Joint declaration of Vice-President Ranjeva, Judges Guillaume, Higgins, Kooijmans, Al Khasawneh, Buergenthal and Elaraby

Document Number
111-20041215-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
111-20041215-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

1208

JOINT DECLARATION OF VICE-PRESIDENT RANJEVA,

JUDGES GUILLAUME, HIGGINS, KOOIJMANS,
AL-KHASAWNEH, BUERGENTHAL AND ELARABY

[English Original Text]

Various objections to the jurisdiction of the Court — Freedom of choice of
the Court — Guiding criteria: consistency; certitude; implications for the other
pending cases — Judgment of the Court inappropriately based on its lack of
jurisdiction ratione personae — Judgment incompatible with previous decisions
of the Court.

1. We have voted in favour of the dispositif of the Judgment because,
at the end of the day, we each agree that this case cannot, as a matter of
law, proceed to the merits. Nevertheless, we profoundly disagree with the
reasoning upon which the Judgment rests, in particular the ground upon
which the Court has found it has no jurisdiction.

2. It is not unusual that, in a case, the Court has the possibility of
determining its jurisdiction on more than one ground (Right of Passage
over Indian Territory, Preliminary Objections , Judgment, I.C.J Reports
1957, pp. 129-134; Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1959 , pp. 132-134; Land and Maritime Bound-
ary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary

Objections, Judgment, I.C.J Reports 1998 , pp. 284-289; Aerial Incident
of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India), Jurisdiction, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2000, pp. 19-24). Submissions may have been made to the Court
that it lacks jurisdiction by reference to more than one of the common
bases of jurisdiction (that is to say, ratione personae, ratione materiae,

ratione temporis). If the Court finds that, on two or more grounds, its
jurisdiction is not well founded, it may choose the most appropriate
ground on which to base its decision of lack of competence. The Court
does not necessarily first have to dispose of the conditions laid down in
Article 35 of the Statute, dealing only later with the conditions laid down
in Articles 36 and 37.

3. The choice of the Court has to be exercised in a manner that reflects
its judicial function. That being so, there are three criteria that must
guide the Court in selecting between possible options. First, in exercising
its choice, it must ensure consistency with its own past case law in order
to provide predictability. Consistency is the essence of judicial reasoning.

This is especially true in different phases of the same case or with regard
to closely related cases. Second, the principle of certitude will lead the
Court to choose the ground which is most secure in law and to avoid a
ground which is less safe and, indeed, perhaps doubtful. Third, as the
principal judicial organ of the United Nations, the Court will, in making

52 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (JOINT DECL .) 1209

its selection among possible grounds, be mindful of the possible implica-
tions and consequences for the other pending cases.

4. In the earlier phase of the present case — as in other cases relating
to events after the break-up of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia — the Court had chosen to base itself on jurisdictional considera-
tions ratione temporis and ratione materiae.

5. In this respect it should first be recalled that when the Court gave an
Order of 2 June 1999, in response to a request by the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia for the indication of provisional measures, in which it found
that it lacked prima facie jurisdiction to rule on Yugoslavia’s Applica-

tion, it did so on quite different grounds from the one on which the Court
has based itself in the present decision.
6. In the Orders concerning Belgium, Canada, Netherlands, Portugal
and the United Kingdom, the Court observed that Yugoslavia’s declara-
tion accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute, had been filed with the United Nations

Secretary-General on 26 April 1999 (three days before the institution of
proceedings). In that declaration, Yugoslavia recognized, on condition
of reciprocity, “the jurisdiction of the said Court in all disputes arising
or which may arise after the signature of the present Declaration,
with regard to the situations or facts subsequent to this signature”.

The Court found that the Application was directed, in essence, against
the bombing of Yugoslav territory by several members of NATO. It
observed that the bombings began on 24 March 1999. Accordingly, it
considered that the disputes before it had arisen some time prior to

25 April 1999. The Court further recalled its established jurisprudence
whereby any limitation ratione temporis attached by one of the parties to
its declaration of acceptance of the Court’s jurisdiction “holds good as
between the Parties” and concluded from this that the declaration of
Yugoslavia, taken in conjunction with those made by the Parties which

had also accepted the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute, did not constitute a basis on which its jurisdiction could
prima facie be founded (see, for example, case concerning Legality of Use
of Force (Yugoslavia v. Portugal), Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports
1999 (II), p. 667, para. 29). The Court, thus lacking prima facie jurisdic-
tion ratione temporis, concluded that it did not need to examine whether

Yugoslavia was or was not a Member of the United Nations and a party
to the Statute in 1999, or whether on such basis it had jurisdiction ratione
personae.

7. In all the Orders, the Court next noted that Yugoslavia and certain

of the respondent States were parties to the United Nations Genocide
Convention without reservation. It recalled the definition of genocide as
stated in the Convention and observed that, according to that definition,

53 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (JOINT DECL.) 1210

“[the] essential characteristic [of genocide] is the intended destruction of
‘a national, ethnical, racial or religious group’” (I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II),

p. 670, para. 39). In the Court’s view, it did not appear “at the present
stage of the proceedings that the bombings which form the subject of the
Yugoslav Application ‘indeed entail the element of intent, towards a
group as such, required by the provision quoted above’” (ibid., p. 670,
para. 39).

8. Based on different reasoning, the Court has now confirmed that
it lacks jurisdiction to entertain the claims presented by Serbia and
Montenegro. It began by finding that Serbia and Montenegro, on
29 April 1999, was not a Member of the United Nations and not a party

to the Statute. It concluded therefrom that the Court was not open to
Serbia and Montenegro under Article 35, paragraph 1, of the Statute.

Moreover, the Court considered that Article 35, paragraph 2, of the
Statute enabled States not parties to the Statute to appear before the
Court only by virtue of treaties concluded prior to the entry into force of

the Statute. It observed that the Genocide Convention entered into force
at a later date, on 12 January 1951. It thus concluded that Article 35,
paragraph 2, did not grant Serbia and Montenegro access to the Court
under Article IX of the Convention. Accordingly, the Court was not
called upon to decide “whether Serbia and Montenegro was or was not a

party to the Genocide Convention” when the Applications were filed. In
any event, the Court was, once again, not open to Serbia and Monte-
negro.
In sum, and contrary to its position in 1999, the Court has thus pre-
ferred to rule on its jurisdiction ratione personae, without even examining

the questions of jurisdiction ratione temporis and ratione materiae on
which it had previously pronounced prima facie.
9. This change of position is all the more surprising as the reasoning
now adopted by the Court is at odds with judgments or orders previously
rendered by the Court.

10. We would first observe that the question whether Yugoslavia was
a Member of the United Nations and as such a party to the Statute
between 1992 and 2000, remained a subject of debate during that period.
The Court declined to settle the issue, both in 1993 (Application of the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Pro-

visional Measures, I.C.J. Reports 1993 , p. 14, para. 18) and in 1999 when
issuing its Order on provisional measures (Legality of Use of Force
(Yugoslavia v. Portugal), Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II),
p. 668, para. 32). It then confined itself to stating that the solution
adopted in this respect by Security Council resolution 757 (1992) and

General Assembly resolution 47/1 was “not free from legal difficulties”
(Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and

54 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (JOINT DECL .) 1211

Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, I.C.J. Reports 1993 ,.p 14
para. 18).

Subsequent to the admission of Serbia and Montenegro to the United
Nations on 1 November 2000, the Court had to consider the question
whether that admission clarified the previous position. The Court then
found, in its Judgment of 3 February 2003, that

“resolution 47/1 did not inter alia affect the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia’s right to appear before the Court or to be a party to a

dispute before the Court under the conditions laid down by the Stat-
ute” (Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the
Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herze-
govina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia

and Herzegovina), I.C.J. Reports 2003 , p. 31, para. 70).
The Court added that

“General Assembly resolution 55/12 of 1 November 2000 cannot
have changed retroactively the sui generis position which the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia found itself in vis-à-vis the United Nations

over the period 1992 to 2000, or its position in relation to the Statute
of the Court” (ibid., para. 71).

The Court thus previously found in 2003 that the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia could appear before the Court between 1992 and 2000 and that this
position was not changed by its admission to the United Nations in 2002.
11. Further, the interpretation given in the present Judgment of
Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Statute also appears to us to be at odds

with the position previously adopted by the Court in its Order of 8 April
1993, where it considered that

“proceedings may validly be instituted by a State against a State
which is a party to such a special provision in a treaty in force, but
is not party to the Statute, and independently of the conditions laid
down by the Security Council in its resolution 9 of 1946” (Applica-
tion of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the

Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia
and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993,
I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 14, para. 19).

It is moreover astonishing that the Court found it necessary to rule on
the scope of Article 35, paragraph 2, whereas the Applicant did not
invoke this text.
12. Turning to the second criterion that the Court should apply in
selecting between alternative grounds for its decision — that of certi-

tude — we also find this not to be reflected in the ground chosen by the
Court today. Nothing has occurred, in the series of cases concerning
Kosovo, since the Court’s last judgment in 2003, to suggest that the

55 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (JOINT DECL .) 1212

grounds previously chosen have now lost legal credibility. Further, the
grounds today selected by the Court are less certain than others open to

it. The Court has determined that the admission of the Applicant to the
United Nations in November 2000 “did not have, and could not have
had, the effect of dating back to the time when the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia broke up and disappeared” (para. 77). The Court

has also stated that “the significance of this new development in 2000 is
that it has clarified the thus far amorphous legal situation concerning the
status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia vis-à-vis the United Nations”
(para. 78). Without specifying whether this “clarification” refers to the
period 1992-2000, the Court asserts that it has now become “clear that

the sui generis position of the Applicant could not have amounted to its
membership in the Organization”. We find this proposition far from self-
evident and we cannot trace the steps of the reasoning. Such grounds
seem to us to be less legally compelling and therefore less certain, and

more open to different points of view, than the grounds relied upon by
the Court thus far and which are now set aside by the Court.

13. We have referred also to the care that the Court must have, in
selecting one among several possible grounds for a decision on jurisdic-
tion, for the implications and possible consequences for other cases. In
that sense, we believe that paragraph 39 of the Judgment does not

adequately reflect the proper role of the Court as a judicial institution.
The Judgment thus goes back on decisions previously adopted by the
Court, whereas it was free to choose the ground upon which to base them
and was under no obligation to rule in the present case on its jurisdiction

ratione personae. Moreover, this approach appears to leave some doubt
as to whether Yugoslavia was a party, between 1992 and 2000, to the
United Nations Genocide Convention. Such an approach could call into
question the solutions adopted by the Court with respect to its jurisdic-

tion in the case brought by Bosnia and Herzegovina against Serbia and
Montenegro for the application of the Genocide Convention. We regret
that the Court has decided to take such a direction.

(Signed) Raymond R ANJEVA .
(Signed) Gilbert G UILLAUME .
(Signed) Rosalyn H IGGINS.

(Signed) Pieter K OOIJMANS .
(Signed) Awn Shawkat A L-K HASAWNEH .
(Signed) Thomas B UERGENTHAL .

(Signed) Nabil E LARABY .

56

Bilingual Content

1208

DEuCLARATION COMMUNE DE M. LE JUGE RANJEVA,
VICE-PRE uSIDENT, ET DE M. LE JUGE GUILLAUME,
DE M ME LE JUGE HIGGINS ET DE MM. LES JUGES KOOIJMANS,
AL-KHASAWNEH, BUERGENTHAL ET ELARABY

[Texte original français]

Objections diverses à la compétence de la Cour — Liberté de choix de cette
dernière — Critères à retenir: cohérence; certitude; implications dans les
autres affaires pendantes — Arrêt de la Cour fondé à tort sur son incompétence
ratione personae — Arrêt incompatible avec des décisions antérieures de la
Cour.

1. Nous avons voté en faveur du dispositif de l’arrêt parce qu’en fin de
compte chacun d’entre nous estime qu’en droit la Cour ne saurait passer
à l’examen au fond de cette affaire. Nous sommes cependant en désac-

cord profond avec la motivation retenue dans l’arrêt, en particulier
s’agissant de la base sur laquelle la Cour s’est déclarée incompétente.
2. Il n’est pas rare que, dans une instance devant la Cour, celle-ci ait la
possibilité de se prononcer sur sa compétence sur plus d’un terrain (Droit
de passage sur territoireindien, exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,

C.I.J. Recueil 1957, p. 129-134; Incident aérien du 27 juillet 1955 (Israël
c. Bulgarie), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1959 , p. 132-134; Frontière terrestre et
maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), excep-
tions préliminaires, C.I.J. Recueil 1998 , p. 284-289; Incident aérien
du 10 août 1999 (Pakistan c. Inde), compétence de la Cour,

C.I.J. Recueil 2000, p. 19-24). Des conclusions peuvent avoir été présen-
tées par les Parties déniant la compétence de la Cour sur plusieurs des
bases habituelles de compétence (à savoir les compétences ratione perso-
nae, ratione materiae ou ratione temporis). Si la Cour estime que, sur
deux terrains ou plus, sa compétence n’est pas établie, elle est libre de

choisir le terrain le plus approprié pour fonder sa décision d’incompé-
tence. La Cour n’a pas nécessairement à trancher d’abord des conditions
posées par l’article 35 du Statut et à ne traiter qu’ultérieurement des
conditions fixées aux articles 36 et 37.
3. Le choix de la Cour doit être opéré d’une manière conforme à sa
fonction judiciaire. Trois critères doivent guider la Cour dans son choix.

En premier lieu, elle doit s’assurer de la cohérence de la solution retenue
avec sa propre jurisprudence afin de garantir la sécurité juridique. La
cohérence est l’essence même des motivations judiciaires et cela est spé-
cialement vrai dans les différentes phases de la procédure d’une même
affaire ou s’agissant d’affaires connexes. En deuxième lieu, la recherche

d’une solution fermement assurée doit conduire la Cour à choisir le ter-
rain qui est le mieux fondé en droit et à éviter des terrains moins sûrs,
voire des terrains douteux. Enfin, en tant qu’organe judiciaire principal

52 1208

JOINT DECLARATION OF VICE-PRESIDENT RANJEVA,

JUDGES GUILLAUME, HIGGINS, KOOIJMANS,
AL-KHASAWNEH, BUERGENTHAL AND ELARABY

[English Original Text]

Various objections to the jurisdiction of the Court — Freedom of choice of
the Court — Guiding criteria: consistency; certitude; implications for the other
pending cases — Judgment of the Court inappropriately based on its lack of
jurisdiction ratione personae — Judgment incompatible with previous decisions
of the Court.

1. We have voted in favour of the dispositif of the Judgment because,
at the end of the day, we each agree that this case cannot, as a matter of
law, proceed to the merits. Nevertheless, we profoundly disagree with the
reasoning upon which the Judgment rests, in particular the ground upon
which the Court has found it has no jurisdiction.

2. It is not unusual that, in a case, the Court has the possibility of
determining its jurisdiction on more than one ground (Right of Passage
over Indian Territory, Preliminary Objections , Judgment, I.C.J Reports
1957, pp. 129-134; Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1959 , pp. 132-134; Land and Maritime Bound-
ary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary

Objections, Judgment, I.C.J Reports 1998 , pp. 284-289; Aerial Incident
of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India), Jurisdiction, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2000, pp. 19-24). Submissions may have been made to the Court
that it lacks jurisdiction by reference to more than one of the common
bases of jurisdiction (that is to say, ratione personae, ratione materiae,

ratione temporis). If the Court finds that, on two or more grounds, its
jurisdiction is not well founded, it may choose the most appropriate
ground on which to base its decision of lack of competence. The Court
does not necessarily first have to dispose of the conditions laid down in
Article 35 of the Statute, dealing only later with the conditions laid down
in Articles 36 and 37.

3. The choice of the Court has to be exercised in a manner that reflects
its judicial function. That being so, there are three criteria that must
guide the Court in selecting between possible options. First, in exercising
its choice, it must ensure consistency with its own past case law in order
to provide predictability. Consistency is the essence of judicial reasoning.

This is especially true in different phases of the same case or with regard
to closely related cases. Second, the principle of certitude will lead the
Court to choose the ground which is most secure in law and to avoid a
ground which is less safe and, indeed, perhaps doubtful. Third, as the
principal judicial organ of the United Nations, the Court will, in making

521209 LICÉITÉ DE L ’EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (DÉCL .COMMUNE )

de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, la Cour doit, en choisissant entre les

différents terrains possibles, être attentive aux implications et aux consé-
quences éventuelles de ce choix dans les autres affaires pendantes.
4. Dans une phase antérieure de la procédure en la présente espèce —
comme dans d’autres affaires relatives à des événements ayant fait suite à
l’éclatement de la République fédérative socialiste de Yougoslavie —, la

Cour avait choisi de se fonder sur des considérations de compétence
ratione temporis et ratione materiae.
5. A cet égard, il convient de rappeler dès l’abord que, si, lors de l’exa-
men des demandes en indication de mesures conservatoires présentées
par la République fédérale de Yougoslavie, la Cour avait par ordon-

nances du 2 juin 1999 estimé qu’elle n’avait pas compétence prima facie
pour se prononcer sur les requêtes de la Yougoslavie, elle l’avait fait
sur de tout autres terrains que celui retenu par elle aujourd’hui.
6. Dans les ordonnances concernant la Belgique, le Canada, les Pays-

Bas, le Portugal et le Royaume-Uni, la Cour avait rappelé en premier lieu
que la déclaration par laquelle la Yougoslavie avait reconnu la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut
avait été déposée auprès du Secrétaire général des Nations Unies le
26 avril 1999 (soit trois jours avant l’introduction de l’instance). Dans

cette déclaration, la Yougoslavie reconnaissait sous condition de récipro-
cité «la juridiction de la Cour pour tous les différends qui pourraient sur-
gir après la signature de la présente déclaration, concernant des situations
ou des faits postérieurs à ladite signature».
La Cour avait constaté que les requêtes étaient dirigées, dans leur

essence, contre les bombardements du territoire yougoslave par plusieurs
pays membres de l’OTAN. Elle avait observé que ces bombardements
avaient commencé le 24 mars 1999 et estimé, par suite, que les différends
qui lui étaient soumis avaient surgi bien avant le 25 avril 1999. Elle avait
en outre rappelé sa jurisprudence constante selon laquelle toute limita-

tion ratione temporis apportée par l’une des Parties à sa déclaration
d’acceptation de la juridiction de la Cour «fait droit entre les parties» et
en avait conclu que la déclaration de la Yougoslavie, combinée avec celle
des Etats défendeurs ayant également accepté la juridiction de la Cour en
vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut, ne pouvait constituer une

base sur laquelle la compétence de cette dernière pouvait prima facie être
fondée (voir, par exemple, affaire de la Licéité de l’emploi de la force
(Yougoslavie c. Portugal), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
2 juin 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (II) , p. 667, par. 29). La Cour étant à
priori incompétente ratione temporis en avait déduit qu’elle n’avait pas

à rechercher si la Yougoslavie était ou non Membre des Nations Unies
et partie au Statut en 1999 et si, par suite, elle était compétente ratione
personae.
7. Dans toutes les ordonnances, la Cour avait en second lieu relevé que
tant la Yougoslavie que certains des Etats défendeurs étaient parties sans

réserves à la convention des Nations Unies sur le génocide. Elle avait rap-
pelé la définition du génocide donnée dans cette convention et observé

53 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (JOINT DECL .) 1209

its selection among possible grounds, be mindful of the possible implica-
tions and consequences for the other pending cases.

4. In the earlier phase of the present case — as in other cases relating
to events after the break-up of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia — the Court had chosen to base itself on jurisdictional considera-
tions ratione temporis and ratione materiae.

5. In this respect it should first be recalled that when the Court gave an
Order of 2 June 1999, in response to a request by the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia for the indication of provisional measures, in which it found
that it lacked prima facie jurisdiction to rule on Yugoslavia’s Applica-

tion, it did so on quite different grounds from the one on which the Court
has based itself in the present decision.
6. In the Orders concerning Belgium, Canada, Netherlands, Portugal
and the United Kingdom, the Court observed that Yugoslavia’s declara-
tion accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute, had been filed with the United Nations

Secretary-General on 26 April 1999 (three days before the institution of
proceedings). In that declaration, Yugoslavia recognized, on condition
of reciprocity, “the jurisdiction of the said Court in all disputes arising
or which may arise after the signature of the present Declaration,
with regard to the situations or facts subsequent to this signature”.

The Court found that the Application was directed, in essence, against
the bombing of Yugoslav territory by several members of NATO. It
observed that the bombings began on 24 March 1999. Accordingly, it
considered that the disputes before it had arisen some time prior to

25 April 1999. The Court further recalled its established jurisprudence
whereby any limitation ratione temporis attached by one of the parties to
its declaration of acceptance of the Court’s jurisdiction “holds good as
between the Parties” and concluded from this that the declaration of
Yugoslavia, taken in conjunction with those made by the Parties which

had also accepted the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute, did not constitute a basis on which its jurisdiction could
prima facie be founded (see, for example, case concerning Legality of Use
of Force (Yugoslavia v. Portugal), Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports
1999 (II), p. 667, para. 29). The Court, thus lacking prima facie jurisdic-
tion ratione temporis, concluded that it did not need to examine whether

Yugoslavia was or was not a Member of the United Nations and a party
to the Statute in 1999, or whether on such basis it had jurisdiction ratione
personae.

7. In all the Orders, the Court next noted that Yugoslavia and certain

of the respondent States were parties to the United Nations Genocide
Convention without reservation. It recalled the definition of genocide as
stated in the Convention and observed that, according to that definition,

531210 LICÉITÉ DE L ’EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (DÉCL .COMMUNE )

que, d’après cette définition, «la caractéristique essentielle du géno-

cide est la destruction intentionnelle d’un «groupe national, ethnique,
racial ou religieux»» (C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (II) , p. 670, par. 39). Elle avait
estimé qu’il n’apparaissait pas «au présent stade de la procédure que
les bombardements qui constituent l’objet de la requête yougoslave
«comportent effectivement l’élément d’intentionnalité, dirigé contre un

groupe comme tel, que requiert la disposition sus-citée»» (ibid., p. 670,
par. 39).
8. Par une motivation différente, la Cour a confirmé aujourd’hui qu’elle
n’a pas compétence pour connaître des demandes présentées par la
Serbie-et-Monténégro. Elle a tout d’abord estimé que la Serbie-et-Mon-

ténégro n’était pas au 29 avril 1999 membre de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies et, en cette qualité, partie au Statut de la Cour internatio-
nale de Justice. Elle en a déduit que la Cour n’était pas ouverte à la Ser-
bie-et-Monténégro au titre du paragraphe 1 de l’article 35 du Statut.

Par ailleurs, la Cour a estimé que le paragraphe 2 de l’article 35 du
Statut ne permettait à des Etats non parties au Statut d’ester devant la
Cour que sur la base de traités conclus antérieurement à l’entrée en
vigueur du Statut. Elle a constaté que la convention sur le génocide était
entrée en vigueur à une date postérieure, soit le 12 janvier 1951. Elle en a

déduit que le paragraphe 2 de l’article 35 ne donnait pas à la Serbie-et-
Monténégro accès à la Cour en vertu de l’article IX de la convention. Dès
lors, la Cour n’avait pas à décider «si la Serbie-et-Monténégro était ou
non partie à la convention sur le génocide» à la date d’introduction des
requêtes. En tout état de cause, la Cour n’était, là encore, pas ouverte à la

Serbie-et-Monténégro.
Au total, et contrairement à ce qu’elle avait fait en 1999, la Cour a
ainsi préféré se prononcer sur sa compétence ratione personae, sans
même examiner sa compétence ratione temporis et ratione materiae sur
laquelle elle s’était prononcée auparavant prima facie.

9. Ce changement d’attitude est d’autant plus surprenant que le rai-
sonnement tenu aujourd’hui par la Cour est incompatible avec des arrêts
ou ordonnances déjà rendus par elle.
10. Nous relèverons en premier lieu que la question de savoir si la You-
goslavie était Membre de l’Organisation des Nations Unies et, à ce titre,

partie au Statut de la Cour, entre 1992 et 2000, était demeurée contro-
versée à cette époque. La Cour s’était refusée à la trancher tant en 1993
(Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime
de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténé-
gro)), mesures conservatoires, C.I.J. Recueil 1993 , p. 14, par. 18) qu’en

1999 (Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Yougoslavie c. Portugal), mesures
conservatoires, ordonnance du 2 juin 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (II) ,
p. 668, par. 32). Elle s’était bornée alors à préciser que la solution adop-
tée à cet égard par résolution 757 (1992) du Conseil de sécurité et par
résolution 47/1 de l’Assemblée générale «ne laisse pas de susciter des dif-

ficultés juridiques» (Application de la convention pour la prévention et la
répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie

54 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (JOINT DECL.) 1210

“[the] essential characteristic [of genocide] is the intended destruction of
‘a national, ethnical, racial or religious group’” (I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II),

p. 670, para. 39). In the Court’s view, it did not appear “at the present
stage of the proceedings that the bombings which form the subject of the
Yugoslav Application ‘indeed entail the element of intent, towards a
group as such, required by the provision quoted above’” (ibid., p. 670,
para. 39).

8. Based on different reasoning, the Court has now confirmed that
it lacks jurisdiction to entertain the claims presented by Serbia and
Montenegro. It began by finding that Serbia and Montenegro, on
29 April 1999, was not a Member of the United Nations and not a party

to the Statute. It concluded therefrom that the Court was not open to
Serbia and Montenegro under Article 35, paragraph 1, of the Statute.

Moreover, the Court considered that Article 35, paragraph 2, of the
Statute enabled States not parties to the Statute to appear before the
Court only by virtue of treaties concluded prior to the entry into force of

the Statute. It observed that the Genocide Convention entered into force
at a later date, on 12 January 1951. It thus concluded that Article 35,
paragraph 2, did not grant Serbia and Montenegro access to the Court
under Article IX of the Convention. Accordingly, the Court was not
called upon to decide “whether Serbia and Montenegro was or was not a

party to the Genocide Convention” when the Applications were filed. In
any event, the Court was, once again, not open to Serbia and Monte-
negro.
In sum, and contrary to its position in 1999, the Court has thus pre-
ferred to rule on its jurisdiction ratione personae, without even examining

the questions of jurisdiction ratione temporis and ratione materiae on
which it had previously pronounced prima facie.
9. This change of position is all the more surprising as the reasoning
now adopted by the Court is at odds with judgments or orders previously
rendered by the Court.

10. We would first observe that the question whether Yugoslavia was
a Member of the United Nations and as such a party to the Statute
between 1992 and 2000, remained a subject of debate during that period.
The Court declined to settle the issue, both in 1993 (Application of the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Pro-

visional Measures, I.C.J. Reports 1993 , p. 14, para. 18) and in 1999 when
issuing its Order on provisional measures (Legality of Use of Force
(Yugoslavia v. Portugal), Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II),
p. 668, para. 32). It then confined itself to stating that the solution
adopted in this respect by Security Council resolution 757 (1992) and

General Assembly resolution 47/1 was “not free from legal difficulties”
(Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and

541211 LICÉITÉ DE L’EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (DÉCL .COMMUNE )

(Serbie et Monténégro)), mesures conservatoires, C.I.J. Recueil 1993 ,
p. 14, par. 18).
Postérieurement à l’admission le 1 er novembre 2002 de la Serbie-et-
Monténégro au sein de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, la question

s’est posée devant la Cour de savoir si cette admission avait permis de
clarifier la situation antérieure. La Cour avait alors précisé, par arrêt du
3 février 2003, que

«[l]a résolution 47/1 ne portait notamment pas atteinte au droit de la
RFY d’ester devant la Cour ou d’être partie à un différend devant
celle-ci dans les conditions fixées par le Statut» (Demande en revision
de l’arrêt du 11 juillet 1996 en l’affaire relative à l’Application de la

convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
(Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), exceptions préliminaires
(Yougoslavie c. Bosnie-Herzégovine), C.I.J. Recueil 2003 ,p .,
par. 70).

Elle avait ajouté que
er
«la résolution 55/12 de l’Assemblée générale en date du 1 no-
vembre 2000 ne peut avoir rétroactivement modifié la situation sui
generis dans laquelle se trouvait la RFY vis-à-vis de l’Organisa-

tion des Nations Unies pendant la période 1992-2000, ni sa situation
à l’égard du Statut de la Cour» (ibid., par. 71).

Ainsi la Cour a déjà jugé que la RFY pouvait ester devant la Cour entre
1992 et 2000 et que son admission aux Nations Unies en 2002 n’a rien
changé à cette situation.
11. Par ailleurs, l’interprétation donnée dans le présent arrêt du para-
graphe 2 de l’article 35 du Statut nous paraît, elle aussi, incompatible

avec la position antérieurement prise par la Cour dans son ordonnance
du 8 avril 1993, dans laquelle elle a estimé

«qu’une instance peut être valablement introduite par un Etat contre
un autre Etat qui, sans être partie au Statut, est partie à une telle
disposition particulière d’un traité en vigueur, et ce indépendamment
des conditions réglées par le Conseil de sécurité dans sa résolution 9

(1946)» (Application de la convention pour la prévention et la ré-
pression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie
(Serbie et Monténégro)), mesures conservatoires, C.I.J. Recueil
1993, p. 14, par. 19).

On peut s’étonner d’ailleurs que la Cour ait cru nécessaire de se pronon-
cer sur la portée du paragraphe 2 de l’article 35 alors que l’Etat deman-

deur ne se prévalait pas de ce texte.
12. S’agissant du deuxième critère qui doit être appliqué par la Cour
en opérant son choix entre différents motifs susceptibles de fonder sa
décision — le critère de certitude —, nous estimons qu’il n’est pas davan-
tage reflété dans le terrain qu’elle a choisi aujourd’hui. Depuis le dernier

arrêt de la Cour en 2003, aucun fait n’est survenu dans la série d’ins-

55 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (JOINT DECL .) 1211

Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, I.C.J. Reports 1993 ,.p 14
para. 18).

Subsequent to the admission of Serbia and Montenegro to the United
Nations on 1 November 2000, the Court had to consider the question
whether that admission clarified the previous position. The Court then
found, in its Judgment of 3 February 2003, that

“resolution 47/1 did not inter alia affect the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia’s right to appear before the Court or to be a party to a

dispute before the Court under the conditions laid down by the Stat-
ute” (Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the
Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herze-
govina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia

and Herzegovina), I.C.J. Reports 2003 , p. 31, para. 70).
The Court added that

“General Assembly resolution 55/12 of 1 November 2000 cannot
have changed retroactively the sui generis position which the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia found itself in vis-à-vis the United Nations

over the period 1992 to 2000, or its position in relation to the Statute
of the Court” (ibid., para. 71).

The Court thus previously found in 2003 that the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia could appear before the Court between 1992 and 2000 and that this
position was not changed by its admission to the United Nations in 2002.
11. Further, the interpretation given in the present Judgment of
Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Statute also appears to us to be at odds

with the position previously adopted by the Court in its Order of 8 April
1993, where it considered that

“proceedings may validly be instituted by a State against a State
which is a party to such a special provision in a treaty in force, but
is not party to the Statute, and independently of the conditions laid
down by the Security Council in its resolution 9 of 1946” (Applica-
tion of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the

Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia
and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993,
I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 14, para. 19).

It is moreover astonishing that the Court found it necessary to rule on
the scope of Article 35, paragraph 2, whereas the Applicant did not
invoke this text.
12. Turning to the second criterion that the Court should apply in
selecting between alternative grounds for its decision — that of certi-

tude — we also find this not to be reflected in the ground chosen by the
Court today. Nothing has occurred, in the series of cases concerning
Kosovo, since the Court’s last judgment in 2003, to suggest that the

551212 LICÉITÉ DE L EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (DÉCL .COMMUNE )

tances concernant le Kosovo qui laisserait à supposer que le terrain pré-

cédemment retenu par la Cour a perdu de sa crédibilité juridique. En outre,
le terrain choisi aujourd’hui par la Cour offre moins de certitude que
d’autres options possibles. La Cour a décidé que l’admission du deman-
deur en novembre 2000 comme Membre de l’Organisation des

Nations Unies «n’a pas remonté et n’a pu remonter à l’époque de l’écla-
tement et de la disparition de la République fédérative socialiste de You-
goslavie» (par. 77). La Cour a aussi déclaré que «l’importance de cette
évolution survenue en 2000 tient au fait qu’elle a clarifié la situation juri-

dique, jusque-là indéterminée, quant au statut de la République fédérale
de Yougoslavie vis-à-vis de l’Organisation des Nations Unies» (par. 78).
Sans préciser si cette «clarification» concerne la période 1992-2000, la
Cour affirme qu’il est maintenant devenu clair que «la situation sui gene-

ris du demandeur ne pouvait être regardée comme équivalant à la qualité
de Membre de l’Organisation». Nous trouvons que cette proposition est
loin d’être évidente et nous n’avons pu identifier les étapes de raisonne-
ment adopté. Une telle motivation paraît moins convaincante en droit et

dès lors moins sûre, et ouvre davantage la porte à des divergences de
points de vue que les solutions adoptées jusqu’à présent par la Cour.
13. Nous avons par ailleurs évoqué le fait que la Cour, en choisissant
parmi les terrains possibles d’une décision sur sa compétence, doit tenir

compte des implications et des conséquences éventuelles de sa motivation
dans d’autres affaires. A cet égard, nous estimons que le paragraphe 39
de l’arrêt ne reflète pas de manière satisfaisante le rôle que doit jouer la
Cour en tant qu’institution judiciaire. En effet, l’arrêt revient sur les déci-

sions antérieurement prises par la Cour alors que cette dernière avait le
choix du terrain sur lequel elle pouvait se placer et qu’elle n’était nulle-
ment tenue de se prononcer dans la présente affaire sur sa compétence
ratione personae. Bien plus, cette démarche semble laisser planer le doute

sur la question de savoir si la Yougoslavie était partie entre 1992 et 2000
à la convention des Nations Unies sur le génocide. Cette même démarche
pourrait conduire à remettre en cause les solutions adoptées par la Cour
en ce qui concerne sa compétence dans l’affaire opposant la Bosnie-

Herzégovine à la Serbie-et-Monténégro pour l’application de la conven-
tion sur le génocide. Nous regrettons que la Cour se soit engagée dans
une telle direction.

(Signé) Raymond R ANJEVA .

(Signé) Gilbert G UILLAUME .
(Signé) Rosalyn H IGGINS .
(Signé) Peter K OOIJMANS .

(Signé) Awn Shawkat A L -KHASAWNEH .
(Signé) Thomas B UERGENTHAL .

(Signé) Nabil E LARABY .

56 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (JOINT DECL .) 1212

grounds previously chosen have now lost legal credibility. Further, the
grounds today selected by the Court are less certain than others open to

it. The Court has determined that the admission of the Applicant to the
United Nations in November 2000 “did not have, and could not have
had, the effect of dating back to the time when the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia broke up and disappeared” (para. 77). The Court

has also stated that “the significance of this new development in 2000 is
that it has clarified the thus far amorphous legal situation concerning the
status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia vis-à-vis the United Nations”
(para. 78). Without specifying whether this “clarification” refers to the
period 1992-2000, the Court asserts that it has now become “clear that

the sui generis position of the Applicant could not have amounted to its
membership in the Organization”. We find this proposition far from self-
evident and we cannot trace the steps of the reasoning. Such grounds
seem to us to be less legally compelling and therefore less certain, and

more open to different points of view, than the grounds relied upon by
the Court thus far and which are now set aside by the Court.

13. We have referred also to the care that the Court must have, in
selecting one among several possible grounds for a decision on jurisdic-
tion, for the implications and possible consequences for other cases. In
that sense, we believe that paragraph 39 of the Judgment does not

adequately reflect the proper role of the Court as a judicial institution.
The Judgment thus goes back on decisions previously adopted by the
Court, whereas it was free to choose the ground upon which to base them
and was under no obligation to rule in the present case on its jurisdiction

ratione personae. Moreover, this approach appears to leave some doubt
as to whether Yugoslavia was a party, between 1992 and 2000, to the
United Nations Genocide Convention. Such an approach could call into
question the solutions adopted by the Court with respect to its jurisdic-

tion in the case brought by Bosnia and Herzegovina against Serbia and
Montenegro for the application of the Genocide Convention. We regret
that the Court has decided to take such a direction.

(Signed) Raymond R ANJEVA .
(Signed) Gilbert G UILLAUME .
(Signed) Rosalyn H IGGINS.

(Signed) Pieter K OOIJMANS .
(Signed) Awn Shawkat A L-K HASAWNEH .
(Signed) Thomas B UERGENTHAL .

(Signed) Nabil E LARABY .

56

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Joint declaration of Vice-President Ranjeva, Judges Guillaume, Higgins, Kooijmans, Al Khasawneh, Buergenthal and Elaraby

Links