Separate Opinion of Judge Oda

Document Number
096-19981204-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
096-19981204-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ODA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs
1-2
1.~NTRODUCT~ON

II. THDISPUT ERESENTETD THECOURT

III. Exc~usrFROM THECOURT' JURISDICTI ON"DISPUTE SRISING
OUT OFOR CONCERNINCONSERVAT INNMANAGEMEM NTASURES
TAKEN BYCANADA" 8-16

IV. THE QUESTIONOF ADMISSIBILITYD THE NECESSIT YF PRIOR
DIPLOMATN IEGOTIATIONS 17-20 1. 1voted in favour of the Court's finding that it has no jurisdiction to
adjudicate upon the dispute brought by Spain's Application of 28 March
1995.

1am entirely in agreement with the Court when it states that it has no
jurisdiction, in consequence of the terms of the reservation contained in
paragraph 2 (d) of Canada's declaration of acceptance of the compul-
soryjurisdiction of 10May 1994,to decide on the merits of the case sub-
mitted to it. 1equally support the Court's view that Canada's objection
to the jurisdiction of the Court is, in the circumstances of the case, of an
exclusively preliminary character and that the Court has no reason to
apply Article 79, paragraph 7, of the Rules of Court (see Judgment,
para. 85).
2.1do not, however, share the view of the Court on what constituted
the dispute presented by Spain in its Application to the Court and on

what the issues were in respect of which the Court was requested to rule
in the present case. 1have difficultyin following the argument developed
by the Court in order to reach the conclusion- although that conclusion
appears to me to be quite correc- that the reservationcontainedin para-
graph 2 (d) of the declaration deposited by Canada on 10 May 1994
excludes this dispute from the Court's jurisdiction.

II. THEDISPUTE PRESENTE DO THE COURT

3. Since the Court, at thisjurisdictional phase of the case, has not had
the opportunity to deal with the issues on the merits and since it appears
to me that the Court does not fully appreciate the essence of the dispute
- and lest the real issues in the case should be buried in obscurity -
1 consider it appropriate for me to spell out what issues existed in the
dispute between Spain and Canada at the time that it was unilaterally
brought to the Court by Spain.
4. The subject of the "dispute" in the present case relates, according to
Spain's Application (Section 3, "The Dispute"), to theEsta incident that

took place on 9 March 1995at a point approximately 245 miles off the
coast of Canada. The Judgment states that "[tlhe filingof the Application
was occasioned by specificacts of Canada which Spain contends violated
its rights under international law" (Judgment, para. 34), namely:

"the Canadian activities on the high seas in relation to the pursuit of
theEstai t,e means used to accomplish its arrest and the fact of its
arrest, and the detention of theesse1and arrest of its master, arising
from Canada's amendedCoastal Fisheries Protection Act and imple-
menting regulations" (Judgment, para. 35).Certainly, Canada's legislative enactments in 1994-1995are to be exam-

ined, but only in this context. It is important to note that Canada's
legislative enactments are not themselves an issue in dispute in the
present case.
5. The Estai incident occurred, in a geographical sense, within the
"Regulatory Area" of the 1979 Convention of Future Multilateral Co-
operation in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (NAFO Convention).

In 1979,the NAFO Convention replaced the 1949International Con-
vention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF) after the North
Atlantic coastal Statesextended, in accordance with relevant principles of
international law, theirjurisdiction over the living resources of their adja-
cent waters to limits of up to 200nautical milesfrom the Coastwhere they
exercised sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting,

conserving and managing these resources (Preface, NAFO Convention).
The NAFO Convention was then signed by 14 States (including Canada
and Spain)and the European EconomicCommission, in accordance with
their desire
"to promote the conservation and optimum utilization of the fishery
resources of the Northwest Atlantic area within a framework appro-
priate to the regime of extended coastal Statejurisdiction over fish-

eries, and accordingly to encourage international CO-operationand
consultation with respect to these resources" (Preface, NAFO Con-
vention).
The "Convention Area", to which the 1979NAFO Convention applies,
remains practically identical to the "Convention Area" under the 1949
ICNAF Convention. The "Convention Area" is divided into scientijic

and statistical sub-areas, divisions and subdivisions (NAFO Convention,
Art. XX and Ann. III), as it was under the 1949 Convention, but these
divisions have no bearing on the exercise of jurisdiction in the "Conven-
tion Area".
The "Convention Area" now consists, from a jurisdictional point of
view, oftwo quite distinct areas, namely, the 200-mileexclusiveeconomic
zone - which is under the jurisdiction of the respective coastal State-
and the "Regulatory Area", which "lies beyond the areas in which the
coastal States exercise fisheriesjurisdiction" (NAFO Convention, Art. 1,
para. 2). The Estai incident occurred in a part of the "Regulatory Area".
The important point is that the Estai incident took place in the "Regu-
latory Area" of the "NAFO Convention Area" but not that it took place
in any particular division of the "Regulatory Area" (cf. Judgrnent,

para. 19).

6. Under the framework of the NAFO Convention, the Fisheries
Commission established under this Convention (Art. II) is responsible for
the management and conservation of the fishery resources of the "Regu-
latory Area" (Art. XI, para. 1). The Fisheries Commission may adoptproposals for joint action by the contracting parties designed to achieve
the optimum utilization of the fisheryresources of the "Regulatory Area"
(Art. XI, para. 2) and may also adopt proposals for international meas-
ures of control and enforcement within the "Regulatory Area" for the
purpose of ensuring within that Area the application of this Convention
and the measures in force thereunder (Art. XI, para. 5). Each proposa1
adopted by the Commission shall become a measure binding on al1con-
tracting parties (Art. XI, para. 7).Any Commission member may present
to the Executive Secretary of NAFO an objection to a proposa1
(Art. XII, para. 1).
1would like to make it plain that, within the framework of the NAFO
Convention,the management and conservation of the fisheryresources in
the Regulatory Area - which is an area that lies beyond the fisheries
jurisdiction of any coastal State - is the responsibility of the Fisheries

Commission.

The measures providedfor in thenational legislation of Canada enacted
in 1994-1995werenot measures bindingon al1contractingparties adopted
pursuant to the terms of the NAFO Convention (Art. XI, para. 7); the
enforcement action taken on 9 March 1995 by the Canadian authorities
against the Estai in the Regulatory Area could not have been taken
within the framework of the NAFO Convention.

In order to understand the real issues in the dispute presented before
the Court, these points cannot be overemphasized and 1 am certain that
Canada must have been fully aware of the meaning of the NAFO Con-
vention. 1however take note of the provision of the NAFO Convention

that reads :
"Nothing in this Convention shall be deemed to affect or preju-
dice the positions or claims of any Contracting Party in regard to ...
the limits or extent of thejurisdiction of any Party over fisheries; or
to affect or prejudice the viewsor positions of any Contracting Party
with respect to the law of the sea." (NAFO Convention, Art. 1,
para. 5.)

7. On 3 March 1995,Canada made certain amendments to its Coastal
Fisheries Protection Regulations, the effect of which was that al1vessels
registered in Spain were prohibited from fishing Greenland halibut in the
NAFO Regulatory Area and that offenders were subject to arrest, seizure
of vesse1and catch and fines.The amendments were immediately notified
to Spanish fishing vessels by radio. The Estai incident took place less

than a week later. The whole chain of events unfolded totally outside the
framework of the NAFO Convention.

Thus, the only issue in dispute at the time of filing of the present case
on 28 March 1995was whether Canada violated the rule of internationallaw by claiming and exercising fisheriesjurisdiction (namely, the prescrib-
ing of fishery regulatio-s including the exclusion of fishing vesselsfly-
ing the Spanish flag-, the enforcement of those regulations by Cana-
dian government authorities and the imposition of penal sanctions on a
Spanish vesse1and its master) in an area of the high seas beyond the limit
of its exclusive economic zone, or whether Canada was justified in exer-
cisingfisheriesjurisdiction in that area, on the ground of its honestly held

belief that the conservation of certain fish stocks was urgently required as
a result of the fishery conservationrisis in the Northwest Atlantic-
irrespective of the NAFO Convention, which neither provides for the
unilateral adoption by coastal States of fishery regulations intended to
apply in the RegulatoryArea, nor entrusts coastal States with the enforce-
ment of such regulations in that area of the high seas.

111.EXCLUSIO NROM THE COURT'S JURISDICTIO OF "DISPUTES ARISING
OUT OF OR CONCERNING CONSERVATIO AND MANAGEMEN MTEASURES
TAKEN BY CANADA"

8. Pursuant to the Court's Order of 2 May 1995,the sole question to
be decided by the Court at the present stage of the case is whether the
dispute, as definedbove, falls within the purview of the clause whereby
Canada declared its acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction on 10 May
1994, or whether Canada is exempted from the Court's jurisdiction by
virtue of paragraph2 (d) of that declaration.

1agree totally with the following statements by the Court with regard
to the interpretation of the reservation attached to Canada's declaration

"[ilt is for each State, in formulating its declaration, to decide upon

the limits it places upon its acceptance of the jurisdiction of the
Court . . Conditions or reservations [attached to the declaration]
...operate to define the parameters of the State's acceptance of the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court. There is thus no reason to
interpret them restrictively" (Judgment, para. 44);
"thereis no reason to interpret such a reservation restrictively"
(ibid., para. 45);

"[tlhe Court will thus interpret the relevant words of a declaration
including a reservationcontained therein in a natural and reasonable
way, having due regard to the intention of the State concerned at the
time when it accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court"
(ibid., para. 49)

"what is required in the first place for a reservation to a declaration made under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, is that it should

be interpreted in a manner compatible with the effect sought by the
reserving State" (Judgrnent, para. 52);
"declarations of acceptance of itsjurisdiction must be interpreted in
a manner which is in harmony with the "natural and reasonable"
way of reading the text, having due regard to the intention of the
declarant" (ibid., para. 76);

"[ilt follows that this dispute cornes within the terms of the reserva-
tion contained in paragraph 2 (d) of the Canadian declaration of
10May 1994" (ibid., para. 87).

1wonder if the Court needed to add anything to what it said above.

9. It goes without saying that, for the sake of judicial certainty, the

interpretation given by the declarant State to the scope of its acceptance
of the Court's jurisdiction cannot be adjusted to suit the circumstances,
but must be fixed so as to cover any case that may arise. The fact that
Canada made its declaration containing the reservation set out in para-
graph 2 (d) only a fewdays prior to enacting the amendments to its fish-
eries legislation clearly indicates the true intention of Canada in respect
of those amendments and of any dispute which might arise as a result of
their implementation.

10. It is clear, given the basic principle that the Court's jurisdictionis
based on the consent of sovereign States, that a declaration to accept the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2, of
the Statute, and any reservations attached thereto, must, because of the
declaration's unilateral character, be interpreted not only in a natural
way and in context, but also with particular regard for the intention of

the declarant State. Any interpretation of a respondent State's declara-
tion against the intention of that State will contradict the very nature of
the Court's jurisdiction, because the declaration is an instrument drafted
unilaterally.

There may wellbe occasions when a respondent State seeksto interpret
restrictively the scope of an applicant State's acceptance of the Court's
jurisdiction, especially if one considers that a respondent State's obliga-
tion to comply with the Court's jurisdiction greatly depends on the scope
of the applicant State's acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction (cf. Ar-
ticle 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute), but this is, of course, not the situa-
tion in the present case.
11. Once Canada had excluded from the Court's jurisdiction certain
disputes - namely, "disputes arising out of and concerningconservation
and management measures" - the meaning of the reservation should, as

1 have explained above, be interpreted according to the intention of
Canada. 1am at a loss to understand why the Court should have felt itnecessary to devote so much time to its interpretation of the wording of

that reservation.
In particular,1do not understand why the Court should have wished
to consider whether the expression "conservation and management meas-
ures" in Canada's reservation 2 (d) ought to be interpreted according to
an allegedly established and normative concept of "conservation and
management measures". 1feelparticularly that paragraph 70 of the Judg-
ment has been drafted under a misunderstanding of the subject, namely
the law of the sea.
The first sentence of paragraph 70 makes no senseto me and 1have no
idea whether there is such a rule or concept in international law. 1assume
that this paragraph was included in the Court's Judgment in order to pay
lip-service to some of my colleagues who dissent from the Judgment and
who hold the view that the exercise of jurisdiction on the high seas does
not fa11within the bounds of "conservation and management measures".

Their viewis perfectly correct, but the matter is quite irrelevant and does
not need to be mentioned in the Judgment. In my view, the references in
the Judgrnent to certain international treaties or national legislation are
quite meaningless and may even be misleading.

12. "Conservation" of marine living resources is a general concept of
marine science which has been widely used since the time that the deple-
tion of certain resources in certain areas began to be noticed due to the
over-exploitation of those resources. In fact, as the need for international
CO-operationfor "conservation7'has long been recognized, certain inter-
national agreements were concluded even in the earlier part of this cen-
tury (for example, the 1911Convention for the Protection and Preserva-
tion of Fur Seals and Sea Otters in the North Pacific Ocean; the 1923
International Convention for the Preservation of the Halibut Fisheries of
the Northern PacificOcean; the 1930Convention for Protection of Sock-

eye Salmon Fisheries, etc.).

The Proclamation on "Policy of the United States with respect to
Coastal Fisheries in Certain Areas of the High Seas" made by President
Truman of the United States of America in September 1945,immediately
after the end of the war, is regarded as far-sighted, in that it drew the
world's attentionto the pressing need for the conservation and protection
of fishery resources, particularly in offshoreareas (see S.Oda, The Intev-
national Law of the OceanDevelopment, Vol. 1,p. 342). Over the follow-
ing years, a number of international conventions - both multilateral and
bilateral- covering the conservation of certain marine living resources
were concluded (1itemize,just as examples, some of the treaties made at
that time: the 1946Convention for the Regulation of Whaling; the 1949
International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (the pre-

decessor of the NAFO Convention); the 1949Convention for the Estab-
lishment of an Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission; the 1952
International Convention for the High SeasFisheries of the North PacificOcean; the 1957 Interim Convention on Conservation of North Pacific
Fur Seals; the 1959North-East Atlantic Fisheries Convention; and, the
1966International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas).
The measures for conservation adopted in each case Vary according to
the treaty in which they appear and were enforced through the national
legislation of the individual States parties to each treaty.

The International Technical Conference on the Conservation of the
Living Resources of the Sea was convened by the United Nations in
Rome in 1955,and that was the first worldwide conference to produce a
report dealing with the issues of conservation of marine resources. That
Conference did not provide for any particular measures for any particu-
lar stocks or in any particular region (see S. Oda, The International Law
of the OceanDevelopment, Vol. 1,p. 356).
13. The "conservation" of marine living resources was thus not a new

concept and the object of conserving those resources had already been
implemented in various measures and regulations at international and
national levelsaccording to the particular situation - namely, fish stocks
and regions. Once measures for conserving marine resources were agreed
upon internationally, they were then implemented through the national
legislation applicable to the nationals of each individual State.

Another point should be noted, namely that fisheries regulations were
adopted not only for the purpose of "conservation" but were also taken
as part of the chain of "management" measures adopted by each State in

pursuance of their respective national economic or social policies. Par-
ticularly when "conservation" could no longer be effected only through
regulations limiting the mesh-size of fishing nets and the fixing of fishing
seasons or fishingareas (which regulations wereimposed in equalmanner
upon the nationals of the States parties), it became necessary to fix the
total allowable catch of specificstocks in particular regions. Thus, "con-
servation" issues turned to the more political question of the "manage-
ment" - namely, allocation and distribution - of marine resources.

In addition, the number of States who attempted - under the pretext
of conservation of resources - to secure marine resources in their off-
shore areas and to exclude foreign fishing vessels from those areas
increased. In this respect, it is important to take note of the concept of
maritime sovereignty strongly advanced in the 1950s by some Latin
AmericanStates (see,for example, the 1952SantiagoDeclaration adopted
at the Conference on the Exploration and Conservation of the Marine
Resources of the South Pacific, in S. Oda, The International Law of the

Ocean Development, Vol. 1,p. 345). In this process there occurred, on anumber of occasions, incidents involving the arrest of foreign fishingves-
sels on the high seas, namely, beyond the area that falls under the
national jurisdiction of coastal States (see S. Oda, "New Trends in the
Regime of the Sea - A Consideration of the Problems of Conservation
and Distribution of Marine Resources, 1 and II", Zeitschrijt fur Aus-
landisches offentliches Recht und Volkerrecht, Bd. 18 (1957-1958);and,
S. Oda, International Control of Sea Resources, Leiden, 1962).

14. In these circumstances, marine living resources had become a mat-
ter of great concern to the international community and to the United

Nations. At the First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
convened in Geneva in 1958,the Convention on Fishing and Conserva-
tion of the Living Resources of the High Seaswas adopted to provide for
"the right [of al1States]to engage in fishingon the high seas, subject .. .
to the provisions . ..concerning conservation of the living resources of
the high seas" and "the duty [ofal1States]to adopt, or to CO-operatewith
other States in adopting, such measures for their respective nationals as
may be necessary for the conservation of the living resources of the high
seas" (Art. 1).

In the 1970s, by which time the monopoly of coastal fisheries far
beyond the limit of the territorial sea had become more or less a general
practice, the concept of the exclusiveeconomic zone, to justify the exclu-
sive control of coastal fisheries,was emerging. Bearing in mind that the

fisheries regulations in offshore areas could no longer be a matter of
exclusiveconcern to each coastal State, the Third United Nations Con-
ference on the Law of the Sea, convened over the period 1973to 1982,
produced in 1982at Montego Bay the United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea. That Convention provides, on the one hand, for the duty
of each coastal State to "determine the allowable catch of the living
resources in its exclusiveeconomic zone" (Art. 61, para. 1) and for the
obligation of each coastal State to "promote the objective of optimum
utilization of the living resources in the exclusive economic zone"
(Art. 62,para. l), and, on the other hand with regard to high seasfishing,
contains certain provisions concerning "conservation and management
of the living resources of the high seas" (Part VII, Sec.2). However, that
Convention certainly does not seek to define "conservation and manage-
ment measures".

In 1995at United Nations Headquarters in New York, the so-called
Straddling Fish Stocks Convention was agreed upon to implement the
provisions of the 1982Law of the Sea Convention relating to the conser-
vation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory
fish stocks inorder to ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable
use of these stocks - which stocks, of course, have no awareness of the
artificial boundary of the exclusiveeconomic zone.

15. It is important to note that the 1958, 1982 and 1995 UnitedNations Conventions covering marine living resources do not directly
impose any concrete "measures" for conservation of anyparticular stocks
or "management" of any particular fishing activities. Rather, each State
party is obliged to adopt through its own national legislationvarious
appropriate measures for the "conservation" of resources, designed to
apply to fishing vessels, whether national or foreign, in its own area of

the exclusiveeconomiczone, and is also obliged to reach agreementwith
other States for joint measures of conservation on the highs.It should
be noted that there exists no fixed or concrete concept of "conservation
and management measures".

16. It appears to me from the manner in which the Court referred in
paragraph 70of the Judgment to certain international treaties or national
legislation, selectedat random, that it has misunderstood the true nature
of these instruments and has not dealt with the development of the law of
the sea in a proper manner.

It is clear to me that Canada, having reserved from the Court'suris-
diction any "disputes arising out of or concerningconservation and man-
agement measures", had in mind - in a very broad sense and without
restriction and showing great common sense - any dispute which might
arise following the enactment and enforcement of legislation concerning
fishing, either for therpose of conservation of stocks or for manage-
ment of fisheries (allocation of the catch), in its offshore areas, whether
within its exclusiveeconomic zone or outside it.

IV. THEQUESTION OF ADMISSIBILI ATYD THE NECESSIT YF PRIOR
DIPLOMATN ICEGOTIATIONS

17. In so far as the Court now determines that it cannot entertain the
Application submitted by Spain against Canada, there remains nothing
more to discuss. However, 1would like to add a comment on one aspect
relating to the admissibility of the present case.
No diplomatic negotiations took place between Spain and Canada
with regard to the enactment in 1994 and 1995 of Canada's national

legislation or its amendment. Immediately after the Estai incident on
9 March 1995,there was an exchange of Notes Verbales between Spain
and Canada (as reproduced in the Annexes to the Application and
referred to in the Judgment, paragraph 20). This could have meant that
there existed a "legal" dispute concerningthestai incident between the
two States. There was, however, no further diplomatic negotiation
between the two countries over the boarding, seizure, detention, etc., of
the Estai and the domesticjudicial proceedings againstits master. Spain's
Application was suddenly submitted to the Court on 28 March 1995,
without any prior notice or discussion. 18. It should be noted that, after Spain had filedits Application in the
Registry of the Court, negotiations between the European Union and
Canada came to a successful conclusion, with the initialling on 16 April
1995and signature on 20 April 1995ofthe "Agreement constituted in the
form of an Agreed Minute, an Exchange of Letters, an Exchange of
Notes and the Annexes thereto between the European Community and
Canada on fisheriesin the Context of the NAFO Convention" (see Judg-
ment, para. 21).

In parallel with this, on 18 April 1995, the proceedings in Canada
against the Estai and its master were discontinued; on 19April 1995the
bond was discharged and the bail repaid with interest; subsequentlythe
confiscated portion of the catch was returned; and, on 1 May 1995,
Canada's interna1legislation was amended so as to satisfy the position of
Spain (see Judgment, para. 22). The proposals for improving fisheries
control and enforcement contained in the Agreement of 20 April 1995
were adopted by NAFO at its annual meeting held in September 1995
and became measures binding al1 Contracting Parties with effect from
29 November 1995 (ibid. ) .

19. 1am not suggesting that the dispute became moot or that the sub-
missions lost their object, and 1fully agree with the Court when it States
that the Court "is not required to determine proprio motu ...whether or
not the Court would have to find [the dispute] moot" (Judgment,

para. 88). 1would, however, like to suggest that, prior to the submission
of the dispute existing on 28 March 1995,not only were diplomatic nego-
tiations not exhausted but they had not even begun, and that the dispute
could have been solved if negotiations between Spain and Canada had
taken place. The result of Canada's acts to remedy the situation, as
explained above, indicatejust that.
20. It is arguable whether a "legal" dispute may be submitted unilat-
erally to the Court only after diplomaticnegotiations between the disput-
ing parties have been exhausted, or at least initiated, but 1 shall refrain
from entering into that discussion. However, 1 submit that it could have
been questioned, even at this jurisdictional stage - separately from the
issue of whether the Court had jurisdiction to entertain Spain's Applica-
tion - whether Spain's Application of 28 March 1995in the present case
was really admissible to the Court at all.

21. 1have no doubt that Canada believed that it had a legitimateright
to adopt and enforce certain fisherieslegislation, but that it also believed,
in the light of the development of the law of the sea, that that right may
belong to the area of lex ferenda and, in this belief, Canada wished to
avoid any judicial determination by the International Court of Justice.Conversely, Spain also was perfectly entitled to believe that any amend-
ment by Canada of its fisherieslegislation so as to make it applicable to
Spanish vessels,hus excludingthem from fishing for certain stocksin an
area of the high seas, was not permitted under international law as it
stands at present.

In conclusion,1should like to Saythat 1appreciatethe goodwill shown
by Canada in the actions taken by it in May 1995(after the Esta inci-
dent), as a result of which the practical difficultiesbetween the two States
were resolved.

(SignedS )higeru ODA.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ODA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs
1-2
1.~NTRODUCT~ON

II. THDISPUT ERESENTETD THECOURT

III. Exc~usrFROM THECOURT' JURISDICTI ON"DISPUTE SRISING
OUT OFOR CONCERNINCONSERVAT INNMANAGEMEM NTASURES
TAKEN BYCANADA" 8-16

IV. THE QUESTIONOF ADMISSIBILITYD THE NECESSIT YF PRIOR
DIPLOMATN IEGOTIATIONS 17-20 OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. ODA

[Tvaduction]

Paragraphes
1-2

111.EXCLUSIO NE LA COMPÉTENCE DE LCOUR DES ((DIFFÉRENAUX-

QUELS POURRAIENTDONNER LIEU LES MESURES DE GESTION ET DE
CONSERVATION ADOPTÉES PARCANADAB 8-16

IV. QUESTIO NE LA RECEVABILITE ET NÉCESSITÉ DE TENIR DES NÉGOCIA-
TIONS 17-20

V. CONCLUSIONS 21 1. 1voted in favour of the Court's finding that it has no jurisdiction to
adjudicate upon the dispute brought by Spain's Application of 28 March
1995.

1am entirely in agreement with the Court when it states that it has no
jurisdiction, in consequence of the terms of the reservation contained in
paragraph 2 (d) of Canada's declaration of acceptance of the compul-
soryjurisdiction of 10May 1994,to decide on the merits of the case sub-
mitted to it. 1equally support the Court's view that Canada's objection
to the jurisdiction of the Court is, in the circumstances of the case, of an
exclusively preliminary character and that the Court has no reason to
apply Article 79, paragraph 7, of the Rules of Court (see Judgment,
para. 85).
2.1do not, however, share the view of the Court on what constituted
the dispute presented by Spain in its Application to the Court and on

what the issues were in respect of which the Court was requested to rule
in the present case. 1have difficultyin following the argument developed
by the Court in order to reach the conclusion- although that conclusion
appears to me to be quite correc- that the reservationcontainedin para-
graph 2 (d) of the declaration deposited by Canada on 10 May 1994
excludes this dispute from the Court's jurisdiction.

II. THEDISPUTE PRESENTE DO THE COURT

3. Since the Court, at thisjurisdictional phase of the case, has not had
the opportunity to deal with the issues on the merits and since it appears
to me that the Court does not fully appreciate the essence of the dispute
- and lest the real issues in the case should be buried in obscurity -
1 consider it appropriate for me to spell out what issues existed in the
dispute between Spain and Canada at the time that it was unilaterally
brought to the Court by Spain.
4. The subject of the "dispute" in the present case relates, according to
Spain's Application (Section 3, "The Dispute"), to theEsta incident that

took place on 9 March 1995at a point approximately 245 miles off the
coast of Canada. The Judgment states that "[tlhe filingof the Application
was occasioned by specificacts of Canada which Spain contends violated
its rights under international law" (Judgment, para. 34), namely:

"the Canadian activities on the high seas in relation to the pursuit of
theEstai t,e means used to accomplish its arrest and the fact of its
arrest, and the detention of theesse1and arrest of its master, arising
from Canada's amendedCoastal Fisheries Protection Act and imple-
menting regulations" (Judgment, para. 35). COMPÉTENCE PÊCHERIES (OP.IND. ODA) 475

1. J'ai votéen faveur de la conclusionde la Cour selon laquelle celle-ci
n'est pas compétentepour connaître du différenddont ellea été saisiepar
l'Espagne dans sa requêtedu 28 mars 1995.
Je souscris entièrementà l'opinion de la Cour lorsque celle-cisedéclare
incompétente,eu égard aux termesde la réservefigurant àl'alinéad) du
paragraphe 2 de la déclaration d'acceptation de lajuridiction obligatoire
de la Cour faite par le Canada le 10mai 1994,pour examiner quant au
fond la présenteaffaire.Je partage également l'avisde la Cour lorsqu'elle

estime que l'objection du Canada à sa compétencea, dans les circons-
tancesde l'espèce,un caractère exclusivementpréliminaireet que la Cour
n'a pas de raison d'appliquer le paragraphe 7 de l'article79 de son Règle-
ment (voir arrêt,par. 85).
2. En revanche, je ne partage pas le point de vue de la Cour quant àla
nature du différend présenté par l'Espagne dans sa requête à la Cour et
quant aux questions sur lesquelles il était demandé à la Cour de statuer
en l'espèce.J'ai des difficultésà suivre le raisonnement exposépar la
Cour pour en arriver à la conclusion - qui me paraît quant à elle toutà

fait juste- selon laquelle la réserveformulée à l'alinéad) du para-
graphe 2 de la déclarationdéposéepar le Canada le 10mai 1994exclut le
présentdifférendde la juridiction de la Cour.

II. LE DIFFÉREND PRÉSENTÉ À LA COIJR

3. Puisqu'à ce stade de la procédure, qui concerne la compétence,il
n'était pasloisibleà la Cour d'examiner l'affaire quant au fond et qu'à
mon avis, elle n'a pas entièrementsaisi la nature du différend et pour
que les véritablesquestions poséesen l'espèce nesoient pas occultées -
j'estime utile d'évoquerles questions soulevéespar le différendqui oppo-
sait l'Espagne et le Canada à l'époqueoù l'Espagne l'a unilatéralement
porté devant la Cour.
4. L'objet du ((différend))qui nous occupe a trait, selon la requêtepré-

sentéepar l'Espagne (section 3, «Le différend») à l'incident concernant
l'Estai, qui s'estproduit le 9 mars 1995en un point situé approximative-
ment à245millesau largede la côte canadienne.L'arrêt indiqueque «[l]e
dépôt de la requêtea été suscité par certaines actions spécifiquesdu
Canada dont l'Espagne prétendqu'elles ont violéses droits en vertu du
droit international)) (arrêt, par.),à savoir:

«les activitéscanadiennes en haute mer qui ont trait à la poursuite
de l'Estai, aux moyens employéspour l'arraisonner, à l'arraisonne-
ment lui-même,ainsiqu'à la saisie du navire età l'arrestation de son
capitaine en vertu de la législationcanadienne sur les pêchescôtières
et de sa réglementation d'application telles que modifiées))(arrêt,

par. 35).Certainly, Canada's legislative enactments in 1994-1995are to be exam-

ined, but only in this context. It is important to note that Canada's
legislative enactments are not themselves an issue in dispute in the
present case.
5. The Estai incident occurred, in a geographical sense, within the
"Regulatory Area" of the 1979 Convention of Future Multilateral Co-
operation in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (NAFO Convention).

In 1979,the NAFO Convention replaced the 1949International Con-
vention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF) after the North
Atlantic coastal Statesextended, in accordance with relevant principles of
international law, theirjurisdiction over the living resources of their adja-
cent waters to limits of up to 200nautical milesfrom the Coastwhere they
exercised sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting,

conserving and managing these resources (Preface, NAFO Convention).
The NAFO Convention was then signed by 14 States (including Canada
and Spain)and the European EconomicCommission, in accordance with
their desire
"to promote the conservation and optimum utilization of the fishery
resources of the Northwest Atlantic area within a framework appro-
priate to the regime of extended coastal Statejurisdiction over fish-

eries, and accordingly to encourage international CO-operationand
consultation with respect to these resources" (Preface, NAFO Con-
vention).
The "Convention Area", to which the 1979NAFO Convention applies,
remains practically identical to the "Convention Area" under the 1949
ICNAF Convention. The "Convention Area" is divided into scientijic

and statistical sub-areas, divisions and subdivisions (NAFO Convention,
Art. XX and Ann. III), as it was under the 1949 Convention, but these
divisions have no bearing on the exercise of jurisdiction in the "Conven-
tion Area".
The "Convention Area" now consists, from a jurisdictional point of
view, oftwo quite distinct areas, namely, the 200-mileexclusiveeconomic
zone - which is under the jurisdiction of the respective coastal State-
and the "Regulatory Area", which "lies beyond the areas in which the
coastal States exercise fisheriesjurisdiction" (NAFO Convention, Art. 1,
para. 2). The Estai incident occurred in a part of the "Regulatory Area".
The important point is that the Estai incident took place in the "Regu-
latory Area" of the "NAFO Convention Area" but not that it took place
in any particular division of the "Regulatory Area" (cf. Judgrnent,

para. 19).

6. Under the framework of the NAFO Convention, the Fisheries
Commission established under this Convention (Art. II) is responsible for
the management and conservation of the fishery resources of the "Regu-
latory Area" (Art. XI, para. 1). The Fisheries Commission may adopt COMPÉTENCE PÊCHERIES (OP. IND. ODA) 476

Il convient certes d'examiner les mesures législativesprisespar le Canada
en 1994et 1995, mais uniquement dans ce contexte. Il est important de
noter que les mesures législatives prises par le Canada ne sont pas en
elles-mêmescontestées enla présenteespèce.
5. Du point de vue géographique, l'incident de l'Estai s'est produit
dans la «zone de réglementation» de la convention sur la future coopéra-
tion multilatérale dans les pêchesde l'Atlantique Nord-Ouest de 1979
(convention OPANO).

En 1979,la convention OPANO a remplacéla convention internatio-
nale pour lespêcheries del'Atlantique Nord-Ouest de 1949,aprèsque les
Etats côtiers de l'Atlantique Nord aient, conformément aux principes
pertinents du droit international, étendu leurjuridiction sur lesressources
biologiques de leurs eaux adjacentes jusqu'à une limite de 200 milles
marins au large des côtes, où ils exerçaient des droits souverains d'explo-
ration, d'exploitation, de conservation et de gestion desdites ressources
(préambulede la convention OPANO). La convention OPANO a alors
été signéepar quatorze Etats (y compris le Canada et l'Espagne) et par la
Commission économiqueeuropéenne, qui désiraient

((promouvoirla conservation et l'utilisation optimale des ressources
halieutiques de l'Atlantique Nord-Ouest dans un cadre conforme au
régimed'extension de la juridiction de l'Etat côtier sur les pêcheset
encourager en conséquencela coopération et la consultation inter-
nationales à l'égarddesdites ressources))(préambule de la conven-
tion OPANO).

La «zone de la convention)) à laquelle la convention OPANO de 1979
s'applique est restéepratiquement identique à la «zone de la convention))
viséepar la convention de 1949.La «zone de la convention» est divisée
en sous-zones, divisions et subdivisions scient@ques et statistiques
(convention OPANO, art. XX et annexe III) tout comme l'était lazone
viséepar la convention de 1949,mais ces divisions n'ont aucun effet sur
l'exercicede la juridiction dans la «zone de la convention)).

D'un point de vue juridictionnel, la «zone de la convention)) se divise
actuellement en deux aires tout à fait distinctesà savoir la zone écono-
mique exclusive des 200 milles - qui relèvede la juridiction des Etats
côtiers intéressé- et la «zone de réglementation)),qui «s'étend au-delà
des régionsdans lesquelles les Etats côtiers exercent leur juridiction en
matière de pêche))(convention OPANO, art. 1, par. 2). L'incident de
l'Estai s'estproduit en un point de la «zone de réglementation)).L'impor-
tant est que ledit incident a eu lieu dans la «zone de réglementation))de
la «zone de la convention OPANO)), mais nullement qu'il s'est produit
dans telle ou telle division de la «zone de réglementation)) (cf. arrêt,
par. 19).

6. Dans le cadre de la convention OPANO, la commission des pêches
créée en vertu de ladite convention (art. II) est chargée dela gestion et de
la conservation des ressources halieutiques de la «zone de réglementa-
tion))(art. XI, par. 1). La commission des pêchespeut adopter des pro-proposals for joint action by the contracting parties designed to achieve
the optimum utilization of the fisheryresources of the "Regulatory Area"
(Art. XI, para. 2) and may also adopt proposals for international meas-
ures of control and enforcement within the "Regulatory Area" for the
purpose of ensuring within that Area the application of this Convention
and the measures in force thereunder (Art. XI, para. 5). Each proposa1
adopted by the Commission shall become a measure binding on al1con-
tracting parties (Art. XI, para. 7).Any Commission member may present
to the Executive Secretary of NAFO an objection to a proposa1
(Art. XII, para. 1).
1would like to make it plain that, within the framework of the NAFO
Convention,the management and conservation of the fisheryresources in
the Regulatory Area - which is an area that lies beyond the fisheries
jurisdiction of any coastal State - is the responsibility of the Fisheries

Commission.

The measures providedfor in thenational legislation of Canada enacted
in 1994-1995werenot measures bindingon al1contractingparties adopted
pursuant to the terms of the NAFO Convention (Art. XI, para. 7); the
enforcement action taken on 9 March 1995 by the Canadian authorities
against the Estai in the Regulatory Area could not have been taken
within the framework of the NAFO Convention.

In order to understand the real issues in the dispute presented before
the Court, these points cannot be overemphasized and 1 am certain that
Canada must have been fully aware of the meaning of the NAFO Con-
vention. 1however take note of the provision of the NAFO Convention

that reads :
"Nothing in this Convention shall be deemed to affect or preju-
dice the positions or claims of any Contracting Party in regard to ...
the limits or extent of thejurisdiction of any Party over fisheries; or
to affect or prejudice the viewsor positions of any Contracting Party
with respect to the law of the sea." (NAFO Convention, Art. 1,
para. 5.)

7. On 3 March 1995,Canada made certain amendments to its Coastal
Fisheries Protection Regulations, the effect of which was that al1vessels
registered in Spain were prohibited from fishing Greenland halibut in the
NAFO Regulatory Area and that offenders were subject to arrest, seizure
of vesse1and catch and fines.The amendments were immediately notified
to Spanish fishing vessels by radio. The Estai incident took place less

than a week later. The whole chain of events unfolded totally outside the
framework of the NAFO Convention.

Thus, the only issue in dispute at the time of filing of the present case
on 28 March 1995was whether Canada violated the rule of international COMPÉTENCE PÊCHERIES (OP. IND.ODA) 477

positions en vue d'une action commune des Parties contractantes pour
parvenir à une utilisation optimale des ressources halieutiques de la
«zone de réglementation))(art. XI, par. 2); elle peut aussi adopter des
propositions sur desmesures internationales de contrôle et de surveillance
à prendre dansla «zone de réglementation))afin d'yassurer l'application
de la convention et des mesures entréesen vigueur aux termes de celle-ci
(art. XI, par. 5). Chaque proposition adoptée par la commission devient
une mesure exécutoirepour toutes les Parties contractantes (art. XI,

par. 7). Tout membre de la commission peut présenterau secrétaireexé-
cutif deI'OPANO une objection à une proposition (art. XII, par. 1).
Je tiensàsouligner que dans le cadre de la conventionOPANO, la ges-
tion et la conservation des ressources halieutiquesdans la zone de régle-
mentation - qui se situe au-delà des zones où s'exercela juridiction des
Etats côtiers en matièrede pêche - est du ressort de la commission des
pêches.

Les mesures prévuesdans la législationinterne qu'a promulguée le
Canada en 1994et 1995n'étaient pasdes mesures exécutoirespour toutes
les Parties contractantes adoptées conformément aux dispositions de la

convention OPANO (art. XI, par. 7); les mesures d'exécution prisesle
9 mars 1995 par les autorités canadiennes à l'encontre de l'Estai dans
la zone de réglementationn'auraient pas pu êtreprises dans le cadre de
la convention OPANO.
Pour mesurer les enjeux véritablesdu différenddont la Cour étaitsai-
sie, on ne saurait trop insister sur ces points et je ne doute pas que le
Canada était parfaitement au fait de ce que signifiait la convention
OPANO. Néanmoins,je prends acte de la disposition ci-après de ladite
convention :

«[a]ucune disposition de la présente convention n'est réputéeat-
teindre ou infirmer lespositions ou prétentionsd'une Partie contrac-
tante en ce qui concerne ..les limites ou l'étenduede la juridiction
d'une Partie en matière depêche,ni atteindre ou infirmer lesvues ou
positions d'une Partie contractante en ce qui concerne le droit de la
mer» (conventionOPANO, art. 1,par. 5).

7. Le 3 mars 1995,le Canada a apporté certains amendements à son
Règlement sur la protection des pêcheriescôtières,amendements ayant
pour effet d'interdire tout navire immatriculéen Espagne de pêcherle
flétandu Groenland dans la zone de réglementation de l'OPAN, les
contrevenants s'exposant à l'arraisonnement et àla saisie de leur navire,
à la rétention des captures età des amendes. La teneur de ces amende-
ments a immédiatementété notifiéepar radio aux bateaux de pêcheespa-
gnols. L'incident del'Estai s'estproduit moins d'une semaine plus tard.

Du débutjusqu'à la fin, cesévénements se sont entièrementdérouléshors
du cadre de la convention OPANO.
Ainsi, le seul point litigieux, lorsque la requête a étéprésentéele
28mars 1995,étaitla question de savoir si leCanada agissait en violationlaw by claiming and exercising fisheriesjurisdiction (namely, the prescrib-
ing of fishery regulatio-s including the exclusion of fishing vesselsfly-
ing the Spanish flag-, the enforcement of those regulations by Cana-
dian government authorities and the imposition of penal sanctions on a
Spanish vesse1and its master) in an area of the high seas beyond the limit
of its exclusive economic zone, or whether Canada was justified in exer-
cisingfisheriesjurisdiction in that area, on the ground of its honestly held

belief that the conservation of certain fish stocks was urgently required as
a result of the fishery conservationrisis in the Northwest Atlantic-
irrespective of the NAFO Convention, which neither provides for the
unilateral adoption by coastal States of fishery regulations intended to
apply in the RegulatoryArea, nor entrusts coastal States with the enforce-
ment of such regulations in that area of the high seas.

111.EXCLUSIO NROM THE COURT'S JURISDICTIO OF "DISPUTES ARISING
OUT OF OR CONCERNING CONSERVATIO AND MANAGEMEN MTEASURES
TAKEN BY CANADA"

8. Pursuant to the Court's Order of 2 May 1995,the sole question to
be decided by the Court at the present stage of the case is whether the
dispute, as definedbove, falls within the purview of the clause whereby
Canada declared its acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction on 10 May
1994, or whether Canada is exempted from the Court's jurisdiction by
virtue of paragraph2 (d) of that declaration.

1agree totally with the following statements by the Court with regard
to the interpretation of the reservation attached to Canada's declaration

"[ilt is for each State, in formulating its declaration, to decide upon

the limits it places upon its acceptance of the jurisdiction of the
Court . . Conditions or reservations [attached to the declaration]
...operate to define the parameters of the State's acceptance of the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court. There is thus no reason to
interpret them restrictively" (Judgment, para. 44);
"thereis no reason to interpret such a reservation restrictively"
(ibid., para. 45);

"[tlhe Court will thus interpret the relevant words of a declaration
including a reservationcontained therein in a natural and reasonable
way, having due regard to the intention of the State concerned at the
time when it accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court"
(ibid., para. 49)

"what is required in the first place for a reservation to a declaration COMPÉTENCE PÊCHERIES (OP.IND.ODA) 478

du droit international en prétendant avoirjuridiction en matière de pêche
et en exerçant cettejuridiction (c'est-à-dire en édictant un règlement sur
les pêcheriesexcluant notamment les bateaux de pêchebattant pavillon
espagnol, en faisant appliquer ce règlementpar les autorités canadiennes
et en imposant des sanctions pénales à un navire espagnolet à son capi-
taine) dans une partie de la haute mer situéeau-delà des limites de sa
zone économiqueexclusive, ou si le Canada pouvait à bon droit exercer
sa juridiction en matière de pêchedans cette zone, au motif qu'il était
sincèrementconvaincu de la nécessité urgente de prendre des mesures de
conservation de certains stocks de poissons par suite de la crise de la

conservation des ressources halieutiquesdans l'Atlantique du Nord-Ouest
- et ce indépendammentde la convention OPANO, qui ne prévoitpas
l'adoption unilatérale par les Etats côtiers de règlements en matière de
pêcheapplicables dans la zone de réglementation, et qui ne confèrepas
aux Etats côtiersla facultéde faire appliquer de tels règlementsdans cette
zone de la haute mer.

III. EXCLUSIO NE LA COMPÉTENCE DE LA COUR DES ((DIFFÉRENDS
AUXQUELS POURRAIENT DONNER LIEU LES MESURES DE GESTION
ET DE CONSERVATION ADOPTÉES PAR LE CANADA))

8. Conformément à l'ordonnance de la Cour en date du 2 mai 1995,la
seule question sur laquelle la Cour doit se prononcer dans la phase
actuelle de la procédure est celle de savoir si le différend,tel que défini

ci-dessus, relèvede la clause par laquelle le Canada a déclaré,le 10mai
1994,accepter lajuridiction de la Cour, ou si leCanada échappe àlajuri-
dictionde la Cour en vertu de l'alinéa d)du paragraphe 2 de ladite décla-
ration.
Je souscris entièrement aux observations ci-après de la Cour concer-
nant l'interprétation de la réservecontenue dans la déclaration cana-
dienne :

«[il1appartient à chaque Etat, lorsqu'il formule sa déclaration, de
décider des limitesqu'ilassigneà son acceptation de lajuridiction de
la Cour ...Les conditions ou réserves[dont est assortie la déclara-
tion]...servent...à déterminer l'étendue de l'acceptationpar 1'Etat
de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour; il n'existedonc aucune rai-
son d'en donner une interprétation restrictive))(arrêt, par.44);

«il n'y a..pas de raison d'interpréter une telle réserve defaçon res-
trictive (ibid., par. 4;)
«[l]aCour interprète donc les termes pertinents d'une déclaration, y
compris lesréservesqui y figurent,d'une manièrenaturelle et raison-
nable, en tenant dûment compte de l'intention de 1'Etatconcerné à
l'époque où ce dernier a accepté la juridiction obligatoire de la
Cour » (ibid., par. 4;)

((s'agissant d'une réservà une déclaration faite en vertu du para- made under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, is that it should

be interpreted in a manner compatible with the effect sought by the
reserving State" (Judgrnent, para. 52);
"declarations of acceptance of itsjurisdiction must be interpreted in
a manner which is in harmony with the "natural and reasonable"
way of reading the text, having due regard to the intention of the
declarant" (ibid., para. 76);

"[ilt follows that this dispute cornes within the terms of the reserva-
tion contained in paragraph 2 (d) of the Canadian declaration of
10May 1994" (ibid., para. 87).

1wonder if the Court needed to add anything to what it said above.

9. It goes without saying that, for the sake of judicial certainty, the

interpretation given by the declarant State to the scope of its acceptance
of the Court's jurisdiction cannot be adjusted to suit the circumstances,
but must be fixed so as to cover any case that may arise. The fact that
Canada made its declaration containing the reservation set out in para-
graph 2 (d) only a fewdays prior to enacting the amendments to its fish-
eries legislation clearly indicates the true intention of Canada in respect
of those amendments and of any dispute which might arise as a result of
their implementation.

10. It is clear, given the basic principle that the Court's jurisdictionis
based on the consent of sovereign States, that a declaration to accept the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2, of
the Statute, and any reservations attached thereto, must, because of the
declaration's unilateral character, be interpreted not only in a natural
way and in context, but also with particular regard for the intention of

the declarant State. Any interpretation of a respondent State's declara-
tion against the intention of that State will contradict the very nature of
the Court's jurisdiction, because the declaration is an instrument drafted
unilaterally.

There may wellbe occasions when a respondent State seeksto interpret
restrictively the scope of an applicant State's acceptance of the Court's
jurisdiction, especially if one considers that a respondent State's obliga-
tion to comply with the Court's jurisdiction greatly depends on the scope
of the applicant State's acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction (cf. Ar-
ticle 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute), but this is, of course, not the situa-
tion in the present case.
11. Once Canada had excluded from the Court's jurisdiction certain
disputes - namely, "disputes arising out of and concerningconservation
and management measures" - the meaning of the reservation should, as

1 have explained above, be interpreted according to the intention of
Canada. 1am at a loss to understand why the Court should have felt it graphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut, cequi est exigéen tout premier lieu
est qu'elle soit interprétée d'une manière compatibleavec l'effet

recherchépar 1'Etatqui en est l'auteur)) (arrêt,par. 52);
«les déclarations d'acceptation de sa juridiction doivent être inter-
prétées enharmonie avec la manière ((naturelleet raisonnable)) de
lire le texte, eu égard l'intention du déclarant))(ibid., par. 76);

«[il1s'ensuit que ce différendentre dans les prévisions dela réserve
contenue àl'alinéad) du paragraphe 2 de la déclaration canadienne
en date du 10mai 1994))(ibid., par. 87).

Je me demande si la Cour avait besoin d'ajouter quoi que ce soit à ce
qui précède.
9. Il va sans dire que dans un souci de sécuritjuridique, l'interpréta-
tion donnéepar 1'Etatdéclarant dela portéede son acceptationde lajuri-

diction de la Cour ne saurait êtremodifiéeen fonction des circonstances,
mais qu'elle doit être déterminéd ee façon à couvrir toute situation sus-
ceptible de se présenter. Le fait que le Canada a fait la déclaration
comportant la réserve énoncée à l'alinéad) du paragraphe 2 quelques
jours seulement avant de promulguer les amendements à sa législation
sur les pêchesindique clairement quelles étaientses intentions véritables
en ce qui concerne ces amendements ainsi que tout litige auquel pouvait
donner lieu leur application.
10. Il est clair, eu égardau principe fondamental selon lequel la com-
pétencede la Cour repose sur le consentement d'Etats souverains,qu'une
déclaration d'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour faite en
vertu du paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut, ainsi que toute réserve
l'accompagnant, doivent, en raison du caractère unilatéralde la déclara-

tion, être interprétées nonseulement de manière naturelle et dans leur
contexte, mais aussi en tenant compte en particulier de l'intention de
1'Etat déclarant. Toute interprétation de la déclaration donnée par un
Etat défendeurallant à l'encontre de l'intention de 1'Etatdéclarant serait
contraire à la nature mêmede la compétence de la Cour, puisque la
déclarationest un acte rédigéunilatéralement.
Il peut certes se présenter des cas où un Etat défendeurcherchera à
interpréter de manière restrictive la portée de l'acceptation de la juridic-
tion de la Cour par un Etat demandeur, d'autant plus que l'obligation
pour 1'Etatdéfendeurde se soumettre à lajuridiction de la Cour dépend
en grande partie de la portée de l'acceptation par 1'Etatdemandeur de la
juridiction de la Cour (cf. art.6,par. 2 du Statut). Mais la situation est
évidemmenttoute autre en l'espèce.

11. Dès lors que le Canada a exclu certains différends de la com-
pétence de la Cour - à savoir «les différends auxquels pourraient
donner lieu les mesures de gestion et de conservation)) -, cette réserve
doit, ainsi que je l'ai exposé plushaut, être interprétée conformément à
l'intention du Canada. Je me demande vraiment pourquoi la Cour a crunecessary to devote so much time to its interpretation of the wording of

that reservation.
In particular,1do not understand why the Court should have wished
to consider whether the expression "conservation and management meas-
ures" in Canada's reservation 2 (d) ought to be interpreted according to
an allegedly established and normative concept of "conservation and
management measures". 1feelparticularly that paragraph 70 of the Judg-
ment has been drafted under a misunderstanding of the subject, namely
the law of the sea.
The first sentence of paragraph 70 makes no senseto me and 1have no
idea whether there is such a rule or concept in international law. 1assume
that this paragraph was included in the Court's Judgment in order to pay
lip-service to some of my colleagues who dissent from the Judgment and
who hold the view that the exercise of jurisdiction on the high seas does
not fa11within the bounds of "conservation and management measures".

Their viewis perfectly correct, but the matter is quite irrelevant and does
not need to be mentioned in the Judgment. In my view, the references in
the Judgrnent to certain international treaties or national legislation are
quite meaningless and may even be misleading.

12. "Conservation" of marine living resources is a general concept of
marine science which has been widely used since the time that the deple-
tion of certain resources in certain areas began to be noticed due to the
over-exploitation of those resources. In fact, as the need for international
CO-operationfor "conservation7'has long been recognized, certain inter-
national agreements were concluded even in the earlier part of this cen-
tury (for example, the 1911Convention for the Protection and Preserva-
tion of Fur Seals and Sea Otters in the North Pacific Ocean; the 1923
International Convention for the Preservation of the Halibut Fisheries of
the Northern PacificOcean; the 1930Convention for Protection of Sock-

eye Salmon Fisheries, etc.).

The Proclamation on "Policy of the United States with respect to
Coastal Fisheries in Certain Areas of the High Seas" made by President
Truman of the United States of America in September 1945,immediately
after the end of the war, is regarded as far-sighted, in that it drew the
world's attentionto the pressing need for the conservation and protection
of fishery resources, particularly in offshoreareas (see S.Oda, The Intev-
national Law of the OceanDevelopment, Vol. 1,p. 342). Over the follow-
ing years, a number of international conventions - both multilateral and
bilateral- covering the conservation of certain marine living resources
were concluded (1itemize,just as examples, some of the treaties made at
that time: the 1946Convention for the Regulation of Whaling; the 1949
International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (the pre-

decessor of the NAFO Convention); the 1949Convention for the Estab-
lishment of an Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission; the 1952
International Convention for the High SeasFisheries of the North Pacific COMPÉTENCE PÊCHERIES (OP.IND. ODA) 480

devoir consacrer tant de temps à l'interprétation des termes de cette
réserve.
En particulier, je ne vois pas pour quelle raison la Cour a jugébon de
se demander si l'expression((mesuresde conservation et de gestion))figu-
rant à l'alinéad) du paragraphe 2 de la réservecanadienne devait être
interprétée à l'aune d'une présuméenotion reconnue et normative de
«mesures de conservation et de gestion)). J'estime en particulier que le
libellédu paragraphe 70 de l'arrêt dénote une méconnaissancede la ques-
tion, c'est-à-dire du droit de la mer.
La première phrase du paragraphe 70 ne signifie rien à mes yeux et

j'ignore totalement s'il existe une telle règleou notion en droit interna-
tional. Je suppose que ce paragraphe a été inclusdans l'arrêt de la Cour
pour apaiser à bon compte certains de mes collèguesqui sont en désac-
cord avec l'arrêt etqui estimentque le fait d'exercerune juridiction sur la
haute mer ne peut êtrequalifiéde «mesures de conservation et de ges-
tion)). Ils ont parfaitement raison, mais c'est là une question qui n'a
aucune pertinence et qu'il n'était pasnécessaired'évoquer dans l'arrêtA .
mon avis, se référer commeil est fait dans l'arrêt à certains traités inter-
nationaux ou à certaines législationsnationales est tout à fait inutile,
voire mêmesource de confusion.
12. La «conservation» des ressources biologiques marines est une

notion générale utiliséd eans les sciences de la mer; on y fait largement
appel depuis que l'on a commencé à constater que certaines ressources
s'éûuisaientdans telles ou telles zones en raison de la surexûloitation de
ces ressources. Au demeurant, la nécessitéde la coopération internatio-
nale en vue de la «conservation» est reconnue depuis longtemps, et cer-
tains accords internationaux ont étéconclus dèsle débutdu siècle(par
exemple, la Conventionfor the Protection and Preservation of Fur Seuls
and Sea Otters in the North Pacijic Ocean de 1911 ; la convention inter-
nationale de 1923 pour la préservation des pêcheriesde flétan dans
l'océan Pacifiquedu Nord; la convention de 1930 envue de la protection
de la pêchedu saumon sockeye, etc.).

En septembre 1945,immédiatement après la fin de la guerre, le prési-
dent des Etats-Unis d'Amérique,M. Truman, a fait une proclamation sur
la ((politique des Etats-Unis en matière de pêchecôtière dans certaines
zones de la haute mer»: on considère qu'il a ainsi fait preuve de clair-
voyance en attirant l'attention du monde sur le fait que la conservationet
la protection des ressources halieutiques était une nécessiturgente, par-
ticulièrementdans l'espacemaritime adjacent aux eaux territoriales (voir
S. Oda, The International Law of the Ocean Development, vol. 1,p. 342).
Dans les années qui ont suivi, plusieurs conventions internationales -
tant multilatérales aue bilatérales- traitant de la conservation de cer-
taines ressources biologiques marines ont vu le jour (je citerai, simple-

ment à titre d'exemple,quelques traitésconclus àcetteépoque :la conven-
tion de 1946pour la réglementationdela chasse àla baleine;laconvention
internationale de 1949pour les pêcheriesde l'Atlantique Nord-Ouest (à
laquelle la convention OPANO a fait suite); la convention de 1949rela-Ocean; the 1957 Interim Convention on Conservation of North Pacific
Fur Seals; the 1959North-East Atlantic Fisheries Convention; and, the
1966International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas).
The measures for conservation adopted in each case Vary according to
the treaty in which they appear and were enforced through the national
legislation of the individual States parties to each treaty.

The International Technical Conference on the Conservation of the
Living Resources of the Sea was convened by the United Nations in
Rome in 1955,and that was the first worldwide conference to produce a
report dealing with the issues of conservation of marine resources. That
Conference did not provide for any particular measures for any particu-
lar stocks or in any particular region (see S. Oda, The International Law
of the OceanDevelopment, Vol. 1,p. 356).
13. The "conservation" of marine living resources was thus not a new

concept and the object of conserving those resources had already been
implemented in various measures and regulations at international and
national levelsaccording to the particular situation - namely, fish stocks
and regions. Once measures for conserving marine resources were agreed
upon internationally, they were then implemented through the national
legislation applicable to the nationals of each individual State.

Another point should be noted, namely that fisheries regulations were
adopted not only for the purpose of "conservation" but were also taken
as part of the chain of "management" measures adopted by each State in

pursuance of their respective national economic or social policies. Par-
ticularly when "conservation" could no longer be effected only through
regulations limiting the mesh-size of fishing nets and the fixing of fishing
seasons or fishingareas (which regulations wereimposed in equalmanner
upon the nationals of the States parties), it became necessary to fix the
total allowable catch of specificstocks in particular regions. Thus, "con-
servation" issues turned to the more political question of the "manage-
ment" - namely, allocation and distribution - of marine resources.

In addition, the number of States who attempted - under the pretext
of conservation of resources - to secure marine resources in their off-
shore areas and to exclude foreign fishing vessels from those areas
increased. In this respect, it is important to take note of the concept of
maritime sovereignty strongly advanced in the 1950s by some Latin
AmericanStates (see,for example, the 1952SantiagoDeclaration adopted
at the Conference on the Exploration and Conservation of the Marine
Resources of the South Pacific, in S. Oda, The International Law of the

Ocean Development, Vol. 1,p. 345). In this process there occurred, on a COMPÉTENCE PÊCHERIES (OP.IND.ODA) 481

tive à la création d'unecommission interaméricainedu thon tropical; la
conventioninternationale de 1952concernant lespêcherieshauturièresde
l'océan PacifiqueNord; la convention intérimairede 1957sur la conser-

vation des phoques à fourrure du Pacifique Nord; la convention de 1959
sur les pêcheriesde l'Atlantique du Nord-Est; la convention internatio-
nale de 1966pour la conservation du thon de l'Atlantique). Les mesures
de conservation adoptées varient dans chaque cas selon l'instrument où
elles figurent et leur exécutionétaitassuréepar le biais de la législation
nationale de chacun des Etats ~arties aux différentsinstruments.
La conférencetechnique internationale sur la conservation des res-
sourcesbiologiquesmarines a été organisépear lesNations Unies à Rome
en 1955 ; ce fut la première conférencemondiale à avoir produit un rap-
port traitant de la conservation des ressources de la mer. Cette conférence

ne déboucha sur aucunemesure spécifiqueconcernant tels ou tels stocks
ou telle ou telle région (voirS. Oda, the International Law of the Ocean
Development, vol. 1,p. 356).
13. La ((conservation»des ressources biologiquesmarines n'était donc
pas une notion nouvelle et le souci de préservercesressources s'étaitdéjà
traduit par diverses mesures et réglementationsmises en place aux éche-
lons national et international compte tenu de chaque situation - c'est-
à-dire en fonction des espècesde poissons et des régions considéréeU s.ne
fois les mesures de conservation des ressources marines arrêtées surle
plan international, elles étaient appliquéesau moyen de la législation

interne applicable aux ressortissants de chacun des Etats.
Un autre point à noter est lefait que les réglementationsen matière de
pêcheont été adoptées nonseulement à des fins de «conservation», mais
aussi en tant qu'ellesfaisaient partie d'un train de mesures de «gestion»
adoptéespar les Etats conformément,au niveau national, à leurs poli-
tiques économique ou sociale respectives. En particulier, lorsqu'il appa-
rut que la «conservation» ne pouvait plus êtreassurée ense contentant
d'appliquer des règlementsqui limitaient la taille des mailles des filets de
pêche,imposaient des dates pour les campagnes de pêcheou délimitaient

les zones de pêche(règlementsappliqués de manière identique aux res-
sortissants des Etats parties), il s'avéranécessairede fixerlemontant total
autorisé des prises de différentesespècesdans différentes régions. Dès
lors, les questions de «conservation» englobèrent des problèmes plus
politiquesde «gestion» - c'est-à-diretouchant l'attribution et la réparti-
tion - des ressources marines.
En outre, le nombre d7Etats qui prétendaient - sous prétexte de
conservation des ressources - s'approprier les ressources marines des
zones de la haute mer adjacentes à leurs eaux territoriales et exclure les
navires de pêcheétrangersdeceszones,allait croissant. A cet égard, ilest

im~ortant de se référer à la notion de souveraineté maritime défendue
avic forcedans lesannéescinquantepar certains Etats d'Amérique latine
(voir par exemple la déclarationde Santiago de 1952adoptée à la confé-
rence sur l'exploration et la conservation des ressources marines du Paci-
fique Sud, dans S. Oda, The International Law of the Ocean Develop-number of occasions, incidents involving the arrest of foreign fishingves-
sels on the high seas, namely, beyond the area that falls under the
national jurisdiction of coastal States (see S. Oda, "New Trends in the
Regime of the Sea - A Consideration of the Problems of Conservation
and Distribution of Marine Resources, 1 and II", Zeitschrijt fur Aus-
landisches offentliches Recht und Volkerrecht, Bd. 18 (1957-1958);and,
S. Oda, International Control of Sea Resources, Leiden, 1962).

14. In these circumstances, marine living resources had become a mat-
ter of great concern to the international community and to the United

Nations. At the First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
convened in Geneva in 1958,the Convention on Fishing and Conserva-
tion of the Living Resources of the High Seaswas adopted to provide for
"the right [of al1States]to engage in fishingon the high seas, subject .. .
to the provisions . ..concerning conservation of the living resources of
the high seas" and "the duty [ofal1States]to adopt, or to CO-operatewith
other States in adopting, such measures for their respective nationals as
may be necessary for the conservation of the living resources of the high
seas" (Art. 1).

In the 1970s, by which time the monopoly of coastal fisheries far
beyond the limit of the territorial sea had become more or less a general
practice, the concept of the exclusiveeconomic zone, to justify the exclu-
sive control of coastal fisheries,was emerging. Bearing in mind that the

fisheries regulations in offshore areas could no longer be a matter of
exclusiveconcern to each coastal State, the Third United Nations Con-
ference on the Law of the Sea, convened over the period 1973to 1982,
produced in 1982at Montego Bay the United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea. That Convention provides, on the one hand, for the duty
of each coastal State to "determine the allowable catch of the living
resources in its exclusiveeconomic zone" (Art. 61, para. 1) and for the
obligation of each coastal State to "promote the objective of optimum
utilization of the living resources in the exclusive economic zone"
(Art. 62,para. l), and, on the other hand with regard to high seasfishing,
contains certain provisions concerning "conservation and management
of the living resources of the high seas" (Part VII, Sec.2). However, that
Convention certainly does not seek to define "conservation and manage-
ment measures".

In 1995at United Nations Headquarters in New York, the so-called
Straddling Fish Stocks Convention was agreed upon to implement the
provisions of the 1982Law of the Sea Convention relating to the conser-
vation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory
fish stocks inorder to ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable
use of these stocks - which stocks, of course, have no awareness of the
artificial boundary of the exclusiveeconomic zone.

15. It is important to note that the 1958, 1982 and 1995 United COMPÉTENCE PÊCHERIES (OP.IND.ODA) 482

ment, vol. 1,p. 345). C'estalors que seproduisirent en plusieurs occasions
des incidents à l'occasion desquels des bateaux de pêcheétrangers furent
arraisonnés en haute mer, c'est-à-dire au-delà de la zone relevant de la
juridiction nationale des Etats côtiers (voir S. Oda, "New Trends in the
Regime of the Sea - A Consideration of the Problems of Conservation
and Distribution of Marine Resources, 1and II", Zeitschrift für Auslan-
disches 0ffentliches Recht und Volkerrecht, Bd. 18 (1957-1958); et S.
Oda, International Control of Sea Resources, Leyde, 1962).
14. Dans ces conditions, les ressources biologiques marines étaient

devenues un grave sujet de préoccupation pour la communauté interna-
tionale et pour les Nations Unies. Lors de la première conférence des
Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer qui se tint à Genève en 1958, la
convention sur la pêcheet la conservation des ressources biologiques de
la haute mer fut adoptéeafin de consacrer «le droit [de tous les Etats] de
pêcheren haute mer, sous réserve ...des dispositions ...relatives à la
conservation des ressources biologiques de la haute mer», ainsi que «le
devoir [de tous les Etats] d'adopter, ou de coopéreravec d'autres Etats
pour adopter, toutes mesures intéressant leurs propres ressortissants sus-
ceptibles d'êtrenécessairespour préserverles ressources biologiques de la
haute mer» (art. 1).

Dans les annéessoixante-dix, l'exercice d'un monopole sur la pêche
côtièrebien au-delà des limites de la mer territoriale s'étant plus ou moins
généralisé l,idéed'instaurer une zone économique exclusive pour consa-
crer la maîtrise exclusive des pêchescôtièresfit son chemin. Consciente
que la réglementationde la pêchedans les zones de la haute mer proches
des eauxterritoriales ne pouvait plus être duseulressort des Etats côtiers,
la troisième conférencedes Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer, qui
siégeaentre 1973et 1982,adopta en 1982, à Montego Bay, la convention
des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer. Cette convention dispose d'une
part qu'ilincombe aux Etats côtiers de «fixer la quantité autoriséede res-
sources biologiques susceptibles d'êtreprises dans leur zone économique
exclusive» (art. 61, par. l), chaque Etat côtier étant tenu de «favoriser

l'objectif d'une exploitation optimale des ressources biologiques dans sa
zone économique exclusive» (art. 62, par. l), et comporte d'autre part,
s'agissant de la pêche enhaute mer, certainesdispositionsconcernant «la
conservation et la gestion des ressources biologiques de la haute mer»
(septièmepartie, sect. 2). Mais cette convention ne cherche en aucun cas
à définirce que sont les ((mesuresde conservation et de gestion)).
En 1995,la convention dite sur les stocks chevauchants a étéconclue
au Siègedes Nations Unies àNew York en vue de donner effet aux dis-
positions de la convention de 1982 sur le droit de la mer relatives à la
conservation et à la gestion des stocks de poissons chevauchants et des
stocks de poissons grands migrateurs, afin d'assurer la préservation à

long terme et l'exploitation durable de ces poissons- lesquels, bien évi-
demment, n'ont cure de la frontière artificielle délimitantla zone écono-
mique exclusive.
15. Il est important de noter que les conventionsde 1958,1982et 1995Nations Conventions covering marine living resources do not directly
impose any concrete "measures" for conservation of anyparticular stocks
or "management" of any particular fishing activities. Rather, each State
party is obliged to adopt through its own national legislationvarious
appropriate measures for the "conservation" of resources, designed to
apply to fishing vessels, whether national or foreign, in its own area of

the exclusiveeconomiczone, and is also obliged to reach agreementwith
other States for joint measures of conservation on the highs.It should
be noted that there exists no fixed or concrete concept of "conservation
and management measures".

16. It appears to me from the manner in which the Court referred in
paragraph 70of the Judgment to certain international treaties or national
legislation, selectedat random, that it has misunderstood the true nature
of these instruments and has not dealt with the development of the law of
the sea in a proper manner.

It is clear to me that Canada, having reserved from the Court'suris-
diction any "disputes arising out of or concerningconservation and man-
agement measures", had in mind - in a very broad sense and without
restriction and showing great common sense - any dispute which might
arise following the enactment and enforcement of legislation concerning
fishing, either for therpose of conservation of stocks or for manage-
ment of fisheries (allocation of the catch), in its offshore areas, whether
within its exclusiveeconomic zone or outside it.

IV. THEQUESTION OF ADMISSIBILI ATYD THE NECESSIT YF PRIOR
DIPLOMATN ICEGOTIATIONS

17. In so far as the Court now determines that it cannot entertain the
Application submitted by Spain against Canada, there remains nothing
more to discuss. However, 1would like to add a comment on one aspect
relating to the admissibility of the present case.
No diplomatic negotiations took place between Spain and Canada
with regard to the enactment in 1994 and 1995 of Canada's national

legislation or its amendment. Immediately after the Estai incident on
9 March 1995,there was an exchange of Notes Verbales between Spain
and Canada (as reproduced in the Annexes to the Application and
referred to in the Judgment, paragraph 20). This could have meant that
there existed a "legal" dispute concerningthestai incident between the
two States. There was, however, no further diplomatic negotiation
between the two countries over the boarding, seizure, detention, etc., of
the Estai and the domesticjudicial proceedings againstits master. Spain's
Application was suddenly submitted to the Court on 28 March 1995,
without any prior notice or discussion. COMPÉTENCE PÊCHERIES (OP.IND.ODA) 483

relatives aux ressources biologiques de la haute mer n'imposent directe-
ment aucune «mesure» concrète pour la conservation de tel ou tel stock
ou la «gestion» de telle ou telle activité depêche.C'est à chaque Etat

partie qu'il incombe de prendre, dans le cadre de sa législationinterne,
diverses mesures pertinentes en vue d'assurer la «conservation» des res-
sources, mesures applicablesà leurspropres bateaux de pêche commeaux
navires étrangers danssa zone économiqueexclusive;chaque Etat partie
est aussi tenu de convenir avec les autres Etats de mesures conjointes de
conservation en haute mer. On observeraqu'il n'existepas de conception
bien arrêtéeou concrètede ce que sont les((mesuresde conservationet de
gestionB.
16. Sij'en juge par la façon dont la Cour se réfère,au paragraphe 70
de son arrêt,à divers instruments internationaux ou législationsinternes

choisis au hasard, il me semble qu'elle méconnaît la véritablenature de
ces textes et qu'ellen'a pas traité correctementla question du développe-
ment du droit de la mer.
Il m'apparaît clair que le Canada, ayant formuléune réservetouchant la
compétence dela Cour en ce qui concerne tous les ((différendsauxquels
pourraient donner lieu desmesuresde conservation et de gestion)),avaità
l'espri- dans un sens très large, sans restrictionet en faisant preuve de
beaucoup de bon sens - tout différendqui pouvait résulterde la promul-
gation et de l'application d'unelégislationconcernant la pêchedans les
espacesmaritimes adjacents à ses côtes, aussi bieà l'intérieur desa zone

économiqueexclusive qu'au-delà de celle-ci, que ce soit aux fins de la
conservationdes stocksou dela gestiondes pêcherie(sallocationdesprises).

IV. QUESTION DE LA RECEVABILITÉ ET NÉCESSITÉ DE TENIR
DES NÉGOCIATIONS DIPLOMATIQUES PRÉALABLES

17. Dans la mesure où la Cour déclarequ'elle ne peut accueillir la
requêteprésentée par l'Espagne à l'encontre du Canada, le débatest clos.

Toutefois, je souhaiterais faire une observation au sujet d'un aspect pré-
cis de la recevabilitéde ladite requête.
Il n'y a pas eu de négociations diplomatiques entre l'Espagne et le
Canada à propos de la promulgation, en 1994et 1995,de la législation
canadienne et de l'amendement à celle-ci.Immédiatementaprèsl'incident
de l'Estai, le 9 mars 1995,un échange denotes verbales a eu lieu entre
l'Espagne et le Canada (celles-cisont reproduites dans les annexes a la
requête, etévoquées au paragraphe 20 de l'arrêt).Cela aurait pu dénoter
l'existenced'un litige d'ordre «juridique» entre les deux Etatà propos
de l'incident del'Estai. Or il n'y a plus eu aucun échangediplomatique

entre les deux pays au sujet de l'arraisonnement, de la saisie,de la confis-
cation, etc., de l'Estai et de la procédure judiciaire interne engagée
l'encontre de son capitaine. La requêtede l'Espagne a soudainement été
présentée àla Cour le 28mars 1995,en l'absence detoute notification ou
discussion préalable. 18. It should be noted that, after Spain had filedits Application in the
Registry of the Court, negotiations between the European Union and
Canada came to a successful conclusion, with the initialling on 16 April
1995and signature on 20 April 1995ofthe "Agreement constituted in the
form of an Agreed Minute, an Exchange of Letters, an Exchange of
Notes and the Annexes thereto between the European Community and
Canada on fisheriesin the Context of the NAFO Convention" (see Judg-
ment, para. 21).

In parallel with this, on 18 April 1995, the proceedings in Canada
against the Estai and its master were discontinued; on 19April 1995the
bond was discharged and the bail repaid with interest; subsequentlythe
confiscated portion of the catch was returned; and, on 1 May 1995,
Canada's interna1legislation was amended so as to satisfy the position of
Spain (see Judgment, para. 22). The proposals for improving fisheries
control and enforcement contained in the Agreement of 20 April 1995
were adopted by NAFO at its annual meeting held in September 1995
and became measures binding al1 Contracting Parties with effect from
29 November 1995 (ibid. ) .

19. 1am not suggesting that the dispute became moot or that the sub-
missions lost their object, and 1fully agree with the Court when it States
that the Court "is not required to determine proprio motu ...whether or
not the Court would have to find [the dispute] moot" (Judgment,

para. 88). 1would, however, like to suggest that, prior to the submission
of the dispute existing on 28 March 1995,not only were diplomatic nego-
tiations not exhausted but they had not even begun, and that the dispute
could have been solved if negotiations between Spain and Canada had
taken place. The result of Canada's acts to remedy the situation, as
explained above, indicatejust that.
20. It is arguable whether a "legal" dispute may be submitted unilat-
erally to the Court only after diplomaticnegotiations between the disput-
ing parties have been exhausted, or at least initiated, but 1 shall refrain
from entering into that discussion. However, 1 submit that it could have
been questioned, even at this jurisdictional stage - separately from the
issue of whether the Court had jurisdiction to entertain Spain's Applica-
tion - whether Spain's Application of 28 March 1995in the present case
was really admissible to the Court at all.

21. 1have no doubt that Canada believed that it had a legitimateright
to adopt and enforce certain fisherieslegislation, but that it also believed,
in the light of the development of the law of the sea, that that right may
belong to the area of lex ferenda and, in this belief, Canada wished to
avoid any judicial determination by the International Court of Justice. COMPÉTENCE PÊCHERIES (OP.IND.ODA) 484

18. Il y a lieu de noter qu'après que l'Espagne ait présentésa requête
au Greffede la Cour, les négociationsengagéesentre l'Union européenne
et le Canada ont trouvé une conclusion satisfaisante, et qu'un ((accord
entre la Communauté européenne et le Canada sur les pêchesdans le
contexte de la convention OPANO, constitué sous forme d'un compte
rendu concertéet ses annexes, d'un échangede lettres et d'un échange de
notes» a été paraphé le 16avril 1995et signéle 20 avril 1995(voir arrêt,

par. 21).
Parallèlement à ces événements,le 18 avril 1995, les poursuites enga-
géesau Canada contre l'Estai et son capitaine ont été abandonnées;
le 19 avril 1995,la garantie a étérendue et la caution remboursée avec
intérêt; parla suite, la partie des captures qui avait étéconfisquéea été
restituée;enfin,lele'mai 1995,la législationinternecanadienne a étémo-
difiéeconformément à ce que demandait l'Espagne (voir arrêt, par.22).
Les propositions d'amélioration des mesures de contrôle de la pêcheet de
leur application, contenues dans l'accord du 20 avril 1995,ont étéadop-
téespar 1'OPANO à sa réunionannuelle de septembre 1995et sont deve-
nues des mesures exécutoires pour toutes les Parties contractantes à

compter du 29 novembre 1995 (ibid.).
19. Je ne veux pas dire que le différendn'a plus lieu d'êtreni que les
arguments présentéssont désormais sans objet, et je suis entièrement en
accord avec la Cour lorsque celle-ciaffirme qu'elle «n'a paà rechercher
d'office..si elle aurait dû on non prononcer le non-lieu))(arrêt,par. 88).
Mais je voudrais faire valoir que lorsque le litige a étésoumis la Cour
le 28 mars 1995,non seulement les négociationsdiplomatiques n'étaient
pas achevées, maiselles n'avaient pas mêmecommencé,et que le diffé-
rend aurait pu êtrerésolupar voie de négociationsentre l'Espagne et le
Canada. L'effet des mesures prises par le Canada pour remédier à la
situation, que j'ai évoquées pluhaut, en témoigne.
20. On pourrait discuter de la question de savoir si un différend

d'ordre «juridique» ne peut être soumis unilatéralement à la Cour
qu'après que des négociations diplomatiques entre les parties au litige
aient échouéou aient au moins étéengagées, mais je m'abstiendrai
d'ouvrir ce débat. Toutefois, je ferai observer que mêmelors de cette
phase portant sur la compétence,il aurait été possiblde se demander -
indépendamment de la question de la compétencede la Cour en l'espèce
- si la requêteprésentéepar l'Espagne le 28 mars 1995était vraiment et
en tout état de cause recevable.

21. Il ne fait pas de douteà mes yeux que le Canada s'estimait légiti-
mement en droit d'adopter et d'appliquer une certaine législation en
matière de pêcheries, maisqu'il pensait aussi, la lumièredu développe-
ment du droit de la mer, que ce droit relevait peut-êtrede la lexerenda
et qu'il étaitpar conséquent souhaitable d'évitertout examen judiciaireConversely, Spain also was perfectly entitled to believe that any amend-
ment by Canada of its fisherieslegislation so as to make it applicable to
Spanish vessels,hus excludingthem from fishing for certain stocksin an
area of the high seas, was not permitted under international law as it
stands at present.

In conclusion,1should like to Saythat 1appreciatethe goodwill shown
by Canada in the actions taken by it in May 1995(after the Esta inci-
dent), as a result of which the practical difficultiesbetween the two States
were resolved.

(SignedS )higeru ODA.de la part de la Cour internationale de Justice. Quanà l'Espagne, elle
était elle aussi parfaitement fondéà considérer de son côté que tout
amendement àla législationcanadienne en matièrede pêcheriestendanà
rendre celle-ciapplicableaux navires espagnols,de telle sorte que ceux-ci
ne puissent pas pêchercertains stocks de poissons dans une zone de la
haute mer, était contraire au droit international en son étatactuel.
En conclusion, je tiens relever la bonne volontédont a fait preuve le
Canada lorsque, en mai 1995(après l'incident de l'Estai), il a pris des

mesures qui ont permis de résoudreles difficultéspratiques qui avaient
surgi entre les deux Etats.

(SignéS )higeru ODA.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Oda

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