Declaration of Judge Tarassov

Document Number
082-19911112-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
082-19911112-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE TARASSOV

1voted forthe present Judgmentbearing in mind that itssolepurpose is
to solvethe disputebetweenthe RepublicofGuinea-Bissauand the Repub-
lic of Senegal, relating to the validity or nullity of the Award rendered on
31July 1989bythe Arbitration Tribunalforthe determination ofthemari-
time boundary established on the basis of the Arbitration Agreement
between the Parties on 12March 1985.The Courtdid not examine - and
was nst asked by the Parties to examine - any of the circumstances and
evidence relating to thatsame determination, including the delimitation

lineestablished inthe Franco-Portuguese Exchange of Lettersof26April
1960and applicability of this document to the territorial disputebetween
two States. Aswas stated in the Judgment "both Parties recognize that no
aspect ofthe substantivedelimitation dispute isinvolved". Consequently,
1 consider the present Judgment to be for the most part of a procedural
rather than a material character. From this point of view1 agree withthe
analysis and conclusions of the Court, which has found that the sub-
missions and arguments ofGuinea-Bissau againstthe existenceorvalidity
of the Award arenot convincing.
As 1express thisagreement, 1nonetheless feelobligated to declare that,
in myopinion, the Award contains some serious deficiencies. Those defi-
ciencies,whilenot providinga formal basis for a findingthat itisnul1and
void, cal1for somestrong criticism which ispartially reflected inthe pres-
ent Judgment.
In the Award, the Arbitration Tribunal did not accomplish the main

task entrusted to itbythe Parties, asitdid not definitively settlethe dispute
about the delimitation ofal1adjacent maritimeterritories offthe coasts of
Senegal and Guinea-Bissau. The Arbitration Agreement leaves onein no
doubt that neither Party regarded their different attitudes towards the
1960Franco-Portuguese Agreement as constituting the main subject of
their dispute. They recognized and defined their inability "to settle by
means of diplomaticnegotiation the dispute relating to the determination
oftheirmaritimeboundary" and decided to resort to arbitration "to reach
asettlement ofthat dispute assoonas possible" (Annextothe Application
of Guinea-Bissau, Award, para. 1).The quintessence of the dispute was
directly reflected in the verytitle of the Tribunal,.,"Arbitration Tribu-
nal for the Determination of the Maritime Boundary: Guinea-Bissau/
Senegal" (ibid.,p. 1).

TheTribunal itself recognized and specified in its Award tha: "The sole object ofthe dispute submitted by the Parties to theTri-
bunal accordinglyrelates to thedetermination ofthe maritime boun-
dary between the Republic of Senegal and the Republic of Guinea-
Bissau,aquestion which theyhavenot been able tosettlebymeans of
negotiation. Thecase is one of a delimitation between adjacentmari-
time territories. . . off the coasts of Senegal and Guinea-Bissau."
(Para. 27 ;emphasis added.)
Moreover, Article 9 of the Arbitration Agreement expresslyrequested
the Tribunal, upon completion of the proceedings, to "inform the two
Governments ofits decision regarding thequestionssetforth inArticle2of

the present Agreement" (Annex to the Application of Guinea-Bissau,
Award, para. 1 ;emphasisadded).The wording ofthis part enables oneto
consider that theTribunal had to inform the Parties of itsdecision regard-
ing both questionsput in Article 2 andthat, in any event,that decision -
whateverit might be - had to "include the drawing of theboundary line
on amap" withthe assistance oftechnical experts. It isimportant that the
form ofwords employed in Article 9 isneither logicallynor grammatically
connected with the character - positive or negative - of the replyto the
first question of Article 2 of the Arbitration Agreement.

1admit thatthe wording ofthesecond question of Article 2wassuch as
to permit the Tribunal to decline to answer it, in the event of a positive
answer to the firstquestion - albeit on the basis ofa purelyformal,gram-

matical interpretation of that Article. The Tribunal pursued that course.
However, inaccordance with thejurisprudence ofthis Court, thejudicial
body
"cannot base itselfon apurelygrammatical interpretation ofthe text.
Itmust seektheinterpretation which isinharmony withanatural and
reasonable wayofreading the text,having due regard tothe intention
[ofthe Parties]" (1.C.J. Reports 1952,p. 104).

And of course, the real intention of the Parties in the present case was to
settle their dispute on the delimitation of al1maritime territories, includ-
ingthe economic zone. The contention ofthe Tribunalinparagraph 87of
the Award that it is not called upon to reply to the second question
because of "the actual wording of Article 2ofthe Arbitration Agreement"
does not, in my opinion, suffice to substantiatethe decision on such an
important issue.
As the Court said in the cases concerning South WestAfrica (Prelimi-
nary Objections) :
"This contention isclaimed to be based upon thenatural and ordi-
nary meaning ofthe words employed inthe provision. Butthisrule of

interpretation isnot an absolute one. Where such a method of inter-
pretation results in a meaning incompatible with the spirit, purpose
and context of the clause or instrument in which the words are con-
tained, no reliance can be validly placed on it." (I.C.J. Reports 1962,
p. 336.) 1think that there is a serious foundation for the viewexpressed by the
President of the Tribunal, Mr. J. Barberis, in the declaration attachedto
the Award, in which he stated his conviction that the Tribunal had the
opportunity and competence to givea"partially affirmative and partially
negative reply" to the first question put in Article 2 and,on that basis, to
settle the whole of the dispute.
When it stated inthe Award

"that the 1960Agreement does not delimit those maritime spaces
which did not exist at that date, whether they be termed exclusive
economiczone, fishery zone or whatever" (Annex tothe Application
of Guinea-Bissau,Award,para. 85),
theTribunal did nothing for the delimitation of "those maritime spaces".
When it decided that the "straight line drawn at 240" mentioned by the
1960Agreement isa Ioxodromic line", theTribunaldidnot statewhether
that line might or might not be used forthe delimitation of the economic

zone. Such an omission, together with the Tribunal's refusal to append a
map (in contradiction with Article 9 of the Arbitration Agreement) did
not, in my opinion, help to solve the whole dispute between the Parties
and hasmerelypaved the waytothe newApplication byGuinea-Bissau to
theCourt.

(Signed) Nikolai K. TARASSOV.

Bilingual Content

DECLARATION OF JUDGE TARASSOV

1voted forthe present Judgmentbearing in mind that itssolepurpose is
to solvethe disputebetweenthe RepublicofGuinea-Bissauand the Repub-
lic of Senegal, relating to the validity or nullity of the Award rendered on
31July 1989bythe Arbitration Tribunalforthe determination ofthemari-
time boundary established on the basis of the Arbitration Agreement
between the Parties on 12March 1985.The Courtdid not examine - and
was nst asked by the Parties to examine - any of the circumstances and
evidence relating to thatsame determination, including the delimitation

lineestablished inthe Franco-Portuguese Exchange of Lettersof26April
1960and applicability of this document to the territorial disputebetween
two States. Aswas stated in the Judgment "both Parties recognize that no
aspect ofthe substantivedelimitation dispute isinvolved". Consequently,
1 consider the present Judgment to be for the most part of a procedural
rather than a material character. From this point of view1 agree withthe
analysis and conclusions of the Court, which has found that the sub-
missions and arguments ofGuinea-Bissau againstthe existenceorvalidity
of the Award arenot convincing.
As 1express thisagreement, 1nonetheless feelobligated to declare that,
in myopinion, the Award contains some serious deficiencies. Those defi-
ciencies,whilenot providinga formal basis for a findingthat itisnul1and
void, cal1for somestrong criticism which ispartially reflected inthe pres-
ent Judgment.
In the Award, the Arbitration Tribunal did not accomplish the main

task entrusted to itbythe Parties, asitdid not definitively settlethe dispute
about the delimitation ofal1adjacent maritimeterritories offthe coasts of
Senegal and Guinea-Bissau. The Arbitration Agreement leaves onein no
doubt that neither Party regarded their different attitudes towards the
1960Franco-Portuguese Agreement as constituting the main subject of
their dispute. They recognized and defined their inability "to settle by
means of diplomaticnegotiation the dispute relating to the determination
oftheirmaritimeboundary" and decided to resort to arbitration "to reach
asettlement ofthat dispute assoonas possible" (Annextothe Application
of Guinea-Bissau, Award, para. 1).The quintessence of the dispute was
directly reflected in the verytitle of the Tribunal,.,"Arbitration Tribu-
nal for the Determination of the Maritime Boundary: Guinea-Bissau/
Senegal" (ibid.,p. 1).

TheTribunal itself recognized and specified in its Award tha: DECCLARATIONDE M. TARASSOV

[Traduction]

J'ai votépour le présentarrêten ayant àl'esprit queson seul but est de
réglerledifférend eintrela Républiquede Guinée-Bissau etla République
du Sénégal concerriant la validité ou la nullitéde la sentence rendue le
31juillet 1989par leTribunal arbitral pour ladéterminationde lafrontière
maritime constitué :surla base du compromis d'arbitrage intervenu entre

les Parties le 12mar:ç1985.La Cour n'apas examiné - etles Parties ne lui
ont pas demandéde lefaire - lescirconstances etlesfaits serapportant à
cette déterminatiori, y compris la ligne de délimitation établiedans
l'échangede lettres entre la France et le Portugal du 26 avril 1960et son
applicabilitéau différendterritorial entre lesdeux Etats. Comme ilest dit
dans l'arrêt«les Parties reconnaissent qu'aucun aspect du différendde
fond relatifà la délimitationn'esten cause». En conséquence,le présent
arrêta àmon avisessentiellement un caractèredeprocédureplutôtquede
fond. De ce point de vue,je souscris à l'analyse etaux conclusions de la
Cour, qui a considéréque les moyens et les arguments avancéspar la
Guinée-Bissaupour contester l'existenceou la validitéde la sentence ne
sontpas convaincarits.
Tout en manifestant mon accord, force est cependant pour moi de
déclarerqu'à mon avis la sentence contient quelques graveslacunes. Ces

lacunes, sans constituer une base formelle qui permettrait de considérer
qu'elle est nulle, appellent un certain nombre de sérieuses critiquesqui
sont en partie reflétéedans le présent arrêt.
Dans la sentence, le Tribunal arbitral ne s'estpas acquittéde la princi-
paletâche que lui avaient confiéeles Parties, dansla mesure où il n'apas
définitivementréglé le différendtouchant ladélimitationdetous lesterri-
toires maritimes adjacents au large des côtes du Sénégaletde la Guinée-
Bissau. Le compronlis d'arbitrage ne laisse subsister aucun doute sur le
fait que nil'unenil'autredes Parties ne considéraient leursattitudes diffé-
rentes en ce qui concerne l'accord franco-portugais de 1960 comme
constituant le principal objet du différend. Reconnaissant et constatant
qu'elles n'avaient pu ((résoudre par voie de négociation diplomatique
ledifférendrelatifà ladéterminationdeleur frontièremaritime »,les Par-

ties ont décidéde recourir à un arbitrage pour ((parvenir au règlement
de ce différend daris les meilleurs délais)) (annexe à la requêtede la
Guinée-Bissau, sentence,par. 1).L'essencedu différendsereflétaitdirec-
tement dans letitremêmedu Tribunal, àsavoir «Tribunal arbitral pour la
détermination de la frontière maritime, Guinée-Bissau/Sénégal»(ibid.,
P 1).
LeTribunal lui-mêmeareconnu et spécifiédans sa sentence que : "The sole object ofthe dispute submitted by the Parties to theTri-
bunal accordinglyrelates to thedetermination ofthe maritime boun-
dary between the Republic of Senegal and the Republic of Guinea-
Bissau,aquestion which theyhavenot been able tosettlebymeans of
negotiation. Thecase is one of a delimitation between adjacentmari-
time territories. . . off the coasts of Senegal and Guinea-Bissau."
(Para. 27 ;emphasis added.)
Moreover, Article 9 of the Arbitration Agreement expresslyrequested
the Tribunal, upon completion of the proceedings, to "inform the two
Governments ofits decision regarding thequestionssetforth inArticle2of

the present Agreement" (Annex to the Application of Guinea-Bissau,
Award, para. 1 ;emphasisadded).The wording ofthis part enables oneto
consider that theTribunal had to inform the Parties of itsdecision regard-
ing both questionsput in Article 2 andthat, in any event,that decision -
whateverit might be - had to "include the drawing of theboundary line
on amap" withthe assistance oftechnical experts. It isimportant that the
form ofwords employed in Article 9 isneither logicallynor grammatically
connected with the character - positive or negative - of the replyto the
first question of Article 2 of the Arbitration Agreement.

1admit thatthe wording ofthesecond question of Article 2wassuch as
to permit the Tribunal to decline to answer it, in the event of a positive
answer to the firstquestion - albeit on the basis ofa purelyformal,gram-

matical interpretation of that Article. The Tribunal pursued that course.
However, inaccordance with thejurisprudence ofthis Court, thejudicial
body
"cannot base itselfon apurelygrammatical interpretation ofthe text.
Itmust seektheinterpretation which isinharmony withanatural and
reasonable wayofreading the text,having due regard tothe intention
[ofthe Parties]" (1.C.J. Reports 1952,p. 104).

And of course, the real intention of the Parties in the present case was to
settle their dispute on the delimitation of al1maritime territories, includ-
ingthe economic zone. The contention ofthe Tribunalinparagraph 87of
the Award that it is not called upon to reply to the second question
because of "the actual wording of Article 2ofthe Arbitration Agreement"
does not, in my opinion, suffice to substantiatethe decision on such an
important issue.
As the Court said in the cases concerning South WestAfrica (Prelimi-
nary Objections) :
"This contention isclaimed to be based upon thenatural and ordi-
nary meaning ofthe words employed inthe provision. Butthisrule of

interpretation isnot an absolute one. Where such a method of inter-
pretation results in a meaning incompatible with the spirit, purpose
and context of the clause or instrument in which the words are con-
tained, no reliance can be validly placed on it." (I.C.J. Reports 1962,
p. 336.) «Le seul objet du différend soumis par les Parties au Tribunal
porte donc sur la détermination de la frontière maritime entre la
RépubliquediuSénégaletlaRépubliquede Guinée-Bissau, question
qu'ils n'ontpu résoudrepar voiede négociation. Ils'agit d'unedélimi-
tation entre telrritoiresmaritimes adjacents ...au large des côtes du

Sénégae lt dei'aGuinée-Bissau» . (Par. 27; les italiques sont de moi.)

En outre, à I'article 9 du compromis d'arbitrage, le Tribunal a été
expressément prié, lorsque les procédures auraient pris fin, de faire
((connaître aux deux gouvernements sa décision quant aux questions
énoncéesàl'article:2 du présent compromis )>(annexe à la requêtede la
Guinée-Bissau,seritence, par. 1;les italiques sont de moi). Le libelléde
cette partie du conlpromis permet de considérerque le Tribunal devait

informer les Parties de sa décisiontouchant les deux questio~sposéesa
I'article 2 et que, e:ntout étatde cause, cette décision - quelle qu'elle
fût - devait «comprendre letracédelalignefrontièresur une carte ))avec
l'aide d'experts techniques. 11importe de noter que la tournure employée
à I'article9n'estpas liée,logiquement ou grammaticalement, au caractère
- positif ou négatif- de la rkponse donnée à la première question figu-
rant à I'article 2 du compromis d'arbitrage.
Certes, le libelléde la seconde question figurant à I'article 2 étaittel
que le Tribunal pouvait s'abstenir d'yrépondreau cas où il aurait donné

une réponsepositive a la première question, encore que ce soitseulement
sur la base d'une interprétationpurement formelle et grammaticale de cet
article. C'est cequ'a fait le Tribunal. Toutefois, conformément à lajuris-
prudence de la Cour, celle-ci
«ne saurait se fonder surune interprétationpurement grammaticale
du texte. Elle doit rechercher l'interprétation qui est en harmonie
avec la manière naturelle et raisonnable de lire le texte, eu égard à

l'intention [des Parties]»(C.I.J.Recueil1952,p. 104).
Or, bien évidemment, l'intention réelledes Parties en l'espèceétaitde
réglerleur différend concernant la délimitation de tous les territoires
maritimes, y compirisla zone économique. A mon avis, l'affirmation du
Tribunal, au paragraphe 87 de la sentence, qu'il n'a pas à répondre à la
seconde question en raison «du libelléde l'article 2du compromis d'arbi-
trage» ne suffit pas à fonder la décision prise sur une question aussi

importante.
Comme la Cour l'a déclarédans les affaires du Sud-Ouest africain
(exceptions préliminaires) :
((Cette thèseprétendse fonder sur le sens naturel et ordinaire des
termes employésdans la disposition. Mais il ne s'agit pas là d'une
règled'interprétation absolue. Lorsque cette méthode d'interpréta-
tion aboutit a un résultat incompatible avec l'esprit, l'objet etle
contexte de laclause ou de l'acteoù lestermes figurent, on nesaurait

valablement 1u.iaccorder crédit. » (C.I.J.Recueil1962,p. 336.) 1think that there is a serious foundation for the viewexpressed by the
President of the Tribunal, Mr. J. Barberis, in the declaration attachedto
the Award, in which he stated his conviction that the Tribunal had the
opportunity and competence to givea"partially affirmative and partially
negative reply" to the first question put in Article 2 and,on that basis, to
settle the whole of the dispute.
When it stated inthe Award

"that the 1960Agreement does not delimit those maritime spaces
which did not exist at that date, whether they be termed exclusive
economiczone, fishery zone or whatever" (Annex tothe Application
of Guinea-Bissau,Award,para. 85),
theTribunal did nothing for the delimitation of "those maritime spaces".
When it decided that the "straight line drawn at 240" mentioned by the
1960Agreement isa Ioxodromic line", theTribunaldidnot statewhether
that line might or might not be used forthe delimitation of the economic

zone. Such an omission, together with the Tribunal's refusal to append a
map (in contradiction with Article 9 of the Arbitration Agreement) did
not, in my opinion, help to solve the whole dispute between the Parties
and hasmerelypaved the waytothe newApplication byGuinea-Bissau to
theCourt.

(Signed) Nikolai K. TARASSOV. SENTENCE ARBITRALE(DÉCL. TARASSOV) 79

Il y à mon seni;de solides basesà l'avisexprimé par M. J. Barberis,
président du Tribunal, dans la déclaration jointe à la sentence, dans
laquelle il s'estdéclaré convaincuque le Tribunal avait la possibilitéet la
compétencede donner une«réponse partiellement affirmative et partiel-
lement négative)) 2la première question posée à l'article 2 et, ainsi, de
régler ledifférenddans son ensemble.

Lorsqu'il a déclarédans la sentence
«que l'accord de 1960 ne délimite pas les espaces maritimes qui
n'existaient pasà cette date, qu'on les appelle zone économique
exclusive,zonlr de pêche ou autrement» (annexe à la requêtede la
Guinée-Bissaui,sentence,par.85),

le Tribunal n'a aucunement contribué à la délimitation de «ces espaces
maritimes D. Lorsqi~'ia conclu que «la ligne droite orientée à240"que
visel'accord de1960est uneligneloxodromique »,le Tribunal n'apas dit
si cette ligneouva.itou non êtreutiliséepour la délimitationde la zone
économique.A moinavis,cette omission ainsi que le refusdu Tribunal de
joindre une carte (contrairement aux dispositions de l'article9 du

compromis d'arbitrage) n'ont pas aidé àrégler l'ensembledu différend
entre lesParties ett simplementouvertla voie à lanouvellerequêteque
la Guinée-Bissaua soumise àla Cour.

(Signé N)ikolai K.TARASSOV.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Tarassov

Links