had taken for granted as premises in the light of some essen-
tial concepts of the law of the sea, particularly those concerning the
interrelation between the exclusive economic zone and the continentalquestion que le Tribunal était priéde déterminer quel étaitle tracéde la
lignedélimitantlesterritoiresmaritimesquirelevaientrespectivementdes
deux Etats. Eu égartia laquestionréellementen litigeentre lesdeux Etats,
il est évidentque le compromisn'a pas été rédigd ée la façon appropriée.
Les Parties auraient dû poser une question qui envisagerait le cas où le
Tribunal arbitral auraitrépondu par l'affirmative à la premièrequestion.
14. Lors des nég~ociationd siplomatiques entre la Guinée-Bissau et le
Sénégal,leurs représentants étaient certainement conscientsdu fait que
l'accord de 1960,s'ilfaisait droit, avait défini la délimitation du plateau
continental comme étantla ligne d'azimut 240". Ils semblentaussi s'être
basés sur laprémissequ'il devrait y avoir une seuleligne de délimitation

aussibien pour la zone économique exclusive que pour le plateau conti-
nental, ligne qui pourrait être appeléela frontière maritime.l semblerait
par ailleurs qu'ils aient dû tenir pour acquise une seconde prémisse, à
savoir que la ligne de délimitation des zones économiques exclusives
(concept nouveau en droit international) devrait coïncider avec toute
ligne de délimitation préexistantedu plateau continental (concept qui
existait depuis plcisieurs décennies). La conjugaison de ces deux
prémissesa apparernment conduit la Guinée-Bissau a penser que, si elle
souhaitait obtenir pour la délimitationdeszoneséconomiquesexclusives
une ligne orientée entre270" et 264", elle devait tout d'abord obtenir que
la ligne d'azimut 240" stipulée en 1960soit écartéepour le motif que
l'accord franco-portugais de 1960 n'étaitpas valable. Le Sénégal, en
revanche, convainccique la ligne orientée à 240" s'appliquerait aussi a la
ligne de délimitation des zones économiques exclusives, semble être
parvenu a la conclusion qu'il luisuffisait de fairefond sur lefaitqueledit

accord faisaitdroit. Aussi n'était-il que naturelet inévitablequeles deux
Partiesmettent enrelieflaquestion delavaliditédel'accord de 1960.Mais
le libelléeffectivement donnéau compromisd'arbitrage n'ade sensque si
l'on suppose - qu'il ait ou non existédéjà uneligne de délimitationdu
plateau continental -- que lesprémissessusmentionnéessous-tendaient,
expressément ou tacitement, la position que les deux gouvernements
avaient adoptée lors des négociations tendant à obtenir le tracé d'une
ligne de délimitationdes zones économiquesexclusives.
15. Quoi qu'il en soit,tout en ayant manifestementrendu sa sentence
conformément aux termes effectivement utilisésdans le compromis, le
Tribunal arbitral, en 1989,n'a pas régléle problème réelqui opposait les
deux Etats.En d'autirestermes, iln'apas définiletracéde la ligne délimi-
tant les zones économiques exclusives relevant respectivement de la
Guinée-Bissauet du SénégalL . e Tribunal ne peut certainement pas être

blâmépour lefait que la sentence ne mentionnepas cette ligne. Il semble-
rait plutôt, en bref, que les aspectsregrettables de la présente affairesont
imputables au fait que les représentants des deux pays qui avaient été
chargésde rédigerle compromis ont entrepris de le faire sans bien saisir
les incidences des prémisses qu'ilsavaient tenues pour acquises a la
lumière de certains concepts essentielsdu droit de la mer, particulière-
ment ceux touchant l'interdépendance entre la zone économique exclu- ARBITRAL AWARD (SEP.OP.ODA)
88

shelf.They putto the Arbitration Tribunal a question which drifted away
from the genuine issues, which concerned the law of the sea, in order to
focus upon a narrow preliminary issue of treaty interpretation.

3. ZnsufJicienO t bjectof thePresentProceedings before thCeourt

16. Guinea-Bissau mayhave assumed too hastilythat itwas,ascounsel
for Guinea-Bissau defined it,the "losing party" at the Arbitration Tribu-
nal. In fact Guinea-Bissau was certainly not the "losing party", even
though itdid not, as itclearlywished to do,secure alinebetween the bear-
ings of 270" and 264" for the delimitation of the exclusive economic
zones; Senegal (certainly not to be considered the "winning party") was

not, for its part, assured thatthe40" line, as defined in the 1960Agree-
ment for the continental shelf, would apply to the exclusive economic
zone. Havingviewedthe Arbitral Award asan outright defeat, the compe-
tent authorities of Guinea-Bissau were further misguided in bringing a
case in 1989before this Court asking for a ruling on the validity of the
Award. Guinea-Bissau found itappropriateto put totheCourt aquestion
asto whether the 1989Award (which in any event did not settle the dis-
pute) was existent or not,valid or null and void. But whatever judgment
might have been given by the Court in the present case (in fact the sub-
missions of Guinea-Bissau are rejected in the present Judgment) - in
other words, even if the Court had declared the Arbitral Award non-
existent or null and void -, the positions of Guinea-Bissau and Senegal,
or their interests and rights relating to the boundary of the exclusive
economic zones, could not have been affected.

17. It seemsto metherefore that, fromthe timeofitspresentation tothe
present Court, this litigation lacked any meaningful object. The past six-
year period since the break-up of diplomatic negotiations for drawing a
line of delimitation of the exclusive economiczones, the object of which
had been primarily to settle the fishery disputes between them, seems to
have simply been wasted. The issues in dispute between these two neigh-
bouring States left unsettled were sent back to the starting point and
remain in 1991the same as they were in 1985.One should not, however,
overlookthe factthat onepositive elementwasclarified inthe Award,that
is,that there now existsbetween Guinea-Bissau and Senegala loxodromic
line of 240" azimuth forthe delimitation of the continental shelf and that
this point is upheld in the present Judgment. The present issue between
the two States, unlike the issue in 1985,should be concerned with the

drawing of a line of delimitation for the exclusive economic zones in a
situation where aline of240"forthe continental shelfhasbeenconfirmed
as already in existence.sive et le plateau continental. Ils ont posé au Tribunal arbitral une
question qui s'écartait desréelsproblèmes,qui avaienttrait au droit de la
mer, pour mettre l'accent sur une question préliminaire étroite liée à
l'interprétation destraités.

3. L9insuf$sancede 1'objetdelaprésente instance devant la Cour

16. La Guinée-Bissaudoit avoirsupposétrop hâtivement qu'elleétait,

pour reprendre les termes de son conseil, la«partie perdante » devant le
Tribunal arbitral. En fait, la Guinée-Bissau n'était certainement pas la
«partie perdante »,alors mêmequ'elle n'avaitpas obtenu, comme elle le
souhaitait manifestisment, que les zones économiques exclusives soient
délimitéesparune ligne comprise entre lesazimuts 270" et 264";le Séné-
gal (que l'on ne peut certainement pas considérer comme la ((partie
gagnante))) n'était pas assuré,pour sa part, que la ligne orientéà240°,
telle qu'elle étaitdéfiniedans l'accordde 1960dans lecontexte du plateau
continental,s'appliclueraià lazoneéconomiqueexclusive.Ayant vudans
la sentence arbitrale une défaite totale, les autorités compétentesde la
Guinée-Bissauont été mailnspiréesaussid'introduire devantla Cour, en
1989,une instance demandant àcelle-ci de statuer sur la validité de la
sentence. La Guinée-Bissauajugébon de poser à la Cour la question de
savoir si la sentence de 1989(laquelle, en tout état de cause, n'avait pas
réglé ledifférend) éitaitou non frappée d'inexistence ou était valableou
entachéede nullité.Toutefois,quel que soit l'arrêtauquel la Cour aurait

pu parveniren I'occiirrence(enfait, leprésent arrêtrejetlesconclusions
de la Guinée-Bissau) - autrement dit, même sila Cour avait déclaréla
sentencearbitrale inexistanteou entachée de nullité- les positions de la
Guinée-Bissauet du Sénégal,ou leurs intérêe tst leurs droits pour ce qui
est de la frontièredes zones économiquesexclusives, n'auraient pas pu
s'entrouver affectées.
17. Ilmesemblepar conséquentque,dèsqu'ila étésoumis à laCour, le
présentlitigen'a guèreeu d'objetréel.Lessixannéesqui sesont écoulées
depuis la rupture des négociations diplomatiques tendant à tracer une
ligne dedélimitation1deszoneséconomiquesexclusives, dont lebut avait
été simplementde réglerles différends en matière de pêche entreles
deux Etats,semblentavoir été purement etsimplementgaspillées.Lesques-
tions litigieusesensuspensentre cesdeuxEtats voisinsontété renvoyées à
leurpoint de départr:tdemeurent,en 1991,identiques àcequ'ellesétaient

en 1985.Toutefois, il ne faut pas méconnaître le fait que la sentence a
élucidé un élément positif, à savoir qu'il existe aujourd'hui entre la
Guinée-Bissauet le Sénégau lne ligneloxodromique d'azimut 240" déli-
mitant leplateau conitinental,et que cepoint est confirmédans le présent
arrêt.Telle qu'elle se pose actuellement entre les deux Etats,à la diffé-
rence de la situation qui existaiten 1985,la question doit tendre tracer
une ligne de délimitation des zones économiquesexclusives alois qu'il a
été confirmé qu'il existedéjà uneligne de délimitationdu plateau conti-
nental, c'est-à-direineligned'azimut 240". III. CONCLUSIONS

1. Dualism ofthe Exclusive EconomiZ coneandtheContinentalShelf

18. The new concept of the exclusive economic zone gives to the
coastal State
"sovereign rights forthe purpose of exploring and exploiting ...the
natural resources,whether livingor non-living . ..ofthe sea-bed and
itssubsoil" (1982United Nations Convention on the Lawof the Sea,
Art. 56,para. 1),

while under the already established existing concept of the continental
shelf, the coastal State exercises "sovereign rights for the purpose of
exploring [the continental shelfl and exploiting its natural resources"
(1958 Convention on the Continental Shelf, Art. 2, para. 1;
1982United Nations Convention, Art. 77,para. 1).Bearingin mind that
the subject (that is, the exploring of the sea-bed and ils subsoil and the
exploitation of its natural resources,covered by the concept of the conti-
nental shelf) isnow completelysuperseded byor evenabsorbed in the new
concept of the exclusive economiczone, a uniform maritime area for the
exclusiveeconomiczone and the continental shelf may certainly be desir-
able, and it is to be recommended that a single line of delimitation
between the neighbouring States be institutionalized in order to avoid
conflicts in the exercise ofjurisdiction by different coastal States overthe

same maritime area,dependingon whetherthis isthe exclusiveeconomic
zone or the continental shelf. However, the question concerning the
uniform régimefor the exclusiveeconomiczone and the continental shelf
certainly did not receivean affirmativeanswerin the 1982United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea, as reflected in the provisions of that
Convention allowingthe CO-existenceofthe parallel régimesofthe exclu-
siveeconomic zone and the continental shelf.It should be noted that the
Arbitration Tribunal constituted in 1985 byGuinea-Bissau and Senegal
preferred, as implied in the Arbitral Award and directly expressed in
Mr.Barberis'sdeclaration, not to depart fromthe basicconcept entertain-
ing parallel régimesforthe exclusive economiczone and the continental
shelf.

19. Much controversy still surrounds the question de legeferenda
whether the delimitation of exclusiveeconomiczones ought to be identi-
cal to that of the continental shelf or, more fundamentally, whether the
new concept ofthe exclusiveeconomiczone ought to take the place of or
to absorbthe traditional concept of the continental shelf (except forthe
offshore distance, it being impermissible for an exclusiveeconomiczone
to extend beyond 200milesfrom the shore,whereas a State's continental
shelf, dependingonthe interpretation of the famous "exploitability" cri-
terion in the 1958Convention on the Continental Shelf, may extend fur- III. CONCLUSIONS

1.Le dualismede la zone économique exclusiv et duplateau continental

18. Lenouveau concept de zone économiqueexclusive donne à 1'Etat
côtier

«des droits souverains aux finsd'exploration et d'exploitation ..des
ressources naturelles, biologiques ou non biologiques ..des fonds
marins et de leur sous-sol »(conventiondes Nations Unies de 1982
sur le droit de la mer, art. 56,par.,
alorsque,selon lerégimeexistant etétabliapplicableau plateau continen-
tal,1'Etatcôtier exerce ((des droits souverains sur le plateau continental
aux fins de son exploration et de l'exploitation de ses ressources natu-
relles» (conventioni de 1958 sur le plateau continental, art. 2, par. 1;

convention des Nations Unies de 1982,art. 77,par. 1).Si l'on considère
que cesujet(c'est-à-direl'exploration desfondsmarinset de leursous-sol
et l'exploitation de leurs ressourcesnaturelles, qu'englobe le concept de
plateau continental) est aujourd'hui totalement remplacé par le nouveau
concept dezoneéconomiqueexclusiveou mêmeabsorbépar cedernier, il
peut certainement être souhaitable d'avoir une frontière maritime
uniformepour lazone économiqueexclusiveetleplateau continental, etil
y a lieu de recomm;inder l'institutionnalisation d'une ligne de délimita-
tion unique entre le!;Etats voisins pour éviterdesconflits dans l'exercice
par différents Etats côtiers de leurjuridiction sur la zone maritime, qu'il
s'agisse de la zone économique exclusive ou du plateau continental.
Toutefois, la question de savoir si la zone économique exclusive et le
plateau continental doivent être soumis àun régimeuniforme n'a certai-
nement pas reçu lune réponse affirmative dans la convention des
Nations Unies de 1982sur le droit de la mer, comme en témoignent les
dispositions de ladlite convention qui autorisent la coexistence des
régimesparallèles de la zone économique exclusive et du plateau conti-
nental. Il convient de noter que le Tribunal arbitral constituéen 1985par
la Guinée-Bissauet le Sénégala préféré, comme cela découle implicite-

ment de la sentence et comme l'a dit expressémentM. Barberis dans sa
déclaration, nepas s'écarterdu concept de base qui prévoyaitla possibi-
litéde soumettre à des régimesparallèleslazoneéconomiqueexclusiveet
le plateau continental.
19. De vives controverses continuent d'entourer la question de lege
ferenda de savoir si la délimitation des zones économiques exclusives
devrait être identique a celle du plateau continental ou, élément plus
fondamental, silenouveauconcept dezoneéconomiqueexclusivedevrait
se substituer auconcept traditionnel de plateau continental ou l'absorber
(sauf pour cequi est (desonextension verslahaute mer,dans la mesureoù
une zone économique exclusive ne peut pas s'étendre à une distance
supérieure à200millesmarins de lacôte,tandis que leplateau continental
d'un Etat, selon l'int'erprétationdonnéeau fameux critère d'aexploitabi-ther), or whether the two régimesofthe exclusiveeconomiczone and the
continental shelfwouldremain existingin parallel betweenneighbouring
States,but with different lines of delimitation. Ifthe two régimesareto be
merged in a case where the régimeof the continental shelf has already
effectivelyexisted, afurther question willstillhaveto be answered, that is,
whether or not an existing line of delimitation for the continental shelf
should dictate the line for the newrégimeofthe exclusiveeconomiczone,
or a new line of delimitation to be agreed upon for exclusive economic
zones should automatically entai1reconsideration of the existingline for
the continental shelf. Auniform régimecoveringboth the exclusive econ-
omic zone and the continental shelf willremain to be settled.

20. Without taking any position on the question whether the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is already to be regarded as
existing international law or not, 1must point out that that Convention
separately provides practically identical provisions concerning the deli-
mitation ofthe areas concerned between the neighbouring States forboth
the exclusiveeconomiczone and the continental shelf in parallel, stating
that

"[tlhe delimitation of [the exclusive economic zone][thecontinental
shelfl between States with . .. adjacent coasts shall be effected
by agreement on the basis of international law, as referred to in
Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in
order to achieve an equitable solution" (United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea,Arts. 74and 83).

One is led to conclude that the delimitation of the line of the exclusive
economiczones or of the continental shelf between neighbouring States,
or both, is, in the first place, atter for negotiation between the States
concerned. Whatwould be an equitable solution may wellbe different for
the respective delimitations of the exclusive economic zones and of the
continental shelf.

2. AlternativesNowFacedby Guinea-BissauandSenegal

21. Guinea-Bissau and Senegal are certainly free to follow, as a basis
fortheir negotiations, thethesis (whichwasentertained inthe 1982United
Nations Convention and followedbythe 1989ArbitralAward) thata sep-
arate régimefortheexclusiveeconomiczone can existinparallel withthat
of the continental shelf, and that a line of delimitation for their exclusive
economiczones maybe drawn in the lightofvarious factors leading to an
equitable solution for that purpose, independently of the existingline of
240"azimuth for the continental shelf.

22. Yet they are also free jointly to prefer another thesis, namely that SENTENCE ARBITRALE(OP. IND. ODA)
90

lité»figurant dans la convention de 1958sur le plateau continental, peut
s'étendre sur une distance plus grande), ou encore si les deux régimes
applicables dans lazoneéconomiqueexclusiveet sur leplateau continen-
tal continueraient d'existerparallèlement entredesEtats voisins,mais sur
la base de lignes de:délimitation différentes.Si les deux régimesdoivent
êtrefusionnésalors que lerégimeapplicable au plateau continental a déjà
existédans la pratique, il resterarépondre à une autre question encore,
qui estdesavoirsilaligne de délimitationexistantedu plateau continental
devrait ou non dic:terla ligneà l'intérieurde laquelle s'appliquera le
nouveau régimede zone économique exclusive, ou si une nouvelle ligne
de délimitation des zones économiques exclusives à convenir devrait
automatiquement conduire à revoir la ligne existante applicable au
plateau continental. Un régimeuniforme englobant à la fois la zone

économiqueexclusiiveet le plateau continental demeurera à établir.
20. Sans prendri: aucunement position sur le point de savoir si la
conventiondes Nations Uniessur ledroit de la mer doitdéjàêtreconsidé-
rée ou non comme faisant partie du droit international existant, je dois
faireobserver que cetteconventioncontienten deuxendroits desdisposi-
tionsvirtuellementidentiquestouchant ladélimitationdeszonesenques-
tionentre Etats voisins,parallèlementpour lazoneéconomique exclusive
et le plateaucontine:ntal,qui stipulent ce qui suit:

«[l]a délimitation [de la zone économique exclusive] [du plateau
continental]entre Etats dont lescôtessontadjacentes ou sefont face
esteffectuéepar voie d'accord conformémentau droit international
tel qu'il estsi:àl'article 38 du Statut de la Cour internationale de
Justice, afin d'aboutirà une solution équitable)) (convention des
Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer, art.t 83).

L'onestainsi amené, à conclure que letracéde laligne de délimitationdes
zones économiques exclusives ou du plateau continental entre Etats
voisins,ou desdeux, est une questionqui relèveau premier chef de négo-
ciations entre lestiitsintéressés. Cequi constituerait une solution équi-
table peut fort bien?tredifférent dansle cas de la délimitation deszones
économiquesexclusiveset du plateau continental.

2. Les optionsquis 'offrentmaintenanta la Guinée-Bissau et auSénégal

21. La Guinée-Bissauet le Sénégas lont certainement libres de suivre,
dans leurs négociai:ions,la thèse (envisagée dans la convention des
Nations Unies de 1982et suivie par la sentence arbitrale de 1989)selon
laquelle il peut exister parallèlement des régimesséparéspour la zone
économiqueexclusiveet pour leplateau continental et selonlaquelle une

ligne de délimitation de leurs zones économiques exclusives peut être
tracéeà la lumièredesdifférentsfacteursde nature à conduire à une solu-
tionéquitable,indépendammentdelaligneexistanted'azimut 240"appli-
cable au plateau continental.
22. Les Parties sont cependant libresaussi d'opter ensemble pour une91 ARBITRAL AWARD (SEP.OP.ODA)

there should be a singleline forthe exclusiveeconomiczones andthe con-
tinental shelf. In that event, it should first be understood that, if a line to

delimit the exclusiveeconomic zones isto be identical to the existingline
for the continental shelf, there willemain little or no room for negotia-
tion. In the framework of this thesis, negotiation on a new line for the
exclusive economiczones would be meaningful only on the understand-
ing that the existing continental shelf line may be subject to alteration or
adjustment, depending onthe new lineagreed forthe exclusiveeconomic
zones. Guinea-Bissau and Senegal should be aware that they now face a
situation which isquite different from those in the NorthSea Continental
Shelfcases (1969)(in which "principles and mles of international law ...
applicable tothe delimitation asbetween [Germany andthe Netherlands;
Germany and Denmark] of the areas of the continental shelf . . ."
were sought) and the ContinentalShelf(Tunisia/LibyanArab Jamahiriya)
case(1982)(inwhichthe delimitation of"the area ofthe continental shelf'
between these two States was sought), or the situation in the case of Deli-
mitationof the Maritime Boundaryin the Gulfof MaineArea (1984)(in
which Canada andthe United States gave a Chamber of the Court carte
blancheto provide them with an equitable "course of the singlemaritime
boundary" where there did not exist any line of delimitation forthe con-
tinental shelf).

23. That being understood, and withoutprejudice to the interpretation
ofthe newApplication to the present Court of 12March 199 1,1hope that
Guinea-Bissau and Senegal eventually engage in a definitive attempt to
draw a line of delimitation of their respective exclusive econornic zones
with a clear picture ofeveryelement to betaken intoaccount, and bearing
in mind that the line forthe continental shelf already exists.To repeat, it

falls within the matters to be negotiated by the Parties whether parallel
régimesfor the exclusive economic zones and the continental shelf will
prevail,thus producing two CO-existentlines or,in the case of drawing a
singleline,whatinfluence upon itthe existinglineforthe continental shelf
should retain, or whether the latter should even be adjusted or renego-
tiated.

(Signed)Shigeru ODA.autre thèse,a savoir que les zones économiques exclusives et le plateau
continental devraientêtredélimitéep sar une ligneunique. Enpareilcas, il
faudra tout d'abord biencomprendre que, sil'onveutqu'une lignedélimi-
tant les zones économiques exclusives soit identique à la ligne existante
délimitantle plateau continental, il n'y aura pas grand-chose, ou rien, à
négocier.Surla base de cettethèse,lanégociationd'une nouvelleligne de
délimitation deszoneséconomiquesexclusivesn'aurait desensque s'ilest
entendu que la ligne existante délimitant leplateau continental peut faire
l'objetde modifications ou d'ajustements, selon la nouvelleligne de déli-
mitation des zones ioconomiquesexclusivesquipourra être convenue.La
Guinée-Bissau etle:Sénégal doivent bien saisirle fait qu'ils se trouvent
aujourd'hui dans une situation très différentede celle des affaires du
Plateaucontinentaldela merdu Nord(1969)(dans lesquelles la Cour était
invitée à déterminer ((les principes et les règles du droit international
applicables à la délimitation entre [l'Allemagne et les Pays-Bas; 1'Alle-
magneetleDanemark]deszones du plateau continental ..»)etdu Plateau
continental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne)(1982) (dans laquelle la
Cour étaitpriéede délimiterla ((zone du plateau continental » entre ces
deux Etats),ou encore de la situation dans l'affairede lalimitationdela
frontièremaritimedansla régiondugolfeduMaine(1984)(dans laquelle le

Canada et les Etats-Unis ont donné à une chambre de la Cour carte
blanche pour leur indiquer «le tracéde la frontière maritime unique))
alors qu'il n'existaitaucune ligne de délimitationdu plateau continental).
23. Cela étant entendu, et sans préjudice de l'interprétation de la
nouvelle requête soumise à la Cour le 12 mars 1991,j'espère que la
Guinée-BissauetleSénégaflerontune tentative finale de tracer une ligne
de délimitation de leurs zones économiques exclusives respectives en
pleine connaissance de tous leséléments à prendre en considérationet en
ayant à l'esprit que la ligne de délimitationdu plateau continental existe
déjà.Pour répéter, il appartiendra aux négociationsentre les Parties de
déterminersi des régimesparallèles applicables aux zones économiques
exclusiveset au plaiteaucontinental devront prévaloir, aboutissant ainsi
au tracéde deux lignescoexistantes,ou, s'ilesttracéune seuleligne,quelle
influence sur celle-cidevra conserverlaligneexistante de délimitationdu
plateau continental, ou encore si cettedernière devrait mêmeêtre ajustée
ou renégociée.

(Signé)Shigeru ODA.

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Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Vice-President Oda

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