Joint dissenting opinion of Judges Ranjeva, Shi and Koroma

Document Number
091-20070226-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
091-20070226-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

266

JOINT DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGES RANJEVA, SHI
AND KOROMA

Serious misgivings about Judgment’s application of res judicata of 1996 Judg-
ment on Preliminary Objections to include by “necessary implication” jurisdic-
tion ratione personae — Membership in the United Nations as a criterion for

access to the Court under Article 35 of the Statute and for entitlement to
become a party to the Genocide Convention under Article XI — Jurisdiction
ratione personae a matter of constitutional and statutory requirements —
Article 56 of the Statute: requirement that the Court state the legal principles
on which it bases its findings — Scope and effect of res judicata derived from
relevant provisions of the Statute and by reference to Parties’ submissions in the
same case — Duty to reply to Parties’ submissions and to abstain from deciding
more — Ability of the Court to satisfy itself of its own jurisdiction proprio
motu unaffected — Issue of Parties’ access not raised, considered, or decided in
1996 Judgment — Court’s consideration of FRY’s proclamation of 27 April
1992 — Estoppel and res judicata distinguished — Article 35 of the Statute and
the conditions by which the Court shall be open — Article 41 of the Rules of
Court — Court’s 2004 Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Bel-
gium) Judgment not res judicata for the present case — If Serbia and Monte-
negro was not a United Nations Member in 1999, then it must not have been

a Member when the Application in this case was filed — Court’s finding in Legal-
ity of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegrov. Belgium) Judgment that Geno-
cide Convention did not contain any of “the special provisions contained in
treaties in force” under Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Statute — Court should
always face jurisdictional challenges — Jurisdictional findings made in 1996
Judgment addressed to Serbia and Montenegro whereas res judicata effect in
present Judgment applied only to Serbia.

1. In the Judgment the Court affirms its jurisdiction ratione personae
based on the res judicata effect of the 1996 Judgment on Preliminary

Objections and finds, by “necessary implication”, that: (1) [the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY, Serbia and Montenegro and now Serbia)]
“was bound by the provisions of the Genocide Convention on the date of
the filing of the Application”, and (2) “on the basis of Article IX of the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Geno-

cide, [the Court] has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute”.
2. We view these findings by “necessary implication” with serious mis-
givings, both in terms of the Statute of the Court and under international
law, and hereby express our joint opinion. In doing so, we would like to
point out that our position is purely a legal one, not involving any politi-

227267 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS. OP.)

cal or moral judgment in respect of the merits of the case. However, we

hold firmly to the view that the Judgment, seeking to justify the Court’s
affirmation of its jurisdiction on the basis of res judicata, largely sidesteps
two central and related questions which are before the Court and which
have a bearing on the existence or non-existence of its jurisdiction at the
time the Application was filed in this case: namely, whether or not Serbia

and Montenegro (the Respondent) was a United Nations Member and,
secondly, whether the Respondent was a party to and/or bound by the
Genocide Convention. Under the Charter of the United Nations and the
Statute of the Court, membership of the United Nations is one of the
ways in which a State is granted access to the Court, and by which the

Court, pursuant to Article 35 of its Statute, can exercise jurisdiction
ratione personae of that State. Membership of the United Nations also
entitles a State to become a party to the Genocide Convention pursuant
to Article XI thereof.

3. For the Court to affirm its jurisdiction ratione personae based on
res judicata, it must take into consideration the relevant provisions of the
Statute as well as the Parties’ submissions to the Court. In our judgment,
the Court’s reliance in this case on res judicata to determine whether the
Respondent had access to the Court at the time the Application was filed

is untenable as a matter of law. In this regard, we would recall that
whether a party has access to the Court is a matter of both constitutional
and statutory requirements, whereas jurisdiction is based on consent.
Moreover, in relying on res judicata as a basis of its jurisdiction ratione
personae, the Judgment implies that the issue of access was considered

and decided, but the issue of access was not even addressed, let alone
decided, in either the reasoning or the dispositif of the 1996 Judgment.
The issue was neither raised at any time by any of the Parties to the pro-
ceedings nor discussed directly or indirectly in the text of the 1996 Judg-
ment. In other words, the Court cannot refuse in its Judgment to address

this constitutional and statutory requirement, which is one of the sub-
stantive submissions of the Parties at this stage, by making a finding
based on res judicata because res judicata cannot extend to an issue
which has not been considered, let alone decided, by the Court. Simply
put, res judicata applies to a matter that has been adjudicated and

decided. A matter that the Court has not decided cannot be qualified as
res judicata. There is nothing in the 1996 Judgment indicating that the
Court had definitively ruled on that issue in such a way as to confer upon
it the authority of res judicata. An issue is not precluded by the doctrine
of res judicata just because the Court says it is. The question before the

Court is simply a factual one: judicially ascertaining whether the issue is
the same as one earlier decided. When the Court makes such a crucial
finding, it must set out its reasons; as Article 56 of the Statute of the
Court requires, “[t[he judgment shall state the reasons on which it is
based”. This provision requires the Court to state the legal principles on

which it bases a finding, and how it understood and applied the relevant
principles and provisions of the law. The 1996 Judgment states neither

228268 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS. OP.)

the legal principles on which the issue of access was decided nor how

those principles were applied.

4. As is to be recalled, the jurisprudence of the Court shows that it has
always treated res judicata in the context of its Statute and the submis-

sions of the parties. It applies where there is an identity of parties, iden-
tity of cause, and identity of subject-matter in between the earlier and
subsequent proceedings in the same case. Res judicata is not an absolute
principle and does not preclude raising an issue which may be proper in
the circumstances of the case. In other words, and according to doctrine

and jurisprudence, jurisdictional matters can be taken up at any time.
Moreover, a party may advance a legally distinct claim arising from the
same facts without being barred by res judicata. In other words, a State
can make a claim on one legal basis and this does not deprive it of the

right to assert another claim on a separate legal basis. The question will
then arise whether the issue raised by the latter claim was finally deter-
mined by the earlier decision.

5. It is thus the issues presented by the parties themselves that estab-
lish the operative parameters of the judgment and,

“[i]n the last analysis the scope of the res judicata can only be deter-
mined by reference to the pleadings in general, and to the parties’
submissions in particular” (Shabtai Rosenne, The Law and Practice
of the International Court , 1920-2005, Vol. 3, p. 1603).

In this connection, the Court, explaining in the Request for Interpretation
of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case what it had

actually decided in its Judgment of 20 November 1950, observed that the
question of how asylum was terminated was not raised or decided in the
Judgment and that no res judicata effect was therefore possible on this
issue. This was so, the Court remarked, because,

“it is the duty of the Court not only to reply to the questions as
stated in the final submissions of the parties, but also to abstain from

deciding points not included in those submissions” (I.C.J. Reports
1950, p. 402).

6. Of course, this does not affect the ability of the Court to satisfy
itself of its own jurisdiction proprio motu (Appeal Relating to the Juris-
diction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1972, p. 52, para. 13). However, we hold the view that the Court
had not done so in its 1996 Judgment, which is confirmed in its Judgment

on the Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium)
where it was stated that,

229269 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS. OP.)

“in its Judgment on Preliminary Objections of 11 July 1996 . . . [t]he

question of the status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in rela-
tion to Article 35 of the Statute was not raised and the Court saw no
reason to examine it” (I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 311, para. 82).

It does therefore now seem not only wholly inconsistent but even a denial
of the Court’s own “juridical fact” to now reach the conclusion in the
present Judgment that, as a matter of “logical construction” and as an
element of the reasoning which can and must be read into the 1996 Judg-
ment, the FRY had the capacity to appear before the Court in accord-

ance with the Statute. In our opinion, the scope and effect of res judicata
for purposes of jurisdiction ratione personae must be determined by
reference to the law of the case itself: in this case, whether the Parties
had access to the Court and whether the requirements of the United

Nations Charter and the Statute of the Court for a Party to appear
before the Court were met.

7. On the issue of access, the Court observes in the Judgment that
“neither party raised the matter before the Court” because, it is asserted,

Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Applicant, would not have wanted to con-
tend that the FRY was not a party to the Statute, thereby, perhaps, deny-
ing the Court jurisdiction ratione personae, while the FRY would not
have wanted to undermine or abandon its claim, at the time, to be the
continuator State of the SFRY (para. 106). And, as the Court later con-

firmed in its Judgment in the case concerning Legality of Use of Force
(Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium), the Court in 1996, “did not com-
mit itself to a definitive position on the issue of the legal status of the Fed-
eral Republic of Yugoslavia in relation to the Charter and the Statute”
(I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 309, para. 74; emphasis added) and, as “[t]he

question of the status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in relation
to Article 35 of the Statute was not raised . . . the Court saw no reason to
examine it” (ibid., p. 311, para. 82).

8. Moreover, it is acknowledged in the present Judgment that the Par-

ties and the Court were aware in 1996 that Serbia’s membership status
of the United Nations and its status as a party to the Genocide Conven-
tion were controversial. The Judgment recalls in paragraph 130 that the
Court had remarked in its 8 April 1993 Order indicating provisional
measures in this case that the solution adopted in the United Nations

regarding the status of the FRY as a Member and continuator State of
the SFRY “[was] not free from legal difficulties” (Application of the Con-
vention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bos-
nia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Provi-
sional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993 ,p .,

para. 18). It further (para. 130) recognizes that there was in fact a dis-
agreement before the Court between the Parties over the FRY’s status as

230270 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS.OP .)

a Member of the United Nations at the time of the filing of the Applica-

tion: Bosnia and Herzegovina, in its Memorial (paras. 4.2.3.11-4.2.3.12),
had contended that the FRY could not automatically continue the
SFRY’s membership of the United Nations, while the FRY had made
clear its view that it was the SFRY’s continuator State (Legality of Use
of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports

2004, p. 299, para. 47). But neither Party actually supported or contested
FRY’s access to the Court until Serbia and Montenegro’s admission to
the United Nations as a new Member in 2000. It is thus obvious that not
all of the elements of jurisdiction ratione personae were actually placed
before and decided by the Court in its 1996 Judgment and, accordingly,

that the res judicata effect of that Judgment for this issue is unsustain-
able, to say the least.

9. As stated earlier, as a matter of principle, a State is not precluded
from legally raising a distinct claim arising from the same facts, where a
separate point falls for decision within the same legal context. And more
fundamentally, once the question of the Court’s jurisdiction has been

raised in regard to specific issues, it is the duty of the Court to take those
issues into account in determining, on the basis of the law, whether it has
been vested with the authority or competence to decide the dispute.

10. The Court confirmed this position in its Judgment on the Legality

of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) when it held that
“the right of a party to appear before the Court” (I.C.J. Reports 2004,
p. 295, para. 36; emphasis added) is a question of statutory requirements
“not a matter of consent” (ibid.). Thus, whether a State has access to the
Court is regulated by the Statute and it is for the Court to determine

whether that State meets the said requirements. In that Judgment the
Court went on to hold that Serbia and Montenegro was not a Member of
the United Nations at the time of the institution of those proceedings in
1999. Accordingly, much attention was focused by the Parties, at the
merits stage of this case, on whether the Court had jurisdiction ratione

personae over the FRY at the time of the institution of the present pro-
ceedings in 1993.

11. The requirements to be met in order for the Court to have jurisdic-
tion ratione personae are set out in Articles 34 and 35 of the Statute.

Article 34 deals with the statehood requirement, while Article 35, para-
graph 1, provides that the Court “shall be open” to States parties to the
Statute which includes, ipso facto, all Members of the United Nations
(Charter, Art. 93, para. 1). Under Article 35, paragraph 2, the conditions
under which the Court “shall be open to other States”, shall, “subject to

the special provisions contained in treaties in force, be laid down by the
Security Council, but in no case shall such conditions place the parties in

231271 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS. OP.)

a position of inequality before the Court.” Thus, the Security Council,

acting pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Statute, in its resolu-
tion 9 of 15 October 1946, set forth provisions by which the Court could
be open to States not parties to the Statute. Resolution 9 provides for the
Court to be open to non-party States that make a declaration accepting
the jurisdiction of the Court under the Charter, the Statute, and the

Rules, undertaking to comply in good faith with the decisions of the
Court, and accepting all the obligations of a Member of the United
Nations under Article 94 of the Charter. Article 41 of the Rules of Court
regulates “[t]he institution of proceedings by a State which is not a party
to the Statute” and provides that “the Court shall decide” “any question

of the validity or effect” of a declaration accepting the jurisdiction of the
Court, in accordance with any such Security Council resolution adopted
pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Statute.

12. The status of the FRY with regard to its United Nations member-
ship from 1992 to 2000 is, therefore, an important consideration from the
standpoint of Article 35 of the Statute. It may be recalled that the ques-
tion of the FRY’s membership status in the light of the actions taken by

the other organs of the Organization was characterized by the Court
itself, in its 1993 Order, as “not free from legal difficulties” (Application
of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Monte-
negro)), Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993 , p. 14, para. 18). The

Court in its 2003 Judgment in the Application for Revision of the Judg-
ment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Conven-
tion on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia
and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v.
Bosnia and Herzegovina) also described the “sui generis” position of the

FRY vis-à-vis the United Nations from 1992 to 2000. In the light of Ser-
bia and Montenegro’s admission as a new Member in 2000, the Court in
2004 revisited in a “prescriptive” way the question of the FRY’s status as
a Member of the United Nations from 1992 to 2000 in its Judgment on
the Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) and

stated as follows:

“the legal position of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia within the

United Nations and vis-à-vis that Organization remained highly
complex during the period 1992-2000. In fact, it is the view of the
Court that the legal situation that obtained within the United Nations
during that eight-year period concerning the status of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, after the break-up of the Socialist Federal

Republic of Yugoslavia, remained ambiguous and open to different
assessments. This was due, inter alia, to the absence of an authori-

232272 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS.OP .)

tative determination by the competent organs of the United Nations

defining clearly the legal status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
vis-à-vis the United Nations .” (I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 305, para. 64;
emphasis added.)

With regard to the admission of the FRY as a Member of the United
Nations, the Court stated as follows:

“it has clarified the thus far amorphous legal situation concerning
the status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia vis-à-vis the United
Nations . . . from the vantage point from which the Court now looks
at the legal situation, and in light of the legal consequences of the

new development since 1 November 2000, the Court is led to the
conclusion that Serbia and Montenegro was not a Member of the
United Nations, and in that capacity a State party to the Statute of
the International Court of Justice, at the time of filing its Applica-
tion to institute the present proceedings before the Court on 29 April

1999” (Ibid., pp. 310-311, para. 79).
The Court then went on to state that it, “can exercise its judicial function

only in respect of those States which have access to it under Article 35 of
the Statute. And only those States which have access to the Court can
confer jurisdiction upon it.” (Ibid., p. 299, para. 46; emphasis added.)

The Court further stated that, it had not committed:

“itself to a definitive position on the issue of the legal status of the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in relation to the Charter and the
Statute in its pronouncements in incidental proceedings, in the cases

involving this issue which came before the Court during this anoma-
lous period” (ibid., p. 309, para. 74; emphasis added).

13. This finding by the Court is obviously not without significance.
It is not res judicata for the present case in the sense contemplated by
Articles 59 and 60 of the Statute of the Court because it was not appli-
cable between the same Parties and in respect of this “particular case”.

But, from both the factual and legal perspectives, it seems quite clear that,
if Serbia and Montenegro was not a Member of the United Nations in
1999, then it must also not have been a Member on 28 March 1993, when
the Application in this case was filed. Accordingly, as the Respondent
was not a Member of the United Nations, it was ineligible for one of the

two methods by which a State may accede to the Genocide Convention
pursuant to its Article XI (the other being upon invitation by the General
Assembly).
14. But in order to reach to the conclusion that it had jurisdiction by
virtue of Article IX of the Genocide Convention, the Court in its 1996

Judgment took note of the FRY’s proclamation of 27 April 1992 that it
“shall strictly abide by all the commitments that the Socialist Federal

233273 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS.OP .)

Republic of Yugoslavia assumed internationally” (Application of the

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections, I.C.J.
Reports 1996 (II), p. 610, para. 17) and observed further that “it has not
been contested that Yugoslavia was party to the Genocide Convention”
(ibid.). Thus, the Court held, “Yugoslavia was bound by the provisions

of the Convention on the date of the filing of the Application in the
present case, namely, on 20 March 1993” (ibid.). The Court would thus
appear to have made its finding on the basis of estoppel rather than res
judicata. In the first place, it is our understanding that the principle of
estoppel is distinguishable, cannot be inferred in all circumstances, and

serves a different function, from that of res judicata on an issue like juris-
diction and cannot replace the latter, nor indeed can it replace the
requirements of the United Nations Charter or the Statute of the Court.

15. We are also constrained to observe that, in affirming its jurisdic-
tion ratione personae based on res judicata, the Court chose not to
address the relevance of Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Statute for the

purposes of its jurisdiction, even though this was one of the Respondent’s
central arguments at this stage. It will be recalled that, in the 1993 Order
indicating provisional measures in this case, the Court considered that:

“proceedings may validly be instituted by a State against a State
which is a party to such a special provision in a treaty in force, [as
indicated in Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Statute] but is not party

to the Statute, and independently of the conditions laid down by the
Security Council in its resolution 9 of 1946” (Application of the Con-
vention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)),
Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993 ,

p. 14, para. 19).

The Court considered that Article IX of the Genocide Convention could
be regarded prima facie as a special provision in a treaty in force within
the meaning of Article 35, paragraph 2. However, following comprehen-
sive consideration of the matter the Court, in its Judgment in the Legality
of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) case, concluded

that “the special provisions contained in treaties in force” (I.C.J. Reports
2004, p. 324, para. 113) to which Article 35, paragraph 2, applies are
those “in force at the date of the entry into force of the new Statute”
(ibid.) — a condition which would exclude the Genocide Convention
(entry into force 12 January 1951).

16. It is against this background that the Court found in its Judgment

234274 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS.OP .)

in the Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) case

that the FRY was not a Member of the United Nations in 1999 and that
the Genocide Convention did not contain any of “the special provisions
contained in treaties in force” (ibid., para. 114).

17. It thus seems to us, notwithstanding Articles 59 and 60 of the Stat-

ute of the Court, that it is inconsistent as well as jurisdictionally unten-
able for the Respondent to be considered to have been a Member of the
United Nations in 1993 or to have otherwise satisfied the requirements of
Article 35 of the Statute. In other words, if at the time the Application
was filed the FRY was neither a Member of the United Nations nor a

party to the Statute, then it lacked access to the Court. Access to the
Court must meet the constitutional and statutory requirements for it to
be valid. We firmly believe that it is fundamental that the Court should
always ensure it has jurisdiction over a case when faced with the chal-

lenge of whether a party has access to it. Faced with such a challenge by
the Respondent in this case, that the Court lacked jurisdiction ratione
personae over it, judicial consistency would have required the Court to
respond as it did in the Legality of Use of Force cases. The Court there
felt bound first and foremost to examine the question whether the Respon-

dent was or was not a party to the Statute of the Court at the time the
proceedings were instituted as it considered the question of access to the
Court of such importance that it constituted an exception from the
general rule that the Court is free to determine which ground to examine
first (Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium),

Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2004 , p. 298, para. 45). It is regrettable that
on this occasion the Court chose to depart from its own jurisprudence.

18. But the Court has not been able to reconcile the judicial inconsis-
tency regarding its finding on res judicata even within this Judgment. In

paragraph 74 of the present Judgment, the Court observes that the facts
and events that constitute the subject-matter of Bosnia and Herzego-
vina’s Application in this case, and the submissions based upon them,
occurred when Serbia and Montenegro was a single State. But for
reasons explained in paragraphs 75 and 76 of the Judgment, the Court

now decides that any findings of law that the Court may make are to be
addressed only to Serbia. On the other hand, the 1996 Judgment on Pre-
liminary Objections, which constitutes the basis of the Court’s findings
on res judicata, was addressed to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
(Serbia and Montenegro). If the Court’s findings are not to be reopened

by subsequent events (para. 120), we find it difficult to reconcile this dic-
tum of the Court with the position of res judicata it has taken on the 1996
Judgment.

19. It is our view that in the Judgment the Court, by relying on res

judicata as a basis for its jurisdiction, did not give the comprehensive
consideration required of the principle which alone would have allowed it

235275 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS.OP .)

to arrive at a legally valid conclusion, and has neglected to deal with one
of the substantive submissions squarely put before it at this juncture,

namely, whether the Respondent had valid access to the Court for the
Court to exercise its jurisdiction in this case.

(Signed) Raymond R ANJEVA .

(Signed) S HIJiuyong.
(Signed) Abdul G. K OROMA .

236

Bilingual Content

266

JOINT DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGES RANJEVA, SHI
AND KOROMA

Serious misgivings about Judgment’s application of res judicata of 1996 Judg-
ment on Preliminary Objections to include by “necessary implication” jurisdic-
tion ratione personae — Membership in the United Nations as a criterion for

access to the Court under Article 35 of the Statute and for entitlement to
become a party to the Genocide Convention under Article XI — Jurisdiction
ratione personae a matter of constitutional and statutory requirements —
Article 56 of the Statute: requirement that the Court state the legal principles
on which it bases its findings — Scope and effect of res judicata derived from
relevant provisions of the Statute and by reference to Parties’ submissions in the
same case — Duty to reply to Parties’ submissions and to abstain from deciding
more — Ability of the Court to satisfy itself of its own jurisdiction proprio
motu unaffected — Issue of Parties’ access not raised, considered, or decided in
1996 Judgment — Court’s consideration of FRY’s proclamation of 27 April
1992 — Estoppel and res judicata distinguished — Article 35 of the Statute and
the conditions by which the Court shall be open — Article 41 of the Rules of
Court — Court’s 2004 Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Bel-
gium) Judgment not res judicata for the present case — If Serbia and Monte-
negro was not a United Nations Member in 1999, then it must not have been

a Member when the Application in this case was filed — Court’s finding in Legal-
ity of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegrov. Belgium) Judgment that Geno-
cide Convention did not contain any of “the special provisions contained in
treaties in force” under Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Statute — Court should
always face jurisdictional challenges — Jurisdictional findings made in 1996
Judgment addressed to Serbia and Montenegro whereas res judicata effect in
present Judgment applied only to Serbia.

1. In the Judgment the Court affirms its jurisdiction ratione personae
based on the res judicata effect of the 1996 Judgment on Preliminary

Objections and finds, by “necessary implication”, that: (1) [the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY, Serbia and Montenegro and now Serbia)]
“was bound by the provisions of the Genocide Convention on the date of
the filing of the Application”, and (2) “on the basis of Article IX of the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Geno-

cide, [the Court] has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute”.
2. We view these findings by “necessary implication” with serious mis-
givings, both in terms of the Statute of the Court and under international
law, and hereby express our joint opinion. In doing so, we would like to
point out that our position is purely a legal one, not involving any politi-

227 266

OPINION DISSIDENTE COMMUNE DE MM. LES JUGES
RANJEVA, SHI ET KOROMA

[Traduction]

Vives préoccupations concernant l’attribution par le présent arrêt de l’auto-
rité de la chose jugée à l’arrêt de 1996 sur les exceptions préliminaires pour
inclure «en toute logique» la compétence ratione personae — Qualité de

Membre de l’Organisation des Nations Unies comme critère d’accès à la Cour en
vertu de l’article 35 du Statut et d’admission en tant que partie à la convention
sur le génocide en vertu de l’article XI — Compétence ratione personae relevant
de dispositions de la Charte et du Statut — Article 56 du Statut: obligation
faite à la Cour d’indiquer les principes juridiques sur lesquels elle fonde ses déci-
sions — Portée et effet de l’autorité de la chose jugée au vu des dispositions
pertinentes du Statut et par référence aux conclusions finales soumises par les
Parties dans la même affaire — Obligation de répondre aux chefs de conclusion
des Parties et de s’abstenir de statuer au-delà — Capacité inchangée de la Cour
à s’assurer d’office de sa propre compétence — Question de l’accès des Parties
ni soulevée, ni examinée, ni tranchée dans l’arrêt de 1996 — Examen par la
Cour de la déclaration de la RFY datée du 27 avril 1992 — Distinction entre
estoppel et autorité de la chose jugée — Article 35 du Statut et conditions
d’accès à la Cour — Article 41 du Règlement de la Cour — Arrêt rendu par la
Cour en 2004 dans l’affaire relative à la Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Serbie-

et-Monténégro c. Belgique) dépourvu de force de chose jugée en l’espèce — Si la
Serbie-et-Monténégro n’était pas membre de l’Organisation des Nations Unies
en 1999, elle ne l’était certainement pas non plus au moment du dépôt de la
requête en l’espèce — Conclusion tirée par la Cour dans l’arrêt rendu en
l’affaire relative à la Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Serbie-et-Monténégro c.
Belgique) selon laquelle la convention sur le génocide ne contenait aucune des
«dispositions particulières des traités en vigueur» mentionnées au paragraphe 2
de l’article 35 du Statut — Obligation faite à la Cour de toujours répondre aux
exceptions d’incompétence — Conclusions sur la compétence énoncées dans
l’arrêt de 1996 visant la Serbie-et-Monténégro, mais effet de l’autorité de la
chose jugée dans le présent arrêt dirigé à l’endroit de la seule Serbie.

1. Dans l’arrêt, la Cour dit qu’elle a compétence ratione personae sur
le fondement de l’autorité de la chose jugée de l’arrêt de 1996 sur les

exceptions préliminaires et juge, «en toute logique», 1) que [la Répu-
blique fédérale de Yougoslavie (la RFY, la Serbie-et-Monténégro et, à
présent, la Serbie)] «était liée par les dispositions de la convention à la
date du dépôt de la requête» et 2) «qu’elle a compétence, sur la base de
l’article IX de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du

crime de génocide, pour statuer sur le différend».
2. Vivement préoccupés, tant au regard du Statut de la Cour qu’au
regard du droit international, par ces conclusions tirées «en toute
logique», nous exprimons ici notre opinion commune. Ce faisant, nous
souhaitons souligner que notre position est de nature strictement juridique

227267 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS. OP.)

cal or moral judgment in respect of the merits of the case. However, we

hold firmly to the view that the Judgment, seeking to justify the Court’s
affirmation of its jurisdiction on the basis of res judicata, largely sidesteps
two central and related questions which are before the Court and which
have a bearing on the existence or non-existence of its jurisdiction at the
time the Application was filed in this case: namely, whether or not Serbia

and Montenegro (the Respondent) was a United Nations Member and,
secondly, whether the Respondent was a party to and/or bound by the
Genocide Convention. Under the Charter of the United Nations and the
Statute of the Court, membership of the United Nations is one of the
ways in which a State is granted access to the Court, and by which the

Court, pursuant to Article 35 of its Statute, can exercise jurisdiction
ratione personae of that State. Membership of the United Nations also
entitles a State to become a party to the Genocide Convention pursuant
to Article XI thereof.

3. For the Court to affirm its jurisdiction ratione personae based on
res judicata, it must take into consideration the relevant provisions of the
Statute as well as the Parties’ submissions to the Court. In our judgment,
the Court’s reliance in this case on res judicata to determine whether the
Respondent had access to the Court at the time the Application was filed

is untenable as a matter of law. In this regard, we would recall that
whether a party has access to the Court is a matter of both constitutional
and statutory requirements, whereas jurisdiction is based on consent.
Moreover, in relying on res judicata as a basis of its jurisdiction ratione
personae, the Judgment implies that the issue of access was considered

and decided, but the issue of access was not even addressed, let alone
decided, in either the reasoning or the dispositif of the 1996 Judgment.
The issue was neither raised at any time by any of the Parties to the pro-
ceedings nor discussed directly or indirectly in the text of the 1996 Judg-
ment. In other words, the Court cannot refuse in its Judgment to address

this constitutional and statutory requirement, which is one of the sub-
stantive submissions of the Parties at this stage, by making a finding
based on res judicata because res judicata cannot extend to an issue
which has not been considered, let alone decided, by the Court. Simply
put, res judicata applies to a matter that has been adjudicated and

decided. A matter that the Court has not decided cannot be qualified as
res judicata. There is nothing in the 1996 Judgment indicating that the
Court had definitively ruled on that issue in such a way as to confer upon
it the authority of res judicata. An issue is not precluded by the doctrine
of res judicata just because the Court says it is. The question before the

Court is simply a factual one: judicially ascertaining whether the issue is
the same as one earlier decided. When the Court makes such a crucial
finding, it must set out its reasons; as Article 56 of the Statute of the
Court requires, “[t[he judgment shall state the reasons on which it is
based”. This provision requires the Court to state the legal principles on

which it bases a finding, and how it understood and applied the relevant
principles and provisions of the law. The 1996 Judgment states neither

228 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP.DISS. COM .) 267

et ne suppose aucun jugement politique ou moral sur le fond de l’affaire.

Nous sommes toutefois convaincus que, en cherchant à asseoir sa compé-
tence sur l’autorité de la chose jugée, la Cour, dans son arrêt, élude lar-
gement deux questions centrales et connexes qui lui ont été soumises et
qui touchent à sa compétence au moment où la requête a été déposée en
l’espèce: premièrement, la Serbie-et-Monténégro (le défendeur) était-elle

alors Membre de l’Organisation des Nations Unies? Et, deuxièmement, le
défendeur était-il partie à la convention sur le génocide ou lié par ses dis-
positions? En vertu de la Charte des Nations Unies et du Statut de la
Cour, la qualité de Membre de l’Organisation est l’une des voies par les-
quelles un Etat peut avoir accès à la Cour et qui permettent à celle-ci

d’exercer, conformément à l’article 35 de son Statut, sa compétenceratione
personae à l’égard de l’Etat en question. La qualité de Membre de l’Orga-
nisation permet également à un Etat de devenir partie à la convention sur
le génocide conformément à l’article XI de celle-ci.

3. Pour pouvoir affirmer qu’elle est compétente ratione personae sur le
fondement de l’autorité de la chose jugée, la Cour doit prendre en compte
les dispositions pertinentes du Statut ainsi que les conclusions finales for-
mulées devant elle par les Parties. Qu’elle s’appuie, en l’espèce, sur
l’autorité de la chose jugée pour déterminer si le défendeur avait accès à

elle au moment du dépôt de la requête nous semble indéfendable sur le
plan juridique. A ce sujet, nous rappelons que la question de savoir si une
partie a accès à la Cour relève de critères normatifs et statutaires, tandis
que la compétence est fondée sur le consentement. En outre, en s’appuyant
sur l’autorité de la chose jugée pour fonder sa compétence ratione perso-

nae, la Cour laisse supposer, dans son arrêt, que la question de l’accès
avait été examinée et tranchée — or, elle n’avait même pas été abordée et
encore moins tranchée, pas plus dans le raisonnement que dans le dispo-
sitif de l’arrêt de 1996. Aucune des Parties à l’instance n’a jamais soulevé
la question et celle-ci n’est examinée nulle part, directement ou indirecte-

ment, dans le texte de l’arrêt de 1996. En d’autres termes, la Cour, dans
son arrêt, ne saurait refuser de se pencher sur la question du critère nor-
matif et statutaire, soulevée par les Parties à ce stade, dans leurs chefs de
conclusion sur le fond et se prononcer en invoquant l’autorité de la chose
jugée, puisque celle-ci ne peut s’étendre à une question que la Cour n’a

pas examinée et encore moins tranchée: seule une question qui a été jugée
peut revêtir l’autorité de la chose jugée. Une question que la Cour n’a pas
tranchée ne peut être qualifiée de chose jugée. Rien dans l’arrêt de 1996
n’indique que la Cour avait définitivement tranché ce point de manière à
lui conférer force de chose jugée. Une question n’est pas écartée par le

principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée pour la seule raison que la Cour le
dit. Celle soumise à la Cour est simplement une question de fait: il s’agit
d’établir judiciairement si la question est la même que celle qui avait été
tranchée auparavant. Lorsque la Cour prend une décision aussi essen-
tielle, elle doit la motiver — c’est là une obligation énoncée à l’article 56

du Statut de la Cour, qui dispose que «[l]’arrêt [doit être] motivé». Cette
disposition oblige la Cour à indiquer les principes juridiques sur lesquels

228268 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS. OP.)

the legal principles on which the issue of access was decided nor how

those principles were applied.

4. As is to be recalled, the jurisprudence of the Court shows that it has
always treated res judicata in the context of its Statute and the submis-

sions of the parties. It applies where there is an identity of parties, iden-
tity of cause, and identity of subject-matter in between the earlier and
subsequent proceedings in the same case. Res judicata is not an absolute
principle and does not preclude raising an issue which may be proper in
the circumstances of the case. In other words, and according to doctrine

and jurisprudence, jurisdictional matters can be taken up at any time.
Moreover, a party may advance a legally distinct claim arising from the
same facts without being barred by res judicata. In other words, a State
can make a claim on one legal basis and this does not deprive it of the

right to assert another claim on a separate legal basis. The question will
then arise whether the issue raised by the latter claim was finally deter-
mined by the earlier decision.

5. It is thus the issues presented by the parties themselves that estab-
lish the operative parameters of the judgment and,

“[i]n the last analysis the scope of the res judicata can only be deter-
mined by reference to the pleadings in general, and to the parties’
submissions in particular” (Shabtai Rosenne, The Law and Practice
of the International Court , 1920-2005, Vol. 3, p. 1603).

In this connection, the Court, explaining in the Request for Interpretation
of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case what it had

actually decided in its Judgment of 20 November 1950, observed that the
question of how asylum was terminated was not raised or decided in the
Judgment and that no res judicata effect was therefore possible on this
issue. This was so, the Court remarked, because,

“it is the duty of the Court not only to reply to the questions as
stated in the final submissions of the parties, but also to abstain from

deciding points not included in those submissions” (I.C.J. Reports
1950, p. 402).

6. Of course, this does not affect the ability of the Court to satisfy
itself of its own jurisdiction proprio motu (Appeal Relating to the Juris-
diction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1972, p. 52, para. 13). However, we hold the view that the Court
had not done so in its 1996 Judgment, which is confirmed in its Judgment

on the Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium)
where it was stated that,

229 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP.DISS. COM .) 268

elle fonde une décision ainsi que la manière dont elle interprète et

applique les principes et les dispositions pertinents du droit. L’arrêt de
1996 n’indique ni les principes juridiques qui ont servi à trancher la
question de l’accès ni la manière dont ils ont été appliqués.
4. Comme nous le rappelle la jurisprudence de la Cour, celle-ci,
chaque fois qu’elle a eu à se pencher sur l’autorité de la chose jugée, l’a

fait à la lumière de son Statut et des conclusions finales des parties. Il y
a autorité de la chose jugée lorsqu’il y a identité des parties, identité de
cause et identité de l’objet du litige entre les différentes phases d’une
même affaire. Le principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée n’est pas un prin-
cipe absolu et les parties peuvent fort bien soulever une question qui

apparaît appropriée dans les circonstances de l’affaire. En d’autres
termes, et conformément à la doctrine et à la jurisprudence, des exceptions
d’incompétence peuvent être soulevées à tout moment. De plus, l’autorité
de la chose jugée n’empêche pas une partie de formuler, à partir de

mêmes faits, une prétention distincte sur le plan juridique. Autrement dit,
un Etat peut présenter une demande sur tel fondement juridique sans se
priver pour autant du droit de soutenir une autre prétention sur tel autre.
Se posera alors la question de savoir si le point soulevé dans cette der-
nière demande a été définitivement tranché dans la décision précédente.

5. Ce sont donc les questions soumises par les parties elles-mêmes qui
établissent les paramètres du dispositif d’un arrêt et,

«[e]n dernière analyse, on ne peut déterminer la portée de l’autorité
de la chose jugée qu’au regard des pièces de procédure en général et
des conclusions finales des parties en particulier» (Shabtai Rosenne,
The Law and Practice of the International Court, 1920-2005 , vol. 3,
p. 1603).

A ce sujet, expliquant dans l’affaire de la Demande d’interprétation de
l’arrêt du 20 novembre 1950 en l’affaire du droit d’asile ce qu’elle avait en

fait décidé dans son arrêt du 20 novembre 1950, la Cour observa que la
question relative à la manière dont l’asile peut prendre fin n’avait été ni
soulevée ni tranchée dans l’arrêt et qu’il ne pouvait donc y avoir force de
chose jugée relativement à cette question. Elle en donna la raison, indi-
quant qu’elle

«a[vait] le devoir de répondre aux demandes des parties telles qu’elles
s’expriment dans leurs conclusions finales, mais aussi celui de s’abs-

tenir de statuer sur des points non compris dans lesdites demandes
ainsi exprimées» (C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 402).

6. Cela n’a bien évidemment aucune incidence sur la capacité de la
Cour à s’assurer d’office de sa propre compétence (Appel concernant la
compétence du Conseil de l’OACI (Inde c. Pakistan), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1972, p. 52, par. 13). Toutefois, nous estimons que ce n’est pas ce qu’a
fait la Cour dans son arrêt de 1996, ce qui est confirmé par celui rendu en

l’affaire relative à la Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Serbie-et-Monténé-
gro c. Belgique), lequel précise:

229269 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS. OP.)

“in its Judgment on Preliminary Objections of 11 July 1996 . . . [t]he

question of the status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in rela-
tion to Article 35 of the Statute was not raised and the Court saw no
reason to examine it” (I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 311, para. 82).

It does therefore now seem not only wholly inconsistent but even a denial
of the Court’s own “juridical fact” to now reach the conclusion in the
present Judgment that, as a matter of “logical construction” and as an
element of the reasoning which can and must be read into the 1996 Judg-
ment, the FRY had the capacity to appear before the Court in accord-

ance with the Statute. In our opinion, the scope and effect of res judicata
for purposes of jurisdiction ratione personae must be determined by
reference to the law of the case itself: in this case, whether the Parties
had access to the Court and whether the requirements of the United

Nations Charter and the Statute of the Court for a Party to appear
before the Court were met.

7. On the issue of access, the Court observes in the Judgment that
“neither party raised the matter before the Court” because, it is asserted,

Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Applicant, would not have wanted to con-
tend that the FRY was not a party to the Statute, thereby, perhaps, deny-
ing the Court jurisdiction ratione personae, while the FRY would not
have wanted to undermine or abandon its claim, at the time, to be the
continuator State of the SFRY (para. 106). And, as the Court later con-

firmed in its Judgment in the case concerning Legality of Use of Force
(Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium), the Court in 1996, “did not com-
mit itself to a definitive position on the issue of the legal status of the Fed-
eral Republic of Yugoslavia in relation to the Charter and the Statute”
(I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 309, para. 74; emphasis added) and, as “[t]he

question of the status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in relation
to Article 35 of the Statute was not raised . . . the Court saw no reason to
examine it” (ibid., p. 311, para. 82).

8. Moreover, it is acknowledged in the present Judgment that the Par-

ties and the Court were aware in 1996 that Serbia’s membership status
of the United Nations and its status as a party to the Genocide Conven-
tion were controversial. The Judgment recalls in paragraph 130 that the
Court had remarked in its 8 April 1993 Order indicating provisional
measures in this case that the solution adopted in the United Nations

regarding the status of the FRY as a Member and continuator State of
the SFRY “[was] not free from legal difficulties” (Application of the Con-
vention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bos-
nia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Provi-
sional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993 ,p .,

para. 18). It further (para. 130) recognizes that there was in fact a dis-
agreement before the Court between the Parties over the FRY’s status as

230 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP.DISS. COM .) 269

«dans l’arrêt qu’elle rendit le 11 juillet 1996 sur les exceptions préli-

minaires, ... [l]a question du statut de la République fédérale de You-
goslavie au regard de l’article 35 du Statut ne fut pas soulevée et la
Cour ne vit aucune raison de procéder à son examen» (C.I.J. Recueil
2004, p. 311, par. 82).

Par conséquent, que la Cour parvienne, en l’espèce, à conclure que, sur le
plan de la «construction logique» et sur la base du raisonnement de
l’arrêt de 1996 tel qu’il peut et doit être interprété, la RFY avait la capa-
cité d’ester devant la Cour conformément au Statut semble à présent être
non seulement tout à fait incompatible avec son propre «fait juridique»

mais même une négation de celui-ci. Nous estimons que la portée et
l’effet de l’autorité de la chose jugée aux fins de la compétence ratione
personae doivent être déterminés par rapport au droit applicable à l’affaire
en question: en l’espèce, il s’agissait de savoir si les Parties avaient accès

à la Cour et si les conditions posées dans la Charte des Nations Unies et
dans le Statut de la Cour pour qu’une partie puisse ester devant cette der-
nière étaient réunies.
7. Concernant la question de l’accès, la Cour fait observer dans l’arrêt
qu’«[a]ucune Partie ne souleva la question devant la Cour» car, avance-

t-elle, d’un côté, la Bosnie-Herzégovine, autrement dit le demandeur, ne
souhaitait pas affirmer que la RFY n’était pas partie au Statut — ce qui
aurait en effet pu constituer un argument pour rejeter la compétence
ratione personae de la Cour — et, de l’autre, la RFY ne souhaitait pas, à
l’époque, affaiblir ou abandonner sa prétention à assurer la continuité de

la RFSY (par. 106). Comme la Cour l’a confirmé par la suite, dans son
arrêt rendu en 1996 dans l’affaire relative à la Licéité de l’emploi de la
force (Serbie-et-Monténégro c. Belgique) , elle «n’adopta aucune position
définitive sur la question du statut juridique de la République fédérale de
Yougoslavie au regard de la Charte et du Statut»( C.I.J. Recueil 2004,

p. 309, par. 74; les italiques sont de nous) et «[l]a question du statut de la
République fédérale de Yougoslavie au regard de l’article 35 du Statut ne
fut pas soulevée et la Cour ne vit aucune raison de procéder à son exa-
men» (ibid., p. 311, par. 82).
8. De plus, le présent arrêt prend acte du fait que, en 1996, ni les

Parties ni la Cour n’ignoraient que le statut de la Serbie tant à l’égard de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies qu’à l’égard de la convention sur le
génocide posait des difficultés. Au paragraphe 130 de l’arrêt, la Cour rap-
pelle qu’elle avait relevé, dans son ordonnance du 8 avril 1993 indiquant
des mesures conservatoires en l’affaire, que la solution adoptée au sein de

l’Organisation des Nations Unies concernant le statut de la RFY en tant
que Membre et Etat continuateur de la RFSY «ne laiss[ait] pas de sus-
citer des difficultés juridiques» (Application de la convention pour la pré-
vention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c.
Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténégro)), mesures conservatoires, ordon-

nance du 8 avril 1993, C.I.J. Recueil 1993 , p. 14, par. 18). Elle reconnaît
en outre (par. 130) qu’il y avait bien désaccord entre les Parties devant la

230270 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS.OP .)

a Member of the United Nations at the time of the filing of the Applica-

tion: Bosnia and Herzegovina, in its Memorial (paras. 4.2.3.11-4.2.3.12),
had contended that the FRY could not automatically continue the
SFRY’s membership of the United Nations, while the FRY had made
clear its view that it was the SFRY’s continuator State (Legality of Use
of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports

2004, p. 299, para. 47). But neither Party actually supported or contested
FRY’s access to the Court until Serbia and Montenegro’s admission to
the United Nations as a new Member in 2000. It is thus obvious that not
all of the elements of jurisdiction ratione personae were actually placed
before and decided by the Court in its 1996 Judgment and, accordingly,

that the res judicata effect of that Judgment for this issue is unsustain-
able, to say the least.

9. As stated earlier, as a matter of principle, a State is not precluded
from legally raising a distinct claim arising from the same facts, where a
separate point falls for decision within the same legal context. And more
fundamentally, once the question of the Court’s jurisdiction has been

raised in regard to specific issues, it is the duty of the Court to take those
issues into account in determining, on the basis of the law, whether it has
been vested with the authority or competence to decide the dispute.

10. The Court confirmed this position in its Judgment on the Legality

of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) when it held that
“the right of a party to appear before the Court” (I.C.J. Reports 2004,
p. 295, para. 36; emphasis added) is a question of statutory requirements
“not a matter of consent” (ibid.). Thus, whether a State has access to the
Court is regulated by the Statute and it is for the Court to determine

whether that State meets the said requirements. In that Judgment the
Court went on to hold that Serbia and Montenegro was not a Member of
the United Nations at the time of the institution of those proceedings in
1999. Accordingly, much attention was focused by the Parties, at the
merits stage of this case, on whether the Court had jurisdiction ratione

personae over the FRY at the time of the institution of the present pro-
ceedings in 1993.

11. The requirements to be met in order for the Court to have jurisdic-
tion ratione personae are set out in Articles 34 and 35 of the Statute.

Article 34 deals with the statehood requirement, while Article 35, para-
graph 1, provides that the Court “shall be open” to States parties to the
Statute which includes, ipso facto, all Members of the United Nations
(Charter, Art. 93, para. 1). Under Article 35, paragraph 2, the conditions
under which the Court “shall be open to other States”, shall, “subject to

the special provisions contained in treaties in force, be laid down by the
Security Council, but in no case shall such conditions place the parties in

231 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP. DISS.COM .) 270

Cour relativement au statut de la RFY à l’égard de l’Organisation des

Nations Unies au moment du dépôt de la requête: alors que, dans son
mémoire (par. 4.2.3.11-4.2.3.12), la Bosnie-Herzégovine avait affirmé que
la RFY ne pouvait pas assurer automatiquement la continuité de la qua-
lité de Membre de l’Organisation des Nations Unies de l’ex-RSFY, la
RFY soutenait qu’elle était l’Etat continuateur de la RFSY (Licéité de

l’emploi de la force (Serbie-et-Monténégro c. Belgique), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2004, p. 299, par. 47). Mais aucune des Parties n’avait véritable-
ment apporté, dans un sens ou dans l’autre, d’arguments concernant
l’accès de la RFY à la Cour jusqu’à ce que la Serbie-et-Monténégro soit
admise aux Nations Unies, en 2000, en qualité de nouveau Membre. Il est

donc évident que la Cour n’a pas eu, en fait, à connaître l’ensemble des
éléments relatifs à sa compétence ratione personae ni à les trancher dans
son arrêt de 1996 et que, par conséquent, l’argument selon lequel celui-ci
revêtirait l’autorité de la chose jugée relativement à cette question est

pour le moins indéfendable.
9. Comme nous l’avons indiqué précédemment, rien n’empêche en
principe un Etat de présenter, à partir des mêmes faits, des demandes aux
fondements juridiques distincts, lorsqu’un point particulier appelle une
décision dans le même contexte juridique. Plus fondamentalement, une

fois que la question de la compétence de la Cour a été soulevée relative-
ment à certaines questions, la Cour est tenue de les prendre en compte
pour déterminer, en droit, si elle est investie de l’autorité ou de la com-
pétence requises pour trancher le différend.
10. La Cour a confirmé cette position dans son arrêt rendu en l’affaire

relative à la Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Serbie-et-Monténégro c. Bel-
gique), lorsqu’elle a jugé que le «droit d’une partie à ester devant la
Cour» (C.I.J. Recueil 2004, p. 295, par. 36; les italiques sont de nous)
relevait des prescriptions du Statut et «n’impliqu[ait] pas [le] consente-
ment» (ibid.). Ainsi, la question de savoir si un Etat a accès à la Cour est

régie par le Statut et c’est à la Cour qu’il incombe de déterminer si cet
Etat remplit lesdites prescriptions. La Cour a poursuivi, dans cet arrêt, en
affirmant que la Serbie-et-Monténégro n’était pas membre de l’Organisa-
tion des Nations Unies au moment de l’introduction de l’instance, en
1999. En conséquence, les Parties ont prêté beaucoup d’attention, au

stade de l’examen au fond, à la question de savoir si la Cour avait com-
pétence ratione personae à l’égard de la RFY à l’époque de l’introduction
de la présente instance, c’est-à-dire en 1993.
11. Les conditions à réunir pour que la Cour ait compétence ratione
personae sont énoncées aux articles 34 et 35 du Statut. L’article 34 porte

sur la qualité d’Etat, tandis que le paragraphe 1 de l’article 35 dispose
que la Cour «est ouverte» aux Etats parties au Statut, parmi lesquels
figurent ipso facto tous les Membres des Nations Unies (Charte, art. 93,
par. 1). En vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 35, «[l]es conditions aux-
quelles [la Cour] est ouverte aux autres Etats sont, sous réserve des dis-

positions particulières des traités en vigueur, réglées par le Conseil de
sécurité, et, dans tous les cas, sans qu’il puisse en résulter pour les parties

231271 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS. OP.)

a position of inequality before the Court.” Thus, the Security Council,

acting pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Statute, in its resolu-
tion 9 of 15 October 1946, set forth provisions by which the Court could
be open to States not parties to the Statute. Resolution 9 provides for the
Court to be open to non-party States that make a declaration accepting
the jurisdiction of the Court under the Charter, the Statute, and the

Rules, undertaking to comply in good faith with the decisions of the
Court, and accepting all the obligations of a Member of the United
Nations under Article 94 of the Charter. Article 41 of the Rules of Court
regulates “[t]he institution of proceedings by a State which is not a party
to the Statute” and provides that “the Court shall decide” “any question

of the validity or effect” of a declaration accepting the jurisdiction of the
Court, in accordance with any such Security Council resolution adopted
pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Statute.

12. The status of the FRY with regard to its United Nations member-
ship from 1992 to 2000 is, therefore, an important consideration from the
standpoint of Article 35 of the Statute. It may be recalled that the ques-
tion of the FRY’s membership status in the light of the actions taken by

the other organs of the Organization was characterized by the Court
itself, in its 1993 Order, as “not free from legal difficulties” (Application
of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Monte-
negro)), Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993 , p. 14, para. 18). The

Court in its 2003 Judgment in the Application for Revision of the Judg-
ment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Conven-
tion on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia
and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v.
Bosnia and Herzegovina) also described the “sui generis” position of the

FRY vis-à-vis the United Nations from 1992 to 2000. In the light of Ser-
bia and Montenegro’s admission as a new Member in 2000, the Court in
2004 revisited in a “prescriptive” way the question of the FRY’s status as
a Member of the United Nations from 1992 to 2000 in its Judgment on
the Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) and

stated as follows:

“the legal position of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia within the

United Nations and vis-à-vis that Organization remained highly
complex during the period 1992-2000. In fact, it is the view of the
Court that the legal situation that obtained within the United Nations
during that eight-year period concerning the status of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, after the break-up of the Socialist Federal

Republic of Yugoslavia, remained ambiguous and open to different
assessments. This was due, inter alia, to the absence of an authori-

232 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP. DISS.COM .) 271

aucune inégalité devant la Cour». Ainsi, le Conseil de sécurité, agissant

conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 35 du Statut, énonça, dans sa
résolution 9 du 15 octobre 1946, les conditions auxquelles la Cour pour-
rait être ouverte aux Etats qui ne sont pas parties au Statut. La résolu-
tion 9 prévoit que la Cour est ouverte aux Etats qui ne sont pas parties
au Statut si ceux-ci font une déclaration acceptant la juridiction de la

Cour conformément à la Charte, au Statut et au Règlement, déclaration
par laquelle ils s’engagent à exécuter de bonne foi les décisions de la Cour
et à accepter toutes les obligations mises à la charge d’un Membre des
Nations Unies par l’article 94 de la Charte. L’article 41 du Règlement de
la Cour régit «[l]’introduction d’une instance par un Etat qui n’est pas

partie au Statut» et dispose que «la Cour décide» «[s]i une question se
pose quant à la validité ou à l’effet» d’une déclaration reconnaissant la
juridiction de la Cour faite aux termes de la résolution adoptée par le
Conseil de sécurité conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 35 du

Statut.
12. La situation de la RFY quant à sa qualité de Membre de l’Orga-
nisation des Nations Unies entre 1992 et 2000 est donc un élément impor-
tant dans l’optique de l’article 35 du Statut. Rappelons que, en consé-
quence des mesures prises par les autres organes de l’Organisation, la

question de la qualité de Membre de la RFY avait été décrite par la Cour
elle-même, dans son ordonnance de 1993, comme «ne laiss[ant] pas de
susciter des difficultés juridiques» (Application de la convention pour la
prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c.
Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténégro)), mesures conservatoires, ordon-

nance du 8 avril 1993, C.I.J. Recueil 1993, p. 14, par. 18). Dans son arrêt
rendu en 2003 en l’affaire de la Demande en revision de l’arrêt du
11 juillet 1996 en l’affaire relative à l’ Application de la convention pour
la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine
c. Yougoslavie), exceptions préliminaires (Yougoslavie c. Bosnie-Herzé-

govine), la Cour a également décrit le statut «sui generis» de la RFY à
l’égard de l’Organisation des Nations Unies de 1992 à 2000. Compte tenu
de l’admission de la Serbie-et-Monténégro à l’Organisation en qualité de
nouveau Membre en 2000, la Cour, dans son arrêt rendu en 2004 en
l’affaire relative à la Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Serbie-et-Monténé-

gro c. Belgique), a réexaminé dans une perspective «normative» la ques-
tion du statut de la RFY vis-à-vis de l’Organisation des Nations Unies
entre 1992 et 2000, faisant observer que

«la situation juridique de la République fédérale de Yougoslavie au

sein de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, et à l’égard de celle-ci,
demeura des plus complexes au cours de la période comprise entre
1992 et 2000. De fait, de l’avis de la Cour, la situation juridique qui
prévalut aux Nations Unies pendant ces huit années à l’égard du sta-
tut de la République fédérale de Yougoslavie après l’éclatement de la

République fédérative socialiste de Yougoslavie demeura ambiguë et
ouverte à des appréciations divergentes. Cette situation était due

232272 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS.OP .)

tative determination by the competent organs of the United Nations

defining clearly the legal status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
vis-à-vis the United Nations .” (I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 305, para. 64;
emphasis added.)

With regard to the admission of the FRY as a Member of the United
Nations, the Court stated as follows:

“it has clarified the thus far amorphous legal situation concerning
the status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia vis-à-vis the United
Nations . . . from the vantage point from which the Court now looks
at the legal situation, and in light of the legal consequences of the

new development since 1 November 2000, the Court is led to the
conclusion that Serbia and Montenegro was not a Member of the
United Nations, and in that capacity a State party to the Statute of
the International Court of Justice, at the time of filing its Applica-
tion to institute the present proceedings before the Court on 29 April

1999” (Ibid., pp. 310-311, para. 79).
The Court then went on to state that it, “can exercise its judicial function

only in respect of those States which have access to it under Article 35 of
the Statute. And only those States which have access to the Court can
confer jurisdiction upon it.” (Ibid., p. 299, para. 46; emphasis added.)

The Court further stated that, it had not committed:

“itself to a definitive position on the issue of the legal status of the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in relation to the Charter and the
Statute in its pronouncements in incidental proceedings, in the cases

involving this issue which came before the Court during this anoma-
lous period” (ibid., p. 309, para. 74; emphasis added).

13. This finding by the Court is obviously not without significance.
It is not res judicata for the present case in the sense contemplated by
Articles 59 and 60 of the Statute of the Court because it was not appli-
cable between the same Parties and in respect of this “particular case”.

But, from both the factual and legal perspectives, it seems quite clear that,
if Serbia and Montenegro was not a Member of the United Nations in
1999, then it must also not have been a Member on 28 March 1993, when
the Application in this case was filed. Accordingly, as the Respondent
was not a Member of the United Nations, it was ineligible for one of the

two methods by which a State may accede to the Genocide Convention
pursuant to its Article XI (the other being upon invitation by the General
Assembly).
14. But in order to reach to the conclusion that it had jurisdiction by
virtue of Article IX of the Genocide Convention, the Court in its 1996

Judgment took note of the FRY’s proclamation of 27 April 1992 that it
“shall strictly abide by all the commitments that the Socialist Federal

233 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP.DISS. COM .) 272

notamment à l’absence d’une décision faisant autorité par laquelle
les organes compétents de l’Organisation des Nations Unies auraient
défini de manière claire le statut juridique de la République fédérale
de Yougoslavie vis-à-vis de l’Organisation .» ( C.I.J. Recueil 2004,

p. 305, par. 64; les italiques sont de nous.)
En ce qui concerne l’admission de la RFY en qualité de Membre de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies, la Cour a indiqué qu’elle avait

«clarifié la situation juridique, jusque-là indéterminée, quant au sta-
tut de la République fédérale de Yougoslavie vis-à-vis de l’Organisa-

tion des Nations Unies … la Cour se trouvant aujourd’hui à même
d’apprécier l’ensemble de la situation juridique, et compte tenu des
conséquences juridiques du nouvel état de fait existant depuis le
1er novembre 2000, la Cour est amenée à conclure que la Serbie-et-
Monténégro n’était pas membre de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,

ni en cette qualité partie au Statut de la Cour internationale de Jus-
tice, au moment où elle a déposé sa requête introduisant la présente
instance devant la Cour, le 29 avril 1999» (ibid., p. 310-311, par. 79).

Elle a poursuivi en constatant qu’elle «ne peut exercer sa fonction judi-
ciaire qu’à l’égard des seuls Etats auxquels elle est ouverte en vertu de
l’article 35 du Statut. Et seuls les Etats auxquels la Cour est ouverte
peuvent lui conférer compétence.» (Ibid., p. 299, par. 46; les italiques

sont de nous.)
La Cour a en outre affirmé qu’elle n’avait adopté

«aucune position définitive sur la question du statut juridique de la
République fédérale de Yougoslavie au regard de la Charte et du Sta-
tut lorsque, dans les affaires qui lui furent soumises au cours de cette
période singulière, la question se posa et qu’elle se prononça dans le
cadre de procédures incidentes» (ibid., p. 309, par. 74; les italiques

sont de nous).
13. Cette conclusion de la Cour n’est manifestement pas sans impor-

tance. Elle n’a pas force de chose jugée en l’espèce au sens envisagé aux
articles 59 et 60 du Statut de la Cour car il ne s’agit pas des mêmes parties
ni du cas «qui a été décidé». Mais, du point de vue tant des faits que du
droit, il semble assez évident que, si la Serbie-et-Monténégro n’était pas
membre de l’Organisation des Nations Unies en 1999, elle ne l’était pas

non plus le 28 mars 1993, date du dépôt de la requête en l’espèce. Par
conséquent, puisque le défendeur n’était pas membre de l’Organisation, il
ne pouvait pas être admis à bénéficier de l’un des deux moyens par les-
quels un Etat peut adhérer à la convention sur le génocide en vertu de

l’article XI de celle-ci (l’autre moyen d’y adhérer étant une invitation de
l’Assemblée générale).
14. Or, pour parvenir à la conclusion qu’elle avait compétence en
vertu de l’article IX de la convention sur le génocide, la Cour a pris note,
dans son arrêt de 1996, de la déclaration faite par la RFY le 27 avril

1992, par laquelle celle-ci s’était engagée à «respect[er] strictement tous

233273 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS.OP .)

Republic of Yugoslavia assumed internationally” (Application of the

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections, I.C.J.
Reports 1996 (II), p. 610, para. 17) and observed further that “it has not
been contested that Yugoslavia was party to the Genocide Convention”
(ibid.). Thus, the Court held, “Yugoslavia was bound by the provisions

of the Convention on the date of the filing of the Application in the
present case, namely, on 20 March 1993” (ibid.). The Court would thus
appear to have made its finding on the basis of estoppel rather than res
judicata. In the first place, it is our understanding that the principle of
estoppel is distinguishable, cannot be inferred in all circumstances, and

serves a different function, from that of res judicata on an issue like juris-
diction and cannot replace the latter, nor indeed can it replace the
requirements of the United Nations Charter or the Statute of the Court.

15. We are also constrained to observe that, in affirming its jurisdic-
tion ratione personae based on res judicata, the Court chose not to
address the relevance of Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Statute for the

purposes of its jurisdiction, even though this was one of the Respondent’s
central arguments at this stage. It will be recalled that, in the 1993 Order
indicating provisional measures in this case, the Court considered that:

“proceedings may validly be instituted by a State against a State
which is a party to such a special provision in a treaty in force, [as
indicated in Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Statute] but is not party

to the Statute, and independently of the conditions laid down by the
Security Council in its resolution 9 of 1946” (Application of the Con-
vention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)),
Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993 ,

p. 14, para. 19).

The Court considered that Article IX of the Genocide Convention could
be regarded prima facie as a special provision in a treaty in force within
the meaning of Article 35, paragraph 2. However, following comprehen-
sive consideration of the matter the Court, in its Judgment in the Legality
of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) case, concluded

that “the special provisions contained in treaties in force” (I.C.J. Reports
2004, p. 324, para. 113) to which Article 35, paragraph 2, applies are
those “in force at the date of the entry into force of the new Statute”
(ibid.) — a condition which would exclude the Genocide Convention
(entry into force 12 January 1951).

16. It is against this background that the Court found in its Judgment

234 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP. DISS.COM .) 273

les engagements que la République fédérative socialiste de Yougoslavie

a[vait] pris à l’échelon international» (Application de la convention pour
la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine
c. Yougoslavie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II) ,
p. 610, par. 17), et a fait observer en outre qu’«il n’a[vait] pas été contesté
que la Yougoslavie [fût] partie à la convention sur le génocide» (ibid.).

Aussi, la Cour a-t-elle jugé que «la Yougoslavie était liée par les dispo-
sitions de la convention à la date du dépôt de la requête en la présente
affaire, le 20 mars 1993» (ibid.). Il semblerait donc que la Cour soit par-
venue à sa décision en s’appuyant sur le principe de l’estoppel plutôt que
sur celui de l’autorité de la chose jugée. Nous relèverons tout d’abord que

le principe de l’estoppel est distinct de celui de l’autorité de la chose jugée,
qu’il ne saurait en être déduit dans tous les cas, que, s’agissant d’une
question comme celle de la compétence, sa fonction est différente et que,
enfin, il ne saurait s’y substituer, pas davantage d’ailleurs qu’il ne saurait

suppléer aux conditions énoncées dans la Charte des Nations Unies ou
dans le Statut de la Cour.
15. Force nous est de faire par ailleurs observer que, en affirmant sa
compétence ratione personae sur la base de l’autorité de la chose jugée, la
Cour a choisi de ne pas traiter la question de la pertinence du para-

graphe 2 de l’article 35 du Statut aux fins de l’établissement de sa com-
pétence, alors qu’il s’agissait à ce stade de l’un des principaux arguments
du défendeur. Nous rappellerons que, dans son ordonnance de 1993
indiquant des mesures conservatoires en l’espèce, la Cour a considéré

«qu’une instance peut être valablement introduite par un Etat
contre un autre Etat qui, sans être partie au Statut, est partie
à une telle disposition particulière d’un traité [tel qu’énoncé au

paragraphe 2 de l’article 35 du Statut] en vigueur, et ce indé-
pendamment des conditions réglées par le Conseil de sécurité
dans sa résolution 9 (1946)» (Application de la convention pour
la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-
Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténégro)), mesures

conservatoires, ordonnance du 8 avril 1993, C.I.J. Recueil 1993 ,
p. 14, par. 19).

La Cour a estimé à cette occasion que l’article IX de la convention sur le
génocide pouvait être considéré prima facie comme une disposition par-
ticulière d’un traité en vigueur au sens du paragraphe 2 de l’article 35.
Toutefois, après avoir procédé à un examen complet de la question, la
Cour, dans son arrêt rendu en l’affaire relative à la Licéité de l’emploi de

la force (Serbie-et-Monténégro c. Belgique) , a conclu que les «disposi-
tions particulières des traités en vigueur» (C.I.J. Recueil 2004, p. 324,
par. 113) auxquelles s’applique le paragraphe 2 de l’article 35 du Statut
étaient celles «en vigueur à la date de l’entrée en vigueur du Statut»
(ibid.) — une condition qui exclurait la convention sur le génocide

(entrée en vigueur le 12 janvier 1951).
16. C’est dans ce contexte que la Cour a jugé, dans son arrêt en

234274 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS.OP .)

in the Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) case

that the FRY was not a Member of the United Nations in 1999 and that
the Genocide Convention did not contain any of “the special provisions
contained in treaties in force” (ibid., para. 114).

17. It thus seems to us, notwithstanding Articles 59 and 60 of the Stat-

ute of the Court, that it is inconsistent as well as jurisdictionally unten-
able for the Respondent to be considered to have been a Member of the
United Nations in 1993 or to have otherwise satisfied the requirements of
Article 35 of the Statute. In other words, if at the time the Application
was filed the FRY was neither a Member of the United Nations nor a

party to the Statute, then it lacked access to the Court. Access to the
Court must meet the constitutional and statutory requirements for it to
be valid. We firmly believe that it is fundamental that the Court should
always ensure it has jurisdiction over a case when faced with the chal-

lenge of whether a party has access to it. Faced with such a challenge by
the Respondent in this case, that the Court lacked jurisdiction ratione
personae over it, judicial consistency would have required the Court to
respond as it did in the Legality of Use of Force cases. The Court there
felt bound first and foremost to examine the question whether the Respon-

dent was or was not a party to the Statute of the Court at the time the
proceedings were instituted as it considered the question of access to the
Court of such importance that it constituted an exception from the
general rule that the Court is free to determine which ground to examine
first (Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium),

Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2004 , p. 298, para. 45). It is regrettable that
on this occasion the Court chose to depart from its own jurisprudence.

18. But the Court has not been able to reconcile the judicial inconsis-
tency regarding its finding on res judicata even within this Judgment. In

paragraph 74 of the present Judgment, the Court observes that the facts
and events that constitute the subject-matter of Bosnia and Herzego-
vina’s Application in this case, and the submissions based upon them,
occurred when Serbia and Montenegro was a single State. But for
reasons explained in paragraphs 75 and 76 of the Judgment, the Court

now decides that any findings of law that the Court may make are to be
addressed only to Serbia. On the other hand, the 1996 Judgment on Pre-
liminary Objections, which constitutes the basis of the Court’s findings
on res judicata, was addressed to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
(Serbia and Montenegro). If the Court’s findings are not to be reopened

by subsequent events (para. 120), we find it difficult to reconcile this dic-
tum of the Court with the position of res judicata it has taken on the 1996
Judgment.

19. It is our view that in the Judgment the Court, by relying on res

judicata as a basis for its jurisdiction, did not give the comprehensive
consideration required of the principle which alone would have allowed it

235 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP.DISS. COM .) 274

l’affaire relative à la Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Serbie-et-Monténé-

gro c. Belgique), que la RFY n’était pas membre de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies en 1999 et que la convention sur le génocide ne contenait
aucune des «dispositions particulières des traités en vigueur» (C.I.J.
Recueil 2004, p. 324, par. 114).
17. Nonobstant les articles 59 et 60 du Statut de la Cour, il nous paraît

donc incohérent et indéfendable aux fins de l’établissement de la compé-
tence de considérer le défendeur comme ayant été Membre de l’Organisa-
tion des Nations Unies en 1993 ou comme ayant de quelque autre façon
satisfait aux conditions énoncées à l’article 35 du Statut. En d’autres
termes, si, au moment du dépôt de la requête, la RFY n’était ni membre de

l’Organisation ni partie au Statut, alors elle n’avait pas accès à la Cour.
L’accès à la Cour est subordonné au respect des conditions énoncées dans
la Charte et dans le Statut. Nous sommes fermement convaincus qu’il est
essentiel pour la Cour de toujours s’assurer de sa compétence dans une

affaire lorsqu’elle doit répondre à la question de savoir si une partie a
accès à elle. Le défendeur ayant soulevé en l’espèce une exception d’incom-
pétence touchant à la juridiction ratione personae à son égard, la logique
judiciaire eût imposé à la Cour de répondre comme elle l’avait fait dans
les affaires relatives à la Licéité de l’emploi de la force . La Cour s’était

alors sentie tenue d’examiner avant tout la question de savoir si le défen-
deur était ou non partie au Statut au moment où l’instance avait été
introduite, ayant jugé cette question de l’accès à la Cour si importante
qu’elle devait déroger à la règle générale voulant qu’elle ait la faculté de
déterminer quel moyen examiner en premier lieu (Licéité de l’emploi de

la force (Serbie-et-Monténégro c. Belgique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2004 ,
p. 298, par. 45). Il est regrettable qu’elle ait en l’espèce choisi de s’écarter
de sa propre jurisprudence.
18. Mais la Cour n’a pas été en mesure de concilier, même au sein du
présent arrêt, les incohérences judiciaires concernant sa conclusion rela-

tive à l’autorité de la chose jugée. Ainsi, au paragraphe 74, la Cour fait
observer que les faits et les événements sur lesquels porte la requête de la
Bosnie-Herzégovine en l’espèce et auxquels se rapportent les conclusions
finales se sont déroulés lorsque la Serbie et le Monténégro formaient un
seul Etat. Mais, pour des raisons que la Cour expose aux paragraphes 75

et 76 de l’arrêt, elle décide à présent que toute conclusion de droit à
laquelle elle parviendra ne pourrait être dirigée qu’à l’endroit de la Serbie.
Par ailleurs, l’arrêt de 1996 sur les exceptions préliminaires, qui constitue
le fondement des conclusions de la Cour concernant l’autorité de la chose
jugée, s’adressait à la République fédérale de Yougoslavie (Serbie-et-

Monténégro). Si les conclusions de la Cour ne peuvent pas être remises en
question par des événements postérieurs (par. 120), il nous paraît difficile
de concilier ce dictum avec la position sur l’autorité de la chose jugée
qu’elle a adoptée vis-à-vis de l’arrêt de 1996.
19. Nous estimons que, en fondant sa compétence sur l’autorité de la

chose jugée, la Cour n’a pas, dans l’arrêt, procédé à l’examen exhaustif
qui s’imposait du principe qui seul lui aurait permis de trancher la ques-

235275 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (JOINT DISS.OP .)

to arrive at a legally valid conclusion, and has neglected to deal with one
of the substantive submissions squarely put before it at this juncture,

namely, whether the Respondent had valid access to the Court for the
Court to exercise its jurisdiction in this case.

(Signed) Raymond R ANJEVA .

(Signed) S HIJiuyong.
(Signed) Abdul G. K OROMA .

236 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP .DISS. COM .) 275

tion de manière juridiquement valide et qu’elle a négligé de traiter l’un
des principaux chefs de conclusion, qui lui avaient été clairement soumis

au cours de la présente instance et par lequel il lui était demandé de déter-
miner si le défendeur avait dûment accès à la Cour, permettant ainsi à
celle-ci d’exercer sa compétence en l’espèce.

(Signé) Raymond R ANJEVA .

(Signé) S HI Jiuyong.
(Signé) Abdul G. K OROMA .

236

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Joint dissenting opinion of Judges Ranjeva, Shi and Koroma

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