Joint Declaration by Judges Owada, Bennouna and Gaja

Document Number
151-20131111-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
151-20131111-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

320

JOINT DECLARATION OF JUDGES OWADA,
BENNOUNA AND GAJA

1. The Court’s jurisdiction to interpret a judgment under Article 60 of
the Statute only extends to matters that were decided by the Court with fi
binding force. These matters are generally included in the dispositif. The
text of the Judgment recalls that, according to the Court’s jurisprudence,

a request for interpretation “cannot concern the reasons for the judgfiment
except in so far as these are inseparable from the operative clause” fi(Judg-
ment, see paragraph 34).
Reasons are “inseparable” when the operative part of the Judgment fiis
not self-standing and contains an express or implicit reference to these

reasons. An example of reasons that were considered inseparable from
the operative part may be found in Nigeria v. Cameroon, where the Court
resorted to examining the reasons in order to elucidate what it had meant
by saying in the dispositif of a previous judgment that it “reject[ed] the
sixth preliminary objection” (Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of

11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary
Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I),
p. 36, para. 11). A further example of inseparable reasons is offered by the
current Judgment, in which the second operative paragraph asserts Cam -
bodia’s “sovereignty over . . . the promontory of Preah Vihear, as defined

in paragraph 98 of the present Judgment”.
2. “Inseparable” reasons are not the same as “essential” reasonfis, to
which the Permanent Court referred in the Chorzów Factory case as those
constituting “a condition essential to the Court’s decision” (Interpretation
of Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at Chorzów), Judgment No. 11, 1927,

P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13, p. 20). “Essential” reasons are those on which
the dispositif is based. They may sustain the operative part of the judg -
ment even if this is self-standing.
Assimilating “essential” or fundamental reasons to “inseparablefi” rea -
sons, as the Court appears to do in paragraph 34 of its Judgment, in

order to define what the Court has decided with binding force could
imply that States parties to a case find themselves bound by pronounce -
ments on matters that were not submitted to the Court and that may even fi
lie beyond the Court’s jurisdiction. Unlike the settlement of disputefis in a
municipal law system, the judicial settlement under international law refists
on the consent of the parties. What is binding in a judgment has to be

determined on the basis of the jurisdiction conferred by the parties to fithe
Court and of their submissions in the case in hand. Certainly, the partifies

43

8 Ord 1050.indb 82 25/06/14 13:11 321 request for interprefitation (joint decl.)

to judicial proceedings accept that the Court addresses all the questionfis

that it considers necessary in order to reach its conclusions. However, fi
they do not accept to be bound by decisions on issues that they have notfi
submitted to the Court’s jurisdiction.

3. In the 1962 case, the Court had found that

“Cambodia’s first and second Submissions, calling for pronounce -
ments on the legal status of the Annex I map and on the frontier line

in the disputed region, can be entertained only to the extent that they fi
give expression to grounds, and not as claims to be dealt with in the
operative provisions of the Judgment” (Temple of Preah Vihear
(Cambodia v. Thailand), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962,
p. 36).

It seems clear that the Court said that it could not decide on these issfiues
with binding force. It would be unreasonable to consider that what couldfi

not be part of the dispositif according to the Court was nevertheless bind -
ing because it provided essential reasons for the operative part.

4. While in our opinion essential reasons cannot per se be the object of
a request for interpretation under Article 60 of the Statute, they may nat -

urally be resorted to in so far as they contribute to clarify the operatfiive
part of a judgment (see paragraph 68 of the present Judgment).

(Signed) Hisashi Owada.

(Signed) Mohamed Bennouna.
(Signed) Giorgio Gaja.

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8 Ord 1050.indb 84 25/06/14 13:11

Bilingual Content

320

JOINT DECLARATION OF JUDGES OWADA,
BENNOUNA AND GAJA

1. The Court’s jurisdiction to interpret a judgment under Article 60 of
the Statute only extends to matters that were decided by the Court with fi
binding force. These matters are generally included in the dispositif. The
text of the Judgment recalls that, according to the Court’s jurisprudence,

a request for interpretation “cannot concern the reasons for the judgfiment
except in so far as these are inseparable from the operative clause” fi(Judg-
ment, see paragraph 34).
Reasons are “inseparable” when the operative part of the Judgment fiis
not self-standing and contains an express or implicit reference to these

reasons. An example of reasons that were considered inseparable from
the operative part may be found in Nigeria v. Cameroon, where the Court
resorted to examining the reasons in order to elucidate what it had meant
by saying in the dispositif of a previous judgment that it “reject[ed] the
sixth preliminary objection” (Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of

11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary
Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I),
p. 36, para. 11). A further example of inseparable reasons is offered by the
current Judgment, in which the second operative paragraph asserts Cam -
bodia’s “sovereignty over . . . the promontory of Preah Vihear, as defined

in paragraph 98 of the present Judgment”.
2. “Inseparable” reasons are not the same as “essential” reasonfis, to
which the Permanent Court referred in the Chorzów Factory case as those
constituting “a condition essential to the Court’s decision” (Interpretation
of Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at Chorzów), Judgment No. 11, 1927,

P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13, p. 20). “Essential” reasons are those on which
the dispositif is based. They may sustain the operative part of the judg -
ment even if this is self-standing.
Assimilating “essential” or fundamental reasons to “inseparablefi” rea -
sons, as the Court appears to do in paragraph 34 of its Judgment, in

order to define what the Court has decided with binding force could
imply that States parties to a case find themselves bound by pronounce -
ments on matters that were not submitted to the Court and that may even fi
lie beyond the Court’s jurisdiction. Unlike the settlement of disputefis in a
municipal law system, the judicial settlement under international law refists
on the consent of the parties. What is binding in a judgment has to be

determined on the basis of the jurisdiction conferred by the parties to fithe
Court and of their submissions in the case in hand. Certainly, the partifies

43

8 Ord 1050.indb 82 25/06/14 13:11 320

DÉCLARATION COMMUNE

DE MM. LES JUGES OWADA, BENNOUNA ET GAJA

[Traduction]

1. La compétence de la Cour pour interpréter un arrêt en applicatifion

de l’article 60 de son Statut ne s’étend pas au-delà des questions qu’elle a
tranchées par cet arrêt avec force obligatoire. Ces questions sontfi généra -
lement traitées dans le dispositif. Aussi la Cour a-t-elle rappelé, dans l’ar -
rêt qu’elle vient de rendre, que selon sa jurisprudence une demandfie en

interprétation «ne peut concerner les motifs que dans la mesure où ceux-ci
sont inséparables du dispositif » (voir le paragraphe 34 de l’arrêt).
Les motifs sont « inséparables» du dispositif lorsque celui-ci ne se suffit
pas à lui-même et y renvoie expressément ou implicitement. Par exemple,
dans son interprétation de son arrêt sur les exceptions prélimifinaires en

l’affaire Nigéria c. Cameroun, la Cour a estimé que les motifs étaient insé -
parables du dispositif et les a examinés pour préciser ce qu’elfile avait voulu
dire dans le point de celui-ci par lequel elle « rejet[ait] la sixième exception
préliminaire » (Demande en interprétation de l’arrêt du 11 juin 1998 en l’af ‑

faire de la Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria
(Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions préliminaires (Nigéria c. Cameroun),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 36, par. 11). On trouve un autre exemple
de l’inséparabilité des motifs et du dispositif dans le présfient arrêt, où la
Cour, au deuxième point du dispositif, déclare que le Cambodge a «fisou -

veraineté sur … l’éperon de Préah Vihéar tel que défini au paragraphe 98
du présent arrêt ».
2. Les motifs « inséparables» du dispositif ne se confondent pas avec
les motifs « essentiels», par lesquels la Cour permanente de Justice inter -
nationale entendait ceux constituant « une condition absolue de la déci -
os
sion de la Cour » (Interprétation des arrêts n 7 et 8 (usine de Chorzów),
arrêt no11, 1927, C.P.J.I. série A n 13, p. 20). Sont «essentiels» les motifs
dont procède le dispositif. De tels motifs peuvent constituer l’asfisise du
dispositif d’un arrêt, même si ce dispositif n’y fait pas réfiférence.

Assimiler les motifs « essentiels», ou « fondamentaux», aux motifs
«inséparables» du dispositif, comme la Cour semble l’avoir fait au para -
graphe 34 du présent arrêt pour déterminer ce qu’elle avait décidé avec
force obligatoire, pourrait donner à penser que les Etats parties àfi une
affaire se trouvent liés par ce qu’a dit la Cour sur des questions fiqui ne lui

avaient pas été soumises, et qui pouvaient même ne pas relever fide sa com -
pétence. Le règlement judiciaire des différends en droit internafitional se
distingue du règlement des litiges en droit interne en ce qu’il défipend du
consentement des parties. Ce qui, dans un arrêt, a force obligatoire fidoit
être déterminé en fonction de la juridiction que les parties onfit reconnue à

43

8 Ord 1050.indb 83 25/06/14 13:11 321 request for interprefitation (joint decl.)

to judicial proceedings accept that the Court addresses all the questionfis

that it considers necessary in order to reach its conclusions. However, fi
they do not accept to be bound by decisions on issues that they have notfi
submitted to the Court’s jurisdiction.

3. In the 1962 case, the Court had found that

“Cambodia’s first and second Submissions, calling for pronounce -
ments on the legal status of the Annex I map and on the frontier line

in the disputed region, can be entertained only to the extent that they fi
give expression to grounds, and not as claims to be dealt with in the
operative provisions of the Judgment” (Temple of Preah Vihear
(Cambodia v. Thailand), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962,
p. 36).

It seems clear that the Court said that it could not decide on these issfiues
with binding force. It would be unreasonable to consider that what couldfi

not be part of the dispositif according to the Court was nevertheless bind -
ing because it provided essential reasons for the operative part.

4. While in our opinion essential reasons cannot per se be the object of
a request for interpretation under Article 60 of the Statute, they may nat -

urally be resorted to in so far as they contribute to clarify the operatfiive
part of a judgment (see paragraph 68 of the present Judgment).

(Signed) Hisashi Owada.

(Signed) Mohamed Bennouna.
(Signed) Giorgio Gaja.

44

8 Ord 1050.indb 84 25/06/14 13:11 demande en interprétafition (décl. commune) 321

la Cour et des conclusions qu’elles lui ont soumises en l’espècfie. Les par -

ties à une affaire portée devant la Cour acceptent certes que celle-ci
aborde toute question qu’elle estime nécessaire d’examiner pourfi parvenir
à ses conclusions. Cependant, elles n’acceptent pas d’être liées par des
décisions sur des questions qu’elles n’ont pas soumises à safi juridiction.
3. Dans son arrêt de 1962, la Cour avait constaté que

«les première et deuxième conclusions du Cambodge priant la Cour
de se prononcer sur le statut juridique de la carte de l’annexe I et sur

la ligne frontière dans la région contestée ne [pouvaient] être retenues
que dans la mesure où elles énon[çaient] des motifs et non des fi
demandes à retenir dans le dispositif de l’arrêt » (Temple de Préah
Vihéar (Cambodge c. Thaïlande), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962,
p. 36).

Il paraît clair que la Cour a dit ne pas pouvoir trancher ces questiofins avec
force obligatoire. Il serait déraisonnable de considérer comme ayant force

obligatoire des éléments que la Cour n’a pas estimé pouvoir firetenir dans
le dispositif de son arrêt pour la simple raison que l’on y trouvefi des motifs
essentiels du prononcé de ce dispositif.
4. Même si, comme nous le pensons, ils ne peuvent pas en eux-mêmes
être l’objet d’une demande en interprétation présentéefi en vertu de l’ar -

ticle 60 du Statut, les motifs essentiels peuvent bien entendu être invoquéfis
pour autant qu’ils éclairent le dispositif d’un arrêt (voirfi le paragraphe 68
du présent arrêt).

(Signé) Hisashi Owada.

(Signé) Mohamed Bennouna.
(Signé) Giorgio Gaja.

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8 Ord 1050.indb 85 25/06/14 13:11

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Joint Declaration by Judges Owada, Bennouna and Gaja

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