Separate opinion of Judge Koroma

Document Number
102-20011023-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
102-20011023-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KOROMA

Doiiht ubo~if Court's interpretationof'"clc~c~i.sioinn" Article 62 to irrc.luc/~>
"reasoning". S1ic.hhrou(1crintcrprctcition nluy prclvcnt Cour,fio/per:firrning
jzidiciul filnctioti \vit11respclc,tto pur~icruse h<fii.rit- No cornpc~lling
reuson to trciopf)vider intcrpt.rtution (?/'Art62.e

1. Although 1 have voted in favour of the Judgment, 1 cannot, how-
ever, express unqualified adherence to some of the positions taken in the

Judgment.
2. Article 59 of the Statute of the Court notwithstanding, under
Article 62 of the Statute a State may seek to intervene in a matter
before the Court if it considers that it has a legal interest which may be
affected by the decision of the Court in a case before it. The raison d'être
for a State so seeking to intervene under Article 62 is to ensure that its

interest will not be affected or jeopardized by the decision of the Court
in the disnute before it.
3. However, in construing "decision" in relation to "interest of a legal
nature" in Article 62 of the Statute, the Court stated in paragraph 47 of
the Judgment that "[tlhe word 'decision' in the English version of this

provision could be read in a narrower or a broader sense". The Court
adopted the broader reading stating that:

"the French version clearly has a broader meaning. Given that a
broader reading is the one which would be consistent with both lan-
guage versions and bearing in mind that this Article of the Statute of

the Court was originally drafted in French, the Court concludes that
this is the interpretation to be given to this provision. Accordingly,
the interest of a legal nature to be shown by a State seeking to inter-
vene under Article 62 is not limited to the dispositif'alone of a judg-
ment."

Also in paragraph 60 of the Judgment, the Court stated that: "In order
to make concrete its submission that it has an interest of a legal nature

which might be harmed by the reasorzingof the Court in the forthcoming
Judgment as to sovereignty . . ." (emphasis added).

4. With respect, 1am afraid that what is at stake is more than just the
rendition of the provision in one language or another; the matter is more
one of substance, or at least more complex. From my perspective, even if

the Court's reading is not wrong, it is however not free from doubts ordifficulties, which may prevent the Court from carrying out its function
of declaring the law in adjudicating a concrete dispute by giving due con-
sideration to the issues before it, or may constrain it from giving inter-

pretation to a legal instrument related to a concrete dispute before it for
fear that such determination will come to haunt it in a prospective or
future dispute yet to be submitted to it. 1do not think the Court should
impose such burdens or constraints on itself asto prevent it from making
a proper determination or judgment of the issues involved in a case
before it. As it is the function of the Court to declare the law in a specijïc

dispute before it, it should not be deterred from so doing for fear that it
might be asked to interpret the same instrument in another dispute that
might be brought before it, when the facts and circumstances of that
other dispute might be different. In the Contitzentul Shrlf (Lihyun Arub
JurnuhiriyulMc~ltu) case, where Italy had sought to intervene, the Court

stated as follows in rejecting the Italian Application:

"the rights claimed by Italy would be safeguarded by Article 59 of

the Statute . . . the principles und rules oj'it~ternutionulluit)found by
the Court to be upplicuble, . . untl tlzr indicutions givrn by tl7rCourt
us to tllrir upplicution in pructicv, cut~nothr relieclon bj~the Prrrties

there can be no doubt that the Court will, in its future judgment in
the case, take account, as a fact, of the existence of other States
having claims in the region ... The futurejudgment will not merely
be limited in its effects by Article 59 of the Statute: it ~ill he
esprrssrd upon its ,filce, to hr ivitlzout pr6.judic.rto the righ2.rund

tirlrs of'rhirdStutrs."(Applicution for Permission to Intervcnc, Juclg-
ment, I.C.J. report.^1984,pp. 26-27, paras. 42-43; emphasis added.)
Accordingly, every case should be judged on its merits, in the light of the

facts and the applicable law. If the judgment (operative clauses) and the
applicable principles and rules relied on in a case are limited by Article 59
to the parties to the dispute and will not affect third States, neither
should the reasoning supportive of that judgment affect them. The justi-
fication (reasoning) of the Court's decision. which may be considered
obitu dict(r,should not be put on the same level as the Court's finding or

directive (operative clauses).
5. Furthermore, it should be observed that the scope of the Court's
decision is defined by the claims or submissions of the parties before it,
and the decision of the Court constitutes an embodiment of its findings in
response to the submissions made by parties in a particular case. In the
case of an intervention. the would-be intervening State has to define its

"interests of a legal nature" and the "object" of that legal nature has to
be indicated in order for the Court to be in a position to judge whether
the intervention is admissible. It is then for the Court to decide whether
or not an application for permission to intervene discloses an interest ofa legal nature which might be affected by a decision in the case. It there-
fore stands to reason that the procedure envisaged under Article 62 is
intended to enable a State with a legal interest that may be affected by a
decision of the Court to be allowed to intervene in a dispute before the
Court, in order to preserve its interest. Here too, whether an application

to intervene succeeds or not, the decision in that particular case cannot
be considered resjudicata for a State which was not a party to the dis-
pute before the Court, and nor should the reasoning underlying the deci-
sion.
6. It is equally important that the fact of permission to intervene being
granted or not should not prevent the Court from making a proper deter-

mination of the submissions in a specific case before it. The Court's full
interpretation or appreciation of the legal issues or instruments involved
in a matter before it should not be constrained by virtue of the fact that
it will be called upon to decide a similar case in the future involving dif-
ferent parties. While it is a postulate that the decision of the Court must
be supported by its reasoning, of more immediate and major concern to
a third State is how the Court's "operative decision" in a case before it

may impact on its interests. This is not to Saythat the Court's reasoning
should be of no interest or relevance to that State, but to interpret a
"decision" as including "reasoning" might somehow stymie the Court in
the performance of itsjudicial function in a particular case and place too
onerous a burden on States by requiring them to be extra vigilant for fear
of what the Court's reasoning might be in a particular case. As noted

earlier, the Court has stated that where a third State has an interest, not
even its judgment has an c~gcrornnes effect (Continentul Shrlf' (Lihyun
Aruh Jun~ahiriyulMultu), Applic.atiorzfi)r Pcrnlission to Intervene, Judg-
nzent. 1.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 26-27, paras. 42-43). It should also
be noted that additional protection for third parties is provided by
Article 59 of the Statute of the Court, under which a decision of the
Court "has no binding force except between the parties and in respect

of that particular case". Article 62. in my considered opinion, should
therefore not be interpreted in such a way that it could lead to con-
ceptual confusion or prevent the Court from properly discharging its
judicial function in a case before it.

(Signed) Abdul G. KOROMA.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KOROMA

Doiiht ubo~if Court's interpretationof'"clc~c~i.sioinn" Article 62 to irrc.luc/~>
"reasoning". S1ic.hhrou(1crintcrprctcition nluy prclvcnt Cour,fio/per:firrning
jzidiciul filnctioti \vit11respclc,tto pur~icruse h<fii.rit- No cornpc~lling
reuson to trciopf)vider intcrpt.rtution (?/'Art62.e

1. Although 1 have voted in favour of the Judgment, 1 cannot, how-
ever, express unqualified adherence to some of the positions taken in the

Judgment.
2. Article 59 of the Statute of the Court notwithstanding, under
Article 62 of the Statute a State may seek to intervene in a matter
before the Court if it considers that it has a legal interest which may be
affected by the decision of the Court in a case before it. The raison d'être
for a State so seeking to intervene under Article 62 is to ensure that its

interest will not be affected or jeopardized by the decision of the Court
in the disnute before it.
3. However, in construing "decision" in relation to "interest of a legal
nature" in Article 62 of the Statute, the Court stated in paragraph 47 of
the Judgment that "[tlhe word 'decision' in the English version of this

provision could be read in a narrower or a broader sense". The Court
adopted the broader reading stating that:

"the French version clearly has a broader meaning. Given that a
broader reading is the one which would be consistent with both lan-
guage versions and bearing in mind that this Article of the Statute of

the Court was originally drafted in French, the Court concludes that
this is the interpretation to be given to this provision. Accordingly,
the interest of a legal nature to be shown by a State seeking to inter-
vene under Article 62 is not limited to the dispositif'alone of a judg-
ment."

Also in paragraph 60 of the Judgment, the Court stated that: "In order
to make concrete its submission that it has an interest of a legal nature

which might be harmed by the reasorzingof the Court in the forthcoming
Judgment as to sovereignty . . ." (emphasis added).

4. With respect, 1am afraid that what is at stake is more than just the
rendition of the provision in one language or another; the matter is more
one of substance, or at least more complex. From my perspective, even if

the Court's reading is not wrong, it is however not free from doubts or OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. KOROMA

Doufes sur I'interprktation donnie par ka Cour du ferme «decision» de I'ar-
ticle 62 cornnie comprenant 1e.s«motif:s». Une interprétation aussi hrge de
cr terme peut emp6cher lu Cour d'c.ueicrr sufonction judiciaire en l'espè-e
II n'existe aucune raison in1pkrativc d'adopter une interprktation large de I'ur-
ticle 62.

1. Bien que j'aii: voté en faveur de l'arrêt,je ne puis adhérer sans
réserve iicertaines des positions qu'il exprime.

2. L'article 62 du Statut de la Cour permet à un Etat de chercher à

intervenir dans une instance dont la Cour est saisie s'ilestime que, malgré
les dispositions de l'article9, un intérêtd'ordre juridique est pour lui en
cause. La raison d'ktre de l'intervention ouverte par l'article 62est de per-
mettre à un Etat qui la demande de veiller a ce que ses intérêts nesoient
pas affectésou conlpromis par la décisionde la Cour.

3. Cependant, examinant le sens du terme «d~cisiorzu par rapport à
l'expression «intérê,dt'ordre juridique)) à l'article 62 du Statut, la Cour a
indiqué, au paragraphe 47 de l'arrêt,que «[l]e terme «decision» dans la
version anglaise de cette disposition pourrait être interprétédans un sens
étroit ou dans un sens large)). La Cour a optépour l'interprétation large,
en s'appuyant sur le raisonnement suivant:

«il est clair qut: la version française a un sens plus large. Etant donné

que I'interprétation la plus large est celle qui est compatible avec les
deux versions linguistiques et compte tenu du fait que le texte origi-
nal de cet article du Statut de la Cour a étérédigé enfrançais, la
Cour conclut que c'est cette interprétation qu'il y a lieu de retenir
pour cette disposition. En conséquence, l'intérêtd'ordre juridique
qu'un Etat cherchant à intervenir en vertu de l'article 62 doit démon-

trer n'est pas limitéau seul dispositif d'un arrêt.))
On lit, en outre, au paragraphe 60 de I'arrêt:«Afin d'étayer l'affirmation

selon laquelle elles auraient un intérêdt 'ordre juridique susceptible d'être
mis en cause par le rwisonnement de la Cour dans I'arrêtque celle-ci est
appelée à rendre concernant la souveraineté...)) (Les italiques sont de
moi.)
4. En toute déférence,je crains qu'il ne s'agisse, sinon d'une question
de fond, du moins d'une question plus complexe qui dépassede loin celle

de la simple formulation d'une disposition dans une langue ou dans
l'autre. Mêmesi I'interprétation de la Cour n'est pas erronée, elle n'est adifficulties, which may prevent the Court from carrying out its function
of declaring the law in adjudicating a concrete dispute by giving due con-
sideration to the issues before it, or may constrain it from giving inter-

pretation to a legal instrument related to a concrete dispute before it for
fear that such determination will come to haunt it in a prospective or
future dispute yet to be submitted to it. 1do not think the Court should
impose such burdens or constraints on itself asto prevent it from making
a proper determination or judgment of the issues involved in a case
before it. As it is the function of the Court to declare the law in a specijïc

dispute before it, it should not be deterred from so doing for fear that it
might be asked to interpret the same instrument in another dispute that
might be brought before it, when the facts and circumstances of that
other dispute might be different. In the Contitzentul Shrlf (Lihyun Arub
JurnuhiriyulMc~ltu) case, where Italy had sought to intervene, the Court

stated as follows in rejecting the Italian Application:

"the rights claimed by Italy would be safeguarded by Article 59 of

the Statute . . . the principles und rules oj'it~ternutionulluit)found by
the Court to be upplicuble, . . untl tlzr indicutions givrn by tl7rCourt
us to tllrir upplicution in pructicv, cut~nothr relieclon bj~the Prrrties

there can be no doubt that the Court will, in its future judgment in
the case, take account, as a fact, of the existence of other States
having claims in the region ... The futurejudgment will not merely
be limited in its effects by Article 59 of the Statute: it ~ill he
esprrssrd upon its ,filce, to hr ivitlzout pr6.judic.rto the righ2.rund

tirlrs of'rhirdStutrs."(Applicution for Permission to Intervcnc, Juclg-
ment, I.C.J. report.^1984,pp. 26-27, paras. 42-43; emphasis added.)
Accordingly, every case should be judged on its merits, in the light of the

facts and the applicable law. If the judgment (operative clauses) and the
applicable principles and rules relied on in a case are limited by Article 59
to the parties to the dispute and will not affect third States, neither
should the reasoning supportive of that judgment affect them. The justi-
fication (reasoning) of the Court's decision. which may be considered
obitu dict(r,should not be put on the same level as the Court's finding or

directive (operative clauses).
5. Furthermore, it should be observed that the scope of the Court's
decision is defined by the claims or submissions of the parties before it,
and the decision of the Court constitutes an embodiment of its findings in
response to the submissions made by parties in a particular case. In the
case of an intervention. the would-be intervening State has to define its

"interests of a legal nature" and the "object" of that legal nature has to
be indicated in order for the Court to be in a position to judge whether
the intervention is admissible. It is then for the Court to decide whether
or not an application for permission to intervene discloses an interest ofmon sens pas exempte de doutes ou de difficultésqui pourraient l'empê-
cher d'exercer sa fonction,qui est de dire le droit en statuant sur un litige
concret après avoir dûment examinéles questions dont elle est saisie, ou
qui pourraient faire obstacle à sa libertéd'interpréter un instrument juri-

dique concernant un litige particulier dont elle aurait à connaître, de
crainte que son interprétation ne vienne la gênerlorsd'un différendfutur,
éventuelou prévisible. Selon moi, la Cour ne doit pas s'imposer de far-
deau ou d'entrave qui puisse lui interdire de se prononcer ou de statuer
comme elle le doit sur les questions soulevéespar une affaire dont elle est
saisie. La Cour ayant pour tâche de dire le droit dans une instance pur-

tic'ulicre,qui lui est soumise, elle ne doit pas en êtreempêchéepar la
crainte d'êtreinvitée à interpréter le mêmeinstrument dans une autre
espècedont elle poilrrait avoir à connaître et dont les circonstances pour-
raient êtredifférentes. Dans l'affaire du Pluteuu continental (Jumuhiriyu
uruhe lih~enr~e/Multe), où l'Italie avait cherché à intervenir, la Cour a

rejetéla requêtede l'ltalie dans les termes suivants:
«les droits revendiqués par I'ltalie seraient sauvegardés par I'ar-
ticle 59 du Statut..[Llesprincipes et règlesde droit international que

la Cour aura estimés applicables ..., et les indications qu'elle aura
données quant à leur application pratique, ne pourront pas être
invoqués par les Parties à l'encontre de tout autre Etat.

[Ill ne fait pas de doute que, dans son arrêt futur, la Cour tiendra

compte, comrrie d'un fait, de l'existence d'autres Etatsayant des pré-
tentions dans la région ...L'arrêtfutur ne sera pas seulement limité
dans ses effets par l'article 59 du Statut; il seru e.xprirnésans pr+-
dice tkesdroits et titres d'Etuts tiers» (RequGte ù,fin d'intervention.
arrêt, C.1.J. Recueil 1984. p. 26 et 27, par. 42 et 43; les italiques sont
de moi.)

En conséquence, chaque affaire doit êtrejugéeau fond, à la lumière des
faits et du droit applicable. Si l'arrêt(dans son dispositif) et les principes
et normes mis en a:uvre dans une affaire sont limitéspar l'article 59 aux

Parties au litige et ne concernent pas les Etats tiers, il en va de mêmedu
raisonnement qui a servi à étayercet arrêt.Les motifs (ou raisonnement)
de la décisionde la Cour, qui peuvent êtreconsidéréscomme ohiter dictu,
ne doivent pas être:mis sur le mêmeplan que les conclusions ou injonc-
tions de la Cour (qui figurent dans le dispositif).
5. Il convient en outre de faire observer que la portéede la décisionde

la Cour est définiepar les demandes ou conclusions qui lui sont soumises
par les Parties et que cette décision représente l'ensemble de ce que la
Cour a pu déduire des conclusions exposéespar les Parties. Dans le cas
d'une requêteà fin d'intervention, 1'Etat cherchant à intervenir doit défi-
nir son (<intérêdt'ordre juridique)), et l'«objet» relevant de cet ordre juri-
dique doit êtreindiqué pour que la Cour soit en mesure de juger de la

recevabilitéde l'intervention. Il incombe ensuite à la Courde décidersi la
requêteà fin d'intervention révèle bien unintérêtd'ordre juridique quia legal nature which might be affected by a decision in the case. It there-
fore stands to reason that the procedure envisaged under Article 62 is
intended to enable a State with a legal interest that may be affected by a
decision of the Court to be allowed to intervene in a dispute before the
Court, in order to preserve its interest. Here too, whether an application

to intervene succeeds or not, the decision in that particular case cannot
be considered resjudicata for a State which was not a party to the dis-
pute before the Court, and nor should the reasoning underlying the deci-
sion.
6. It is equally important that the fact of permission to intervene being
granted or not should not prevent the Court from making a proper deter-

mination of the submissions in a specific case before it. The Court's full
interpretation or appreciation of the legal issues or instruments involved
in a matter before it should not be constrained by virtue of the fact that
it will be called upon to decide a similar case in the future involving dif-
ferent parties. While it is a postulate that the decision of the Court must
be supported by its reasoning, of more immediate and major concern to
a third State is how the Court's "operative decision" in a case before it

may impact on its interests. This is not to Saythat the Court's reasoning
should be of no interest or relevance to that State, but to interpret a
"decision" as including "reasoning" might somehow stymie the Court in
the performance of itsjudicial function in a particular case and place too
onerous a burden on States by requiring them to be extra vigilant for fear
of what the Court's reasoning might be in a particular case. As noted

earlier, the Court has stated that where a third State has an interest, not
even its judgment has an c~gcrornnes effect (Continentul Shrlf' (Lihyun
Aruh Jun~ahiriyulMultu), Applic.atiorzfi)r Pcrnlission to Intervene, Judg-
nzent. 1.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 26-27, paras. 42-43). It should also
be noted that additional protection for third parties is provided by
Article 59 of the Statute of the Court, under which a decision of the
Court "has no binding force except between the parties and in respect

of that particular case". Article 62. in my considered opinion, should
therefore not be interpreted in such a way that it could lead to con-
ceptual confusion or prevent the Court from properly discharging its
judicial function in a case before it.

(Signed) Abdul G. KOROMA. PULAU LIGITAN ET PULAU SIPADAN (OP. IND. KOROMA) 624

pourrait être affectépar la dkci.rionen l'espèce.Il est donc parfaitement
logique de considérer la procédure prévueà l'article 62 comme ayant
pour but de permettre à un Etat dont l'intérêjturidique risque d'être
affectépar une dckision de la Cour d'intervenir dans un différend dont
celle-ci est saisie, afin de protéger son intérêt. Celaétant, qu'une requête

à fin d'intervention soit admise ou non, la décisionrendue dans l'affaire
ne peut êtreconsidiSréecomme revêtant l'autoritéde la chose jugéepour
un Etat qui n'était.pas partie au différend porté devant la Cour, pas
davantage que le raisonnement étayant cette décision.
6. Il n'est pas rrioiiis important de rappeler que le fait que la Cour
accorde ou non la permission d'intervenir ne doit pas l'empêcherde sta-

tuer avec la rigueur voulue sur les conclusions qui lui sont présentées. La
liberté qui est la sienne d'interpréter ou d'apprécier dans tous leurs
aspects les qiiestionis ou instruments juridiques en cause ne doit pas être
entravée par la per:spective d'avoir ultérieurement à connaître d'une ins-
tance similaire opposant d'autres Etats. S'il est vrai que la décisionde la
Cour doit nécessairement êtreétayéepar des motifs, ce qui intéresse

davantage et de fa1;on plus immédiate un Etat tiers est l'incidence que
peut avoir sur ses icitérêtlse dispositif de la décision.Cela ne veut pas dire
que cet Etat ne doive pas s'intéresserau raisonnement de la Cour ou se
sentir concerné par lui. mais interpréter le terme cctleci.sion»comme
englobant le «raisonnement» risque d'une certaine manière de faire ob-
staclea l'exercice de la fonction judiciaire de la Cour dans une espèceet
d'alourdir indûment la tâche des Etats. qui devraient alors faire montre

d'une vigilance extrêmeà l'égarddu raisonnement de la Cour dans telle
ou telle affaire. Ainsi que je l'ai rappelé plus haut, la Cour a dit que
lorsque l'intérêtd'un Etat tiers est en cause, son arrêt mêmene serait
pas opposable crgu ornnes(Pluteau continrntul (Jurnulliriyuu~.ubelibyenne1
Malte), rc.yuCtr irfin d'intervention, urrCt, C.IJ. Recuc)il 1984, p. 26
et 27,par. 42 et 43). Ilconvient également de noter que les tiers bénéfi-

cient d'une protection supplémentaire apportée par l'article59 du Statut
de la Cour, lequel dispose que la décisionde la Cour ((n'est obligatoire
que pour les parties en litige et dans le cas qui a été décidé).'est pour-
quoi j'estime, après mûre réflexion,que l'article 62 ne devrait pas être
interprétéd'une manière qui puisse brouiller les concepts ou empêcherla
Cour d'exercer pleinement sa fonction judiciaire dans une affaire dont

elle aà connaître.

(Signk) Abdul G. KOROMA.

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Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge Koroma

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